text
stringlengths 1.33k
148k
| length_category
stringclasses 4
values | source
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|
Gem or Perera being present to showcase Pelota . After the meeting , the MCC Tennis Committee was tasked with framing the rules . On 29 May 1875 the MCC issued the Laws of Lawn Tennis , the first unified rules for lawn tennis , which were adopted by the club on 24 June . These were significantly based on the rules introduced by Wingfield in February 1874 and published in his rule @-@ booklet titled Sphairistikè or Lawn Tennis . The MCC adopted Wingfield 's hourglass @-@ shaped court as well as the rackets method of scoring , in which the player who first scores 15 points wins the game and only the server ( " hand @-@ in " ) was able to score . The height of the net was set at 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) at the posts and 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 22 m ) in the centre . Various aspects of these rules , including the characteristic court shape and the method of scoring , were the subject of prolonged debate in the press . The MCC rules were not universally adhered to following its publication and , among others , the Prince 's Club in London stuck to playing on rectangular courts .
= = Tournament = =
On 2 June 1877 , at the suggestion of the All England Club secretary and founding member John H. Walsh , the club committee decided to organise a lawn tennis championship for amateurs , a Gentlemen 's Singles event , which they hoped would generate enough funds to repair the broken pony roller that was needed for the maintenance of the lawns . This championship became the world 's first official lawn tennis tournament , and the first edition of what would later be called a Grand Slam tournament ( or " Major " ) . The committee agreed to hold the tournament on the condition that it would not endanger the club 's limited funds ; to ensure this , Henry Jones persuaded 20 members and friends of the club to guarantee a part of the tournament 's financial requirement and made himself responsible for the remaining amount . Jones investigated all potential tournament locations in and around London but came to the conclusion that no other ground was more suitable than the Wimbledon premises at Worple Road . As a consequence , the remaining croquet lawns were converted to tennis courts .
= = = Announcement = = =
The first public announcement of the tournament was published on 9 June 1877 in The Field magazine under the header Lawn Tennis Championship :
The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club , Wimbledon , propose to hold a lawn tennis meeting , open to all amateurs , on Monday , July 9th and following days . Entrance fee , £ 1 1s 0d . Names and addresses of competitors to be forwarded to the Hon. Sec . A.E.C. and L.T.C. before Saturday , July 7 , or on that day before 2 @.@ 15 p.m. at the club ground , Wimbledon . Two prizes will be given – one gold champion prize to the winner , one silver to the second player . The value of the prizes will depend on the number of entries , and will be declared before the draw ; but in no case will they be less than the amount of the entrance money , and if there are ten and less than sixteen entries , they will be made up to £ 10 10s and £ 5 5s respectively . – Henry Jones – Hon Sec of the Lawn Tennis sub @-@ committee
Players were instructed to provide their own racquets and wear shoes without heels . The announcement also stated that a programme would be available shortly with further details , including the rules to be adopted for the meeting . Invitations were sent to prospective participants . Potential visitors were informed that those arriving by horse and carriage should use the entrance at Worple Road while those who planned to come by foot were advised to use the railway path . Upon payment of the entrance fee , the participants were allowed to practise before the Championship on the twelve available courts with the provision that on Saturdays and during the croquet championship week , held the week before the tennis tournament , the croquet players had the first choice of courts . Practice balls , similar to the ones used for the tournament , were available from the club 's gardener at a price of 12s per dozen balls . John H. Walsh , in his capacity as editor of The Field , persuaded his employer to donate a cup worth 25 guineas for the winner ; the Field Cup The cup was made of sterling silver and had the inscription : The All England Lawn Challenge Cup – Presented by the Proprietors of The Field – For competition by Amateurs – Wimbledon July 1877 . On 6 July 1877 , three days prior to the start of the tournament , a notice was published in The Times :
Next week at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club Ground a Lawn Tennis Championship Meeting will be held . The ground is situated close to the Wimbledon Station on the South Western Railway , and is sufficiently large for the erection of thirty " courts " . On each day the competition will begin at 3 @.@ 30 , the first ties , of course , beginning on Monday . The Hon. Sec. of the meeting is Mr. J.H. Walsh , while Mr. H. Jones will officiate as referee . The entries are numerous .
= = = Rules = = =
The committee of the club was not satisfied with certain aspects of the 1875 MCC unified rules . To address these perceived shortcomings , a sub @-@ committee consisting of Charles Gilbert Heathcote , Julian Marshall and Henry Jones was set up on 2 June 1877 , to establish the rules applicable for the upcoming tournament . They reported back on 7 June with a new set of rules , derived but significantly different from those published by the MCC ; in order not to offend the MCC , these rules were declared " provisional " and valid only for the championship :
The court will have a rectangular shape with outer dimensions of 78 by 27 feet ( 23 @.@ 8 by 8 @.@ 2 m ) .
The net will be lowered to 3 feet 3 inches ( 0 @.@ 99 m ) in the centre .
The balls will be 2 1 ⁄ 2 to 2 5 ⁄ 8 inches ( 6 @.@ 4 to 6 @.@ 7 cm ) in diameter and 1 3 ⁄ 4 ounces ( 50 g ) in weight .
The real tennis method of scoring by fifteens ( 15 , 30 , 40 ) will be adopted .
The first player to win six games wins the set with ' sudden death ' occurring at five games all except for the final , when a lead of two games in each set is necessary .
Players will change ends at the end of a set unless otherwise decreed by the umpire .
The server will have two chances at each point to deliver a correct service and must have one foot behind the baseline .
These rules , drawn up by the club for this initial tournament , were eventually adopted for the entire sport and , with only slight modifications , have retained their validity . All matches during the tournament were played as best @-@ of @-@ five sets .
= = = Play = = =
In accordance with the All England Regulations for the Management of Prize Meetings , the draw for the 22 entrants was made on Saturday , 7 July 1877 , at 3 : 30 p.m. in the club 's pavilion . H.T. Gillson had the distinction of being the first player in the history of modern tennis to be drawn for a tournament . The posts , nets and hand @-@ stitched , flannel @-@ covered India @-@ rubber balls for the tournament were supplied by Jefferies & Co from Woolwich , while the rackets used were an adaptation of those used in real tennis , with a small and slightly lopsided head . The ball @-@ boys kept the tennis balls , 180 of which were used during the tournament , in canvas wells . The umpires who were provided for the matches sat on chairs which in turn were placed on small tables of 18 inches height to give them a better view of the court .
The tournament began on Monday , 9 July 1877 , at 3 : 30 p.m. and daily programmes were available for sixpence . On the first day , in sunny weather , ten matches were played , which completed the first round . Full match scores were published on the notice board inside the pavilion . F.N. Langham , a Cambridge tennis blue , was given a walkover in the first round when C.F. Buller , an Etonian and well @-@ known rackets player , did not appear . Julian Marshall became the first player to win a five @-@ set match when he fought back from being two sets down against Captain Grimston . Spencer Gore , a 27 @-@ year @-@ old rackets player from Wandsworth and at the time a land agent and surveyor by profession , won his first round match against Henry Thomas Gillson in straight sets . The five second @-@ round matches were played on Tuesday , 10 July , again in fine weather . Charles Gilbert Heathcote had a bye in the second round . J. Lambert became the first player in Wimbledon Championships ' history to retire a match , conceding to L.R. Erskine after losing the first two sets . Julian Marshall again won a five @-@ set match , this time against F.W. Oliver , while Gore defeated Montague Hankey in four sets .
The quarter @-@ finals were played on Wednesday , 11 July , before a larger number of spectators than had attended the previous matches . Start of play was delayed from the scheduled 3 : 30 p.m. due to strong winds . Gore defeated Langham in four sets , William Marshall beat Erskine , also in four sets , and Julian Marshall , who injured his knee during the match after a fall , lost to Heathcote in straight sets . The quarter @-@ final matches left three players , instead of four , in the draw for the semi @-@ finals scheduled for Thursday . To solve the situation lots were drawn and Marshall , a 28 @-@ year @-@ old architect and Cambridge real tennis blue , was given a bye to the final . His opponent would be Gore , who defeated Heathcote in straight sets in the only semi @-@ final played . When the semi @-@ final stage had concluded on Thursday , 12 July , play was suspended until next Monday , 16 July , to avoid a clash with the popular annual Eton v Harrow cricket match that was played at Lord 's on Friday and Saturday .
The final was postponed from its scheduled start on Monday at 4 p.m. until Thursday , 19 July , at 3 : 30 p.m. because of rain . On Thursday it was still showery , causing the final to be further delayed by an hour . It began on a dead and slippery court in front of about 200 spectators . There was a temporary three @-@ plank stand on one side of the court offering seating to about thirty people . Marshall won the toss , elected to serve first and was immediately broken by Gore . After the first set was won by Gore , it started to rain for a quarter of an hour ; this further softened the ground and affected the quality of play . The final lasted 48 minutes , and Spencer Gore won the inaugural championship against William Marshall in three straight sets of 15 , 13 , and 20 minutes respectively . En route to the title Gore had won 15 sets and lost two and won 99 games for the loss of 46 . Gore , the volley specialist , had beaten the baseline player , at a time when volleying was considered by some to be unsporting . Some tried to outlaw the volley and a discussion on its merits took place in The Field for weeks after the tournament .
The final was followed by a play @-@ off match for 2nd place between Marshall and Heathcote . The players could not fix another date for the match and decided to play it straight away . By agreement , the match was limited to best @-@ of @-@ three sets . Marshall , playing his second match of the day , defeated Heathcote in straight sets , in front of a diminished crowd , and won the silver prize of seven guineas .
= = Aftermath = =
On 20 July 1877 , the day following the final , a report was published in The Morning Post newspaper :
Lawn Tennis Championship – A fair number of spectators assembled yesterday , notwithstanding the rain , on the beautifully kept ground of the All England Club , Wimbledon , to witness the final contest between Messrs. Spencer Gore and W. Marshall for the championship . The play on both sides was of the highest order and its exhibition afforded a great treat to lovers of the game . All three sets were won buy Mr. Gore , who , therefore , becomes lawn tennis champion for 1877 , and wins the £ 12 12s. gold prize and holds the silver challenge cup , value £ 25 5s . The second and third prizes were then played for by Messrs. W. Marshall and G.C. Heathcote ( best of three sets by agreement ) . Mr. Marshall won two sets to love , and therefore takes the silver prize ( value £ 12 12s . ) . Mr. Heathcote takes the third prize , value £ 3 3s .
A report in The Field stated : " The result was a more easy victory for Mr Spencer Gore than had been expected . " . Third @-@ placed Heathcote said that Gore was the best player of the year and had a varied service with a lot of twist on it . Gore , according to Heathcote , was a player with an aptitude for many games and had a long reach and a strong and flexible wrist . His volleying style was novel at the time , a forceful shot instead of merely a pat back over the net . All the opponents who were defeated by Gore on his way to the title were real tennis players . His victory was therefore regarded as a win of the rackets style of play over the real tennis style , and of the offensive style of the volley player – who comes to the net to force the point , over the baseline player – who plays groundstrokes from the back of the court , intent on keeping the ball in play . His volleying game was also successful because the height of the net at the post – 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) in contrast to the modern height of 3 ft 6 in ( 1 @.@ 07 m ) – made it difficult for his opponents to pass him by driving the ball down the line . Gore indicated that the real tennis players had the tendency to play shots from corner to corner over the middle of the net and did so at such a height that made volleying easy .
Despite his historic championship title , Gore was not enthusiastic about the new sport of lawn tennis . In 1890 , thirteen years after winning his championship title , he wrote : " ... it is want of variety that will prevent lawn tennis in its present form from taking rank among our great games ... That anyone who has really played well at cricket , tennis , or even rackets , will ever seriously give his attention to lawn tennis , beyond showing himself to be a promising player , is extremely doubtful ; for in all probability the monotony of the game as compared with others would choke him off before he had time to excel in it . " He did return for the 1878 Championship to defend his title in the Challenge Round but lost in straight sets to Frank Hadow , a coffee planter from Ceylon , who effectively used the lob to counter Gore 's net play . It was Gore 's last appearance at the Wimbledon Championships .
= = = Analysis and rules changes = = =
The tournament generated a profit of £ 10 and the pony roller stayed in use . When the tournament was finished , Henry Jones gathered all the score cards to analyse the results and found that , of the 601 games played during the tournament , 376 were won by the server ( " striker @-@ in " ) and 225 by the receiver ( " striker @-@ out " ) . At a time when the service was either made underarm or , usually , at shoulder height , this was seen as a serving dominance and resulted in a modification of the rules for the 1878 Championship . To decrease the target area for the server , the length of the service court was reduced from 26 to 22 ft ( 7 @.@ 92 to 6 @.@ 71 m ) and to make passing shots easier against volleyers the height of the net was reduced to 4 ft 9 in ( 1 @.@ 45 m ) at the posts and 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) at the centre . These rules were published jointly by the AEC & LTC and the MCC , giving the AEC & LTC an official rule @-@ making authority and in effect retroactively sanctioning its 1877 rules . It marked the moment when the AEC & LTC effectively usurped the rule @-@ making initiative from the MCC although the latter would still ratify rule changes until 1882 . In recognition of the importance and popularity of lawn tennis , the club was renamed in 1882 to All England Lawn Tennis Club ( AELTC ) .
= = = Commemorative plaque = = =
On 18 June 2012 a commemorative plaque was unveiled at the former home of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , in Worple Road , Wimbledon celebrating both the first Wimbledon Championships and the 1908 Olympic tennis event . The ceremony was performed by Heather Hanbury , Headmistress of Wimbledon High School ; Philip Brook , Chairman of the All England Club , and Cr David T Williams JP , Mayor of Merton .
= = Gentlemen 's singles = =
= = = Final = = =
Spencer Gore defeated William Marshall , 6 – 1 , 6 – 2 , 6 – 4
It was Gore 's only Grand Slam tournament title .
= = = Second place match = = =
William Marshall defeated Charles Gilbert Heathcote 6 – 4 , 6 – 4
= Derek Webb =
Derek Walsh Webb ( born May 27 , 1974 ) is an American singer @-@ songwriter who first entered the music industry as a member of the band Caedmon 's Call , and later embarked on a successful solo career . As a member of the Houston , Texas @-@ based Caedmon ’ s Call , Webb has seen career sales approaching 1 million records , along with 10 GMA Dove Award nominations and three Dove Award wins and six No. 1 Christian radio hits .
In 2003 , Webb left Caedmon 's Call to pursue a solo career . Since his departure , he has released seven studio albums ( including one instrumental ) , a live album , two compilation albums , two covers projects , two DVDs , and two EPs ( with his then @-@ wife , Sandra McCracken ) . While these have been less commercially successful than his work with Caedmon 's Call , Webb has had more of a free hand to shape his work to his vision .
His latest album , I Was Wrong , I 'm Sorry & I Love You , was released on September 3 , 2013 .
On April 17 , 2014 , Webb and his wife , fellow singer @-@ songwriter Sandra McCracken , announced that their marriage was coming to an end after thirteen years due to Webb 's involvement in an extramarital affair .
= = Early life = =
Webb 's mother , a gifted classically trained pianist , encouraged his musical interests at a very young age . Music came naturally to him , and he began to play the guitar at six years old . Concerning his musical training , Webb explains that he got his ear for music from his mother , but not the ability to read music , and that he " took one [ guitar ] lesson and then just taught myself out of the book . " While in high school , he became known for his skill on the guitar . He toured with a band , though it broke up in his junior year following a serious car accident returning from playing a show at Baylor University . Webb graduated from Klein High School in Klein , Texas in 1992 . Before joining Caedmon 's Call , he went to community college in Houston for half a semester , and shared an apartment with his older brother who was attending medical school .
= = Caedmon 's Call = =
Caedmon 's Call was formed in 1993 with four original members ( three of whom still remain ) , Cliff Young , Danielle Glenn , Todd Bragg , and Aaron Tate . Aaron Tate , however , never intended to tour with the band , and was included in a songwriting capacity only , sharing those duties with Derek Webb who also played lead guitar .
Webb 's invitation to join Caedmon 's Call came from Tate , who at the time was attending Texas Christian University in Fort Worth , TX . Shortly afterward , Webb made the trip to Fort Worth and met future band mate Cliff Young . Webb says , " I essentially just joined that band immediately . And as soon as I joined the band , I quit college the same day . " As a result , for almost a full school year he pretended to go to class , with his family unaware he was actually pursuing the band in lieu of going to school .
In June 1994 , the band released their first album , My Calm / / Your Storm , originally a cassette @-@ only demo recording . It was re @-@ printed twice the same year with different cover art each time . In 1996 the band signed with now @-@ defunct Christian label Warner Alliance , producing their self @-@ titled release . Peaking at 110 on the Billboard 200 , the album went on to win the GMA 1998 Modern Rock Album of the Year .
After the collapse of Warner Alliance in 1998 , Caedmon 's Call signed to Essential Records , where they released 40 Acres ( 1999 ) , Long Line of Leavers ( 2000 ) , In the Company of Angels : A Call to Worship ( 2001 ) , Back Home ( 2003 ) . All of these albums were moderately successful , peaking at 61 , 58 , 72 , and 66 respectively on the Billboard 200 . Notably , Webb did not provide any songwriting for In the Company of Angels or Back Home , despite having been a primary songwriter for the band prior to their release . During this time period , Webb also contributed to City on a Hill : Songs of Worship and Praise ( 2000 ) and City on a Hill : Sing Alleluia ( 2002 ) , both as a member of Caedmon 's Call and as a solo artist , which respectively garnered the GMA 2001 & 2003 Special Event Album of the Year awards .
In 2001 , Webb left the band to pursue his solo career , although he continued to contribute to their next album Back Home . Caedmon 's Call then released Chronicles 1992 @-@ 2004 ( 2004 ) , a best @-@ of collection of the band 's work , which included work by Webb . In 2007 , Caedmon 's Call signed onto INO Records , and Webb was featured as singer and songwriter on the album , Overdressed . He continued to be involved with the band as producer on the 2011 album Raising Up The Dead .
Webb has considered himself a solo act since 2001 , but admits his continued collaboration with the band can make it seem like he never left , saying " Caedmon ’ s Call , as it turns out , is very much like hotel california : you can check out anytime you ’ d like , but you can never really leave . "
On May 22 , 2007 , it was announced that Webb had again worked with Caedmon 's Call , writing and recording for their album , entitled Overdressed , and would be joining the band on their subsequent tour .
= = Solo career = =
His first solo album , She Must and Shall Go Free ( 2003 ) is notable for causing controversy in Contemporary Christian Music circles ; some Christian retailers refused to stock the album for its use of " strong " language .
One of the songs that was the basis for controversy was Wedding Dress where Webb compares Christians who seek fulfillment in things outside of Christ to a person committing adultery . An introspective tune , Webb writes that " I am a whore I do confess / I put you on just like a wedding dress " .
Another song that generated controversy was Saint and Sinner where Webb wrote " I used to be a damned mess but now I look just fine , ' Cause you dressed me up and we drank the finest wine " . The word ' damned ' was removed from the final version of the album , at the request of two major Christian retailers .
Following the release of She Must and Shall Go Free , Webb embarked on a national tour in which he played his concerts in the living rooms of fans . This provided the opportunity to have greater interaction with his listeners . He went on to release a live album from his " House Tour " , entitled The House Show ( 2004 ) .
His second solo studio record , I See Things Upside Down ( 2004 ) , generated mixed reviews . All marketing to the typical Christian music stations used by his first solo album and his albums with Caedmon 's Call was stopped , though the album still has explicitly Christian lyrics . In comparison to Webb 's previous work , this album has what 's been referred to as an " experimental " style to it , and has been compared to the music of Wilco in that respect . Webb has stated that the album " was doing away with people 's expectations in order to free me up to do what I wanted . " Following the release of I See Things Upside Down , Webb released a live concert DVD , How to Kill and Be Killed ( 2005 ) .
His third studio album , titled Mockingbird ( 2005 ) , was released on December 26 , 2005 . The album touches on subjects such as politics , social justice , and war . Webb has stated that he tackled these subjects to stimulate discussion and engage people to bring about changes in what he sees as some of the greatest problems the world is facing today . In order to broaden this discussion to people less inclined to purchase his album , beginning September 1 , 2006 , Webb offered Mockingbird for free on the website Free Derek Webb ( no longer exists ) , where it was available for download until December 8 , 2006 . Over 80 @,@ 000 free copies of the album were downloaded during this time .
On January 30 , 2007 , Webb released two EPs , each containing the same ten songs from earlier in his solo career , including pieces from each of his three solo studio albums . One Zero ( Acoustic ) , contains acoustic reinterpretations of the songs , and is available in stores only . One Zero ( Remix ) makes use of the original recording sessions for each of the songs , but has been remixed by engineer Will Hunt . This more experimental record is available only online .
Webb 's next project , The Ringing Bell was released on May 1 , 2007 . Before the release date , it was available for pre @-@ order at TheRingingBell.com in a deluxe edition which included a 96 @-@ page graphic novel inspired by the album . Those who pre @-@ ordered the deluxe edition of the album were also able to immediately download it in its entirety .
On May 12 , 2009 , Webb sent a message to his email mailing list stating that his next album Stockholm Syndrome was deemed too controversial for his record label to release . " It seems I 've finally found the line beyond which my label can support me , and apparently I 've crossed it , " Webb writes . " [ A ] t this point we 're not sure when the record will come out and in what form . The majority of the controversy is surrounding one song , which I consider to be among the most important songs on the record … . [ B ] ecause of various legal / publishing issues we 're having to be rather careful with how we do what we 're going to do next . " .
Derek 's solo release Stockholm Syndrome was released on his website , derekwebb.com , on July 7 , 2009 as a digital release . He has also made physical copies of both the edited and unedited versions of the CD available by September 1 , 2009 .
In late 2011 Derek Webb collaborated on the soundtrack for the motion picture Nexus .
On September 3 , 2013 , Webb released I Was Wrong , I 'm Sorry & I Love You . The album is written as a reflective look back at his 20 years in music as well as 10 years since his first solo release .
= = Business ventures = =
While on tour , Webb noticed that attendance at his shows had increased dramatically after he had made Mockingbird available for free online . Inspired by that realization , Webb helped form NoiseTrade , a website that allows users to download music for free from independent musicians .
= = Discography = =
= Seneca Falls Convention =
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women 's rights convention . It advertised itself as " a convention to discuss the social , civil , and religious condition and rights of woman " . Held in Seneca Falls , New York , it spanned two days over July 19 – 20 , 1848 . Attracting widespread attention , it was soon followed by other women 's rights conventions , including one in Rochester , New York , two weeks later . In 1850 the first in a series of annual National Women 's Rights Conventions met in Worcester , Massachusetts .
Female Quakers local to the area organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who was not a Quaker . They planned the event during a visit to the area by Philadelphia @-@ based Lucretia Mott . Mott , a Quaker , was famous for her oratorical ability , which was rare during an era in which women were often not allowed to speak in public .
The meeting comprised six sessions including a lecture on law , a humorous presentation , and multiple discussions about the role of women in society . Stanton and the Quaker women presented two prepared documents , the Declaration of Sentiments and an accompanying list of resolutions , to be debated and modified before being put forward for signatures . A heated debate sprang up regarding women 's right to vote , with many – including Mott – urging the removal of this concept , but Frederick Douglass , who was the convention 's sole African American attendee , argued eloquently for its inclusion , and the suffrage resolution was retained . Exactly 100 of approximately 300 attendees signed the document , mostly women .
The convention was seen by some of its contemporaries , including featured speaker Mott , as one important step among many others in the continuing effort by women to gain for themselves a greater proportion of social , civil and moral rights , while it was viewed by others as a revolutionary beginning to the struggle by women for complete equality with men . Stanton considered the Seneca Falls Convention to be the beginning of the women 's rights movement , an opinion that was echoed in the History of Woman Suffrage , which Stanton co @-@ wrote .
The convention 's Declaration of Sentiments became " the single most important factor in spreading news of the women 's rights movement around the country in 1848 and into the future " , according to Judith Wellman , a historian of the convention . By the time of the National Women 's Rights Convention of 1851 , the issue of women 's right to vote had become a central tenet of the United States women 's rights movement . These conventions became annual events until the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 .
= = Background = =
= = = Reform movement = = =
In the decades leading up to 1848 , a small number of women began to push against restrictions imposed upon them by society . A few men aided in this effort . In 1831 , Reverend Charles Grandison Finney began allowing women to pray aloud in gatherings of men and women . The Second Great Awakening was challenging women 's traditional roles in religion . Recalling the era in 1870 , Paulina Wright Davis set Finney 's decision as the beginning of the American women 's reform movement .
= = = Abolitionism = = =
Starting in 1832 , abolitionist and journalist William Lloyd Garrison organized anti @-@ slavery associations which encouraged the full participation of women . Garrison 's ideas were not welcomed by a majority of other abolitionists , and those unwilling to include women split from him to form other abolitionist societies .
A few women began to gain fame as writers and speakers on the subject of abolition . In the 1830s , Lydia Maria Child wrote to encourage women to write a will , and Frances Wright wrote books on women 's rights and social reform . The Grimké sisters published their views against slavery in the late 1830s , and they began speaking to mixed gatherings of men and women for Garrison 's American Anti @-@ Slavery Society , as did Abby Kelley . Although these women lectured primarily on the evils of slavery , the fact that a woman was speaking in public was itself a noteworthy stand for the cause of women 's rights . Ernestine Rose began lecturing in 1836 to groups of women on the subject of the " Science of Government " which included the enfranchisement of women .
In 1840 , at the urging of Garrison and Wendell Phillips , Lucretia Coffin Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled with their husbands and a dozen other American male and female abolitionists to London for the first World 's Anti @-@ Slavery Convention , with the expectation that a motion put forward by Phillips to include women 's participation in the convention would be controversial . In London , the proposal was rebuffed after a full day of debate ; the women were allowed to listen from the gallery but not allowed to speak or vote . Mott and Stanton became friends in London and on the return voyage , and together planned to organize their own convention to further the cause of women 's rights , separate from abolition concerns . In 1842 Thomas M 'Clintock and his wife Mary Ann became founding members of the Western New York Anti @-@ Slavery Society and helped write its constitution . When he moved to Rochester in 1847 , Frederick Douglass joined Amy and Isaac Post and the M 'Clintocks in this Rochester @-@ based chapter of the American Anti @-@ Slavery Society .
= = = Women 's rights = = =
In 1839 in Boston , Margaret Fuller began hosting conversations , akin to French salons , among women interested in discussing the " great questions " facing their sex . Sophia Ripley was one of the participants . In 1845 , Fuller published The Great Lawsuit , asking women to claim themselves as self @-@ dependent .
In the 1840s , women in America were reaching out for greater control of their lives . Husbands and fathers directed the lives of women , and many doors were closed to female participation . State statutes and common law prohibited women from inheriting property , signing contracts , serving on juries and voting in elections . Women 's prospects in employment were dim : they could expect only to gain a very few service @-@ related jobs and were paid about half of what men were paid for the same work . In Massachusetts , Brook Farm was founded by Sophia Ripley and her husband George Ripley in 1841 as an attempt to find a way in which men and women could work together , with women receiving the same compensation as men . The experiment failed .
In the fall of 1841 , Elizabeth Cady Stanton gave her first public speech , on the subject of the Temperance movement , in front of 100 women in Seneca Falls . She wrote to her friend Elizabeth J. Neal that she moved both the audience and herself to tears , saying " I infused into my speech an Homeopathic dose of woman 's rights , as I take good care to do in many private conversations . "
Lucretia Mott met with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in Boston in 1842 , and discussed again the possibility of a woman 's rights convention . They talked once more in 1847 , prior to Stanton moving from Boston to Seneca Falls .
Women 's groups led by Lucretia Mott and Paulina Wright Davis held public meetings in Philadelphia beginning in 1846 . A wide circle of abolitionists friendly to women 's rights began in 1847 to discuss the possibility of holding a convention wholly devoted to women 's rights . In October 1847 , Lucy Stone gave her first public speech on the subject of women 's rights , entitled The Province of Women , at her brother Bowman Stone 's church in Gardner , Massachusetts .
In March 1848 , Garrison , the Motts , Abby Kelley Foster , Stephen Symonds Foster and others hosted an Anti @-@ Sabbath meeting in Boston , to work toward the elimination of laws that apply only to Sunday , and to gain for the laborer more time away from toil than just one day of rest per week . Lucretia Mott and two other women were active within the executive committee , and Mott spoke to the assemblage . Lucretia Mott raised questions about the validity of blindly following religious and social tradition .
= = = Political gains = = =
On April 7 , 1848 , in response to a citizen 's petition , the New York State Assembly passed the Married Woman 's Property Act , giving women the right to retain property they brought into a marriage , as well as property they acquired during the marriage . Creditors could not seize a wife 's property to pay a husband 's debts . Leading up to the passage of this law , in 1846 , supporters issued a pamphlet , probably authored by Judge John Fine , which relied on its readers ' familiarity with the United States Declaration of Independence to demand " That all are created free and equal ... " , and that this idea should apply equally to the sexes . " Women , as well as men , are entitled to the full enjoyment of its practical blessings " . A group of 44 married women of western New York wrote to the Assembly in March 1848 , saying " your Declaration of Independence declares , that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed . And as women have never consented to , been represented in , or recognized by this government , it is evident that in justice no allegiance can be claimed from them ... Our numerous and yearly petitions for this most desirable object having been disregarded , we now ask your august body , to abolish all laws which hold married women more accountable for their acts than infants , idiots , and lunatics . "
The General Assembly in Pennsylvania passed a similar married woman 's property law a few weeks later , one which Lucretia Mott and others had championed . These progressive state laws were seen by American women as a sign of new hope for women 's rights .
On June 2 , 1848 in Rochester , New York , Gerrit Smith was nominated as the Liberty Party 's presidential candidate . Smith was Elizabeth Cady Stanton 's first cousin , and the two enjoyed debating and discussing political and social issues with each other whenever he came to visit . At the National Liberty Convention , held June 14 – 15 in Buffalo , New York , Smith gave a major address , including in his speech a demand for " universal suffrage in its broadest sense , females as well as males being entitled to vote . " The delegates approved a passage in their party platform addressing votes for women : " Neither here , nor in any other part of the world , is the right of suffrage allowed to extend beyond one of the sexes . This universal exclusion of woman ... argues , conclusively , that , not as yet , is there one nation so far emerged from barbarism , and so far practically Christian , as to permit woman to rise up to the one level of the human family . " At this convention , five votes were placed calling for Lucretia Mott to be Smith 's vice @-@ president — the first time in the United States that a woman was suggested for federal executive office .
= = = Quaker influence = = =
Many members of the Religious Society of Friends , known as Quakers , made their homes in western New York state , near Seneca Falls . A particularly progressive branch lived in and around Waterloo in Seneca County , New York . These Quakers strove for marital relationships in which men and women worked and lived in equality .
The M 'Clintocks came to Waterloo from a Quaker community in Philadelphia . They rented property from Richard P. Hunt , a wealthy Quaker and businessman . The M 'Clintock and Hunt families opposed slavery ; both participated in the free produce movement , and their houses served as stations on the Underground Railroad .
Traditional Quaker tenets held that men and women should meet separately when making religious decisions . By the 1840s , some Hicksite Quakers determined to bring women and men together in the faith as an expression of their spiritual equality . In June 1848 , approximately 200 Hicksites , including the Hunts and the M 'Clintocks , formed an even more radical Quaker group , known as the Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends , or Progressive Friends . The Progressive Friends intended to further elevate the influence of women in affairs of the faith . They introduced joint meetings of men and women , giving women an equal voice .
= = Planning = =
Lucretia and James Mott visited central and western New York in the summer of 1848 for a number of reasons , including visiting the Cattaraugus Reservation of the Seneca Nation and former slaves living in the province of Ontario , Canada . Mott was present at the meeting in which the Progressive Friends left the Hicksite Quakers . They also visited Lucretia 's sister Martha Coffin Wright in Auburn , NY , where Mott also preached to prisoners at the Auburn State Penitentiary . Lucretia Mott 's skill and fame as an orator drew crowds wherever she went .
= = = Announcement = = =
After Quaker service on Sunday July 9 , 1848 , Lucretia Coffin Mott joined Mary Ann M 'Clintock , Martha Coffin Wright ( Mott 's witty sister , several months pregnant ) , Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Jane Hunt for tea at the Hunt home in Waterloo . The two eldest M 'Clintock daughters , Elizabeth and Mary Ann , Jr. may have accompanied their mother . Jane Hunt had given birth two weeks earlier , and was tending the baby at home . Over tea , Stanton , the only non @-@ Quaker present , vented a lifetime 's worth of pent @-@ up frustration , her " long @-@ accumulating discontent " about women 's subservient place in society . The five women decided to hold a women 's rights convention in the immediate future , while the Motts were still in the area , and drew up an announcement to run in the Seneca County Courier . The announcement began with these words : " WOMAN 'S RIGHTS CONVENTION . — A Convention to discuss the social , civil , and religious condition and rights of woman " . The notice specified that only women were invited to the first day 's meetings on July 19 , but both women and men could attend on the second day to hear Lucretia Mott speak , among others . On July 11 , the announcement first appeared , giving readers just eight days ' notice until the first day of convention . Other papers such as Douglass 's North Star picked up the notice , printing it on July 14 . The meeting place was to be the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Seneca Falls . Built by a congregation of abolitionists and financed in part by Richard Hunt , the chapel had been the scene of many reform lectures , and was considered the only large building in the area that would open its doors to a women 's rights convention .
= = = Declaration , grievances , resolutions = = =
At their home in Waterloo on Sunday , July 16 , the M 'Clintocks hosted a smaller planning session for the convention . Mary Ann M 'Clintock and her eldest daughters , Elizabeth and Mary Ann , Jr . , discussed with Stanton the makeup of the resolutions that would be presented to the convention for approval . Each woman made certain her concerns were appropriately represented among the ten resolutions that they composed . Taken together , the resolutions demanded that women should have equality in the family , education , jobs , religion , and morals . One of the M 'Clintock women selected the Declaration of Independence from 1776 as a model for the declaration they wanted to make at their convention . The Declaration of Sentiments was then drafted in the parlor on a round , three @-@ legged , mahogany tea table . Stanton changed a few words of the Declaration of Independence to make it appropriate for a statement by women , replacing " The history of the present King of Great Britain " with " The history of mankind " as the basis for " usurpations on the part of man toward woman . " The women added the phrase " and women " to make " ... all men and women are created equal ... " A list of grievances was composed to form the second part of the Declaration .
Between July 16 and July 19 , at home on her own writing desk , Stanton edited the grievances and resolutions . Henry Brewster Stanton , a lawyer , politician and Stanton 's husband , helped substantiate the document by locating " extracts from laws bearing unjustly against woman 's property interests . " On her own , Stanton added a more radical point to the list of grievances and to the resolutions : the issue of women 's voting rights . To the grievances , she added " He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise " , and to the Sentiments , she added a line about man depriving woman of " the elective franchise , thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation ... " Stanton then copied the Declaration and resolutions into final draft form for presentation at the meeting . When he saw the addition of woman suffrage , Henry Stanton warned his wife " you will turn the proceedings into a farce . " He , like most men of his day , was not in favor of women gaining voting rights . Because he intended to run for elective office , he left Seneca Falls to avoid being connected with a convention promoting such an unpopular cause . Elizabeth Cady Stanton asked her sister Harriet Cady Eaton to accompany her ; Eaton brought her young son Daniel .
On July 16 , Lucretia Mott sent a note to Stanton apologizing in advance for James Mott not being able to attend the first day , as he was feeling " quite unwell " . Lucretia Mott wrote to say she would bring her sister , Martha Wright , and that the two women would participate in both days of the convention .
= = First day = =
On July 19 , 1848 , the morning of the first day of convention , the organizing committee arrived at the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel shortly before ten o 'clock on a hot , sunny day to find a crowd gathered outside and the church doors locked — an overlooked detail . Stanton 's young nephew Daniel was lifted through an open window so that he could unbar the doors from the inside . Even though the first session had been announced as being exclusively for women , some young children of both sexes had been brought by their mothers , and about 40 men were there expecting to attend . The men were not turned away , but were asked to remain silent . Mary Ann M 'Clintock , Jr . , 26 years old , was appointed secretary , to take notes .
= = = Morning session = = =
Starting at 11 o 'clock , Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke first , exhorting each woman in the audience to accept responsibility for her own life , and to " understand the height , the depth , the length , and the breadth of her own degradation . " Lucretia Mott then spoke , encouraging all to take up the cause . Stanton read the Declaration of Sentiments in its entirety , then re @-@ read each paragraph so that it could be discussed at length , and changes incorporated . The question of whether men 's signatures would be sought for the Declaration was discussed , with the vote looking favorable for including men , but the motion was tabled until the following day when men themselves could participate . The first session adjourned at 2 : 30 p.m.
= = = Afternoon session = = =
After a pause for refreshment in the 90 ° heat , an afternoon session began with Stanton and then Mott addressing the audience . The Declaration of Sentiments was read again and more changes were made to it . The resolutions , now numbering eleven with Stanton 's addition of women 's suffrage , were read aloud and discussed . Lucretia Mott read a humorous newspaper piece written by her sister Martha Wright in which Wright questioned why , after an overworked mother completed the myriad daily tasks that were required of her but not of her husband , she was the one upon whom written advice was " so lavishly bestowed . " Twenty @-@ seven @-@ year @-@ old Elizabeth W. M 'Clintock then delivered a speech , and the first day 's business was called to a close .
= = = Evening speech = = =
In the evening , the meeting was opened to all persons , and Lucretia Mott addressed a large audience . She spoke of the progress of other reform movements and so framed for her listeners the social and moral context for the struggle for women 's rights . She asked the men present to help women gain the equality they deserved . The editor of the National Reformer , a paper in Auburn , New York , reported that Mott 's extemporaneous evening speech was " one of the most eloquent , logical , and philosophical discourses which we ever listened to . "
= = Second day = =
A larger crowd attended on the second day , including more men . Amelia Bloomer arrived late and took a seat in the upstairs gallery , there being none left in the main seating area . Quaker James Mott was well enough to attend , and he chaired the morning meeting ; it was still too radical a concept that a woman serve as chair in front of both men and women .
= = = Morning session , day two = = =
After Mott opened the meeting , the minutes of the previous day were read , and Stanton presented the Declaration of Sentiments . In regard to the grievance " He has taken from her all right in property , even to the wages she earns , " Assemblyman Ansel Bascom stood to say that he had recently been at the New York State Assembly which passed the Married Woman 's Property Act . Bascom spoke at length about the property rights it secured for married women , including property acquired after marriage . Further discussion of the Declaration ensued , including comments by Frederick Douglass , Thomas and Mary Ann M 'Clintock , and Amy Post ; the document was adopted unanimously . The question of men 's signatures was solved by having two sections of signatures , one for women followed by one for men . One hundred of the 300 present signed the Declaration of Sentiments , including 68 women and 32 men . Amelia Bloomer was one of the participants who did not endorse the Declaration ; she was focused at that time on the temperance movement . Ansel Bascom was the most conspicuous attendee who chose not to sign the Declaration . The National Reformer reported that those in the audience who evidently regarded the Declaration as " too bold and ultra " , including the lawyers known to be opposed to the equal rights of women , " failed to call out any opposition , except in a neighboring BAR @-@ ROOM . "
= = = Afternoon session , day two = = =
At the afternoon session , the eleven resolutions were read again , and each one was voted on individually . The only one that was materially questioned was the ninth , the one Stanton had added regarding women 's right to vote . It read :
Resolved , that it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise .
Those who opposed this resolution argued that its presence would cause the other , more rational resolutions to lose support . Others argued that only the social , civil and religious rights of women should be addressed , not the political rights . James and Lucretia Mott were against the resolution ; Lucretia said to Stanton , " Why Lizzie , thee will make us ridiculous . " Stanton defended the concept of woman suffrage , saying women would then be able to affect future legislation and gain further rights . Frederick Douglass , the only African American at the meeting , stood and spoke eloquently in favor ; he said that he could not accept the right to vote himself as a black man if woman could not also claim that right . Douglass projected that the world would be a better place if women were involved in the political sphere . " In this denial of the right to participate in government , not merely the degradation of woman and the perpetuation of a great injustice happens , but the maiming and repudiation of one @-@ half of the moral and intellectual power of the government of the world . " Douglass 's powerful words rang true with many in attendance , and the resolution passed by a large majority . Lucretia Mott spoke to end the session .
= = = Evening session , day two = = =
Quaker Thomas M 'Clintock served as chair for the evening session , opening it at half @-@ past seven . The minutes were read , then Stanton spoke in defense of the many severe accusations brought against the much @-@ abused " Lords of Creation . " Following Stanton , Thomas M 'Clintock read several passages from Sir William Blackstone 's laws , to expose for the audience the basis of woman 's current legal condition of servitude to man . Lucretia Mott stood to offer another resolution : " Resolved , That the speedy success of our cause depends upon the zealous and untiring efforts of both men and women , for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit , and for the securing to woman an equal participation with men in the various trades , professions and commerce . " This , the twelfth resolution , passed .
Mary Ann M 'Clintock , Jr. spoke briefly , calling upon woman to arouse from her lethargy and be true to herself and her God . Douglass again rose to speak in support of the cause of woman . Lucretia Mott spoke for an hour with one of her " most beautiful and spiritual appeals " . Although Lucretia Mott 's reputation as a speaker drew the audience , Mott recognized Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mary Ann M 'Clintock as the " chief planners and architects " of the convention . To close the meeting , a committee was appointed to edit and publish the convention proceedings , with Amy Post , Eunice Newton Foote , Mary Ann M 'Clintock , Jr . , Elizabeth W. M 'Clintock and Stanton serving .
= = Afterward = =
= = = News reports = = =
Local newspapers printed reports of the convention , some positive , others not . The National Reformer reported that the convention " forms an era in the progress of the age ; it being the first convention of the kind ever held , and one whose influence shall not cease until woman is guaranteed all the rights now enjoyed by the other half of creation — Social , Civil and POLITICAL . " The Oneida Whig did not approve of the convention , writing of the Declaration : " This bolt is the most shocking and unnatural incident ever recorded in the history of womanity . If our ladies will insist on voting and legislating , where , gentleman , will be our dinners and our elbows ? Where our domestic firesides and the holes in our stockings ? "
Soon , newspapers across the country picked up the story . Reactions varied widely . In Massachusetts , the Lowell Courier published its opinion that , with women 's equality , " the lords must wash the dishes , scour up , be put to the tub , handle the broom , darn stockings . " In St. Louis , Missouri , the Daily Reveille trumpeted that " the flag of independence has been hoisted for the second time on this side of the Atlantic . " Horace Greeley in the New York Tribune wrote " When a sincere republican is asked to say in sober earnest what adequate reason he can give , for refusing the demand of women to an equal participation with men in political rights , he must answer , None at all . However unwise and mistaken the demand , it is but the assertion of a natural right , and such must be conceded . "
= = = Religious reaction = = =
Some of the ministers heading congregations in the area attended the Seneca Falls Convention , but none spoke out during the sessions , not even when comments from the floor were invited . On Sunday , July 23 , many who had attended , and more who had not , attacked the Convention , the Declaration of Sentiments , and the resolutions . Women in the congregations reported to Stanton , who saw the actions of the ministers as cowardly ; in their congregations , no one would be allowed to reply .
= = = Further conventions = = =
Signers of the Declaration of Sentiments hoped for " a series of Conventions , embracing every part of the country " to follow their own meeting . Because of the fame and drawing power of Lucretia Mott , who would not be staying in the Upstate New York area for much longer , a regional Woman 's Rights Convention was held two weeks later in Rochester , New York with Abigail Bush serving as president , and Lucretia Mott as featured speaker . In the next two years , " the infancy ... of the movement " , local and state women 's rights conventions were called in Ohio , Indiana , and Pennsylvania .
Charlotte Woodward , alone among all 100 signers , was the only one still alive in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment passed . Woodward was not well enough to vote herself .
= = = Remembrances = = =
A stamp was issued in 1948 in remembrance of the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Carrie Chapman Catt , and Lucretia Mott as part of a Centennial Celebration in Seneca Falls .
The Women 's Rights National Historical Park was established in 1980 , and covers a total of 6 @.@ 83 acres ( 27 @,@ 600 m ² ) of land in Seneca Falls and nearby Waterloo , New York , USA . The park consists of four major historical properties , including the Wesleyan Methodist Church , which was the site of the Seneca Falls Convention , Elizabeth Cady Stanton 's home , and the M 'Clintock House , which was where the Declaration of Sentiments , resolutions , and speeches were drawn up for the Seneca Falls Convention . The Wesleyan Methodist Church and the M 'Clintock House were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .
In 1998 First Lady Hillary Clinton gave a speech on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Seneca Falls Convention .
= = Historiography = =
In 1870 , Paulina Wright Davis authored a history of the antebellum women 's rights movement , The History of the National Woman 's Rights Movement , and received approval of her account from many of the involved suffragists including Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . Davis ' version gave the Seneca Falls meeting in 1848 a minor role , equivalent to other local meetings that had been held by women 's groups in the late 1840s . Davis set the beginning of the national and international women 's rights movement at Worcester , Massachusetts in 1850 , at the National Women 's Rights Convention when women from many states were invited , the influence of which was felt across the continent and in Great Britain . Stanton seemed to agree ; in an address to the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) convention in 1870 , on the subject of the women 's rights movement , she said " The movement in England , as in America , may be dated from the first National Convention , held at Worcester , Mass . , October , 1850 . "
In 1876 , in the spirit of the nation 's centennial celebrations , Stanton and Susan B. Anthony decided to write a more expansive history of the women 's rights movement . They invited Lucy Stone to help , but Stone declined to be part of the project ; she was of the opinion that Stanton and Anthony would not fairly portray the divisive split between NWSA and American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . Stanton and Anthony wrote without her and , in 1881 , they published the first volume of the History of Woman Suffrage , and placed themselves at each of its most important events , marginalizing Stone 's contribution .
According to Lisa Tetrault , a professor of women 's history , the Seneca Falls Convention was central to their rendition of the movement 's history . Neither Stanton nor Anthony had been at the 1850 convention , which was associated with their rivals . Stanton , however , had played a key role at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 , at which Stone had not been present . In the early 1870s , Stanton and Anthony began to present Seneca Falls as the beginning of the women 's rights movement , an origin story that downplayed Stone 's role . Pointing out that the women 's rights movement could be said to have begun even earlier than Seneca Falls , Tetrault said the History of Woman Suffrage dealt with these earlier events relatively briefly in its first three chapters , the first of which is titled " Preceding Causes . " In the volume , Stanton did not mention the Liberty Party 's plank on woman suffrage pre @-@ dating the Seneca Falls Convention by a month , and she did not describe the Worcester National Women 's Rights Convention , organized by Stone and Davis in 1850 , as the beginning of the women 's rights movement . Rather , Stanton named the 1840 Anti @-@ Slavery Convention in London as the birth of the " movement for woman 's suffrage , in both England and America " . She positioned the Seneca Falls meeting as her own political debut , and characterized it as the beginning of the women 's rights movement , calling it " the greatest movement for human liberty recorded on the pages of history — a demand for freedom to one @-@ half the entire race . " Stanton worked to enshrine the Declaration of Sentiments as a foundational treatise in a number of ways , not the least of which was by imbuing the small , three @-@ legged tea table upon which the first draft of it was composed an importance similar to that of Thomas Jefferson 's desk upon which he wrote the Declaration of Independence . The M 'Clintocks gave Stanton the table , then Stanton gave it to Susan B. Anthony on the occasion of her 80th birthday , though Anthony had no part in the Seneca Falls meeting . In keeping with Stanton 's promotion of the table as an iconic relic , women 's rights activists put it in a place of honor at the head of the casket at the funeral of Susan B. Anthony on March 14 , 1906 . Subsequently , it was displayed prominently on the stage at each of the most important suffrage meetings until 1920 , even though the grievance and resolution about woman suffrage was not written on it . The table is kept at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History in Washington , D.C.
Lucretia Mott reflected in August 1848 upon the two women 's rights conventions in which she had participated that summer , and assessed them no greater than other projects and missions she was involved with . She wrote that the two gatherings were " greatly encouraging ; and give hope that this long neglected subject will soon begin to receive the attention that its importance demands . "
Historian Gerda Lerner has pointed out that religious ideas provided a fundamental source for the Declaration of Sentiments . Most of the women attending the convention were active in Quaker or evangelical Methodist movements . The document itself drew from writings by the evangelical Quaker Sarah Grimké to make biblical claims that God had created woman equal to man and that man had usurped God 's authority by establishing " absolute tyranny " over woman . According to author Jami Carlacio , Grimké 's writings opened the public 's eyes to ideas like women 's rights , and for the first time they were willing to question conventional notions about the subordination of women .
= Caernarfon town walls =
Caernarfon 's town walls are a medieval defensive structure around the town of Caernarfon in North Wales . The walls were constructed between 1283 and 1292 after the foundation of Caernarfon by Edward I , alongside the adjacent castle . The walls are 734 m ( 2 @,@ 408 ft ) long and include eight towers and two medieval gatehouses . The project was completed using large numbers of labourers brought in from England ; the cost of building the walls came to around £ 3 @,@ 500 , a large sum for the period . The walls were significantly damaged during the rebellion of Madog ap Llywelyn in 1294 , and had to be repaired at considerable expense . Political changes in the 16th century reduced the need to maintain such defences around the town . Today the walls form part of the UNESCO world heritage site administered by Cadw . Historians Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham describe the defences as " a remarkably intact walled circuit " .
= = History = =
= = = 13th century = = =
Before the English construction of the town of Caernarfon , the area had been occupied first by the Romans , who built the fort of Segontium , and later by both the Normans and the Welsh princes . As a result of this long history , depicted in the Welsh saga of Mabinogion , the site was both culturally and politically significant to the medieval Welsh . The English kings and Welsh princes had vied for control of North Wales since the 1070s and the conflict had been renewed during the 13th century , leading to Edward I intervening in North Wales for the second time during his reign in 1282 . Edward invaded with a huge army , pushing north from Carmarthen and westwards from Montgomery and Chester . By summer 1283 Edward had secured Caernarfon and the surrounding area .
The king decided that the location would become the centre of a new county and the capital of the principality of North Wales , with a new castle and walled town forming the administrative centre . Edward 's plan was a colonial enterprise and placing the new town and walls on the Caernarfon site was in part a symbolic act to demonstrate English power ; the walls also symbolised the town 's status as the capital of North Wales .
Traditionally Caernarfon 's design and defences have been thought to have been inspired by the growth of the bastides . The bastides were new planned towns created in both France and English @-@ held Gascony during the period , characterised by grids of straight streets , often defended by combinations of castles and town walls . More recent research , however , has shown that English town design played a more significant role in shaping Caernarfon and other Edwardian town plans . In the case of Caernarfon , the town plan and walls were adapted to fit around the site of the former Norman castle on the site , which lay just outside the new town and was used a market place .
The walls of Caernarfon were built at the same time as the castle , under the overall supervision of Master James of Saint George , Edward 's chief architect in North Wales . Between 1283 to 1284 , Richard the Engineer acted as James ' deputy on the site ; later , between 1295 and 1308 , Walter of Hereford performed a similar role , and may have also been responsible for earlier work on the walls as well . Huge amounts of labourers were mobilised from across England for the task , massed at Chester and then brought into Wales for each summer building season . Work on the walls progressed quickly , albeit in uneven bursts : local houses were demolished to make way for the fortifications and the stone walls and gates were probably finished by 1292 . The cost of building the town walls was around £ 3 @,@ 500 , a large sum for the period .
Otto de Grandson , a favourite of Edward I , was appointed as constable of Caernarfon and justiciar of North Wales , with responsibility for security in the region . In 1294 , however , Madog ap Llywelyn revolted against English rule and undertook a wide campaign across North Wales , attacking the town of Caernarfon . Despite the walls , the town was overrun , the walls badly damaged , and the castle — still largely unfinished — was easily taken and set on fire . Edward responded with military force the next year : he retook Caernarfon and ordered the town walls to be fully repaired by November 1295 , at a cost of around £ 1 @,@ 195 .
= = = 14th to 18th centuries = = =
The new town of Caernarfon was populated by English settlers , particularly from nearby Cheshire and Lancashire , and the town walls were in part designed to encourage immigrants and royal officials to settle there in safety . The town of Caernarfon did not prove a successful settlement , however ; by 1298 it had only 59 burgage tenements — properties paying rent to the king — making it far less prosperous than either neighbouring Conwy or Beaumaris , and the situation did not improve during the 14th century . In 1400 Welsh prince Owain Glyndŵr rose in rebellion against English rule , but despite attempts to take Caernarfon in 1403 and 1404 , the town 's defences held out . The ascension of the Tudor dynasty to the English throne resulted in a change in the way Wales was administered . The Tudors were Welsh in origin , and their rule lessened hostilities between the Welsh and English , reducing the need to maintain Caernarfon 's castle and walls and easing the restrictions on Welsh access to the town — the Welsh were finally allowed to live inside Caernarfon in 1507 .
Around 1800 , Caernarfon 's local corporation undertook a programme of modernisation work , inserting several new gateways in the town walls ; other changes were also made to the walls during the period , with some towers being converted for use as administrative buildings and the gatehouses altered to accommodate more modern offices . During the 19th century the town of Caernarfon grew considerably , prompted by the slate trade and the construction of the Chester to Holyhead railway line . As a result of this population pressure , by the 20th century housing had encroached along the inside and outside of the town walls , so that in many places the walls had vanished from view . During the 20th century the walls were gradually acquired by the state and these houses demolished .
Today Caernarfon 's walls are managed by the Welsh heritage organisation Cadw as a tourist attraction , although only a small part of the wall @-@ walk is open to the public . The walls require ongoing maintenance ; in the financial year between 2002 and 2003 , for example , maintaining the historic fabric of the walls and the castle cost £ 4 @,@ 500 ( £ 5 @,@ 710 in 2010 terms ) . The walls were declared part of a UNESCO world heritage site in 1986 and are classed as a grade 1 listed building and hold scheduled monument status . They are considered by historians Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham to be " a remarkably intact walled circuit " .
= = Architecture = =
The Caernarfon town walls today present an unbroken , 734 m ( 2 @,@ 408 ft ) long circuit around the town , enclosing 4 @.@ 18 hectares ( 10 @.@ 3 acres ) , and are unusually well preserved . They are mostly built from the same carboniferous limestone used at the castle . The eight towers along the wall are mostly " gap @-@ backed " , lacking walls on the inside of the towers , and originally included removable wooden bridges to allow sections of the walls to be sealed off from attackers .
The two original entrances to the town were through the West and East Gates . The West Gate faced onto the harbour , and was also known as the Golden Gate ( Welsh : Porth @-@ yr @-@ Aur ) ; in the medieval period , this name would have evoked images of imperial Roman and Arthurian power , as it was the name of the primary gateway in the city of Constantinople . It was originally defended by a portcullis , but was modified with additional Gothic features in the 19th century . The East Gate formed the landward entrance to the town , originally overlooking the river Cadnant — the river is now culverted over . The gatehouse contained offices for most of the period since its construction in the 13th century , first housing the royal exchequer , then Caernarfon 's town hall and finally the guildhall . The offices were finally removed in the 1960s . Little of the original gatehouse remains , due to 18th and 19th century building work , although the base of the towers remains medieval . Newer entrances to the town , made by creating additional gateways in the walls , include Northgate , Greengate and the entrance to Market Street .
In the north @-@ west corner of the walls is the 14th @-@ century chapel of Saint Mary , built into the defences and using the only fully circular tower in the walls as a vestry . Further along the west side of the walls , several of the towers have been converted for various uses . One forms part of the County Offices , having been incorporated into the former County Gaol in the 19th century ; another has been used by the Royal Welsh Yacht Club since the 19th century , and a third has been converted into a holiday home by the Landmark Trust .
= Waddesdon Bequest =
In 1898 Baron Ferdinand Rothschild bequeathed to the British Museum as the Waddesdon Bequest the contents from his New Smoking Room at Waddesdon Manor . This consisted of a wide @-@ ranging collection of almost 300 objets d 'art et de vertu which included exquisite examples of jewellery , plate , enamel , carvings , glass and maiolica . Earlier than most objects is the outstanding Holy Thorn Reliquary , probably created in the 1390s in Paris for John , Duke of Berry . The collection is in the tradition of a schatzkammer or treasure house such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe ; indeed , the majority of the objects are from late Renaissance Europe , although there are several important medieval pieces , and outliers from classical antiquity and medieval Syria .
Following the sequence of the museum 's catalogue numbers , and giving the first number for each category , the bequest consists of : " bronzes " , handles and a knocker ( WB.1 ) ; arms , armour and ironwork ( WB.5 ) ; enamels ( WB.19 ) ; glass ( WB.53 ) ; Italian maiolica ( WB.60 ) ; " cups etc in gold and hard stone " ( WB.66 ) ; silver plate ( WB.87 ) ; jewellery ( WB.147 ) ; cutlery ( WB.201 ) ; " caskets , etc " ( WB.217 ) ; carvings in wood and stone ( WB.231 – 265 ) . There is no group for paintings , and WB.174 , a portrait miniature on vellum in a wooden frame , is included with the jewellery , though this is because the subject is wearing a pendant in the collection .
The collection was assembled for a particular place , and to reflect a particular aesthetic ; other parts of Ferdinand Rothschild 's collection contain objects in very different styles , and the Bequest should not be taken to reflect the totality of his taste . Here what most appealed to Ferdinand Rothschild were intricate , superbly executed , highly decorated and rather ostentatious works of the Late Gothic , Renaissance and Mannerist periods . Few of the objects could be said to rely on either simplicity or Baroque sculptural movement for their effect , though several come from periods and places where much Baroque work was being made . A new display for the collection , which under the terms of the bequest must be kept and displayed together , opened on 11 June 2015 .
= = History = =
The collection was started by Baron Ferdinand 's father , Baron Anselm von Rothschild ( 1803 – 1874 ) , and may include some objects from earlier Rothschild collections . For Mayer Amschel Rothschild ( 1744 – 1812 ) of Frankfurt , who began the prominence of the family , his business dealing in coins , " antiques , medals , and objects of display " preceded and financed his banking operations , and most Rothschilds continued to collect art .
At least one of the objects now in the British Museum can be seen in a cabinet in the background of a family portrait from 1838 ( left ) , the year before Ferdinand was born . In his Reminiscences Ferdinand recalled his excitement as a child when he was allowed to help wrap and unwrap his father 's collection , which spent the summers in a strongroom when the family left Vienna for a country villa .
The period after the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars offered tremendous opportunities for collectors of the decorative arts of the medieval and Renaissance periods . These categories were very little valued by the art market in general , and metalwork was routinely sold for its bullion value alone . Some of the older objects in precious metal in the collection may have first been received by the family as part of banking transactions ; ownership of such pieces had always been partly a way to get some use from capital . Ferdinand records several complaints that his father did not make more use of his opportunities , but in his last years Anselm began to expand his collecting range , and it was he who bought both the Holy Thorn Reliquary and the Ghisi Shield . This golden age for collectors had passed by the time Ferdinand inherited his part of his father 's collection in 1874 , which was also the year he bought the Waddesdon estate and began to build there . Ferdinand continued to expand the collection until his death in 1898 , mostly using dealers , and expanding the range of objects collected . In particular Ferdinand expanded to around fifty the ten or so pieces of jewellery in his father 's collection .
The New Smoking Room built to hold the collection was only planned from 1891 , and the collection was moved in there in early 1896 , less than three years before Ferdinand 's death . Good photographs allow an appreciation of how the objects were displayed , in glassed cases and on open shelves around the walls , over doors , and over the small fireplace , which had an elaborate shelved chimneypiece in wood above . Several objects , including the Casket of Saint Valerie , were on tables away from the walls . Comfortable seating was plentiful , some upholstered with pieces from medieval vestments , and there were framed photographs and houseplants . The room is now refilled with objects from the same period though of somewhat different types , and visitors to Waddesdon Manor can see it from the doorway .
The room , with the adjoining Billiards Room , is the only reception room at Waddesdon Manor to follow the French Renaissance style of the exterior ; the other rooms are in broadly 18th @-@ century styles , and contain a magnificent collection of paintings and furniture centred on that century . The segregation of the collection was part of the concept of what has been called the " neo @-@ Kunstkammer " , adopted by some other very wealthy collectors of the period . The Renaissance Room at what is now the Wallace Collection and the collection of Sir Julius Wernher were other examples formed in England over the same period . The neo @-@ Kunstkammer aimed to emulate the collections formed during the Renaissance itself , mostly by princely houses ; of these the outstanding survivals were the Habsburg collections in Vienna , Prague and Ambras , as well as the treasuries of the Grünes Gewölbe in Dresden , the Munich Residenz and Kassel . Unlike those collections , contemporary and recent objects were not included .
Baron Ferdinand was a restless and , by his own account , unhappy man , whose life was blighted by the death of his wife after giving birth to their only child , who was stillborn ; this was in 1866 . Thereafter he lived with his unmarried sister Alice . As well as filling positions in local public life , he was Liberal MP for Aylesbury from 1885 until his death , and from 1896 a Trustee of the British Museum , probably at the instigation of Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks .
Ferdinand recognized and welcomed the drift of high quality art into public collections , which had begun in earnest during his time as a collector . While most of his assets and collections were left to his sister Alice , the collection now forming the Bequest and , separately , a group of 15 manuscripts now in the British Library , were left to the British Museum . He had already donated some significant objects to the museum in his lifetime , which not are not counted in the Bequest .
Baron Ferdinand 's bequest was most specific , and failure to observe the terms would make it void . It stated that the collection should be
placed in a special room to be called the Waddesdon Bequest Room separate and apart from the other contents of the Museum and thenceforth for ever thereafter , keep the same in such room or in some other room to be substituted for it .
These terms are still observed , and until late 2014 the collection was shown in the rather small room 45 , in a display opened in 1973 . In 2015 the Bequest was moved to Room 2A , a new , larger gallery on the ground floor , close to the main entrance on Museum Street . Until the Chinese ceramics collection of the Percival David Foundation moved to the British Museum the Waddesdon Bequest was the only collection segregated in this way .
= = Renaissance metalwork = =
Much of the collection consists of luxury objects from the 16th century . Large pieces of metalwork in silver or silver @-@ gilt make an immediate impression in the display , and these were designed to dazzle and impress guests when used at table , or displayed in rows on a sideboard with shelves like a modern bookcase or Welsh dresser . Many are very heavily decorated in virtuoso displays of goldsmiths ' technique ; rather too heavily for conventional modern taste . They are certainly ostentatious objects designed to display the wealth of their owner , and in many cases were designed to be appreciated when held in the hand , rather than seen under glass .
There are a number of standing cups with a cover , many from Augsburg and Nuremberg ; these were used to drink a toast from to welcome a guest , and were also a common gift presented in politics and diplomacy , and by cities to distinguished visitors . Their decoration sometimes reflected the latest taste , often drawing from designs made as prints and circulated around Europe , but there was also often a very conservative continuation of late Gothic styles , which persisted until they came to be part of a Neugotic ( " Neo @-@ Gothic " ) revival in the early 17th century . The largest object in the bequest with a specifically Jewish connection is a silver @-@ gilt standing cup made in Nuremberg about 1600 , but by 1740 belonging to a Jewish burial society in Bratislava , as a Hebrew language inscription records .
Apart from pieces purely in metal , a number are centred on either hardstone carvings or organic objects such as horns , seashells , ostrich eggshells , and exotic plant seeds . These " curiosities " are typical of the taste of the Renaissance " age of discovery " and show the schatzkammer and the cabinet of curiosities overlapping . A different form of novelty is represented by a table @-@ ornament of a silver @-@ gilt foot @-@ high figure of a huntsman with a dog and brandishing a spear . There is a clockwork mechanism in his base which propels him along the table , and his head lifts off to show a cup , and he would have been used in drinking games . There are separate figures of a boar and stags for him to pursue , though not making a set ; these can also function as cups .
One of the most important objects in the collection is a parade shield , never intended for use in battle , designed and made by Giorgio Ghisi , who was both a goldsmith and an important printmaker . It is signed and dated 1554 . With a sword hilt , dated 1570 and now in Budapest , this is the only surviving damascened metalwork by Ghisi . The shield is made of iron hammered in relief , then damascened with gold and partly plated with silver . It has an intricate design with a scene of battling horseman in the centre , within a frame , around which are four further frames containing allegorical female figures , the frames themselves incorporating minute and crowded subjects on a much smaller scale from the Iliad and ancient mythology , inlaid in gold .
Other major pieces are sets of a ewer and basin , basin in this context meaning a large dish or salver , which when used were carried round by pairs of servants for guests to wash their hands without leaving the table . However the examples in the collection were probably hardly ever used for this , but were intended purely for display on sideboards ; typically the basins are rather shallow for actual use . These were perhaps the grandest type of plate , with large surfaces where Mannerist inventiveness could run riot in the decoration . They were already expensive because of the weight of the precious metal , to which a huge amount of time by highly skilled silversmiths was added . The Aspremont @-@ Lynden set in the bequest is documented in that family back to 1610 , some 65 years after it was made in Antwerp , and weighs a little less than five kilos .
= = Renaissance enamels = =
Though the Waddesdon Bequest contains two very important medieval objects with enamel , and much of the jewellery and decorated cutlery uses enamel heavily , the great majority of the items that can be called " enamels " are in the French 16th @-@ century style that was led by painted Limoges enamel , rather than the champlevé enamel for which Limoges was famous in the Romanesque period . The new technique produced pieces painted with highly detailed figurative scenes or decorative schemes . As with Italian maiolica , the imagery tended to be drawn from classical mythology or allegory , though the bequest includes some Old Testament scenes , and compositions were very often drawn from German , French or Italian prints . Enamels were produced in workshops which often persisted in the same family for several generations , and are often signed in the enamel , or identifiable , at least as far as the family or workshop , by punch marks on the back of panels , as well as by style . Leading artists represented in the collection include Suzanne de Court , Pierre Reymond , Jean de Court , Pierre Courtois and Léonard Limousin .
Enamels were made as objects such as candlesticks , dishes , vessels and mirrors , and also as flat plaques to be included in other objects such as caskets . The collection includes all these types , with both unmounted plaques and caskets fitted with plaques . The jolly grotesques illustrated at right are on the reverse of a large dish whose main face shows a brightly @-@ coloured depiction of the Destruction of Pharaoh 's army in the Red Sea . Both designs are closely paralleled , without being exactly copied , in pieces in other collections , notably one in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York . The designs are also based on prints , but adapted by the enamellers for their pieces .
The Casket of the Sybyls is an elaborate small locking casket with a framework of silver @-@ gilt and gems , set with grisaille panels with touches of gold and flesh @-@ tints . It represents the sophisticated court taste of about 1535 , and was probably intended for a lady 's jewels . Most such sets of enamel inserts have lost the settings they were intended for .
= = Jewellery = =
The emphasis of the jewellery is very firmly on spectacular badges and pendant jewels of the late Renaissance in what is known as the " Spanish Style " that was adopted throughout Europe between about 1550 and 1630 , using gems together with gold and enamel to create dazzling tiny sculptures . These were originally worn by both men and women , but as a collection the Waddesdon group was chosen for display ( and in a specifically male setting ) rather than for wearing , except at the occasional fancy @-@ dress ball , a fashion at the time . The group demonstrate little interest in gemstones and pearls for their own sake . Although such pieces have survived more often than styles emphasizing gem stones and massy gold , which were typically recycled for their materials when fashion changed , the demand from 19th @-@ century collectors greatly exceeded the supply of authentic survivals , and many pieces include much work from that period ( see below ) .
For many of the pieces though it is not easy to place the date or country of manufacture . There is no such difficulty with the most famous jewel in the collection , the Lyte Jewel , which was made in London and presented to Thomas Lyte of Lytes Cary , Somerset in 1610 by King James I of England , who loved large jewels , and giving them to others . Lyte was not a regular at court , but he had drawn up a family tree tracing James 's descent back to the legendary Trojan , Brut . The jewel contains a miniature portrait of the king by Nicolas Hilliard , though for conservation reasons this is now removed from the jewel . Lyte wears the jewel in a portrait of 1611 , showing a drop below the main oval set with three diamonds , which had gone before 1882 . The front cover has an elaborate openwork design with James 's monogram IR , while the back has very finely executed enamel decoration .
One pendant , shaped like a lantern with a tiny Crucifixion inside , was made in 16th @-@ century Mexico , and from comparison with other pieces may originally have included Mexican feather work , a Pre @-@ Columbian art whose craftspeople the Spanish missionaries employed in workshops for export luxury objects .
= = Objects from before the Renaissance = =
The collection includes an eclectic group of objects of very high quality that predate the Renaissance . The oldest objects are a set of four Hellenistic bronze medallions with heads projecting in very high relief , and round handles hanging below . These date to the century before Christ , and came from a tomb in modern Turkey , and were fixtures for some wooden object , perhaps a chest . The heads are identified as Ariadne , Dionysos , Persephone and Pluto . The carved agate body of WB.68 may be late Roman , and is discussed below .
The Palmer Cup is an important early Islamic glass cup , made around 1200 , in Syria or perhaps Egypt , and painted in enamels . In the same century it was given a silver @-@ gilt and rock crystal stem and foot in France . Below a poetic Arabic inscription praising wine @-@ drinking , a seated prince holding a cup or glass is flanked by five standing attendants , two playing castanets and the others holding weapons . As an early enamel @-@ painted image the cup is extremely rare in Islamic glass , although similar images in Islamic pottery of the period are found . There are a handful of comparable early Islamic glass cups with enamel that have survived in old European collections , such as the Luck of Edenhall in the Victoria and Albert Museum , and others in the Grünes Gewölbe in Dresden and the Louvre , and others are recorded in old inventories . Often these were given a new foot in metalwork in Europe , as here . There is also a large mosque lamp with enamelled decoration from the late 14th century .
Romanesque art is represented by an unusually large Limoges enamel reliquary in the common chasse shape , like a gabled house . This was made in about 1170 to hold relics of Saint Valerie of Limoges , a virgin @-@ martyr of the Roman period who was the most important local saint of Limoges , a key centre for Romanesque champlevé enamel . Her highly visual story is told in several scenes that use a wide range of colours , with the rest of the front face decorated in the " vermicular " style , with the space between the figure filled with scrolling motifs on a gold background . St Valerie was a cephalophore saint , who after she was beheaded carried her own head to give to her bishop , Saint Martial , who had converted her .
There are many more objects in a Gothic style , and as is typical for northern Europe several of these come from well into the 16th century , and should be considered as belonging to the Northern Renaissance . However the most important medieval object , and arguably the most important single piece in the collection , though from the late Gothic period , has nothing strictly Gothic in its style , and represents a very advanced court taste in this respect . This is the Holy Thorn Reliquary , which was probably created in the 1390s in Paris for the Valois prince John , Duke of Berry , to house a relic of the Crown of Thorns . It is one of a small number of major goldsmiths ' works or joyaux that survive from the extravagant world of the courts of the Valois royal family around 1400 . It is made of gold , lavishly decorated with jewels and pearls , and uses the technique of enamelling en ronde bosse , or " in the round " , which had been recently developed when the reliquary was made , to create a total of 28 three @-@ dimensional figures , mostly in white enamel .
In contrast , two highly elaborate metalwork covers for the treasure bindings of the Epistle and Gospel books for the high altar of a large church , probably Ulm Minster , were made around 1506 but are full of spiky Gothic architectural details , although the many figures in high relief are on the verge of Renaissance style .
There are two German statues of saints in wood , about half life @-@ size , from the decades around 1500 , and a larger number of miniature boxwood carvings . These include " prayer nuts " of superb quality from around 1510 to 1530 . These are small wooden " balls " which open up to reveal carvings of religious scenes that fit dozens of tiny figures into a space two or three inches across , and were a fashion among royalty and the wealthy ; they were apparently made in the northern Netherlands . They seem to have often been suspended from belts , or formed part of a rosary ; others still have copper carrying cases . A trick of technique in making them is that the main carved scene is made on a smaller hemisphere , allowing access from behind , which was then set into the main hemisphere .
= = Rock crystal and hardstone pieces = =
There are seven glass vessels in the collection , but a larger number of pieces in transparent rock crystal or quartz , a mineral that might easily be taken for glass . This was always a much more valuable and prestigious material , qualifying as a semi @-@ precious stone . Needing very patient grinding and drilling , it is much harder to work than glass ( though correspondingly less easy to break once finished ) , and the pieces include mounts or bases in precious metal , which none of the actual glass has ; nor are the rock crystal pieces painted . Read 's catalogue groups these and other pieces in semi @-@ precious stone with the objects in gold , as opposed to the " silver plate " , which probably reflects how a Renaissance collector would have ranked them . There are ten pieces in crystal and nine in other stones .
Two crystal pieces are plain oval plaques engraved with figurative scenes , a different tradition going back to pieces such as the Carolingian Lothair Crystal , also in the British Museum . In 1902 Read 's catalogue suggested that " It is to this section that in all probability most eyes will be attracted , as well for the beauty of the specimens as for their rarity and consequent cost " ; if this was the case then , it is probably not so a century later . Some pieces are now regarded as 19th century , or largely so , and Reinhold Vasters , the Van Meegeren of Renaissance metalwork , is now held responsible in several cases .
A wide low crystal vase with cover is engraved with the name of the Mughal Emperor Akbar , and was long thought to have been German , but sent out to India as a diplomatic gift , as the metalwork mounts are clearly European in style . It is now seen as an original , and exceptionally rare , Mughal crystal carving , to which the mounts were added in the 19th century , perhaps in Paris . However the cartouche with Akbar 's name does not seem to specialists correct for a contemporary court piece , and the vase in India was probably carved after his reign ( 1556 – 1605 ) , and the name perhaps added even later .
= = Renaissance glass = =
Apart from the two pieces of Islamic glass described above , there are five Renaissance or Baroque glass vessels , all unusual and of exceptional quality . Most are Venetian glass ; one is moulded opaque Bohemian glass ( WB.56 ) with a Triumph of Neptune , and is now dated to the late 17th century ; it is also dichroic glass , which changes colour depending on whether it is lit from the front or behind . There is a very rare goblet in opaque turquoise glass with enamels ( WB.55 ) ; this was to imitate or suggest a vessel in even more expensive semi @-@ precious stone . The late 15th @-@ century Deblín Cup with its cover is one of a small group of vessels made in Murano , Venice in a German or Central European taste , drawing on metalwork shapes used there . It carries a later inscription in Czech urging that the health of the Lords of Deblín , near Brno , be drunk , and was probably the " welcome cup " of the castle there .
= = Italian maiolica = =
The six pieces of painted Italian maiolica , or painted and tin @-@ glazed earthenware , are all larger than the average , and there are none of the dishes that are the most common maiolica shape . The earliest piece is a large statue of Fortuna standing on a dolphin , holding a sail , by Giovanni della Robbia , made in Florence about 1500 – 10 . This is a rare representative of the Early to High Italian Renaissance in the bequest .
The other pieces are from later in the 16th century . The most important are a pair of large snake @-@ handled vases , nearly 2 foot ( 60 cm ) high , painted with mythological scenes , to which French ormolu bases and lids were added shortly before they were bought in Paris by Horace Walpole for the " Gallery " at Strawberry Hill House in 1765 – 66 . Ormolu mounts were often added by 18th @-@ century collectors to such pieces , but few have remained in place .
= = Other types of object = =
The collection includes a number of other objects , with a few guns , swords and military or hunting equipment . There is also a German brass " hunting calendar " with several thin leaves that unfold . These include recessed lines filled with wax , enabling the keen hunter on a large scale to record his bags of wolf , bear , deer , boar and rabbit , as well as the performance of his dogs . There is a small cabinet with 11 drawers ( plus other secret ones ) made as a classical facade , or perhaps a theatre stage with scenery ; the decoration is mostly damascened iron , and is 16th @-@ century Milanese work .
Apart from the older woodcarvings discussed above , the bequest includes a number of small mostly German Renaissance portraits as carvings in wood , either in relief or in the round . These are of very high quality and include two miniature busts by Conrad Meit of Philibert II , Duke of Savoy , who died young before the bust was made , and his Habsburg wife , Margaret of Austria . There are also some medallion portraits in very soft stone , that allows fine detail , and one allegorical scene attributed to Peter Flötner .
= = Fakes and revised attributions = =
Any collection formed before the 20th century ( and many later ones ) is likely to contain pieces that can no longer sustain their original attributions . In general the Waddesdon Bequest can be said to have held up well in this regard , and the most significant brush with forgery has been to benefit the collection . In 1959 it was confirmed that the Waddesdon Holy Thorn Reliquary had been in the Habsburg Imperial Schatzkammer ( " treasure chamber " ) in Vienna from 1677 onwards . It remained in Vienna until after 1860 , when it appeared in an exhibition . Some time after this it was sent to be restored by Salomon Weininger , an art dealer with access to skilled craftsmen , who secretly made a number of copies . He was later convicted of other forgeries , and died in prison in 1879 , but it was still not realised that he had returned one of his copies of the reliquary to the Imperial collections instead of the original , and later sold the original , which is now in the bequest . One of the copies remained in the Ecclesiastical Treasury of the Imperial Habsburg Court in Vienna , where the deception remained undetected for several decades .
In the 19th century a number of types of objects were especially subject to major reworking , combining some original parts with those newly @-@ made . This was especially a feature of arms and armour , jewellery , and objects combining hardstone carvings and metal mounts . This was mostly done by dealers , but sometimes collectors also .
Another object with a complicated and somewhat uncertain history is a two @-@ handled agate vase with Renaissance @-@ style metal mounts , which was acquired , with other similar pieces , for Waddesdon from the Duke of Devonshire 's collection in about 1897 , not long before Baron Ferdinand 's death . Sir Hugh Tait 's 1991 catalogue says of the vase :
" Origin :
( i ) Carved agate : authenticity is uncertain ; since 1899 loosely described as " antique Roman " or " antique " , but recently attributed to the late Roman period , c . AD 400 .
( ii ) Enamelled gold mounts and cover : previously described as " Italian , 16th century " and , subsequently , attributed to Benvenuto Cellini ( 1500 – 71 ) but now attributed to the hand of an early 19th @-@ century copyist – before 1834 – perhaps working in London . "
As he describes , it was Tait who overturned the attribution to Cellini in 1971 .
In a collection of Renaissance metalwork Benvenuto Cellini ( 1500 – 71 ) represents the ultimate attribution , as his genuine works as a goldsmith are rarer than paintings by Giorgione . In his 1902 catalogue Charles Hercules Read mentions that many of the pendants had been attributed to Cellini , but refrains from endorsing the attributions . A small silver hand @-@ bell ( WB.95 ) had belonged to Horace Walpole , who praised it extravagantly in a letter as " the uniquest thing in the world , a silver bell for an inkstand made by Benvenuto Cellini . It makes one believe all the extravagant encomiums he bestows on himself ; indeed so does his Perseus . Well , my bell is in the finest taste , and is swarmed by caterpillars , lizards , grasshoppers , flies , and masques , that you would take it for one of the plagues of Egypt . They are all in altissimo , nay in out @-@ issimo relievo and yet almost invisible but with a glass . Such foliage , such fruitage ! " . However Baron Ferdinand had realized that it was more likely to be by Wenzel Jamnitzer , goldsmith to the Emperor Rudolf II , to whom it is still attributed . Another piece no longer attributed to Cellini is a large bronze door @-@ knocker , with a figure of Neptune , 40 cm high , and weighing over 11 kilos .
One category of the bequest that has seen several demotions is the 16 pieces and sets of highly decorated cutlery ( WB.201 – 216 ) . Read dated none of these later than the 17th century , but on the British Museum database in 2014 several were dated to the 19th century , and were recent fraudulent creations when they entered the collection , some made by Reinhold Vasters . Doubts have also been raised over a glass cup and cover bearing the date 1518 ( WB.59 ) , which might in fact be 19th @-@ century . Eight pieces of silver plate were redated to the 19th century by Hugh Tait , and some of the jewellery .
= = Displaying the Bequest = =
The Bequest was on display at the British Museum from 9 April 1900 , in Room 40 , which today contains the later medieval displays . An illustrated catalogue by Charles Hercules Read , who had replaced Franks as Keeper of British and Medieval Antiquities , was published in 1902 . Photographs in the catalogue show a typical museum display for the period , with wood and glass cases spaced around the walls and free @-@ standing in the centre , the latter with two levels . In 1921 it was moved to the North Wing .
In 1973 the new setting in Room 45 aimed " to create an element of surprise and wonder " in a small space , where only the objects were brightly lit , and displayed in an outer octagon of wall cases , and an inner one of partition walls , rising to the low ceiling and set with shallow display cases , some visible from both sides . In the centre the Holy Thorn Reliquary occupied its own pillar display .
The new ground floor room at the front of the museum , opened in June 2015 , returns the Bequest to a larger space and a more open setting . It is in the oldest part of the building and some later accretions to the room have been removed as part of the new installation . The design is by the architects Stanton Williams , and the project received funding from The Rothschild Foundation .
= Spec Ops : The Line =
Spec Ops : The Line is a 2012 third @-@ person shooter video game developed by the German studio Yager Development and published by 2K Games . It was released on June 26 , 2012 in North America and June 29 , 2012 internationally for Microsoft Windows , as well as the Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 consoles . It was later released for OS X and Linux in 2013 and 2015 , respectively . It is the 10th title , and a reboot , of the Spec Ops series , and the first entry since Spec Ops : Airborne Commando in 2002 . The game is powered by Unreal Engine 3 .
In the game , the player controls Captain Martin Walker , who is sent into a post @-@ catastrophe Dubai with an elite Delta Force team on a reconnaissance mission . As the game progresses , Walker begins experiencing hallucinations and slowly realizes the horror of war . In the game , players can hide behind cover , vault over obstacles , and shoot enemies with a variety of gadgets . Sand is a key gameplay mechanic and can be manipulated to defeat enemies . Throughout the game , players are tasked to make various morally grey decisions . An online multiplayer mode , developed by Darkside Game Studios , is included with the game , allowing players to engage in both co @-@ operative and competitive gameplay .
Yager started the game 's development in 2007 taking inspiration for its setting and story framework from various media including Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now . The game was designed to be " physically opposing " causing players to question their thoughts about treating war in a video game as entertainment . The game suffered from multiple delays as the team used this period of time to refine the story and increase gameplay 's pace . The game 's soundtrack is a mix of licensed music and an original music composed by Elia Cmíral .
Video game critics gave Spec Ops : The Line generally positive reviews . Praise focused on its narrative and themes , while criticism was targeted particularly at the online multiplayer mode and generic third person gameplay . Spec Ops : The Line was a commercial failure and did not garner the attention publisher 2K Games hoped for , but it was awarded and nominated for several end @-@ of @-@ the year accolades particularly for its story . Yager declared that there would not be a sequel to the game . The game was banned in United Arab Emirates for its depiction of Dubai in a state of destruction .
= = Gameplay = =
Spec Ops : The Line is a third @-@ person shooter that follows Captain Martin Walker , who is on a mission to rescue the citizens of Dubai , which has been overrun by sandstorms . The player can select from four difficulty levels : Walk on the Beach , Combat Op , Suicide Mission , and FUBAR . A player only gain access to the FUBAR level after completing the game with the Suicide Mission difficulty . Various new weapons and equipment become available as the game progresses , some dropped by downed enemies . These include several different rifles , handguns , and machine guns . Some offer alternate firing modes , like attaching a suppressor or using a telescopic sight . As well , there are grenade launchers , hand grenades , and turrets . However , the player can only carry two weapons at a time . Supply caches can be found in different parts of the game , allowing the player to refill their ammo and grenades . Whenever the player successfully shoots an enemy in the head , the game enters a slow @-@ motion mode for a short period of time . The player can also defeat enemies at close range via melee combat . Dying enemies can be executed , which grants the player additional ammo . Hiding behind cover can provide protection and prevents the player from being shot , as well as providing opportunities to blindfire or lean out to shoot enemies .
While players can only play as Walker throughout the game , they can issue commands to Sergeant Lugo and Lieutenant Adams , who accompany the player for most of the game . Available commands include focusing fire on one particular target and ordering medical attention for an injured squad member . Adams can defeat enemies by using heavy gadgets or throwing grenades , while Lugo provides sniping assistance . As the game is set in Dubai , sand becomes one of the game 's gameplay mechanics and players can manipulate it at scripted moments in the game , such as triggering a sand avalanche to bury enemies alive . When a grenade explodes on sand , dust clouds that can blind enemies are formed . Sand sometimes opens up new paths to allow players to progress . Environmental hazards like sandstorms occasionally occur , drastically reducing a player 's visibility .
The player needs to make moral decisions at certain points during the game , including making choices that determine the fate of both soldiers and civilians . These decisions affect the relationship between Walker and his squad mates , and will cause them to react differently . The game has several subtle effects as the team loses their sanity ; Walker has visual and auditory hallucinations , and his executions of enemies become more violent . As well , the orders and shouts to his team become increasingly angry and ragged in contrast to his original stern command voice . His kill confirmations of enemies degrades from professional in the beginning to psychotic . Similarly , loading screens initially display helpful gameplay hints for the player , but as the game progresses , the text becomes increasingly hostile towards Walker 's actions , and sometimes breaks the fourth wall addressing the player directly . The game features collectibles known as Intel , which are audio logs that provide additional backstory for players .
= = = Multiplayer = = =
Spec Ops : The Line features both co @-@ operative multiplayer and competitive multiplayer mode . Set before the events of the campaign , the competitive multiplayer divides players into two different teams : The Exiles and The Damned . Both teams have their respective perks . Six classes are available for players to choose : Gunner , Medic , Scavenger , Breacher , Sniper and Officer . Each have their own upgrades and advantages . Environmental hazards , including sandstorms , may also occur during a multiplayer match . The game modes featured in the game include :
Chaos : A free @-@ for @-@ all mode , in which players eliminate other players .
Mutiny : A team deathmatch mode which a team of players eliminates the opposing team .
Rally Point : A " King of the Hill " -styled match , in which players secure a rally point and accumulate score for their team .
Uplink : Both teams are tasked to capture a central rally point , and disable the opposing team 's COM Station to prevent them from receiving points .
Attrition : Players engage in three team elimination rounds with only one life per round and no respawning until the round is over .
Buried : A team of players is tasked to destroy the opposing team 's Vital Points , which reveal their High Value Target upon destruction . Players are tasked to eliminate the opposing team 's target in order to win the match .
A co @-@ operative mode was added to the game upon its launch . It supports two players and features four missions . Players are tasked to defeat waves of enemies and complete a series of objectives , similar to a horde mode . Similar to the competitive multiplayer mode , the cooperative mode also served as a prequel to the main campaign .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
Six months prior to the game 's events the worst series of sandstorms in recorded history began across Dubai in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . Dubai 's politicians and wealthy elite downplayed the situation before evacuating secretly , leaving countless Emiratis and foreign migrant workers behind . Colonel John Konrad ( Bruce Boxleitner ) , the decorated but post @-@ traumatic stress disorder @-@ troubled commander of the fictional " Damned 33rd " Infantry Battalion of the United States Army , was returning home with his unit from Afghanistan when the storms struck . Konrad volunteered the Damned 33rd to help relief efforts , then deserted with the entire unit when ordered to abandon the city and its refugees . As the storms intensified , a massive storm wall engulfed Dubai for miles , disrupting surveillance and communication , air travel , and all but the strongest radio broadcasts . The 33rd later returned to Dubai as an occupying force and committed atrocities against the civilian population with the intent of maintaining order . Aggrieved by this , elements of the 33rd staged a coup d ’ etat against Konrad and became exiles . While this was happening , the CIA black ops unit had organized the insurgents to attack both Konrad ’ s loyalist 33rd and the exiles . The 33rd declared martial law , and struggled to maintain order amid 80 mph ( 128 km ) winds , riots , and dwindling resources . The last communication from Dubai stated that the 33rd was attempting to lead a caravan out of the city . The caravan never arrived , and soon afterward , the UAE declared Dubai a no @-@ man 's @-@ land . All travel to the city was barred , the 33rd was publicly disavowed for treason , and no further news left the city .
Two weeks before the beginning of the game , a looped radio signal penetrated the wall . Its message was brief : " This is Colonel John Konrad , United States Army . Attempted evacuation of Dubai ended in complete failure . Death toll : too many . " The United States military decides to covertly send in a three @-@ man Delta Force team to carry out reconnaissance . The team , consisting of Captain Martin Walker ( Nolan North ) , Lieutenant Alphanso Adams ( Christopher Reid ) , and Staff Sergeant John Lugo ( Omid Abtahi ) , are told to confirm the status of Konrad and any survivors , then radio for extraction .
= = = Plot = = =
The game begins in medias res with Walker , Adams , and Lugo aboard a helicopter piloted by Adams , flying over a half @-@ buried Dubai . Other helicopters begin to chase them . Walker attempts to dispatch them with the helicopter 's minigun , however , a sudden sandstorm forms and one of the pursuing helicopters goes out of control and crashes into Adams ' helicopter .
The story jumps back to the beginning . Walker , Adams , and Lugo traverse the storm wall to the outskirts of a mostly @-@ buried Dubai on foot . They come in contact with a group of hostile armed survivors , referred to as " insurgents " , who have captured a squad of 33rd soldiers . Contradicting his orders , Walker elects to find out what has happened in the city . Throughout most of their journey , the team hears broadcasts on homemade speakers by the Radioman ( Jake Busey ) , a former journalist turned DJ who speaks on behalf of the 33rd . Walker and the team then learn of the 33rd 's and Konrad 's atrocities . Despite there being clear evidence of Konrad 's unacceptable behavior , Walker is inclined to trust him as he once saved his life in Kabul during a war .
The team attempts to intervene peacefully when they come across refugees being rounded up by loyalist 33rd soldiers . However , the soldiers mistake them for CIA operatives and start a firefight . The team then learns that a CIA agent , Daniels ( Rick Pasqualone ) , has been captured by the 33rd and is being interrogated . Arriving to rescue him , they discover that he is dead and that it was a trap set for Gould ( Chris Cox ) , another CIA agent . Gould is later captured and killed , but the team learns that they may get more information at a location called the Gate . Arriving at the Gate , the team uses a mortar loaded with white phosphorus to attack the 33rd , disregarding Lugo 's objection . The team later realizes that the 33rd were only providing shelter for civilians and the mortar accidentally killed 47 civilians . Walker vows revenge on the 33rd , claiming that they forced him to fire the phosphorus .
Walker finds a small handheld radio and begins to communicate with whom he believes to be none other than Konrad . Throughout the story , Konrad questions the morality of Walker 's actions over the radio . Shortly afterward , Konrad forces Walker to choose between executing an Emirati survivor or a 33rd soldier , both of whom committed serious crimes . Subsequently , Delta finds CIA agent Jeff Riggs ( Patrick Quinn ) , who is leading a raid on the Underwater Aquatic Coliseum , the city 's last water supply . Learning that destroying it will cripple the 33rd 's operations , the team aids Riggs . However , Riggs destroys the water trucks and reveals that he wanted to wipe out the remaining population of Dubai so that no one would learn of the 33rd 's atrocities , which he feared would cause a full @-@ scale war in the whole region . Riggs , injured and trapped after destroying the water supplies , dies .
At this point , the city 's residents face the prospect of dying from dehydration within four days . To organize an evacuation , the team , which is now becoming increasingly hostile toward each other , heads to the Trans @-@ Emirates Building to silence the Radioman and warn the city of the evacuation using the radio . The Radioman surrenders and is shot dead by Lugo . To leave the building , Adams commandeers a UH @-@ 60 Black Hawk helicopter and is tasked by Walker to circle around the radio tower , allowing him to destroy it in hopes of making his intentions clear to Konrad . Other helicopters give chase , leading to the helicopter sequence from the opening of the game ( which Walker seems to remember ) , after which the helicopter crashes in the desert after a sudden sandstorm and one of the pursuing helicopters crashing into the Black Hawk .
Waking after the crash , Walker experiences a hallucination of the Burj Khalifa on fire . Reuniting with Adams , Lugo is found lynched by a mob of civilians . When attempts to resuscitate him fail , Walker and Adams either scare the crowd away or kill them in retribution . Walker 's hallucinations became nearly constant , and Adams becomes openly distrustful of his command . Walker and Adams make their way to Burj Khalifa to confront Konrad , but Walker hallucinates Lugo as a Heavy . The two are soon surrounded by the last of Konrad 's men . Walker attempts to surrender to get inside , but an enraged Adams insists on fighting to the death . Walker escapes at the last moment before falling unconscious in gunfire .
Awaking , he stumbles to the entrance of the tower and meets Konrad in his penthouse . At first , Konrad appears to be the paranoid , charismatic force behind the atrocities Walker was hoping for , until Walker finds his decaying corpse on the penthouse deck . It is revealed that Walker had been suffering from a dissociative disorder that allowed him to rationalize the actions he had witnessed and carried out . The real Konrad had committed suicide before their arrival in Dubai , while the Konrad that Walker had been in contact with was actually a traumatic hallucination that none of his team saw or heard . This mental projection of Konrad appears to Walker , explaining to him that he had the opportunity to stop , but pushed ahead out of a desire to be a hero . To maintain his ' sanity ' after the white phosphorus strike , many subsequent events in the game were distorted by Walker 's mind to make Konrad look like the villain . With the truth in front of Walker , ' Konrad ' tells him that he must confront the lie he has been living . Pointing a gun at Walker 's head , ' Konrad ' orders Walker to decide who is to blame for events in Dubai , or he will shoot .
= = = Endings = = =
There are four possible endings .
If Walker allows ' Konrad ' to shoot him or shoots himself , his corpse is shown next to Konrad 's . Konrad 's original broadcast then plays as the camera pans over the burning remnants of Dubai and the screen fades to black .
However , if Walker shoots ' Konrad ' , he disappears , telling Walker that he can still return home . The remnants of the 33rd who surrendered are shown to be a figment of Walker 's imagination . Walker then uses Konrad 's radio to request an immediate evacuation of Dubai . A post @-@ credits epilogue shows a convoy of Army rescue Humvees locating a shellshocked Walker , who is sitting on steps near the Burj Khalifa wearing Konrad ’ s uniform and brandishing an AA @-@ 12 . Walker can either drop the weapon or open fire .
If Walker drops his weapon , he then evacuates with the patrol . The screen then fades to white ( indicating a hallucination ) as a soldier remarks that the unit has driven through the entire city looking for Walker and seen the devastation of Dubai . When questioned about how he survived , Walker wearily replies , " Who said I did ... ? "
If Walker is killed by the patrol , he is shown dying in a pool of blood while the patrol watches . Walker recalls a conversation between himself and the real Konrad during the War in Afghanistan where he casually remarked about returning home , to which Konrad replied : " Home ? We can 't go home . There 's a line men like us have to cross . If we 're lucky , we do what 's necessary , and then we die . No ... all I really want , Captain , is peace . "
If Walker manages to kill the entire patrol , he will pick up and use the patrol 's radio saying , " Gentlemen , welcome to Dubai " , which is one of the first statements Walker said to his team as well as one of the first statements ' Konrad ' said to Walker . Walker then returns to the remains of the Burj Khalifa as the camera pans to a wide shot of the ruined city .
= = Development = =
= = = Background = = =
Following the release of several Spec Ops games in the late 1990s and early 2000s , the series was met with low sales and poor reviews , causing a halt to production of successive games . In 2003 , Take @-@ Two mentioned in their financial results that Rockstar Games was working on the franchise but in 2004 the project was canceled . It was later revealed that Rockstar Vancouver was the developer of the canned project with Queens of the Stone Age frontman Josh Homme developing the soundtrack for the game .
From 2005 to 2009 , the series remained largely unmentioned , with the rights belonging to Take @-@ Two Interactive . In 2006 , German @-@ based Yager Development pitched a cover @-@ based shooter concept for publisher 2K Games who rejected the original concept which featured futuristic soldiers and did not have Dubai as a setting , and offered them a chance to develop a reboot for the Spec Ops series , promising that they would have a lot of creative freedom . Development of the game began in early 2007 , with most elements of the initial game intact . While the game is an installment in the Spec Ops series , the team intentionally avoided using the existing elements of the franchise and chose to use new ideas .
= = = Narrative design = = =
The developers drew inspiration from multiple media . The set @-@ up and the game 's foundation was inspired by Heart of Darkness , whose story reveals the changes a person undergoes in chaotic times . The relationship between Walker and his squad mates was inspired by HBO 's Generation Kill , and the post @-@ war traumatic experience suffered by Walker was inspired by Jacob 's Ladder . The story of the Tower of Babel was also an inspiration for the game . The story was originally set to be written by several German writers , but they were later replaced by American writers Richard Pearsey , who had worked on TimeGate Studios ' Section 8 , and Walt Williams , who had previously worked on other 2K projects including BioShock 2 and Mafia II . One of the game 's core features is violence , but the team hoped that it would not be " cheesy " or excessive . This led the team to focus on creating the game 's storyline to motivate players to take the actions they choose . According to Williams , writing the story became uncomfortable and rough for him as time progressed due to the game 's dark themes .
The game was designed to be a third @-@ person shooter so that players can see the three characters ' changes and " evolution " as it progresses , and that the perspective differentiates the game from others shooters in the market . According to Williams , the game was meant to feature narrative gameplay , in which the game was to be played without any cutscene , and the entire story would be told through gameplay sequences only . However , the idea was scrapped as the team realized that having cut scenes helps players to be more emotionally connected and allowed the team to create dramatic scripted sequences .
Although the lead player character , Martin Walker , was designed to be as simple as possible in order to help players to engage in the game , and relate to the character , the team gave him some personality which was expressed through his body language and his reactions during the game 's battles . It was felt that by reflecting his emotions to players , they would share them . The squad was designed so that room was left for character development . The transformation of the squad 's mentality serves as an important plot device during the game and has a significant narrative context . The changes in the cleanliness of their clothing , and their reactions toward each other , help to illustrate the story . According to Williams , the hope was that players would start the game with relatively low expectations , or they would consider the game another typical heroic war shooter , then by seeing the transformation of the characters , would be shocked by the game 's narrative and be " engulfed by the darkness " . To make the transformation process clear , the team found it necessary to show the characters ' personality at the beginning of the game in order to create a strong contrast . Gameplay is also a plot device and is tied to the game 's narrative , as players can choose whether or not to execute enemies , which reflects the brutality and horror of war .
According to Williams , he believed that most games on the market failed to create a correct representation of the war experience , or express the psychological changes that some combatants experience after participating in a war . He added that a war is not as straightforward and immature as it is portrayed in various shooters . As a result , the game 's theme centers around the moral aspect of war . By using this theme , the team hoped to tell a story and provide an experience that feels realistic , covering the combatants ' mental changes during and after a military conflict , similar to how movies in the 1970s and 1980s , such as Platoon , Full Metal Jacket and Apocalypse Now convey these messages . The team had the intention to give players the opportunity to show that a shooter can also have a decent story capable of invoking emotions . To achieve this , the team simplified their original story setting of having Konrad as a " megalomaniac with messianic delusions " to a setting that is more similar to Heart of Darkness .
Spec Ops : The Line features choices for players to make . According to Williams , it was the game 's key concept from the beginning of the game 's development . The game does not feature a morality system , but instead has " moments " and " situations " that give players some freedom . The consequences of some choices were made unclear in an attempt to make them more realistic and to encourage players to explore the other potential options , and to think about the consequences that these choices might bring . According to Williams , these choices were inspired by Fallout 3 and are often between : " what the character knows and what the player would maybe try and do " . To make choices more realistic , and to increase the impact of the story , the team put in a lot of morally grey choices and " bad or worse " decisions . Williams added that absolute good choices are not practical and sometimes may not exist in real @-@ world situations . Combat sequences forced players to make split @-@ second decisions and accept the consequences of their choices . According to Williams , this is something that people frequently do in real @-@ world scenarios , and they must " live with it " after their decision . Williams added that they hoped that the game 's players would have different feelings after making these choices , as this would show that they had created an opportunity for players to examine their own inner emotions , and that they had successfully provided different experiences for players without having a branching storyline . Replay value was also considered when the development team was designing these choices .
The game 's moral choices do not have any connection to gameplay , as the team feared that players would view them as gameplay mechanics and disconnect them from the story . The consequences of each choice were designed to be unpredictable to create tension for the player . Both approaches are applied to let players make decisions based on their own will instead of " gaming the system " . Williams also added that they attempted to make violence in the game " meaningful " . While the game 's basic premise is to have the Delta Squad rescue civilians in Dubai , the game by its nature tasks players to kill with their firearms . Therefore , the team added a lot of dialogue to justify and rationalize the characters ' violent actions , creating complex plot points , drama and climaxes . The team also developed banter between enemies in an attempt to humanize them .
The game 's theme is heroism , where being a hero may bring more harm than help . During development , there was a point at the beginning of the game where players could choose to leave Dubai . This was cut from the game , as the team found it not effective enough , and it broke a player 's immersion in the game . According to Williams , the choice system was originally similar to Fable II , after a player makes a decision , they cannot reload the game and choose again unless they start a new game . This was later removed due to the game 's structure as a shooter as the team feared that it might cause players to feel frustrated , being stuck in an endless cycle of killing and dying . Williams later added that adding achievements to the game was a mistake , as it disrupts the game 's narrative .
One of the main goals of the narrative was to depict war in a manner unlike it is portrayed in media such as TV and books . Another goal was to use the scenarios presented to cause players to raise questions about their thoughts of killing people in a video game as a form of entertainment . To achieve this , the team made the hints at the game 's loading screen increasingly aggressive , while the game 's overall narrative was designed with the aim of being " physically opposing " , so that players could project themselves into the protagonist 's position , especially when making choices that involve the killing of innocents . They hoped that players would be able to feel angry at the developers who " forced " players into killing civilians in the game . The development team had a lot of debates regarding the imagery used in depicting violence towards civilians , as many considered it excessive and unnecessary . However , 2K approved their vision even when the team thought they had pushed the narrative to extremes .
Williams has stated that the game 's events are open to interpretation . Many other theories and interpretations had been discussed by the development staff . The game 's pacing is described as " deliberate " by Davis , but he added that there are moments where the pacing slows down significantly and allows the player to learn more about the game 's story through inspecting environmental objects . The city of Dubai is filled with graffiti , which is used to give players information regarding the factions and the backstory . According to Yager , the graffiti was designed to give players a perspective that is different from the main game , and to help make the location more realistic . The team also hoped to make players feel lost when playing the game . As a result , the team added hallucination to the game . The team hoped that by using hallucination as a plot device , they could create a snowball effect and engage players more fully in the story as they complete the game . These hallucinations sometimes occur through the subtext , in which players may not realize their presence . Williams added that having subtext is important , and that the " best stories are the ones that have stuff hidden in them " . According to Williams , the game fades to white when the game transitions from one scene to another when the latter is a hallucination created by Walker .
= = = General design = = =
The game is set in Dubai , which has been ravaged by sandstorms , a story set @-@ up inspired by Davis ' and Williams ' personal experience with heat waves , hurricanes , and sandstorms in Louisiana and Lubbock , as well as a story about a Persian army that vanished in an Egyptian desert in a sandstorm . The two found that the chaotic forces behind sandstorms would help them to convey the message of how fragile humans are , as well as the harshness of war . The team believed that the location provided them with a " fantastic " real @-@ world environment allowing them to produce great visuals . Using Dubai as a setting allowed the game 's levels to have verticality and variety . The development team sent their art directors to Dubai to inspect the local environment . To prevent the game from featuring the typical " dirty , grungy brown environment " , the team added more colors to the game , as well as objects such as glass , marble , gold , and crystals to make the location look vivid and vibrant .
Using Dubai as a setting allowed them to incorporate sand as part of the game 's key mechanics . Davis described the Dubai in the game as " a mix of fantasy and real @-@ world environment " . To prevent the sand mechanics from turning gimmicky , the team introduced multiple ways for players to use sand as a weapon , such as the player 's ability to trigger dust clouds by throwing grenades on sand and cause a sand avalanche by shooting weak structures and supports . In addition , the team added several scripted sequences regarding sand to keep the game dynamic . The occurrence of these moments were decided based on the game 's production value . The team also consulted Wil Makeneole for military advice .
The game featured advanced artificial intelligence due to the inclusion of the game 's squad command system . Adams and Lugo will assist Walker in battles and react to the battle situation accordingly even if they are not given any orders . They will also analyse the situation when instructed and decide the best approach to defeat enemies . The battle command system was designed to be accessible and easy to use , so that players would not have to spend a lot of time managing the squad . Lugo and Adams may get severely injured and if both of them die , the game ends . This mechanic prompts the player to rescue them as quickly as possible , and the system is designed to create tense situations . The AI for enemies is affected by various factors , including visibility and hearing .
= = = Audio = = =
The team did research on weapon sounds by consulting several military experts . The team spent a lot of time dealing with the audio mixing , so that the resulting sounds would not interfere with the narrative . To make the game 's script unique , the team added more variety to character lines during gameplay moments , and had these lines correspond to scenarios the characters were facing in the game . Elia Cmíral was hired to compose the music for the game , and the soundtrack was described as " unearthly " and " rock @-@ orientated " . To establish the character of the Radioman , the team added licensed music , including Martha and the Vandellas ' " Nowhere to Run " and Mogwai 's " Glasgow Mega @-@ Snake " .
= = = Multiplayer = = =
Although Spec Ops : The Line has a strong single @-@ player focus , it also features multiplayer components . Yager was only responsible for the game 's single @-@ player ; the multiplayer was outsourced to Darkside Game Studios . The multiplayer team at 2K Games , which previously developed the multiplayer of BioShock 2 , also assisted in creating multiplayer classes .
According to Davis , while 2K Games was supportive of Yager and its campaign , they insisted that the game must have multiplayer components to boost its sales . This was a decision that Yager thought would hurt the game . Davis described the project as a " waste of money " , and a " low @-@ quality Call of Duty clone " . The president of Darkside Game Studios , Hugh Falk , responded by calling Davis ' opinion " outlying " . He added that Darkside participated in the project towards the end of the game 's development cycle and that they had to revamp the entire multiplayer system within tight deadlines . Davis later claimed that his comments were not directed to Darkside Game Studios and that he is satisfied with their final product after a long and troubled development cycle .
The game originally did not have a cooperative multiplayer mode , as the team thought that it would cause distractions when players are playing the game 's tonally darker levels , and that it did not match the game 's narrative " . However , a cooperative mode was added to the game in August 2012 as free downloadable content ; it does not follow the storyline of the campaign .
= = Release and marketing = =
On December 12 , 2009 , a ninth game in the series was announced at the Spike Video Game Awards ; a trailer depicted several minutes of gameplay and showed off the setting . A subsequent press release detailed the premise , other game features , and a possible 2011 release date . An official site was soon launched , and a new trailer was released in November 2011 . The game was later delayed to the first or second quarter of 2012 , before the fixed release date was announced . Spec Ops : The Line was released on June 26 , 2012 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . It was released on March 13 , 2014 for OS X. This version of the game was developed by Digital Tribe Games .
No more news about the game was made available for 18 months during the game 's development cycle . Davis thought the game was announced too early , which caused excitement for it to die down . The developer carried out focus tests during this period and the gameplay was found to be too slow @-@ paced which would lower its competitiveness with other shooters such as Call of Duty . As a result , the team spent time to speed up the game 's action .
In addition to the game 's standard edition , players could purchase a Premium Edition at a higher price . Players who pre @-@ ordered the game at selected retailers were able to have their games upgraded to the Premium Edition at no additional cost . The Premium Edition grants players additional advantages in the multiplayer segment of the game , including experience points boost and early access to the Officer class . A multiplayer beta for selected applicants on the Xbox 360 platform was held in 2010 . A playable demo of the game , which featured two chapters from the beginning of the campaign , was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on May 8 , 2012 .
According to Williams , the game was difficult to market , as the team wanted to prevent spoiling the its story and narrative while encouraging people to buy the game . He added that the demo they had created
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
spaniel ranked 29th the American Kennel Club registration statistics of historical comparisons and notable trends .
The breed is the smallest of the sporting dogs recognised by the AKC , and its distinctly shaped head makes it immediately recognisable . In addition , there are some marked differences between it and its English relative . It is a happy breed with average working intelligence , although by being bred to a show standard it is no longer an ideal working dog . Members of the breed suffer from a wide variety of health ailments including problems with their hearts , eyes and ears .
= = History = =
The word spanyell is thought to date from the late 12th century when it was used to name a type of dog imported into England from Spain , with the span part of the word referring to the country of origin . Records from the mid @-@ 14th century show that selective breeding was already in place , with the breed being separated into two distinct types , called water spaniels and land spaniels . By 1801 , the smaller variety of land spaniel was called the Cocker or Cocking Spaniel , so named for its use in flushing woodcock .
According to historical records , the first spaniel was brought to North America aboard the Mayflower which sailed from Plymouth , England and landed in New England in 1620 . The first Cocker Spaniel recorded in America was a liver and white dog named Captain , who was registered with the American Kennel Club in 1878 . In 1881 , the American Cocker Spaniel Club was formed ; it would later become the American Spaniel Club ( ASC ) and is now known as the oldest breed club for dogs in the United States . The task of the club was initially to create a standard to separate the Cocker Spaniel in America from other types of land spaniels , a task which would take over 20 years , only being completed in 1905 .
The dog considered to be the father of the American Cocker Spaniel was sired by the dog considered to be the father of the English Cocker Spaniel . Ch . Obo was bred to Ch . Chloe II , who was shipped to America while she was pregnant . Once in the United States , she whelped a dog who became Ch . Obo II . He differed greatly from the modern breed , being only 10 inches ( 25 cm ) tall and with a long body , but was considered to be an excellent dog of that era and became a popular sire .
Towards the end of the 19th century , the breed had become popular in America and Canada due to their dual use as a family pet and a working dog . In the early 20th century the breeders on either side of the Atlantic had created different breed standards for the Cocker Spaniel and the breed gradually diverged from one another , with the two becoming noticeably different by the 1920s . The American Cockers by now had a smaller muzzle , their coats were softer and the dogs overall were lighter and smaller . The differences were so apparent that in 1935 , breeders founded the English Cocker Spaniel Club and restricted breeding between the two types of spaniel . The two types of Cocker Spaniel in America were shown together as one breed , with the English type as a variety of the main breed , until 1946 when the American Kennel Club recognised the English Cocker Spaniel as a separate breed .
= = = Return to the UK = = =
Initially in the United Kingdom there were a few American Cockers that had accompanied service personnel to American bases in the 1950s and 1960s . In addition , several came over with embassy staff and business people returning home .
The first UK Kennel Club registered American Cocker Spaniel was Aramingo Argonaught , born 17 January 1956 and bred by Herbert L. Steinberg . Two judges confirmed that the dog was an American Cocker and not an English Cocker before the Kennel Club permitted the dog to be shown . In the 1960s they were shown as a rare breed , which meant that they did not have a show class of their own and could only be shown in variety classes . This included Aramingo Argonaught , who was the first American Cocker Spaniel to be shown at Crufts in 1960 in a class entitled " Any variety not classified at this show " . In 1968 , the KC agreed to have the breed shown in the category " Any variety gundog other than Cocker " and stated that the American Cocker was not a variety of " Spaniel ( Cocker ) " . There were around 100 registrations between 1966 and 1968 .
In 1970 the breed was given a separate register in the Kennel Club Breed Supplement , as it was previously included in " Any other variety " . Registration numbers increased to 309 by 1970 following this full recognition .
= = = Notable American Cockers and popularity = = =
American Cocker Spaniels have won best in show at the Westminster Dog Show on four occasions , with the first win in 1921 by Ch . Midkiff Seductive . Ch . My Own Brucie won the title twice in 1940 and 1941 , and became known as the most photographed dog in the world .
Brucie 's win in 1940 coincided with the American Cocker Spaniel becoming the most popular breed of dog in the United States , and they would remain the most popular until 1952 . The most recent victory was in 1954 with the victory going to Ch . Carmor 's Rise and Shine . The popularity of the American Cocker increased once again in the 1980s with it becoming the most popular breed again from 1984 until 1990 . In more recent years the popularity of the breed has decreased , with it ranked 15th most popular by the American Kennel Club in 2005 .
American Cocker Spaniels have had several links to the United States Presidency . In 1952 , an American Cocker Spaniel became a household name when United States Senator Richard Nixon made his Checkers speech on 23 September . A parti @-@ colored American Cocker Spaniel named Dot was one of several dogs owned by Rutherford B. Hayes ; and a buff colored dog named Feller caused a scandal for Harry S. Truman when the dog was received as an unwanted gift with the President subsequently giving it away to a White House physician . More recently , a Cocker named Zeke lived with Bill Clinton while he was Arkansas Governor .
= = Appearance = =
The American Cocker Spaniel is the smallest dog recognised by the American Kennel Club as a sporting dog , being on average between 13 @.@ 5 and 15 @.@ 5 inches ( 34 and 39 cm ) high at the withers . It is a dog of normal proportions , with medium long silky fur on the body and ears , hanging down on the legs and belly ( known as feathering ) . The head has an upturned nose and the ears hang down . The breed standard states that size over 15 @.@ 5 inches ( 39 cm ) inches for males and 14 @.@ 5 inches ( 37 cm ) for females is a disqualification at conformation shows . American Cocker Spaniels weigh around 24 to 30 pounds ( 11 to 14 kg ) on average , with females of the breed usually weighing slightly less than the males .
The head of an American Cocker Spaniel makes the breed immediately recognizable , with the rounded dome of the skull , well @-@ pronounced stop , and a square shaped lip . The drop ears are long , low set , with long silky fur , and the eyes are dark , large , and rounded . The nose can be black or brown depending on the colour of the breed .
The coat of the breed come in a variety of shades with the colours being separated into three main groups : black / black and tan , any solid colour other than black ( ASCOB ) , and parti @-@ colour . The black variety is either all black , or with tan points on the dog 's head , the feet and the tail in a pattern called black and tan . The group known as ASCOB includes all other solid colours from light cream through to dark red , although some lighter colouring is allowed on the feathering according to standards . Parti @-@ coloured dogs are white with patches of another colour such as black or brown , and includes any roan coloured dogs . In addition , American Cockers coats can come in a pattern known as merle , which is not recognised by the American Kennel Club .
American Cockers have rounder eyes , a domed skull , shorter muzzle and more clearly pronounced eyebrows than the English Cockers , whose head is more setter @-@ like . In colours , the roan colours are rarer in the American variety than in the English but the shade of buff which is common in the American is not seen in the English breed at all , although there are English Cocker Spaniels which are considered to be a shade of red . The English breed is also slightly larger , being between 14 @.@ 5 – 15 @.@ 5 inches ( 37 – 39 cm ) in height .
American Cocker Spaniel
= = Temperament = =
Known as the " Merry Cocker " , the American Cocker Spaniel breed standard defines the ideal dog of the breed as being " equable in temperament with no suggestion of timidity . " The breed ranks 20th in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs , a rating that indicates good " Working or Obedience Intelligence " , or trainability . IQ tests run on a variety of breeds in the 1950s and 1960s showed that the American Cocker performed the best when tested on its ability to show restraint and delayed response to a trigger , a trait which was put down to the breed 's bred @-@ in ability when hunting to freeze upon finding a bird before flushing it out on command . However , they proved to be the worst breed tested when it came to manipulating objects with their paws , for instance uncovering a dish of food or pulling on a string .
With a good level of socialisation at an early age , an American Cocker can get along with people , children , other dogs and other pets . This breed seems to have a perpetually wagging tail and prefers to be around people ; it is not best suited to the backyard alone . Cockers can be easily stressed by loud noises and by rough treatment or handling .
Members of the breed were originally used as hunting dogs , but increased in popularity as a show dog . It was bred more and more in conformation with the breed standard , resulting in certain attributes , such as a long coat , which no longer make it an ideal working dog .
= = Health = =
American Cocker Spaniels in UK and USA / Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 10 to 11 years , which is on the low end of the typical range for purebred dogs , and one to two years less than other breeds of their size . The larger English Cocker Spaniel typically lives about a year longer than the American Cocker Spaniel . In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey , the most common causes of death were cancer ( 23 % ) , old age ( 20 % ) , cardiac ( 8 % ) , and immune @-@ mediated ( 8 % ) . In a 2003 USA / Canada Health Survey with a smaller sample size , the leading causes of death were cancer , hepatic disease , and immune @-@ mediated .
American Cockers previously high popularity resulted in the breed frequently being bred by backyard breeders or in puppy mills . This indiscriminate breeding has increased the proliferation of breed related health issues in certain bloodlines .
American Cocker Spaniels are susceptible to a variety of illnesses , particularly infections affecting their ears and , in some cases , their eyes . Although the number or percent of afflicted dogs is not known , progressive retinal atrophy ( PRA ) , glaucoma , and cataracts have been identified in some members of the breed . The American Spaniel Club recommends annual eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist for all dogs that are to be used for breeding . Autoimmune problems in Cockers have also been identified in an unknown number or percent of the breed , including autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( AIHA ) . Ear inflammations are common in drop @-@ eared breeds of dog , including the American Cocker , and luxating patellas and hip dysplasia have been identified in some members of the breed .
Heart conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy , where the heart becomes weakened and enlarged , and sick sinus syndrome , which is a type of abnormal heart beating which causes low blood pressure , have been identified in the breed . Phosphofructokinase deficiency is a condition caused by a recessive gene in the breed which prevents the metabolism of glucose into energy , causing the dog to have extremely low energy and be unable to exercise . The gene which causes this appears in around 10 percent of the population , but DNA testing can prevent two carrier dogs from breeding and thus creating puppies with this condition .
American Cockers are also prone to canine epilepsy and the related condition known as Rage Syndrome . The latter is a form of epilepsy which can cause a normally placid dog to engage in sudden and unprovoked violent attacks . Initial research shows that both conditions appear to be inheritable .
= = In popular culture = =
The film Lady and the Tramp features Lady who is an American Cocker Spaniel .
= Tropical Storm Morakot ( 2003 ) =
Tropical Storm Morakot , known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Juaning , brought significant rainfall to Taiwan before alleviating drought conditions in mainland China in August 2003 . The tenth named storm in the western Pacific that year , Morakot spawned from an area of disturbed weather in the Philippine Sea on July 31 . Tracking northwest , favorable conditions allowed for the intensification of the system to tropical storm strength on August 2 . Morakot reached peak intensity later that day with winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 992 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 29 inHg ) . This intensity was held for several hours until less conducive atmospheric conditions slightly weakened the system ; this was followed by Morakot making landfall on southern Taiwan on August 3 . Subsequently , the storm weakened and moved into the Taiwan Strait before making its final landfall near Quanzhou , China the next day . The storm quickly weakened over the Chinese mainland , and dissipated entirely several hours after landfall .
In Taiwan , where Morakot first made landfall , heavy rainfall resulted in flooding . Commercial flights , schools , and rail service in some areas was cancelled in advance of the storm . Precipitation there peaked at 653 mm ( 25 @.@ 71 in ) over a period of nearly two days in Taitung County . Crop damage also resulted from the rainfall , and was estimated at over NT $ 70 million ( US $ 2 million ) . In China , record rainfall was reported . The worst impacted city was Quanzhou , where losses due to Morakot reached CN ¥ 240 million ( US $ 29 million ) and one death was reported . Power outages were also widespread across southeastern China . Due to preexisting drought conditions , 703 cloud seeding operations took place in order to artificially generate added rainfall ; such operations resulted in moderate precipitation over the targeted area . Overall , Morakot caused roughly $ 31 million in damage and three deaths .
= = Meteorological history = =
In late July 2003 , an area of disturbed weather began to persist northwest of Chuuk in the Philippine Sea , and was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) early on July 30 . As atmospheric conditions remained favorable throughout the day 's duration , the system organized , and was upgraded to tropical depression status by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) at 0600 UTC on July 31 , followed by the JTWC at 0600 UTC and Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) six hours later . The PAGASA consequently named the system Juaning for local purposes . Tracking north @-@ northwestward under the influence of a passing trough , the system intensified further into a tropical storm by 0600 UTC on August 2 , thus receiving the name Morakot . At the time , the storm was well organized with a steady outflow pattern .
Intensification continued , and at 1800 UTC on August 2 the JMA determined Morakot to have peaked in intensity with winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 992 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 29 inHg ) ; however , the JTWC still considered Morakot to have been a strengthening tropical cyclone at the time . The appearance of a ragged eye prompted the agency to upgrade the storm to typhoon status at 0600 UTC on August 3 , though other agencies still maintained Morakot 's tropical storm classification . Over the rest of the day the cyclone moved rather erratically before making its first landfall on Tainan , Taiwan late on August 3 . Morakot had slightly weakened prior to landfall and as such estimates from the JMA of the storm 's intensity at the time of landfall were slightly lowered to 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) . Despite the slowing of the storm 's forward motion as it moved across the island , passage over Taiwan was brief and Morakot entered the Taiwan Strait by early on August 4 . The cyclone 's northwesterly track brought the storm to a second landfall , this time near Quanzhou , China , at approximately 1000 UTC that day . Weakening was quick over China , and by two hours after landfall the JMA declared Morakot to have weakened below tropical depression intensity . The JTWC continued to monitor the system until it was determined to have dissipated by 0000 UTC on August 5 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Due to the storm 's projected path into Taiwan , the Central Weather Bureau issued a sea and land warning on August 2 . Commercial flights between Taiwan and Green and Orchid Islands were cancelled , as well as rail service along Taiwan 's eastern coast . Morakot 's passage over southern Taiwan resulted in significant rainfall across the island . Precipitation from the tropical cyclone peaked at 653 mm ( 25 @.@ 71 in ) over nearly two days in Taitung County . The rains uprooted trees in southeastern Taitung City and triggered some landslides . Flash flooding was reported in Pingtung County . Additional landslides blocked highways there , and elementary and junior high schools in the county were forced to close . Power outages also occurred and impacted hundreds of residences . Crop damage ensued from the precipitation , and amounted to over NT $ 70 million ( US $ 2 million ) .
Heavy rainfall and flooding also occurred in China . A station in Jinjiang , Fujian recorded 544 mm ( 21 @.@ 42 in ) of rain in an 18 @-@ hour period ; this was the most torrential rainfall event for the city since records began . Heavy rains also fell in Zimao Town , where 334 mm ( 13 @.@ 15 in ) of rain was documented in eight hours . Quanzhou City was heavily impacted by the rainfall , and total losses there reached CN ¥ 240 million ( US $ 29 million ) . One death resulted in the city . Further south in Heyuan , widespread power outages were caused by torrential rainfall . Winds blew two people off of a high falsework , killing both . The rainfall from Morakot in China somewhat relieved persistent drought conditions in the region . Following the passage of the tropical storm , however , 703 cloud seeding missions were carried out in Fujian Province in order to produce enhanced artificial rainfall . This included the deployment of 1 @,@ 027 rockets and 14 @,@ 700 cannonballs containing silver iodide . As a result of these , rainfall totals ranging from 40 – 60 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) over a 138 @,@ 500 km2 ( 53 @,@ 500 sq mi ) area were attributed to anthropologically enhanced precipitation . Though not directly related to Morakot , the storm 's cyclonic circulation helped in part to produce thick smog and low visibility conditions in parts of Hong Kong .
= = Naming = =
In 2002 , the name Hanuman was replaced prior to being used , due to objection by the India Meteorological Department for reason of religion .
= Order of the Bath =
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( formerly the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath ) is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725 . The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight , which involved bathing ( as a symbol of purification ) as one of its elements . The knights so created were known as " Knights of the Bath " . George I " erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order " . He did not ( as is commonly believed ) revive the Order of the Bath , since it had never previously existed as an Order , in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred .
The Order consists of the Sovereign ( currently Queen Elizabeth II ) , the Great Master ( currently The Prince of Wales ) , and three Classes of members :
Knight Grand Cross ( GCB ) or Dame Grand Cross ( GCB )
Knight Commander ( KCB ) or Dame Commander ( DCB )
Companion ( CB )
Members belong to either the Civil or the Military Division . Prior to 1815 , the order had only a single class , Knight Companion ( KB ) , which no longer exists . Recipients of the Order are now usually senior military officers or senior civil servants . Commonwealth citizens not subjects of the Queen and foreigners may be made Honorary Members .
The Order of the Bath is the fourth @-@ most senior of the British Orders of Chivalry , after The Most Noble Order of the Garter , The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle , and The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick ( dormant ) .
= = History = =
= = = Knights of the Bath = = =
In the Middle Ages , knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies . These usually involved the knight @-@ to @-@ be taking a bath ( possibly symbolic of spiritual purification ) during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights . He was then put to bed to dry . Clothed in a special robe , he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil . At dawn he made confession and attended Mass , then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight . He was then brought before the King , who after instructing two senior knights to buckle the spurs to the knight @-@ elect 's heels , fastened a belt around his waist , then struck him on the neck ( with either a hand or a sword ) , thus making him a knight . It was this accolade which was the essential act in creating a knight , and a simpler ceremony developed , conferring knighthood merely by striking or touching the knight @-@ to @-@ be on the shoulder with a sword , or " dubbing " him , as is still done today . In the early medieval period the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families .
From the coronation of Henry IV in 1399 the full ceremonies were restricted to major royal occasions such as coronations , investitures of the Prince of Wales or Royal dukes , and royal weddings , and the knights so created became known as Knights of the Bath . Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the simpler form of ceremony . The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661 .
From at least 1625 , and possibly from the reign of James I , Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria iuncta in uno ( Latin for " Three joined in one " ) , and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval . These were both subsequently adopted by the Order of the Bath ; a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division . Their symbolism however is not entirely clear . The ' three joined in one ' may be a reference to the kingdoms of England , Scotland and either France or Ireland , which were held ( or claimed in the case of France ) by English and , later , British monarchs . This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge . Another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity . Nicolas quotes a source ( although he is sceptical of it ) who claims that prior to James I the motto was Tria numina iuncta in uno ( three powers / gods joined in one ) , but from the reign of James I the word numina was dropped and the motto understood to mean Tria [ regna ] iuncta in uno ( three kingdoms joined in one ) .
= = = Foundation of the order = = =
The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis , Garter King of Arms , England 's highest heraldic officer . Sir Anthony Wagner , a recent holder of the office of Garter , wrote of Anstis 's motivations :
It was Martin Leake 's opinion that the trouble and opposition Anstis met with in establishing himself as Garter so embittered him against the heralds that when at last in 1718 he succeeded , he made it his prime object to aggrandise himself and his office at their expense . It is clear at least that he set out to make himself indispensable to the Earl Marshal , which was not hard , their political principles being congruous and their friendship already established , but also to Sir Robert Walpole and the Whig ministry , which can by no means have been easy , considering his known attachment to the Pretender and the circumstances under which he came into office ... The main object of Anstis 's next move , the revival or institution of the Order of the Bath was probably that which it in fact secured , of ingratiating him with the all @-@ powerful Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole .
The use of honours in the early eighteenth century differed considerably from the modern honours system in which hundreds , if not thousands , of people each year receive honours on the basis of deserving accomplishments . The only honours available at that time were hereditary ( not life ) peerages and baronetcies , knighthoods and the Order of the Garter ( or the Order of the Thistle for Scots ) , none of which were awarded in large numbers ( the Garter and the Thistle are limited to 24 and 16 living members respectively . ) The political environment was also significantly different from today :
The Sovereign still exercised a power to be reckoned with in the eighteenth century . The Court remained the centre of the political world . The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament , but the choice remained his . The leader of an administration still had to command the King 's personal confidence and approval . A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places , pensions , and other marks of Royal favour to the government 's supporters .
The attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position . George I having agreed to Walpole 's proposal , Anstis was commissioned to draft statutes for the Order of the Bath . As noted above , he adopted the motto and badge used by the Knights of the Bath , as well as the colour of the riband and mantle , and the ceremony for creating a knight . The rest of the statutes were mostly based on those of the Order of the Garter , of which he was an officer ( as Garter King of Arms ) . The Order was founded by letters patent under the Great Seal dated 18 May 1725 , and the statutes issued the following week .
The Order initially consisted of the Sovereign , a Prince of the blood Royal as Principal Knight , a Great Master and thirty @-@ five Knights Companion . Seven officers ( see below ) were attached to the Order . These provided yet another opportunity for political patronage , as they were to be sinecures at the disposal of the Great Master , supported by fees from the knights . Despite the fact that the Bath was represented as a military Order , only a few military officers were among the initial appointments ( see List of Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath ) . They may be broken down into categories as follows ( note that some are classified in more than one category ) :
Members of the House of Commons : 14
The Royal Household or sinecures : 11
Diplomats : 4
The Walpole family , including the Prime Minister : 3
Naval and Army Officers : 3
Irish Peers : 2
Country gentlemen with Court Appointments : 2
The majority of the new Knights Companions were knighted by the King and invested with their ribands and badges on 27 May 1725 . Although the statutes set out the full medieval ceremony which was to be used for creating knights , this was not performed , and indeed was possibly never intended to be , as the original statutes contained a provision allowing the Great Master to dispense Knights Companion from these requirements . The original knights were dispensed from all the medieval ceremonies with the exception of the Installation , which was performed in the Order 's Chapel , the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey , on 17 June . This precedent was followed until 1812 , after which the Installation was also dispensed with , until its revival in the twentieth century . The ceremonies however remained part of the Statutes until 1847 .
Although the initial appointments to the Order were largely political , from the 1770s appointments to the Order were increasingly made for naval , military or diplomatic achievements . This is partly due to the conflicts Britain was engaged in over this period . The Peninsular War resulted in so many deserving candidates for the Bath that a statute was issued allowing the appointment of Extra Knights in time of war , who were to be additional to the numerical limits imposed by the statutes , and whose number was not subject to any restrictions . Another statute , this one issued some 80 years earlier , had also added a military note to the Order . Each knight was required , under certain circumstances , to supply and support four men @-@ at @-@ arms for a period not exceeding 42 days in any year , to serve in any part of Great Britain . This company was to be captained by the Great Master , who had to supply four trumpeters , and was also to appoint eight officers for this body , however the statute was never invoked .
= = = Restructuring in 1815 = = =
In 1815 , with the end of the Napoleonic Wars , the Prince Regent ( later George IV ) expanded the Order of the Bath " to the end that those Officers who have had the opportunities of signalising themselves by eminent services during the late war may share in the honours of the said Order , and that their names may be delivered down to remote posterity , accompanied by the marks of distinction which they have so nobly earned . "
The Order was now to consist of three classes : Knights Grand Cross , Knights Commander , and Companions . The existing Knights Companion ( of which there were 60 ) became Knight Grand Cross ; this class was limited to 72 members , of which twelve could be appointed for civil or diplomatic services . The military members had to be of the rank of at least Major @-@ General or Rear Admiral . The Knights Commander were limited to 180 , exclusive of foreign nationals holding British commissions , up to ten of whom could be appointed as honorary Knights Commander . They had to be of the rank of Lieutenant @-@ Colonel or Post @-@ Captain . The number of Companions was not specified , but they had to have received a medal or been mentioned in despatches since the start of the war in 1803 . A list of about 500 names was subsequently published . Two further officers were appointed , an " Officer of arms attendant on the Knights Commanders and Companions " , and a " Secretary appertaining to the Knights Commanders and Companions " The large increase in numbers caused some complaints that such an expansion would reduce the prestige of the Order .
= = = The Victorian era = = =
In 1847 , Queen Victoria issued new statutes eliminating all references to an exclusively military Order . As well as removing the word ' Military ' from the full name of the Order , this opened up the grades of Knight Commander and Companion to civil appointments , and the Military and Civil Divisions of the Order were established . New numerical limits were imposed , and the opportunity also taken to regularise the 1815 expansion of the Order . The 1847 statutes also abolished all the medieval ritual , however they did introduce a formal Investiture ceremony , conducted by the Sovereign wearing the Mantle and insignia of the Order , attended by the Officers and as many GCBs as possible , in their Mantles .
In 1859 a further edition of the Statutes was issued ; the changes related mainly to the costs associated with the Order . Prior to this date it had been the policy that the insignia ( which were provided by the Crown ) were to be returned on the death of the holder ; the exception had been foreigners who had been awarded honorary membership . In addition foreigners had usually been provided with stars made of silver and diamonds , whereas ordinary members had only embroidered stars . The decision was made to award silver stars to all members , and only require the return of the Collar . The Crown had also been paying the fees due to the officers of the Order for members who had been appointed for the services in the recent war . The fees were abolished and replaced with a salary of approximately the same average value . The offices of Genealogist and Messenger were abolished , and those of Registrar and Secretary combined .
= = = The 20th century = = =
In 1910 , after his accession to the throne , George V ordered the revival of the Installation ceremony , perhaps prompted by the first Installation ceremony of the more junior Order of St Michael and St George , held a few years earlier , and the building of a new chapel for the Order of the Thistle in 1911 . The Installation ceremony took place on 22 July 1913 in the Henry VII Chapel , and Installations have been held at regular intervals since .
Prior to the 1913 Installation it was necessary to adapt the chapel to accommodate the larger number of members . An appeal was made to the members of the Order , and following the Installation a surplus remained . A Committee was formed from the Officers to administer the ' Bath Chapel Fund ' , and over time this committee has come to consider other matters than purely financial ones .
Another revision of the statutes of the Order was undertaken in 1925 , to consolidate the 41 additional statutes which had been issued since the 1859 revision .
Women were admitted to the Order in 1971 . In the 1971 New Year Honours , Jean Nunn became the first woman admitted to the order . In 1975 , Princess Alice , Duchess of Gloucester , an aunt of Elizabeth II , became the first ( and to date only ) woman to reach the highest rank , Dame Grand Cross . Princess Alice ( née Douglas @-@ Montagu @-@ Scott ) was a direct descendant of the Order 's first Great Master , and her husband , who had died the previous year , had also held that office .
= = Composition = =
= = = Sovereign = = =
The British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order of the Bath . As with all honours except those in the Sovereign 's personal gift , the Sovereign makes all appointments to the Order on the advice of the Government .
= = = Great Master = = =
The next @-@ most senior member of the Order is the Great Master , of which there have been nine :
1725 – 1749 : John Montagu , 2nd Duke of Montagu
1749 – 1767 : ( Vacant )
1767 – 1827 : Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany
1827 – 1830 : Prince William , Duke of Clarence and St Andrews ( later King William IV )
1830 – 1837 : ( Vacant )
1837 – 1843 : Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex
1843 – 1861 : Albert , Prince Consort
1861 – 1897 : ( Vacant )
1897 – 1901 : Albert Edward , Prince of Wales ( later King Edward VII )
1901 – 1942 : Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
1942 – 1974 : Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester
1974 – present : Charles , Prince of Wales .
Originally a Prince of the Blood Royal , as the Principal Knight Companion , ranked next after the sovereign . This position was joined to that of the Great Master in the statutes of 1847 . The Great Master and Principal Knight is now either a descendant of George I or " some other exalted personage " ; the holder of the office has custody of the seal of the order and is responsible for enforcing the statutes .
Members
The statutes also provide for the following :
120 Knights or Dames Grand Cross ( GCB ) ( of whom the Great Master is the First and Principal )
355 Knights Commander ( KCB ) or Dames Commander ( DCB )
1 @,@ 925 Companions ( CB )
Regular membership is limited to citizens of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries of which the Queen is Sovereign . Appointees are usually officers of the armed forces or senior civil servants , such as permanent secretaries .
Members appointed to the Civil Division must " by their personal services to [ the ] crown or by the performance of public duties have merited ... royal favour . " Appointments to the Military Division are restricted by the minimum rank of the individual . GCBs hold the rank of Admiral in the Royal Navy , General in the British Army or Royal Marines , or Air Chief Marshal in the Royal Air Force . KCBs must at least hold the rank of vice admiral , lieutenant general in the Army or Marines , or Air Marshal . CBs tend be of the rank of Rear Admiral , Major General in the Army or Royal Marines , or Air Vice Marshal , and in addition must have been Mentioned in Despatches for distinction in a command position in a combat situation , although the latter is no longer a requirement . Non @-@ line officers ( e.g. engineers , medics ) may be appointed only for meritorious service in wartime .
Commonwealth citizens not subjects of the Queen and foreigners may be made Honorary Members . Queen Elizabeth II has established the custom of awarding an honorary GCB to visiting heads of state , for example Gustav Heinemann , and Josip Broz Tito ( in 1972 ) , Ronald Reagan ( in 1989 ) , Lech Wałęsa ( in 1991 ) , Dr. Censu Tabone , President of Malta , in 1992 , Fernando Henrique Cardoso , George H. W. Bush ( in 1993 ) , Nicolas Sarkozy in March 2008 , In 2012 , former Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono . Turkish President Abdullah Gül , Slovenian President Dr Danilo Türk Mexican President Felipe Calderón , and South African President Jacob Zuma . Foreign generals are also often given honorary appointments to the Order , for example : Marshal Ferdinand Foch and Marshal Joseph Joffre during World War I ; Marshal Georgy Zhukov , King Abdul @-@ Aziz of Saudi Arabia , General Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Douglas MacArthur during World War II ; and General Norman Schwarzkopf and General Colin Powell after the Gulf War . A more controversial member of the Order was Robert Mugabe , whose honour was stripped by the Queen , on the advice of the Foreign Secretary , David Miliband , on 25 June 2008 " as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided . "
Honorary members do not count towards the numerical limits in each class . In addition the statutes allow the Sovereign to exceed the limits in time of war or other exceptional circumstances .
= = = Officers = = =
The Order of the Bath now has six officers :
a Dean : John Hall , Dean of Westminster ( ex officio )
a King of Arms : Michael Boyce , Baron Boyce
a Registrar and Secretary : Iain Henderson
a Deputy Secretary : Alexander Matheson of Matheson , yr .
a Genealogist : Thomas Woodcock
the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod : Charles Vyvyan
The office of Dean is held by the Dean of Westminster . The King of Arms , responsible for heraldry , is known as Bath King of Arms ; he is not , however , a member of the College of Arms , like many heralds . The Order 's Usher is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod ; he does not , unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent ( the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod ) perform any duties in the House of Lords .
There were originally seven officers , each of whom was to receive fees from the Knights Companion both on appointment and annually thereafter . The office of Messenger was abolished in 1859 . The office of Genealogist was abolished at the same time , but revived in 1913 . The offices of Registrar and Secretary were formally merged in 1859 , although the two positions had been held concurrently for the previous century . An Officer of Arms and a Secretary for the Knights Commander and Companions were established in 1815 , but abolished in 1847 . The office of Deputy Secretary was created in 1925 .
Under the Hanoverian kings certain of the officers also held heraldic office . The office of Blanc Coursier Herald of Arms was attached to that of the Genealogist , Brunswick Herald of Arms to the Gentleman Usher , and Bath King of Arms was also made Gloucester King of Arms with heraldic jurisdiction over Wales . This was the result of a move by Anstis to give the holders of these sinecures greater security ; the offices of the Order of the Bath were held at the pleasure of the Great Master , while appointments to the heraldic offices were made by the King under the Great Seal and were for life .
= = Habit and insignia = =
Members of the Order wear elaborate costumes on important occasions ( such as its quadrennial installation ceremonies and coronations ) , which vary by rank :
The mantle , worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross , is made of crimson satin lined with white taffeta . On the left side is a representation of the star ( see below ) . The mantle is bound with two large tassels .
The hat , worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander , is made of black velvet ; it includes an upright plume of feathers .
The collar , worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross , is made of gold and weighs 30 troy ounces ( 933 g ) . It consists of depictions of nine imperial crowns and eight sets of flowers ( roses for England , thistles for Scotland and shamrocks for Ireland ) , connected by seventeen silver knots .
On lesser occasions , simpler insignia are used : The star is used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander . Its style varies by rank and division ; it is worn pinned to the left breast :
The star for military Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of a Maltese Cross on top of an eight @-@ pointed silver star ; the star for military Knights and Dames Commander is an eight @-@ pointed silver cross pattée . Each bears in the centre three crowns surrounded by a red ring bearing the motto of the Order in gold letters . The circle is flanked by two laurel branches and is above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien ( older German for " I serve " ) in gold letters .
The star for civil Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of an eight @-@ pointed silver star , without the Maltese cross ; the star for civil Knights and Dames Commander is an eight @-@ pointed silver cross pattée . The design of each is the same as the design of the military stars , except that the laurel branches and the words Ich dien are excluded .
The badge varies in design , size and manner of wearing by rank and division . The Knight and Dame Grand Cross ' badge is larger than the Knight and Dame Commander 's badge , which is in turn larger than the Companion 's badge ; however , these are all suspended on a crimson ribbon . Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear the badge on a riband or sash , passing from the right shoulder to the left hip . Knights Commander and male Companions wear the badge from a ribbon worn around the neck . Dames Commander and female Companions wear the badge from a bow on the left side :
The military badge is a gold Maltese Cross of eight points , enamelled in white . Each point of the cross is decorated by a small gold ball ; each angle has a small figure of a lion . The centre of the cross bears three crowns on the obverse side , and a rose , a thistle and a shamrock , emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side . Both emblems are surrounded by a red circular ring bearing the motto of the Order , which are in turn flanked by two laurel branches , above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien in gold letters .
The civil badge is a plain gold oval , bearing three crowns on the obverse side , and a rose , a thistle and a shamrock , emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side ; both emblems are surrounded by a ring bearing the motto of the Order .
On certain " collar days " designated by the Sovereign , members attending formal events may wear the Order 's collar over their military uniform or eveningwear . When collars are worn ( either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations ) , the badge is suspended from the collar .
The collars and badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross are returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood upon the decease of their owners . All other insignia may be retained by their owners .
= = Chapel = =
The Chapel of the Order is the Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey . Every four years , an installation ceremony , presided over by the Great Master , and a religious service are held in the Chapel ; the Sovereign attends every alternate ceremony . The last such service was in May 2014 and was attended by the Sovereign . The Sovereign and each knight who has been installed is allotted a stall in the choir of the chapel .
As there are a limited number of stalls in the Chapel , only the most senior Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed . A stall made vacant by the death of a military Knight Grand Cross is offered to the next most senior uninstalled military GCB , and similarly for vacancies among civil GCBs . Waits between admission to the Order and installation may be very long ; for instance , Marshal of the Air Force Lord Craig of Radley was created a Knight Grand Cross in 1984 , but was not installed until 2006 .
Above each stall , the occupant 's heraldic devices are displayed . Perched on the pinnacle of a knight 's stall is his helm , decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest . Under English heraldic law , women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests ; instead , the coronet appropriate to the dame 's rank ( if she is a peer or member of the Royal family ) is used .
Above the crest or coronet , the knight 's or dame 's heraldic banner is hung , emblazoned with his or her coat of arms . At a considerably smaller scale , to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass ( a " stall plate " ) displaying its occupant 's name , arms and date of admission into the Order .
Upon the death of a Knight , the banner , helm , mantling and crest ( or coronet or crown ) are taken down . The stall plates , however , are not removed ; rather , they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall , so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order 's Knights ( and now Dames ) throughout history .
When the grade of Knight Commander was established in 1815 the regulations specified that they too should have a banner and stall plate affixed in the chapel . This was never implemented ( despite some of the KCBs paying the appropriate fees ) primarily due to lack of space , although the 1847 statutes allow all three classes to request the erection of a plate in the chapel bearing the member 's name , date of nomination , and ( for the two higher classes ) optionally the coat of arms .
= = Precedence and privileges = =
Members of the Order of the Bath are assigned positions in the order of precedence . Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence , as do sons , daughters and daughters @-@ in @-@ law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander ; relatives of female members , however , are not assigned any special precedence . Generally , individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands , but not from their mothers or wives . ( See order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions . )
Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix " Sir " , and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix " Dame " , to their forenames . Wives of Knights may prefix " Lady " to their surnames , but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Dames . Such forms are not used by peers and princes , except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms . Furthermore , honorary foreign members and clergymen do not receive the accolade of knighthood , and so are not entitled to the prefix " Sir " , unless the former subsequently become Commonwealth citizens .
Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post @-@ nominal " GCB " ; Knights Commander use " KCB " ; Dames Commander use " DCB " ; Companions use " CB " .
Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters . Furthermore , they may encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet ( a red circle bearing the motto ) with the badge pendant thereto and the collar ; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter .
Knights and Dames Commander and Companions may display the circlet , but not the collar , around their arms . The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet . Members of the Military division may encompass the circlet with " two laurel branches issuant from an escrol azure inscribed Ich dien " , as appears on the badge . Members of the Order of the Bath and their children are able to be married in Westminster Abbey in London .
= = Revocation = =
It is possible for membership in the Order to be revoked . Under the 1725 statutes the grounds for this were heresy , high treason , or fleeing from battle out of cowardice . Knights Companion could in such cases be degraded at the next Chapter meeting . It was then the duty of the Gentleman Usher to " pluck down the escocheon [ i.e. stallplate ] of such knight and spurn it out of the chapel " with " all the usual marks of infamy " .
Only two people were ever degraded – Lord Cochrane in 1813 and General Sir Eyre Coote in 1816 , both for political reasons , rather than any of the grounds given in the statute . Lord Cochrane was subsequently reinstated , but Coote died a few years after his degradation .
Under Queen Victoria 's 1847 statutes a member " convicted of treason , cowardice , felony , or any infamous crime derogatory to his honour as a knight or gentleman , or accused and does not submit to trial in a reasonable time , shall be degraded from the Order by a special ordinance signed by the sovereign " . The Sovereign was to be the sole judge , and also had the power to restore such members .
The situation today is that membership may be cancelled or annulled , and the entry in the register erased , by an ordinance signed by the Sovereign and sealed with the seal of the Order , on the recommendation of the appropriate Minister . Such cancellations may be subsequently reversed .
William Pottinger , a senior civil servant , lost both his status of CB and Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( CVO ) in 1975 when he was gaoled for corruptly receiving gifts from the architect John Poulson .
Romanian president Nicolae Ceauşescu was stripped of his honorary GCB status by Queen Elizabeth II on 24 December 1989 , the day before his execution . Robert Mugabe , the President of Zimbabwe , was stripped of his honorary GCB status by the Queen , on the advice of the Foreign Secretary , David Miliband , on 25 June 2008 " as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided . "
Vicky Pryce , former wife of Chris Huhne , was stripped of her CB by Queen Elizabeth II on 30 July 2013 , following her conviction for perverting the course of justice .
= = Current Knights and Dames Grand Cross = =
Sovereign : Queen Elizabeth II
Grand Master : Charles , Prince of Wales
Knights and Dames Grand Cross
Honorary Knights and Dames Grand Cross
= Henry Ward Beecher =
Henry Ward Beecher ( June 24 , 1813 – March 8 , 1887 ) was an American Congregationalist clergyman , social reformer , and speaker , known for his support of the abolition of slavery , his emphasis on God 's love , and his 1875 adultery trial .
= = Background = =
Henry Ward Beecher was the son of Lyman Beecher , a Calvinist minister who became one of the best @-@ known evangelists of his age . Several of his brothers and sisters became well @-@ known educators and activists , most notably Harriet Beecher Stowe , who achieved worldwide fame with her abolitionist novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Henry Ward Beecher graduated from Amherst College in 1834 and Lane Theological Seminary in 1837 before serving as a minister in Indianapolis and Lawrenceburg , Indiana .
In 1847 , Beecher became the first pastor of the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn , New York . He soon acquired fame on the lecture circuit for his novel oratorical style , in which he employed humor , dialect , and slang . Over the course of his ministry , Beecher developed a theology emphasizing God 's love above all else . He also grew interested in social reform , particularly the abolitionist movement . In the years leading up to the Civil War , he raised money to purchase slaves from captivity and to send rifles — nicknamed " Beecher 's Bibles " — to abolitionists fighting in Kansas and Nebraska . He toured Europe during the Civil War speaking in support of the Union .
After the war , Beecher supported social reform causes such as women 's suffrage and temperance . He also championed Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution , stating that it was not incompatible with Christian beliefs . Widely rumored to be a womanizer , in 1872 the Woodhull & Claflin 's Weekly published a story about his affair with Elizabeth Tilton , the wife of his former associate Theodore Tilton . In 1874 , Tilton filed adultery charges against him for the affair . The subsequent trial , which resulted in a hung jury , was one of the most widely reported American trials of the century . Beecher 's long career in the public spotlight led biographer Debby Applegate to call him " The Most Famous Man in America " .
= = Early life = =
Born in Litchfield , Connecticut , Henry was the eighth of thirteen children born to Lyman Beecher , a Presbyterian preacher from Boston . His siblings included author Harriet Beecher Stowe , educators Catharine Beecher and Thomas K. Beecher , and activists Charles Beecher and Isabella Beecher Hooker ; Lyman would later become known as " the father of more brains than any man in America " . Beecher 's mother , Roxana Foote , died when Henry was three ; Lyman Beecher soon remarried to Harriet Porter , whom Henry later remembered as " severe " and subject to bouts of depression . Beecher also taught school for a time in Whitnsville , MA . The schoolhouse was later moved and became a residence which is still occupied .
The Beecher household was , one of the children later recalled , " the strangest and most interesting combination of fun and seriousness " . The family was poor , and Lyman Beecher assigned his children " a heavy schedule of prayer meetings , lectures , and religious services " while banning the theater , dancing , most fiction , and the celebration of birthdays or Christmas . The family 's pastimes included story @-@ telling and listening to Lyman play the fiddle .
Henry had a childhood stammer and was considered slow @-@ witted and one of the less promising of the brilliant Beecher children . His less @-@ than @-@ stellar performance earned him punishments such as being forced to sit for hours in the girls ' corner wearing a dunce cap . At age fourteen , he began his oratorical training at Mount Pleasant Classical Institution , a boarding school in Amherst , Massachusetts , where he met a fellow student , Constantine Fondolaik , a Smyrna Greek . Both students later attended Amherst College together , where they signed a " contract " pledging lifelong friendship and brotherly love . Fondolaik died of cholera after returning to Greece in 1842 , and Beecher later named his third son after him .
During his years in Amherst , Beecher had his first taste of public speaking and , setting aside his early dream of going to sea , resolved to join the ministry . He met his future wife , Eunice Bullard , the daughter of a well @-@ known physician , and on January 2 , 1832 , became engaged to her . During his Amherst years , he also developed an interest in the new pseudoscience of phrenology — an attempt to link personality traits with features of the human skull — and befriended Orson Squire Fowler , who later became the theory 's best @-@ known American exponent .
Beecher graduated from Amherst College in 1834 and then attended Lane Theological Seminary outside Cincinnati , Ohio . Lane was headed by Beecher 's father , who had by this time become " America 's most famous preacher " . Lane 's student body was riven in these years by the slavery question : whether to support a form of gradual emancipation , as Lyman Beecher did , or to stand by principle and demand immediate emancipation . Henry stayed largely clear of the controversy , sympathetic to the radical students but unwilling to defy his father . He graduated in 1837 .
= = Early ministry = =
On August 3 , 1837 , Beecher married Eunice Bullard , and the two proceeded to the small , impoverished town of Lawrenceburg , Indiana , where Beecher had been offered a post as a minister of the First Presbyterian Church . He received his first national publicity when he became involved in the break between " New School " and " Old School " Presbyterianism , which were split over questions of original sin and the slavery issue ; Henry 's father Lyman was a leading proponent of the New School . Lyman 's Old School enemies blocked Henry 's official confirmation as minister in Lawrenceburg after Henry refused to swear an oath of allegiance to their views , and the resulting controversy split the western Presbyterian Church into rival synods .
Though Henry Beecher 's Lawrenceburg church declared its independence from the Synod to retain him as its pastor , the poverty that followed the Panic of 1837 caused him to look for a new position . Banker Samuel Merrill invited Beecher to visit Indianapolis in 1839 , and he was offered the ministry of the Second Presbyterian Church there on May 13 , 1839 . Unusually for a speaker of his era , Beecher would use humor and informal language including dialect and slang as he preached . His preaching was a major success , building Second Presbyterian into the largest church in the city , and he also led a successful revival meeting in nearby Terre Haute . However , mounting debt led to Beecher again seeking a new position in 1847 , and he accepted the invitation of businessman Henry Bowen to head a new Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn , New York . Beecher 's national fame continued to grow , and he took to the lecture circuit , becoming one of the most popular speakers in the country and charging correspondingly high fees .
In the course of his preaching , Henry Ward Beecher came to reject his father Lyman 's theology , which " combined the old belief that ' human fate was preordained by God 's plan ' with a faith in the capacity of rational men and women to purge society of its sinful ways " . Henry instead preached a " Gospel of Love " that emphasized God 's absolute love rather than human sinfulness , and doubted the existence of Hell . He also rejected his father 's prohibitions against various leisure activities as distractions from a holy life , stating instead that " Man was made for enjoyment " .
= = Social and political activism = =
= = = Abolitionism = = =
Henry Ward Beecher became involved in many social issues of his day , most notably abolition . Though Beecher hated slavery as early as his seminary days , his views were generally more moderate than those of abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison , who advocated the breakup of the Union if it would also mean the end of slavery . A personal turning point for Beecher came in October 1848 when he learned of two escaped young female slaves who had been recaptured ; their father had been offered the chance to ransom them from captivity , and appealed to Beecher to help raise funds . Beecher raised over two thousand dollars to secure the girls ' freedom . On June 1 , 1856 , he held another mock slave auction to purchase the freedom of a young woman named Sarah .
In his widely reprinted piece " Shall We Compromise " , Beecher assailed the Compromise of 1850 , a compromise between anti @-@ slavery and pro @-@ slavery forces brokered by Whig Senator Henry Clay . The compromise banned slavery from California and slave @-@ trading from Washington , D.C. at the cost of a stronger Fugitive Slave Act ; Beecher objected to the last provision in particular , arguing that it was a Christian 's duty to feed and shelter escaped slaves . Slavery and liberty were fundamentally incompatible , Beecher argued , making compromise impossible : " One or the other must die " . In 1856 , Beecher campaigned for abolitionist John C. Frémont , the first presidential candidate of the Republican Party ; despite Beecher 's aid , Frémont lost to Democrat James Buchanan . During the pre @-@ Civil @-@ War conflict in the Kansas Territory , known as " Bloody Kansas " , Beecher raised funds to send Sharps rifles to abolitionist forces , stating that the weapons would do more good than " a hundred Bibles " . The press subsequently nicknamed the weapons " Beecher 's Bibles " . Beecher became widely hated in the American South for his abolitionist actions and received numerous death threats .
In 1863 , during the Civil War , President Abraham Lincoln sent Beecher on a speaking tour of Europe to build support for the Union cause . Beecher 's speeches helped turn European popular sentiment against the rebel Confederate States of America and prevent its recognition by foreign powers . At the close of the war in April 1865 , Beecher was invited to speak at Fort Sumter , South Carolina , where the first shots of the war had been fired ; Lincoln had again personally selected him , stating , " We had better send Beecher down to deliver the address on the occasion of raising the flag because if it had not been for Beecher there would have been no flag to raise . "
= = = Other views = = =
Beecher advocated for the temperance movement throughout his career and was a strict teetotaler . Following the Civil War , he also became a leader in the women 's suffrage movement . In 1867 , he campaigned unsuccessfully to become a delegate to the New York Constitutional Convention of 1867 @-@ 1868 on a suffrage platform , and in 1869 , was elected unanimously as the first president of the American Woman Suffrage Association .
In the Reconstruction Era , Beecher sided with President Andrew Johnson 's plan for swift restoration of Southern states to the Union . He believed that captains of industry should be the leaders of society and supported Social Darwinist ideas . During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , he preached strongly against the strikers whose wages had been cut , stating , " Man cannot live by bread alone but the man who cannot live on bread and water is not fit to live , " and " If you are being reduced , go down boldly into poverty " . His remarks were so unpopular that cries of " Hang Beecher ! " became common at labor rallies , and plainclothes detectives protected his church .
Influenced by British author Herbert Spencer , Beecher embraced Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution in the 1880s , identifying as a " cordial Christian evolutionist " . He argued that the theory was in keeping with what Applegate called " the inevitability of progress " , seeing a steady march toward perfection as a part of God 's plan . In 1885 , he wrote Evolution and Religion to expound these views . His sermons and writings helped to gain acceptance for the theory in America .
Beecher was a prominent advocate for allowing Chinese immigration to continue to the US , helping to delay passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act until 1882 . He argued that as other American peoples , such as the Irish , had seen a gradual increase in their social standing , a new people was required to do " what we call the menial work " , and that the Chinese , " by reason of their training , by the habits of a thousand years , are adapted to do that work . "
= = Personal life = =
= = = Marriage = = =
Beecher married Eunice Bullard in 1837 after a five @-@ year engagement . Their marriage was not a happy one ; as Applegate writes , " within a year of their wedding they embarked on the classic marital cycle of neglect and nagging " , marked by Henry 's prolonged absences from home . The couple also suffered the deaths of four of their eight children .
Beecher enjoyed the company of women , and rumors of extramarital affairs circulated as early as his Indiana days , when he was believed to have had an affair with a young member of his congregation . In 1858 , the Brooklyn Eagle wrote a story accusing him of an affair with another young church member who had later become a prostitute . The wife of Beecher 's patron and editor , Henry Bowen , confessed on her deathbed to her husband of an affair with Beecher ; Bowen concealed the incident during his lifetime .
Several members of Beecher 's circle reported that Beecher had had an affair with Edna Dean Proctor , an author with whom he was collaborating on a book of his sermons . The couple 's first encounter was the subject of dispute : Beecher reportedly told friends that it had been consensual , while Proctor reportedly told Henry Bowen that Beecher had raped her . Regardless of the initial circumstances , Beecher and Proctor allegedly then carried on their affair for more than a year . According to historian Barry Werth , " it was standard gossip that ' Beecher preaches to seven or eight of his mistresses every Sunday evening . ' "
= = = " The Beecher @-@ Tilton Scandal Case " ( 1875 ) = = =
In a highly publicized scandal , Beecher was tried on charges that he had committed adultery with a friend 's wife , Elizabeth Tilton . In 1870 , Elizabeth had confessed to her husband , Theodore Tilton , that she had had a relationship with Beecher . The charges became public when Theodore told Elizabeth Cady Stanton of his wife 's confession . Stanton repeated the story to fellow women 's rights leaders Victoria Woodhull and Isabella Beecher Hooker .
Henry Ward Beecher had publicly denounced Woodhull 's advocacy of free love . Outraged at what she saw as his hypocrisy , she published a story titled " The Beecher @-@ Tilton Scandal Case " in her paper Woodhull and Claflin 's Weekly on November 2 , 1872 ; the article made detailed allegations that America 's most renowned clergyman was secretly practicing the free @-@ love doctrines that he denounced from the pulpit . The story created a national sensation . At Beecher 's urging , Woodhull was arrested in New York City and imprisoned for sending obscene material through the mail . The scandal split the Beecher siblings ; Harriet and others supported Henry , while Isabella publicly supported Woodhull .
The subsequent trials and hearings , in the words of Walter A. McDougall , " drove Reconstruction off the front pages for two and a half years " and became " the most sensational ' he said , she said ' in American history " . The first trial was Woodhull 's , who was released on a technicality . The Plymouth Church held a board of inquiry and exonerated Beecher , but excommunicated Theodore Tilton in 1873 . Tilton then sued Beecher on civil charges of adultery . The trial began in January 1875 , and ended in July when the jurors deliberated for six days but were unable to reach a verdict . Beecher then called for the Congregational church to hold a final hearing to exonerate him , which it did .
Stanton was outraged by Beecher 's repeated exonerations , calling the scandal a " holocaust of womanhood " . French author George Sand planned a novel about the affair , but died the following year before it could be written .
= = Later life and legacy = =
= = = Later life = = =
In 1871 , Yale University established " The Lyman Beecher Lectureship " , of which Henry taught the first three annual courses . After the heavy expenses of the trial , Beecher embarked on a lecture tour of the West that returned him to solvency . In 1884 , he angered many of his Republican allies when he endorsed Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland for the presidency , arguing that Cleveland should be forgiven for having fathered an illegitimate child . He made another lecture tour of England in 1886 .
On March 6 , 1887 , Beecher suffered a stroke and died in his sleep on March 8 . Still a widely popular figure , he was mourned in newspapers and sermons across the country . Henry Ward Beecher is interred at Green @-@ Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn , New York .
= = = Legacy = = =
In assessing Beecher 's legacy , Applegate states that
At his best , Beecher represented what remains the most lovable and popular strain of American culture : incurable optimism ; can @-@ do enthusiasm ; and open @-@ minded , open @-@ hearted pragmatism ... His reputation has been eclipsed by his own success . Mainstream Christianity is so deeply infused with the rhetoric of Christ 's love that most Americans can imagine nothing else , and have no appreciation or memory of the revolution wrought by Beecher and his peers .
A Henry Ward Beecher Monument created by the sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward was unveiled on June 24 , 1891 in Borough Hall Park , Brooklyn and was later relocated to Cadman Plaza , Brooklyn in 1959 .
A limerick written about Beecher by poet Oliver Herford became well known in the USA :
Said a great congregational preacher
To a hen , " You 're a beautiful creature . "
And the hen , just for that , Laid an egg in his hat ,
And thus did the Hen reward Beecher .
Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. offered his own limerick on Beecher :
The Reverend Henry Ward Beecher
Called the hen a most elegant creature .
The hen , pleased with that , Laid an egg in his hat ,
And thus did the hen reward Beecher .
Christopher J Barry , Canadian published songwriter , offered this perhaps more accurate limerick :
The Reverend Henry Ward Beecher
Said of hens : " some are elegant creatures " .
Of the hens pleased with that , Some laid eggs in his lap .
What will judgement day hatch for the preacher ?
- Christopher Joseph Barry
= = Writings = =
= = = Background = = =
Henry Ward Beecher was a prolific author as well as speaker . His public writing began in Indiana , where he edited an agricultural journal , The Farmer and Gardener . He was one of the founders and for nearly twenty years an editorial contributor of the New York Independent , a Congregationalist newspaper , and from 1861 till 1863 was its editor . His contributions to this were signed with an asterisk , and many of them were afterward collected and published in 1855 as " Star Papers ; or , Experiences of Art and Nature " .
In 1865 , Robert E. Bonner of the New York Ledger offered Beecher twenty @-@ four thousand dollars to follow his sister 's example and compose a novel ; the subsequent novel , Norwood , or Village Life in New England , was published in 1868 . Beecher stated his intent for Norwood was to present a heroine who is " large of soul , a child of nature , and , although a Christian , yet in childlike sympathy with the truths of God in the natural world , instead of books . " McDougall describes the resulting novel as " a New England romance of flowers and bosomy sighs ... ' new theology ' that amounted to warmed @-@ over Emerson " . The novel was moderately well received by critics of the day .
= = = List of published works = = =
Seven Lectures to Young Men ( 1844 ) ( a pamphlet )
Star Papers ( 1855 )
'Notes from Plymouth Pulpit ( 1859 )
The Independent ( 1861 – 63 ) ( periodical , as editor )
Eyes and Ears ( 1862 ) ( collection of letters from the New York Ledger newspaper )
" Freedom and War " ( 1863 ) Boston , Ticknor and Fields ( 1863 ) Library of Congress catalogue number 70 @-@ 157361
" Lectures to Young Men , On Various Important Subjects " New edition with additional lectures . Boston : Ticknor and Fields 1868
Christian Union ( 1870 – 78 ) ( periodical , as editor )
Summer in the Soul ( 1858 )
Prayers from the Plymouth Pulpit ( 1867 )
Norwood , or Village Life in New England ( 1868 ) ( novel )
Life of Jesus Christ ( 1871 )
Yale Lectures on Preaching ( 1872 )
Evolution and Religion ( 1885 ) - ( Reissued by Cambridge University Press 2009 ; ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 108 @-@ 00045 @-@ 1 )
'Proverbs fron Plymouth Pulpit ( 1887 )
= Alejandro ( song ) =
" Alejandro " is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga . It was released as the third single from her third extended play ( EP ) and second major release , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) . Co @-@ written and produced by herself and RedOne , the song inspired by her " Fear of Men Monster " , the lyrics portray Gaga bidding farewell to her lovers . Musically , it is a mid @-@ tempo synthpop song .
Contemporary critics predominantly gave " Alejandro " positive reviews and noted that it takes influence from the pop acts ABBA , Ace of Base and Madonna . The song charted in the United Kingdom and Hungary due to digital sales following the album 's release . Upon release , " Alejandro " charted again in the United Kingdom as well as in Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Sweden , and the United States while topping the Finnish , Polish , Russian , Bulgarian , and Romanian charts . " Alejandro " became Gaga 's seventh successive single to reach the top @-@ ten of the US Billboard Hot 100 .
The accompanying music video was directed by fashion photographer Steven Klein and inspired by Gaga 's love for her gay friends and admiration of gay love . Within the video , Gaga dances with a group of soldiers in a cabaret , interspersed with scenes of Gaga as a nun swallowing a rosary and near @-@ naked men holding machine guns . The music video was controversial and received mixed reviews . Critics complimented its idea and dark nature while the Catholic League criticized Gaga for alleged blasphemy , despite Klein dismissing the idea and claiming that the scene in question ( the swallowing of Rosary beads ) was Gaga 's " desire to take in the Holy " . Gaga performed the song on the ninth season of American Idol and has performed it on all dates of The Monster Ball Tour . The song was also included on her 2012 – 13 tour The Born This Way Ball , as well as on her 2014 tour , ArtRave : The Artpop Ball .
= = Background = =
" Alejandro " is written by Lady Gaga and RedOne , while the latter produced the song . It was recorded at FC Walvisch Studios in Amsterdam . Originally , " Dance in the Dark " was planned to be released as the third single from The Fame Monster , as a preference of Gaga 's record label . The singer 's own choice , " Alejandro " , initially saw poor reception in terms of radio play , thereby was
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
track and just re @-@ record the other instruments and vocals .
= = Critical reception = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " received generally positive reviews from contemporary pop music critics . Rob Mitchum of Pitchfork Media in a 2003 review of the " Singles Box Set 1981 @-@ 1985 " , said that " singles don 't come much stronger than ' Hungry Like the Wolf ' , " praising its " bubbly keys around a slashing guitar riff , " adding that the song " show [ s ] off how Duran Duran was a band , not just a synthesizer . " Jon Pareles from The New York Times , said the song " put an oblique , sometimes apocalyptic spin on pop romance in the verses but kept the choruses clear and catchy , never disguising their pop intentions , " adding that the " posing was always a little preposterous , but no less enjoyable for that . "
Allmusic 's Ned Raggett said the song " blended a tight , guitar @-@ heavy groove with electronic production and a series of instant hooks , " adding that it was one of Rio 's " biggest smashes " that " open [ ed ] the door in America for the new romantic / synth rock crossover . " Stewart Mason , also from Allmusic , called " Hungry Like the Wolf " a " spectacular pop single " , and " the finest song Duran Duran ever wrote " , adding that it was a " much more kinetic and exciting song than earlier flop singles like ' Planet Earth ' . "
= = Music video = =
In 1982 , music video director Russell Mulcahy , who had directed the band 's first video " Planet Earth , " was brought back to make the music video for " Hungry Like the Wolf " and two other songs for the band 's 1983 video album . The band had a vision of jungles and exotic women , and Mulcahy suggested Sri Lanka , a country he had just visited . EMI spent $ 200 @,@ 000 to send the group to Sri Lanka ; the band made a stopover there in April , en route to a scheduled Australian tour . Keyboardist Nick Rhodes and guitarist Andy Taylor remained behind to finish the mixing of the Rio album while the rest of the band began filming the video ; they flew straight to Sri Lanka after handing over the final masters to EMI .
As it was described in the pop culture book , The 1980s , the video was lush and cinematic , with shots of jungles , rivers , elephants , cafes and marketplaces evoking the atmosphere of the film Raiders of the Lost Ark . Andy Taylor , who contracted a stomach virus serious enough to require hospitalization from accidentally drinking water in the lagoon during the shoot , describes the storyline as " Indiana Jones is horny and wants to get laid . " In the video , singer Simon Le Bon 's head rises in slow motion out of the river as rain pours down , evoking a scene in Apocalypse Now . He then chases a beautiful tiger @-@ like Indian woman played by Bermudian model Sheila Ming , from open markets in the city through obstacles in the jungle . During the chase , Le Bon has his face mopped by a young boy and overturns a bar room table , culminating in a final chase and struggle in a jungle clearing , which is sexually suggestive . In the meantime , the other band members hunt for Le Bon .
Less than 2 months after the shoot of the video , the American cable television network MTV put " Hungry Like the Wolf " into heavy rotation , playing it four times a day . The exposure eventually helped propel the single into the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 , and the Rio album into the top 10 of the albums chart . Les Garland , senior executive vice president of MTV , said : " I remember our director of talent and artist relations came running in and said , ' You have got to see this video that ’ s come in . ' Duran Duran were getting zero radio airplay at the time , and MTV wanted to try to break new music . ' Hungry Like the Wolf ' was the greatest video I 'd ever seen . " MTV named " Hungry Like the Wolf " the 15th most @-@ played video of the network , and was 11th on the century @-@ end MTV " 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made " . " Hungry Like the Wolf " won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video at the 26th Grammy Awards in February 1984 , making it the first video to ever win that award . In 2001 , VH1 rated it 31st on the " VH1 : 100 Greatest Videos " .
= = Chart performance = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " was released in the United Kingdom on 4 May 1982 ; the next week the song debuted at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart , 6 weeks later it reached its peak at number 5 , remaining 6 weeks in the top 10 , and 12 weeks in total . The release of the single helped the band 's album Rio reach the 2nd position of the albums chart . In Ireland the single entered the chart on 23 May 1982 ; reaching the number 4 position on the Irish Singles Chart , becoming the band 's first top 10 hit in that country . Despite achieving commercial success with several top hits in the United Kingdom , the band failed to enter in the US market . Their first album did not chart and failed to yield a hit single . " Hungry Like the Wolf " was released in the United States on 7 June 1982 but did not chart . At first , US radio were reluctant to play the song , but when the newly emerging MTV began playing the accompanying music video in heavy rotation , the exposure pushed " Hungry Like the Wolf " onto AOR playlists . The song entered Billboard 's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in August 1982 and reached the top of the chart in January 1983 .
Following the release of the Carnival EP in September and the David Kershenbaum remaster of Rio in November , the Kershenbaum remix of " Hungry Like the Wolf " was released as a single on 3 December 1982 . " Hungry Like the Wolf " entered the Billboard Hot 100 on 25 December 1982 at number 77 , peaking at number 3 on 26 March 1983 , and remaining 23 weeks on the chart . 10 years later in March 1993 , the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . In Canada , the song debuted at number 48 on the RPM singles chart on 22 January 1983 , reaching the top of the chart for 1 week on 19 March 1983 , staying on the chart for 19 weeks and ending at the 10th position of the 1983 year @-@ end chart . It was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) in April 1983 .
= = Formats and track listing = =
= = = 7 " : EMI . / EMI 5295 United Kingdom = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Single version ) – 3 : 23
" Careless Memories " ( Live ) – 4 : 11 ( Recorded live at Hammersmith Odeon , London , 17 December 1981 )
= = = 12 " : EMI . / 12 EMI 5295 United Kingdom = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Night version ) – 5 : 14
" Careless Memories " ( Live ) – 4 : 11 ( Recorded live at Hammersmith Odeon , London , 17 December 1981 )
Track 1 is remixed by David Kershenbaum .
= = = 7 " : Harvest . / B 5134 United States = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Single version ) – 3 : 23
" Careless Memories " ( Live ) – 4 : 11 ( Recorded live at Hammersmith Odeon , London , 17 December 1981 )
Initial US release .
= = = 7 " : Harvest . / B 5195 United States = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Night Version ) – 5 : 14
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( US Album remix ) – 4 : 11
US re @-@ release .
Both tracks are remixed by David Kershenbaum .
= = = CD : Part of " Singles Box Set 1981 @-@ 1985 " = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Single version ) – 3 : 23
" Careless Memories " ( Live ) – 4 : 11 ( Recorded live at Hammersmith Odeon , London , 17 December 1981 )
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Night version ) – 5 : 14
Track 3 is remixed by David Kershenbaum .
= = = CD : Part of Rio 2010 Special Edition ( CD1 ) = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( US Album remix ) – 4 : 02
= = = CD : Part of Rio 2010 Special Edition ( CD2 ) = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Night version ) – 5 : 11
= = Personnel = =
Simon Le Bon – lead vocals
Nick Rhodes – keyboards
John Taylor – bass guitar , background vocals
Roger Taylor – drums , percussion
Andy Taylor – guitar , background vocals
Colin Thurston – producer and engineer
David Kershenbaum – remixing
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Cover versions = =
UK punk @-@ pop band Cranial Screwtop recorded a version of the song for their 2006 album Too Fast for Technology .
Reel Big Fish recorded a ska version of the song , found on several of their albums .
The Young Werewolves recorded a psychobilly version of the song issued on the French release of their album , Cheat the Devil .
Subliminal Girls covered the song in 2007 . It was released as a double a side with the track " Self Obsession is an Art Form " .
Darren Criss as Blaine Anderson and Matt Bomer as Cooper Anderson covered this song as a mash @-@ up with another Duran Duran song , Rio in the third season of Glee . Also , if you watch the iTunes Movie Trailer for " Alpha And Omega " , you can hear both songs ( except the song , " Hungry Like The Wolf , " is the instrumental part at the beginning of the song ) .
American grunge band Hole played the first verse and the chorus of the song on their MTV Unplugged , with Courtney Love introducing it as " the best song ever written " . This version was released on the single for " Doll Parts " .
The song was covered by American industrial rock band Black Light Burns .
5 Seconds of Summer 's " Hey Everybody ! " references the vocal melody and other elements from the song during its verses .
= Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology =
A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology is developed to determine rainfall characteristics of past tropical cyclones . A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology can be used to help forecast current or upcoming tropical cyclone impacts . The degree of a tropical cyclone rainfall impact depends upon speed of movement , storm size , and degree of vertical wind shear . One of the most significant threats from tropical cyclones is heavy rainfall . Large , slow moving , and non @-@ sheared tropical cyclones produce the heaviest rains . The intensity of a tropical cyclone appears to have little bearing on its potential for rainfall over land , but satellite measurements over the last several years show that more intense tropical cyclones produce noticeably more rainfall over water . Flooding from tropical cyclones remains a significant cause of fatalities , particularly in low @-@ lying areas .
= = Anticipating a flood event = =
While inland flooding is common to tropical cyclones , there are factors which lead to excessive rainfall from tropical cyclones . Slow motion , as was seen during Hurricane Danny ( 1997 ) and Hurricane Wilma , can lead to high amounts of rainfall . The presence of mountains / hills near the coast , like across much of Mexico , Haiti , the Dominican Republic , Central America , Madagascar , Réunion , China , and Japan acts to magnify rainfall potential due to forced upslope flow into the mountains . Strong upper level forcing from a trough moving through the Westerlies and its associated cold front , as was the case during Hurricane Floyd , can lead to high amounts even from systems moving at an average forward motion . Larger tropical cyclones drop more rainfall as they precipitate upon one spot for a longer time frame than average or small tropical cyclones . A combination of two of these factors could be especially crippling , as was seen during Hurricane Mitch in Central America . During the 2005 season , flooding related to slow @-@ moving Hurricane Stan 's broad circulation led to 1 @,@ 662 – 2 @,@ 000 deaths .
= = General distribution within a tropical cyclone = =
Isaac Cline was the first to investigate rainfall distribution around tropical cyclones in the early 1900s . He found that a larger proportion of rainfall falls in advance of the center ( or eye ) than after the center 's passage , with the highest percentage falling in the right front quadrant . Father Viñes of Cuba found that some tropical cyclones have their highest rainfall rates in the rear quadrant within a training ( non @-@ moving ) inflow band . Normally , as a tropical cyclone intensifies , its heavier rainfall rates become more concentrated around its center . Rainfall is found to be heaviest in tropical cyclone 's inner core , whether it be the eyewall or central dense overcast , within a degree latitude of the center , with lesser amounts farther away from the center . Most of the rainfall in tropical cyclones is concentrated within its radius of gale @-@ force ( 34 knots / 39 mph / 63 km / h ) winds . Rainfall is more common near the center of tropical cyclones overnight . Over land , outer bands are more active during the heating of the day , which can act to restrict inflow into the center of the cyclone . Recent studies have shown that half of the rainfall within a tropical cyclone is stratiform in nature . The chart to the right was developed by Riehl in 1954 using meteorological equations that assume a gale radius of about 140 miles ( 230 km ) , a fairly symmetric cyclone , and does not consider topographic effects or vertical wind shear . Local amounts can exceed this chart by a factor of two due to topography . Wind shear tends to lessen the amounts below what is shown on the table .
= = Relation to storm size = =
Larger tropical cyclones have larger rain shields , which can lead to higher rainfall amounts farther from the cyclone 's center . This is generally due to the longer time frame rainfall falls at any one spot in a larger system , when compared to a smaller system . Some of the difference seen concerning rainfall between larger and small storms could be the increased sampling of rainfall within a larger tropical cyclone when compared to that of a compact cyclone ; in other words , the difference could be the result of a statistical problem .
= = Slow / looping motion on rainfall magnitude = =
Storms which have moved slowly , or loop , over a succession of days lead to the highest rainfall amounts for several countries . Riehl calculated that 33 @.@ 97 inches ( 863 mm ) of rainfall per day can be expected within one @-@ half degree , or 35 miles ( 56 km ) , of the center of a mature tropical cyclone . Many tropical cyclones progress at a forward motion of 10 knots , which would limit the duration of this excessive rainfall to around one @-@ quarter of a day , which would yield about 8 @.@ 50 inches ( 216 mm ) of rainfall . This would be true over water , within 100 miles ( 160 km ) of the coastline , and outside topographic features . As a cyclone moves farther inland and is cut off from its supply of warmth and moisture ( the ocean ) , rainfall amounts from tropical cyclones and their remains decrease quickly .
= = Vertical wind shear impact on rainfall shield = =
Vertical wind shear forces the rainfall pattern around a tropical cyclone to become highly asymmetric , with most of the precipitation falling to the left and downwind of the shear vector , or downshear left . In other words , southwesterly shear forces the bulk of the rainfall north @-@ northeast of the center . If the wind shear is strong enough , the bulk of the rainfall will move away from the center leading to what is known as an exposed circulation center . When this occurs , the potential magnitude of rainfall with the tropical cyclone will be significantly reduced .
= = = Effect of interaction with frontal boundaries / upper level troughs = = =
As a tropical cyclone interacts with an upper @-@ level trough and the related surface front , a distinct northern area of precipitation is seen along the front ahead of the axis of the upper level trough . This type of interaction can lead to the appearance of the heaviest rainfall falling along and to the left of the tropical cyclone track , with the precipitation streaking hundreds of miles or kilometers downwind from the tropical cyclone . The stronger the upper trough picking up the tropical cyclone , the more significant the left of track shift in the rainfall distribution tends to be .
= = Mountains = =
Moist air forced up the slopes of coastal hills and mountain chains can lead to much heavier rainfall than in the coastal plain . This heavy rainfall can lead to landslides , which still cause significant loss of life such as seen during Hurricane Mitch in Central America .
= = Global distribution = =
Globally , tropical cyclone rainfall is more common across the northern hemisphere than across the southern hemisphere . This is mainly due to the normal annual tropical cyclone distribution , as between half and two @-@ thirds of all tropical cyclones form north of the equator . Rainfall is concentrated near the 15th parallel in both hemispheres , with a less steep dropoff seen with latitude across the northern hemisphere , due to the stronger warm water currents seen in that hemisphere which allow tropical cyclones to remain tropical in nature at higher latitudes than south of the equator . In the southern hemisphere , rainfall impacts will be most common between January and March , while north of the equator , tropical cyclone rainfall impacts are more common between June and November . Japan receives over half of its rainfall from typhoons .
= = United States tropical cyclone rainfall statistics = =
Between 1970 @-@ 2004 , inland flooding from tropical cyclones caused a majority of the fatalities in the United States . This statistic changed in 2005 , when Hurricane Katrina 's impact alone shifted the most deadly aspect of tropical cyclones back to storm surge , which has historically been the most deadly aspect of strong tropical cyclones . On average , five tropical cyclones of at least tropical depression strength lead to rainfall across the contiguous United States annually , contributing around a quarter of the annual rainfall to the southeast United States . While many of these storms form in the Atlantic Basin , some systems or their remnants move through Mexico from the Eastern Pacific Basin . The average storm total rainfall for a tropical cyclone impacting the lower 48 from the Atlantic Basin is about 16 inches ( 406 mm ) , with 70 – 75 percent of the storm total falling within a 24 @-@ hour period . The highest point total was seen during Amelia 1978 , when 48 inches ( 1 @,@ 218 mm ) fell upon central Texas .
= = = Printed media = = =
Ivan Ray Tannehill . Hurricanes . Princeton University Press : Princeton , 1942 .
Herbert Riehl . Tropical Meteorology . McGraw @-@ Hill Book Company , Inc . : New York , 1954 .
Terry Tucker . Beware the Hurricane ! Hamilton Press : Bermuda , 1966 .
= = Related external links = =
Individual Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for the United States and Mexico
Individual Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for Puerto Rico / U.S. Virgin Islands
Maximum amounts in the lower 48 United States by state
Typhoon Rainfall Statistics and Forecasting ( China )
Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2004
Are You Ready ? Hurricanes
= Ali Hewson =
Alison " Ali " Hewson ( née Stewart ; born 23 March 1961 ) is an Irish activist and businesswoman . She is the wife of singer and musician Paul Hewson , known as Bono , from the rock group U2 .
Raised in Raheny , she met her future husband at a young age at Mount Temple Comprehensive School and married him in 1982 . She was awarded a degree in politics and sociology from University College Dublin in 1989 . The couple have four children together and live at residences in Ireland , France , and the United States . She has inspired several U2 songs , most famously " Sweetest Thing " .
Hewson became involved in anti @-@ nuclear activism in the 1990s . She narrated Black Wind , White Land , a 1993 Irish documentary about the lasting effects of the Chernobyl disaster , and has worked closely with activist Adi Roche . She has been a patron of Chernobyl Children 's Project International since 1994 and has participated in a number of aid missions to the high @-@ radiation exclusion zones of Belarus . She has also campaigned against Sellafield , the northern English nuclear facility . In 2002 she helped lead an effort which sent more than a million postcards , urging the site be closed , to Prime Minister Tony Blair and others . Hewson has repeatedly been discussed by tabloid newspapers as a possible candidate for political offices , including President of Ireland . None of these suggestions have come to fruition .
Hewson is the co @-@ founder of two ethical businesses , the EDUN fashion line in 2005 and Nude Skincare products in 2007 . The former , intended to promote fair trade with Africa , has struggled to become a viable business . French conglomerate LVMH has made substantial investments into both companies .
= = Early life = =
Alison Stewart was born on 23 March 1961 , the daughter of Terry and Joy Stewart . She has an older brother , Ian , and nephew , aspiring model Ross Stewart , who both live in Australia . The Stewart family , who resided in the suburb of Raheny on Dublin 's Northside , raised their children as Protestants . Her father was a self @-@ educated electrical worker who , according to Hewson , was " constantly questioning " things . Her mother , who was a housewife , had a secretarial career in mind for her daughter .
Alison studied at Mount Temple Comprehensive School . At the age of twelve , she met Paul Hewson , who was in the year above at the school . He pursued her immediately , but she initially kept her distance , labeling him " an eejit " even though she secretly admired him . In September 1974 , Paul 's mother Iris died suddenly , leaving him emotionally adrift and in conflict with his father and brother . Soon after , Alison began taking care of Paul : cleaning his clothes , walking to school with him , and cooking for him . In September 1976 , Paul met the other members of what would become U2 ; the band members adopted nicknames , and Paul soon became known as Bono . At around the same time , he and Ali , as she was known , began dating , and soon became a steady couple in the Dublin area . It took Stewart a while to enjoy the band 's music , as her own tastes ran toward her father 's Frank Sinatra and Nat King Cole records .
At one point , the pair split up , but soon reunited . The relationship became more serious as she accompanied him in his efforts to break through in the music industry , and by 1979 they were discussing marriage , conditional upon his career becoming established . In the meantime she worked in a motor insurance company and in her father 's electrical business .
= = Marriage and family = =
Hewson married Bono on 21 August 1982 in a Church of Ireland ceremony at All Saints Church , Raheny . The ceremony combined rituals of both conventional Protestantism and the Shalom Friendship group that Bono and other U2 members had belonged to . In debt to U2 's record label , Island Records , the couple could not afford a honeymoon , but Island founder Chris Blackwell gave them use of the Goldeneye estate he owned in Jamaica . Having returned to Ireland , the couple moved to a small mews house in Howth , which they shared with the rest of U2 .
As the band broke through in popularity with the War Tour in 1983 , Ali Hewson did not readily adapt to the new circumstances . After seeing her with the group at a trendy Hollywood nightspot , journalist Ethlie Ann Vare commented that Ali looked " as out of place as a dairymaid in a brothel . " Although she had wanted to become a nurse , Hewson gave up on the notion , as the intense schooling required would have been incompatible with the direction that her husband 's life had taken . Instead she focused on studying in the social sciences , to give her an ability to understand social policy and make a difference to people , similar to what nursing would have enabled . By Bono 's own description , the marriage hit a period of strain in 1986 due to time commitments during the group 's recording of The Joshua Tree . Tensions continued in 1987 during the subsequent Joshua Tree Tour .
Ali received a degree in social science , politics and sociology from University College Dublin in 1989 at age 28 , giving birth to the couple 's first daughter , Jordan , two weeks before her final exams . Further plans to earn a master 's degree in moral and political ethics were derailed by the birth of their second daughter , Memphis Eve , in 1991 . Two sons , Elijah Bob Patricus Guggi Q and John Abraham , were born in 1999 and 2001 , respectively . Being effectively a single parent while U2 toured was difficult for Hewson , but she now found Bono helpful even at a distance .
= = Activism = =
In late 1985 , following U2 's participation in Live Aid , Bono and Hewson spent five weeks as aid volunteers in Ajibar during the 1983 – 1985 famine in Ethiopia . She saw children with no possessions and at risk of death ; despite this , to her they appeared more spiritually alive than those in Ireland who had material comforts but seemed spoiled and spiritually unaware . In 1986 , the couple travelled to strife @-@ torn areas in Nicaragua and El Salvador on a visit organised by Central American Mission Partners .
In 1992 , Hewson participated in Greenpeace protests against the Sellafield plant for nuclear reprocessing , located across the Irish Sea in Cumbria , England . She was especially set against the under @-@ construction Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant component being opened . She was aboard Greenpeace 's MV Solo when it staged a publicity @-@ oriented " raid " wherein the band members landed on the beach at the plant in rubber dinghies , but she said she had not been responsible for that particular protest .
This involvement led her to become interested in the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 . After a request by activist Adi Roche , she went to blighted , high @-@ radiation exclusion zones in Belarus for three weeks to narrate part of Black Wind , White Land . The 1993 Irish documentary , shown on RTÉ , highlighted the plight of fallout victims of the Chernobyl event . Hot Press magazine wrote that Hewson had " obvious gifts as a presenter , which include a sense of quiet compassion that draws forth the best from the people she talks with . " Another reviewer said that the documentary was very effective until she started speaking .
Since 1994 , Hewson has been a patron of Chernobyl Children 's Project International ( shortened to Chernobyl Children International in 2010 ) , an organisation founded and run by Roche that works with children , families , and communities that continue to be affected by Chernobyl . Through the years , Hewson has taken at least ten trips to Belarus and other nations in the region despite the risk to her health . She has organised overland aid convoys and sometimes driven ambulances filled with medical supplies herself ; in one case she had to retreat quickly when a fire spread in a village a few miles from Chernobyl . Hewson has made sure her own children met those from Chernobyl with birth deformities and other illnesses , so that they would have a broader appreciation of the world and what to be thankful for . She has said that fundraising for those affected is very difficult , given that many people believe the problems of Chernobyl are all in the past .
She was aware from the outset that her circumstances would make her vulnerable to " ladies who lunch " -style remarks ( sometimes made against women , married to wealthy , high @-@ profile men , who engage in charitable activities ) , but said , " People who criticise these women are probably giving into cynicism , and I think if you get cynical about life , you lose the real meaning of it . " In 2007 , she became a member of the board of directors for Chernobyl Children 's Project International , a role that would give her a voice in the organisation 's policy making . In 2009 , she staged a public abseil of the 17 @-@ storey Elysian Tower in Cork to raise funds for the organisation .
She returned to the Sellafield issue in 2002 , noting that while Ireland had no nuclear power plants itself , Belarus had been the most affected region even though Chernobyl was not in it , and that was " exactly what could happen in Ireland if there was an explosion at Sellafield . " In addition , she feared the ongoing low @-@ level emissions from Sellafield : " I started to wonder how safe it was for [ children ] to play on the beach or to swim in the sea or even to eat fish . " In the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks , she also viewed the plant as vulnerable to terrorists .
In April 2002 , Hewson was one of the leaders of an effort which delivered over a million postcards demanding that the facility be shut down ; recipients included British Prime Minister Tony Blair , Prince Charles , and Norman Askew , head of British Nuclear Fuels Limited . ( The message to the first said , " Tony , look me in the eye and tell me I 'm safe . " ) She personally delivered a giant postcard to Blair at 10 Downing Street . The Shut Sellafield Campaign had its postcards stocked in Superquinn and Dunnes Stores supermarkets , and Hewson publicly engaged Tesco when they refused to do the same . The campaign was backed by celebrities , including Ronan Keating and Samantha Mumba , and Hewson made many newspaper and radio appearances on its behalf . It was the first prolonged exposure Hewson had to the public eye , after two decades of mostly being focused upon maintaining her privacy . Her continued activism also meant that she too would not always be around for the couple 's children .
As the postcard effort was reaching its peak , tabloid newspapers speculated that the Labour Party wanted to put Hewson up for the Irish presidential election of 2004 , with the Daily Mirror quoting an unnamed party insider as saying , " She 's a mother of four but she has always had world issues at heart and she 'd make the perfect candidate . " ( Labour had succeeded with its candidate Mary Robinson in the 1990 election but came in fourth with Roche in the 1997 election . ) Hewson stated that she had not been approached , and that " It 's not a serious proposition . It would obviously be a huge honour if I was asked to take on such a huge task , but for one thing I 'm not sure I 'm qualified , and for another I 've got four small kids to bring up first . " She also expressed contentment with incumbent President Mary McAleese staying for another term . She jokingly added that she could not see Bono agreeing to live in a smaller house . Hewson received a media mention two years later as a possible Social Democratic and Labour Party candidate in the 2004 European Parliament elections after John Hume had stood down . The notion of her running for Irish president came up again in 2008 in conjunction with the 2011 election ; columnist Fiona Looney wrote in the Daily Mail that while " she is certainly a decent and smart woman " , the position was better held by someone with a stronger background and more diplomatic experience . Hewson demurred once more , saying she did not speak the Irish language well enough , this time adding humorously that she could not see her husband being willing to walk behind her at events . The candidate that Labour did put up , Michael D. Higgins , won the post . Notwithstanding this speculation , Hewson generally shies away from political comments in the media .
Hewson has long advocated for a children 's museum for Ireland , inspired by a positive experience her daughters had at the Dallas Children 's Museum in the mid @-@ 1990s . In 2003 , plans were announced to build the so @-@ called Exploration Station as part of an overall € 500 million Heuston Gate development project near the Dublin Heuston railway station . The children @-@ oriented science centre was to be owned by the Irish Children 's Museum charitable trust , with Hewson as a prominent member of the museum . Hewson said , " Seeing as we 're nearly the last European country in on it , we can learn from children 's museums already up and running and expand on them . " However , over the next few years the science centre faced significant cost overruns in the planning stages and a possible European Commission investigation into how the Office of Public Works had handled the awarding of the contract for it . The effects of the financial crisis of 2007 – 2008 then put a halt to the entire Heuston Gate project . As of November 2012 , there were no signs that the Heuston Gate or science centre projects would be revived .
In 2015 Hewson signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini @-@ Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .
= = Business career = =
In 2005 , Hewson , Bono and designer Rogan Gregory co @-@ founded the EDUN fashion label . It was intended to help bring about positive change in Africa through a fair trade @-@ based relationship rather than by direct aid . Another aim of the label was to set an ethical example in an industry they felt had long exploited child labour . She said they wanted " to show that you can make a for @-@ profit business where everybody in the chain is treated well . " Hewson had not been particularly interested in fashion prior to this undertaking .
Hewson emphasised that Edun would have to be profitable to be considered a success , but in this it struggled . She later admitted that the couple were naive about what it takes to make a successful fashion enterprise . Edun encountered problems with both quality of goods and delivery times from their African suppliers , and most of the stores originally carrying the line dropped it . It lost € 9 @.@ 7 million in 2007 and € 12 @.@ 8 million in 2008 , suffering along with the rest of the apparel sector from the credit crisis of 2008 .
After the couple had put $ 20 million of their own funds into the venture , they sold 49 percent of it to French conglomerate LVMH in 2009 . The relaunched Edun featured Sharon Wauchob as its new chief designer . By 2010 , the company had outsourced much of the manufacturing for its new fashion line to China , generating some negative reactions , while simpler garments were still African @-@ made . Hewson said that business realities compelled this action , but that she hoped more work could be done in Africa in the future . Hewson devoted a large amount of time to Edun , saying in 2011 , " I think [ the fashion industry ] is the toughest business there is , " and that despite the obstacles and struggles , " you just keep going . " The proposition remained difficult , however , and Edun lost € 6 @.@ 8 million in 2011 and € 5 @.@ 9 million in 2012 . The Hewsons said the company was in an investment phase and they were satisfied with the five @-@ year strategic business plan underway .
Hewson is also co @-@ founder , along with Bryan Meehan , of Nude skincare – a luxury , natural skincare company . Established in 2007 , the venture sought to combine ethical principles and environmentally friendly , yet chic , packaging , with a high @-@ performance product based on probiotics and omega oils .
In 2009 , Hewson brought legal action in England against Stella McCartney for bringing out Stella Nude , a new eau de toilette version of the Stella perfume , saying that it amounted to copyright infringement of her own Nude Skincare . Hewson lost in the High Court when Mr Justice Floyd ruled against her .
In February 2011 , LVMH purchased 70 percent of Nude skincare . The following year , Hewson said that being part of a much larger corporation gave them research and development resources that they previously lacked and a more focused approach to marketing . She added , " It took us much longer to get here than we anticipated . But we still have very big ambitions for the brand to go much farther . " Hewson herself has pale skin and very dark hair , wears little jewellery , and has eschewed cosmetic surgery . The Evening Standard described Hewson 's style as " the antithesis of bling " and columnist Amanda Brunker wrote that at age 50 her attractive appearance " seems to defy all the odds " given her hectic lifestyle .
= = Hewson and U2 = =
Hewson has served as at least partial inspiration for many Bono @-@ authored U2 songs , going back to the track " Another Time , Another Place " from their 1980 début album Boy . She helped Bono get through a bad period of writer 's block during the lead @-@ up to the 1983 War album , particularly in the composition of the lyrics to " Sunday Bloody Sunday " . She inspired the personal themes in " New Year 's Day " , from the same record . That album and the accompanying War Tour brought financial success to the band , and Bono and Hewson moved into a three @-@ level , three @-@ room Martello tower in Bray . The group 's 1984 song " Promenade " reflects both that location and the spiritual aspects of his desire for her .
The U2 song " Sweetest Thing " was written for Hewson as a gift because Bono forgot her birthday whilst recording with the band during The Joshua Tree sessions . Originally released as a B @-@ side in 1987 , it was later re @-@ recorded and released as a single from the compilation album The Best of 1980 – 1990 in 1998 . Hewson agreed to appear in the single 's music video as long as all proceeds from it went to Chernobyl Children 's Project .
Bono wrote the lyric of the 1988 song " All I Want Is You " as a meditation on the idea of commitment . He later said , " [ It ] ' s clearly about a younger version of myself and my relationship with Ali , " and added that by nature he was a wanderer , not a family man , and that " The only reason I 'm here is because I met someone so extraordinary that I just couldn 't let that go . " U2 lyrics usually have several possible levels of interpretation , and it is not always possible to definitively ascribe Hewson 's influence upon them , but music writer Niall Stokes believes that inspiration from Hewson is pronounced throughout the group 's 1997 album Pop , particularly on " Staring at the Sun " , which he believes reflects her Chernobyl Children 's Project involvement and the feelings of both danger and hopefulness that it triggered in Bono . Stokes also believes that the 2000 song " When I Look at the World " is an explicit acknowledgement of Hewson 's strength and commitment as exemplified by that Chernobyl work , while others think it is about Jesus or God . Bono has seemed to deflect those interpretations , saying that song is in part a hard @-@ edged look at himself from the eyes of one losing faith . In any case , Bono has said that he does not feel constrained in his writing or interviews by what Hewson might think , as " [ she ] doesn 't read newspapers . Or listen to the radio . There 's a mysterious distance between us . " Not known for being musical herself , Hewson did perform Lady Gaga 's " Telephone " , as a duet with her husband , to serenade their daughter Eve at her 21st birthday celebration at a club in Las Vegas in 2012 .
Hewson and her family live in Killiney , in south County Dublin , in a mansion and grounds that overlook the Irish Sea and that have been expanded by purchasing the adjoining property . Bill Clinton and Salman Rushdie are among those who have stayed at the guest house there . With U2 bandmate The Edge , the couple co @-@ own a 20 @-@ room villa in Èze in the Alpes @-@ Maritimes in the south of France , where Bono and Hewson often mix with top celebrities . Hewson in particular has been friendly with several supermodels , which she uses to her advantage when booking charity events . Bono and Hewson also own a $ 14 @.@ 5 million penthouse apartment at The San Remo on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , which they purchased from Steve Jobs . By 2011 , the couple 's fortune was placed at € 572 million .
While her husband has provoked a variety of critical responses , some negative ; assessments of Hewson have generally been favourable , characterising her as down @-@ to @-@ earth . She views herself as " not a typical rock star wife " . Their marriage has been considered one of the most long @-@ lived and stable in the entertainment world . She does have to deal with the psychological effects of her husband coming off tour and readjusting to domestic life . After the extended 1992 – 1993 Zoo TV Tour , full of sensory overloads and alternate stage personae for Bono , the couple began a practice of hosting Sunday lunches at home , to establish a sense of regular , ordinary activities . The family became fixtures at Sunday services in Killiney as well , with a bond of Christianity still existing between the couple . She has stated , " I 've no desire to be a star , " seeing the effect intense public attention has had on both her husband and on Adi Roche . While she dislikes being referred to as " Bono 's wife " , she has said , " [ ... ] I really don 't have a big problem with my own identity , because I am a very private person , so I 've always let Bono take the brunt of anything that was coming along . He is happy to do that ; I am quite happy to make my own way around things . "
= = Awards and honours = =
The Cranberries ' 2001 song " Time Is Ticking Out " was inspired by Hewson 's work with Chernobyl Children 's Project . In 2002 , Hewson received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the National University of Ireland for her work on environmental issues , particularly the Chernobyl Children 's Project . Bono and Ali Hewson were given the Council of Fashion Designers of America board of directors ' Special Tribute Award in 2007 for their humanitarian work via the Edun clothing line . Hewson was also voted Sexiest Celebrity Other Half in a 2008 poll by entertainment.ie.
= Weather =
Weather is the state of the atmosphere , to the degree that it is hot or cold , wet or dry , calm or stormy , clear or cloudy . Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere , just below the stratosphere . Weather refers to day @-@ to @-@ day temperature and precipitation activity , whereas climate is the term for the statistics of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time . When used without qualification , " weather " is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth .
Weather is driven by air pressure , temperature and moisture differences between one place and another . These differences can occur due to the sun 's angle at any particular spot , which varies by latitude from the tropics . The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream . Weather systems in the mid @-@ latitudes , such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow . Because the Earth 's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane , sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year . On Earth 's surface , temperatures usually range ± 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F to 100 ° F ) annually . Over thousands of years , changes in Earth 's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth , thus influencing long @-@ term climate and global climate change .
Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences . Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes due to differences in compressional heating . Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location . The system is a chaotic system ; so small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole . Human attempts to control the weather have occurred throughout human history , and there is evidence that human activities such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns .
Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth . A famous landmark in the Solar System , Jupiter 's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years . However , weather is not limited to planetary bodies . A star 's corona is constantly being lost to space , creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System . The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind .
= = Causes = =
On Earth , the common weather phenomena include wind , cloud , rain , snow , fog and dust storms . Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes , hurricanes , typhoons and ice storms . Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere ( the lower part of the atmosphere ) . Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere , but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood .
Weather occurs primarily due to air pressure , temperature and moisture differences between one place to another . These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot , which varies by latitude from the tropics . In other words , the farther from the tropics one lies , the lower the sun angle is , which causes those locations to be cooler due to the indirect sunlight . The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream . Weather systems in the mid @-@ latitudes , such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow ( see baroclinity ) . Weather systems in the tropics , such as monsoons or organized thunderstorm systems , are caused by different processes .
Because the Earth 's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane , sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year . In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun , so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December ( see Effect of sun angle on climate ) . This effect causes seasons . Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years , changes in Earth 's orbital parameters affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long @-@ term climate . ( See Milankovitch cycles ) .
The uneven solar heating ( the formation of zones of temperature and moisture gradients , or frontogenesis ) can also be due to the weather itself in the form of cloudiness and precipitation . Higher altitudes are typically cooler than lower altitudes , which is explained by the lapse rate . In some situations , the temperature actually increases with height . This phenomenon is known as an inversion and can cause mountaintops to be warmer than the valleys below . Inversions can lead to the formation of fog and often act as a cap that suppresses thunderstorm development . On local scales , temperature differences can occur because different surfaces ( such as oceans , forests , ice sheets , or man @-@ made objects ) have differing physical characteristics such as reflectivity , roughness , or moisture content .
Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences . A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure . The resulting horizontal pressure gradient moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions , creating a wind , and the Earth 's rotation then causes deflection of this air flow due to the Coriolis effect . The simple systems thus formed can then display emergent behaviour to produce more complex systems and thus other weather phenomena . Large scale examples include the Hadley cell while a smaller scale example would be coastal breezes .
The atmosphere is a chaotic system , so small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole . This makes it difficult to accurately predict weather more than a few days in advance , though weather forecasters are continually working to extend this limit through the scientific study of weather , meteorology . It is theoretically impossible to make useful day @-@ to @-@ day predictions more than about two weeks ahead , imposing an upper limit to potential for improved prediction skill .
= = Shaping the planet Earth = =
Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape the Earth . The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances . During rains precipitation , the water droplets absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the surrounding air . This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic , which aids the erosive properties of water . The released sediment and chemicals are then free to take part in chemical reactions that can affect the surface further ( such as acid rain ) , and sodium and chloride ions ( salt ) deposited in the seas / oceans . The sediment may reform in time and by geological forces into other rocks and soils . In this way , weather plays a major role in erosion of the surface .
= = Global Weather Video for Year 2015 = =
EUMETSAT created " A Year in Weather 2015 " a narrated video of the earth 's weather photographed from weather satellites for the entire year 2015 . Geostationary satellite photographs from EUMETSAT , the Japan Meteorological Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration were assembled to show weather changing on earth for 365 days in a time lapse video .
= = Major wind and pressure systems and related weather = =
= = Effect on humans = =
Weather , seen from an anthropological perspective , is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses , at least while being outside . There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is , what makes it change , the effect it has on humans in different situations , etc . Therefore , weather is something people often communicate about .
= = = Effects on populations = = =
Weather has played a large and sometimes direct part in human history . Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations ( for example the desertification of the Middle East , and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods ) , extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events . One such event is the saving of Japan from invasion by the Mongol fleet of Kublai Khan by the Kamikaze winds in 1281 . French claims to Florida came to an end in 1565 when a hurricane destroyed the French fleet , allowing Spain to conquer Fort Caroline . More recently , Hurricane Katrina redistributed over one million people from the central Gulf coast elsewhere across the United States , becoming the largest diaspora in the history of the United States .
The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe . The 1690s saw the worst famine in France since the Middle Ages . Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696 – 1697 , during which about one @-@ third of the Finnish population died .
= = Forecasting = =
Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location . Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia , and formally since at least the nineteenth century . Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve .
Once an all @-@ human endeavor based mainly upon changes in barometric pressure , current weather conditions , and sky condition , forecast models are now used to determine future conditions . Human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon , which involves pattern recognition skills , teleconnections , knowledge of model performance , and knowledge of model biases . The chaotic nature of the atmosphere , the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere , error involved in measuring the initial conditions , and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as the difference in current time and the time for which the forecast is being made ( the range of the forecast ) increases . The use of ensembles and model consensus helps to narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome .
There are a variety of end users to weather forecasts . Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property . Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture , and therefore to commodity traders within stock markets . Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days . On an everyday basis , people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day . Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain , snow and the wind chill , forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events , and to plan ahead and survive them .
= = Modification = =
The aspiration to control the weather is evident throughout human history : from ancient rituals intended to bring rain for crops to the U.S. Military Operation Popeye , an attempt to disrupt supply lines by lengthening the North Vietnamese monsoon . The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve cloud seeding ; they include the fog- and low stratus dispersion techniques employed by major airports , techniques used to increase winter precipitation over mountains , and techniques to suppress hail . A recent example of weather control was China 's preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games . China shot 1 @,@ 104 rain dispersal rockets from 21 sites in the city of Beijing in an effort to keep rain away from the opening ceremony of the games on 8 August 2008 . Guo Hu , head of the Beijing Municipal Meteorological Bureau ( BMB ) , confirmed the success of the operation with 100 millimeters falling in Baoding City of Hebei Province , to the southwest and Beijing 's Fangshan District recording a rainfall of 25 millimeters .
Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques ' efficacy , there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification :
Acid rain , caused by industrial emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere , adversely affects freshwater lakes , vegetation , and structures .
Anthropogenic pollutants reduce air quality and visibility .
Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought , extreme temperatures , flooding , high winds , and severe storms . However , some experts argue these claims are unfounded and take issue with these conclusions .
Heat , generated by large metropolitan areas have been shown to minutely affect nearby weather , even at distances as far as 1 @,@ 600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) .
The effects of inadvertent weather modification may pose serious threats to many aspects of civilization , including ecosystems , natural resources , food and fiber production , economic development , and human health .
= = Microscale meteorology = =
Microscale meteorology is the study of short @-@ lived atmospheric phenomena smaller than mesoscale , about 1 km or less . These two branches of meteorology are sometimes grouped together as " mesoscale and microscale meteorology " ( MMM ) and together study all phenomena smaller than synoptic scale ; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a weather map . These include small and generally fleeting cloud " puffs " and other small cloud features .
= = Extremes on Earth = =
On Earth , temperatures usually range ± 40 ° C ( 100 ° F to − 40 ° F ) annually . The range of climates and latitudes across the planet can offer extremes of temperature outside this range . The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth is − 89 @.@ 2 ° C ( − 128 @.@ 6 ° F ) , at Vostok Station , Antarctica on 21 July 1983 . The hottest air temperature ever recorded was 57 @.@ 7 ° C ( 135 @.@ 9 ° F ) at ' Aziziya , Libya , on 13 September 1922 , but that reading is queried . The highest recorded average annual temperature was 34 @.@ 4 ° C ( 93 @.@ 9 ° F ) at Dallol , Ethiopia . The coldest recorded average annual temperature was − 55 @.@ 1 ° C ( − 67 @.@ 2 ° F ) at Vostok Station , Antarctica .
The coldest average annual temperature in a permanently inhabited location is at Eureka , Nunavut , in Canada , where the annual average temperature is − 19 @.@ 7 ° C ( − 3 @.@ 5 ° F ) .
= = Extraterrestrial within the Solar System = =
Studying how the weather works on other planets has been seen as helpful in understanding how it works on Earth . Weather on other planets follows many of the same physical principles as weather on Earth , but occurs on different scales and in atmospheres having different chemical composition . The Cassini – Huygens mission to Titan discovered clouds formed from methane or ethane which deposit rain composed of liquid methane and other organic compounds . Earth 's atmosphere includes six latitudinal circulation zones , three in each hemisphere . In contrast , Jupiter 's banded appearance shows many such zones , Titan has a single jet stream near the 50th parallel north latitude , and Venus has a single jet near the equator .
One of the most famous landmarks in the Solar System , Jupiter 's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years . On other gas giants , the lack of a surface allows the wind to reach enormous speeds : gusts of up to 600 metres per second ( about 2 @,@ 100 km / h or 1 @,@ 300 mph ) have been measured on the planet Neptune . This has created a puzzle for planetary scientists . The weather is ultimately created by solar energy and the amount of energy received by Neptune is only about 1 ⁄ 900 of that received by Earth , yet the intensity of weather phenomena on Neptune is far greater than on Earth . The strongest planetary winds discovered so far are on the extrasolar planet HD 189733 b , which is thought to have easterly winds moving at more than 9 @,@ 600 kilometres per hour ( 6 @,@ 000 mph ) .
= = Space weather = =
Weather is not limited to planetary bodies . Like all stars , the sun 's corona is constantly being lost to space , creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System . The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind . Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star , such as coronal mass ejections , form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems ( such as pressure and wind ) and is generally known as space weather . Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the solar system as Saturn . The activity of this system can affect planetary atmospheres and occasionally surfaces . The interaction of the solar wind with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular aurorae , and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as electricity grids and radio signals .
= Deshastha Brahmin =
Deshastha Brahmins are a Hindu Brahmin subcaste mainly from the Indian state of Maharashtra and northern area of the state of Karnataka . The word Deshastha derives from the Sanskrit deśa ( inland , country ) and stha ( resident ) , literally translating to " residents of the country " . The valleys of the Krishna and the Godavari rivers , and a part of Deccan plateau adjacent to the Sahyadri hills , are collectively termed the Desha – the original home of the Deshastha Brahmins .
Over the millennia , the community produced the eighth century Sanskrit scholar Bhavabhuti , the thirteenth century Varkari saint and philosopher Dnyaneshwar , and Samarth Ramdas . All of the Peshwas during Chhatrapati Shivaji 's and Sambhaji 's reign were Deshasthas .
Brahmins constitute four percent of Maharashtra 's population , and 60 percent of them are Deshastha Brahmins . The second largest Maharashtrian Brahmin community , the Konkanastha Brahmins , who historically lagged the Deshastha Brahmins socioeconomically and in Brahmin rituals achieved parity with them in the nepotistic era that followed the passing of the seat of the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire into Konkanastha hands in 1713 . This era marked a period of social warfare between the two Brahmin sub @-@ castes .
= = Classification = =
The Hindu caste system is first mentioned in the ancient Hindu scriptures like the Vedas and the Upanishads . Various sub @-@ classifications of the caste system exist , many based on the geographical origin of the caste .
Deshastha Brahmins fall under the Pancha Dravida Brahmin classification of the Brahmin community in India . Other Brahmin sub @-@ castes in the region are Karhade Brahmin , Devrukhe , Konkanastha and Goud Saraswat Brahmin , but these sub @-@ castes only have a regional significance . Goud Saraswat Brahmins fall under the Pancha Gauda Brahmin classification , i.e. North Indian Brahmins . The Vedas are the world 's oldest texts that are still used in worship and they are the oldest literature of India . Four Vedas exists of which the Rig Veda is the oldest . They were handed down from one generation of Brahmins to the next verbally and memorised by each generation . They were written down sometime around 400 BC . Other Vedas include the Yajur Veda , the Atharva Veda and the Sama Veda . Two different versions of the Yajur Veda exist , the White ( Shukla in Sanskrit ) and the black or ( Krishna in Sanskrit ) . The Shukla Yajur Veda has a two different branches ( Shakha in Sanakrit ) called the Kanva and the Madhyandin . Deshastha Brahmins are further classified in two major sub @-@ sects , the Deshashatha Rigvedi and the Deshastha Yajurvedi , based on the Veda they follow . The Yajurvedis are further classified into two groups called the Madhyandins and the Kanavas . The Madhyandins follow the Madhyandin branch of the Shukla Yajur Veda . The word Madhyandin is a fusion of two words Madhya and din which mean middle and day respectively . They are so called because they perform Sandhya Vandana at noon . Almost without exception , the several regional groups of the Madhyandin Brahmins are indistinguishable from the Kshatriya Marathas due to similar physical features . A similar study of four groups that have been resident in Mumbai and surrounding areas for generations , using blood group markers , found the Deshastha Rigvedi and the Marathas to be genetically closer to each other than to the Gujarati Patel and the Parsi communities . Kannav Brahmins were traditionally located in and around Nasik , and they call themselves Prathamshakhis or followers of the first branch of the White Yajurved . The Madhyandin Yajurvedis arrived in the Nashik district of Maharashtra from Gujarat about 500 years ago .
Recently , the Yajurvedi Madhyandin and Yajurvedi Kannava Brahmins have been colloquially being referred to as Deshastha Yajurvedi Madhyandin and Deshastha Yajurvedi Kannava , although not all have traditionally lived or belonged to the Desh .
The Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins are treated as a separate and distinct caste from the Yajurvedi Madhyandina and Kannavas Brhamins by several authors , including Malhotra , Karve and Wilson .
There is a significant Deshashta population in the state of Karnataka , and here , the sub @-@ classification of Deshastha Brahmins is based on the type of Hindu philosophical system they follow . These are the Deshastha Madhva Brahmins who follow the teachings of Madhvacharya and the Deshastha Smartha Brahmins who follow the teachings of Adi Shankaracharya . The surnames of these North Kanataka based , Kannada speaking Deshastha Brahmins , can be identical to those of Maharashtrian Deshastha Brahmins , for example , they have last names like Kulkarni , Deshpande and Joshi . Intermarriages are allowed between the Karnatak Brahmans and the Deshasthas and so the classification of the Southern India Brahmans into the Maharashtra , the Andhra ( Telugu ) and the Karnatic are in this respect , more of a provincial or linguistic character than an ethnographic one .
= = = Castes claiming to be Deshasthas = = =
The Golak or Govardhans , follow the customs of the Deshasthas and claim to be Deshasthas . The other Brahmins traditionally did not accept this , and the Deshasthas did not socialise and intermingle with them . The Maharashtra State Gazetteer records the Golak or Govardhan as being considered degraded because they sold their cows instead of rearing them . Traditionally , the caste headman was generally someone with a smattering of Sanskrit and was called a Vedia . They were the earliest settlers in and around Nasik . Golaks are divided into Kunda Golak and Randa Golak , both of whom are descendants of illegitimate offsprings of Brahmins . The Kunda Golak are the offsprings of the adultery between a Brahmin father and a Brahmin woman who is not his legally wedded wife . The Randa Golaks are similar to the Kunda Golak in their origin , with the difference that they are the illegitimate descendants of Brahmin widows . Both do not accept new illegitimate Brahmins in their caste . Traditional occupations of both Kunda and Randa Golaks are generally shopkeepers , astrologers and cultivators . They are sometimes also called Gomukha Brahmins .
= = Demographics = =
Brahmins constitute 4 percent of the population of Maharashtra , and 60 percent of them are Deshastha Brahmins . The valleys of the Krishna and the Godavari rivers , and the plateaus of the Sahyadri hills , are collectively called the Desha – the original home of the Deshastha Brahmins . Traditional social studies and recent genetic studies show Deshastha Brahmin to be ethnically indistinguishable from the population of Maharashtra . In his report on the 1901 census , Sir Herbert Hope Risley classified many castes from Western India including Maratha , Brahman and Kunbis as belonging to the Scytho @-@ Dravidian type .
The Deshastha Brahmins are equally distributed all through the state of Maharashtra , ranging from villages to urban areas . Marathi speaking Deshastha can also be found in large numbers outside Maharashtra such as in the cities of Indore , Gwalior , Baroda and Thanjavur , which were a part of or were influenced by , the Maratha Empire . The Deshastha Brahmins of Baroda are immigrants who came from the Desh for State service during the rule of Gaekwads .
The military settlers ( of Thanjavur ) included both Brahmins and Marathas , and by reason of their isolation from their distant home , the sub @-@ divisions which separated these castes in their mother @-@ country were forgotten , and they were all welded together under the common name of Deshasthas . The Brahmin migrants and the Maratha migrants both call themselves " Deshasthas " as both groups migrated to Tanjore from the Desh region of Maharashtra , but till today maintain their separate identities , despite the common " Deshastha " tag . Today 's Marathi speaking Thanjavur population are descendants of the Marathi speaking immigrants who immigrated to Tamil Nadu in the 17th and 18th centuries . The isolation from their homeland has almost made them culturally and linguistically alien to Brahmins in Maharashtra . For example , Thanjavur Marathi would sound as a strange mixture of Marathi and Tamil to a Maharashtrian in Pune and would hardly be intelligible to him . Likewise a Tanjore Maharashtrian would find it difficult to follow Pune Marathi . Tanjore Maharashtrian Brahmins who call themselves Deshasthas maintain their distinct brahminical identity which can be seen in their religious and wedding customs . Almost all their customs can be traced to the practices conducted by the early Maharashtrian settlers of Tanjore . They belong to two major groups , the Madhwa Deshastha Brahmins and Smartha Deshastha Brahmins . Arranged marriages between these two groups are common . Both these sub @-@ groups do not conduct arranged marriages with the Maratha caste of Tanjavur . However , Madhwa Deshastha Brahmins and Smartha Deshastha Brahmins of Tanjavur conduct arranged marriages with Madhwa Kannada Brahmins and Smartha Kannada Brahmins . In 2000 , a 90 @-@ year @-@ old community member estimated that there had been 500 Marathi families in a particular neighbourhood of Tanjavur in 1950 , of which only 50 remained in 2000 .
= = History = =
The word Deshastha comes from the Sanskrit words Desha and Stha , which mean inland or country and resident respectively . Fused together , the two words literally mean " residents of the country " . Deshastha are the Maharashtrian Brahmin community with the longest known history , making them the original and the oldest Hindu Brahmin sub @-@ caste from the Indian state of Maharashtra . The Deshastha community may be as old as the Vedas , as vedic literature describes people strongly resembling Deshasthas . This puts Deshastha presence on the Desh between 1100 – 1700 BC , thus making the history of the Deshastha Brahmins older than that of their mother tongue of Marathi , which itself originated in 1000 AD . As the original Brahmins of Maharashtra , the Deshasthas have been held in the greatest esteem in Maharashtra and they have considered themselves superior to other Brahmins . The history of Maharashtra before the 12th century is quite sparse , but Deshastha history is well documented . The traditional occupation of the Deshasthas was that of priesthood at the Hindu temples or at socio @-@ religious ceremonies . Records show that most of the religious and literary leaders since the 13th century have been Deshasthas . In addition to being village priests , most of the village accountants belonged to the Deshastha caste . Priests at the famous Vitthal temple in Pandharpur are Deshastha , as are the priests in many of Pune 's temples . Other traditional occupations included village revenue officials , academicians , astrologer , administrators and practitioners of Ayurvedic medicine . Deshasthas who study the vedas are called Vaidika , astrologers are called Jyotishi or Joshi , and practitioners of medical science are called Vaidyas , and reciters of the puranas are called Puraniks . Some are also engaged in farming . An author recorded in 1896 that Deshasthas have been and still continue to be , the great Pandits in almost every branch of Sanskrit learning . According to the Anthropological Survey of India , the Deshasthas are a progressive community and some of them have taken to white collar jobs . The Deshastha Brahmins helped build the Maratha Empire and once built , helped in its administration . Deshasthas have contributed to the fields of Sanskrit and Marathi literature , mathematics , and philosophy .
= = = Mathematics , philosophy and literature = = =
Deshasthas produced prominent literary figures in Maharashtra between the 13th and the 19th centuries . The great Sanskrit scholar Bhavabhuti was a Deshastha Brahmin who lived around 700 AD in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra . His works of high Sanskrit poetry and plays are only equalled by those of Kalidasa . Two of his best known plays are Mahāvīracarita and Mālatī Mādhava . Mahaviracarita is a work on the early life of the Hindu god Rama , whereas Malati Madhava is a love story between Malati and her lover Madhava , which has a happy ending after several twists and turns . Mukund Raj was another poet from the community who lived in the 13th century and is said to be the first poet who composed in Marathi . He is known for the Viveka @-@ Siddhi and Parammrita which are metaphysical , pantheistic works connected with orthodox Vedantism . Other well known Deshastha literary scholars of the 17th century were Mukteshwar and Shridhar . Mukteshwar was the grandson of Eknath and is the most distinguished poet in the ovi meter . He is most known for translating the Mahabharata and the Ramayana in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost . Shridhar Kulkarni came from near Pandharpur and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent . Other major literary contributors of the 17th and the 18th century were Vaman Pandit , Mahipati , Amritaraya , Anant Phandi and Ramjoshi .
The 17th century mathematician Kamalakara , was a forward @-@ looking astronomer @-@ mathematician who studied Hindu , Greek and Arabic astronomy . His most important work was the Siddhanta @-@ Tattvaviveka . He studied and agreed with Ptolemaic notions of the planetary systems . He was the first and the only traditional astronomer to present geometrical optics . Kamalakara proposed a new Prime Meridian which passed through the imaginary city of Khaladatta , and provided a table of latitudes and longitudes for 24 cities within and outside of India .
The Deshastha community has produced several saints and philosophers . Most important of these were Dnyaneshwar , Eknath and Ramdas . The most revered of all Bhakti saints , Dnyaneshwar was universally acclaimed for his commentary on the Bhagvad Gita . He lived in the 13th century . Eknath was yet another Bhakti saint who published an extensive poem called the Eknathi Bhagwat in the 16th century . Other works of Eknath include the Bhavartha Ramayana , the Rukmini Swayamwara and the Swatma Sukha . The 17th century saw the Dasbodh of the saint Samarth Ramdas , who was also the spiritual adviser to Shivaji .
= = = Military and administration = = =
Most of Shivaji 's principal Brahmin officers were Deshasthas . Some important contributors were warriors like Neelkanth Sarnaik , Keso Narayan Deshpande , Rahuji Somanath , Balaji and Chimnaji Deshpande of Pune , Ragho Ballal Atre , Moropant Pingale , Annaji Dato Sabnis and Melgiri Pandit . At one point in Maratha Empire , seven of eight Ashtapradhans came from the community which included important posts of Panditrao ( ecclesiastical head ) and Nyayadhish ( chief justice ) . The Deshasthas were the natural leaders in the era of the foundation of the Maratha empire . Most importantly , all of the Peshwas during Shivaji 's time were Deshasthas . In 1713 , Balaji Vishwanath Bhat was appointed as the fifth Peshwa and the seat of Peshwa remained in Konkanastha hands until the fall of the Maratha Empire . In order to obtain the loyalty of the powerful Deshastha Brahmins , the Konkanastha Peshwas established a system of patronage for Brahmin scholars .
The Konkanastha Peshwa Baji Rao I who coveted conquering Vasai or Bassein , sent an enovy to the Portuguese governor of Bassein . The governor , Luís Botelho , insulted the envoy by calling Baji Rao a nigger . The Peshwa then deployed his brother , Chimaji Appa in the conquest of Vasai . This was a hard fought battle with the British supplying the Portuguese with advice and the Marathas with equipment . Khanduji Mankar of the Pathare Prabhu caste and Antaji Raghunath , a Yajurvedi Brahmin , both played important roles in the battle . After the victory in 1739 , the Jagir of Vasai was promised to Antaji Raghunath , but the promise was not kept by the Konkanastha Peshwas , who instead harassed the Yajurvedis . Fed up with the humiliation , the Yajurvedi Brahmins migrated to Mumbai along with the Pathare Prabhus to work for the British .
= = Society and culture = =
The majority of Deshasthas speak Marathi , one of the major languages of the mainly northern Indo @-@ Aryan language group . The major dialects of Marathi are called Standard Marathi and Warhadi Marathi . Standard Marathi is the official language of the State of Maharashtra . The language of Pune 's Deshastha Brahmins has been considered to be the standard Marathi language and the pronunciation of the Deshastha Rigvedi is given prominence . There are a few other sub @-@ dialects like Ahirani , Dangi , Samavedi , Khandeshi and Chitpavani Marathi . There are no inherently nasalised vowels in standard Marathi whereas the Chitpavani dialect of Marathi does have nasalised vowels .
By tradition , like other Brahmin communities of Southern India , Deshastha Brahmins are lacto vegetarian . Typical Deshastha cuisine consists of the simple varan made from tuvar dal . Metkut , a powdered mixture of several dals and a few spices is also a part of traditional Deshastha cuisine . Deshastha use black spice mix or kala , literally black , masala , in cooking . Traditionally , each family had their own recipe for the spice mix . However , this tradition is dying out as modern households buy pre @-@ packaged mixed spice directly from supermarkets . Puran poli for festivals and on the first day of the two @-@ day marriage is another Marathi Brahmin special dish .
Most middle aged and young women in urban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or shalwar kameez with the traditionally nauvari or nine @-@ yard sari , disappearing from the markets due to a lack of demand . Older women wear the five @-@ yard sari . Traditionally , Brahmin women in Maharashtra , unlike those of other castes , did not cover their head with the end of their saree . In urban areas , the five @-@ yard sari is worn by younger women for special occasions such as marriages and religious ceremonies . Maharashtrian brides prefer the very Maharashtrian saree – the Paithani – for their wedding day .
In early to mid 20th century , Deshastha men used to wear a black cap to cover their head , with a turban or a pagadi being popular before that . For religious ceremonies males wore a coloured silk dhoti called a sovale . In modern times , dhotis are only worn by older men in rural areas . In urban areas , just like women , a range of styles are preferred . For example , the Deshastha politician Manohar Joshi prefers white fine khadi kurtas , while younger men prefer modern western clothes such as jeans .
In the past , caste or social disputes used to be resolved by joint meetings of all Brahmin sub @-@ caste men in the area .
= = = Religious customs = = =
Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins still recite the Rig Veda at religious ceremonies , prayers and other occasions . These ceremonies include birth , wedding , initiation ceremonies , as well as death rituals . Other ceremonies for different occasions in Hindu life include Vastushanti which is performed before a family formally establishes residence in a new house , Satyanarayana Puja , originating in Bengal in the 19th century , is a ceremony performed before commencing any new endeavour or for no particular reason . Invoking the name of the family 's gotra and the kula daivat are important aspects of these ceremonies . Like most other Hindu communities , Deshasthas have a shrine called a devaghar in their house with idols , symbols , and pictures of various deities . Ritual reading of religious texts called pothi is also popular .
In traditional families , any food is first offered to the preferred deity as naivedya , before being consumed by family members and guests . Meals or snacks are not taken before this religious offering . In contemporary Deshasthas families , the naivedya is offered only on days of special religious significance .
Deshasthas , like all other Hindu Brahmins , trace their paternal ancestors to one of the seven or eight sages , the saptarshi . They classify themselves into eight gotras , named after the ancestor rishi . Intra @-@ marriage within gotras ( Sagotra Vivaha ) was uncommon until recently , being discouraged as it was likened to incest , although the taboo has considerably reduced in the case of modern families who are bound by more practical considerations .
In a court case " Madhavrao versus Raghavendrarao " , involving a Deshastha Brahmin couple , the German philosopher and Indologist Max Müller 's definition of gotra as descending from eight sages and then branching out to several families was thrown out by reputed judges of a Bombay High Court . The court called the idea of Brahmin families descending from an unbroken line of common ancestors as indicated by the names of their respective gotras impossible to accept . The court consulted relevant Hindu texts and stressed the need for Hindu society and law to keep up with the times emphasising that notions of good social behaviour and the general ideology of Hindu society had changed . The court also said that the mass of material in the Hindu texts are so vast and full of contradictions that it is almost an impossible task to reduce it to order and coherence .
Every Deshastha family has their own family patron deity or the Kuladaivat . This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor . The Khandoba of Jejuri is an example of a Kuladaivat of some Maharashtrian Deshastha families ; he is a common Kuladaivat to several castes ranging from Brahmins to Dalits . The practice of worshiping local or territorial deities as Kuladaivats began in the period of the Yadava dynasty . Other family deities of the people of Maharashtra are Bhavani of Tuljapur , Mahalaxmi of Kolhapur , Mahalaxmi of Amravati , Renuka of Mahur , Parashuram in Konkan , Saptashringi on Saptashringa hill at Vani in Nasik district . Despite being the most popular deity amongst Deshastha and other Marathi people , very few families regard Vitthal or other popular Avatars of Vishnu such as Rama or Krishna as their Kuldaivat , with Balaji being an exception .
= = = = Ceremonies and rituals = = = =
Upon birth , a child is initiated into the family ritually according to the Rig Veda for the Rigvedi Brahmins . The naming ceremony of the child may happen many weeks or even months later , and it is called the barsa . In many Hindu communities around India , the naming is almost often done by consulting the child 's horoscope , in which are suggested various names depending on the child 's Lunar sign ( called Rashi ) . However , in Deshastha families , the name that the child inevitably uses in secular functioning is the one decided by his parents . If a name is chosen on the basis of the horoscope , then that is kept a secret to ward off casting of a spell on the child during his or her life . During the naming ceremony , the child 's paternal aunt has the honour of naming the infant . When the child is 11 months old , he or she gets their first hair @-@ cut . This is an important ritual as well and is called Jawal .
When a male child reaches his eighth birthday he undergoes the initiation thread ceremony variously known as Munja ( in reference to the Munja grass that is of official ritual specification ) , Vratabandha , or Upanayanam . From that day on , he becomes an official member of his caste , and is called a dwija which translates to " twice @-@ born " in English , in the sense that while the first birth was due to his biological parents , the second one is due to the initiating priest and Savitri . Traditionally , boys are sent to gurukula to learn Vedas and scriptures . Boys are expected to practice extreme discipline during this period known as brahmacharya . Boys are expected to lead a celibate life , live off alms , consume selected vegetarian saatvic food and observe considerable austerity in behaviour and deeds . Though such practices are not followed in modern times by a majority of Deshasthas , all Deshasthas boys undergo the sacred thread ceremony . Many still continue to get initiated around eight years of age . Those who skip this get initiated just before marriage . Twice @-@ born Deshasthas perform annual ceremonies to replace their sacred threads on Narali Purnima or the full moon day of the month of Shravan , according to the Hindu calendar . The threads are called Jaanave in Marathi and Janavaara in Kannada .
The Deshasthas are historically an endogamous and monogamous community for whom marriages take place by negotiation . The Mangalsutra is the symbol of marriage for the woman . Studies show that most Indians ' traditional views on caste , religion and family background have remained unchanged when it came to marriage , that is , people marry within their own castes , and matrimonial advertisements in newspapers are still classified by caste and sub @-@ caste . In 1907 , Rivers and Ridgeway record that Deshasthas allowed cross cousin marriages , just like other South Indian castes .
While arranging a marriage , gana , gotra , pravara , devak are all kept in mind . Horoscopes are matched . Ghosal describes the marriage ceremony as , " The groom , along with the bride 's party goes to the bride 's house . A ritual named Akshat is performed in which people around the groom and bride throw haldi ( turmeric ) and sindur ( vermilion ) coloured rice grains on the couple . After the Kanyadan ceremony , there is an exchange of garlands between the bride and the groom . Then , the groom ties the Mangalsutra around the neck of the bride . This is followed by granthibandhan in which the end of the bride 's sari is tied to the end of the groom 's dhoti , and a feast is arranged at the groom 's place . "
A Deshasthas marriage ceremony includes many elements of a traditional Marathi Hindu wedding ceremony . It consists of seemant poojan on the wedding eve . The dharmic wedding includes the antarpat ceremony followed by the vedic ceremony which involves the bridegroom and the bride walking around the sacred fire seven times to complete the marriage . Modern urban wedding ceremonies conclude with an evening reception . A Deshastha woman becomes part of her husband 's family after marriage and adopts the gotra as well as the traditions of her husband 's family .
After weddings and also after thread ceremonies , Deshastha families arrange a traditional religious singing performance by a Gondali group
Decades ago , Deshastha girls used to get married to the groom of their parents ' choice by early teens or before . Even today , girls are married off in their late teens by rural and less educated amongst Deshastha . Urban women may choose to remain unmarried until the late 20s or even early 30s .
The 1881 Kolhapur gazetteer records that Deshastha widows at that time used to shave their heads and wear simple red saris . A widow also had to stop wearing the kunku on her forehead . In the past , a Deshastha widow was never allowed to remarry , while it was acceptable for Deshastha widowers to remarry , and the widows had to lead a very austere life with little joy . Divorces were non @-@ existent . All of these practices have gradually fallen by the wayside over the last hundred years , and modern Deshastha widows lead better lives and younger widows also remarry . Divorce takes place by mutual consent and legal approval is sought .
Deshastha Brahmins dispose their dead by cremation . The dead person 's son carries the corpse to the cremation ground atop a bier . The eldest son lights the fire to the corpse at the head for males and at the feet for females . The ashes are gathered in an earthen pitcher and immersed in a river on the third day after the death . This is a 13 @-@ day ritual with the pinda being offered to the dead soul on the 11th and a Śrāddha ceremony followed by a funeral feast on the 13th . Cremation is performed according to vedic rites , usually within a day of the individual 's death . Like all other Hindus , the preference is for the ashes to be immersed in the Ganges river or Godavari river . Śrāddha becomes an annual ritual in which all forefathers of the family who have passed on are remembered . These rituals are expected to be performed only by male descendants , preferably the eldest son of the deceased .
= = = = Festivals = = = =
Deshasthas follow the Saka calendar . They follow several of the festivals of other Hindu Marathi people . These include Gudi Padwa , Rama Navami , Hanuman Jayanti , Narali Pournima , Mangala Gaur , Krishna Janmashtami , Ganesh Chaturthi , Kojagiri Purnima , Diwali , Khandoba Festival ( Champa Shashthi ) , Makar Sankranti , Maha Shivaratri and Holi .
Of these , Ganesh Chaturthi is the most popular in the state of Maharashtra , however , Diwali , the most popular festival of Hindus throughout India , is equally popular in Maharashtra . Deshasthas celebrate the Ganesha festival as a private , domestic family affair . Depending on a family 's tradition , a clay image or shadu is worshiped for one and a half , three and a half , seven or full 10 days , before ceremoniously being placed in a river or the sea . This tradition of private celebration runs parallel to that of public celebration introduced in 1894 by Bal Gangadhar Tilak . Modak is a popular food item during the festival . Ganeshotsav also incorporates other festivals , namely HartalikaTeej and the Gauri festival , the former is observed with a fast by women whilst the latter by the installation of idols of Gauris .
The religious amongst the Deshasthas fast on the days prescribed for fasting according to Hindu calendar . Typical days for fasting are Ekadashi , Chaturthi , Maha Shivaratri and Janmashtami . Hartalika Teej is a day of fasting for women . Some people fast during the week in honour of a particular god , for example , Monday for Shiva or Saturday for Hanuman and the planet Saturn , Shani .
Gudi Padwa is observed on the first of the day of the lunar month of Chaitra of the Hindu calendar . A victory pole or Gudi is erected outside homes on the day . The leaves of Neem or and shrikhand are a part of the cuisine of the day . Like many other Hindu communities , Deshasthas celebrate Rama Navami and Hanuman Jayanti , the birthdays of Rama and Hanuman , respectively , in the month of Chaitra . A snack eaten by new mothers called Sunthawada or Dinkawada is the prasad or the religious food on Rama Navami . Deshastha Brahmins observe Narali @-@ pournima festival on the same day as the much widely known north Indian festival of Raksha Bandhan . Deshastha men change their sacred thread on this day . ]
An important festival for the new brides is Mangala Gaur . It is celebrated on any Tuesday of Shravana and involves the worship of lingam , a gathering of womenfolk and narrating limericks or Ukhane using their husbands ' first name . The women may also play traditional games such as Jhimma , and Fugadi , or more contemporary activities such as Bhendya till the wee hours of the next morning .
Krishna Janmashtami , the birthday of Krishna on which day Gopalkala , a recipe made with curds , pickle , popped millet ( jondhale in Marathi ) and chili peppers is the special dish . Sharad Purnima also called as Kojagiri Purnima , the full moon night in the month of Ashvin , is celebrated in the honour of Lakshmi or Parvati . A milk preparation is the special food of the evening . The first born of the family is honored on this day .
In Deshastha families Ganeshotsav is more commonly known as Gauri @-@ Ganpati because it also incorporates the Gauri Festival.In some families Gauri is also known as Lakshmi puja . It is celebrated for three days ; on the first day , Lakshmi 's arrival is observed . The ladies in the family will bring statues of Lakshmi from the door to the place where they will be worshiped . The Kokanstha Brahmins , instead of statues , use special stones as symbols of Gauri . The statues are settled at a certain location ( very near the Devaghar ) , adorned with clothes and ornaments . On the second day , the family members get together and prepare a meal consisting of puran poli . This day is the puja day of Mahalakshmi and the meal is offered to Mahalakshmi and her blessings sought . On the third day , Mahalakshmi goes to her husband 's home . Before the departure , ladies in the family will invite the neighbourhood ladies for exchange of haldi @-@ kumkum . It is customary for the whole family to get together during the three days of Mahalakshmi puja . Most families consider Mahalakshmi as their daughter who is living with her husband 's family all the year ; but visits her parents ' ( maher ) during the three days .
Navaratri , a nine @-@ day festival starts on the first day of the month of Ashvin and culminates on the tenth day or Vijayadashami . This is the one of three auspicious days of the year . People exchange leaves of the Apti tree as symbol of gold . During Navaratri women and girls hold Bhondla referred as bhulabai in Vidarbh region , a singing party in honour of the Goddess .
Like all Hindu Marathi people and to a varying degree with other Hindu Indians , Diwali is celebrated over five days by the Deshastha Brahmins . Deshastha Brahmins celebrate this by waking up early in the morning and having an Abhyangasnan . People light their houses with lamps and candles , and burst fire crackers over the course of the festival . Special sweets and savouries like Anarse , Karanjya , Chakli , Chiwda and Ladu are prepared for the festival . Colorful Rangoli drawings are made in front of the house . Marathi children make a replica mud fort in memory of Shivaji , the great Maratha king .
Deshastha Brahmins observe the Khandoba Festival or Champa Shashthi in the month of Mārgashirsh . This is a six @-@ day festival , from the first to sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight . Deshastha households perform Ghatasthapana of Khandoba during this festival . The sixth day of the festival is called Champa Sashthi . For Deshastha , the Chaturmas period ends on Champa Sashthi . As it is customary in many families not to consume onions , garlic and eggplant ( Brinjal / Aubergine ) during the Chaturmas , the consumption of these food items resumes with ritual preparation of Vangyache Bharit ( Baingan Bharta ) and rodga , small round flat breads prepared from jwari ( white millet ) .
Makar Sankranti falls on 14 January when the Sun enters Capricorn . Deshastha Brahmins exchange Tilgul or sweets made of jaggery and sesame seeds along with the customary salutation Tilgul Ghya aani God Bola , which means Accept the Tilgul and be friendly . Gulpoli , a special type of chapati stuffed with jaggery is the dish of the day .
Maha Shivaratri is celebrated in the month of Magha to honour Shiva . A chutney made from the fruit of curd fruit ( Kawath in Marathi ) , elephant apple , monkey fruit or wood apple is a part of the cuisine of the day .
Holi falls on the full moon day in Phalguna , the last month . Deshasthas celebrate this festival by lighting a bonfire and offering Puran Poli to the fire . Unlike North Indians , Deshastha Brahmins celebrate colour throwing five days after Holi on Rangapanchami .
= = Social and political issues = =
Maharashtraian Brahmins were absentee landlords and lived off the surplus without tilling the land themselves per ritual restrictions . They were often seen as the exploiter of the tiller . This situation started to change when the newly independent India enshrined in its constitution , agrarian or land reform . Between 1949 – 1959 , the state governments started enacting legislation in accordance with the constitution implementing this agrarian reform or Kula Kayada in Marathi . The legislation led to the abolition of various absentee tenures like inams and jagirs . This implementation of land reform had mixed results in different States . On official inquiry , it was revealed that not all absentee tenures were abolished in the State of Maharashtra as of 1985 . Other social and political issues include anti @-@ Brahminism and the treatment of Dalits .
= = = Inter @-@ caste issues = = =
Maharashtrian Brahmins were the primary targets during the anti @-@ Brahmin riots in Maharashtra in 1948 , following Mahatma Gandhi 's assassination . The rioters burnt homes and properties owned by Brahmins . The violent riots exposed the social tensions between the Marathas and the Brahmins .
In recent history , on 5 January 2004 , the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute ( BORI ) in Pune was vandalised by 150 members of the Sambhaji Brigade , an organisation promoting the cause of the Marathas . The organisation was protesting against a derogatory remark made by the American author James Laine , on Shivaji 's Parentage in his book , Shivaji : A Hindu King in an Islamic Kingdom . BORI was targeted because Srikant Bahulkar , a scholar at BORI , was acknowledged in Laine 's book . The incident highlighted the traditionally uncomfortable Brahmin @-@ Maratha relationship . Recently , the same organisation demanded the removal of Dadoji Konddeo from the Statue of Child Shivaji ploughing Pune 's Land at Lal Mahal , Pune . They also threatened that if their demands were not met , they would demolish that part of statue themselves .
Until recent times , like other high castes of Maharashtra and India , Deshastha also followed the practice of segregation from other castes considered lower in the social hierarchy . Until a few decades ago , a large number of Hindu temples , presumably with a Deshastha priest , barred entry to the so @-@ called " untouchables " ( Dalit ) . An example of this was the case of the 14th century saint Chokhamela . He was time and again denied entry to the Vitthal temple in Pandharpur , however , his mausoleum was built in front of the gate of the temple . In the early 20th century , the Dalit leader Dr. Ambedkar , while attempting to visit the temple , was stopped at the burial site of Chokhamela and denied entry beyond that point for being a Mahar . Deshastha caste @-@ fellow Dnyaneshwar and his entire family were stripped of their caste and excommunicated by the Deshasthas because of his father 's return from sanyasa to family life . The family was harassed and humiliated to an extent that Dnyaneshwar 's parents committed suicide . Other saints of the Varkari movement like Chokhamela ( Mahar caste ) , and Tukaram ( Kunbi caste ) were discriminated against by the Brahmins .
The Maharashtra Government has taken away the hereditary rights of priesthood to the Pandharpur temple from the Badve and Utpat Deshastha families , and handed them over to a governmental committee . The families have been fighting complex legal battles to win back the rights . The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , an organisation founded by K. B. Hedgewar advocates Dalits being head priests at Hindu temples . Desh
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
two other projects on the Gila River System be removed from the CAP plan because of their negative impacts and cost . While the two other projects ( Hooker and Charleston Dam ) were easily removed , Orme was not . Orme 's removal was hampered by controversy that led to the creation of the Central Arizona Water Control Study ( CAWCS ) in 1979 after Secretary of the Interior Cecil D. Andrus requested that the Bureau of Reclamation identify a replacement . In 1980 , the CAWCS recommended the removal of any storage units on the Gila River . Recent flooding within the CAWCS area and the Orme Dam problem led to an expansion of the study to include dams for flood control .
Three years later , the Bureau of Reclamation and the State of Arizona agreed on an alternative to Orme . This was known as Plan 6 , and it recommended four projects : a reconstruction of the Stewart Mountain Dam , a new or larger Roosevelt Dam , the Cliff Dam on the Verde River and finally , the New Waddell Dam on the Agua Fria River ( a tributary of the Gila River ) . On November 6 , 1981 , the Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt recommended Plan 6 . In April 1984 , it was approved with the exception of the Cliff Dam , which needed further study and would eventually be removed from CAP .
In 1985 , construction on the New Waddell Dam began with the excavation of its foundation . A diversion tunnel was constructed along with another to divert water releases from the Old Waddell Dam to the Beardsley Canal . Construction on the dam 's intakes continued through 1991 , and by the end of 1992 , a controlled breach was performed on two arches of the Old Waddell Dam , allowing its reservoir to fill freely behind the New Waddell Dam , which was already mostly inundated . By 1994 , the reservoir was filled and had nearly tripled the size of the Old Waddell Dam reservoir . In that same year , the dam 's pump @-@ generating plant ( New Waddell Pump @-@ Generating Plant ) began operation . The dam 's cost was in excess of $ 625 million . Large sediment releases from the New Waddell Dam deteriorated the Camp Dyer Diversion Dam 1 @.@ 25 miles ( 2 @.@ 01 km ) downstream . This masonry dam had to be rehabilitated by the Bureau in 1992 .
= = Design and operation = =
The New Waddell Dam is 300 ft ( 91 m ) high from the riverbed and 440 feet ( 130 m ) high from its bedrock foundation . It is a zoned earth @-@ fill type and is 4 @,@ 700 ft ( 1 @,@ 433 m ) long ; containing 16 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 cu yd ( 12 @,@ 385 @,@ 789 m3 ) of material . The dam has a crest width of 35 feet ( 11 m ) and a base width of 1 @,@ 514 feet ( 461 m ) . The reservoir created by the dam , Lake Pleasant , has a capacity of 1 @,@ 108 @,@ 600 acre feet ( 1 @.@ 3674 × 109 m3 ) at its maximum elevation above sea level : 1 @,@ 725 feet ( 526 m ) . At maximum elevation , its surface area is 12 @,@ 040 acres ( 4 @,@ 870 ha ) . The maximum conservation storage level of the reservoir is 1 @,@ 702 feet ( 519 m ) when the reservoir has a surface area of 9 @,@ 970 acres ( 4 @,@ 030 ha ) . Conservation storage for the reservoir is 812 @,@ 100 acre feet ( 1 @.@ 0017 × 109 m3 ) and minimum storage 40 @,@ 500 acre feet ( 50 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) . The dam sits at the head of a 1 @,@ 459 square miles ( 3 @,@ 780 km2 ) catchment area .
Located 1 @.@ 25 miles ( 2 @.@ 01 km ) northwest of the dam and serving excess water levels are two different spillways : a 590 feet ( 180 m ) long un @-@ gated free flow with a crest elevation of 1 @,@ 706 @.@ 5 feet ( 520 @.@ 1 m ) and a 370 feet ( 110 m ) long fuse plug embankment with an elevation of 1 @,@ 711 feet ( 522 m ) . The free flow spillway has a discharge capacity of 187 @,@ 000 cubic feet per second ( 5 @,@ 300 m3 / s ) and the fuse plug 129 @,@ 000 cubic feet per second ( 3 @,@ 700 m3 / s ) . At an elevation of 1 @,@ 728 feet ( 527 m ) , both spillways would have a combined capacity of 316 @,@ 000 cubic feet per second ( 8 @,@ 900 m3 / s ) .
Water from the dam 's reservoir is released through its outlet works or power plant to either the Waddell Canal or into Hank Raymond Lake , which is formed just downstream of the dam by the Camp Dryer Diversion Dam . The diversion dam is a composite concrete and masonry dam with a height of 79 feet ( 24 m ) and length of 872 feet ( 266 m ) . It can store up to 590 acre feet ( 730 @,@ 000 m3 ) at an elevation of 1 @,@ 445 feet ( 440 m ) . Water from Hank Raymond Lake is diverted into the Beardsley Canal , which has a main extension 33 miles ( 53 km ) long to serve 60 square miles ( 160 km2 ) of the Maricopa Water District ( MWD ) . The Beardsley Canal also has an interconnection 4 @.@ 5 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) south of the dam at 33 ° 46 ′ 48 ″ N 112 ° 16 ′ 54 ″ W with the CAP aqueduct that allows it to receive additional water from that source . Water released into the 4 @.@ 7 miles ( 7 @.@ 6 km ) long Waddell Canal first travels under the Agua Fria River via a 2 @,@ 440 feet ( 740 m ) long siphon before being returned to the surface canal where it continues south to meet the CAP aqueduct just west of Arizona State Route 303 . The capacity of the pump @-@ generating plant , Waddall Canal and siphon is 3 @,@ 000 cubic feet per second ( 85 m3 / s ) while the outlet works for the diversion dam and Beardsley Canal are 5 @,@ 600 cubic feet per second ( 160 m3 / s ) , but only 4 @,@ 300 cubic feet per second ( 120 m3 / s ) can be diverted to the canals at a time .
Water from the New Waddell Dam reservoir augments supply in the CAP and helps deliver 15 % more CAP water to Arizona . Water in Lake Pleasant is divided between the CAP ( 658 @,@ 300 acre feet ( 812 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) ) and MWD ( 162 @,@ 142 acre feet ( 199 @,@ 999 @,@ 000 m3 ) ) . Water from the CAP aqueduct is also drawn into Lake Pleasant via the New Waddell Pump @-@ Generating Plant . During the winter months , when energy rates are low , additional water in the aqueduct is pumped a maximum of 192 feet ( 59 m ) up into the lake for storage . During the summer months , when energy rates are higher , water is released back down through the generators for hydroelectric power production . Sale of this electricity is being used to pay part of the dam 's cost . The pump @-@ generating plant contains four pumps and four pump @-@ generators and has an installed capacity of 45 megawatts ( 60 @,@ 000 hp ) .
= = Recreation = =
Lake Pleasant , created by the dam , offers recreational opportunities to tourists and locals . The lake is served by a marina and surrounding areas containing over 450 picnic sites , 225 camping sites and several miles of trails . Because the lake is seasonal , fluctuating up to 125 feet ( 38 m ) annually , these facilities are located for accessibility .
= = Environmental impact = =
Before the New Waddell Dam was constructed , two phases of a three @-@ phase study were carried out to determine the effects of the dam on fisheries . Completed in 2005 , the third phase of the study determined that the larger reservoir has less nutrient concentrations due to CAP water introduction and that water fluctuations have reduced fish cover , likely affecting food and spawning . Large mouth bass populations have also declined but striped bass have entered the lake , likely by eggs transferred through CAP water . Around the lake , Reclamation has taken steps to protect wildlife habitats , including those for bald eagles and Gila topminnows .
= Jake Long =
Jake Edward Long ( born May 9 , 1985 ) is an American football offensive tackle for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Michigan , where he was a two @-@ time consensus All @-@ American , and was drafted by the Miami Dolphins first overall in the 2008 NFL Draft . He has also played for the St. Louis Rams .
In high school , Long was the first player in his high school 's history to earn all @-@ state " Dream Team " ( all @-@ class state team ) honors in football from the Detroit News . He was a two @-@ time first @-@ team All @-@ Metro League player in both basketball and football , where he was honored both on offense and defense . In baseball , he was a two @-@ time second @-@ team All @-@ Metro League selection . In both basketball and football , he led his team to regular and post season success that had not been seen in many years .
At the University of Michigan , he redshirted for a year and then became a starter at offensive tackle for the football team in the third game of his redshirt freshman season . He earned second @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten Conference recognition and Rivals.com Freshman All @-@ American recognition . In 2006 and 2007 , he earned Big Ten Offensive Lineman of the Year and first @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten recognition . In 2006 he was an Outland and Lombardi Trophy watch lists selection and in 2007 he was a finalist for both awards . He was a consensus first @-@ team All @-@ American in 2006 , and a unanimous first @-@ team All @-@ American in 2007 .
After being drafted by Miami , he became an immediate starter and has started every game that the team has played since he has been a member . At the conclusion of his rookie season , he was selected to numerous All @-@ Rookie teams and was a substitute Pro Bowl selection . Long has followed up on a successful rookie season by earning Pro Bowl roster spots in 2009 , 2010 and 2011 .
= = Early years = =
Long was born in Lapeer , Michigan , the son of John and Denise Long . He attended Lapeer East High School , where he was the first player in his high school 's history to earn all @-@ state " Dream Team " ( all @-@ class state team ) honors in football . In baseball he played first base .
Long played basketball , baseball and football in high school . Although Long was a 2001 Flint , Michigan All @-@ Metro League lineman on both sides of the ball as a defensive end and offensive lineman , in Lapeer East 's final game of the 2001 season , he rushed for three touchdowns . As a junior that football season , he was listed at 6 feet 7 inches ( 2 @.@ 01 m ) , 270 pounds ( 122 kg ) . In Long 's first start as a varsity basketball player on December 4 , 2001 , he led all scorers although he only scored one first half point . That season he helped lead Lapeer East to an unbeaten 14 – 0 Metro League record ( 17 – 3 ) overall as they prepared for the Michigan High School Athletic Association ( MHSAA ) tournament . It was the first unbeaten Metro League season by any team since 1989 and Lapeer East 's first unbeaten season since 1980 . Long was an All @-@ Metro league first team selection , but his team lost in the 2002 Class A district semifinal on the road . By the end of the basketball season , he was listed at 6 feet 7 inches ( 2 @.@ 01 m ) , 290 pounds ( 132 kg ) . As a junior , he was a second @-@ team All @-@ Metro League baseball selection as an infielder . By the end of his junior year , he had already set the school home run record in baseball and was the fifth @-@ ranked high school football prospect in the state of Michigan ( future Michigan teammate and co @-@ captain LaMarr Woodley was number one ) .
After his junior year of high school , he attended the University of Michigan football camp , which ran from June 16 – 21 . At the conclusion of the camp , Michigan Wolverines football head coach Lloyd Carr offered him a scholarship as an offensive tackle . Long , who was a lifelong Michigan Wolverines fan , responded with a verbal commitment . At the time , Long weighed 305 pounds ( 138 kg ) and Michigan hoped he would bulk up to 330 pounds ( 150 kg ) by the time he arrived . Long had made official visits to Michigan , Michigan State , Notre Dame , Ohio State and Purdue .
In his 2002 senior season , Long helped lead Lapeer East to their first season opener win since 1995 and their first state playoff appearance since 1993 . That season , the football team set a school record by posting a nine @-@ game winning streak , which started after an October 6 , 2001 loss the prior year . The team achieved its first state playoff win in its 27 @-@ year history that season . The team 's 9 – 2 record was the best in school history , and Long was again chosen as an All @-@ Metro League selection on both offense and defense . That season he became the first Lapeer East player selected to the All @-@ state Dream Team in 2002 . Although he was All @-@ State as a lineman , Long often lined up at fullback and accumulated four career touchdowns . He finished the season as the number two football prospect in the state behind Woodley according to the Detroit News . Long led the basketball team to a second consecutive undefeated Metro League championship season , which was the first repeat league champion since 1996 and Lapeer East 's first repeat championship since 1982 . Long was again first @-@ team All @-@ Metro League , and he was selected as an honorable mention 2003 Associated Press Class A All @-@ State basketball player . Long was again a second @-@ team All @-@ Metro League selection as a first baseman . Following his senior season , Long was selected to play in the 23rd annual Michigan High School All @-@ Star Football Game on July 26 at Michigan State University .
= = College career = =
Long accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Michigan , where he played for head coach Lloyd Carr 's Michigan Wolverines football team from 2003 to 2007 . As a freshman , Long was on the 2003 Michigan Wolverines football team roster , but Tony Pape and Adam Stenavich were the starting offensive tackles . He was redshirted for the year as he bulked up to 330 pounds ( 150 kg ) . Long traveled with the team to the 2004 Rose Bowl , but did not play in the game .
On June 16 , 2004 , following his freshman year , he was hospitalized in an intensive @-@ care unit for smoke inhalation injuries when a house rented by nine Michigan Wolverine players caught fire . Long , sleeping in his bedroom on the second floor of the house , awoke to the sound of fire alarms . He attempted to exit his room through the door , but was forced back by smoke . Long then knocked out the screen of a window and jumped out of the building . Two floors below , covered in soot , Long had escaped the fire , landing two stories below on a roommate 's parked car . Later at the hospital , Long underwent procedures that required tubes be put down his throat to suction black phlegm from his lungs . The tubes also performed Long 's breathing while he lay unconscious for the first few days . He was released from the University of Michigan Medical Center and was able to spend Father 's Day ( June 20 ) back in Lapeer .
As a sophomore member of the 2004 Michigan Wolverines football team , Long competed with senior Dave Schoonover and juniors Mike Kolodzieg , Rueben Riley and Mike Barishaj for the starting position vacated by the graduated Pape . Long impressed the coaches by playing through a turf toe injury . The battle came down to him and Kolodzieg . Long made his Michigan debut on September 4 , 2004 , in a 43 – 10 victory over Miami University . He made the travel squad , but he did not play against Notre Dame in the Michigan – Notre Dame rivalry game the following week at Notre Dame Stadium . Kolodzieg started the first two games , but Michigan averaged only 85 @.@ 5 yards rushing , which ranked 94th nationally among 117 Division I teams . Long became a starter in the third game on September 18 against the San Diego State Aztecs football team . Over the course of the season , he started eight games and Kolodzieg started 4 at right offensive tackle . Kolodzieg also started one game at left tackle . A week after Long was moved into the starting lineup , David Baas was moved from left offensive guard — where he had been a 2003 second team All @-@ American — to center so that Leo Henige , Jr. could enter the starting lineup . After the move , Baas was the co @-@ Rimington Trophy winner that season . The team finished the season as the 2004 Big Ten Conference Co @-@ Champions and were awarded the Big Ten Conference 's Bowl Championship Series Bowl game bid . By the time Michigan was preparing for the 2005 Rose Bowl , the team was averaging 156 @.@ 18 rushing yards per game , which ranked 56th in the nation . Long earned a second team All @-@ Big Ten Conference recognition from the coaches , while linemates guard Matt Lentz , tackle Adam Stenavich and tight end Tim Massaquoi were first @-@ team selections . Baas was Big Ten Offensive Lineman of the Year . Long also received honorable mention All @-@ Big Ten recognition from the media . Long and teammates Chad Henne and Mike Hart were named to Rivals.com 's 2004 Freshman All @-@ America first team . Long had post @-@ season shoulder surgery and missed 2005 spring practice . In fact , because of the large number of injured players , the team canceled the culminating spring practice intrasquad scrimmage game and instead held an open practice in which players participated in drills .
In August 2005 , Long suffered an ankle injury and was sidelined as the 2005 Michigan Wolverines football team 's season began . The injury had been caused in training camp when he was zone blocking alongside center Mark Bihl , who got tangled up with nose tackle Gabe Watson . The two fell against the outside of Long 's leg and rolled over it . The injury required surgery . Long did not return to the lineup until October 22 on the third possession against the Iowa Hawkeyes . He was the lead blocker on the game @-@ winning overtime touchdown . He started the game the subsequent week against the Northwestern Wildcats . Two weeks later , following a bye week , Long got injured during the first half against the Indiana Hoosiers , and his foot was put in a protective boot . The second foot injury was expected to end his season . He appeared in the subsequent rivalry game against the Ohio State Buckeyes , and during the first play , he opposed Bobby Carpenter and Carpenter got a broken leg . After the game , Long appeared to need immediate surgery , which would have caused him to miss the 2005 Alamo Bowl . By the time of the game on December 28 , though , he was ready to play . As the team prepared for 2006 spring practice , the left @-@ handed Long was moved from right tackle to left tackle where he would be protecting the blindside of right @-@ handed quarterbacks .
Long entered the season for the 2006 Michigan Wolverines football team listed on numerous preseason conference and national teams as well as watchlists for awards such as the Outland Trophy and Lombardi Trophy . He was on the preseason Outland Trophy watch list along with Levi Brown , Joe Thomas , Justin Blalock , and Herbert Taylor . Long was considered the heart of the Michigan offense , and his teammates voted the redshirt junior to be a co @-@ captain along with senior Woodley . Before the season started , Carr replaced offensive coordinator Terry Malone with Mike DeBord who had previously been offensive coordinator from 1997 – 1999 . Following the 7 – 5 2005 season which was the worst Michigan season since 1984 's 6 – 6 @-@ year , there was pressure on Carr to turn things around and he sought a lighter , faster and better conditioned team . During the offseason , Long reduced his weight from 338 pounds ( 153 kg ) to 316 pounds ( 143 kg ) to improve his agility , speed and conditioning . Under the new coordinator and with newly sculpted fitter athletes the offensive scheme was shifted to concentrate on the zone blocking system . The system was similar to the one used by the Denver Broncos when they won back @-@ to @-@ back Super Bowls and by the Atlanta Falcons to help Warrick Dunn achieve a career @-@ high in rushing yards while the team led the NFL in rushing yards in consecutive seasons . By mid @-@ November , Michigan had flourished under the new system with an 11 – 0 record , and some of the credit for the success was attributed to Long , the team captain and offensive leader . Long was recognized as a first @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten selection by both the coaches and the media and was selected as the Big Ten Offensive Lineman of the Year . Long was also part of a Michigan record @-@ setting three American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) All @-@ America Team selections along with Woodley and Leon Hall . Long was a consensus ( meaning at least half of the recognized lists , which are AP , AFCA , FWAA , TSN , and the WCFF selected him ) 2006 College Football All @-@ America Team first @-@ team selectiton by Associated Press ( AP ) , AFCA , Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) , Walter Camp Football Foundation , Sports Illustrated , Pro Football Weekly , ESPN , CBS Sports , Rivals.com , Scout.com. He was a second @-@ team All @-@ American selection by the College Football News . Long was the first offensive lineman who was a Michigan high school graduate selected to the first @-@ team by the FWAA since Paul Seymour was selected to the 1972 College Football All @-@ America Team . Long was believed to be a likely mid to high first round selection if he had chosen to declare himself eligible for the 2007 NFL Draft , but he chose to use his last year of collegiate eligibility and stay for a fifth year . His decision to stay was what convinced Hart to stay in college . Michigan opposed the 2006 USC Trojans football team in the 2007 Rose Bowl and the offensive line that had surrendered 18 quarterback sacks in the first 12 games , allowed 6 in the 32 – 18 loss to finish the season 11 – 2 . Long became a member of senior honorary society Order of Angell .
Long was a co @-@ captain of the 2007 Michigan Wolverines football team , and he again began the season on the Outland Trophy and Rotary Lombardi Award watch lists . He was elected to serve as tri @-@ captain along with Hart and Shawn Crable . Entering the season , the team was picked by the Big Ten media members to win the conference . The season was eagerly anticipated with returning seniors Long , Hart and Chad Henne in key roles , but the season quickly began to fall apart when the team lost to the two @-@ time defending FCS champion Appalachian State Mountaineers in the opening game . The loss put Long in a position of having to defend his coach and teammates to ESPN and the nation . In the second game , the team suffered its worst defeat since 1968 and its first consecutive home losses to start the season since 1959 . This presented a leadership challenge to Long as team captain . As Michigan won its next eight games , Long was described in the press as the team 's most valuable player and an offensive lineman who should be considered for the Heisman Trophy since he was likely to be the first overall pick in the NFL draft . In early November , Long was named one of four finalists ( along with Glenn Dorsey , Chris Long , James Laurinaitis ) for the Lombardi award that Woodley had won the year before . He was named as an Outland Trophy finalist along with Dorsey and Anthony Collins . When the win streak ended the week before his final Michigan – Ohio State game , he accepted the blame on behalf of the offensive line although the teams offensive stars were injured . At the conclusion of the Big Ten Conference schedule , he was selected again as first @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten selection by both the coaches and the media and as the Big Ten Offensive Lineman of the Year . Long , Michael Crabtree and Darren McFadden were the only unanimous offensive 2007 College Football All @-@ America Team selections by AP , AFCA , FWAA , Walter Camp , Sporting News , Sports Illustrated , Pro Football Weekly , ESPN , CBS Sports , College Football News , Rivals.com , and Scout.com. In coach Carr 's final game before retirement and Long 's final game as a Wolverine , the team won the 2008 Capital One Bowl against the Florida Gators in a game that included an attempted Jake Long tackle eligible screen pass . Long declined an invitation to participate in the 2008 Senior Bowl . From February 21 – 24 , 2008 , Long attended the NFL Combine , where he excelled .
= = Professional career = =
= = = 2008 NFL Draft = = =
Regarded as the top offensive tackle available in the 2008 NFL Draft , Long drew comparisons to Ryan Tucker . His 37 repetitions of 225 pounds on the bench press tied Vernon Gholston for the highest total at the 2008 NFL Combine . In addition to being one of eight offensive tackles drafted in the first round that year , Long is only the third offensive tackle ever to be taken with the first overall pick in the NFL Draft , after Hall of Famer Orlando Pace ( 1997 , a 5 @-@ time All @-@ Pro and All @-@ Decade team for the 2000s ) and Hall of Famer Ron Yary ( 1968 , an 8 @-@ time All @-@ Pro and All @-@ Decade team for the 1970s ) . The Dolphins drafted Long 's college teammate , quarterback Chad Henne , in the second round of the draft .
= = = Miami Dolphins = = =
More than two weeks before the 2008 NFL Draft , the Miami Dolphins , who owned the right to make the first selection in the draft determined that they wanted to negotiate with Long to be their pick and met with Tom Condon , Long 's sports agent . On April 22 , 2008 , in advance of the April 26 and 27 draft , Long agreed to a five @-@ year , $ 57 @.@ 75 million deal with the Miami Dolphins . The deal included $ 30 million in guaranteed money and made Long the first overall pick in the 2008 NFL Draft . This made him , as of that date , the highest paid offensive lineman in NFL history . At Dolphins minicamp on May 2 , Long was assigned number 79 and he thought he would have to negotiate with Drew Mormino for the number 77 that he had worn since high school . However , after he failed his physical exam , Mormino was released from the team , and before training camp Long was assigned number 77 .
Long 's ascension with the Dolphins was part of an effort to overhaul the offensive line that had allowed 42 sacks and produced the 29th @-@ rated of 32 offenses the previous season . The Dolphins hired new coach Tony Sparano and employed Bill Parcells as Executive Vice President in charge of football operations . Long was immediately slated to play left tackle . He was the only rookie expected to be a starter for the 2008 Miami Dolphins . According to the South Florida Sun @-@ Sentinel , at the end of training camp , Long was one of three rookies listed as first @-@ string on the depth chart . Jake Long was nominated for Rookie of the Week in the tenth week of the 2008 season , but lost out to Broncos WR Eddie Royal . Other players who were nominated for rookie of the week that same week were Matt Ryan , Benjarvus Green @-@ Ellis , and Joe Flacco . At the end of the season , Long was selected to nine All @-@ rookie teams by Pro Football Writers Association , Draft.com , Draftsinders.com , Draftseason.com , Sports Network , Fannation , Sporting News , Scout.com and Ourlads Scouting Service . On January 20 , 2009 , Long was selected to the 2009 Pro Bowl , replacing Jason Peters for the AFC 's squad . Long gave up just 2 @.@ 5 sacks his rookie season , compared to the 11 @.@ 5 allowed by Peters in 2008 .
In 2009 , Long yielded only 4 sacks and was ranked the second best offensive tackle . He was selected as a starter for the 2010 Pro Bowl . He was not selected to the first team All @-@ Pro losing out to Ryan Clady , who gave up 8 sacks , and Joe Thomas , who is ranked the best offensive tackle in the NFL . Long was selected to the second team All @-@ Pro and was named a starter for the AFC Pro Bowl . Long joins Richmond Webb as the only Dolphins offensive tackles to be named starters in the Pro Bowl and is the first Dolphins offensive lineman to be named to back @-@ to @-@ back Pro Bowls since Webb played in seven straight from 1990 to 1996 . Long did not participate in the game due to injury and was replaced on the Pro Bowl roster by D 'Brickashaw Ferguson . The following season Long was named as a starter for the 2011 Pro Bowl , while Ferguson was named as a reserve .
During the 2011 NFL season , Long 's 61 games started streak snapped when he suffered a back ailment . Subsequently , he was placed on injured reserve with a torn right biceps for the final week of the season . The roster move came one day after he was selected to the 2012 Pro Bowl . He was named as a Pro Bowl starter for the third consecutive season . He missed the Pro Bowl for the 2011 season . However , he was named the Dolphins ' Ed Block Courage Award recipient . In addition , he was listed as the 59th player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012 .
= = = St. Louis Rams = = =
During the 2013 NFL offseason , Long became a free agent . He received two contract offers : an extension from the Miami Dolphins , and a contract from the Rams . On March 17 , 2013 , Long signed a four @-@ year , $ 36 million contract with the Rams . At the October 6 , 2013 , contest against the Jacksonville Jaguars , the Rams gave the first 15 @,@ 000 fans to arrive at the game free Jake Long figurines . On October 26 , 2014 , Long sustained another torn ACL against the Kansas City Chiefs and he missed the rest of the season . He was released along with Scott Wells on the eve of free agency on March 9 , 2015 . Long was coming off of back @-@ to @-@ back seasons with torn ACLs and was about to cost the Rams $ 10 million against the salary cap .
= = = Atlanta Falcons = = =
On September 15 , 2015 , Long signed a one @-@ year , $ 1 @,@ 568 @,@ 750 contract with the Atlanta Falcons .
= = = Baltimore Ravens = = =
On July 26 , 2016 , Long agreed on a 1 @-@ year deal with the Baltimore Ravens .
= = Personal = =
After surviving the fire during his second year of college , Long got a tattoo of Saint Joseph on his right biceps . His aunt had placed a card of the saint under his pillow while he was in the hospital in intensive care . He also has a tattoo of the family name on his other arm . Long has two brothers : John and Joseph ( " Joe " ) . Joe Long attended Wayne State University . Jake Long married his college sweetheart , Jacqueline Laurian , on March 10 , 2012 .
= Belle ( Disney song ) =
" Belle " is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Howard Ashman for Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Originally recorded by American actress and singer Paige O 'Hara and American actor Richard White , " Belle " , a mid @-@ tempo French and classical music @-@ inspired song , incorporates both Broadway and musical theatre elements . The film 's first song and opening number , " Belle " appears during Beauty and the Beast as a large scale operetta @-@ style production number that introduces the film 's heroine Belle , considered a book @-@ loving nonconformist by the townspeople of the village , who has grown weary of the provincial life in which she is supposed to live , and Gaston , the film 's narcissistic villain who wishes to desire her hand in marriage despite Belle 's rejections .
" Belle " has been universally acclaimed by film and music critics . Musically , the song has been compared to various musical numbers from the musical films West Side Story ( 1961 ) and The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , as well as the Broadway musicals Fiddler on the Roof and She Loves Me . At the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 , " Belle " was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song , but ultimately lost to the film 's title song . The song was similarly featured in the Broadway musical based on the film , originally performed by American actress and singer Susan Egan .
= = Background = =
= = = History and writing = = =
In an attempt to replicate the unprecedented success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Animation Studios decided to adapt the traditional fairy tale " Beauty and the Beast " into an animated feature film . Although originally conceived as an animated film with " no songs in it whatsoever " under the direction of Richard Purdum , Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg was unsatisfied with the dark and somber direction in which the film was headed , and ultimately ordered that it be re @-@ written as a " Broadway @-@ style musical with a strong heroine " instead , similar in concept to The Little Mermaid . Disney then hired lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken to write the film 's songs and assist in the " transform [ ing of ] Beauty and the Beast into a musical " , the pair having just recently collaborated on scoring The Little Mermaid .
According to Menken , the " plot @-@ furthering songs " in Beauty and the Beast , including " Belle " , developed quite naturally as a result of the fact that the film was written to " almost ... exist as a stage musical " , having been " presented in the style of a traditional Broadway musical . " According to Broadway actress and singer Paige O 'Hara , who both recorded the song and provided the voice of Belle , Ashman and Menken " wanted to leave the pop music sound of Mermaid behind and go for something more Jerome Kern / Rodgers & Hammerstein " for Beauty and the Beast . The film 's songs and musical numbers , which were written to both " propel the plot " and offer " character development " , were heavily influenced by French , classical and traditional Broadway music . Additionally , Menken described " Belle " and the other Beauty and the Beast songs to The New York Times as " tangents from 18th @-@ century France " .
Written in a style that Menken would later admit is very " distant from contemporary pop " , the songwriters were initially skeptical of " Belle " , fearful of the song 's potential to " end their careers at Disney " if it was not well received . Described by the film 's producer Don Hahn as a " Gilbert & Sullivan operetta style " song , " Belle " reveals a lot of information " in a very short time " . Ashman and Menken initially doubted that the filmmakers would appreciate their very theatrical approach to animation . Much to their surprise , " Belle " was ultimately very well @-@ liked and " adored by the [ creative ] team " , becoming one of the film 's few songs to remain unmodified during production .
= = = Context and composition = = =
Hoping to write a song that would successfully " portray [ Belle ] in a world that is so protected and safe " , Ashman and Menken drew inspiration from a story @-@ telling style that is often reserved for traditional operettas . As Beauty and the Beast 's opening number , " Belle " , a " pivotal moment ... in the narrative " , plays a significant role in the film by introducing both the film 's heroine , Belle , after whom the song is named , and Gaston , the film 's villain . While Belle , a book @-@ loving and intelligent nonconformist who has grown frustrated with her predictable village life , longs for an adventure similar to the ones she reads about in her books , Gaston is a narcissistic hunter who seeks her hand in marriage . In roughly five minutes , the song explains both Belle and Gaston 's roles in Beauty and the Beast to the audience . The song also voices the opinions of the townsfolk and " sets up the overall theme and foreshadows what makes the town so oppressive to [ Belle ] " ; while the villagers award Belle high praise for her doubtless Beauty , they see her as odd because of her love of books and ridicule her for her non @-@ conformity . However , they appraise Gaston for his looks and masculinity .
According to Irving Tan of Sputnikmusic , " Belle " is an " idyllic , orchestra @-@ driven " musical number , written in the style of a traditional operetta . Commonly regarded as the film 's " I Want " song , a term originally coined and popularized by Ashman himself , " Belle " offers its protagonist an opportunity to " expresses her yearnings " . Described by Filmtracks.com as a " snare @-@ tapping song " , " Belle " is , according to sheet music originally published by Walt Disney Music Publishing , a Broadway @-@ inspired and musical theatre @-@ influenced song , performed at a moderate " pastorally " tempo of 80 beats per minute in the key of D major . Combined , O 'Hara 's soprano and White 's baritone vocal ranges span approximately two octaves , from the low note of A3 , sung by White , to the high note G5 , sung by O 'Hara . Additionally , actors Alec Murphy , Mary Kay Bergman and Kath Soucie 's vocals are also featured on the track . In total , " Belle " runs a length of five minutes and nine seconds .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" Belle " has garnered widespread acclaim from both film and music critics . Filmtracks.com hailed the song as " among the most satisfying and clever cast pieces in history , " worthy of its nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Additionally , Filmtracks.com similarly lauded the song 's reprise , drawing similarities between its own instrumentation and that of " The Sound of Music " from The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) . Sputnikmusic.com 's Irving Tan described the song as " idyllic " .
Jennie Punter of The Globe and Mail hailed " Belle " as " one of the most delightful openings of any movie musical " . The New York Times ' Janet Maslin was very enthusiastic about the song , praising the way in which it advances the film 's plot , while describing " Belle " as " a spectacular opening number that captures the essence of this film 's appeal . " Additionally , Maslin drew similarities between " Belle " and some of the songs featured in the musical film West Side Story ( 1961 ) . Beliefnet called the song a " joyous introductory " . Pete Vonder Haar of the Houston Press liked both the song and its reprise , admitting to the inevitability of having to experience an " unexpected swell of emotion " when both songs are heard . Highlighting the song as one of the film 's most notable , Sandie Angulo Chen described " Belle " as an " infectious " song " that reveals how different Belle is from the other Disney heroines " . While describing the song as a " teeming ... opener " , TV Guide positively compared " Belle " to some of the songs featured in the musicals Fiddler on the Roof and She Loves Me . James Berardinelli of ReelViews described " Belle " as " the animated equivalent of Broadway show @-@ stoppers , with all the energy and audacity of something choreographed by Busby Berkeley . " Similarly , the New York Post 's Lou Lumenick also hailed " Belle " as a " show @-@ stopper " .
Ranking Beauty and the Beast Disney 's third greatest animated film while hailing it as " the best Disney movie musical , " Gregory Ellwood of HitFix wrote , " you can 't argue the cinematic joy in numbers such as the opening ' Belle ' . " Ranking Beauty and the Beast the " Best Disney Soundtrack ... of the Past 25 Years " , Moviefone 's Sandie Angulo Chen highlighted " Belle " , commenting , " There 's an infectious quality to all of the Alan Menken and Howard Ashman songs , like the opening number of ' Belle ' ( that reveals how different Belle is from the other Disney heroines ) . "
= = = Accolades and legacy = = =
Alongside " Be Our Guest " and " Beauty and the Beast " , " Belle " was one of the three Beauty and the Beast songs that received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . " Belle " ultimately lost to the film 's title and theme song . According to producer Don Hahn , Disney was actually hoping that the award would go to " Beauty and the Beast " and promoted the song heavily , spending significantly less money and attention on " Belle " . Oh No They Didn 't ranked " Belle " at number twenty in its article " The Top 25 Disney Songs of All Time " .
" Belle " is often considered one of Disney 's most underrated songs . In 2014 , the New York Post included the song among " The best ( and the most underrated ) Disney songs , " with author Gregory E. Miller deeming it " a musical @-@ theater classic . "
" Belle " is heavily parodied in the animated musical film South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( 1999 ) through its opening number , " Mountain Town " . Filmtracks.com described the parody as " a delightful introductory piece " . Amy Keating Rogers , a writer working on the animated television series My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , mentioned she was influenced by the song as she wrote " Pinkie the Party Planner " , the first musical number that appears in the musical @-@ intensive episode " Pinkie Pride " .
= = Live performances and cover versions = =
O 'Hara first performed " Belle " live at the 64th Academy Awards ceremony in 1992 , at which the song was nominated for Best Original Song . In spite of the fact that the producers of the telecast wanted well @-@ known " pop stars " to perform the song at the ceremony , Disney executives Michael Eisner and Jeffrey Katzenberg were adamant that " Belle " be performed by the original artist by whom it was recorded . The producers also gave O 'Hara the option to lip @-@ synch the song . However , she opted to perform it live instead . O 'Hara was also forced to wear a rendition of Belle 's blue and white costume from the film , of which she was harshly critical because she felt that it was " much too frilly " , and Belle is supposed to dress " much simpler . " She likened the costume to something that the fairy tale character Little Bo Peep would wear . O 'Hara admitted that she was very nervous before her performance . However , actress Angela Lansbury , who provided the voice of the character Mrs. Potts in the film and was to perform " Beauty and the Beast " at the ceremony , comforted her by telling her , " Paige , if I sang like you I wouldn ’ t be nervous . "
In August 2011 , O 'Hara performed an abridged version of " Belle " live during the Disney Legends awards ceremony , at which O 'Hara was also a recipient . The performance was a Beauty and the Beast medley , during which O 'Hara musically combined " Belle " with " Beauty and the Beast " and " Be Our Guest " .
= Trouble ( Coldplay song ) =
" Trouble " is a song recorded by the British alternative rock band Coldplay for their debut album , Parachutes . The band wrote the song and co @-@ produced it with British record producer Ken Nelson . The song 's musicscape is minimalist built around a piano .
The song was released on 26 October 2000 as the album 's third single . It reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart , making it the band 's second top 10 single in the country . Although " Trouble " failed to chart on the United States , the music press deemed it almost as successful as its predecessor , " Yellow " . Two different music videos for the single were released .
An associated EP titled Trouble – Norwegian Live EP was released in the summer of 2001 , consisted of five tracks recorded live by the band at Rockefeller Music Hall in Oslo , Norway .
= = Production = =
According to Coldplay 's lead singer Chris Martin , the song 's writing was inspired by his own behaviour . Martin recalls , " There were some bad things going in our band ... the song is about behaving badly towards somebody you really love and I was certainly doing that to some members of the band . " He added that he supposed it was about time to stop acting like a knobhead . The four members of Coldplay are credited as co @-@ writers of " Trouble " .
British record producer Ken Nelson and the band produced " Trouble " for their debut album , Parachutes . The track was recorded four times before the band got the take they preferred . The backing track was first recorded , and each time they add to see if it was working . They , however , decided that the first three versions were not " working " . The last take was recorded into Pro Tools with a shaker to provide the rhythm to the track . For the backing track , Will Champion played the drums and Martin on the piano which they recorded in a little wooden room . After Guy Berryman 's bass was recorded , guitarist Jonny Buckland added the guitar section . In recording the piano section of the track , the band used two microphones — one was brighter @-@ sounding and the other had a fuller sound . Nelson , who wanted to keep the song simple , chose the fuller sound microphone for the mixing .
" Trouble " was mixed in New York by American mix engineer Michael Brauer . The initial mixed version , which was sent back to the band and Nelson , fell short of their desired quality , so it had to be redone . According to Nelson , " the vocal was overcompressed and the piano was too bright " . Despite this , Nelson did not blame Brauer because he was recording the album when the track was being mixed .
= = Composition = =
The song 's lyrics have " softer emotional themes " , including apologies , unrequited love , and longing . Its musicscape follows the minimalistic approach . " Trouble " is built around a piano , with a snare drum background that was mixed very low . The snare drum section tends to be inaudible when the guitars come in . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes , Inc . , the song 's time signature follows the common 4 / 4 , with a tempo of 70 beats per minute . Martin 's vocal range in the song spans from F ♯ 3 to A4 , the highest note being sung using the falsetto register , despite the fact Martin can reach this note in full voice .
= = Release = =
" Trouble " was released as the third single off Parachutes on 26 October 2000 in the United Kingdom , and more than a year later on 18 December 2001 in the United States . An extended play titled Trouble – Norwegian Live EP was released in the summer of 2001 . In 2003 , the song was featured on Coldplay 's live album called Live 2003 .
As they have for their other songs , Coldplay has refused to accept several offers to use " Trouble " for promotional tools . In 2004 , the band rejected a multi @-@ million Euro offer from Diet Coke and Gap to use the song and " Don 't Panic " , the fourth single from the album . They asked manager Phil Harvey to not refer such offers to them because " a discussion might lead to compromise " . American actor Sylvester Stallone was interested to use the song for the soundtrack of his 2001 film Driven , but the band declined .
= = Reception = =
" Trouble " was a commercial success . It reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart , making it the band 's second top 10 single in the United Kingdom after " Yellow " . The performance of " Trouble " has been attributed to the " colossal home sales " of Parachutes in the United Kingdom .
The positive reception of the single continued when the British outfit Lost Witness made a remixed version of the song , which was released and became " an unlikely dance floor anthem " . With three singles successfully released , the band decided to abandon their initial plans of issuing " Don 't Panic " as the fourth single of the album , deemed enough for a single album in the United Kingdom . " Don 't Panic " , however , was eventually released in some European regions .
In the United States , the single 's chart performance was nearly as successful as that of " Yellow " ' s . It has reached number 23 on the Billboard Adult Top 40 and 28 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks . Martin has claimed that the single had saved them from being a " one @-@ hit wonder " band . The band , thinking it was not a " great single " , surmised it would not perform well in the United States .
= = Music videos = =
The original European version of the music video for " Trouble " was directed by British director Sophie Muller . The video footage was shot in a Newhall , California ranch . A Wild West @-@ themed video , it features Martin as a prisoner in a dark warehouse , tied with ropes to a chair , being circled by cars in the freezing cold . The other members of the band are seen on the upper floor in a slow motion sequence where Buckland and Champion struggle with bassist Guy Berryman , tying him to another chair and forcing him to look in front . At this point , Martin 's struggling causes his chair to tip over , and he hits the ground on his side . He sings the final line of the song ( " They spun a web for me ... " ) , before the darkness abruptly turns to daylight . A beautiful sunrise is then revealed , but as the camera pans out , it is revealed to be fake and part of a large theater backdrop , with Martin still lying on his side , tied to the chair .
A US version of the music video was directed by Tim Hope . The video follows the motif of " Don 't Panic " by showing the band as two @-@ dimensional cut @-@ outs . The band are aboard a horse carriage that cruises along a forest . On top of a mountain , a woman ( Nerys Davies ) waters plants inside a house . A little crow flies from the carriage up to the house , where it transforms into a more menacing bird . It flies over the house and turns into a black cloud , which pours rain onto the land . The rain burns little holes on the things it falls into , and crow feathers protrude from the holes . Finally a tornado grabs the house and lifts it from its foundations placing it along others in a more suburban setting . Its acclaimed visuals earned Tim Hope an MTV Video Music Award for Best Art Direction in 2002 . It was also nominated for Breakthrough Video .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Chris Martin : vocals , piano , acoustic guitar , mellotron
Jonny Buckland : electric guitar
Guy Berryman : bass guitar
Will Champion : drums , percussion
= = Charts = =
= = = Single = = =
= = = Norwegian Live EP = = =
= = Certifications = =
= Mérens horse =
The Mérens or Cheval de Mérens , still occasionally referred to by the older name of Ariégeois pony , is a small , rustic horse native to the Pyrenees and Ariégeois mountains of southern France , where the Ariège River flows , and northern Spain , near Andorra . Two general types , a small , light traditional mountain horse and a taller , sportier modern type , are found . Always black in color , Mérens must meet strict physical standards in order to be registered in the stud book . The breed is known for its sure @-@ footedness on mountain terrain , as well as for its endurance , hardiness and docility . The French breed registry organizes regional offices , and partners with other national organizations in Europe to preserve and promote the breed . The organization enforces rigorous selection of breeding stock , with a goal of increasing quality in the breed . In the past , the Mérens was used for farm work , draft work and as pack horses . Today it is mainly used as a saddle horse , although some members of the breed have been successful in carriage driving . Many Mérens are taken on an annual transhumance ( seasonal migration ) , in which they are moved higher in the mountains during the summer and into the valleys for the winter . An old practice , it fell into disfavor , but has recently re @-@ emerged .
Thought to have originated in prehistoric times , the exact early history of the Mérens remains a mystery . Theories on its origins include descent from Iberian horses , similar to many regional mountain horses , or possibly Oriental horses brought to the area by settlers from the east . Small black horses from the area of Ariège have been recorded as early as the time of Julius Caesar , as well as being associated with Charlemagne . They pulled artillery for Napoleon 's Grand Army , as well as being used by farmers , dock workers , miners and smugglers moving goods through the Pyrenees mountains . They were frequently seen at local horse fairs , and were used to breed mules in a cross with Catalan donkeys . By the end of the 19th century , they had gained a reputation as light cavalry horses . At the same time , however , uncontrolled crossbreeding led to a decline in the purebred population , and in 1908 the local agricultural society was put in charge of the breed . The breed registry was created in 1933 , and in 1948 the first stud book was created under the control of the French National Stud .
In the second half of the 20th century , the population sharply declined , as mechanization transferred work in cavalry and agriculture to machines . By the 1970s , the Mérens was on the verge of extinction , with only 40 horses registered in the stud book . The breed was saved by members of the hippie movement , who re @-@ settled in the Ariège mountains , boosting the local economy and restarting breeding programs . The Mérens also benefited from a new surge in popularity in riding horses , and between 1975 and 1985 its population rebounded , leading the breeding program to be considered an example for the conservation of rare breeds . The herd size remains relatively small , however , and one genetic study considers the traditional type of the breed to be endangered and recommends that efforts should be focused on its preservation .
= = Naming = =
The Mérens was traditionally bred in the village of Mérens @-@ les @-@ Vals in the department of Ariège . The French National Stud calls the breed the " Mérens " , a name which was officially mentioned for the first time in 1866 . Laetitia Bataille , a French horse breeding specialist , considers the use of " Mérens " incorrect , and prefers the names " Ariégeois " , " Cheval de Mérens " or " Mérengais " . Jean @-@ Louis Savignol , a traditionalist breeder , prefers the name " Méringais " , saying that " Mérens " refers to the village and the valley in which it is located , not the horse breed .
= = Characteristics = =
The traditional Mérens is a small , light horse , well adapted to the mountains , while modern Mérens are increasingly more sporting in style . The breed is known for its elegance , and in 2005 was ranked as one of the 23 most beautiful horse breeds by the French magazine Cheval Pratique . Since 1948 , Mérens horses must meet certain physical standards in order to be admitted to the stud book . In this time , the admission criteria have changed several times . Currently , the general appearance of a Mérens is strong and compact , with energetic movement . The Mérens , like many mountain horses , is calm , docile and hardworking . The report of a comprehensive study on the heritability of the breed 's temperament was published in Equ 'idée in 2010 . It is a versatile breed , and very hardy , able to live all year outside without suffering from the weather . Mérens are known for their endurance , agility and sure @-@ footedness . They require very little care , and can survive on poor food , even when working . They are resistant to cold , but react poorly to heat . Mérens foals are often born in the snow , without human intervention , but are usually handled and accustomed to humans from an early age . They show increased resistance to the anticoagulant properties of some varieties of fern , the consumption of which can cause bloody sweats and blood in the urine in other horses .
The breed standard for the Mérens gives an ideal height of 14 @.@ 1 to 15 @.@ 1 hands ( 57 to 61 inches , 145 to 155 cm ) and a weight of 400 to 500 kilograms ( 880 to 1 @,@ 100 lb ) . The desired size for stallions is 14 @.@ 2 1 ⁄ 2 hands ( 58 @.@ 5 inches , 149 cm ) and 14 @.@ 1 hands for mares . Horses smaller than 14 @.@ 2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) can be considered ponies for some equestrian competitions . Horses bred in the valleys and plains are larger than those bred in the mountains ; the latter average around 12 @.@ 3 1 ⁄ 2 hands ( 51 @.@ 5 inches , 131 cm ) . The coat is always black , but may have a reddish cast during the winter . Foals may be born black , silver @-@ grey or coffee @-@ colored , but become black as they grow . Dappling on the body is desirable .
The head has a straight or slightly concave facial profile , a flat forehead , and wide , short ears . A distinguishing characteristic of the breed is a " beard " of hair growing below the cheeks . Small white markings are allowed on the face , but never on the legs . The neck is of medium length in the modern Mérens , and often shorter and broader in the traditional version . The shoulders are sloping and moderately long , and the chest wide and deep . Pronounced withers are favored in those Mérens used for pack horses , but as with most mountain horses , many traditional Mérens have wide , flat withers . The girth is deep . The back is generally shorter in modern Mérens than in the traditional version , where horses with long , strong backs were preferred for use as pack horses . The croup is well @-@ muscled and the tail low @-@ set . The legs are strong and solid , with well @-@ defined joints . They tend to be quite short , and some have hocks set too close together , a recurrent fault in mountain horses . The feet are large and well @-@ formed , allowing the horses to go without shoes . There is abundant feathering on the lower legs .
= = Registration = =
In France , the breed is organized by SHERPA ( Syndicat hippique des éleveurs de la race pyrénéenne ariégeoise / Union of Horse Breeders of the Ariege Pyrenees ) in La Bastide @-@ de @-@ Serou , which has about 400 members and 600 horses in the stud book . SHERPA unites eleven regional offices whose purpose is to organize Mérens breeders and enthusiasts . The role of SHERPA is to decide the overall direction of the breed in partnership with the French National Stud . It promotes the Mérens at fairs , national shows and international exhibitions , as well as publishing newsletters and breeder lists . SHERPA also organizes the annual breed show in Bouan .
Only purebred Mérens may be registered in the breed stud book . The selection of stallions is rigorous , based on tests at the age of three . The breeding goal is to produce horses with the ideal conformation and good character . The gaits are subject to particular observation in all stallions , and during the three @-@ year @-@ old inspections , they must perform a dressage test , a cross @-@ country jumping test , a test on the longe line and a physical inspection . The Mérens has one of the most stringent inspection procedures , and breeders aim to achieve a steady increase in the quality of the breed . Mares are evaluated during a breed competition organized by the French National Stud .
French breeding of the Mérens is divided between two schools of thought . The first is traditional breeders seeking to preserve the original type , that of a light draft horse living high in the mountains year @-@ round and retaining the hardiness for which the breed is known . The second comes from the conversion of the Mérens to a leisure horse in the 1980s , and aims to transform the physical type of the breed into a more sports @-@ oriented horse to ensure the survival of the breed . This dichotomy has become a source of tension between farmers and users of the breed .
Several countries besides France have populations of Mérens , and a few have breed registries and stud books that are recognized by the French . In Italy , the Mérens is the only foreign breed among the " breeds of limited distribution " recognised by the AIA , the national breeders ' association . Mérens are found mostly in northwestern Italy , in the provinces of Cuneo and Turin , but has spread to other mountain regions such as the valleys of Bergamo and Trento . The Italian breed registry for the Mérens is based in Cuneo . A Belgian non @-@ profit organization has been organizing the breed in that country since June 2005 , and was recognized as an official stud book by the Belgian Ministry of Agriculture in August 2006 . An agreement has been signed with the French breed registry to recognize the Belgian stud book as a daughter organization . Mérens are also present in the Netherlands , Switzerland and Germany , where there are recognized stud books and active breeding populations . There are some Mérens in the Czech Republic and members of the breed have also been exported to India and Tunisia .
= = Transhumance = =
The department of Ariege is known for the annual transhumance ( seasonal migration ) of cattle , sheep and horses , including many members of the Mérens breed . Each year , in June , hundreds of horses are moved to summer pastures at around 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) in altitude , where they live in a semi @-@ feral state , traveling on steep mountain paths and weathering storms and other climactic variations . In October , they return to the valleys for the winter . An old tradition , the transhumance fell out of favor , but has been reintroduced to Ariege by the association Autrefois en Couserans . Since 2000 , the association has worked with local horse breeders to promote the return to the annual practice . Around 500 Mérens make the transhumance each year . Herds are usually led by an experienced mare marked with a bell , as is done with cattle . A stallion can accompany the mares with foals to maintain cohesion of the herd and prevent it from mixing with other herds on the mountain slopes . The behavior of transhumant herds is midway between that of feral horses and domesticated horses who are around humans year @-@ round . Some horses , raised high in the mountains , stay there year @-@ round and do not perform the transhumance .
= = History = =
The history of the Mérens is closely linked to its homeland in the Pyrenees , as evidenced by the many myths and legends in which it plays a role . The origins of the Mérens are very old , and are commonly said to be lost in the mists of time . It is native to the upper valley of Ariege , near Andorra . The direct ancestor of the Mérens was probably in this valley during the Quaternary Period , approximately 15 @,@ 000 years ago . These wild horses probably moved to the mountains to escape global warming that accompanied the end of the last glacial period .
The physical characteristics of the Mérens are the result of the harsh mountain environment where they live , and they are reminiscent of the horses in the cave drawings at Niaux , made some 13 @,@ 000 years ago . These images depict animals with dense coats and a skull shaped like the modern Mérens , with a beard @-@ like protrusion of hair under the jawbone .
The Mérens may be of Iberian origin , as are most breeds from the area of the Pyrenees . It resembles the Norwegian Dole Gudbrandsdal and the British Fell and Dales ponies . Unlike the latter , the Mérens has never been crossed with the Friesian horse . Another theory of origin for the Mérens is based on the straight or concave facial profile ( which distinguishes them from the convex @-@ profiled Iberian horses ) , and asserts that they are descended from Oriental horses brought to Ariege by settlers from the east . With the isolation of their mountain homeland , the Mérens has undergone very little intermingling with foreign breeds .
= = = Antiquity and Middle Ages = = =
Julius Caesar mentions small black horses that resemble the Mérens in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( Commentaries on the Gallic War ) , when discussing the defeat of Crassus by the Sotiates and their cavalry . Historian Paul Prunet was the first to link the animals discussed by Caesar to the Mérens , although the relationship has not been definitely established . The location of the Sotiates is the subject of controversy , with some authors placing them in the district of Nerac and others near Foix . The Mérens may have been used as a pack animal by the Romans , who may have taken some of the animals with them when they left . The small black horse from the Pyrenees is described throughout antiquity .
There are also several mentions of what may be Mérens during the Middle Ages . They have been associated with Charlemagne , and a Carolingian statue showing Charlemagne on a small horse has been examined , and shown that the animal resembles a Mérens , standing no more than 13 @.@ 3 hands ( 55 inches , 140 cm ) at the shoulder . The legend of the founding of L 'Hospitalet @-@ près @-@ l 'Andorre depicts a traveler who , exhausted by the cold , kills his horse and buries himself in the steaming bowels , swearing that he will build a small hospital in the place if he survives .
The local Cathars held a special place in their religion for horses , especially through their belief in the transmigration of souls . There was also a belief in Pamiers that knights took their horses with them when they died . In the 12th century , the Cathar princess Esclarmonde of Foix climbed to the fortress of Château de Montségur on the back of a small , sure @-@ footed black horse . In the 14th century , the same small black horses are mentioned as accompanying the armies of Gaston III , Count of Foix .
= = = 18th and 19th centuries = = =
Horses from Ariege were requisitioned for Napoleon 's Grand Army during his Russian campaign . They were used mainly to pull artillery , as were most horses of this type from French territory at the beginning of the 19th century . A popular legend has them becoming famous during the crossing of the Berezina River during the Battle of Berezina .
The Mérens has long been used as a delivery and courier horse , as well as being used by local farmers . It has also been used by the winemakers of Languedoc , gardeners and dock workers , as well as continuing to be used by French armies , who appreciated its endurance . The breed was used in the mines , both under saddle and in harness . It was used by smugglers moving goods through the mountains between France and Spain , mainly carrying wood and minerals , and was known for its endurance and sense of direction .
Mérens horses were sold at the Tarascon @-@ sur @-@ Ariege horse fair , and were popular with merchants from the large cities . The breed was sometimes called " Tarasconnais " , after the town , and was famous for the high quality of its legs and the ability to survive on poor food . It was used to breed mules , and the Pyrenees mule was derived from a cross between Catalan donkeys and horses of the Breton , Mérens and other breeds . Before World War I , almost 1 @,@ 000 Pyrenees mules were born annually in the Ariege department . The first breed show was organized in 1872 . By the end of the 19th century , horses from the Pyrenees were known for their use as light cavalry . They were praised for their agility , sure @-@ footedness , robust constitutions , and endurance , a result of their semi @-@ feral existence in the Pyrenees mountains .
= = = 20th century = = =
Starting the late 19th century , uncontrolled crossbreeding created a decline in the population of purebred Mérens . By the early 20th century , some breeders in L 'Hospitalet and Mérens @-@ les @-@ Vals began to work against these crossings with outside breeds and bred only horses with conformation similar to the original Mérens . These breeders wanted to keep alive the traditional Mérens , which they valued for its hardiness and versatility . In 1908 , control of breeding was given to the President of the Société d ’ Agriculture de l ’ Ariège ( Agricultural Society of Ariege ) , Gabriel Lamarque , who was dedicated to the preservation of the breed . In 1933 , the Syndicat d 'élevage du Mérens ( Breeding Society of Mérens ) was created , and in 1948 the first stud book was created under the control of the French National Stud .
In 1946 , the French army ceased to use the Mérens for drawing artillery in the mountains , and this corresponded to the beginning of the decline of the breed . The population fell dramatically during the second half of the 20th century , due to the modernization and mechanization of transport and agriculture . In 1950 in Senegal , the Mérens was used in attempts to create a horse tougher than the native M 'Bayar , but the breeding program was not enough to significantly increase the Mérens population . The use of the Mérens in agriculture continued into the 1970s , and like many French draft breeds , it was also bred for slaughter to produce horse meat . The mountains of Ariege acted as a sanctuary , preventing the Mérens , as well as other breeds such as Gascon cattle and Tarasconnaise sheep , from disappearing completely . By the early 1970s , however , the Mérens was on the verge of extinction .
By the early 1970s , there remained only 40 Mérens horses registered in the breed studbook . The breed was saved from extinction by utopian communities believing in an ecological apocalypse . As part of the hippie movement , people wanting to live on the fringe of society settled in the small villages of Ariege . They boosted the local economy , including encouraging the resumption of the breeding of Mérens . At the same time , the story of the semi @-@ feral horse Bonbon became a local phenomenon . This Mérens , orphaned following an accident , was raised on bottle @-@ fed goat milk . He was then sold to a horse @-@ dealer before later returning to his homeland and winning prizes as a stallion . He died at twenty , having returned to his herd high in the mountains .
Meanwhile , the Mérens breed was revived as a fashionable animal of leisure by Lucien Lafont de Sentenac , a national expert in horse breeding . He moved the efforts of farmers towards breeding sport pony @-@ style animals , and the breed , originally called the " Mérens horse " , was renamed the " Mérens pony " for commercial and administrative reasons . With good breeding management and promotion , the population numbers of the breed gradually recovered . Between 1975 and 1985 , the number of Mérens doubled from 2 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 animals , and its rescue is considered a good example of saving an endangered breed .
In 1977 , the Mérens was introduced to the island of Réunion , where its breeding is now part of the local economy . It is used as a saddle horse and for hauling . The breed is also used for equestrian tourism on the mountains of the island , where it is particularly well suited for the steep terrain and climate , taking tourists into volcanic regions covered in ash .
A national center for the breeding of Mérens was open in 1990 by SHERPA to offer support for the preservation of the breed . The equestrian center includes a living museum for the presentation of the breed . In 1997 , SHERPA offered a Mérens to then @-@ Prime Minister of Britain Tony Blair . On January 1 , 1998 , the Mérens was removed from the classification of " pony " and returned to the category of " horse " by the French National Stud . In 2000 , the Mérens breed was chosen by Jean @-@ Louis Savignol to launch the first breeding farm for certified organic horses intended for leisure use rather than human consumption . The horses are fed a natural diet , dewormed with a mixture of garlic and clay , treated using a combination of homeopathy and osteopathy , and moved high in the mountains during the transhumance each year .
= = = Present = = =
Today , Mérens closest to the original type and lifestyle are found in the valleys of the high mountains of the Pyrenees , near Andorra . The majority of Mérens breeding still takes place in Ariege , the traditional homeland of the breed . However , they can also be found in almost all regions of France , including the Alps , the Cévennes , the Centre , the Massif Central and the Île @-@ de @-@ France . Besides the annual breed show in Bouan , Mérens are also commonly seen at the Paris International Agricultural Show and other major horse shows .
The total herd size is relatively small . The population numbers stabilized somewhat at the beginning of the 21st century , with around 1500 broodmares , 150 active stallions and 500 births per year . In 2006 , 455 new foals were registered , 1 @,@ 051 mares and 89 stallions were listed as active breeding stock and there were 306 breeders , a term applied to anyone who has at least one active broodmare . In the same year , the Mérens made up 2 percent of total horses in France . A genetic study in 2008 considers the original type of the breed to be endangered . The author suggested that the Mérens should be a conservation priority in order to maintain the maximum genetic diversity among French horse breeds .
= = Uses = =
In the past Mérens horses were used for farm work , particularly on steep or difficult terrain , as packhorses and for draft work in mining or hauling timber or sledges . Today , following breeding selection towards a slightly taller and livelier type , they are used principally as saddle horses , especially for trekking in mountainous areas ; but have also proved successful in carriage driving . Some have been used for vaulting , dressage , show jumping and three @-@ day eventing .
The Mérens is now considered a multi @-@ purpose recreational horse that is also attached to the cultural identity of the Ariege region . They are used for leisure and competitive trail riding . They are consistently ranked in the French national competitive
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
on November 24 , 1982 , and is historically significant as Colonial @-@ era highway marker .
= = History = =
The 1761 Milestone is a historic marker that marked the junction of a Colonial highway . In 1761 , it was located at the intersection of Great Road , from Providence , Rhode Island , to Mendon , Massachusetts , and an east @-@ west route from Boston , Massachusetts , into Connecticut . Currently , the marker rests near the intersection of South Main Street and Smithfield Road ( previously Great Road ) and occupies the land designated by the Woonsocket Assessor as plat 4 @-@ C , lot 69 .
The 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) by 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) marker is described by the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) nomination form as an " odd @-@ shaped piece of grey slate , somewhat broken and effaced ... " It bears a boldly cut inscription of an unknown stonecutter ; the inscription is likened to 18th @-@ century handwriting and lacks a calligraphic pattern . The marker reads " Miles to [ B ] oston 1761 " , but according to Rhode Island : A Guide to the Smallest State it read , " Miles to Boston 47 " .
In 1898 , it was reported that the stone was unearthed during the installation of electrical road ( likely for a tram ) and restored to its original location by the Woonsocket chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution . Sometime later , the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a bronze plaque on the stone , but it was absent at the time of its nomination in 1982 . The marker is currently mortared into a retaining wall at the edge of the sidewalk on 640 South Main Street at the intersection and has been since prior to 1982 . As of 2013 , a Daughters of the American Revolution plaque is present .
= = Importance = =
The National Register of Historic Places nomination states the marker is at its original site and is historically important because " [ t ] his milestone is the only extant Woonsocket property which well recalls this era in the early history of American overland transportation , and it is one of but a handful of such stones surviving in Rhode Island that marks inter @-@ colonial highways . " It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 24 , 1982 .
= The Mambo Kings =
The Mambo Kings is a 1992 French – American drama film directed by Arne Glimcher . It is an adaptation of Oscar Hijuelos 's 1989 Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love . The film stars Armand Assante and Antonio Banderas as Cesar and Nestor Castillo , brothers and aspiring musicians who flee from Cuba to America in the hopes of reviving their failed musical careers . The Mambo Kings marks the directing debut of Glimcher and features Banderas in his first English @-@ language role .
Glimcher purchased the film rights to Hijuelos 's novel in 1988 , before hiring Cynthia Cidre to write the screenplay . Various studios rejected the film , and after an unsuccessful pre @-@ production development at Universal Studios , the project moved to Warner Bros. , with Regency Enterprises and Le Studio Canal + agreeing to co @-@ finance the film . When Warner Bros. wanted Jeremy Irons and Ray Liotta in the lead roles , Glimcher had to convince executives to cast Assante and Banderas instead . Filming for The Mambo Kings took place in Los Angeles , on sets recreating 1950s New York .
The film received mostly positive reviews from critics , but underperformed at the box office , grossing only $ 6 @,@ 742 @,@ 168 during its domestic theatrical release . For its original song " Beautiful Maria of My Soul " , The Mambo Kings earned nominations from several groups , including the Academy Awards .
= = Plot = =
In the early 1950s , Cuban brothers and musicians Cesar ( Armand Assante ) and Nestor Castillo ( Antonio Banderas ) flee from Havana , Cuba after getting into a violent dispute with the mobster owners of a club where they performed . Eventually ending up in New York City , the brothers work at menial jobs while attempting to revive their musical careers . At a nightclub where Cesar briefly crashes the act of mambo star Tito Puente , they make new friends and connections , as well as meeting cigarette girl Lanna Lake ( Cathy Moriarty ) , who falls quickly into a love affair with Cesar .
Nestor , in the meantime , remains oblivious to other women while continually composing his ode to his lost Cuban love , Maria ( Talisa Soto ) . He writes version after version of the same ballad , " Beautiful Maria of My Soul " , until by chance one day he encounters Delores ( Maruschka Detmers ) , a shy but attentive young woman who wishes to become a schoolteacher . When she becomes pregnant , they decide to get married .
Fate intervenes one night at a club , where the Castillo brothers have a part @-@ time job . Nestor 's love ballad captures the interest of one of the customers , who turns out to be the Cuban bandleader and American television star Desi Arnaz ( played by his son , Desi Arnaz , Jr . ) . After a pleasant evening in Nestor and Delores 's home , Arnaz generously invites the struggling Castillos to sing and act on an episode of his smash sitcom series , I Love Lucy .
Fame does not last , however . Nestor is not as ambitious as his brother and desires nothing more than to own his own small club . He is in love with Delores , but lacks the passion he felt for his beloved Maria back home . Cesar , meantime , suppresses his true feelings , that a woman like Delores would actually be perfect for him . Cesar eventually reveals to Nestor that Maria left him for a Cuban mobster in exchange for cancelling a contract hit against Nestor .
There are tragic consequences one snowy night when the Castillo brothers ' car veers off the road and into a tree . Cesar , in the back seat of the vehicle , is barely hurt , but Nestor , having driven the car , is killed . The life of Cesar , shattered , is never the same . To honor his brother 's memory , Cesar opens his own small club , which is well received . Delores pays him a visit and asks him to sing Nestor 's song for her .
= = Cast = =
Armand Assante as Cesar Castillo
Antonio Banderas as Nestor Castillo
Cathy Moriarty as Lanna Lake
Maruschka Detmers as Delores Fuentes
Desi Arnaz , Jr. as Desi Arnaz , Sr.
Roscoe Lee Browne as Fernando Perez
Celia Cruz as Evalina Montoya
Vondie Curtis @-@ Hall as Miguel Montoya
Talisa Soto as Maria Rivera
Tito Puente as Himself
Thomas F. Duffy as Mulligan
Frank Grillo as Machito
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Arne Glimcher , an art dealer based in New York City and a fan of mambo music , learned that Oscar Hijuelos was writing a novel relating to the subject . In 1988 , Hijuelos sent Glimcher a manuscript of his novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love . Glimcher purchased the film rights before the novel was published one year later . He hired Cuban @-@ born screenwriter Cynthia Cidre to write the script . Cidre spent a year and a half working on the screenplay , and after 24 drafts , she had stripped the story down to cover only half of Hijuelos 's 407 @-@ page book . When asked about the modification of his novel in the film adaptation , Hijuelos said , " My only concern was that the Cuban culture be treated with respect and the music be authentic and accurate to the period . "
Various studios rejected the project , until Glimcher persuaded Tom Pollock , chairman of Universal Studios , to financially back the film on a low budget . Before production could begin however , Pollock insisted that footage from the television series I Love Lucy be a key part of the film . Following Lucille Ball 's death in 1989 , Glimcher was unable to secure the rights to use footage for the film . After Universal cancelled production of The Mambo Kings , the project moved to Warner Bros. ; Glimcher met with the studio 's president Terry Semel , who introduced him to producer Arnon Milchan , who agreed to co @-@ financed The Mambo Kings with his production company Regency Enterprises and the French @-@ based film studio Le Studio Canal + . The film was given a production budget of $ 15 @.@ 5 million .
= = = Casting = = =
Armand Assante and Antonio Banderas were Glimcher 's ideal choices for the roles of Cesar and Nestor Castillo . Prior to The Mambo Kings , Assante had appeared in a number of films but had not yet broken out as a major star ; Banderas , a Spanish actor , had moved to Los Angeles , California , hoping to make an international debut with his first English speaking role . Warner Bros. , however , wanted to cast Jeremy Irons as Cesar and Ray Liotta as Nestor . Both actors had received critical acclaim for their performances in Reversal of Fortune and Goodfellas respectively , and the studio felt that they would appeal to a wider audience .
Through a translator , Glimcher told Banderas to work on improving his English for one month before performing a screen test opposite Irons . The Spanish actor , lacking the ability to speak English , learned his lines phonetically . Despite Irons 's excellent screen test , Glimcher thought he was wrong for the part and insisted on Assante ; he thought the charm and seductiveness of Assante made him perfect for the role , and the studio eventually gave in .
Annabella Sciorra was originally cast as Nestor ’ s new love interest Delores , a role that eventually went to actress Maruschka Detmers when Sciorra was forced to pull out . Detmers was given the role just two weeks prior to filming . Glimcher cast Cathy Moriarty as Cesar 's girlfriend Lanna Lake based on the actress 's performance in Raging Bull .
Desi Arnaz , Jr. was chosen to portray his father , Desi Arnaz , in a scene in which the Castillo brothers appear on an episode of I Love Lucy . In preparing for his role , Arnaz , Jr. dyed his hair black and wore an ID bracelet , ring and pin , all of which had belonged to his late father . " I wasn 't trying to look exactly like him , " he explained . " It was more about getting his essence and mannerisms . " In an effort to re @-@ create the mambo world of the 1950s , Glimcher hired musicians Tito Puente and Celia Cruz to appear .
= = = Filming and design = = =
The Mambo Kings was filmed in Los Angeles , California , which was used to create a 1950s @-@ era New York City . The Palladium Ballroom , a long @-@ gone New York City concert hall , was recreated and serves as a centrepiece in the film . In describing the look of the film , production designer Stuart Wurtzel stated , " There are lots of photographs and some film from that period . ... There 's a film called Mambo Madness from 1955 with some footage of Tito Puente and Desi Arnaz we looked at , and we got pictures from the Cuban Society in New York and from libraries . The Cuban community has been enormously supportive of the film , so we 've also been privy to the private archives of many people . " Ann Roth served as costume designer , using vintage textiles to create the custom @-@ made wardrobe . The I Love Lucy segment of the film was filmed at Ren @-@ Mar Studios , the former site of Desilu Productions . The set of the Ricardos ' living room was re @-@ created , with film editors intercutting footage with Banderas , Assante and Arnaz , Jr. with an actual episode featuring Lucille Ball . "
= = = Music and soundtrack = = =
Assante and Banderas did their own singing , and studied to master the instruments their characters use in the film . Assante practiced on drums , preparing for a scene in which his character plays a musical number with Tito Puente . Banderas worked to mimic the correct posture and finger placements for his character 's trumpet performances , while the actual playing was performed by Arturo Sandoval .
Music supervisor Robert Kraft used existing music from the 1950s , all of which had to be re @-@ recorded , as they were originally recorded in mono sound . The song " Beautiful Maria of My Soul " was written for the film by Glimcher , and composed by Kraft . The motion picture soundtrack features a number of original master recordings , re @-@ recorded tracks and mambo music from Arturo Sandoval , Tito Puente and Celia Cruz . The soundtrack was released by Elektra Records .
= = Release = =
The Mambo Kings was distributed by one entity , Warner Bros. , who originally planned to release the film on December 25 , 1991 . It first premiered at the Miami Film Festival on February 7 , 1992 before being released theatrically on February 28 , 1992 .
The film was released on VHS and laserdisc on September 2 , 1992 , and on DVD on August 17 , 2005 . The DVD includes an unrated version of the film that restores one deleted scene . Other features include a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurette and an audio commentary by Arne Glimcher .
= = = Reception = = =
The Mambo Kings was well received by critics . The film currently holds an 83 % " fresh " rating on the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on a total of 24 reviews .
Film critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that the film " runs on pure emotion " , and that it " celebrates the mysterious power of a music that can make you feel like dancing and bring you to your knees . " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times wrote that the film 's " story is as old as the movies , but The Mambo Kings is so filled with energy , passion and heedless vitality that it seems new , anyway . " Ebert and his colleague , Gene Siskel , gave the film a " Two Thumbs Up " rating on their syndicated television program , Siskel and Ebert and the Movies . Rita Kempley of The Washington Post praised the film 's director , writing that " Glimcher shows an epicure 's taste in his choice of both cast and crew . The look of " The Mambo Kings " is doubtless richer than the text , which is , however , strengthened by Glimcher 's nostalgia for the teenage , eager America of the 1950s . " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote , " The Mambo Kings is most fun when it practically dares you to swoon . It 's a movie you don 't have to believe to enjoy . " Betty Goodwin of the Los Angeles Times praised the film 's visual style : " The innocence of the pre @-@ MTV ' 50s mambo scene is expressed through meticulously real details and honest styling . "
Desson Howe of The Washington Post wrote a mixed review , writing that the film is " beautifully filmed and flashily edited " , but that it " has nothing to offer . " Vincent Canby of The New York Times , gave the film a negative review , writing , " There are times when the director doesn 't even seem to know where to put the camera . Scenes unravel without dramatic point . No amount of breathless editing and fancy graphics can disguise the amateur nature of the enterprise . " In The Philadelphia Inquirer , Roger E. Hernandez criticized the film for its portrayal of Cubans . Hernandez wrote , " The main problem here was the accents . The characters were supposed to be Cuban , but , with the exception of salsa star Celia Cruz , none sounded it . " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times criticized Glimcher 's direction , writing in his review , " ... when it comes to directing dramatic sequences , he is on his own and lacking in resources to make what drama there is come to a coherent or meaningful point . "
Desi Arnaz , Jr. voiced his support of the film , stating that he and his sister Lucie Arnaz , " loved the story being told in this movie . " Arnaz , Jr. said , " It is an amazing saga of people in search of the American dream . It is my father`s story . It is the story of many people who came to this country with hopes and dreams . " Tito Puente praised the film prior to its theatrical release , stating , " I 've seen the movie twice , and I loved it the second time . The first time I couldn 't get into it . I was watching for too many details , I guess . But now I 've seen it a second time , and I think it 's great . "
= = = Box office = = =
In its first week of release , The Mambo Kings grossed $ 319 @,@ 793 , having been released in 32 theatres in North America . The film earned an additional $ 299 @,@ 418 in its second week . After three weeks of release , The Mambo Kings grossed $ 2 @,@ 192 @,@ 258 domestically . At the end of its theatrical run , the film had grossed $ 6 @,@ 742 @,@ 168 , well below its $ 15 @.@ 5 million budget .
= = = Nominations = = =
The song " Beautiful Maria of My Soul " received a Best Original Song nomination at the 65th Academy Awards . It was also nominated at the 50th Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Song , and at the 35th Grammy Awards for " Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television " category . The film received a second Grammy nomination for " Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television " for the song " Mambo Caliente " which was composed by Arturo Sandoval .
= = Stage play = =
The Mambo Kings inspired a musical stage play of the same name in 2005 . It was produced by Daryl Roth and Jordan Roth , with lyrics by Arne Glimcher and music by Carlos Franzetti . The Mambo Kings premiered at the Golden Gate Theatre in San Francisco , California , opening on May 31 , 2005 . The stage version featured Esai Morales and Jaime Camil as Cesar and Nestor Castillo , with supporting performers including Christiane Noll , David Alan Grier , Cote de Pablo and Justina Machado . The production cancelled plans to open on Broadway theatre after a critically panned tryout engagement in San Francisco .
= Hoysala architecture =
Hoysala architecture is the building style developed under the rule of the Hoysala Empire between the 11th and 14th centuries , in the region known today as Karnataka , a state of India . Hoysala influence was at its peak in the 13th century , when it dominated the Southern Deccan Plateau region . Large and small temples built during this era remain as examples of the Hoysala architectural style , including the Chennakesava Temple at Belur , the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu , and the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura . Other examples of Hoysala craftsmanship are the temples at Belavadi , Amruthapura , Hosaholalu , Mosale , Arasikere , Basaralu , Kikkeri and Nuggehalli . Study of the Hoysala architectural style has revealed a negligible Indo @-@ Aryan influence while the impact of Southern Indian style is more distinct .
Temples built prior to Hoysala independence in the mid @-@ 12th century reflect significant Western Chalukya influences , while later temples retain some features salient to Chalukyan art but have additional inventive decoration and ornamentation , features unique to Hoysala artisans . Some three hundred temples are known to survive in present @-@ day Karnataka state and many more are mentioned in inscriptions , though only about seventy have been documented . The greatest concentration of these are in the Malnad ( hill ) districts , the native home of the Hoysala kings .
The Karnata Dravida tradition which covers a period of about seven centuries began in the 7th century under the patronage of the Chalukya dynasty of Badami , developed further under the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta during the 9th and 10th centuries and the Western Chalukyas ( or Later Chalukyas ) of Basavakalyan in the 11th and 12th centuries . Its final development stage and transformation into an independent style was during the rule of the Hoysalas in the 12th and 13th centuries . Medieval inscriptions displayed prominently at temple locations give information about donations made toward the maintenance of the temple , details of consecration and on occasion , even architectural details .
= = Temple deities = =
Hinduism is a combination of secular and sacred beliefs , rituals , daily practices and traditions that has evolved over the course of over two thousand years and embodies complex symbolism combining the natural world with philosophy . Hindu temples began as simple shrines housing a deity and by the time of the Hoysalas had evolved into well articulated edifices in which worshippers sought transcendence of the daily world . Hoysala temples were not limited to any specific organised tradition of Hinduism and encouraged pilgrims of different Hindu devotional movements . The Hoysalas usually dedicated their temples to Shiva or to Vishnu ( two of the popular Hindu gods ) , but they occasionally built some temples dedicated to the Jain faith as well . Worshippers of Shiva are called Shaivas and worshippers of Vishnu are called Vaishnavas . While King Vishnuvardhana and his descendants were Vaishnava by faith , records show that the Hoysalas maintained religious harmony by building as many temples dedicated to Shiva as they did to Vishnu . Most of these temples have secular features with broad themes depicted in their sculptures . This can be seen in the famous Chennakesava Temple at Belur dedicated to Vishnu and in the Hoysaleswara temple at Halebidu dedicated to Shiva . The Kesava temple at Somanathapura is different in that its ornamentation is strictly Vaishnavan . Generally Vaishnava temples are dedicated to Keshava ( or to Chennakeshava , meaning " Beautiful Vishnu " ) while a small number are dedicated to Lakshminarayana and Lakshminarasimha ( Narayana and Narasimha both being Avatars , or physical manifestations , of Vishnu ) with Lakshmi , consort of Vishnu , seated at his feet . Temples dedicated to Vishnu are always named after the deity . The Shaiva temples have a Shiva linga , symbol of fertility and the universal symbol of Shiva , in the shrine . The names of Shiva temples can end with the suffix eshwara meaning " Lord of " . The name " Hoysaleswara " , for instance , means " Lord of Hoysala " . The temple can also be named after the devotee who commissioned the construction of the temple , an example being the Bucesvara temple at Koravangala , named after the devotee Buci . The most striking sculptural decorations are the horizontal rows of moldings with detailed relief , and intricately carved images of gods , goddesses and their attendants on the outer temple wall panels .
The Doddagaddavalli Lakshmi Devi ( " Goddess of Wealth " ) Temple is an exception as it is dedicated to neither Vishnu nor Shiva . The defeat of the Jain Western Ganga Dynasty ( of present @-@ day south Karnataka ) by the Cholas in the early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of Vaishnava Hinduism and Virashaivism in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism . However , two notable locations of Jain worship in the Hoysala territory were Shravanabelagola and Kambadahalli . The Hoysalas built Jain temples to satisfy the needs of its Jain population , a few of which have survived in Halebidu containing icons of Jain tirthankaras . They constructed stepped wells called Pushkarni or Kalyani , the ornate tank at Hulikere being an example . The tank has twelve minor shrines containing Hindu deities .
The two main deities found in Hoysala temple sculpture are Shiva and Vishnu in their various forms and avatars ( incarnations ) . Shiva is usually shown with four arms holding a trident and a small drum among other emblems that symbolize objects worshiped independently of the divine image with which they are associated . Any male icon portrayed in this way is Shiva although a female icon may sometimes be portrayed with these attributes as Shiva 's consort , Parvati . Various depictions of Lord Shiva exist : showing him naked ( fully or partially ) , in action such as slaying a demon ( Andhaka ) or dancing on the head of a slain elephant ( Gajasura ) and holding its skin up behind his back . He is often accompanied by his consort Parvati or shown with Nandi the bull . He may be represented as Bhairava , another of Shiva 's many manifestations .
A male figure depicted holding certain objects such as a conch ( symbol of eternal , heavenly space ) and a wheel ( eternal time and destructive power ) is Vishnu . If a female figure is depicted holding these objects , she is seen as his consort , Lakshmi . In all the depictions Vishnu is holding four objects : a conch , a wheel , a lotus and a mace . These can be held in any of the icon 's hands , making possible twenty @-@ four different forms of Vishnu , each with a unique name . Apart from these , Vishnu is depicted in any of his ten avataras , which include Vishnu sitting on Anantha ( the celestial snake and keeper of life energy also known as Shesha ) , Vishnu with Lakshmi seated on his lap ( Lakshminarayana ) , with the head of a lion disemboweling a demon on his lap ( Lakshminarasimha ) , with head of a boar walking over a demon ( Varaha ) , in the Krishna avatar ( as Venugopala or the cow herder playing the Venu ( flute ) , dancing on the head of the snake Kaliya , lifting a hill such as Govardhana ) , with his feet over head of a small figure ( Vamana ) , along with Indra riding an elephant , with Lakshmi seated on Garuda , and the eagle ( stealing the parijata tree ) .
= = Temple complex = =
The focus of a temple is the centre or sanctum sanctorum ( garbhagriha ) where the image of the deity resides , so temple architecture is designed to move the devotee from outside to the garbhagriha through ambulatory passageways for circumambulation and halls or chambers ( mantapas ) that become increasingly sacred as the deity is approached . Hoysala temples have distinct parts that are merged to form a unified organic whole , in contrast to the temples of Tamil country where different parts of a temple stand independently . Although superficially unique , Hoysala temples resemble each other structurally . They are characterised by a complex profusion of sculpture decorating all the temple parts chiseled of soft soapstone ( chloritic schist ) , a good material for intricate carving , executed mostly by local craftsmen , and exhibit architectural features that distinguish them from other temple architectures of South India .
Most Hoysala temples have a plain covered entrance porch supported by lathe turned ( circular or bell @-@ shaped ) pillars which were sometimes further carved with deep fluting and moulded with decorative motifs . The temples may be built upon a platform raised by about a metre called a " jagati " . The jagati , apart from giving a raised look to the temple , serves as a pradakshinapatha or " circumambulation path " for circumambulation around the temple , as the garbagriha ( inner sanctum ) provides no such feature . Such temples will have an additional set of steps leading to an open mantapa ( open hall ) with parapet walls . A good example of this style is the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura . The jagati which is in unity with the rest of the temple follows a star @-@ shaped design and the walls of the temple follow a zig @-@ zag pattern , a Hoysala innovation .
Devotees can first complete a ritual circumambulation on the jagati starting from the main entrance by walking in a clockwise direction ( towards the left ) before entering the mantapa , following the sculptural clockwise @-@ sequenced reliefs on the outer temple walls depicting a sequence of epic scenes from the Hindu epics . Temples that are not built on a jagati can have steps flanked by elephant balustrades ( parapets ) that lead to the mantapa from ground level . An example of a temple that does not exhibit the raised platform is the Bucesvara temple in Korvangla , Hassan District . In temples with two shrines ( dvikuta ) , the vimanas ( the shrines or cellae ) may be placed either next to each other or on opposite sides . The Lakshmidevi temple at Doddagaddavalli is unique to Hoysala architecture as it has four shrines around a common center and a fifth shrine within the same complex for the deity Bhairava ( a form of Shiva ) . In addition , four minor shrines exist at each corner of the courtyard ( prakaram ) .
= = Architectural elements = =
= = = Mantapa = = =
The mantapa is the hall where groups of people gather during prayers . The entrance to the mantapa normally has a highly ornate overhead lintel called a makaratorana ( makara is an imaginary beast and torana is an overhead decoration ) . The open mantapa which serves the purpose of an outer hall ( outer mantapa ) is a regular feature in larger Hoysala temples leading to an inner small closed mantapa and the shrine ( s ) . The open mantapas which are often spacious have seating areas ( asana ) made of stone with the mantapa 's parapet wall acting as a back rest . The seats may follow the same staggered square shape of the parapet wall . The ceiling here is supported by numerous pillars that create many bays . The shape of the open mantapa is best described as staggered @-@ square and is the style used in most Hoysala temples . Even the smallest open mantapa has 13 bays . The walls have parapets that have half pillars supporting the outer ends of the roof which allow plenty of light making all the sculptural details visible . The mantapa ceiling is generally ornate with sculptures , both mythological and floral . The ceiling consists of deep and domical surfaces and contains sculptural depictions of banana bud motifs and other such decorations .
If the temple is small it will consist of only a closed mantapa ( enclosed with walls extending all the way to the ceiling ) and the shrine . The closed mantapa , well decorated inside and out , is larger than the vestibule connecting the shrine and the mantapa and has four lathe @-@ turned pillars to support the ceiling , which may be deeply domed . The four pillars divide the hall into nine bays . The nine bays result in nine decorated ceilings . Pierced stone screens ( Jali or Latticework ) that serve as windows in the navaranga ( hall ) and Sabhamantapa ( congregation hall ) is a characteristic Hoysala stylistic element .
A porch adorns the entrance to a closed mantapa , consisting of an awning supported by two half @-@ pillars ( engaged columns ) and two parapets , all richly decorated . The closed mantapa is connected to the shrine ( s ) by a vestibule , a square area that also connects the shrines . Its outer walls are decorated , but as the size the vestibule is not large , this may not be a conspicuous part of the temple . The vestibule also has a short tower called the sukanasi or " nose " upon which is mounted the Hoysala emblem . In Belur and Halebidu , these sculptures are quite large and are placed at all doorways .
The outer and inner mantapa ( open and closed ) have circular lathe @-@ turned pillars having four brackets at the top . Over each bracket stands sculptured figure ( s ) called salabhanjika or madanika . The pillars may also exhibit ornamental carvings on the surface and no two pillars are alike . This is how Hoysala art differs from the work of their early overlords , the Western Chalukyas , who added sculptural details to the circular pillar base and left the top plain . The lathe @-@ turned pillars are 16 , 32 , or 64 @-@ pointed ; some are bell @-@ shaped and have properties that reflect light . The Parsvanatha Basadi at Halebidu is a good example . According to Brown , the pillars with four monolithic brackets above them carry images of salabhanjikas and madanikas ( sculpture of a woman , displaying stylized feminine features ) . This is a common feature of Chalukya @-@ Hoysala temples . According to Sastri , the shape of the pillar and its capital , the base of which is square and whose shaft is a monolith that is lathe turned to render different shapes , is a " remarkable feature " of Hoysala art .
= = = Vimana = = =
The vimana , also called the cella , contains the most sacred shrine wherein resides the image of the presiding deity . The vimana is often topped by a tower which is quite different on the outside than on the inside . Inside , the vimana is plain and square , whereas outside it is profusely decorated and can be either stellate ( " star @-@ shaped " ) or shaped as a staggered square , or feature a combination of these designs , giving it many projections and recesses that seem to multiply as the light falls on it . Each projection and recess has a complete decorative articulation that is rhythmic and repetitive and composed of blocks and mouldings , obscuring the tower profile . Depending on the number of shrines ( and hence on the number of towers ) , the temples are classified as ekakuta ( one ) , dvikuta ( two ) , trikuta ( three ) , chatushkuta ( four ) and panchakuta ( five ) . Most Hoysala temples are ekakuta , dvikuta or trikuta , the Vaishnava ones mostly being trikuta . There are cases where a temple is trikuta but has only one tower over the main shrine ( in the middle ) . So the terminology trikuta may not be literally accurate . In temples with multiple disconnected shrines , such as the twin temples at Mosale , all essential parts are duplicated for symmetry and balance .
The highest point of the temple ( kalasa ) has the shape of a water pot and stands on top of the tower . This portion of the vimana is often lost due to age and has been replaced with a metallic pinnacle . Below the kalasa is a large , highly- sculptured structure resembling a dome which is made from large stones and looks like a helmet . It may be 2 m by 2 m in size and follows the shape of the shrine . Below this structure are domed roofs in a square plan , all of them much smaller and crowned with small kalasas . They are mixed with other small roofs of different shapes and are ornately decorated . The tower of the shrine usually has three or four tiers of rows of decorative roofs while the tower on top of the sukanasi has one less tier , making the tower look like an extension of the main tower ( Foekema calls it the " nose " ) . One decorated roof tier runs on top of the wall of a closed mantapa above the heavy eaves of an open mantapa and above the porches .
Below the superstructure of the vimana are temple " eaves " projecting half a meter from the wall . Below the eaves two different decorative schemes may be found , depending on whether a temple was built in the early or the later period of the empire . In the early temples built prior to the 13th century , there is one eave and below this are decorative miniature towers . A panel of Hindu deities and their attendants are below these towers , followed by a set of five different mouldings forming the base of the wall . In the later temples there is a second eave running about a metre below the upper eaves with decorative miniature towers placed between them . The wall images of gods are below the lower eaves , followed by six different mouldings of equal size . This is broadly termed " horizontal treatment " . The six mouldings at the base are divided in two sections . Going from the very base of the wall , the first horizontal layer contains a procession of elephants , above which are horsemen and then a band of foliage . The second horizontal section has depictions of the Hindu epics and Puranic scenes executed with detail . Above this are two friezes of yallis or makaras ( imaginary beasts ) and hamsas ( swans ) . The vimana ( tower ) is divided into three horizontal sections and is even more ornate than the walls .
= = = Sculpture = = =
In Hoysala art Hardy identifies two conspicuous departures from the more austere Western ( Later ) Chalukya art : ornamental elaboration and a profusion of iconography with figure sculptures , both of which are found in abundance even on the superstructure over the shrine . Their medium , the soft chlorite schist ( Soapstone ) enabled a virtuoso carving style . Hoysala artists are noted for their attention to sculptural detail be it in the depiction of themes from the Hindu epics and deities or in their use of motifs such as yalli , kirtimukha ( gargoyles ) , aedicula ( miniature decorative towers ) on pilaster , makara ( aquatic monster ) , birds ( hamsa ) , spiral foliage , animals such as lions , elephants and horses , and even general aspects of daily life such as hair styles in vogue .
Salabhanjika , a common form of Hoysala sculpture , is an old Indian tradition going back to Buddhist sculpture . Sala is the sala tree and bhanjika is the chaste maiden . In the Hoysala idiom , madanika figures are decorative objects put at an angle on the outer walls of the temple near the roof so that worshipers circumambulating the temple can view them .
The sthamba buttalikas are pillar images that show traces of Chola art in the Chalukyan touches . Some of the artists working for the Hoysalas may have been from Chola country , a result of the expansion of the empire into Tamil @-@ speaking regions of Southern India . The image of mohini on one of the pillars in the mantapa ( closed hall ) of the Chennakeshava temple is an example of Chola art .
General life themes are portrayed on wall panels such as the way horses were reined , the type of stirrup used , the depiction of dancers , musicians , instrumentalists , and rows of animals such as lions and elephants ( where no two animals are identical ) . Perhaps no other temple in the country depicts the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics more effectively than the Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebidu .
Erotica was a subject the Hoysala artist handled with discretion . There is no exhibitionism in this , and erotic themes were carved into recesses and niches , generally miniature in form , making them inconspicuous . These erotic representations are associated with the Shakta practice .
Apart from these sculptures , entire sequences from the Hindu epics ( commonly the Ramayana and the Mahabharata ) have been sculpted in a clockwise direction starting at the main entrance . The right to left sequence is the same direction taken by the devotees in their ritual circumambulation as they wind inward toward the inner sanctum . Depictions from mythology such as the epic hero Arjuna shooting fish , the elephant @-@ headed god Ganesha , the Sun god Surya , the weather and war god Indra , and Brahma with Sarasvati are common . Also frequently seen in these temples is Durga , with several arms holding weapons given to her by other gods , in the act of killing a buffalo ( a demon in a buffalo 's form ) and Harihara ( a fusion of Shiva and Vishnu ) holding a conch , wheel and trident . Many of these friezes were signed by the artisans , the first known instance of signed artwork in India .
= = Research = =
According to Settar , surveys in modern times have indicated that 1000 – 1500 structures were built by the Hoysalas , of which about a hundred temples have survived to date . The Hoysala style is an offshoot of the Western Chalukya style , which was popular in the 10th and 11th centuries . It is distinctively Dravidian , and according to Brown , owing to its features , Hoysala architecture qualifies as an independent style . While the Hoysalas introduced innovative features into their architecture , they also borrowed features from earlier builders of Karnata like the Kadambas , Western Chalukyas . These features included the use of chloritic schist or soapstone as a basic building material . Other features were the stepped style of vimana tower called the Kadamba shikhara , which was inherited from the Kadambas . Hoysala sculptors made use of the effect of light and shade on carved walls , which poses a challenge for photography of the temples . The artistry of the Hoysalas in stone has been compared to the finesse of an ivory worker or a goldsmith . The abundance of jewellery worn by the sculpted figures and the variety of hairstyles and headdresses depicted give a fair idea of the lifestyles of the Hoysala times .
= = Notable craftsmen = =
While medieval Indian artisans preferred to remain anonymous , Hoysala artisans signed their works , which has given researchers details about their lives , families , guilds , etc . Apart from the architects and sculptors , people of other guilds such as goldsmiths , ivory carvers , carpenters , and silversmiths also contributed to the completion of temples . The artisans were from diverse geographical backgrounds and included famous locals . Prolific architects included Amarashilpi Jakanachari , a native of Kaidala in Tumkur district , who also built temples for the Western Chalukyas . Ruvari Malithamma built the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura and worked on forty other monuments , including the Amruteshwara temple at Amruthapura . Malithamma specialised in ornamentation , and his works span six decades . His sculptures were typically signed in shorthand as Malli or simply Ma . Dasoja and his son Chavana from Balligavi were the architects of Chennakesava Temple at Belur ; Kedaroja was the chief architect of the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu . Their influence is seen in other temples built by the Hoysalas as well . Names of other locals found in inscriptions are Maridamma , Baicoja , Caudaya , Nanjaya and Bama , Malloja , Nadoja , Siddoja , Masanithamma , Chameya and Rameya . Artists from Tamil country included Pallavachari and Cholavachari .
= = List of notable temples from the Hoysala era = =
= All Around the World ( Justin Bieber song ) =
" All Around the World " is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber , from his third studio album , Believe ( 2012 ) . It was written by Bieber , Sir Nolan and Nasri of The Messengers in collaboration with Ludacris , who guest features . This was the second collaboration between Bieber and Ludacris , having previously collaborated on " Baby " ( 2010 ) . It was first released on June 4 , 2012 , as a promotional single from the album . The song was released as the fourth international single , and the fifth and final US single on February 26 , 2013 . The Eurodance track features a similar instrumentation to songs by Britney Spears , Chris Brown and Usher . Lyrically , it features Bieber singing to his love interest that " all around the world , people want to be loved " . " All Around the World " received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who welcomed the song 's Eurodance style . The song had moderate success worldwide , reaching the top ten in several countries , such as Belgium , Canada and Norway . Bieber promoted the song through live performances and a music video .
= = Background and composition = =
In late 2011 , Bieber confirmed to radio network Capital FM that he was recording material for his third studio album , which was originally going to be released in early 2012 . He later spoke to MTV News and revealed that Believe would surprise people in different ways , since it is musically a departure from his previous works . " All Around the World " was written and produced by The Messengers and Nolan Lambroza , while Bieber and Ludacris wrote additional lyrics . On May 25 , 2012 , an unmastered version of the track leaked online . The cover art for the promotional single was unveiled on June 4 , 2012 , and features Bieber holding an acoustic guitar over his shoulder , standing on the surface of the world , while the moon is glowing behind him . The same day , the track was released on iTunes Store through The Island Def Jam Music Group . The song was later released as the fourth international single , and the fifth and final US single on February 26 , 2013 .
It is an Eurodance song , which incorporates heavy synthpop elements in its instrumentation and is similar to previous works by producer David Guetta . Contemporary critics compared the track to Britney Spears ' " Till the World Ends " ( 2011 ) and Chris Brown 's " Beautiful People " ( 2011 ) . Lyrically , Bieber sings for his love interest and says that " all around the world , people want to be loved " . The track opens with he singing , " You 're beautiful , beautiful / You should know it / I think it 's time , think it 's time / That you show it " , lines that were compared to One Direction 's " What Makes You Beautiful " ( 2011 ) . As the track follows , Bieber encourages girls to release their inner beauty : " Light it up , so explosive / Why you acting so shy , holding back / DJ bring that back . " During the rap section , Ludacris references their previous collaboration on " Baby " ( 2010 ) , saying , " Once again , the dynamic duo is back at it ! / JB , Ludacris ! / I love everything about you / You 're imperfectly perfect / Everyone 's itching for beauty / But they 're just scratching the surface . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" All Around the World " received mostly positive reviews from music critics . Jenna Rubenstein of MTV thought that the " fist @-@ pumping club banger " is a complete departure from Bieber 's previous work , while Diadem Pambid of the International Business Times stated that the singer joined the " ' synth @-@ pop ' bandwagon " along with Britney Spears , Chris Brown and Usher . Jocelyn Vena also of MTV stated that the song could have been recorded by Usher , due to its " grinding , fist @-@ pumping " background . Entertainment Weekly columnist Ray Rahman gave " All Around the World " a positive review , and stated : " a Euro beat worthy of The Wanted ? The vocal swagger of Chris Brown ? Lyrics smacking of One Direction ? Check , check , and check , please ! " Rick Florino of Artistdirect rated " All Around the World " five out of five stars , and commented that the track is not only a sequel to " Baby " , but is also " a whole new level for pop itself . " Becky Bain of Idolator explained that the song is a good example of how Bieber is taking " baby steps to ' swaggy ' adulthood through the evolution of his music — keep the content G @-@ Rated , but make the beat something the older club @-@ going crowd can enjoy . So far , it ’ s working . " Amy Sciaretto of Pop Crush gave the track a mixed review , and deemed it as highly similar to the work of Spears , stating : " If you told us this song was penned for Britney Spears for her last album Femme Fatale , we 'd Believe it , because the computerized style and the thick vocal effects remind us of recent Brit material . It 's safe to say that ' All Around the World ' is a club banger . And while we love Bieber , it 's not our favorite song on Believe so far . "
= = = Chart performance = = =
In the United States , " All Around the World " debuted at its peak number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 23 , 2012 , becoming the week 's best @-@ debuting single . On the Pop Songs chart , it peaked at number 19 . On the Canadian Hot 100 , it peaked at number ten . " All Around the World " debuted on the UK Singles Chart at its peak of number 30 , for the week ending June 16 , 2012 . In Denmark , it debuted at its peak of number seven , remaining five weeks on the chart . On the Norwegian Singles Chart , it peaked at number three . " All Around the World " debuted at number 56 on Sweden 's national singles chart , later peaking at number 41 and then fell out after two weeks . The track also peaked at number 34 in Australia and 15 in New Zealand , lasting for two weeks in both countries .
= = Music video = =
The official video was premiered on April 12 , 2013 . " Blessed and grateful to do what i do # AllAroundTheWorld . Thanks " , he wrote linking to the video . It is a " tour video " which is entirely composed of Bieber showing his point of view while he is touring the world and is largely based on his performance over Mexico City . It also illustrates vistas from the places he visited and documents national monuments including the Elizabeth Tower , the Eiffel Tower , the Sydney Opera House , Taj Mahal , pyramids of Giza , the Coliseum and Christ the Redeemer statue in Brazil . Ludacris , joins Bieber in the video during the rap portion of the song . It also included images of the singer posing with fans , and others crying and screaming for him .
Nardine Saad from Los Angeles Times noted that the video " briefly makes us sympathetic toward the Biebs and his eyebrow @-@ raising behavior this last year , which has included speeding , possibly smoking pot and frequently walking around shirtless " and named the fans ' part " memorable " . The same noted Ryan Seacrest 's website , saying " proves that no matter where he goes , there will always be plenty of fans to support him " . Entertainment Weekly notes that it " show off Justin Bieber in an all @-@ white suit and in a leather @-@ jacket outfit . Ludacris appears for a guest @-@ verse , indicating that this may all be a stealth prequel to Fast & Furious 6 " . Idolator 's Christina Lee described the video as " flashy " and wrote that it " offers a rose @-@ colored view of his superstar status " .
= = Live performances = =
Bieber performed " All Around the World " at the Capital FM Summertime Ball 2012 . For the performance , he sported fingerless gloves , a Union Jack tank with matching vest , and jeans . The singer also performed the track during a promotional concert in Europe on June 4 , 2012 , along with " Boyfriend " and " Die in Your Arms " . Bieber also performed " All Around the World " and " Boyfriend " at the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards on June 17 . The song is also used as Bieber 's 2012 @-@ 13 Believe Tour 's opening song . Entering from the upper portion of the arena , Bieber was lowered onto the center of the stage wearing a massive pair of charcoal @-@ colored wings . He was quickly joined by a troupe of male backing dancers as the song was played . Fireworks exploded , laser lights shot wildly from the ceiling , confetti fell to the floor and plumes of smoke were released from the bottom of the stage . Sophie A. Schillaci from The Hollywood Reporter gave a negative review for the performance and wrote that " if you can move past Justin Bieber ’ s bizarre stage entrance , flying in on a set of ginormous metal wings to the tune of ' All Around the World ' , it 's hard not to smile at his show " .
= = Charts = =
= = = Certifications = = =
= = Release history = =
= ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : SJ =
ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : SJ is the entry for Svalbard and Jan Mayen in ISO 3166 @-@ 2 , part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) . The standard defines codes for names of principal subdivisions of all countries coded in ISO 3166 @-@ 1 . Svalbard and Jan Mayen does not exist as an administrative region , but rather consists of two separate parts of Norway under separate jurisdictions — Svalbard and Jan Mayen . Further subdivision for Svalbard and Jan Mayen occurs under Norway 's entry , ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : NO , namely NO @-@ 21 for Svalbard and NO @-@ 22 for Jan Mayen . There are currently no ISO 3166 @-@ 2 codes for Svalbard and Jan Mayen .
= = Allocation = =
Svalbard and Jan Mayen constitute two outlying areas of Norway . Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic about midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole . The group of islands ranges from 74 ° to 81 ° north latitude , and from 10 ° to 35 ° east longitude . The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty , and the 1925 Svalbard Act established administration by the appointed Governor of Svalbard . Jan Mayen is a volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean located at the border of the Norwegian Sea and the Greenland Sea . Since 1994 , the island has been administrated by the County Governor of Nordland , with some authority delegated to the station commander .
Allocation of codes for Svalbard and Jan Mayen occurs under Norway 's entry in ISO 3166 @-@ 2 , ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : NO . By virtue of the collective ISO 3166 @-@ 1 code SJ , Svalbard and Jan Mayen were grouped together and allocated the Internet country code top @-@ level domain ( ccTLD ) .sj. As with Bouvet Island 's TLD .bv , policy prohibits any registration with the .sj domain , forcing institutions connected to Svalbard to use Norway 's domain .no.
= = List of codes = =
There are currently no subdivisions assigned codes in ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : SJ . Svalbard and Jan Mayen are however given separate codes in Norway 's ISO 3166 @-@ 2 entry , ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : NO .
= HMS Howe ( 32 ) =
HMS Howe ( pennant number 32 ) was the last of the five British King George V @-@ class battleships of the Royal Navy . Built by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company , she was laid down on 1 June 1937 and launched 9 April 1940 . She was originally to have been named Beatty but this was changed to Howe , after Admiral Richard Howe . Howe was completed on 29 August 1942 after her building time was extended , as needed war supplies were diverted to work of a higher priority such as the construction and repair of both merchant ships and escort ships . Like her sister @-@ ship Anson , Howe would spend most of her career in the Arctic providing cover for Russian convoys .
In 1943 Howe took part in Operation Husky and bombarded Trapani naval base and Favignana in support of the allied invasions . Along with King George V , Howe escorted two surrendered Italian battleships to Alexandria . Howe was also sent to the Pacific and attached to Task Force 113 , where she provided naval bombardments for the Allied landings at Okinawa on 1 April 1945 .
Following the end of the war , Howe spent four years as flagship of the Training Squadron at Portland , before she was placed in reserve in 1950 . The battleship was marked for disposal in 1957 , sold for scrap in 1958 , and completely broken up by 1961 .
= = Construction = =
In the aftermath of the First World War , the Washington Naval Treaty was drawn up in 1922 in an effort to stop an arms race developing between Britain , Japan , France , Italy and the United States . This treaty limited the number of ships each nation was allowed to build and capped the tonnage of all capital ships at 35 @,@ 000 tons . These restrictions were extended in 1930 through the Treaty of London , however , by the mid @-@ 1930s Japan and Italy had withdrawn from both of these treaties and the British became concerned about a lack of modern battleships within their navy . As a result , the Admiralty ordered the construction of a new battleship class : the King George V class . Due to the provisions of both the Washington Naval Treaty and the Treaty of London , both of which were still in effect when the King George Vs were being designed , the main armament of the class was limited to the 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) guns prescribed under these instruments . They were the only battleships built at that time to adhere to the treaty and even though it soon became apparent to the British that the other signatories to the treaty were ignoring its requirements , it was too late to change the design of the class before they were laid down in 1937 .
The keel of the Howe , the last ship of the King George V class , was laid on 1 June 1937 at the Fairfield Shipyard in Govan . She was originally to have been named HMS Beatty , after Admiral David Beatty , commander of the British battlecruiser squadron at the Battle of Jutland , but the name was changed to HMS Howe , after Admiral Richard Howe . Howe was launched on 9 April 1940 and completed on 20 August 1942 . She carried improved anti @-@ aircraft armament and radar equipment as a result of lessons already learned in World War II .
= = Design = =
Howe displaced 39 @,@ 150 long tons ( 39 @,@ 780 t ) as built and 44 @,@ 510 long tons ( 45 @,@ 220 t ) fully loaded . She had an overall length of 744 feet 11 @.@ 5 inches ( 227 @.@ 1 m ) , a beam of 103 feet ( 31 @.@ 4 m ) and a draught of 29 feet 6 inches ( 9 @.@ 0 m ) . Her designed metacentric height was 6 feet 1 inch ( 1 @.@ 85 m ) at normal load and 8 feet 1 inch ( 2 @.@ 46 m ) at deep load .
The ship was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving four propeller shafts . Steam was provided by eight Admiralty 3 @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers , which normally delivered 100 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 75 @,@ 000 kW ) but could produce 110 @,@ 000 shp ( 82 @,@ 000 kW ) at emergency overload . This gave Howe a top speed of 27 @.@ 62 knots ( 51 @.@ 15 km / h ; 31 @.@ 78 mph ) . The ship carried 4 @,@ 210 long tons ( 4 @,@ 300 t ) of fuel oil . She also carried 183 long tons ( 200 t ) of diesel oil , 262 long tons ( 300 t ) of reserve feed water and 442 long tons ( 400 t ) of freshwater . At full speed Howe had a range of 2 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 800 km ; 3 @,@ 000 mi ) at 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
Howe mounted 10 BL 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) Mk VII guns . The 14 @-@ inch guns were mounted in one Mark II twin turret forward and two Mark III quadruple turrets , one forward and one aft . The guns could be elevated 40 degrees and depressed 3 degrees . Training arcs were : turret " A " , 286 degrees ; turret " B " , 270 degrees ; turret " Y " , 270 degrees . Training and elevating was done by hydraulic drives , with rates of two and eight degrees per second , respectively . A full gun broadside weighed 15 @,@ 950 pounds ( 7 @,@ 230 kg ) , and a salvo could be fired every 40 seconds . The secondary armament consisted of 16 QF 5 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 133 mm ) Mk I guns which were mounted in eight twin mounts , weighing 81 tons each . The maximum range of the Mk I guns was 24 @,@ 070 yd ( 22 @,@ 010 m ) at 45 degrees with HE shell at 2 @,@ 672 ft / s ( 814 m / s ) , the anti @-@ aircraft ceiling was 49 @,@ 000 feet ( 14 @,@ 935 @.@ 2 m ) . The guns could be elevated to 70 degrees and depressed to 5 degrees . The nominal rate of fire was ten to twelve rounds per minute , but in practice the guns could only fire seven to eight rounds per minute . Upon commissioning , along with her main and secondary batteries , Howe carried 48 QF 2 pdr 1 @.@ 575 @-@ inch ( 40 @.@ 0 mm ) Mk.VIII " pom @-@ pom " anti @-@ aircraft guns and 18 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) Oerlikon AA guns
= = Operational history = =
= = = Home Fleet = = =
Howe joined the Home Fleet on 30 August 1942 , her building time extended , owing to more urgent demands of the industry . Like her sister ship Anson , she was to spend the early years of her combat career in Arctic waters , covering convoys bound for Russia . On 31 December 1942 , Howe and her sister ship King George V provided distant cover for convoy RA.51 , which safely arrived in Loch Ewe on 9 January 1943 . Howe and King George V also provided distant cover for convoy RA.53 on 1 March 1943 and helped to recover merchantmen whose ships had been sunk . In 1943 , however , Howe was transferred to Gibraltar with King George V to take part in Operation Husky , the Allied invasion of Sicily ; the US battleships Alabama and South Dakota substituted for their absence from the Home Fleet . The two British ships shelled Trapani naval base and Favignana during 11 – 12 July . Based in Algiers , the pair also offered cover during Operation Avalanche @-@ the Allied landings at Salerno @-@ setting out on 7 September . On 14 September Howe and King George V escorted the surrendered Italian battleships Vittorio Veneto and Italia to Alexandria .
By the end of October 1943 , Howe and King George V had returned to Britain . At the end of year , Howe underwent a long overhaul at Devonport , where a number of alterations were made . Her anti @-@ aircraft armament was increased , changes were made to her radar , and her watertight integrity in the stern was improved . Modifications were accomplished in the officers and crew quarters for operations in tropical climates ; these included changes in insulation , and the extensive use of air @-@ conditioning equipment .
= = = Pacific operations = = =
On 8 August 1944 , Howe arrived at Trincomalee in Ceylon to join the Eastern Fleet @-@ she was the first modern British battleship to be deployed in eastern waters since the loss of Prince of Wales in December 1941 . Howe was put into action quickly , providing cover for carrier based air operations against targets in Sumatra . In December she moved to Sydney , where she sailed to Auckland , New Zealand , for a flag @-@ waving visit . In February 1945 , Howe and King George V sailed from Sydney to begin operations in earnest in the Pacific theatre ; together with four carriers , five cruisers and fifteen destroyers , they made up Task Force 113 .
The first major undertaking for Task Force 113 ( now redesignated TF.57 ) was Operation Iceberg @-@ offshore support for the US landings at Okinawa @-@ which got under way on 1 April 1945 . The force was subjected to sporadic Japanese kamikaze attacks , but the two ships emerged unscathed from these actions . Howe 's anti @-@ aircraft batteries also succeeded in shooting down an attacking kamikaze plane . The two ships ' principal roles were air defence and land bombardment , the latter being carried out very accurately , particularly by Howe against anti @-@ aircraft installations on the island of Miyako , half way between Okinawa and Formosa .
= = = Post war = = =
By the first week of June 1945 , Howe was back in Sydney , and almost immediately it was decided to send her for a refit in Durban . It was here that she saw out the remainder of the war . She was relocated back to Portsmouth by January 1946 . In 1951 , Howe was placed in reserve and towed to Devonport . She was ordered to be scrapped in 1957 . On 27 May 1958 , Howe was towed to Inverkeithing to be broken up by T. W. Ward and Co . The Royal Navy presented the ship 's bell to St Giles ' Cathedral in Edinburgh . In 2012 , it was reported that parts from one of the gun turrets may still exist , having been re @-@ used as a turntable at Dounreay nuclear laboratory .
= = Refits = =
During her career , Howe was refitted on several occasions to bring her equipment up to date :
= = Artefacts = =
The ship 's bell ( inscribed " HMS Howe 1942 " ) is preserved in St Giles Cathedral , Edinburgh .
= Via Negativa ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Via Negativa " is the seventh episode of the eighth season and the 168th episode overall of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . The episode first aired in the United States and Canada on December 17 , 2000 on Fox and subsequently aired in the United Kingdom . It was written by executive producer Frank Spotnitz and directed by Tony Wharmby . It is a Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week episode , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 7 @.@ 3 and was viewed by 12 @.@ 37 million viewers . It was generally well received by television critics , with many positively commenting on the " eerie " atmosphere of the dream sequences ; one critic referred to it as a " superb X @-@ Files episode . "
The series centers on FBI special agents Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and her new partner John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) — following the alien abduction of her former partner , Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) — who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Scully takes time off to deal with the early stages of her pregnancy , and Doggett and Walter Skinner attempt to avert the mysterious murder spree of a religious cult leader who kills his victims in their sleep . Eventually , the cult leader 's essence of evil possesses Doggett , who is urged to murder Scully while he sleeps .
Spotnitz was inspired to write the episode after being intrigued by the mental image of a tube of toothpaste that , when opened , oozed blood . Because Gillian Anderson was not available for the majority of filming , the recurring characters of Walter Skinner and The Lone Gunmen were brought in . The episode 's title , " Via Negativa " — which means " Negative Way " in Latin — is a theology that attempts to describe God by characterizing what God is not .
= = Plot = =
In Pittsburgh , two FBI agents , Angus Stedman ( Lawrence LeJohn ) and James Leeds ( Kevin McClatchy ) , are observing a house when Leeds falls asleep . When he awakes , he discovers that the front door of the house is open . The two agents investigate and stumble upon a room filled with dead bodies . Suddenly , a man wielding an axe and possessing a third eye murders both agents with a blow to the head .
The following day , Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) calls John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) to inform him about the case and says she will not be joining him , due to personal matters . Doggett visits the crime scene , where he meets up with his boss , Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) . Skinner tells him about the cult and how the victims died . Leeds ' body is found in his car , but his partner , Stedman , is missing , along with cult leader Anthony Tipet ( Keith Szarabajka ) : the man with the third eye . The FBI later finds Stedman at his locked @-@ up condo with a fatal blow to the head . Meanwhile , Tipet is searching for a pharmacist and stumbles into a phone booth to call an unnamed person . When a tramp asks him for change , Tipet attacks the tramp , trapping him in the pavement and axing his forehead .
At the FBI , Skinner briefs Alvin Kersh ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , and other agents about the case . He tells them that Tipet used a hallucinogen Tabernanthe iboga to bring himself closer to God using a combination of Christian and Eastern religious practices called the via negativa , meaning the " negative way " in Latin . Tracing Tipet 's earlier call leads Doggett and Skinner to Andre Bormanis ( Grant Heslov ) , a drug dealer . Bormanis is arrested , and put in a cell at the local police department . At the jail , Doggett has a vision of him holding Scully 's severed head in his hands . After waking , Doggett realizes his vision was a bad dream . Meanwhile , in his cell , Bormanis has fallen asleep , and is dreaming of being attacked by rats . Doggett and the other officers find Bormanis ' gnawed up @-@ body .
Doggett returns to the X @-@ Files office , where , to his surprise , he meets The Lone Gunmen . They tell him about the history of the third eye . While coming to the same conclusion , they are convinced that Tipet is projecting himself into peoples dreams and killing them there . Returning to the warehouse where they found Bormanis , Skinner and Doggett meet Tipet , who is trying to take his own life by pushing his head through a table saw . They rush him to the hospital , where Doggett by surprise finds Scully 's name on the register . With Tipet in a coma , Kersh decides to pull the plug on the case , saying they 've found the main suspect . But Doggett and Skinner are not satisfied , saying there are no explanations for the various murders and events surrounding the case .
The next day , Doggett wakes up and discovers that he now has a third eye in the middle of his forehead . Suddenly , it vanishes . At the FBI building , he talks to Skinner , hoping for reassurance . He expresses his fear that , despite Tipet being in a coma , Tipet may still be able to enter into his dreams . Skinner , however , dismisses his concerns and sends him home . While leaving , Doggett has a hallucination of Tipet , ordering him to kill Scully . Suddenly , Doggett finds himself in front of Scully . Rather than kill his partner , he turns the axe upon himself . Doggett is immediately awakened from his dark reverie and finds himself in his bedroom , with Scully standing over his bed . He begins to thank her for saving his life , but she informs him that Tipet died due to his coma .
= = Production = =
Frank Spotnitz , the writer of the episode , was inspired to write the episode after a rafting trip . During the trip , Spotnitz met a " friend of a friend , " who constantly mentioned an " image that freaked him out . " The man explained that the image was a tube of toothpaste that , when opened , would have " blood come out . " The mental image intrigued Spotnitz , who later postulated , " How could you create a story where blood comes out of a tube of toothpaste ? " Due to the strangeness of the idea , Spotnitz was unable to think of any real @-@ world scenarios having likeness to the image , so he began to look into " dreams and nightmares . " He eventually came up with the idea of a cult trying to reach a higher plane of existence , but instead stumbling into a " lower place , a darker plane . " Spotnitz later explained : " What if the higher plane is a darker plane , what if we think we 're reaching up but we 're reaching down . " Complementarily , the episode 's title , " Via Negativa , " means " Negative Way " in Latin . This type of theology , more commonly referred to as apophatic theology , attempts to describe God by expanding upon what God is not .
Gillian Anderson 's character Dana Scully would not be available , since the writing staff had decided before the episode was written that she would spend most of her time in the hospital . As the writing staff had a hard time coming up with a story , Spotnitz saw this as an opportunity to further evolve Doggett , the new character introduced at the beginning of the eighth season . In order to fill Anderson 's void , two recurring groups of characters were brought in : Walter Skinner and The Lone Gunmen . Spotnitz noted that , " we were eager to get Skinner out from behind the desk , and we were always looking for opportunities to get him out of that office and get him into the field . " Mitch Pileggi , who portrayed Walter Skinner , was pleased with the final product . He later complimented the work of Robert Patrick , who played Doggett , saying , " It was a big hole when Mulder was gone , but I thought that Robert came in and did a wonderful job . He brought a really good energy to the set , and it was a lot of fun getting to know and work with him . " In addition , Spotnitz was also eager to use The Lone Gunmen in the episode , since this the episode would mark their first scene together with Doggett . Robert Patrick called the episode his " favorite episode , " because the writers saw a chance to really create a " vulnerable " moment for the his character , John Doggett .
The character of Andre Bormanis was named after one of Spotnitz 's childhood friends , who went on to become one of the science consultants for both Star Trek : Voyager and Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . In preparing the character 's death scene the director , Tony Wharmby spent a whole day shooting inserts of rats . In total , the film crew used 500 rats . Initially , Wharmby had an issue getting the rats in the middle of the room being shot . In order to fix this , animal trainers continuously released more rats until the middle part of the room was finally covered . The crew later spent many hours " painting out rat droppings in that shot . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Via Negativa " premiered on December 17 , 2000 on American television on Fox . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 7 @.@ 3 , meaning that it was seen by 7 @.@ 3 % of the nation 's estimated households . The episode was watched by 7 @.@ 36 million households and 12 @.@ 37 million viewers . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " They say if you die in a dream ... you will never wake up . "
= = = Reviews = = =
" Via Negativa " received mostly positive reviews from critics . Michael Roffman of Time named it the " best post @-@ Mulder " episode , stating that " episodes like this proved there were just enough thrills to get by without Spooky " . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an " A – " and noted that the episode had an " undeniable power that took me almost entirely off @-@ guard " . Although cautioning that " Via Negativa " is not " some kind of lost classic " and that the story itself was not " all that impressive " , he praised the atmosphere of the episode , describing it as " heavy , doom @-@ laden , and frequently bizarre " . In fact , he argued that it largely " makes up for any shortcomings in the script " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode five stars out of five and called it " one of the best standalone X @-@ Files in years . "
George Avaros and Michael Liedtke from the Contra Costa Times were overall positive towards the episode , saying it had all the features which created a " superb X @-@ Files episode " . They further stated that it had an " eerie , almost surreal quality sprinkled with pithy dialogue , comic relief and cryptic insights into key characters that left us wondering what sort of trouble might be around the bend " . Avaros and Liedtke also reacted positively to the numerous references to Fox Mulder . Finally , the episode was compared to the work of David Lynch in his series , Twin Peaks . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . She noted that , " ' Via Negativa ' is short on plot but makes up for it by being long on atmosphere and mood , conjuring up a number of disgusting , eerie images " .
= Kamloops Airport =
Kamloops Airport ( IATA : YKA , ICAO : CYKA ) , also known as Fulton Field or Davie Fulton Airport , is a regional airport located 5 nautical miles ( 9 km ; 6 mi ) west northwest of Kamloops , British Columbia , a city in the Thompson region of Canada . It is owned by the Kamloops Airport Authority Society , while operated by Kamloops Airport Limited , serving the North Okanagan , Nicola and Shuswap areas . Initial examination for the airport 's construction began in June 1931 , when the city leased 46 acres ( 19 ha ) from fruit @-@ growing company BC Fruitlands .
Along with an air show presentation , the airport publicly opened on August 5 , 1939 . It has 2 @,@ 780 by 49 ft ( 847 by 15 m ) and 8 @,@ 000 by 148 ft ( 2 @,@ 438 by 45 m ) runways aligned 04 / 22 and 08 / 26 , and served approximately 263 @,@ 290 passengers in 2011 . The airfield maintains a restaurant , The Bread Garden , as well as a medical facility , accommodation areas and administrative buildings ; food and snacks are also offered . Its terminal , runway and navigation aids were expanded and upgraded by 2009 . It has seen one accident throughout its history .
The airport has daily scheduled flights to 9 destinations in Canada provided by Air Canada Express , Central Mountain Air and WestJet . The terminal handled 312 @,@ 895 passengers in 2014 , an increase of 7 @.@ 2 % over the 290 @,@ 394 passengers in 2013 .
= = History = =
Initial examination for constructing an airport in Kamloops began in June 1931 , when the city leased 46 acres ( 19 ha ) from fruit @-@ growing company BC Fruitlands . The airport 's development started in 1936 and the gravel runway completed in 1938 . That same year , Kamloops acquired another 30 acres ( 12 ha ) , as well as land for airport use . The Department of Transport , now known as Transport Canada , granted money for airport development in 1939 , with the airfield 's runway finishing in that year . On April 13 , 1939 , an Aeronca aircraft made the first official landing on the runway . The airport was publicly opened on August 5 , 1939 , along with an air show presented at the structure itself with over 30 aircraft . Later that month , it was classified as a port of entry by the Canadian government . During World War II , additional activity occurred at the airport . In April 1942 , Vancouver @-@ based Gilbert Flight School transferred its service to Kamloops , as civil flights provided in British Columbia 's Lower Mainland were canceled .
In addition , the airport was used by the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) as an alternate route for the no longer existent Air Transport Command ( ATC ) for flights to the Soviet Union . During the war Kamloops gained access to 861 acres ( 348 ha ) for further airport expansion , as well as the addition of taxi and apron services . However , after World War II , part of the airport 's land were sold to Canada 's Department of Agriculture , with the size reducing to 570 acres ( 230 ha ) . In May 1944 , the Governor General of Canada at that time , Earl of Athlone , entitled the structure Fulton Field , in honor of John Fulton , a Wing Commander server born in Kamloops . This was confirmed by George H. Greer , the secretary of the Kamloops Board of Trade at the time . Throughout its history , a number of airlines have served it . Canadian Pacific Air Lines provided daily flights in 1950 connecting to the communities of Quesnel , Prince George , Williams Lake and Vancouver .
By 1951 , the airport founded and became headquarters of Central British Columbia Airways , which was later known as Pacific Western Airlines , but is no longer existent . However , the following year , its headquarters was transferred to Richmond 's Vancouver International Airport . The federal Department of Transport regained rights to the airport in 1961 , beginning an expansion program . The airfield saw its runways expand in 1963 and 1964 , and the first air traffic controllers started working at Kamloops Airport in 1967 . That year the airport served approximately 29 @,@ 200 passengers .
There had previously been proposals for relocating the airport due to low public visibility during the fall and winter seasons of a specific year . The move was never carried out become another location could not be found . Instead the airport was expanded by 1969 . This saw its administrative buildings , offices , baggage area and coffee shop being improved , costing $ 85 @,@ 000 . There was a flood threat aimed close to the airport in 1972 , while in the following year , the airfield 's runways were extended . Obtaining 149 @,@ 027 passengers by 1974 , more considered the airport reliable , as it was improved with the addition of more general services .
Kamloops Airport 's telecommunication equipment was provided at a separate building in 1977 , with 235 @,@ 600 passengers garnered from it that same year . The airport saw the start of its runways and terminals expansion in 1982 and 1984 , while the following year this was completed . During 1986 and 1987 , the former terminal building was changed to serve as an operation structure . Air BC , Pacific Western Airlines and Time Air served as the airport 's airlines in the 1980s ; all three airlines no longer exist . In 1988 , the amount of passengers dropped to 137 @,@ 579 . The runway has been used by Aeroncas , Airbus 320s , Boeing 727 @-@ 200s , Boeing 737 @-@ 400s , Boeing 737 @-@ 700s , Cessna 150s and Grumman TBF Avenger since historical dates .
However , by 2009 , its terminal , runway and navigation aids were upgraded with about $ 25 million , which was funded by the British Columbia government , who gave $ 4 million , the Canadian government , who gave $ 6 @.@ 6 million and the airport itself for the remaining money and announced in 2007 ; $ 13 million was used to upgrade the runway , $ 3 million was used to expand the navigation aid , while $ 4 million was used for terminal improvements . The city 's intention was to expand and upgrade the airport in order for the economy and tourism to expand . City mayor Peter Milobar and members of the Kamloops Indian Band praised its expansion . Its catchment area has a population of approximately 138 @,@ 000 residents .
Kelowna International Airport , an international airport operated in nearby city of Kelowna , has had a small impact on this airport , since they both share the same catchment area . About 13 percent of the local residents in 2007 choose the Kelowna International Airport over the Kamloops Airport to fly to regional destinations , specifically due to its significant growth . Despite this , some Kelowna residents choose the Kamloops Airport over their local airport .
= = Facilities = =
The airport is located on 3035 Airport Road in the Brocklehurst neighbourhood of north Kamloops , 5 nautical miles ( 9 km ; 6 mi ) west northwest of city centre and Selkirk Mountains , situated off Tranquille Road on the Fraser Plateau . It is located 307 kilometres ( 191 mi ) north of the Canada – United States border and opposite the Kamloops Golf & Country Club and Kamloops Lake attractions , which is a lake and country club situated in the city . Paid parking , taxis , car rentals and bus service are available . Car rentals are provided by Budget Rent a Car , Enterprise Rent @-@ A @-@ Car and National Car Rental , which have offices located at the airport , while its bus service is offered by the Kamloops Transit System , which is operated by BC Transit . There are 389 parking stalls , but 150 more spaces are expected . Due to its location , the airport is commonly used to gain access to Sun Peaks , British Columbia , and Sun Peaks Resort .
Food and snacks are available at this airport 's terminal , as well as a medical facility , accommodation areas and administrative buildings . There is a restaurant provided at the airport 's terminal , The Bread Garden , as well as Canada Revenue Agency and Nav Canada offices . Its terminal , which is 1 @,@ 500 square metres ( 16 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , has been considered for further expansion , with the North Shore Business Improvement Association helping this expansion . The city 's intention was to expand and upgrade the airport in order for the economy and tourism to expand . City mayor Peter Milobar and members of the Kamloops Indian Band praised its expansion . The airport 's aircraft obtain their fuel from Shell Canada , which is located on site and serves as an aviation dealer for the Kamloops Airport . The airfield has 2 @,@ 780 by 49 feet ( 847 by 15 m ) and 8 @,@ 000 by 148 feet ( 2 @,@ 438 by 45 m ) asphalt runways aligned 04 – 22 and 08 – 26 , which are appraised every five years .
Formerly known as the Kamloops Aero Club , the Kamloops Flying Club operates at the airport , which is a club where children receive a flight in an airplane with the pilot and learn about the airplanes themselves . In addition , the flight school Canadian Flight Centre is based on site ; the branch based in Boundary Bay , Delta opened a location in Kamloops in May 2012 and uses Cessna aircraft for its lessons . Canadian Helicopters operates a training facility for the Kamloops Airport Other related facilities include Astaris Canada , CC Helicopters , Highland Helicopters and WestAir Aviation . Formerly , Flight Discovery operated as a flight school at the airport , but the owner was deemed a fraud artist .
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) operates an A @-@ Star helicopter at the airport , while the BC Forest Service occasionally uses the airfield with their helicopters . It maintains an aircraft maintenance centre , while aircraft parts are sold by Inland Communications , Mountainaire Services , Progressive Air Services , Pro Aero Engines , Spring Aviation and Westcan Aircraft Sales & Salvage . Meanwhile , packages can be delivered through FedEx at the Kamloops Airport , while custom and security services are provided by Canada Border Services Agency and Garda Security Screening . There is a radio navigation aid provided at the Kamloops Airport which is used by pilots on aircraft coming from other nearby airports to determine their location . The navigation system is owned by Nav Canada , which operate an air traffic control system at it . The Airside Business Park and Fulton Industrial Park are the airport 's development areas .
The local and upcoming weather of Kamloops is observed at this airport 's weather station , referred to as the Kamloops Airport Weather Station . Nav Canada has noted that most of the aircraft winds near the Kamloops Airport blow east and west . It has been classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency . An aircraft at this airport may handle no more than 30 passengers . Skydiving can be performed at the airport through Skydive Kamloops . Passengers may also board a courtesy shuttle to other
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
in the season in that we wanted to send a very clear message that Regina knows what ’ s going on and has some very clear intentions in Storybrooke . " The episode was included in Reawakened : A Once Upon a Time Tale – a novelization of the first season – which was published by Hyperion Books in 2013 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
For the third week in a row , the ratings once again slipped , as it placed 2 @.@ 9 / 7 among adults aged 18 – 49 and a 5 @.@ 2 / 8 overall , with only 8 @.@ 91 million viewers tuning in . It ranked third in its timeslot , being beaten by Football Night In America on NBC and 60 Minutes on CBS but ahead of The Simpsons on the Fox network . " The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " served as the series ' mid @-@ season finale , as the next episode aired on January 8 , 2012 . In Canada , the episode finished in twelfth place for the week with an estimated 1 @.@ 6 million viewers , a slight increase from the 1 @.@ 55 million of the previous episode .
= = = Reviews = = =
" The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " received mixed reviews from television critics .
TV Fanatic writer C. Orlando enjoyed the episode , remarking " I love Once Upon a Time because it 's like a mini @-@ movie every week and I 'm completely enthralled by this intriguing other world filled with characters that feel familiar yet completely new . " He called the ending scene " heartbreaking . " IGN writer Amy Ratcliffe rated the episode 9 / 10 , giving particular praise to Jamie Dornan 's ability to be " magnetic in every scene . " Ratcliffe called his backstory her favorite fairytale of the series up to that point . Television Without Pity 's Cindy McLennan wished they had not killed Graham , but gave credit to the writers for making her care about him . She concluded , " Episodes like this give me strong hope for the second part of this season , one @-@ nighters and all . Bring on the pain , boys . " She graded the episode with an A.
Blast Magazine columnist Christopher Peck was disappointed that the writers had not yet revealed the reason for the Evil Queen 's grudge , commenting , " If the thing that sticks out most about an episode of television is what I didn ’ t get out , that ’ s an ominous sign : a foreshadowing that the show has no goddamn clue where it ’ s headed . " He did however enjoy seeing Graham 's memories , calling them and the other series flashbacks " the freshest and most thrilling part of the show . " While describing Graham 's death as " heartbreaking , " Peck felt that it " completely nullifies any advancement the episode made . " He graded the episode with a C + .
Entertainment Weekly 's Shaunna Murphy was a little more critical of the episode , though she did call it " game @-@ changing . " Noting that it " felt rushed , " she " would have preferred a slow @-@ burning mystery spread out over several episodes over this dramatic , Nikki and Paulo @-@ style stand @-@ alone sendoff . " Murphy however concluded that Graham 's death was " one of the coolest sequences we 've seen so far on this show . " The A.V. Club columnist Oliver Sava graded " The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " with a C. He also noted negative similarities to the television series Lost , explaining , " Remember when Jack , Sawyer , and Kate were stuck in the polar @-@ bear cages , and the plot just wandered in an aimless haze ? The time when a bunch of viewers started jumping off because the writers kept adding questions without ever giving answers ? What took Lost 44 episodes , OUAT has done in seven . " Unlike other reviewers , Sava called the ending a " frustrating conclusion , " and believed that " Horowitz and Kitsis [ took ] one step forward and two steps back with this development . "
= SOS ( Rihanna song ) =
" SOS " is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her second studio album A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) . It was written by Jonathan " J.R. " Rotem , E. Kidd Bogart and Ed Cobb , with production was handled by Rotem , Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers . It was released on February 14 , 2006 , as the lead single from the album . " SOS " is a dance song which samples taken from Soft Cell 's 1981 recording of " Tainted Love " , a song written by Cobb in 1965 . Critical reception of " SOS " was generally positive , with the majority of music critics praising the inclusion of the " Tainted Love " sample . Some critics compared " SOS " to Rihanna 's debut single , " Pon de Replay " ( Music of the Sun , 2005 ) .
" SOS " became a commercial success . In the United States , it topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks , becoming Rihanna 's first number one single on the chart . " SOS " peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and Mainstream Top 40 chart . " SOS " was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies . The song was also successful in Europe as well as Australia , where it spent eight consecutive weeks at number one .
Three music videos were shot for " SOS " ; aside from the official music video , directed by Chris Applebaum , promotional campaign videos were shot for lingerie brand Agent Provocateur and Nike . " SOS " was performed live at the 2006 MTV EMA awards in Copenhagen , Denmark . " SOS " was included on the set list of the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour ( 2007 – 09 ) and the Last Girl on Earth ( 2010 – 11 ) , which saw Rihanna perform a rock @-@ inspired version of the song . The Chipettes covered the song for the 2011 film Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked and its soundtrack .
= = Background and conception = =
" SOS " was written by J. R. Rotem , Evan " Kidd " Bogart and Ed Cobb , with production helmed by Rotem . The song was recorded at Bartmitzvah Hall Studios , Century City , California , and Loft Recording Studios , Bronxville , New York . " SOS " contains a sample of " Tainted Love " , written by Ed Cobb in 1965 , and popularized by English synthpop duo Soft Cell in 1981 . In an interview with HitQuarters , Rotem explained the song 's conception , saying " I heard ' Tainted Love ' and wanted to take the bass line and update it with a new swing . When I gave the track to Evan [ Bogart ] , the 80s feeling was already in the track . " Rotem was asked how he felt about working with singers who became successful international recording artists after he had worked with them in an interview with William E. Ketchum for HipHopDX in May 2011 , and referred to Rihanna and writing " SOS " in his response , saying :
I did [ Rihanna ] ' s song “ [ SOS ] , ” and it wasn 't her first song , but it was her first number one . Since then , she 's obviously one of the biggest stars in the world . But I never look at it like that 's because of me or something like that . I just look at it like it was amazing to have worked with her at that time , and I would like to work with her again .
Originally , " SOS " was intended to be given to and recorded by former Def Jam Recordings label mate Christina Milian , for her third studio album , So Amazin ' ( 2006 ) , but Milian turned down the song and former Def Jam CEO and chairman L.A. Reid offered the song to Rihanna instead . After the release of So Amazin ' , Milian was dropped from Def Jam due to poor album sales .
= = Production and mixing = =
The background vocals in the song were compressed using a compressor program called Waves Renaissance Compressor , which was used in order to create an enhanced polished effect . In an interview with Sound on Sound , mixing engineer Phil Tan , who carried out the audio mixing on " SOS " , explained that he compressed the background vocals because " SOS " is a " high energy track " , and he wanted the vocals to complement it . Tan also noted that the background vocals were pitch shifted to increase tonal quality and create an enhanced effect during the chorus . The pitch shifting consisted of making the left vocals flat and the right vocals sharp , with varying degrees of delay , and later mixing them together . When asked about the production of the lead vocals , Tan described the song as " a pounding type of song , and the lyrics are a cry for help , so the vocals need to be ' in your face ' , almost aggressive , " and said that he wanted the vocals to remain constant . As with the background vocals , the lead vocals were compressed using the Waves Renaissance Compressor . Tan continued to note that the lack of reverb included on " SOS " was largely due to the fact that being an uptempo song , there was not a lot of room left to add anything else . Tan explained the production process of sampling " Tainted Love " , as well as the changes which were made :
This song uses a stereo two @-@ bar loop from Soft Cell 's song ' Tainted Love ' as its basis . JR played the additional parts with a combination of soft and hardware synths . There were probably 30 to 40 tracks in total . JR tends to give you [ Pro Tools ] Sessions that have a clear direction : there 's not much guesswork . I didn 't change or add much , just a bass drum and taking out the loop a couple of times for additional breaks . There was never any doubt that it was going to be a clubby song , so it had to be very immediate and hard @-@ hitting .
= = Composition = =
" SOS " is an up @-@ tempo dance @-@ pop song . The song includes synth riffs and machine beats as part of its instrumental . The lyrical content of the song is based around the theme of a " boy meets girl " scenario ; Quentin B. Huff of Popmatters provided a synopsis of the lyrical content , writing that " SOS " is a " classic tale of girl @-@ sees @-@ boy , girl @-@ falls @-@ head @-@ over @-@ heels , girl @-@ dreams @-@ of @-@ boy @-@ so @-@ much @-@ she @-@ loses @-@ herself , girl @-@ sings @-@ catchy @-@ pop @-@ song @-@ about @-@ boy , girl @-@ sells @-@ lots @-@ of @-@ records " . The song 's instrumental composition is built around a prominent sample of " Tainted Love " , which was originally written by Ed Cobb in 1965 and popularised by English synthpop duo Soft Cell , when they released their cover version in 1981 .
The use of the ' Tainted Love ' sample was well received by critics . Ruth Jamieson of The Observer commented that the sample was an " outrageously hooky Soft Cell rhythm " . Jazzily Bass of Contactmusic.com complimented the inclusion of the " Tainted Love " sample , describing " SOS " as " superbly infectious " . Bass continued to praise the song for not making the sample too obvious , writing " I was accepting it to sound like every other song that has sampled the hook . " Kelefah Sanneh of The New York Times described the inclusion the " Tainted Love " sample as being " brazen " and " astute " .
= = Release = =
" SOS " was first released in France on March 27 , 2006 , as a physical maxi single . The maxi single included both the radio edit and instrumental versions of " SOS " , as well as the album track " Break It Off " , which features Jamaican reggae singer Sean Paul . In Australia , the song was released to download digitally through the iTunes Store on April 3 , 2006 , with non @-@ single track " Let Me " featuring as the B @-@ side . In the United States , " SOS " was released on April 11 , 2006 , as a CD single . In Germany , the song was released on April 15 , 2006 , also as a physical maxi single . The package consisted of the radio edit and instrumental versions of " SOS " and " Break It Off " , in addition to the music video for " SOS " . In the United Kingdom , " SOS " was released on April 17 , 2006 , as a CD single .
= = Critical reception = =
Upon the release of the album , " SOS " garnered positive reviews from music critics . Bill Lamb of About.com praised the sampling of Cobb 's " Tainted Love " and Rihanna 's vocal performance , with specific regard to her lower register . However , Lamb criticized Rihanna for not displaying any sense of originality . Additionally , Lamb compared Rihanna 's vocal performance in the song to Beyoncé , writing " The echoes of Beyonce in the higher register are weaker . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the sample and noted that " SOS " rivals Rihanna 's debut single " Pon de Replay " ( Music of the Sun , 2005 ) . Despite praising " SOS " , Cinquemani continued to write that it was the only song on A Girl Like Me which displayed a high level of " audacity " . David Jeffries of AllMusic described " SOS " as a " sexy club tune " . Quentin B. Huff of Popmatters was complimentary of the song , writing , " all things considered , ' [ SOS ] ' is a decent song , brimming with energy and perfectly suited to Rihanna ’ s layered vocals . " Rolling Stone called the song " clever pop " and found its melody similar to the work of Destiny 's Child .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " SOS " peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the chart issue dated May 13 , 2006 , leaping 33 positions from the previous week , and became the singer 's first number one single on the Hot 100 . " SOS " experienced a surge in sales the week prior to reaching the summit of the chart , due to Def Jam holding off of releasing the song to digital outlets before the release of A Girl like Me . The song displaced Daniel Powter " s " Bad Day " from number one , which had spent the previous five weeks atop the chart . " SOS " stayed atop the Hot 100 for a further two weeks , spending three consecutive weeks at number one . " SOS " also peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs and Pop Songs charts . The song also peaked at number seven on the Radio Songs chart and peaked at number 40 on the Adult Contemporary chart . On January 7 , 2007 , " SOS " was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies .
In Europe , " SOS " achieved moderate chart success in multiple territories . In Belgium ( Flanders ) , the song debuted at number 18 on April 22 , 2006 , and peaked at number two in its fourth week charting . In Switzerland , " SOS " debuted and peaked at number three on May 21 , 2006 , and stayed inside the top @-@ ten of that countries singles chart for the following nine weeks . In Finland , the song spent two weeks on the countries singles chart ; " SOS " debuted and peaked at number two on April 24 , 2006 , and fell to number 14 to following week . In Norway , " SOS " debuted at number 16 on April 17 , 2006 , and peaked at number three in its third week charting . Elsewhere , the song attained top @-@ five positions on the singles charts of Austria and Belgium ( Wallonia ) , peaking at numbers four and five , respectively . " SOS " attained top @-@ ten positions in The Netherlands and Italy , peaking at numbers six and seven , respectively . The song failed to chart within the top @-@ ten in France and Sweden , peaking at number 12 on both countries singles charts .
In the United Kingdom , " SOS " debuted at number five on April 22 , 2006 . The following week , the song rose to number two , being held off of the number one position by Gnarls Barkley 's " Crazy " . In its third week charting , both " SOS " and " Crazy " retained their respective chart positions . Over the following weeks , " SOS " began to descend down the top @-@ ten of the chart , falling to number five for two weeks , whilst " Crazy " retained its number one position . In Australia , " SOS " debuted at number one on April 30 , 2006 , a position it held for eight consecutive weeks . In New Zealand , the song debuted at number 37 on April 10 , 2006 , and spent the following five weeks fluctuating in the lower region of the top @-@ 40 singles . In its seventh week charting , the song leaped to a peak of number three for two weeks .
= = Music videos = =
" SOS " received two separate treatments for the music video , each serving a different purpose . In addition to the official music video , another version was shot for a Nike campaign . The official music video and Nike versions were directed by Chris Applebaum , who later directed the music video for " Umbrella " ( Good Girl Gone Bad , 2007 ) . These videos was edited by Nabil Mechi from Murex , who later edit the music videos for " Umbrella " and " Rockstar 101 " .
= = = Official music video = = =
The video begins with Rihanna singing the hook while wearing a low cut cut green dress and dancing in front of tropical plants on a beach , whilst singing the hook . Key lighting is used to place emphasis on Rihanna , whilst the backdrop remains virtually dark and unseeable . For the first verse , Rihanna is featured dancing against a plain grey background , wearing a white top and silver glitter mini @-@ skirt , whilst flirtatiously dancing with the male dancer . Halfway through the verse , another scene is introduced , with Rihanna wearing a pink dress in a mirrored room , showing multiple reflections of the singer from different angles . For the first chorus , Rihanna is mainly featured wearing the green dress on the beach , but a new scene of Rihanna wearing black lace is introduced toward the end of the chorus , where she , as well as four male dancers , perform a choreographed dance routine . Scenes of Rihanna in the mirrored room are intercut with the previous scene for the duration of the chorus . For the second verse , a further scene of Rihanna is depicted , this time featuring the scenes performing a dance routine with a group of female dancers , in the same setting as the one at the start of the video . For the second chorus , another scene of the singer sitting on a chair whilst listening to music is shown . For the remainder of the video , including the bridge and final chorus , all scenes featured in the video are intercut with one and other , displaying a total of five different scenes and settings .
= = = Nike version = = =
The video begins with a long shot of a group of dancers who have just finished rehearsing a dance routine . As the dancers walk out of view , Rihanna walks onto the middle of the floor , where the singer turns , and faces the camera , and closes her eyes . Standing still , Rihanna begins to click her fingers , whereby the screen begins to cut between a scene of Rihanna , who is noticeably in a different setting , and black fades . As the song 's audio begins to play , it becomes apparent that the setting has changed from a rehearsal studio into a nightclub , which Rihanna in the centre . The scene is fairly dark with different colour lights projected into different areas of the nightclub , as dancers infiltrate the dance floor surrounding Rihanna . This scene is used for the first verse @-@ chorus @-@ verse part of the song , but changes to a scene of Rihanna , accompanied by several dancers , situated in a gym locker room for the second chorus . For the bridge , the scene changes back to Rihanna in the nightclub , but this time in a different change of attire . This scene is used for the final chorus . The video ends with a close @-@ up of Rihanna in the nightclub standing still as the audio finishes , where she closes her eyes , which prompts the scene to change back to Rihanna in the middle of the rehearsal studio from the beginning of the video , to which she walks out of view of the camera .
= = Accolades = =
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording and sample
Recorded at Bartmitzvah Hall Studios , Century City , California , and Loft Recording Studios , Bronxville , New York .
Contains elements from the composition " Tainted Love " , written by Ed Cobb under Embassy Music Corporation ( BMI ) .
Personnel
Songwriting – J. R. Rotem , Evan " Kidd " Bogart , Ed Cobb
Production – Johnathan " J.R " Rotem
Recording – Johnathan " J.R " Rotem , Al Hemberger
Mixing – Phil Tan
Assistant mixing engineer – Rob Skipworth
Vocal production – Evan Rogers , Carl Sturken
Lead and Background vocals – Rihanna , Evan Rogers
Credits adapted from the liner notes of A Girl Like Me , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Batman : Arkham Knight =
Batman : Arkham Knight is a 2015 action @-@ adventure video game developed by Rocksteady Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . Based on the DC Comics superhero Batman , it is the successor to the 2013 video game Batman : Arkham Origins , and the fourth main installment in the Batman : Arkham series . Arkham Knight was released worldwide on June 23 , 2015 .
Written by Sefton Hill , Ian Ball and Martin Lancaster , Arkham Knight is based on the franchise 's long @-@ running comic book mythos . Set one year after the events of 2011 's Batman : Arkham City , the game 's main storyline follows Batman as he confronts Scarecrow , who has launched an attack on Gotham City , causing a city @-@ wide evacuation . Scarecrow , with the help of the mysterious Arkham Knight , is also able to unite Batman 's greatest foes in an attempt to finally destroy Batman .
The game is presented from a third @-@ person perspective , with a primary focus on Batman 's melee combat , stealth abilities , detective skills , and gadgets . Arkham Knight also introduces the Batmobile as a playable vehicle , which is used for transportation , puzzle solving and combat . The game expands Batman 's arsenal of gadgets and combat attacks and offers a more open world structure , allowing the player to complete side missions away from the primary storyline .
The console versions of Arkham Knight received positive reviews , particularly for its narrative , visuals , gameplay , combat , and world designs , with most criticism given to the emphasis on the Batmobile . The Windows version , however , became the subject of intense criticism due to major performance issues , even on high @-@ end graphics hardware , prompting Warner Bros. to temporarily withdraw that version of the game from sale . Upon its release , the game was the fastest selling game of 2015 , and the fastest selling game in the Arkham series , reaching over 5 million units sold globally by October 2015 . Rocksteady released additional content for the game , including story @-@ driven missions , challenge maps , and skins for Batman and his allies , as well as new Batmobiles from Batman 's history and custom racetracks for them .
= = Gameplay = =
Batman : Arkham Knight is set within Gotham City , which is open to the player from the beginning of the game , allowing them to travel freely anywhere within its boundaries without any loading transitions . Many of the gadgets and the gameplay elements from the previous Arkham games return , including the grapnel gun , line launcher , batarangs , the countering system , Detective Vision and the Remote Hacking Device . The Disruptor receives upgrades from previous games , becoming a rifle that can be used to disable or detonate enemy weapons and drone turrets , booby @-@ trap weapon crates to shock enemies who attempt to arm themselves , and tag vehicles for Batman to track . The remote controlled batarang is similarly upgraded to include a scanner that can be thrown out to gain information on the surrounding area . New gadgets include the Voice Synthesiser , which can be used to imitate other characters ' voices such as Harley Quinn and the Arkham Knight to direct thugs into traps .
The player can fly Batman throughout the city using his cape , with gliding now allowing for faster , longer sustained flights , steeper dives , and higher climbs . Batman can use some gadgets while gliding , such as batarangs or the line @-@ launcher . The grapnel gun can now be used to instantly switch directions during a glide , as well as being fired twice while in the air to chain grappling moves together .
The game 's ' FreeFlow ' combat system allows for basic attacks including strikes , counters , and dodging which can be combined to keep Batman attacking while moving between enemies and avoiding being attacked himself . Basic enemies include enemies armed with shields and shock batons , while others are armed with guns which significantly damage Batman . These enemies can perform a charge and tackle attack only used by larger enemies in previous games ; precision timed dodging , and a batarang can instantly defeat some charging enemies . The system adds the ability to combine attacks on prone enemies without interrupting a combo streak . Batman can counter enemy attacks and throw them into other enemies for increased damage . Batman is also capable of disarming enemies wielding items like baseball bats and using the acquired weapon on several foes before it breaks . Arkham Knight introduces " Dual Play " , in which players can seamlessly switch control of Batman to one of his allies : Robin , Nightwing or Catwoman while in FreeFlow Combat , which the player enters when they have accumulated an uninterrupted combat streak . Each successful , uninterrupted attack adds to the player 's combat score , which carries over between each controlled character and unlocks double @-@ team takedowns on opponents at higher scores .
Arkham Knight introduces enemy medics who can shield enemies in electrified fields and revive unconscious ones , sword @-@ wielding enemies , and brutes who are resistant to damage and must be stunned before they can be attacked ; brutes wielding Gatling guns , tasers , and blades require additional steps to defeat . Enemies are capable of employing tactics to counter Batman 's various skills , including deploying landmines , controlling hovering drones , disabling vents if Batman is found using them , and detecting his location if Batman uses Detective Vision for too long .
Throughout the city , Batman encounters enemy watchtowers , guard posts , aerial drones , and explosive mines embedded in the city streets . Some drones can be hacked and turned against their allies by using the Remote Hacking Device . Arkham Knight introduces the " Fear Takedown " , where Batman can subdue up to five enemies simultaneously as long as he remains undetected ; time is slowed after each takedown , allowing the player to target the next enemy . Hazardous items such as power generators can be used in combat for environmental attacks . Combat is rewarded with experience points , which are used to unlock gadget abilities , combat moves , and health upgrades . Batman can now access grates from afar , allowing him to roll forward and immediately get under the grate if in range instead of having to be right on top of them , while also initiating multiple takedowns from within them . Some enemies carry devices capable of blocking Batman 's Detective Vision .
Arkham Knight features side missions , known as " Most Wanted " missions , which can be attempted at any time and feature prominent characters from the Batman universe . One such character , the Riddler , provides 243 optional " Riddler challenges " to solve . These challenges consist of collecting trophies hidden throughout the city , through the use of gadgets or Batman 's car , the Batmobile , to disable traps and barriers , and completing timed races . The player can mark Riddler trophies on the in @-@ game map once found if they do not initially have the necessary equipment to complete the puzzle , and learn of additional locations for collectables by interrogating the Riddler 's henchmen .
Batman can investigate crimes such as murders , using his Detective Vision to reconstruct the crimes to locate clues and identify the perpetrators , or use his Tissue Scanner to investigate a victim 's skin , muscle , and bones for clues . Completing the story mode unlocks a New Game Plus mode , enabling the player to replay the game with all of the gadgets , experience , abilities , and Riddler collectables that they have obtained . The completion of some tasks is reflected in the Gotham City Police Department , with thugs and supervillains becoming incarcerated , and criminal memorabilia from missions and previous games being collected in the evidence room .
= = = Batmobile = = =
The game introduces the Batmobile as a drivable vehicle . The bulletproof Batmobile can be summoned to the player 's location while on foot or , if the player is airborne , summoned to meet Batman as he lands . The vehicle features the ability to perform jumps , speed boosts , rotate on the spot , smash through objects like barricades and trees , and fire missiles that can immobilize enemy vehicles . Batman can eject from the Batmobile and immediately begin gliding around Gotham City .
Most enemies will run away at the sight of the vehicle , eliminating the need for Batman to fight them , and enemies attacking the car can be subdued by its automated taser defenses . Like Batman , the Batmobile can be upgraded with new abilities . Riddler challenges also feature objectives requiring the Batmobile , such as timed races in tunnels beneath Gotham City , where the environmental obstacles change during each lap , and invisible question marks that must be revealed using the Batmobile 's scanner .
The Batmobile has two modes , which can be switched at any time : Pursuit and Battle . Pursuit is for moving from area to area and completing specific driving challenges . In Battle mode , the Batmobile becomes more tank than car , allowing a full 360 @-@ degree range of movement , including strafing in any direction , while revealing the multiple weapon systems on board , including a Vulcan chain gun for quick damage , a 60mm hypervelocity cannon for fire support , anti @-@ tank guided missiles for wide @-@ ranging damage against multiple targets , and a non @-@ lethal riot suppressor .
Additional upgrades to the vehicle include an EMP device , which releases an electric pulse used to temporarily stun enemy drones ; and the " drone virus " , which allows the player to override the weapon systems of enemy vehicles and cause them to attack each other . The Batmobile can also be controlled remotely , driven in indoor locations , and used in solving the game 's puzzles , such as lowering an inaccessible elevator with its attached winch or obtaining a Riddler trophy . The Batwing is used in conjunction with the Batmobile to deliver upgrades .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Characters = = =
Arkham Knight features a large ensemble cast of characters from the history of Batman comics . The main character is Batman ( Kevin Conroy ) — a superhero trained to the peak of human physical and mental perfection and an expert in martial arts . He is supported by his allies , Robin ( Matthew Mercer ) , Nightwing ( Scott Porter ) , Catwoman ( Grey DeLisle ) , Barbara Gordon ( Ashley Greene ) — who assists Batman covertly as the hacker Oracle , and her father police commissioner James Gordon ( Jonathan Banks ) . Batman 's loyal butler Alfred Pennyworth and Wayne Enterprises colleague Lucius Fox ( Dave Fennoy ) provide Batman with tactical support , and the holy warrior Azrael ( Khary Payton ) aims to replace Batman as Gotham 's protector .
Throughout the city , Batman is faced with several supervillains : he must overcome Scarecrow 's ( John Noble ) plot to threaten Gotham City , dismantle the Penguin 's ( Nolan North ) weapon dealing operation , put an end to Two @-@ Face 's ( Troy Baker ) bank heists , conquer the Riddler 's ( Wally Wingert ) challenges , capture the plant @-@ controlling Poison Ivy ( Tasia Valenza ) , and subdue Harley Quinn ( Tara Strong ) , who wants revenge against Batman for the death of the Joker ( Mark Hamill ) , Batman 's psychopathic nemesis .
The game introduces the villain Arkham Knight ( also voiced by Baker ) , a character created specifically for the game by Rocksteady , DC Comics CCO and comic @-@ book writer Geoff Johns , and DC co @-@ publisher and comic artist Jim Lee . The Arkham Knight is a militarized version of Batman , with the " A " logo of the Arkham Asylum facility worn as an emblem on his chest . Other villains include the pyromaniac Firefly , the beastly Man @-@ Bat ( Loren Lester ) , the assassin mercenary Deathstroke , the serial killer Professor Pyg , the religious fanatic Deacon Blackfire , and Hush , who is impersonating Batman 's alter @-@ ego as Bruce Wayne .
Arkham Knight also features appearances by various characters drawn from the history of Batman comics and the previous Arkham games , including : pharmaceutical businessman Simon Stagg , reporters Vicki Vale and Jack Ryder , police officer Aaron Cash , corporate businessman Lex Luthor , crimefighter Kate Kane , serial killer Calendar Man , and mutated gangster Killer Croc , while the game 's downloadable content features appearances by Black Mask , Starro , Mad Hatter , Mr. Freeze , Ra 's al Ghul , Nyssa Raatko , and Nora Fries . The game also makes references to many characters from the history of Batman and DC Comics .
= = = Setting = = =
One year after the death of the Joker during the events of Arkham City , Batman is struggling to come to terms with the absence of his nemesis and the uncomfortable feeling that the pair shared a bond deeper than either could admit . Without the Joker 's chaotic presence , Gotham 's citizens have never felt safer , and crime in the city has dramatically declined . However , this gives Batman 's enemies , including Penguin , Two @-@ Face , and Harley Quinn , a chance to unite with the singular goal of killing Batman .
On Halloween night , Scarecrow threatens the city with his newly created strain of fear toxin and bombs planted throughout Gotham , forcing the evacuation of the city 's six million civilians . Only criminals remain in the city , leaving Commissioner Gordon and the Gotham City Police Department outnumbered . Anticipating a new threat , Batman continues to develop crime @-@ fighting technology and maintains a vigil over the city .
Arkham Knight 's Gotham City is approximately five times the scale of the open @-@ air Arkham City prison in Arkham City . The game takes place in the center of the city , which is split into three islands : Bleake , Founders , and Miagani , with various districts such as the neon @-@ tinged Chinatown , and the industrial shipping yard . Bleake Island features shorter buildings , disheveled areas , and abandoned docks , while Founders Island is a modern development of skyscrapers built on the ruins of Gotham slums , and Miagani Island is an older metropolis with Wayne Tower at its center . Oracle has set up her communications headquarters in the Gotham clock tower , which also houses a makeshift Batcave .
= = = Plot = = =
On Halloween , Scarecrow forces the civilian evacuation of Gotham City after threatening to unleash his potent new fear toxin . Batman tracks Scarecrow to a hideout where he rescues the imprisoned Poison Ivy , who had refused to join Batman 's other rogues in Scarecrow 's plot . Batman meets with Oracle , who identifies Ace Chemicals as the source of Scarecrow 's toxin . Batman investigates the facility but encounters the Arkham Knight and his heavily @-@ armed militia . Batman overcomes the forces and locates Scarecrow , who has transformed the entire building into a toxin bomb . Scarecrow reveals that he has kidnapped Oracle , and exposes Batman to the toxin before escaping . Batman inhibits the bomb 's blast radius before he is confronted by the Joker .
A flashback reveals that before the Joker died , his infected blood was used in blood transfusions , infecting five people including Batman ; Batman , concealing his infection from others , imprisoned the four other recipients who were physically and mentally transforming into the Joker . The Joker , now existing as a mental projection produced by the infected blood and fear toxin , frequently appears to taunt Batman , and manipulate his perception of the world around him . After Batman escapes the exploding Ace Chemicals , he alerts Gordon to Oracle 's kidnapping , who angrily leaves to find Scarecrow .
Batman learns that Scarecrow recruited businessman Simon Stagg to build the " Cloudburst " — a mass dispersal device for the fear toxin . Batman interrogates Stagg and then confronts Scarecrow aboard Stagg 's airship , and a dose of fear toxin allows the Joker to temporarily assume control of Batman 's body while the Arkham Knight extracts the Cloudburst . Recovering , Batman locates Oracle in Scarecrow 's hideout , but when he arrives she is exposed to the fear toxin , and commits suicide in terror . Harley Quinn seizes Batman 's base in the Panessa movie studio to rescue the Joker @-@ ized patients . Batman and Robin capture Harley and the infected , but one of the patients kills the others , before committing suicide , believing that Batman will become the perfect Joker . Realizing that Batman is infected , Robin attempts to imprison him before the Joker takes control , but is instead imprisoned by Batman , who refuses to stop until Scarecrow is caught .
The Arkham Knight activates the Cloudburst , flooding the city with fear toxin . Batman destroys the Cloudburst and convinces Ivy to empower an ancient tree that can neutralize the toxin ; she succeeds and saves Gotham , but the strain kills her , while Batman 's exposure to the toxin strengthens Joker 's control . Batman pursues the Arkham Knight to a construction site to rescue Gordon . The Knight reveals himself as Jason Todd , the previous Robin , who was seemingly murdered by the Joker , and has been left traumatized by torture at the Joker 's hands . Todd blames Batman for abandoning him , and although Batman offers to help Todd recover , he escapes . Batman and Gordon confront Scarecrow on the building 's roof , where Oracle is revealed to be alive , and her suicide the result of a hallucination . Batman rescues Oracle and returns her to the Gotham City Police Department ( GCPD ) , but Scarecrow escapes with Gordon . Using the remaining militia , Scarecrow assaults the GCPD to eliminate Batman 's allies . Batman and Oracle neutralize the militia , but Scarecrow uses the distraction to kidnap Robin .
To save Robin and Gordon , Batman surrenders to Scarecrow and is taken to the ruins of Arkham Asylum . Scarecrow reveals Batman 's secret identity to the world on television , before repeatedly injecting Batman with the fear toxin to break him before the public . Batman and the Joker then battle for control inside Batman 's mind ; Joker attempts to weaken Batman by recounting the people who have suffered and died because of Batman 's crusade , but Batman triumphs and locks the pleading Joker away in his mind forever to be forgotten — the Joker 's only fear . Todd arrives and saves Batman , who subdues Scarecrow with his own fear toxin .
After Batman ensures that Gotham is safe , Gordon dispatches the police to reclaim the streets , and Batman activates the " Knightfall " protocol to protect his loved ones . Surrounded by reporters , Batman returns home to Wayne Manor where he is greeted by Alfred . As the pair enter the manor , it explodes , seemingly killing them both . Gordon , now Gotham 's mayor , prepares to attend Oracle and Robin 's wedding . Elsewhere , two criminals attack a family in an alley but are confronted by a nightmarish silhouette resembling Batman .
= = Development = =
In August 2012 , Paul Dini , writer of the first two games in the Arkham series , said he would not be involved in writing a sequel to Arkham City . He did not write that game 's story @-@ based " Harley Quinn 's Revenge " downloadable content , and said that Warner Bros. and Rocksteady suggested he accept other work if offered . Rocksteady opted to use its own team of writers , headed by game director Sefton Hill and designer Ian Ball , with script elements by Martin Lancaster ; Geoff Johns served as a consultant on the plot .
Arkham Knight was announced in March 2014 , following leaked marketing material at the end of February , with series creators Rocksteady Studios returning to develop the game , following the development of 2013 's Batman : Arkham Origins by WB Games Montréal . Arkham Knight is described as the concluding chapter of the Arkham series from Rocksteady ; they had a finale for the series in mind since the development of Arkham City . Kevin Conroy returns as the voice of Batman , having done so in Arkham Asylum and Arkham City , after stating at the 2013 Dallas Comic Con that he had been working on " the next Arkham " . This statement led to speculation that he would reprise his role as Batman in Arkham Origins , the only Arkham game known to be in development at the time , which was not the case .
Rocksteady decided early on in development to make Arkham Knight only for the then @-@ upcoming next @-@ generation of consoles , which was considered to allow them to focus on using the system resources to their fullest without reining in their ideas to accommodate the older generation systems . The game allows for up to five times the number of on @-@ screen enemies as were possible in Arkham City , and riots can feature up to fifty on @-@ screen enemies interacting with the environment to smash items , and spray graffiti . The technical changes also allowed for cutscenes to be rendered in real time in the game engine , where previous installments had used pre @-@ rendered videos to compensate . Describing the scale of difference between Arkham Knight and earlier games , lead character artist Albert Feliu said that a single character model in Arkham Knight could contain the same amount of polygons used to render the entirety of Arkham Asylum 's environment . Arkham Knight is the first in the series to use the Apex physics simulation engine to have items like cloth , such as Batman 's cape , react realistically to movement or wind . Warner Bros. supported Rocksteady 's concept for the game , but both parties felt that three years was too long to wait between games , so WB Games Montréal was tasked with creating the prequel , Arkham Origins , to fill the gap .
Unlike Arkham Origins , the game does not feature a multiplayer component . As Hill explained , the development team knew the single @-@ player game would take the team 's full effort , with their " focus on making the best single @-@ player experience we can . We [ did not ] feel that it [ needed ] a multiplayer element . Warner Bros. backed that up right at the start . "
= = = Design = = =
Batman 's Batmobile was an aspect of the character that Rocksteady had wanted to include in its other Arkham games , but were limited by technical constraints . The designers , who worked in conjunction with DC , chose to look at their earlier design from Arkham Asylum , instead of models from the history of Batman comics and media , and evolve that to meet the necessary gameplay requirements . The vehicle was designed to integrate with Batman 's on @-@ foot traversal without being a burden ; Hill stated , " We didn 't want it to be like , ' Okay , the Batmobile is so good I 'll just stay in that all the time . ' or ' Batman is so powerful gliding around I won 't be using the Batmobile . ' There 's a definite need to use both of those . " The world 's challenges were set out on the vertical and horizontal plane of the map to discourage players from using only one form of movement , with the Batmobile providing a faster method for moving large distances over gliding . Unlike Arkham Origins , Arkham Knight does not feature a fast travel system as the designers considered traversal to be part of the game , and allowing players to skip that would detract from the experience . Buildings hit by the vehicle suffer cosmetic damage without slowing the car , as it was considered that being impeded by a collision while turning a corner would diminish the power fantasy of driving the Batmobile .
During early development , Rocksteady placed a prototype Batmobile in the existing Arkham City map , and learned that the claustrophobic city designed for Batman to glide and grapple did not work well for driving a vehicle . Gotham City was thus redesigned with wider streets to allow space for the Batmobile and other street traffic to drive without colliding into walls , and buildings were made taller to accommodate the vehicle 's ejection ability . To redesign Gotham City , the designers attempted to build on the previous games ' gothic architecture while making a more believable and dense city . Alongside minor elements like neon lights , billboard advertising , and American @-@ style cars , the team developed ideas for shops that could be found in the city , while retaining a grimy , dystopian theme . Describing the design , Hego said : " every kind of element we 've added in there ... makes the entire experience feel a little out of time . You couldn 't pinpoint whether it 's twenty years ago , now or in ten years time . " The designers valued making an open world that was " rich , vibrant , dense ... and full of interesting things to do " over it just being large .
In writing for Batman , Hill considered that a fundamental aspect of the character was how he interacts with his villains , allies , and the city around him . Hill said : " You know , what does it mean to be Batman ? ... How does it affect Batman when things happen to him ? What is his psychological make up ? Those are the influences behind the game ... you actually delve into the psyche of what makes him what he is , which is where I think so much of the interest in Batman is . " Batman 's armor was redesigned to match that of the Batmobile to make them appear visually similar — featuring the same shapes and material textures — and appear functionally compatible with the high @-@ speed methods in which the character enters and exits the vehicle . The design also added armor over Batman 's shoulders , covering the previously exposed cape , to make it appear more feasible that it could hold Batman 's weight without failing during gliding . For other returning characters , art director David Hego said that the designs were conceived to keep them interesting after players had seen them several times before in previous games , while the game 's autumnal setting also necessitated a change in character clothing over the winter setting of Arkham City . The Penguin lost his long coat , and was made to look dirtier , his clothing showing signs of sweat and food stains , and his head was shaved . For Two @-@ Face , the designers felt the character did not require changing significantly , and instead emphasized existing character traits , particularly his disfigured flesh , using references of burnt flesh as inspiration . Similarly , they wanted to retain the typical Riddler characterizations like green shirts emblazoned with question marks , but instead had the character design evolve throughout the game , modifying his own costume in response to the events of the plot .
= = = Music = = =
Nick Arundel returned to compose the music for the game , having worked on Arkham Asylum and Arkham City previously . Arundel is helped by composer David Buckley , replacing Ron Fish who had worked with Arundel on the previous games . Arundel stated , " One of the good things about doing a sequel , is you get the opportunity to redo [ things you wished you changed ] , to revisit things ... We have a set of material that we want to keep consistent , like the Batman theme ... We wanted to keep [ that ] theme and tailor it more to the story for this game . How can we get the Scarecrow element out of that one theme . " Arundel added that Buckley was willing to work within the music he had already created , as opposed to wanting to add his own personal touch to it . Buckley received Arundel 's work from Arkham Asylum to help create new variations on the chords and melody from the original theme . Volume 1 of the official soundtrack was released from WaterTower Music alongside the game on June 23 , 2015 .
= = Release = =
Batman : Arkham Knight was released on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows on June 23 , 2015 . The game was originally scheduled to be released on October 14 , 2014 , which in turn was delayed to June 2 , 2015 . On the first delay , Rocksteady marketing game manager Guy Perkins stated , " If we didn ’ t give the team more time to do it , then we would be releasing something that we weren ’ t happy with . We want to make sure we ’ re absolutely nailing it 100 % . " A quality assurance tester for the game added , " Getting [ the game ] to work on consoles was impossible for months . That ’ s part of why the game got delayed so many times , [ Rocksteady was ] totally unprepared for how hard it was on next @-@ gen consoles . " In the UK , the Microsoft Windows version is only available as a digital release . Additionally , an OS X and Linux version of the game developed by Feral Interactive was scheduled for release in early 2016 after originally being scheduled to release in late 2015 ; it was cancelled in February 2016 . Feral stated the original delay was to " ensure good performance and wide @-@ ranging support " for the two platforms .
Two Collector 's Edition editions were also announced : the Limited edition contains the game in a Steelbook case , an 80 @-@ page concept art book , an Arkham Knight issue # 0 comic book , alternate costumes for Batman , Robin and Nightwing based on DC Comics ' The New 52 , and a statue of Batman . The Batmobile edition contains the Limited edition items , but replaces the Batman statue with a transformable Batmobile statue . However , on June 17 , consumers who purchased the " Batmobile Collector 's Edition " were notified that the edition had been cancelled due to a quality issue with the Batmobile statue from designer Project Triforce . Consumers were able to receive a refund or have their purchase transferred to another collector 's edition . Two days later , it was revealed that the Limited edition was delayed for release in Europe until mid @-@ July 2015 due to a packaging quality issue . In addition , a Serious Edition Comic Bundle was released , exclusively on Amazon.com. The edition featured the game , the " First Appearance " skin ( based on Batman 's first appearance in Detective Comics # 27 ) , and a limited edition 25th anniversary version of Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth , the graphic novel for which the Batman : Arkham series is loosely based . A limited edition PlayStation 4 was also released , featuring a " Steel Gray " console and controller with a custom Batman faceplate .
In February 2015 , it was revealed that Arkham Knight had received a " Mature " rating from the ESRB , rather than the " Teen " ratings previous installments in the franchise held . Sefton Hill and the Rocksteady team were caught off guard by the rating ; Hill explained that they did not create the game with a specific rating in mind , but that " It 's unavoidable that some bad stuff is going to happen . But that doesn 't mean we changed our approach . We 're not including gratuitous blood or swearing . We want to deliver a true end with no compromises , and it takes us to some dark places . " Although he did not elaborate which content in particular triggered the " M " rating , Hill did note that a " ratings analysis " by Warner Bros. indicated that the content of certain " key " scenes in the game could affect its rating . The team decided to maintain the offending content so that it would not " jeopardize " their vision for the game and its thematics . In an in @-@ depth explanation of the game 's content , the ESRB revealed the existence of scenes where players can " shoot unarmed characters and a hostage " , and torture scenes taking place on a " bloody operating table " as well as using a vehicle 's wheel .
Free updates to the game were released to provide fixes and updates to the game , some based on community feedback . These included : a Big Head mode , which makes all characters in the game have disproportionate heads ; a photo mode , which allows players to edit photos taken during gameplay ; the ability to use the original voice cast , with localized subtitles ; and updates to the game 's AR challenges . These included the ability to select all playable characters from the game and its downloadable content ( DLC ) to be used in all combat and predator challenge maps . Previously , each map had predefined character selection ; the addition of a harder difficulty setting on combat challenges ; more round @-@ based challenges as well as interior map locations ; and the removal of the blue wall around the challenges , which players found distracting .
= = = Additional content = = =
Harley Quinn is a playable character via downloadable content ( DLC ) in a story @-@ driven mission , that follows the character as she infiltrates the city of Blüdhaven to assault the police station and rescue her partner @-@ in @-@ crime Poison Ivy . Jason Todd as Red Hood is also a playable character via downloadable content in a story @-@ driven mission , in which Red Hood goes up against Black Mask . The " WayneTech Booster Pack " provides the player with four upgrades for Batman and the Batmobile on the onset , as opposed to earning them by progressing through the game . The " Scarecrow Nightmare " DLC , exclusive to the PlayStation 4 , depicts a Gotham City that has succumbed to the Scarecrow 's fear gas transforming it into a twisted nightmare image of itself , overseen by a towering Scarecrow and his undead army .
Additional content was made available via the game 's season pass , which includes story @-@ driven missions ; challenge maps for Batman and his allies ; new Batmobiles from Batman 's history and custom racetracks for them ; skins for Batman and his allies ; and all pre @-@ order retailer content once their timed exclusivity expired in August and September 2015 . The story @-@ driven missions include " The Season of Infamy " , new " Most Wanted " missions played through the main game , where the player as Batman goes up against " legendary super @-@ villains invading Gotham City , with new story arcs , missions and gameplay features " , and " Arkham Episodes " , where players control Batman 's allies in short story missions that take place before and after the events of Arkham Knight to further expand their narratives .
" Batgirl : A Matter of Family " , which was developed by WB Games Montréal , is an " Arkham Episode " featuring Barbara Gordon as Batgirl set before the events of Arkham Asylum . Set in the Seagate Amusement Park , a nautical theme park built on top of an oil rig , Batgirl teams up with Robin to save her father , Commissioner Gordon , who has been kidnapped by the Joker and Harley Quinn . The content carries over the Dual Play function and hacking ability , which allows Batgirl to take down enemies , control objects , and solve puzzles . Design producer Justin Vazquez said , " Hacking is really what separates her from the other characters ... Our intention was that Batgirl should be less powerful than Batman , but that Batgirl plus hacking could give her opportunities to do things that not even Batman can pull off . " The content was released on July 14 , 2015 , for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , with the Windows release on October 28 , 2015 .
Additional content released in August 2015 included : the " 1989 Movie Batmobile " pack , which includes a skin based on the suit worn by Michael Keaton from Batman , the Batmobile from the film , and two racetracks based on the film and its sequel , Batman Returns ; the " Bat @-@ family Skins " pack , which includes six character skins based on alternate timelines ; and content previously released as pre @-@ order bonuses . For September 2015 , Rocksteady released two " Crime Fighter Challenge Packs " , featuring 11 AR combat and predator challenges for all playable characters and one for the Batmobile ; the " 2008 Tumbler Batmobile " pack , which included the Tumbler Batmobile and two racetracks based on The Dark Knight ; the Arkham Asylum skin for Batman ; and " GCPD Lockdown " , an " Arkham Episode " for Nightwing set after the events of Arkham Knight , in which Nightwing must stop the Penguin from breaking out of the GCPD .
For October 2015 , the additional content included : a third " Crime Fighter Challenge Pack " , featuring 6 AR combat and predator challenges for all playable characters and the Batmobile ; the " Batman Classic TV Series Batmobile " pack , which includes the 1960s TV series Batmobile , skins for Catwoman and Robin based on the series , and two racetracks inspired by the series ; and a 1970s Batman @-@ themed Batmobile skin . For November 2015 , Rocksteady released the " 2016 Batman v Superman Batmobile " pack , which included a skin based on the suit worn by Ben Affleck in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and the Batmobile from the film ; the " Wayne Tech " pack , with two Batmobile racetracks ; " Catwoman 's Revenge " , an " Arkham Episode " for Catwoman set after the events of the main game , in which Catwoman gets her revenge on the Riddler . The pack also included two challenge maps ; " A Flip of a Coin " , an " Arkham Episode " for Robin set after the events of the main game , in which Robin hunts down Two @-@ Face . The pack also included two challenge maps ; challenge maps for " GCPD Lockdown " ; the original Tim Drake skin for Robin , and a Robin @-@ themed and Riddler @-@ themed Batmobile skins ; and a fourth " Crime Fighter Challenge Pack " , featuring 6 AR combat and predator challenges for all playable characters .
The final month of additional content release , December 2015 , saw the release of the Christian Bale Batsuit from The Dark Knight , due to a multitude of fan requests since it was not featured in the Tumbler pack in September 2015 ; the original Arkham Asylum Batmobile ; a fifth " Crime Fighter Challenge Pack " , featuring 6 AR combat and predator challenges for all playable characters ; a skin for Harley Quinn based on her classic look and the Arkham Knight skin for Red Hood ; a Rocksteady @-@ themed Batmobile skin ; a Batman : Noël skin ; and four " Season of Infamy " missions , which see Mad Hatter playing sinister mind @-@ games with Batman , with members of the GCPD caught in the middle ; Killer Croc escaping from his maximum security cell and wreaking havoc on a crashed airship ; the League of Assassins returning to Gotham City in order to restore Ra 's al Ghul 's health ; and Mister Freeze returning to Gotham City , where the Arkham Knight 's militia kidnaps Freeze 's wife Nora in exchange for his help capturing Batman . The " Season of Infamy " missions add new areas to the main game , including a new wing at the GCPD and the interior of Elliot General Hospital , new enemies such as assassins from the League of Assassins , and new gameplay mechanics .
In January 2016 , Rocksteady released a sixth " Crime Fighter Challenge Pack " , originally named the " Community Challenge Pack " in response to players ' help in providing feedback to get the Windows version fixed and for submitting requests for the challenge maps in the pack . Include in the pack were five challenge maps from previous Arkham games , a combat map for " Crime Alley " from Arkham Knight and an " endless wave " predator map , " Endless Knight " . The returning predator maps include " Wayne Manor Main Hall " and " Batcave " from Arkham City and " Sanatorium , Medical Facility " from Arkham Asylum , while the combat maps include " Iceberg Lounge " and " Monarch Theatre " from Arkham City . The pack was released on Windows a week before coming to consoles . A skin based on Batman Incorporated was also released in the month .
A number of alternate outfits and designs were made available for Batman , Robin , Nightwing , Catwoman and the Batmobile . Batman 's skins include designs worn in the 1960s TV series ; Justice League 3000 ; Batman Beyond ; The Dark Knight Returns ; the " First Appearance " design ; The New 52 ; Flashpoint ; Batman : Gotham Knight ( Anime Batman ) ; Earth 2 ; Arkham Origins ; " Iconic Grey and Black " ; 1970s Batman ; the 1989 film ; Zur @-@ En @-@ Arrh ; Arkham Asylum ; The Dark Knight film ; Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ; Batman : Noël ; and Batman Incorporated . Robin 's skins include designs based on The New 52 ; One Year Later ; the 1960s TV series ; and the original Tim Drake design . Nightwing 's skins include designs based on The New 52 ; and Arkham City . Catwoman 's skins include designs based on the 1990s Catwoman , and the 1960s TV series . Harley Quinn and Red Hood have skins based on her classic look and the Arkham Knight uniform , respectively , available to players who have access to the characters . Designs for the standard Batmobile include ones based on the 1960s TV series ; a prototype version ; 1970s Batman @-@ themed ; Robin @-@ themed ; Riddler @-@ themed ; and Rocksteady @-@ themed .
All @-@ new , drivable Batmobiles include : the 1989 film , Tumbler , 1960s TV series , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , and the original Arkham Asylum Batmobiles . These Batmobiles do not feature a tank mode and can only be used in the main game after all tanks have been eliminated and on certain additional Batmobile challenge maps . In terms of design , the 1989 film and 1960 TV series ones are longer and narrower with better handling than the standard Arkham Knight Batmobile . Racetracks for the Batmobile include two based on Batman and Batman Returns ; two based on The Dark Knight ; two based on the 1960s TV series ; and two WayneTech tracks .
= = = Marketing = = =
The game was originally scheduled to be released during Batman 's 75th Anniversary celebration in 2014 , and as a result , DC presented the " Cape / Cowl / Create " art exhibit in London in June 2014 , and at San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in July 2014 . The exhibit featured contemporary artists painting on a cape and cowl designed by Asher Levine and based on the batsuit from the game . In May 2015 , a life @-@ size replica of the Batmobile from the game , designed by West Coast Customs , was on display at MCM London Comic Con. Starting on May 8 , 2015 , until the release of the game , Rocksteady released weekly behind @-@ the @-@ scenes videos called " Arkham Insider " , featuring Rocksteady staff describing various aspects of Arkham Knight 's gameplay as well as answering fan questions . " Arkham Insider " returned in August 2015 to highlight the monthly DLC releases , with the series running until December 2015 over a total of 11 episodes . Various products were developed based on the game including clothing , hats , calendars , posters , headphones , and " The Riddler 's Gambit " , a 320 @-@ page novel written by Alexander C. Irvine , that serves as a prequel to the story of Arkham Knight and follows Batman 's conflict with the Riddler .
= = = Comics = = =
In December 2014 , a prequel digital @-@ first comic was announced , written by Peter J. Tomasi , with art by Viktor Bogdanovic and Art Thibert , and covers by Dan Panosian . The comic picks up after the events of Arkham City and was released digitally in February 2015 , with the first print release featuring a collection of the digital issues in March 2015 . Tomasi said the comic has " contained arcs , but there ’ s an over @-@ arcing story that [ goes ] right to the launch of the game and beyond . " A novelization of the game , written by comic book writer Marv Wolfman , was released alongside the game . In April 2015 , a second comic , Batman : Arkham Knight – Genesis , was announced centered around the origin of the Arkham Knight . The six @-@ issue monthly miniseries , written once again by Tomasi with art by Alisson Borges , was released starting in August 2015 .
= = Reception = =
Aggregating review website Metacritic calculated an average score of 87 out of 100 based on 89 reviews for the PlayStation 4 version , 85 out of 100 based on 16 reviews for the Xbox One version , and 70 out of 100 based on 14 reviews for the Microsoft Windows version .
Dan Stapleton of IGN rated the game a score of 9 @.@ 2 out of 10 , praising the graphics , gameplay variety , detail of the open world , the voice acting performances ( particularly of Kevin Conroy as Batman and John Noble as Scarecrow ) and the overall improvement in the combat and predator systems . He criticized the Batmobile 's Battle mode as " weird " and " about as un @-@ Batman an activity as [ he could ] imagine , " as well as the difficulty of managing the vehicle 's default controls , though praised the tank battles as " good fun " . Polygon 's Justin McElroy , giving the game a 10 out of 10 , stating that the game " ticks all the boxes for the fourth entry in a AAA franchise . " He lauded the intricacy and intuition of the game 's puzzles , noting how they make the players think on a significantly higher level than past entries in the series , calling the game " nothing short of revolutionary " and " the best game of this console generation . " Steve Tilley of The Toronto Sun deemed the game " fantastic , if a little formulaic " . He felt it a satisfying and appropriately large @-@ scale conclusion to Rocksteady 's Arkham games , praising the surprises in the plot , as well as the graphics , combat , and the Batmobile 's range of abilities .
Andrew Reiner of Game Informer awarded Arkham Knight a 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 , calling it a " narrative juggernaut " with " the mother of all plot twists . " He described the game 's Gotham City as " a beautifully realized playground for Batman " , highlighting the distinctive boroughs and added that the Batmobile " packs a satisfying punch " with its cannon , with additional praise to the Riddler racetracks and game variety . He felt though , that the combat was somewhat easier than previous games , most notably due to the game 's " Dual Play " mechanic . Simon Miller , writing for VideoGamer.com , gave the game a 10 out 10 score and called it " the best Batman game ever made and a classic in its own right ; " a " masterpiece " . Despite the perfect score , Miller did name the Batmobile as one of the game 's faults , though lauded the " rush of adrenaline " invoked while driving the car through the streets of the city .
Eurogamer 's Dan Whitehead recommended the game , giving high praise to the detail of the open world and the characterization of Batman , but again criticizing the Batmobile 's battle mode feature as one of the weaker aspects of the game . GamesTM gave Arkham Knight a 9 out of 10 , praising the game for functioning without the presence of the Joker , and praising the story for its intimacy and inviting , epic @-@ scale nature . The Batmobile gameplay was described as " thrilling " , though the " least immersive " part of the game . The " Dual Play " elements were also hailed as the best aspect of the game in addition to their involvement with the Riddler challenges . Chris Carter of Destructoid , conversely was heavily critical of the Riddler challenges and their requirement for the game 's full ending , finding many to be " tedious " while others lacked any resemblance of actual riddles , such as the breakable objects . He felt that the puzzles driven by intuition were the better elements of the mission .
Kevin VanOrd , writing for GameSpot , awarded the game a 7 out of 10 , praising the game 's " terrific " amount of variety , its improvement of past games ' elements , the cleverness of the game 's puzzles , and the " Dual Play " mechanics . VanOrd reacted positively to the segments involving the Batmobile 's Battle mode , calling it a " delight " , and called the vehicle 's driving " slick and satisfying " . However , VanOrd found fault with some of the game 's logic , particularly the clash between Batman 's no @-@ kill rule and the Batmobile 's significant predilection for destruction . He also noted how the story 's thematic elements and repeated metaphors became exhaustingly redundant , mentioning its " ham @-@ fisted storytelling " and describing the game overall as " only as good as the world allows it to be . " Sam Roberts from GamesRadar noted the game 's satisfying cinematic value , particularly moments in which it felt like Batman : The Animated Series . However , Roberts did reserve some criticisms , calling some of the Batmobile 's additions " slippery " and deemed it a " mixed affair " ; the campaign was described as full of " generally wonky storytelling , sometimes hammy dialogue and unconvincing duo of primary villains . " Roberts praised the " gorgeous " open world and its side missions as " almost universally fantastic " , finding fault with the Firefly missions among others . The Riddler 's Batmobile racetracks were considered " beyond silly , " though he still commended the character for his increased involvement in the story .
Additionally , Stapleton and Paul Tassi of Forbes both took issue to Rocksteady 's marketing of the Arkham Knight as an original character , as the moniker was original but the character in the role was not . Stapleton felt the problem was that the marketing for the character indicated it was a " big mystery " to his identity , but any " moderately knowledgeable Batman fan could reasonably " deduce the identity : " We all already knew who the Arkham Knight was ; we were just hoping it wasn ’ t true because we wanted the original story we ’ d been promised . " Tassi criticized Rocksteady for promising a new character and insisting the identity " would shock and amaze us all " when it turned out to essentially be " a renamed and recostumed version of a character that has already existed for years . "
= = = Additional content = = =
Carter was critical of the Harley Quinn and Red Hood story packs , both originally pre @-@ order bonuses before being released as purchasable DLC . Carter called both " painfully " and " disgustingly " short , respectively , with the Harley pack lasting around 30 minutes , and the Red Hood around 10 minutes . He added that he expected more from the downloadable content , hoping additional " Arkham Stories " would feature more content .
For the " Batgirl : A Matter of Family " story pack , Stapleton offered a mixed reaction , giving the DLC a 6 @.@ 3 out of 10 , praising the unique design and atmosphere of the theme park setting , and also commenting positively on the story , the variation in combat , Batgirl 's character design , and Mark Hamill 's performance as the Joker . A prominent concern , however , was the short length of the campaign and lack of replay value aside from the rather simple collectables found around the map . He added , " worse , there ’ s no new AR challenge map where you can play as Batgirl , which means her great @-@ looking character model is trapped in this single piece of story content . Considering Arkham Knight is fairly stingy in the challenge map department , that ’ s another big missed opportunity . " Reiner felt the pack would only be of value to players who enjoy the Arkham story , stating , " Developer WB Montreal can be commended for creating a wonderfully realized version of Batgirl , who is resourceful and capable of striking fear into Joker 's henchmen , but the mission she embarks on lacks creativity and ranks among the Arkham series ' worst . " He did , however , praise the side story involving Edward Burke , the person who built the amusement park where the story takes place , calling it " twisted and dark " and shedding " new light on one of the series ' mainstays . "
Aoife Wilson of Eurogamer was critical of Batgirl 's characterization , calling it a " bland , no @-@ frills reading of the character , to be frank , which focuses on her familial connections rather than her youthful exuberance . " Wilson also lamented that the emphasis on Batgirl 's hacking abilities proved to be no more than a simple extension of Arkham Knight 's remote hacking environmental puzzles . She offered words similar to Stapleton 's on how the lack of additional challenge maps confines the Batgirl character model to only the DLC . Wilson was skeptical as to whether the future season pass DLC would be worth purchasing unless there was an increase in production value and a real introduction to new gadgets and gameplay variety . Carter gave the DLC a 6 @.@ 5 out of 10 , reacting positively to the confinement to the " good bits " of Arkham Knight , more specifically the lack of the Batmobile and an emphasis on puzzle @-@ solving - he also compared it favorably to the Harley Quinn and Red Hood story packs towards which he previously gave negative reviews . In contrast to Stapleton , Carter felt that not many of the environments were particularly memorable , and also felt the length was sufficient compared to the game 's previous story packs . Carter pointed out that a benefit to the game would be a free @-@ roaming option involving the downloadable characters . Meanwhile , Erik Kain of Forbes felt that the DLC should have been provided free of charge , remarking on the campaign 's shortness and calling it " straightforward " and " lackluster " . He also criticized Warner Bros. for their marketing campaign with Arkham Knight and its DLC , commenting on their sacrificing quality over quantity to continuously charge customers for rather mediocre content .
Carter awarded the " Season of Infamy " content a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 . He felt that the Mad Hatter mission was " the weakest link in the chain , " calling it " a neat concept but it 's so fleeting that I barely had time to digest it . " For Killer Croc 's , Carter said the mission was " a predictable storyline " since Killer Croc is generally portrayed as a " one @-@ dimensional " foe , though " [ i ] t works better than Mad Hatter 's portion ... because most of it isn 't comprised of re @-@ used environments , and there is a nice brief reunion with Nightwing . " Speaking of the Mister Freeze mission , Carter called the exploration of Freeze 's relationship with his wife Nora " compelling " and enjoyed the fact it was the only " Season of Infamy " mission to feature a predator challenge . Additionally , he added that the Batmobile sequence had " more of a reason to exist than most of the ones in the campaign . " Finally , Carter called the Ra 's al Ghul mission " the other highlight of the pack " and felt the choice the mission gave players at the end was " pretty interesting " . He also added the setting of Elliot General Hospital was a good way to highlight Hush 's family legacy since his " part in [ the main game ] was extremely disappointing " .
= = = Technical issues on Windows version = = =
The Windows version of the game was poorly received , with criticism aimed mostly at the technical issues present at the time of the game 's release , ultimately leading to sales being suspended . On June 23 , 2015 , the launch day for Arkham Knight , thousands of users reported major technical flaws and performance problems with the Windows version of the game , with some saying it seemed like the optimization phase of the game 's development was skipped . Steam users immediately wrote scathing reviews of the game 's performance , including reports of frame rate being capped at 30 frames per second ( which could be raised , though with potential side effects ) and dropping as low as 10 frames per second while gliding or using the Batmobile .
Even high @-@ end graphics cards such as Nvidia 's GeForce GTX 970 were unable to handle the game well , with users reporting frequent frame rate dips and stutters . Nvidia and AMD released new device drivers optimized for the game in an attempt to address the performance issues , with Steam " strongly recommending " their download . The developer , Rocksteady , issued a statement saying they were aware of the issues and were " working closely with [ their ] external PC development partner " , Iron Galaxy Studios , to resolve them .
On June 24 , 2015 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment announced that it would suspend sales of the Windows version of Arkham Knight in order to work on addressing the performance issues to satisfy the company 's quality standards . They also offered refunds for anyone who already purchased the game . Three days later , a patch was released which fixed some crash @-@ causing problems . Rocksteady noted that they were continuing to focus on the frame rate problem , the low @-@ resolution texture , and overall performance problems , among other issues needing fixes . In early July 2015 , Kotaku reported that Warner Bros. were aware of the issues on the Windows version , with their sources stating they chose to ship the game as it was , " not to maniacally screw over customers — but because they believed it was good enough . " Kotaku Australia additionally reported that the issues would not be fixed until at least September 2015 , and that all stock retail versions were being recalled . By the middle of July , Warner Bros. announced they were " targeting an interim patch update for existing players to be released in August . "
On August 21 , 2015 , Warner Bros. revealed the first interim patch was being tested , with a hope " to issue the patch in the next few weeks . " The patch addresses frame rate hitches , optimization for graphics cards , the ability to change the max frames per second to 30 , 60 , and 90 , additional granular settings for motion blur , film grain , and chromatic aberration , more texture options , and other settings , and a problem with the game running on mechanical hard drives versus solid state . Lesser priorities intended to be covered include the photo mode and downloadable content . The patch was released on September 4 , 2015 . Rocksteady and Warner Bros. announced that the game would be available for sale again on October 28 , 2015 , along with a patch updating the game to include all previously released DLC and content updates , except console exclusives . After the game was made available again , it was still criticized for lingering technical issues , resulting in Warner Bros. offering full refunds for the game as well as the game 's season pass until the end of 2015 , regardless of how long the game was owned . Warner Bros. also stated they would continue to address issues with the Windows version for those who chose to keep the game .
= = = Sales = = =
Batman : Arkham Knight was the highest selling game for June 2015 , became the fastest selling game of 2015 , beating the record previously held by The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt , the second best selling game of 2015 behind Mortal Kombat X , and the fastest selling game of the Arkham franchise . The PlayStation 4 sales were the highest for a single SKU across any Batman game since the NPD Group began tracking the industry . By October 2015 , the game had sold over 5 million units globally .
= = = Accolades = = =
Batman : Arkham Knight received Game Informer 's award for Best Action Game seen at E3 2014 in June 2014 . It also received IGN 's Best Xbox One Game for their E3 2014 awards , while becoming runner up for Game of Show and Best PlayStation 4 Game . The 2014 Game Critics Awards awarded Arkham Knight as the Best Action / Adventure Game , while nominating it for Best of Show and Best Console Game . At the 2014 Golden Joystick Awards , Arkham Knight was nominated for Most Wanted game . In December 2014 , the UK publication MCV reported that Arkham Knight was the most anticipated title for the region 's retailers , ahead of Halo 5 : Guardians , Evolve , The Order : 1886 , and Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End .
The game received five nominations for Golden Joystick Awards , including : Best Storytelling , Best Visual Design , Best Audio , Best Gaming Moment for the " return " of the Joker , and Game of the Year . Mark Hamill also received a nomination for Performance of the Year for voicing the Joker . The game also received two nominations for The Game Awards 2015 , including Best Art Direction and Best Action / Adventure Game , while Hamill received a nomination for Best Performance for voicing the Joker .
= Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna =
Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna is the debut extended play ( EP ) by the cast of the musical television series Glee . It contains eight songs from the season one Glee episode , " The Power of Madonna " , which was a tribute episode dedicated to American recording artist Madonna . She had sold the rights to her entire catalog of music to Glee in 2009 , and producers of the show developed the episode called " The Power of Madonna " ; the show featured a number of cover versions of Madonna 's songs by the cast . The accompanying EP released with the airing of the show was called Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna .
After its release , it received generally positive reviews from the critics , who frequently cited Glee 's cover version of Madonna 's " Like a Prayer " as a stand @-@ out track from the album . The EP debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart , with 98 @,@ 000 copies in the first week in the United States , the highest debut for a Glee soundtrack . It also reached the top of the chart in Canada , and the top ten in Australia , Ireland and the United Kingdom . The release of the EP saw an increase in the catalog sales of Madonna 's albums too . All songs from The Power of Madonna were released as singles with the exception of " Burning Up " . " Like a Prayer " charted highest in all regions , reaching number 27 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and selling 87 @,@ 000 digital downloads there .
= = Background = =
In 2009 , Madonna granted Glee the rights to her entire catalogue of music , and the producers planned an episode which would feature Madonna songs exclusively . Series creator Ryan Murphy had worked with Madonna in the past , and wished to produce a Glee tribute to her . Madonna agreed and " cooperated in every way possible " , for the episode " The Power of Madonna " . The episode featured the show 's fictional glee club director Will Schuester , portrayed by actor Matthew Morrison , assigning the students in the club to sing Madonna songs because the girls were being subjected to sexist treatment by the boys ; he hoped the entire glee club would learn from the messages of girl @-@ power and equality in such Madonna songs as " Express Yourself " .
Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna , an extended play ( EP ) containing studio recordings of songs performed in the episode , was released on April 20 , 2010 . Its tracklist encompasses " Express Yourself " , a mash @-@ up of " Borderline " and " Open Your Heart " , " Vogue " , " Like a Virgin , " 4 Minutes " , " What It Feels Like for a Girl " , and " Like a Prayer " . The iTunes edition featured a bonus track , " Burning Up " , which was not performed in the episode . Although they were not performed by the show 's cast , Madonna 's " Ray of Light " , " Burning Up " , " Justify My Love " , and " Frozen " were also used as backing tracks in the episode .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The album has received generally positive reviews from critics . Fraser McAlpine of the BBC wrote : " At its best , it 's a loving homage ; at worst it 's like the re @-@ made pop music retailers play in shops to avoid paying proper royalties . " He felt that : " As they are essentially photocopies of the originals , the songs depend on the context of the show to make sense . So listening to the album on musical merits alone is close to pointless . " AllMusic 's Andrew Leahey rated the album 3 @.@ 5 / 5 , writing : " It 's a short release , but it also holds its ground against the two albums that preceded it , namely because the material is so compatible with the show itself . Madonna 's music has always thrived on drama , and it lends itself well to Glee 's theater @-@ pop approach , which tends to bring out the cheese in even the most serious of songs . " Nick Levine of Digital Spy rated the EP 4 / 5 , praising the " imaginative reworking " of " What It Feels Like For a Girl " , and noting : " if the Glee treatment encourages a few younger pop fans to invest in Madonna 's stellar recent hits collection , it can only be viewed as a good thing . And for those in the know , hearing five members of this thoroughly likable cast trilling " Like A Virgin " in harmony is so downright gleeful , well , it 's almost like being touched for the very first time . "
Sahar Ghosh from Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer felt that the best songs on the EP were " What It Feels Like for a Girl " and " Like a Prayer " , saying that " the lyrics Madonna sang in 2001 [ for ' What It Feels Like for a Girl ' ] still ( unfortunately ) ring true today , but they acquire a new poignancy as they are sung by the boys in Glee Club . [ ... ] But the best performance of the album is definitely ' Like a Prayer ' . The talented voices of the Glee cast , backed by a full choir , masterfully carry the lyrics to greater heights . " Mikael Wood from Entertainment Weekly gave it an " A " rating , explaining " Sue hilariously revises the spoken @-@ word bit on ' Vogue ' , and the Glee guys give a surprisingly tender reading of ' What It Feels Like for a Girl ' . Go ahead — open your heart . " David Hiltbrand from Star Tribune gave a negative review of the EP saying that " things go downhill as soon as Jane Lynch starts camping up the spoken portion of ' Vogue ' . By the time you get to ' Like a Virgin ' and ' 4 Minutes ' , the songs sound overproduced and melodramatic , more show tune than disco . "
= = = Commercial performance = = =
In its first week of release in the United States , Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna reached number one on the Billboard 200 , with 98 @,@ 000 copies sold . It became the first album by the Glee cast to debut at the top of the chart , also the first number one album consisting totally of covers of one artist 's songs , since the all @-@ ABBA Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack reigned for a week in August 2008 . According to Nielsen SoundScan , 75 percent of the sales were due to digital downloads from online stores . It was also the Top Digital and Top Soundtrack album of the week . The release of the EP also had its impact on Madonna 's own catalog . Her Celebration greatest hits album re @-@ entered Billboard 200 at number 86 with sales of 6 @,@ 000 ( up 219 % ) . Her total catalog of albums saw a 44 % jump in sales , selling 17 @,@ 000 that week . Her digital song download tally also got a boost with total tracks sold being 108 @,@ 000 , up 169 % compared to the week previous ( 40 @,@ 000 ) . Her two biggest @-@ selling songs of the week were " 4 Minutes " and " Like a Prayer " — each selling 12 @,@ 000 with gains of 183 % and 267 % , respectively .
In Canada , the album debuted at the top of the Canadian Albums Chart , with sales of 23 @,@ 000 according to Nielsen SoundScan . In Australia , the EP debuted at number 14 on the Australian Albums Chart . After two weeks it reached a peak of number 10 , and was present for a total of seven weeks on the chart . In Belgium 's Wallonia region and in the Netherlands , the EP charted at the lower strata of the chart . It was more successful in Mexico , where it debuted at number 47 on the Mexican Albums Chart , and reached a peak of 34 , the next week , staying on the chart for a total of eight weeks . After its release in United Kingdom , Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna entered The Official UK Albums Chart at number four . However , it had sharp drops for the next weeks , and was present for a total of eight weeks . In Ireland the EP debuted at number 22 on the Albums Chart , and moved to its peak of number five the next week .
= = Singles = =
All songs on the EP , apart from the bonus track , were also released as singles , available for digital download . Among the releases , Glee 's version of " Like a Prayer " became the highest selling song of the bunch . It sold 87 @,@ 000 copies of digital downloads to enter the Hot Digital Songs chart at number 10 , also charting on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 27 . " Like a Prayer " also charted at number 27 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and number 28 in Australia . " Like a Prayer " was also successful in the United Kingdom , where it reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart , and was present for four weeks . Other songs charting there included " 4 Minutes " , " Like a Virgin " and " Borderline / Open Your Heart " at positions 42 , 58 and 66 respectively .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted as per Allmusic credit notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Sonic Adventure 2 =
Sonic Adventure 2 ( ソニックアドベンチャー2 ( ツー ) , Sonikku Adobenchā Tsū ) is a 2001 video game developed by Sonic Team USA and published by Sega for the Dreamcast as part of the Sonic the Hedgehog series . It was released as the last Sonic game for a Sega console after the company decided to leave the console hardware business . A port for the Nintendo GameCube , Sonic Adventure 2 Battle , was first released in Japan in December 2001 , with new content . The game was later released digitally for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Microsoft Windows in 2012 .
The sequel to Sonic Adventure , Adventure 2 features two good @-@ vs.-evil stories : a hero story of Sonic the Hedgehog , Miles " Tails " Prower and Knuckles the Echidna as they attempt to save the world , and a dark story following Shadow the Hedgehog , Doctor Eggman and Rouge the Bat in their attempt to conquer it . The stories are divided into three gameplay styles : traditional , fast @-@ paced platforming for Sonic and Shadow ; multi @-@ directional shooting for Tails and Eggman ; and action @-@ exploration for Knuckles and Rouge . The game also includes an extensive Chao @-@ raising system .
Sonic Adventure 2 was announced in October 1999 and exhibited at E3 2000 . The game 's development took 18 months , and it was designed to be faster @-@ paced and more action @-@ oriented than the original Adventure . Its scenery was influenced by U.S. locations such as San Francisco and Yosemite National Park . Adventure 2 received critical acclaim , with critics praising its gameplay variety , visuals and music but criticizing its camera , voice acting and plot . Although critical enthusiasm had waned by the release of Battle , this version sold over 1 @.@ 44 million copies and the game as a whole received a number of accolades .
= = Gameplay = =
Sonic Adventure 2 is a 3D game with six playable characters , divided into two campaigns : Hero ( with Sonic , Tails and Knuckles , where the player battles to save the world ) and Dark ( with Shadow , Eggman and Rouge , where they battle to conquer it ) . Each character on each side has a playing style similar to the other characters on the side . The player moves through the Hero and Dark campaigns , switching between them at will . Each campaign cycles through levels of its three characters , telling different sides of the story . Levels have a variety of themes ( such as cities , jungles , desert pyramids and outer space ) , with some followed by boss fights . Completing both the Hero and Dark campaigns unlocks a Last Story with all six characters , culminating in a final boss fight .
Sonic and Shadow play fast @-@ paced levels , emphasizing platforming and gameplay . Their homing attack can lock onto robots created by Eggman and G.U.N. , and they can grind on rails . Tails ' and Eggman 's levels are slower and oriented towards multi @-@ directional shooting ; they are confined to mechs in which they can jump short heights , hover and shoot enemies . Knuckles ' and Rouge 's levels are open and feature action @-@ adventure gameplay with treasure hunting ; in each level , they must find three shards of the Master Emerald . Their search is guided by radar and puzzle @-@ based clues from harmless robots . Knuckles and Rouge can glide , defeat enemies with punches and kicks and scale walls , digging into them to find power @-@ ups .
Adventure 2 has the health system found in many other Sonic games . The player collects rings scattered throughout the levels ; being hit by an enemy while holding rings causes the player to drop them all , while being hit without rings causes them to lose a life . Tails and Eggman have the customary health bar , which is slowly refilled by collecting rings . Dying with no lives results in a game over screen . The characters are aided by occasional upgrades ; in one , Sonic and Shadow can bounce up and down to reach higher areas and in another , Knuckles and Rouge can kick powerfully enough to break certain containers . Chaos Drives can be used with the player 's Chao ( small , anthropomorphic animals ) .
Separate from the main campaigns , the player can raise Chao as virtual pets . They have five attributes ( Swim , Fly , Run , Power and Stamina ) and a moral continuum from Hero to Dark . From the moment they hatch their stats can be increased with Chaos Drives , empowering them to compete in karate and racing minigames . Their alignment gradually changes , based on their affection for a characters ; for example , a Chao which likes Tails will gradually become more heroic . Playing with Chao increases affection , and when a Chao becomes fully Hero or Dark it assumes that form permanently . Although Chao eventually die , if they received enough affection during their lives they reincarnate .
Adventure 2 has 180 emblems , earned for a variety of tasks . Each level has five missions ; only the first is required to continue the campaign , and other missions include completing a harder version of a level and collecting 100 rings . The player earns emblems by completing missions and other tasks , many related to Chao raising . Collecting all the emblems unlocks a 3D version of the Green Hill Zone from the original Sonic the Hedgehog .
The game has several two @-@ player modes . Players may race on foot through new ( or altered ) levels , have shoot- ' em @-@ up battles in mechs , hunt for Master Emerald shards or race in go @-@ karts . A few characters are playable in these modes , but not in the main game ; Tikal and Chaos from the original Sonic Adventure is playable in the treasure @-@ hunting game , as are Amy and Metal Sonic in the foot @-@ racing levels .
= = Plot = =
After learning about a secret weapon from the diary of his late grandfather , Professor Gerald Robotnik , Eggman infiltrates a high @-@ security G.U.N. facility to find it , and uses a Chaos Emerald to free it . This weapon , a black hedgehog and self @-@ proclaimed " Ultimate Life Form " named Shadow , offers to help Eggman take over the world , telling him to rendezvous at the abandoned Space Colony ARK with more Chaos Emeralds . Shadow then goes to Central City , where he steals a second Emerald and encounters some soldiers of the military group G.U.N. He flashes back to the death of a girl , Maria , who begs him to fulfill an unspecified promise he interprets as one of revenge . Shadow blasts through the military force and meets Sonic , who the military mistook for Shadow . After a brief confrontation , Shadow escapes and G.U.N. arrests Sonic .
Knuckles and Rouge are fighting over the Master Emerald , when Eggman suddenly grabs the Master Emerald with a large claw , and begins to fly off in his Eggmobile . After Knuckles leaps into the air , shattering the Emerald to prevent this , he looks for the scattered shards . Rouge intends to collect the shards for herself , but - as a government spy - she also must spy on Eggman . This mission leads her to Eggman 's base and , eventually , the ARK . On board , Shadow shows Eggman a superweapon known as the Eclipse Cannon , also created by Gerald Robotnik . Shadow discloses the plan : to charge the Eclipse Cannon with Chaos Emeralds and use it to take over the world . Rouge appears and feigns her allegiance to Shadow and Eggman , offering them a third Emerald to gain their trust .
Tails and Amy infiltrate G.U.N. ' s island base and rescue Sonic , while Eggman , Shadow and Rouge collect three more Emeralds on the island before blowing it up . Eggman broadcasts his threat around the world , demonstrating the cannon 's power by destroying half of the Moon . Sonic , Tails , Amy and Knuckles use their Chaos Emerald to track down the other six . They infiltrate Eggman 's base , boarding his shuttle as it launches into space . Knuckles ' Emerald shards are spilled along the way , and he leaves to collect them . He again meets and fights Rouge , but when he saves her from falling into a lava pit , she surrenders her shards and Knuckles restores the Master Emerald .
On the ARK , Tails reveals that he has designed a counterfeit Chaos Emerald to reverse the energy fields of the real ones . Just as Sonic is about to put the fake Emerald into the cannon , Eggman tells him that he has captured Tails and Amy , forcing him to return with the Chaos Emerald and rescue them . Sonic tries to trick Eggman with the fake Emerald , but Eggman traps and jettisons him in an escape pod rigged with explosives . Using the fake , Sonic performs Chaos Control and escapes ; Tails , thinking Sonic is dead , defeats Eggman , but Eggman sneaks away with the real Emerald when Tails is distracted . Rouge hacks into the ARK 's computers for information on the Ultimate Life Form project , suggesting Shadow is not the Ultimate Life Form , and attempts to retake the other Emeralds , but is caught and found out by Shadow before he is sent to stop Sonic from reaching the Eclipse Cannon . Sonic defeats Shadow and uses the fake Emerald to destroy the Cannon .
When Eggman loads the last Emerald into the cannon and tries to fire it at full power , the ARK begins falling toward Earth and a recorded message from Gerald Robotnik , Eggman 's grandfather , is broadcast worldwide : he programmed the ARK to inevitably collide with Earth , destroying it in revenge against humanity . His diary reveals that this hatred began when the government condemned his research and killed a number of his colleagues , along with his granddaughter Maria , in an attempt to shut the ARK down , and he programmed his Ultimate Life Form , Shadow , to carry out his plan of revenge . Eggman determines that the Emeralds ' energy is making the ARK fall , and everyone works to access the cannon 's core and neutralize it .
Shadow declines to help the others , but Amy urges him to help , making him remember Maria 's real request : for him to help mankind . With this knowledge , he races for the core , where Sonic and Knuckles encounter the Biolizard , the prototype of the Ultimate Life Form . Shadow arrives and holds it at bay , allowing Knuckles to deactivate the Chaos Emeralds using the Master Emerald . The Biolizard then uses Chaos Control to fuse with the cannon , becoming the Finalhazard and continuing the ARK 's collision course .
Sonic and Shadow use the Chaos Emeralds to transform into their super forms , Super Sonic and Super Shadow , defeating the Finalhazard and using Chaos Control to teleport the ARK into a stable orbit around Earth . This depletes Shadow 's energy and he plummets to Earth , content that he has fulfilled his promise to Maria , and is presumed dead . As the people of Earth celebrate , the teams reflect on what has happened ; as they leave the station , Sonic bids Shadow a final farewell by saying " Sayonara , Shadow the Hedgehog . " .
= = Development = =
Sonic Adventure 2 was developed by Sonic Team USA , the now @-@ defunct U.S. division of Sonic Team , and published by Sega . The game , directed by longtime series contributor Takashi Iizuka , was developed over an 18 @-@ month period beginning shortly after the release of the American version of Sonic Adventure in 1999 . It was designed to be more action @-@ oriented than the slower @-@ paced , more story @-@ driven Adventure . The development team ran the game at 60 frames per second with " tempo " , giving Sonic a variety of actions rather than focusing on speed alone . Its levels facilitated this flow , making Sonic seem faster than he was .
For the game 's levels and environments the developers were inspired by San Francisco ( their headquarters ) and other American locations , such as Yosemite National Park ( where they vacationed during its development ) and the San Francisco Bay Area . Compared to Adventure , the sequel was intended to have " more of an American flavor " . Although the game 's level design prioritized the frame rate , it was more streamlined than Adventure because of the team 's experience with Dreamcast hardware .
Iizuka described the Chao as a " relative neutral entity " in Sonic Adventure . In the sequel the developers expanded the creatures ' presence , adding the ability to raise " Hero " and " Dark " Chao to reflect the conflict between good and evil . For the same reason , all six playable characters have roughly equal gameplay time ( unlike Adventure , where Big the Cat 's and E @-@ 102 Gamma 's stories were short ) . In Adventure 2 Chao have the ability to socialize , so they resemble a " real artificial life form . "
Sega announced a follow @-@ up to Sonic Adventure and a spinoff ( which would become Sonic Shuffle ) on October 4 , 1999 . The newly named Sonic Adventure 2 appeared at E3 2000 , with Sonic Team adding video shown there to its website on June 30 . Sonic Team posted a trailer and a number of screenshots on May 30 , 2001 , with Sega promoting Sonic Adventure 2 as the last Sonic game for the Dreamcast and as marking the series ' 10th anniversary . Sega held a 10th @-@ anniversary party for Sonic in June 2001 , at which attendees could compete in a battle tournament ; the winner played against Iizuka .
= = = Music = = =
Jun Senoue returned as lead composer and sound director for Adventure 2 , with assistance from Fumie Kumatani , Tomoya Ohtani , and Kenichi Tokoi . The soundtrack is primarily melodic rock , with some hip @-@ hop and orchestral tracks . As in Adventure , each character has a musical theme . The game features performances by returning vocalists Tony Harnell , Ted Poley , Marlon Saunders , Nikki Gregoroff and Johnny Gioeli , and new vocalists Tabitha Fair , Todd Cooper , Paul Shortino , Everett Bradley , Kaz Silver and Hunnid @-@ P. Crush 40 ( consisting of Senoue and Gioeli ) debuted on the game 's main theme , " Live & Learn " .
Several soundtrack albums for the game were released . Sonic Adventure 2 Multi @-@ Dimensional Original Soundtrack was released in Japan by Marvelous Entertainment on September 5 , 2001 . Sonic Adventure 2 Vocals Collection : Cuts Unleashed ( ソニックアドベンチャー2 カッツ ・ アンリッシュド ヴォーカル ・ コレクション ) , with character theme tracks by Senoue and Tokoi , was released by MMV in Japan on August 21 , 2001 . For the twentieth anniversary of the Sonic series , Sonic Adventure 2 Original Soundtrack 20th Anniversary Edition was released on iTunes on June 22 , 2011 . On October 29 , 2014 , a two volume original soundtrack was also released on iTunes .
= = Alternate versions and releases = =
= = = GameCube port = = =
A Nintendo GameCube port , Sonic Adventure 2 Battle ( ソニックアドベンチャー2 バトル ) — the first game in the series for a Nintendo console — was released on December 20 , 2001 in Japan , February 11 , 2002 in North America , and May 3 , 2002 in PAL regions . This port upgraded much of the Chao @-@ raising system , with a Chao 's stats viewable within the game . A player can transfer one Chao from Sonic Adventure 2 : Battle to the Tiny Chao Garden section in Sonic Advance , Sonic Advance 2 , and Sonic Pinball Party with the GameCube @-@ Game Boy Advance link cable . If a Game Boy Advance is connected without a GBA game inserted , a version of the Tiny Chao Garden can be copied temporarily into the Game Boy Advance 's memory . This version also introduced the Chao Karate feature . The Battle multiplayer options were expanded in the GameCube version , including new abilities and upgrades to multiplayer @-@ exclusive characters and removing online play . One character , Big the Cat , was replaced by a Dark Chao in multiplayer mode . Battle also has more detailed textures and additional scenery .
= = = Downloadable re @-@ releases = = =
Sonic Adventure 2 was re @-@ released in high @-@ definition video , with additional content from the Battle edition available as downloadable content . This version was released on the PlayStation Network in North America on October 2 , 2012 , in Europe on October 3 , 2012 and in Japan on October 4 , 2012 . It was released worldwide on the Xbox Live Arcade on October 5 , 2012 and on Microsoft Windows via Steam on November 19 , 2012 .
= = Reception = =
Sonic Adventure 2 received critical acclaim , with scores of 89 percent and 83 @.@ 3 percent from review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings . Critics appreciated the game 's multiple playing styles . According to Edge and reviewer Four @-@ Eyed Dragon of GamePro , the core game 's three styles and bonus features such as Chao gardens made the game engaging to play . Johnny Liu of Game Revolution praised its replay value of multiple playing styles and 180 different goals . Anthony Chau of IGN called it " one of the best Sonic games ever " : " If this is the last Sonic game in these declining Dreamcast years , it 's satisfying to know that the DC didn 't go out with a bang , but with a sonic boom . "
Shahed Ahmed of GameSpot criticized Adventure 2 's camera for the " cardinal sin " of 3D platformers : forcing a player to jump to an out @-@ of @-@ frame platform . Ahmed wrote that although a player can re @-@ orient the camera with the trigger buttons , it reverts when the character moves . According to Chau and Liu , camera issues were absent in Tails ' and Eggman 's levels and insignificant in Sonic 's and Shadow 's , but searching for Emerald shards and items in cramped sections of Knuckles ' and Rouge 's levels was frustrating . Edge found camera problems permeating the game , with no significant improvement from Adventure .
Liu called the graphics " sweet , sweet eye @-@ crack " . Four @-@ Eyed Dragon wrote
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
: " Sonic [ Adventure ] 2 is simply jaw @-@ dropping beautiful " , citing its detailed backgrounds and scenery and the playable characters ' and enemies ' extensive color palettes . According to Chau , the game had " some of the best textures ever seen " and was one of the most beautiful Dreamcast games . Edge was impressed by the texture detail and draw distance , and Chau , Liu and Ahmed praised its 60 @-@ frame @-@ per @-@ second rendering speed .
According to Ahmed , the game 's music was a step up from Adventure 's " campy glam @-@ rock and J @-@ pop soundtrack " , with less emphasis on lyrics , and Liu appreciated its more " understated " approach . Four @-@ Eyed Dragon called Adventure 2 's music " an eclectic mix of orchestrated masterpieces , guitar tunes , and melodic hip @-@ hop voices gracefully fill the game 's ambiance to a perfect pitch . " Reaction to the voice acting was mixed ; although Ahmed said " The voice acting , and the lip @-@ synching in particular , is executed quite well " , Liu and Chau thought the English voices were inferior to the Japanese ones .
Ahmed criticized Adventure 2 's plot : " Throughout the game the plot becomes more and more scattered and lackluster " , not focusing long enough on one element to execute it meaningfully . Although Liu agreed that despite the game 's ambitious scope and themes it failed to advance the series ' core plot beyond the Sega Genesis Sonic games , Edge appreciated the story 's presentation from both perspectives : hero and villain .
Despite high review scores for the Dreamcast version and the GameCube version six months later , Battle received poorer reviews : respective Metacritic and GameRankings scores of 73 percent and 72 @.@ 33 percent . Critics generally felt that although the game was still enjoyable , it was not significantly improved from the Dreamcast original . However , Shane Bettenhausen of GameSpy saw Battle as noticeably superior ; in addition to its upgrades , its action was better suited to the GameCube 's controller than the Dreamcast 's . The game sold almost 50 @,@ 000 copies in its first week in Japan and 1 @.@ 44 million copies in the United States by December 2007 , making it one of the best @-@ selling GameCube versions .
Sonic Adventure 2 received several accolades , including the 2001 IGN 's Editors ' Choice Award . ScrewAttack called it the fifth @-@ best Dreamcast game , and GamesRadar rated it the tenth @-@ greatest Dreamcast game out of 25 : " Despite trailing off significantly in recent years , the 3D side of the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise had a surprisingly stellar start with the Sonic Adventure entries , and the 2001 sequel really amped up the action " . In February 2014 , IGN 's Luke Karmali called Battle his tenth @-@ favorite game of all time .
= = Legacy = =
Shadow and Rouge , who debuted in Adventure 2 , have become recurring characters in the Sonic franchise . With new character E @-@ 123 Omega they were Team Dark ( a playable character team ) in 2003 's Sonic Heroes , the follow @-@ up to Adventure 2 . Shadow 's own game , Shadow the Hedgehog ( 2005 ) , expands many of Adventure 2 's plot points and has a similar 3D platforming gameplay style .
With a few modifications , the plots of Adventure and Adventure 2 were used in the second season of the anime Sonic X ( 2003 – 06 ) . Although the American licensing corporation 4Kids Entertainment hired a new voice cast for the English version , the Japanese cast of the games reprised their original roles .
Sonic Generations ( 2011 ) , released for the series ' twentieth anniversary , contains gameplay elements and levels from Sonic games . Elements from Sonic Adventure 2 included remakes of the City Escape stage in the console versions and the Radical Highway stage in the Nintendo 3DS version . Both versions include a remade boss fight with Shadow , in which he battles Sonic on the Space Colony Ark , and the Biolizard boss is recreated in the 3DS version .
= Chinese corvette Yangwu =
Yangwu ( Chinese : 揚武 ; also Yang @-@ wu or Yang Woo ) was a wooden corvette built for the Imperial Chinese Navy . She was built in 1872 at the Foochow Arsenal , and was the largest ship built there from the shipbuilding programme of 1868 – 75 . During her early career , she was used as a training ship and under the command of English captains . She later saw action in the Battle of Fuzhou in 1884 , the opening action of the Sino @-@ French War , where she acted as the flagship of the Fujian Fleet . Shortly after the start of the battle , she was damaged by a spar torpedo , causing a large explosion and the loss of the majority of her crew ; she was sunk shortly afterwards by enemy fire .
= = Design = =
Yangwu was a unique showpiece at the Foochow Arsenal . She was 190 feet 2 inches ( 57 @.@ 96 m ) long overall , had a beam of 36 feet ( 11 m ) and an average draft of 16 feet 65 inches ( 6 @.@ 53 m ) . She displaced 1 @,@ 393 long tons ( 1 @,@ 415 t ) . The propulsion system consisted of a 250 @-@ horsepower ( 190 kW ) steam engine , built by John Inglis and Company , equipped with four boilers and a retractable funnel . Her engines produced a cruising speed of 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) .
Yangwu was armed with a battery of four 5 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) 70 @-@ pounder guns on each side , and two further mounted as chase guns at the bow and stern . These were each built by the British firm Armstrong 's . A further 6 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 170 mm ) 150 @-@ pounder at amidships and two 24 @-@ pounder long guns rounded out her armament . She was equipped with two gunpowder magazines , located at fore and aft .
= = Construction and career = =
Yangwu was a wooden corvette , built at the Foochow Navy Yard and launched on April 23 , 1872 . She was the seventh vessel built as part of a larger shipbuilding program at the Foochow Arsenal , and cost 254 @,@ 000 taels ( 353 @,@ 000 silver dollars ) for her construction . She was the largest warship built between 1868 – 75 out of the 19 vessels planned . The shipyard was overseen by Imperial commissioner Shen Baozhen but led by staff from Western nations , who advised the Chinese to continue building wooden @-@ hulled ships despite them being made obsolete by the construction of ironclads by those nations . Chinese officials would later blame the French , in particular Prosper Giquel , for purposely providing them with out @-@ of @-@ date equipment and designs .
After being launched in 1872 , she served as a training vessel from 1875 in the South China Sea , making at least one journey to Japan . Yangwu was equipped with a classroom for the training of Chinese midshipmen and officers . At the time of a report in the Shanghai Courier in June 1876 , there were 30 such sailors under tuition . She had been recently commanded by the Captain Tracey , an Englishman , but he had been recalled to the Royal Navy and promoted to Post @-@ captain . He was replaced with his fellow countryman , Captain Luxmore . There were two further English members of the crew , both officers , while the rest were Chinese .
During the summer of 1876 , Yangwu visited the Australian colonies , and later in the year the Chinese ambassadors to Great Britain , Kwoh Song Tao and Liu @-@ Si @-@ hung , visited Yangwu via mail steamer in December while she was in Singapore . Following the visit , she sailed to Manila . When she arrived in February 1877 , an accident occurred as the crew were preparing a gun salute for her entrance to the harbour . As the crewman loaded the charge into one of the guns , it detonated , throwing him from the ship and killing him . The crewman was subsequently buried in the city . Yangwu proved to be a spectacle for the inhabitants of the city , particularly the Chinese , some of whom had sailed out to greet her arrival in small boats and others who watched her from the mound on which the lighthouse sat overlooking the bay .
On June 23 , 1884 , as tensions were rising between the French Empire and Imperial China , Yangwu was part of the Chinese fleet at Chefoo ( now known as Yantai ) which met with a French squadron comprising two cruisers and a sloop . During the course of the meeting , the French demonstrated the firepower of their cruisers , which were nearly two and a half times the size of Yangwu , which in turn was the largest of the Chinese vessels . During the demonstration , the French showed they could hit targets more than 4 @,@ 000 metres ( 4 @,@ 400 yd ) away . Afterwards , Yangwu headed to the naval yard at Foochow ( now Fuzhow ) , while the remaining Chinese ships steamed to the port of Tianjin .
= = = Battle of Fuzhou = = =
On August 9 , 1884 , French naval forces attacked and captured Keelung on the island of Formosa in response to Chinese involvement in the Tonkin Campaign and specifically the Bắc Lệ ambush . Shortly afterwards , a French Squadron under Rear Admiral Amédée Courbet comprising the cruisers Duguay @-@ Trouin , Villars , and d 'Estaing along with a number of smaller vessels , was sent up the Min River to attack the arsenal at Fuzhou . As they travelled upriver , the Chinese declared war on the French , officially marking the start of the Sino @-@ French War .
Yangwu led the Fujian Fleet protecting Fuzhou under the command of Captain Chang Cheng , which otherwise comprised three sloops in addition to a variety of gunboats , transports , launches and war junks . The Royal Navy and US Navy vessels in the port made certain to anchor a distance away from where the engagement was expected to take place . The vessels faced off for several days before the French forces made their attack , as they were awaiting reinforcement by the ironclad Triomphante . They planned to attack just before 2pm on August 23 , with two torpedo boats tasked with engaging Yangwu and the gunboat Fusheng on the first signal .
Just prior to 2pm on August 23 , the attack began after a broadside from the gunboat Zhenwei at the French gunboat Lynx . This was the signal for the small boats to move forward , and some 27 seconds later a massive explosion erupted from Yangwu . Boat No. 46 had impacted with her spar torpedo just below the waterline amidships . The detonation was so large that only fifteen of the crew survived and it was claimed that bodies launched into the air were found on the rooftops of houses over 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) away , although this was later considered to be an outlandish claim . The number of survivors was likewise questioned by eyewitnesses on board USS Enterprise , as the official report claimed that the senior officers survived whereas the witnesses suggested that the only possible survivors would have been those who threw themselves into the river prior to the explosion .
A report appeared following the battle of an interview with Mr. Yung , who claimed to have survived the Yangwu explosion having been stationed at the stern of the vessel . He explained that the ship had returned fire to the French cruiser Volta before being hit by the spar torpedo , and orders were given to continue firing after the explosion . Fire from Hotchkiss guns on French vessels made this difficult . But , despite this Yangwu disabled the other torpedo boat . The Captain handed Yung a floatation device and decided that the junior crew member should jump first , with the Captain following . As he swam away , Yung saw the Captain helping an engineer who had suffered severe burns but shortly afterwards the fore gunpowder magazine detonated , destroying the rest of the ship .
The wreck of Yangwu drifted as the French fired on her as she caught fire and sank . The victory of the French forces at Fuzhou was decisive , with losses estimated either at six or 12 personnel with 27 missing . The Chinese losses were far greater , at 521 killed , 150 wounded and a large number missing after the battle . The bombardment of the arsenal lasted for two days before the French ships headed back down the river , destroying any forts they encountered on the way .
= USS Monitor =
The USS Monitor was an iron @-@ hulled steamship . Built during the American Civil War , she was the first ironclad warship commissioned by the Union Navy . Monitor is most famous for her central role in the Battle of Hampton Roads on 9 March 1862 , where , under the command of Lieutenant John Worden , she fought the casemate ironclad CSS Virginia ( built on the hull of the former steam frigate USS Merrimack ) to a standstill . The unique design of the ship , distinguished by its revolving turret which was designed by American inventor Theodore Timby , was quickly duplicated and established the Monitor type of warship .
The remainder of the ship was designed by the Swedish @-@ born engineer and inventor John Ericsson and hurriedly built in Brooklyn in only 101 days . Monitor presented a new concept in ship design and employed a variety of new inventions and innovations in ship building that caught the attention of the world . The impetus to build Monitor was prompted by the news that the Confederates were building an ironclad warship , named Virginia , that could effectively engage the Union ships blockading Hampton Roads and the James River leading to Richmond and ultimately advance on Washington , D. C. and other cities , virtually unchallenged . Before Monitor could reach Hampton Roads , the Confederate ironclad had destroyed the sail frigates USS Cumberland and USS Congress and had run the steam frigate USS Minnesota aground . That night Monitor arrived and the following morning , just before Virginia was about to finish off Minnesota , the new Union ironclad confronted the Confederate ship , preventing her from wreaking further destruction on the wooden Union ships . A four @-@ hour battle ensued , both ships pounding the other with close @-@ range cannon fire , although neither ship could destroy or seriously damage the other . This was the first @-@ ever battle fought between two armored warships and marked a turning point in naval warfare .
After the Confederates were forced to destroy Virginia as they withdrew in early May , Monitor sailed up the James River to support the Union Army during the Peninsula Campaign . The ship participated in the Battle of Drewry 's Bluff later that month and remained in the area giving support to General McClellan 's forces on land until she was ordered to join the blockaders off North Carolina in December . On her way there she foundered while under tow , during a storm off Cape Hatteras on the last day of the year . Monitor 's wreck was discovered in 1973 and has been partially salvaged . Her guns , gun turret , engine and other relics are on display at the Mariners ' Museum in Newport News , Virginia .
= = Conception = =
While the concept of ships protected by armor existed before the advent of the ironclad Monitor , the need for iron plating on ships only arose after the shell @-@ firing cannon was introduced to naval warfare in the 1820s . The use of heavy iron plating on the sides of warships was not practical until steam propulsion matured enough to carry its great weight . Developments in gun technology had progressed by the 1840s so that no practical thickness of wood could withstand the power of a shell . In response , the United States began construction in 1854 of a steam @-@ powered ironclad warship , the Stevens Battery , but work was delayed and the designer , Robert Stevens , died in 1856 , stalling further work . Since there was no pressing need for such a ship at the time , there was little demand to continue work on the unfinished vessel . It was France that introduced the first operational armored ships as well as the first shell guns and rifled cannons . Experience during the Crimean War of 1854 – 55 showed that armored ships could withstand repeated hits without significant damage when French ironclad floating batteries defeated Russian coastal fortifications during the Battle of Kinburn . Ericsson claimed to have sent the French Emperor Napoléon III a proposal for a monitor @-@ type design , with a gun turret , in September 1854 , but no record of any such submission could be found in the archives of the French Ministry of the Navy ( Ministre de la Marine ) when they were searched by naval historian James Phinney Baxter III . The French followed those ships with the first ocean @-@ going ironclad , the armored frigate Gloire in 1859 , and the British responded with HMS Warrior .
The Union Navy 's attitude towards ironclads changed quickly when it was learned that the Confederates were converting the captured USS Merrimack to an ironclad at the naval shipyard in Norfolk , Virginia . Subsequently the urgency of Monitor 's completion and deployment to Hampton Roads was driven by fears of what the Confederate ironclad , now renamed Virginia , would be capable of doing , not only to Union ships but to cities along the coast and riverfronts . Northern newspapers published daily accounts of the Confederates ' progress in converting the Merrimack to an ironclad ; this prompted the Union Navy to complete and deploy Monitor as soon as possible .
Word of Merrimack 's reconstruction and conversion was confirmed in the North in late February 1862 when Mary Louveste of Norfolk , a freed slave who worked as a housekeeper for one of the Confederate engineers working on Merrimack , made her way through Confederate lines with news that the Confederates were building an ironclad warship . Concealed in her dress was a message from a Union sympathizer who worked in the Navy Yard warning that the former Merrimack , renamed Virginia by the Confederates , was nearing completion . Upon her arrival in Washington Mary managed to meet with Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles and informed him that the Confederates were nearing the completion of their ironclad , which surprised Welles . Convinced by the papers Mary was carrying he had production of Monitor sped up . Welles later recorded in his memoirs that Mrs. Louveste encountered no small risk in bringing this information ...
= = Approval = =
After the United States received word of the construction of Virginia , Congress appropriated $ 1 @.@ 5 million on 3 August 1861 to build one or more armored steamships . It also ordered the creation of a board to inquire into the various designs proposed for armored ships . The Union Navy advertised for proposals for " iron @-@ clad steam vessels of war " on 7 August and Welles appointed three senior officers as the Ironclad Board the following day . Their task was to " examine plans for the completion of iron @-@ clad vessels " and consider its costs .
Ericsson originally made no submission to the board , but became involved when Cornelius Bushnell , the sponsor of the proposal that became the armored sloop USS Galena , needed to have his design reviewed by a naval constructor . The board required a guarantee from Bushnell that his ship would float despite the weight of its armor and Cornelius H. DeLamater of New York City recommended that Bushnell consult with his friend Ericsson . The two first met on 9 September and again on the following day , after Ericsson had time to evaluate Galena 's design . During this second meeting Ericsson showed Bushnell a model of his own design , the future Monitor , derived from his 1854 design . Bushnell got Ericsson 's permission to show the model to Welles , who told Bushnell to show it to the board . Upon review of Ericsson 's unusual design , the board was skeptical , concerned that such a vessel would not float , especially in rough seas , and rejected the proposal of a completely iron laden ship . President Lincoln , who had also examined the design , overruled them . Ericsson assured the board his ship would float exclaiming , " The sea shall ride over her and she shall live in it like a duck " . On 15 September , after further deliberations , the board accepted Ericsson 's proposal . The Ironclad Board evaluated 17 different designs , but recommended only three for procurement on 16 September , including Ericsson 's Monitor design .
The three ironclad ships selected differed substantially in design and degree of risk . Monitor was the most innovative design by virtue of its low freeboard , shallow @-@ draft iron hull , and total dependence on steam power . The riskiest element of its design was its rotating gun turret , something that had not previously been tested by any navy . Ericsson 's guarantee of delivery in 100 days proved to be decisive in choosing his design despite the risk involved .
= = Design and description = =
Monitor was an unusual vessel in almost every respect and was sometimes sarcastically described by the press and other critics as " Ericsson 's folly " , " cheesebox on a raft " and the " Yankee cheesebox " . The most prominent feature on the vessel was a large cylindrical gun turret mounted amidships above the low @-@ freeboard upper hull , also called the " raft " . This extended well past the sides of the lower , more traditionally shaped hull . A small armored pilot house was fitted on the upper deck towards the bow , however , its position prevented Monitor from firing her guns straight forward . One of Ericsson 's prime goals in designing the ship was to present the smallest possible target to enemy gunfire . The ship was 179 feet ( 54 @.@ 6 m ) long overall , had a beam of 41 feet 6 inches ( 12 @.@ 6 m ) and had a maximum draft of 10 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) . Monitor had a tonnage of 776 tons burthen and displaced 987 long tons ( 1 @,@ 003 t ) . Her crew consisted of 49 officers and enlisted men .
The ship was powered by a single @-@ cylinder horizontal vibrating @-@ lever steam engine , also designed by Ericsson , which drove a 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) propeller , whose shaft was nine inches in diameter . The engine used steam generated by two horizontal fire @-@ tube boilers at a maximum pressure of 40 psi ( 276 kPa ; 3 kgf / cm2 ) . The 320 @-@ indicated @-@ horsepower ( 240 kW ) engine was designed to give the ship a top speed of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 @.@ 2 mph ) , but Monitor was 1 – 2 knots ( 1 @.@ 9 – 3 @.@ 7 km / h ; 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 3 mph ) slower in service . The engine had a bore of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) and a stroke of 22 inches ( 559 mm ) . The ship carried 100 long tons ( 100 t ) of coal . Ventilation for the vessel was supplied by two centrifugal blowers near the stern , each of which was powered by 6 @-@ horsepower ( 4 @.@ 5 kW ) steam engine . One fan circulated air throughout the ship , but the other one forced air through the boilers , which depended on this forced draught . Leather belts connected the blowers to their engines and they would stretch when wet , often disabling the fans and boilers . The ship 's pumps were steam operated and water would accumulate in the ship if the pumps could not get enough steam to work .
Monitor 's turret measured 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) in diameter and 9 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) high , constructed with 8 inches ( 20 cm ) of armor ( 11 inches in front at the gun ports ) rendering the overall vessel somewhat top heavy . Its rounded shape helped to deflect cannon shot . A pair of donkey engines rotated the turret through a set of gears ; a full rotation was made in 22 @.@ 5 seconds during testing on 9 February 1862 . Fine control of the turret proved to be difficult as the engine would have to be placed in reverse if the turret overshot its mark or another full rotation could be made . The only way to see out of the turret was through the gun ports ; when the guns were not in use , or withdrawn for reloading during battle , heavy iron port stoppers would swing down into place to close the gunports . Including the guns , the turret weighed approximately 160 long tons ( 163 t ) ; the entire weight rested on an iron spindle that had to be jacked up using a wedge before the turret could rotate . The spindle was 9 inches ( 23 cm ) in diameter which gave it ten times the strength needed in preventing the turret from sliding sideways . When not in use , the turret rested on a brass ring on the deck that was intended to form a watertight seal . In service , however , this proved to leak heavily , despite caulking by the crew . The gap between the turret and the deck proved to be a problem as debris and shell fragments entered the gap and jammed the turrets of several Passaic @-@ class monitors , which used the same turret design , during the First Battle of Charleston Harbor in April 1863 . Direct hits at the turret with heavy shot also had the potential to bend the spindle , which could also jam the turret . To gain access to the turret from below , or to hoist up powder and shot during battle , the turret had to rotate facing directly to starboard , which would line up the entry hatch in the floor of the turret with an opening in the deck below . The roof of the turret was lightly built to facilitate any needed exchange of the ship 's guns and to improve ventilation , with only gravity holding the roof plates in place .
The turret was intended to mount a pair of 15 @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore Dahlgren guns , but they were not ready in time and 11 @-@ inch ( 280 mm ) guns were substituted . Each gun weighed approximately 16 @,@ 000 pounds ( 7 @,@ 300 kg ) . Monitor 's guns used the standard propellant charge of 15 pounds ( 6 @.@ 8 kg ) specified by the 1860 ordnance for targets " distant " , " near " , and " ordinary " , established by the gun 's designer Dahlgren himself . They could fire a 136 @-@ pound ( 61 @.@ 7 kg ) round shot or shell up to a range of 3 @,@ 650 yards ( 3 @,@ 340 m ) at an elevation of + 15 ° .
The top of the armored deck was only about 18 inches ( 460 mm ) above the waterline . It was protected by two layers of 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ inch ( 13 mm ) wrought iron armor . The sides of the " raft " consisted of three to five layers of 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) iron plates , backed by about 30 inches ( 762 mm ) of pine and oak . Three of the plates extended the full 60 @-@ inch ( 1 @,@ 524 mm ) height of the side , but the two innermost plates did not extend all the way down . Ericsson originally intended to use either six 1 @-@ inch plates or a single outer 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) plate backed by three 3 ⁄ 4 @-@ inch ( 19 mm ) plates , but the thicker plate required too much time to roll . The two innermost plates were riveted together while the outer plates were bolted to the inner ones . A ninth plate , only 3 ⁄ 4 inch ( 19 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) wide , was bolted over the butt joints of the innermost layer of armor . Glass portholes in the deck provided natural light for the interior of the ship ; in action these were covered by iron plates .
After the duel between the two ironclads at Hampton Roads there was concern by some Navy officials who witnessed the battle that Monitor 's design might allow for easy boarding by the Confederates . In a letter dated 27 April 1862 Lieutenant Commander O.C. Badger wrote to Lieutenant H. A. Wise , Assistant Inspector of Ordnance , advising the use of " liquid fire " , scalding water from the boiler through hoses and pipes , sprayed out via the vents and pilothouse window , to repel enemy boarders . Wise who was aboard and inspected Monitor after the battle responded in a letter of 30 April 1862 : " With reference to the Monitor , the moment I jumped on board of her after the fight I saw that a steam tug with twenty men could have taken the upper part of her in as many seconds ... I hear that hot water pipes are arranged so as to scald the assailants when they may dare to set foot on her . " The chance to employ such a tactic never arose . There are conflicting accounts as to whether such an anti @-@ personnel provision was installed .
= = Construction = =
Commodore Joseph Smith , Chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks , sent Ericsson formal notice of the acceptance of his proposal on 21 September 1861 . Six days later , Ericsson signed a contract with Bushnell , John F. Winslow and John A. Griswold which stated that the four partners would equally share in the profits or the losses incurred by the construction of the ironclad . There was one major delay , however , over the signing of the actual contract with the government . Welles insisted that if Monitor didn 't prove to be a " complete success " , the builders would have to refund every cent to the government . Winslow balked at this draconian provision and had to be persuaded by his partners to sign after the Navy rejected his attempt to amend the contract . The contract was finally signed on 4 October for a price of $ 275 @,@ 000 to be paid in installments as work progressed .
Preliminary work had begun well before that date , however , and Ericsson 's consortium contracted with Thomas R. Rowland of the Continental Iron Works at Greenpoint , Brooklyn on 25 October for construction of Monitor 's hull , with her keel being laid on that same day . The turret was built and assembled at the Novelty Iron Works in Manhattan , disassembled and shipped to Greenpoint where it was reassembled . The ship 's steam engines and machinery were constructed at the DeLamater Iron Works , also in Manhattan . Chief Engineer Alban C. Stimers , who once served aboard Merrimack , was appointed Superintendent of the ship while she was undergoing construction . Although never formally assigned to the crew , he remained aboard her as an inspector during her maiden voyage and battle .
Construction progressed in fits and starts , plagued by a number of short delays in the delivery of iron and occasional shortages of cash , but they did not significantly delay the ship 's progress by more than a few weeks . The hundred days allotted for her construction passed on 12 January , but the Navy chose not to penalize the consortium . The name " Monitor " , meaning " one who admonishes and corrects wrongdoers " , was proposed by Ericsson on 20 January 1862 and approved by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Fox . While Ericsson stood on its deck in defiance of all his critics who thought she would never float , Monitor was launched on 30 January 1862 to the cheers of the watching crowd , even those who had bet that the ship would sink straight to the bottom , and commissioned on 25 February .
Even before Monitor was commissioned , she ran an unsuccessful set of sea trials on 19 February . Valve problems with the main engine and one of the fan engines prevented her from reaching the Brooklyn Navy Yard from Greenpoint and she had to be towed there the next day . These issues were easily fixed and Monitor was ordered to sail for Hampton Roads on 26 February , but her departure had to be delayed one day to load ammunition . On the morning of 27 February the ship entered the East River preparatory to leaving New York , but proved to be all but unsteerable and had to be towed back to the navy yard . Upon examination , the steering gear controlling the rudder had been improperly installed and Rowland offered to realign the rudder , which he estimated to take only a day . Ericsson , however , preferred to revise the steering gear by adding an extra set of pulleys as he believed it would take less time . His modification proved to be successful during trials on 4 March . Gunnery trials were successfully performed the previous day , although Stimers twice nearly caused disasters as he did not understand how the recoil mechanism worked on Ericsson 's carriage for the 11 @-@ inch guns . Instead of tightening them to reduce the recoil upon firing , he loosened them so that both guns struck the back of the turret , fortunately without hurting anybody or damaging the guns .
Ericsson 's revolutionary turret , although not without flaws , was a unique concept in gun mounting that was soon adapted and used on naval ships around the world . His Monitor design employed over forty patented inventions and was completely different from any other naval warship at the time . Because Monitor was an experimental craft , urgently needed , hurriedly constructed and almost immediately put to sea , a number of problems were discovered during her maiden voyage to Hampton Roads and during the battle there . Yet Monitor was still able to challenge Virginia and prevent her from further destroying the remaining ships in the Union flotilla blockading Hampton Roads .
During the " boom time " of the Civil War , Ericsson could have made a fortune with his inventions used in Monitor , but instead gave the U.S. government all his Monitor patent rights saying it was his " contribution to the glorious Union cause " .
= = Crew = =
Monitor 's crew were all volunteers and totaled 49 officers and enlisted men as the warship required ten officers : A commander , an executive officer , four engineers , one medical officer , two masters and a paymaster . Before Worden was allowed to select , assemble , and commit a crew to Monitor , the vessel had to be completed . The original officers at the time of Monitor 's commissioning were :
Four of the officers were of the line and responsible for the handling of the vessel and operation of guns during battle , while the engineering officers were considered a class unto themselves . In Monitor 's turret , Greene and Stodder supervised loading and firing of the two 11 @-@ inch Dahlgrens . Each gun was crewed by eight men . Thus , during battle , at least 18 men were present in the turret . In Worden 's report of 27 January 1862 to Welles , he stated he believed 17 men and 2 officers would be the maximum number in the turret that allowed the crew to work without getting in each other 's way .
Monitor also required petty officers : among them was Daniel Toffey , Worden 's nephew . Worden had selected Toffey to serve as his Captain 's Clerk . Two black Americans were also among the enlisted men in the crew . During Monitor 's service , commanders and several officers were replaced because of injuries or for other reasons .
Living quarters for the senior officers consisted of eight separate well @-@ furnished cabins , each provided with a small oak table and chair , an oil lamp , shelves and drawers and a canvas floor covering covered with a rug . The entire crew were given goat @-@ skin mats to sleep on . Lighting for each living area was provided by small skylights in the deck above , which were covered by an iron hatch during battle . The officer 's wardroom was located forward of the berth deck where officers would eat their meals , hold meetings or socialize during what little spare time they had . It was well furnished with an oriental rug , a large oak table and other such items . Ericsson had personally paid for the costs of all the officer 's furnishings .
Many details of Monitor 's history and insights of everyday crew life have been discovered from correspondence sent from the various crew members to family and friends while serving aboard the ironclad . In particular the correspondence of George S. Geer , who sent more than 80 letters , often referred to as The Monitor Chronicles , to his wife Martha during the entire time of Monitor 's service provide many details and insights into every chapter of the ironclad 's short lived history , offering a rare perspective of a sailor 's experience on the naval front during the Civil War . The letters of Acting Paymaster William F. Keeler to his wife Anna also corroborate many of the accounts of affairs that took place aboard the Monitor . The letters of Geer and Keeler are available for viewing and are housed at the Mariners ' Museum in Virginia . Other crew members were interviewed later in life , like Louis Stodder , who was one of the last crew members to abandon Monitor minutes before she sank in a storm at sea , was the last surviving crew member of Monitor and lived well into the 20th century .
= = Service = =
On 6 March , the ship departed New York bound for Fort Monroe , Virginia , towed by the ocean @-@ going tug Seth Low and accompanied by the gunboats Currituck and Sachem . Worden , not trusting the seal between the turret and the hull , and ignoring Ericsson 's advice , wedged the former in the up position and stuffed oakum and sail cloth in the gap . Rising seas that night washed the oakum away and water poured underneath the turret , as well as through the hawsepipe , various hatches , ventilation pipes , and the two funnels , so that the belts for the ventilation and boiler fans loosened and fell off and the fires in the boilers were nearly extinguished over the course of the next day ; this created a toxic atmosphere in the engine room that knocked out most of the engine @-@ room crew . First Assistant Engineer Isaac Newton ordered the engine room abandoned and had the able @-@ bodied crew drag the afflicted engine room hands to the top of the turret where the fresh air could revive them . Both Newton and Stimers worked desperately to get the blowers to work , but they too succumbed to the noxious fumes and were taken above . One fireman was able to punch a hole in the fan box , drain the water , and restart the fan . Later that night , the wheel ropes controlling the ship 's rudder jammed , making it near impossible to control the ship 's heading in the rough seas . Monitor was now in danger of foundering , so Worden signaled Seth Low for help and had Monitor towed to calmer waters closer to shore so she was able to restart her engines later that evening . She rounded Cape Charles around 3 : 00 pm on 8 March and entered Chesapeake Bay , reaching Hampton Roads at 9 : 00 pm , well after the first day 's fighting in the Battle of Hampton Roads had concluded .
= = = Battle of Hampton Roads = = =
On 8 March 1862 , CSS Virginia , commanded by Commander Franklin Buchanan , was ready to engage the Union flotilla blockading the James River . Virginia was powered by Merrimack 's original engines , which had been condemned by the Union Navy before her capture . The ship 's chief engineer , H. Ashton Ramsay , served in Merrimack before the Civil War broke out and knew of the engine 's unreliability , but Buchanan pushed forward undaunted .
The slow moving Virginia attacked the Union blockading squadron in Hampton Roads , Virginia , destroying the sail frigates Cumberland and Congress . Early in the battle , the steam frigate USS Minnesota ran aground while attempting to engage Virginia , and remained stranded throughout the battle . Virginia , however , was unable to attack Minnesota before daylight faded . That day Buchanan was severely wounded in the leg and was relieved of command by Catesby ap Roger Jones .
Days before the battle a telegraph cable was laid between Fortress Monroe , which overlooked Hampton Roads , and Washington. where Washington was immediately informed of the dire situation after the initial battle . Many were now concerned Virginia would put to sea and begin bombarding cities such as New York while others feared she would ascend the Potomac River and attack Washington . In an emergency meeting among President Lincoln , Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton , Secretary Welles and other senior naval officers , inquiries were made about Monitor 's ability to stop Virginia 's prospect of further destruction . When the temperamental Stanton learned that Monitor had only two guns he expressed contempt and rage as he paced back and forth , further increasing the anxiety and despair among members of the meeting . Assurances from Admiral Dahlgren and other officers that Virginia was too massive to effectively approach Washington and that Monitor was capable of the challenge offered him no consolation . After further deliberations Lincoln was finally assured but Stanton remained almost in a state of terror and sent telegrams to various governors and mayors of the coastal states warning them of the danger . Subsequently Stanton approved a plan to load some sixty canal boats with stone and gravel and sink them in the Potomac , but Welles was able to convince Lincoln at the last moment that such a plan would only prevent Monitor and other Union ships from reaching Washington and that the barges should only be sunk if and when Virginia was able to make her way up the Potomac .
About 9 : 00 pm , Monitor finally arrived on the scene only to discover the destruction that Virginia had already wrought on the Union fleet . Worden was ordered upon reaching Hampton Roads to weigh anchor alongside the USS Roanoke and report to Captain John Marston where Worden was briefed of the situation and received further orders to protect the grounded Minnesota . By midnight , under the cover of darkness , Monitor quietly pulled up alongside and behind the Minnesota and waited .
= = = = Duel of the ironclads = = = =
The next morning at about 6 : 00 am Virginia , accompanied by Jamestown , Patrick Henry and Teaser , got underway from Sewell 's Point to finish off Minnesota and the rest of the blockaders , but were delayed sailing out into Hampton Roads because of heavy fog until about 8 : 00 am . In Monitor Worden was already at his station in the pilot house while Greene took command of the turret . Samuel Howard , Acting Master of Minnesota who was familiar with Hampton Roads with its varying depths and shallow areas , had volunteered to be the pilot the night before and thus was accepted , while Quarter Master Peter Williams steered the vessel throughout the battle ( Williams was later awarded the Medal of Honor for this act ) . The speaking tube used to communicate between the pilothouse and the turret had broken early in the action so Keeler and captain 's clerk Daniel Toffey had to relay commands from Worden to Greene . As Virginia was approaching she began firing at Minnesota from more than a mile away , a few of her shells hitting the vessel . When the firing was heard in the distance , Greene sent paymaster Keeler to the pilot house for permission to open fire as soon as possible where Worden ordered ,
Tell Mr. Green not to fire till I give the word , to be cool and deliberate , to take sure aim and not waste a shot .
Monitor , to the surprise of Virginia 's crew , had emerged from behind Minnesota and went straight for the approaching Virginia and positioned herself between her and the grounded Minnesota , preventing the Confederate ironclad from further engaging the vulnerable wooden ship at close range . At 8 : 45 am Worden gave the order to fire where Greene fired the first shots of the battle between the two ironclads which harmlessly deflected off the Confederate ironclad . During the battle Monitor fired solid shot , about once every eight minutes , while Virginia fired shell exclusively . The ironclads generally fought at close range for about four hours , ending at 12 : 15pm , ranging from a few yards to more than a hundred . Both ships were constantly in motion , maintaining a circular pattern . Because of Virginia 's weak engines , massive size and weight and with a draft of 22 ft ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) , she was slow and difficult to maneuver , taking her half an hour to complete a 180 @-@ degree turn .
During the engagement , Monitor 's turret began to malfunction , making it extremely difficult to turn and stop at a given position , so the crew simply let the turret continuously turn and fired their guns " on the fly " as they bore on Virginia . Several times , Monitor received direct hits on the turret , causing some bolts to violently shear off and ricochet around inside . The deafening sound of the impact stunned some of the crew , causing nose and ear bleeding . However , neither vessel was able to sink or seriously damage the other . At one point , Virginia attempted to ram , but only struck Monitor a glancing blow and did no damage . The collision did , however , aggravate the damage to Virginia 's bow from when she had previously rammed Cumberland . Monitor was also unable to do significant damage to Virginia , possibly due to the fact that her guns were firing with reduced charges , on advice from Commander John Dahlgren , the gun 's designer , who lacked the " preliminary information " needed to determine what amount of charge was needed to " pierce , dislocate or dislodge iron plates " of various thicknesses and configurations . During the battle Stodder was stationed at the wheel that controlled the turning of the turret but at one point when he was leaning against its side the turret received a direct hit directly opposite to him which knocked him clear across the inside , rendering him unconscious , at where he was taken below to recover and relieved by Stimers .
The two vessels were pounding each other at such close range , they also managed to collide with one another at five different times . By 11 : 00 am Monitor 's supply of shot in the turret had been used up . With one of the hatches to the gun ports damaged and jammed shut she hauled off to shallow waters to resupply the turret and effect repairs to the damaged hatch , which could not be repaired . During the lull in the battle Worden climbed through the gun port out onto the deck to get a better view of the overall situation . Virginia , seeing Monitor turn away turned her attention to the Minnesota and fired shots that set the wooden vessel ablaze , also destroying the nearby tugboat Dragon . When the turret was resupplied with ammunition Worden returned to battle with only one gun in operation .
Towards the end of the engagement , Worden directed Williams to steer Monitor around the stern of Confederate ironclad , where Lieutenant Wood fired his 7 @-@ inch Brooke gun at the vessel 's pilothouse , striking the forward side directly beneath the sight hold , cracking the structural " iron log " along the base of the narrow opening just as Worden was peering out . Worden was heard to have cried out , My eyes — I am blind ! Others in the pilothouse had also been hit with fragments and were also bleeding . Temporarily blinded by shell fragments and gunpowder residue from the explosion and believing the pilothouse to be severely damaged , Worden ordered Williams to sheer off into shallow water , where Virginia with her deep draft could not follow . There Monitor drifted idly for about twenty minutes . At the time the pilothouse was struck Worden 's injury was only known to those in the pilothouse and immediately nearby . With Worden severely wounded , command passed to the Executive Officer , Samuel Greene . Taken by surprise and confused he hesitated briefly and was undecided as to what action to take next , but after assessing the damage soon ordered Monitor to return to the battle area .
Shortly after Monitor withdrew , Virginia had run aground at which time Commander Jones came down from the spar deck only to find the gun crews not returning fire . Jones demanded to know why and was briefed by Lieutenant Eggleston that powder was low and precious and given Monitor 's resistance to shot after two hours of battle , maintained that continued firing at that point would only be a waste of ammunition . Virginia soon managed to break away and headed back towards Norfolk , believing that Monitor had withdrawn from battle . Greene , now in command , did not pursue Virginia and , like Worden , was under orders to stay with and protect Minnesota , an action for which he was later criticized .
As a result of the duel between the two ironclads , Monitor had been struck twenty @-@ two times , including nine hits to the turret and two hits to the pilothouse . She had managed to fire forty @-@ one shots from her pair of Dahlgren guns . Virginia had sustained ninety @-@ seven indentations to her armor from the fire of Monitor and other ships . Neither ship had sustained any significant damage , and there were no casualties incurred on either side . In the opinion of Virginia 's commander Jones and her other officers , Monitor could have sunk their ship had she hit the vessel at the waterline .
After an informal war council with his officers , Virginia 's captain decided to return to Norfolk for repairs . Monitor arrived back on the scene as Virginia was leaving . Greene , under orders to protect Minnesota , did not pursue .
Strategically , the battle between these two ships was considered the most definitive naval battle of the Civil War . The battle itself was largely considered a draw , though it could be argued Virginia did slightly more damage . Monitor did successfully defend Minnesota and the rest of the U.S. blockading force , while Virginia was unable to complete the destruction she started the previous day . The battle between the two ironclads marked a turning point in the way naval warfare would be fought in the immediate future and beyond . Strategically , nothing had changed : the Union still controlled Hampton Roads and the Confederates still held several rivers and Norfolk , making it a strategic victory for the North . The battle of the ironclads led to what was referred to as " Monitor fever " in the North . During the course of the war other and improved Monitor designs emerged with a total of 60 ironclads built .
= = = = Events after the battle = = = =
Immediately following the battle Stimers telegraphed Ericsson , congratulating and thanking him for making it possible to confront the Confederate ironclad and for " saving the day " . No sooner than Monitor had weighed anchor , numerous small boats and spectators on shore flocked around the ship to congratulate the crew for what they regarded as their victory over Virginia . Assistant Secretary Fox , who observed the entire battle from aboard Minnesota came aboard Monitor and jokingly told her officers , " Well gentlemen , you don 't look as though you just went through one of the greatest naval conflicts on record " . A small tug soon came alongside and the blinded Worden was brought up from his cabin while crew members and spectators cheered . He was taken directly to Fort Monroe for preliminary treatment , then to a hospital in Washington shortly thereafter .
Engineers Stimers and Newton soon began repairing the damage to the pilot house and reconfigured the sides from an upright position to a slope of thirty degrees to deflect shot . During this time , Mrs. Worden personally brought news of her husband 's progress and recovery and was optimistic , informing the crew his eyesight would soon return but he would be laid up for some time . She also informed them President Lincoln had personally paid Worden a visit extending his gratitude . However Worden was later taken to his summer home in New York and remained unconscious for three months but never fully recovered .
The Confederates were also celebrating what they considered a victory , as crowds of spectators gathered along the banks of the Elizabeth River , cheering and waving flags , handkerchiefs and hats as Virginia , displaying the captured ensign of Congress , passed along up the river . The Confederate government was ecstatic and immediately promoted Commander Buchanan to Admiral .
Both the Union and Confederacy soon came up with plans for defeating the other 's ironclad . Oddly , these did not depend on their own ironclads . The Union Navy chartered a large ship ( the sidewheeler USS Vanderbilt ) and reinforced her bow with steel specifically to be used as a naval ram , provided Virginia steamed far enough out into Hampton Roads .
On 11 April , Virginia , accompanied by a number of gunboats , steamed into Hampton Roads to Sewell 's Point at the southeast edge , almost over to Newport News , in a challenge to Monitor in an attempt to lure the Union ironclad into battle .
Virginia fired a few shots ineffectively at very long range , however , while Monitor returned fire , she stayed near Fort Monroe , ready to fight if Virginia came to attack the Federal force congregated there . Furthermore , Vanderbilt was in position to ram Virginia if she approached the fort . Virginia did not take the bait . In a further attempt to entice Monitor closer to the Confederate side , so she could be boarded , the James River Squadron moved in and captured three merchant ships , the brigs Marcus and Sabout , and the schooner Catherine T. Dix . These had been grounded and abandoned when they sighted Virginia entering the Roads . Their flags were then hoisted " Union @-@ side down " to taunt Monitor into a fight as they were towed back to Norfolk . In the end both sides had failed to provoke a fight on their terms .
The Confederate Navy originally had devised a plan where the James River Squadron would swarm Monitor with a party of men with the intention of capturing the vessel by boarding and disabling her by using heavy hammers to drive iron wedges under and disabling the turret and by covering the pilot house with a wet sail effectively blinding the pilot . Others would throw combustibles down the ventilation openings and smoke holes . At one point Jones made such an attempt to board the vessel but she managed to slip away around the stern of Virginia in time .
A second meeting occurred on 8 May , when Virginia came out while Monitor and four other Federal ships bombarded Confederate batteries at Sewell 's Point . The Federal ships retired slowly to Fort Monroe , hoping to lure Virginia into the Roads . She did not follow , however , and after firing a gun to windward as a sign of contempt , anchored off Sewell 's Point . Later when Confederate forces abandoned Norfolk on 11 May 1862 , they were forced to destroy Virginia .
= = = Battle of Drewry 's Bluff = = =
After the destruction of Virginia , Monitor was free to assist the Union Army and General McClellan 's campaign against Richmond . As the Navy always gave command to officers based on seniority Greene was passed over the day after the battle and was replaced with Lieutenant Thomas O. Selfridge . Two days later , Selfridge was in turn relieved by Lieutenant William Nicholson Jeffers on 15 May 1862 . Monitor was now part of a flotilla under the command of Admiral John Rodgers aboard Galena , along with three other gunboats which steamed up the James River and engaged the Confederate batteries at Drewry 's Bluff . The force had instructions to coordinate their efforts with McClellan 's forces on land and push on towards Richmond to bombard the city into surrender if possible . Without any assistance , the task force got within 8 mi ( 13 km ) of the Confederate capital but could not proceed further because of sunken vessels and debris placed in the river blocking further passage . There were also artillery batteries at Fort Darling overlooking and guarding the approach , along with other heavy guns and sharpshooters positioned along the river banks . The fort was strategically situated on the west bank of the James River atop of a bluff some 200 ft ( 61 m ) above and overlooking the bend in the river . Monitor was of little help in the assault because the confinement and small gun ports of her turret would not allow her to elevate her guns sufficiently to engage the Confederate batteries at close range , so she had to fall back and fire at a greater distance , while the other gunboats were unable to overcome the fortifications on their own . After Monitor received only a few hits , without incurring any damage , the Confederates , many former crew members of Virginia well aware of her ability to withstand cannon shot even at close range , concentrated their guns on the other ships , especially Galena , which sustained considerable damage and loss of crew members . After a near four @-@ hour artillery duel and sustaining numerous hits overall , the flotilla was unable to neutralize the fortification and had to turn back . Not a single Union ship reached Richmond until near the end of the war , when the city was finally evacuated by the Confederates .
After the battle at Drewry 's Bluff Monitor remained on the James River providing support , along with the Galena and other gunboats , to McClellan 's troops at various points along the river including Harrison 's Landing which ended in August . However most of the time spent on the river was marked with inactivity and hot weather which had a negative effect on the morale of Monitor 's crew . During the long hot summer several crew members took sick and were transferred to Hampton Roads while various officers were replaced including Monitor 's first Engineer Isaac Newton , while Commander Jeffers was replaced by Commander Thomas H. Stevens , Jr. on 15 August . By the end of August Monitor was ordered back to Hampton Roads and dropped anchor nearby the sunken Cumberland at Newport News Point on 30 August , much to the approval of the crew . Monitor 's sole purpose now was to blockade the James River from any advances made by the newly constructed Virginia II , an ironclad ram .
= = = Repairs and refit = = =
In September Captain John P. Bankhead received orders to take command of Monitor , relieving commander Thomas Stevens , and was sent to Hampton Roads to take charge of the vessel . Shortly after command was passed on to Bankhead Monitor 's engines and boilers were condemned by a board of survey which recommended that they be overhauled completely . On 30 September the ironclad was sent to the Washington Navy Yard for repairs arriving there on 3 October 1862 .
Upon arrival at Washington Monitor and her crew were greeted by a crowd of thousands of cheering admirers who came to see the ship that " saved the nation " . The Monitor now being a premier tourist attraction the crowd was soon allowed on board to tour the vessel . During this time the vessel was picked clean of artifacts for souvenirs by the touring civilians that came aboard . When Stodder and others came to close up the dock and ship one evening Stodder noted , When we came up to clean that night there was not a key , doorknob , escutcheon – there wasn 't a thing that hadn 't been carried away .
Before Monitor was put into dry dock for repairs President Lincoln , Navy Secretary Fox , various officials and a few of Worden 's close friends arrived to ceremoniously review the vessel and pay respect to the crew and former commander Worden , who after a long and partial recovery arrived for the occasion . Entire regiments were also directed to come by the naval yard and review the ship and honor the crew . Monitor 's crew assembled on deck in formation with their officers in front , while Lincoln , Fox and other guests stood near the turret . When Worden , with part of his face blacked from the wounds he received at Hampton Roads , came aboard , the heavy guns in the navy yard were fired in salute . President Lincoln came forward and greeted Worden and then introduced him to some of the others . After Lincoln 's formal greeting the crew swarmed around Worden and embraced and shook hands with their former commander and thanked God for his recovery and return . Worden called each of them by name and spoke friendly to and complimented each of them personally . When order was restored the President gave a short speech about Worden 's career . At Fox 's request , Worden gave a speech to the gathering about his voyage from New York to Hampton Roads , the trials they were faced with along the way and of the epic battle between Monitor and Virginia , while paying tribute to many of the officers and men involved . In closing he gave special thanks to Ericsson , Lincoln , Welles and all who made construction of Monitor possible .
While Monitor was undergoing repairs her crew was put aboard the USS King Philip and were eventually granted a furlough by Bankhead who himself went on leave . For approximately six weeks the vessel remained in drydock while her bottom was scraped clean of barnacles and other sea growth while the engines and boilers were overhauled and the entire vessel cleaned , painted , and a number of improvements made , including an iron shield around the top of the turret . To make the vessel more seaworthy a 30 feet ( 9 m ) funnel shaped smokestack was placed over the smoke outlet while taller fresh air vents were installed . The berth deck below was also enlarged and raised by removing some of the side storerooms and placing them below , thus reducing the height of the interior which now barely allowed the crew to stand upright . Several cranes were also added while interior improvements were made making the confining environment more livable . A large blower that operated with its own engine was installed which drew fresh air down through the pilothouse . During this time the two Dahlgren guns were each engraved with large letters , MONITOR & MERRIMAC – WORDEN and MONITOR & MERRIMAC – ERICSSON , respectively . Additional iron plates were installed covering where dents were made during the previous battles . Each plate was inscribed with the name of the source from where the shell causing the dent was made. i.e. Merrimack , Fort Darling , etc . Stanchions were also installed around the perimeter of the freeboard with a rope strung through each making it safer to walk about the deck amid stormy weather and rough seas . Monitor was finally taken out of drydock on 26 October . By November the ship was fully repaired and refitted , resupplied and ready to return to service .
= = = Final voyage = = =
On 24 December 1862 , orders were issued directing Monitor to Beautfort , North Carolina to join USS Passaic and USS Montauk for a joint Army @-@ Navy expedition against Wilmington , North Carolina , where she would join the blockade off Charleston . The orders were received by the crew on Christmas Day , some of whom were aboard Monitor on her harrowing journey from New York to Hampton Roads in March , and were not pleased with the prospect of taking to the high seas once again . Dana Green remarked I do not consider this steamer a sea going vessel .
The crew celebrated Christmas aboard Monitor while berthed at Hampton Roads in what was described as a most merry fashion , while many other celebrations were occurring along the shore . The ship 's cook was paid one dollar to prepare a meal for the crew befitting the day ; it was received with mixed opinion . That day , Monitor was made ready for sea , her crew under strict orders not to discuss the impending voyage with anyone , but bad weather delayed her departure until 29 December .
While the design of Monitor was well @-@ suited for river combat , her low freeboard and heavy turret made her highly unseaworthy in rough waters . Under the command of John P. Bankhead , Monitor put to sea on 31 December , under tow from USS Rhode Island , when a heavy storm developed off Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . Using chalk and a blackboard , Bankhead wrote messages alerting the Rhode Island that if Monitor needed help she would signal with a red lantern .
Monitor was soon in trouble as the storm increased in ferocity . Large waves were splashing over and completely covering the deck and pilot house so the crew temporarily rigged the wheel atop the turret which was manned by Helmsman Francis Butts . Water continued flooding into the vents and ports and the ship began rolling uncontrollably in the high seas . Sometimes she would drop into a wave with such force the entire hull would tremble . Leaks were beginning to appear everywhere . Bankhead ordered the engineers to start the Worthington pumps , which temporarily stemmed the rising waters , but soon Monitor was hit by a squall and a series of violent waves and water continued to work its way into the vessel . Right when the Worthington pump could no longer keep pace with the flooding a call came from the engine room that water was gaining there . Realizing the ship was in serious trouble , Bankhead signaled Rhode Island for help and hoisted the red lantern next to Monitor 's white running light atop the turret . He then ordered the anchor dropped to stop the ship 's rolling and pitching with little effect making it no easier for the rescue boats to get close enough to receive her crew . He then ordered the towline cut and called for volunteers , Acting Master Stodder , along with crewmates John Stocking , and James Fenwick volunteered and climbed down from the turret , but eyewitnesses said that as soon as they were on the deck Fenwick and Stocking were quickly swept overboard and drowned . Stodder managed to hang on to the safety lines around the deck and finally cut through the 13 in ( 33 cm ) towline with a hatchet . At 11 : 30 p.m. Bankhead ordered the engineers to stop engines and divert all available steam to the large Adams centrifugal steam pump ; but with reduced steam output from a boiler being fed wet coal it too was unable to stem the rapidly rising water . After all steam pumps had failed , Bankhead ordered some of the crew to man the hand pumps and organized a bucket brigade , but to no avail .
Officers Greene and Stodder were among the last men to abandon ship and remained with Bankhead who was the last surviving man to abandon the sinking Monitor . In his official report of Monitor to the Navy Department Bankhead praised Green and Stodder for their heroic efforts and wrote ,
I would beg leave to call the attention of the Admiral and of the Department of the particularly good conduct
of Lieutenant Greene and Acting Master Louis N. Stodder , who remained with me until the last ,
and by their example did much toward inspiring confidence and obedience on the part of the others .
After a frantic rescue effort , Monitor finally foundered and sank approximately 16 miles ( 26 km ) southeast off Cape Hatteras with the loss of sixteen men , including four officers , some of whom remained in the turret and went down with the ironclad , while forty @-@ seven men were rescued by the life boats from Rhode Island . Bankhead , Green and Stodder barely managed to get clear of the sinking vessel and survived the ordeal but suffered from exposure from the icy winter sea . After his initial recovery , Bankhead filed his official report , as did the commanding officers of the Rhode Island , stating officers and men of both Monitor and Rhode Island did everything within their ability to keep Monitor from sinking . The Navy did not find it necessary to commission a board of inquiry to investigate the affair and took no action against Bankhead or any of his officers .
Some time later a controversy emerged over why Monitor sank . In the Army and Navy Journal Ericsson accused the crew of drunkardness during the storm , being consequently unable to prevent the vessel from sinking . Stodder vigorously defended the crew and rebuked Ericsson 's characterization of the crew and events and wrote to Pierce that Ericsson cover 's up defects by blaming those that are now dead , pointing out that there were a number of unavoidable events and circumstances that led to the ship 's sinking , foremost being the overhang between the upper and lower hulls which came loose and partially separated during the storm from slamming into the violent waves . Stodder 's account was corroborated by other shipmates .
= = Rediscovery = =
After months of investigation , research and one false positive , Monitor was rediscovered off Cape Hatteras at a depth of 220 feet ( 67 @.@ 1 m ) , 111 years after her sinking . The Navy tested an " underwater locator " in August 1949 by searching an area south of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse for the wreck of Monitor . It found a 140 @-@ foot ( 42 @.@ 7 m ) long object bulky enough to be a shipwreck , in 310 feet ( 94 @.@ 5 m ) feet of water that was thought to be Monitor , but powerful currents negated attempts by divers to investigate . Retired Rear Admiral Edward Ellsberg proposed using external pontoons to raise the wreck in 1951 , the same method of marine salvage he had used on the sunken submarine S @-@ 51 , for the cost of $ 250 @,@ 000 . Four years later , Robert F. Marx claimed to have discovered the wreck based on the idea she had drifted into shallow water north of the lighthouse before sinking . Marx claimed to have dived on the wreck and to have placed a Coke bottle with his name on it in one of the gun barrels , although he never provided any proof of his story .
Interest in locating the ship revived in the early 1970s and Duke University , the National Geographic Society and the National Science Foundation sponsored an expedition in August 1973 to search for the wreck using a towed sonar system . On 27 August , they discovered the wreck at coordinates 35 ° 0 ′ 6 ″ N 75 ° 24 ′ 23 ″ W. They sent a camera down to photograph the wreck , but the pictures were so fuzzy as to be useless ; on a second attempt the camera snagged something on the wreck and was lost . The sonar images did not match what they expected the wreck to look like until they realized that the sinking vessel had turned over while descending and was resting at the bottom upside down . The team announced their discovery on 8 March 1974 . Another expedition was mounted that same month to confirm the discovery and the research submersible Alcoa Sea Probe was able to take still photos and video of the wreck that confirmed it was Monitor .
These photos revealed that the wreck was disintegrating and the discovery raised another issue . Since the Navy had formally abandoned the wreck in 1953 , it could be exploited by divers and private salvage companies as it lay outside North Carolina 's territorial limits . To preserve the ship , the wreck , and everything around it , a .5 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 93 km ; 0 @.@ 58 mi ) radius was designated as the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary , the first U.S. marine sanctuary on 30 January 1975 . Monitor was also designated a National Historic Landmark on 23 June 1986 .
In 1977 , scientists were finally able to view the wreckage in person as the submersible Johnson Sea Link was used to inspect it . The Sea Link was able to ferry divers down to the sunken vessel and retrieve small artifacts . U.S. Navy interest in raising the entire ship ended in 1978 when Captain Willard F. Searle , Jr. calculated the cost and possible damage expected from the operation : $ 20 million to stabilize the vessel in place , or as much as $ 50 million to bring all of it to the surface . Research continued and artifacts continued to be recovered , including the ship 's 1 @,@ 500 @-@ pound ( 680 kg ) anchor in 1983 . The growing number of relics required conservation and a proper home so the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , in charge of all U.S. marine sanctuaries , selected the Mariners ' Museum on 9 March 1987 after considering proposals from several other institutions .
= = = Recovery = = =
Initial efforts in 1995 by Navy and NOAA divers to raise the warship 's propeller were foiled by an abnormally stormy season off Cape Hatteras . Realizing that raising the whole wreck was impractical for financial reasons as well as the inability to bring up the wreck intact , NOAA developed a comprehensive plan to recover the most significant parts of the ship , namely her engine , propeller , guns , and turret . It estimated that the plan would cost over 20 million dollars to implement over four years . The Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program contributed $ 14 @.@ 5 million . The Navy divers , mainly from its two Mobile Diving and Salvage Units , would perform the bulk of the work necessary in order to train in deep sea conditions and evaluate new equipment .
Another effort to raise Monitor 's propeller was successful on 8 June 1998 , although the amount of effort required to work in the difficult conditions off Cape Hatteras was underestimated and the fewer than 30 divers used were nearly overwhelmed . The 1999 dive season was mostly research oriented as divers investigated the wreck in detail , planning how to recover the engine and determining if they could stabilize the hull so that it would not collapse onto the turret . In 2000 the divers shored up the port side of the hull with bags of grout , installed the Engine Recovery System , an external framework to which the engine would be attached , in preparation for the next season , and made over five times as many dives as they had the previous season .
The 2001 dive season concentrated on raising the ship 's steam engine and condenser . Hull plates had to be removed to access the engine compartment and both the engine and the condenser had to be separated from the ship , the surrounding wreckage and each other . A Mini Rover ROV was used to provide visibility of the wreck and divers to the support staff above water . The engine was raised on 16 July and the condenser three days later by the crane barge Wotan . Saturation diving was evaluated by the Navy that dive season on Monitor and proved to be very successful , allowing divers to maximize their time on the bottom . The surface @-@ supplied divers evaluated the use of heliox due to the depth of the wreck . It also proved to be successful once the dive tables were adjusted .
Much like the previous year , the 2002 dive season was dedicated to lifting the 120 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 120 t ) turret to the surface . Around 160 divers were assigned to remove the parts of the hull , including the armor belt , that lay on top of the turret using chisels , exothermic cutting torches and 20 @,@ 000 psi ( 137 @,@ 895 kPa ; 1 @,@ 406 kgf / cm2 ) hydroblasters . They removed as much of the debris from inside the turret as possible to reduce the weight to be lifted . This was usually concreted coal as one of the ship 's coal bunkers had ruptured and dumped most of its contents into the turret . The divers prepared the turret roof for the first stage of the lift by excavating underneath the turret and placed steel beams and angle irons to reinforce it for its move onto a lifting platform for the second stage . A large , eight @-@ legged lifting frame , nicknamed the " spider " , was carefully positioned over the turret to move it onto the platform and the entire affair would be lifted by the crane mounted on the Wotan . The divers discovered one skeleton in the turret on 26 July before the lift and spent a week carefully chipping about half of it free of the concreted debris ; the other half was inaccessible underneath the rear of one of the guns .
With Tropical Storm Cristobal bearing down on the recovery team , and time and money running out , the team made the decision to raise the turret on 5 August 2002 , after 41 days of work , and the gun turret broke the surface at 5 : 30 pm to the cheers of everyone aboard Wotan and other recovery ships nearby . As archaeologists examined the contents of the turret after it has been landed aboard Wotan , they discovered a second skeleton , but removing it did not begin until the turret arrived at the Mariners ' Museum for conservation . The remains of these sailors were transferred to the Joint POW @-@ MIA Accounting Command ( JPAC ) at Hickam Air Force Base , Hawaii , in the hopes that they could be identified .
Only 16 of the crew were not rescued by the Rhode Island before Monitor sank and the forensic anthropologists at JPAC were able to rule out the three missing black crewmen based on the shape of the femurs and skulls . Among the most promising of the 16 candidates were crew members Jacob Nicklis , Robert Williams and William Bryan , but a decade passed without their identities being discovered . On 8 March 2013 their remains were buried at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors .
In 2003 NOAA divers and volunteers returned to the Monitor with the goal of obtaining overall video of the site to create a permanent record of the current conditions on the wreck after the turret recovery . Jeff Johnston of the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary ( MNMS ) also wanted a definitive image of the vessel 's pilothouse . During the dives , the Monitor 's iron pilothouse was located near the bow of the vessel and documented for the first time by videographer Rick Allen , of Nautilus Productions , in its inverted position .
Conservation of the propeller was completed nearly three years after its recovery and it is on display in the Monitor Center at the Mariners ' Museum . As of 2013 , conservation of the engine , its components , the turret and the guns continues . The Dahlgren guns were removed from the turret in September 2004 and placed in their own conservation tanks . Among some of the artifacts recovered from the sunken vessel was a red signal lantern , possibly the one used to send a distress signal to the Rhode Island and the last thing to be seen before Monitor sank in 1862 – it was the first object recovered from the site in 1977 . A gold wedding band was also recovered from the hand of the skeletal remains of one of Monitor 's crew members found in the turret .
Northrop Grumman Shipyard in Newport News constructed a full @-@ scale non @-@ seaworthy static replica of Monitor . The replica was laid down in February 2005 and completed just two months later on the grounds of the Mariners ' Museum . The Monitor National Marine Sanctuary conducts occasional dives on the wreck to monitor and record any changes in its condition and its environment .
= = Memorials = =
The Greenpoint Monitor Monument in McGolrick Park , Brooklyn depicts a sailor from Monitor pulling on a capstan . The sculptor Antonio de Filippo was commissioned by the State of New York in the 1930s for a bronze statue to commemorate the Battle of Hampton Roads , John Ericsson , and the crew of the ship . It was dedicated on 6 November 1938 . A vandal doused it with white paint on 7 January 2013 .
In 1995 the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating USS Monitor and CSS Virginia depicting the two ships while engaged in their famous battle at Hampton Roads . For an image of the stamp , see footnote link .
The 150th anniversary of the ship 's loss prompted several events in commemoration . A memorial to Monitor and her lost crew members was erected in the Civil War section of Hampton National Cemetery by NOAA 's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries , together with the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , and dedicated on 29 December 2012 . The Greenpoint Monitor Museum commemorated the ship and her crew with an event on 12 January 2013 at the grave sites of those Monitor crew members buried in Green @-@ Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn , followed by a service in the cemetery 's chapel .
New Jersey @-@ based indie rock band Titus Andronicus named their critically acclaimed sophomore album , 2010 's The Monitor , for the ship . Featured on the album 's sleeve are the crewmen of the Monitor , taken from a tintype portrait . The album 's interwoven references to the Civil War include speeches and writings from the period , as well as the side @-@ long closing track " The Battle of Hampton Roads . " The latter refers to the Monitor 's encounter with the CSS Virginia in prominent detail . Singer / guitarist Patrick Stickles commented while making the album that he was inspired by Ken Burns 's The Civil War and the ship itself so much that he decided to name Titus Andronicus 's second album in its honor .
= = Legacy = =
Monitor gave her name to a new type of mastless , low @-@ freeboard warship that mounted its armament in turrets . Many more were built , including river monitors , and they played key roles in Civil War battles on the Mississippi and James Rivers . The breastwork monitor was developed during the 1860s by Sir Edward Reed , Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy , as an improvement of the basic Monitor design . Reed gave these ships a superstructure to increase seaworthiness and raise the freeboard of the gun turrets so they could be worked in all weathers . The superstructure was armored to protect the bases of the turrets , the funnels and the ventilator ducts in what he termed a breastwork . The ships were conceived as harbor defense ships with little need to leave port . Reed took advantage of the lack of masts and designed the ships with one twin @-@ gun turret at each end of the superstructure , each able to turn and fire in a 270 ° arc . These ships were described by Admiral George Alexander Ballard as being like " full @-@ armoured knights riding on donkeys , easy to avoid but bad to close with " . Reed later developed the design into the Devastation class , the first ocean @-@ going turret ships without masts , the direct ancestors of the pre @-@ dreadnought battleships and the dreadnoughts .
= Sekula Drljević =
Sekula Drljević ( 7 September 1884 – 10 November 1945 ) was a Montenegrin politician and lawyer . Born in the town of Kolašin , he earned a doctorate degree in law and became the Minister of Justice and Finance in the Kingdom of Montenegro before the outbreak of World War I. During the interwar period , he was a leading member of the " Greens " ( zelenaši ) , a Montenegrin separatist movement . A proponent of the theory that Montenegrins were an ethnic group distinct from Serbs , he also founded and became the leader of the Montenegrin Federalist Party .
Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , Drljević began cooperating with the Italian authorities occupying Montenegro . In July , he proclaimed the reestablishment of the Kingdom of Montenegro , but his attempt to establish an Axis @-@ aligned puppet state triggered an immediate uprising . That September , Italian authorities sent him to an internment camp in Italy after the oubreak of an anti @-@ fascist revolt . Drljević escaped the camp several months later and made his way into the German @-@ held half of the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) . In the summer of 1944 , he created the Montenegrin State Council in Zagreb . Drljević moved back to Montenegro in 1945 and agreed to the formation of the Montenegrin National Army with Chetnik commander Pavle Đurišić . Đurišić and several other Chetnik commanders were later ambushed and murdered on behalf of Drljević and the NDH . Đurišić 's men later joined Drljević 's Montenegrin National Army and withdrew with him towards the Austrian border . In mid @-@ 1945 , Drljević crossed over into Austria with his wife , and the two ended up in a camp for displaced persons in Judenburg . Three Chetnik agents discovered them there in November 1945 and slit their throats .
= = Early life and political career = =
Sekula Drljević was born on 7 September 1884 in the village of Ravno , near the town of Kolašin . Having finished law school in Zagreb and earned a doctorate degree , he became the Minister of Justice and Finance in the Kingdom of Montenegro in 1909 . His brother Janko Drljević was at that time an MP from the loyalist True People 's Party . Drljević also became an MP , and also served as a minister in King Nikola 's cabinet during the Balkan wars , and was renowned for his rhetorical skills . During World War I , he was captured by Austro @-@ Hungarian forces and interned at the Boldagason internment camp in Hungary , where he grew strongly opposed to the leader of Montenegro , King Nicholas I. He was released after the war and moved to Zemun and worked as a lawyer there . He also became a leading member of the " Greens " ( zelenaši ) , a Montenegrin separatist movement which sided with the Yugoslav Federalist Party . During this time , he cooperated frequently with Croatian politicians such as Stjepan Radić , Vlatko Maček , and Ante Pavelić , with whom he became good friends . In the mid @-@ 1920s , Drljević founded the Montenegrin Federalist Party . He quickly became the party 's sole leader and foremost theoretician . He expressed support for the unity of Yugoslavia and stressed Montenegro 's loyalty to Serbian nationhood , but argued that a nation did not necessarily need to be part of a single state and hinted that he would support the restoration of Montenegro 's independence . Consequently , the " Greens " demanded that Yugoslavia 's internal boundaries be organized to match the borders of the Balkan states as they were prior to 1918 .
Drljević and Mihailo Ivanović had first attempted to found the Montenegrin Party for the 1920 election of a Constitutional Assembly , but were unable to do so due to a lack of time and resistance by the authorities . Drljević ran unsuccessfully for the Montenegrin Federalist Party in the 1923 elections in both the counties of Nikšić and Kolašin . He ran again in Kolašin in 1925 and was successfully elected to the National Assembly . In 1927 , Drljević was elected representative of the Zemun District on the electoral list of the Croatian Peasant Party ( HSS ) . Afterwards , he helped solve a political rift between Radić and Serb politician Svetozar Pribićević , resulting in the formation of an HSS – Democratic Party coalition . The following year , Drljević unsuccessfully attempted to dissuade Radić from attending the National Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes prior to his assassination by Serb politician Puniša Račić .
= = World War II = =
= = = Montenegrin leader = = =
On 6 April 1941 , Axis forces invaded Yugoslavia . Montenegro was invaded by the forces of Germany and Italy , with the Germans attacking from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Italians from Albania . The Germans later withdrew , leaving the Italians to occupy the area . In the western portion of Yugoslavia , Pavelić , who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini 's Italy , was appointed Poglavnik ( leader ) of an Ustaše @-@ led Croatian state – the Independent State
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
in debt , and Smith was hounded by creditors . Having heard of a large sum of money supposedly hidden in Salem , Massachusetts , Smith traveled there and received a revelation that God had " much treasure in this city " . But after a month , he returned to Kirtland empty @-@ handed .
In January 1837 , Smith and other church leaders created a joint stock company , called the Kirtland Safety Society , to act as a quasi @-@ bank . The company issued bank notes capitalized in part by real estate . Smith encouraged the Latter Day Saints to buy the notes and invested heavily in them himself , but the bank failed within a month . As a result , the Latter Day Saints in Kirtland suffered intense pressure from debt collectors and severe price volatility . Smith was held responsible for the failure , and there were widespread defections from the church , including many of Smith 's closest advisers . After a warrant was issued for Smith 's arrest on a charge of banking fraud , Smith and Rigdon fled Kirtland for Missouri on the night of January 12 , 1838 .
= = = Life in Missouri ( 1838 – 39 ) = = =
By 1838 , Smith had abandoned plans to redeem Zion in Jackson County . After Smith and Rigdon arrived in Missouri , the town of Far West became the new Mormon " Zion " . In Missouri , the church also received a new name , the " Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints " , and construction began on a new temple . In the weeks and months after Smith and Rigdon arrived at Far West , thousands of Latter Day Saints followed them from Kirtland . Smith encouraged the settlement of land outside Caldwell County , instituting a settlement in Adam @-@ ondi @-@ Ahman , in Daviess County .
During this time , a church council expelled many of the oldest and most prominent leaders of the church , including John Whitmer , David Whitmer , W. W. Phelps , and Oliver Cowdery . Smith explicitly approved of the expulsion of these men , who were known collectively as the " dissenters " .
Political and religious differences between old Missourians and newly @-@ arriving Mormon settlers provoked tensions between the two groups , much as they had years earlier in Jackson County . By this time , Smith 's experiences with mob violence led him to believe that his faith 's survival required greater militancy against anti @-@ Mormons . Around June 1838 , recent convert Sampson Avard formed a covert organization called the Danites to intimidate Mormon dissenters and oppose anti @-@ Mormon militia units . Though it is unclear how much Smith knew of the Danites ' activities , he clearly approved of those of which he did know . After Rigdon delivered a sermon that implied dissenters had no place in the Mormon community , the Danites forcibly expelled them from the county .
In an oration given at the town 's Fourth of July celebration , Rigdon declared that Mormons would no longer tolerate persecution by the Missourians and spoke of a " war of extermination " if Mormons were attacked . Smith implicitly endorsed this speech , and many non @-@ Mormons understood it to be a thinly @-@ veiled threat . They unleashed a flood of anti @-@ Mormon rhetoric in newspapers and in stump speeches given during the 1838 election campaign .
On August 6 , 1838 , non @-@ Mormons in Gallatin tried to prevent Mormons from voting , and the election @-@ day scuffles initiated the 1838 Mormon War . Non @-@ Mormon vigilantes raided and burned Mormon farms , and Danites and other Mormons pillaged non @-@ Mormon towns . During this period Smith 's heated rhetoric encouraged some of his followers to take aggressive measures Smith himself might not have approved . Under the impression that an approaching group of armed men were a band of vigilantes , Mormons attacked the Missouri state militia in what became known as the Battle of Crooked River . Governor Lilburn Boggs then ordered that the Mormons be " exterminated or driven from the state " . Even though they were yet unaware of Boggs 's order , on October 30 a party of Missourians surprised and killed seventeen Mormons in the Haun 's Mill massacre .
The following day , the Latter Day Saints surrendered to 2 @,@ 500 state troops and agreed to forfeit their property and leave the state . Smith was immediately brought before a military court , accused of treason , and sentenced to be executed the next morning ; but Alexander Doniphan , Smith 's former attorney and a brigadier general in the Missouri militia , refused to carry out the order . Smith was then sent to a state court for a preliminary hearing , where several of his former allies testified against him . Smith and five others , including Rigdon , were charged with " overt acts of treason " , and transferred to the jail at Liberty , Missouri , to await trial .
Smith 's months in prison with an ill and whining Rigdon strained their relationship . Meanwhile Brigham Young , then @-@ president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , rose to prominence among the Mormon faithful when he organized the move of about 14 @,@ 000 Saints to Illinois and eastern Iowa . Smith bore his imprisonment stoically . Understanding that he was effectively on trial before his own people , many of whom considered him a fallen prophet , he wrote a personal defense and an apology for the activities of the Danites . " The keys of the kingdom , " he wrote , " have not been taken away from us " . Though he directed his followers to collect and publish their stories of persecution , he also urged them to moderate their antagonism toward non @-@ Mormons . On April 6 , 1839 , after a grand jury hearing in Davis County , Smith and his companions escaped custody , almost certainly with the connivance of the sheriff and guards .
= = = Life in Nauvoo , Illinois ( 1839 – 44 ) = = =
Many American newspapers criticized Missouri for the Haun 's Hill massacre and the state 's expulsion of the Latter Day Saints , and Illinois accepted Mormon refugees who gathered along the banks of the Mississippi River , where Smith purchased high @-@ priced , swampy woodland in the hamlet of Commerce . Smith also attempted to portray the Latter Day Saints as an oppressed minority and unsuccessfully petitioned the federal government for help in obtaining reparations . During the summer of 1839 , while Latter Day Saints in Nauvoo suffered from a malaria epidemic , Smith sent Brigham Young and other apostles to missions in Europe , where they made numerous converts , many of them poor factory workers .
Smith also attracted a few wealthy and influential converts , including John C. Bennett , the Illinois quartermaster general . Bennett used his connections in the Illinois legislature to obtain an unusually liberal charter for the new city , which Smith named " Nauvoo " ( Hebrew נָאווּ , meaning " to be beautiful " ) . The charter granted the city virtual autonomy , authorized a university , and granted Nauvoo habeas corpus power — which allowed Smith to fend off extradition to Missouri . Though Mormon authorities controlled Nauvoo 's civil government , the city promised an unusually liberal guarantee of religious freedom . The charter also authorized the Nauvoo Legion , an autonomous militia whose actions were limited only by state and federal constitutions . " Lieutenant General " Smith and " Major General " Bennett became its commanders , thereby controlling by far the largest body of armed men in Illinois . Smith made Bennett Assistant President of the church , and Bennett was elected Nauvoo 's first mayor . In 1841 , Smith began revealing the doctrine of plural marriage to a few of his closest male associates , including Bennett , who used it as an excuse to seduce numerous women wed and unwed . When embarrassing rumors of " spiritual wifery " got abroad , Smith forced Bennett 's resignation as Nauvoo mayor . In retaliation , Bennett wrote " lurid exposés of life in Nauvoo " .
The early Nauvoo years were a period of doctrinal innovation . Smith introduced baptism for the dead in 1840 , and in 1841 , construction began on the Nauvoo Temple as a place for recovering lost ancient knowledge . An 1841 revelation promised the restoration of the " fulness of the priesthood " ; and in May 1842 , Smith inaugurated a revised endowment or " first anointing " . The endowment resembled rites of freemasonry that Smith had observed two months earlier when he had been initiated into the Nauvoo Masonic lodge . At first , the endowment was open only to men , who were initiated into the Anointed Quorum . For women , Smith introduced the Relief Society , a service club and sorority within which Smith predicted women would receive " the keys of the kingdom " . Smith also elaborated on his plan for a millennial kingdom . No longer envisioning the building of Zion in Nauvoo , Smith viewed Zion as encompassing all of North and South America , with Mormon settlements being " stakes " of Zion 's metaphorical tent . Zion also became less a refuge from an impending tribulation than a great building project . In the summer of 1842 , Smith revealed a plan to establish the millennial Kingdom of God , which would eventually establish theocratic rule over the whole earth .
By mid @-@ 1842 , popular opinion had turned against the Mormons . After an unknown assailant shot and wounded Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs in May 1842 , anti @-@ Mormons circulated rumors that Smith 's bodyguard , Porter Rockwell , was the shooter . Though the evidence was circumstantial , Boggs ordered Smith 's extradition . Certain he would be killed if he ever returned to Missouri , Smith went into hiding twice during the next five months before the U.S. district attorney for Illinois argued that Smith 's extradition to Missouri would be unconstitutional . ( Rockwell was later tried and acquitted . ) In June 1843 , enemies of Smith convinced a reluctant Illinois Governor Thomas Ford to extradite Smith to Missouri on the old charge of treason . Two law officers arrested Smith , but were intercepted by a party of Mormons before they could reach Missouri . Smith was then released on a writ of habeas corpus from the Nauvoo municipal court . While this ended the Missourians ' attempts at extradition , it caused significant political fallout in Illinois .
In December 1843 , Smith petitioned Congress to make Nauvoo an independent territory with the right to call out federal troops in its defense . Smith then wrote to the leading presidential candidates and asked them what they would do to protect the Mormons . After receiving noncommittal or negative responses , Smith announced his own third @-@ party candidacy for President of the United States , suspended regular proselytizing , and sent out the Quorum of the Twelve and hundreds of other political missionaries . In March 1844 , following a dispute with a federal bureaucrat , Smith organized the secret Council of Fifty with authority to decide which national or state laws Mormons should obey . The Council was also to select a site for a large Mormon settlement in Texas , California , or Oregon , where Mormons could live under theocratic law beyond other governmental control .
= = = Death = = =
By the spring of 1844 , a rift developed between Smith and a half dozen of his closest associates . Most notably , William Law , Smith 's trusted counselor , and Robert Foster , a general of the Nauvoo Legion , disagreed with Smith about how to manage Nauvoo 's economy . Both also said that Smith had proposed marriage to their wives . Believing the dissidents were plotting against his life , Smith excommunicated them on April 18 , 1844 . These dissidents formed a competing church and the following month , at Carthage , the county seat , they procured indictments against Smith for perjury and polygamy .
On June 7 , the dissidents published the first ( and only ) issue of the Nauvoo Expositor , calling for reform within the church and appealing to the political views of the county 's anti @-@ Mormons . The paper decried Smith 's new " doctrines of many Gods " , alluded to Smith 's theocratic aspirations , and called for a repeal of the Nauvoo city charter . It also attacked Smith 's practice of polygamy , implying that Smith was using religion as a pretext to draw unassuming women to Nauvoo in order to seduce and marry them .
Fearing the newspaper would bring the countryside down on the Mormons , the Nauvoo city council declared the Expositor a public nuisance and ordered the Nauvoo Legion to destroy the press . Smith , who feared another mob attack , supported the action , not realizing that suppression of the press would sooner incite an attack than libel would .
Destruction of the newspaper provoked a strident call to arms from Thomas C. Sharp , editor of the Warsaw Signal and longtime critic of Smith . Fearing an uprising , Smith mobilized the Nauvoo Legion on June 18 and declared martial law . Officials in Carthage responded by mobilizing their small detachment of the state militia , and Governor Thomas Ford appeared , threatening to raise a larger militia unless Smith and the Nauvoo city council surrendered themselves . Smith initially fled across the Mississippi River , but shortly returned and surrendered to Ford . On June 23 , Smith and his brother Hyrum rode to Carthage to stand trial for inciting a riot . Once the Smiths were in custody , the charges were increased to treason .
On June 27 , 1844 , an armed mob with blackened faces stormed Carthage Jail where Joseph and Hyrum were being held . Hyrum , who was trying to secure the door , was killed instantly with a shot to the face . Smith fired a pepper @-@ box pistol that a friend had lent him for self @-@ defense , then sprang for the window . He was shot multiple times before falling out the window , crying , " Oh Lord my God ! " He died shortly after hitting the ground , but was shot several times more before the mob dispersed . Five men were later tried for his murder , but all were acquitted . Smith was buried in Nauvoo , and is currently interred there at the Smith Family Cemetery .
Throughout his life Smith had been sharply criticized by newspaper editors , and after his death newspapers were almost unanimous in portraying Smith as a religious fanatic . Conversely , within Mormonism , Smith was memorialized first and foremost as a prophet , martyred to seal the testimony of his faith .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Impact = = =
Smith attracted thousands of devoted followers before his death in 1844 and millions in the century that followed . Among Mormons , he is regarded as a prophet on par with Moses and Elijah . In a 2015 compilation of the 100 Most Significant Americans of All Time , Smithsonian magazine ranked Smith first in the category of religious figures .
Mormons and ex @-@ Mormons have produced a large amount of scholarly work about Smith , and to a large extent the result has been two discordant pictures of very different people : a man of God on the one hand , and on the other , a fraud preying on the ignorance of his followers . Believers tended to focus on his achievements and religious teachings , deemphasizing his personal defects , while detractors focused on his mistakes , legal troubles , and controversial doctrines . During the first half of the 20th century , some writers suggested that Smith might have suffered from epileptic seizures or from psychological disorders such as paranoid delusions or manic @-@ depressive illness that might explain his visions and revelations . Many modern biographers disagree with these ideas . More nuanced interpretations range from viewing Smith as a prophet who had normal human weaknesses , a " pious fraud " who believed he was called of God to preach repentance and felt justified inventing visions in order to convert people , or a gifted " mythmaker " who was the product of his Yankee environment . Biographers , Mormon and non @-@ Mormon , agree that Smith was one of the most influential , charismatic , and innovative figures in American religious history .
Memorials to Smith include the Joseph Smith Memorial Building in Salt Lake City , Utah , the Joseph Smith Building on the campus of Brigham Young University , and a granite obelisk marking his birth place .
= = = Religious denominations = = =
Smith 's death resulted in a succession crisis . Smith had proposed several ways to choose his successor , but had never clarified his preference . Smith 's brother Hyrum , had he survived , would have had the strongest claim , followed by Smith 's brother Samuel , who died mysteriously a month after his brothers . Another brother , William , was unable to attract a sufficient following . Smith 's sons Joseph III and David also had claims , but Joseph III was too young and David was yet unborn . The Council of Fifty had a theoretical claim to succession , but it was a secret organization . Some of Smith 's chosen successors , such as Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer , had left the church .
The two strongest succession candidates were Brigham Young , senior member and president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , and Sidney Rigdon , the senior member of the First Presidency . In a church @-@ wide conference on August 8 , most of the Latter Day Saints elected Young , who led them to the Utah Territory as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Membership in Young 's denomination surpassed 14 million members in 2010 . Smaller groups followed Sidney Rigdon and James J. Strang , who had based his claim on an allegedly @-@ forged letter of appointment . Others followed Lyman Wight and Alpheus Cutler . Many members of these smaller groups , including most of Smith 's family , eventually coalesced in 1860 under the leadership of Joseph Smith III and formed what was known for more than a century as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ( now Community of Christ ) , which now has about 250 @,@ 000 members . As of 2013 , members of the denominations originating from Smith 's teachings number approximately 15 million .
= = Family and descendants = =
The first of Smith 's wives , Emma Hale , gave birth to nine children during their marriage , five of whom died before the age of two . The eldest , Alvin ( born in 1828 ) , died within hours of birth , as did twins Thaddeus and Louisa ( born in 1831 ) . When the twins died , the Smiths adopted another set of twins , Julia and Joseph , whose mother had recently died in childbirth ; Joseph died of measles in 1832 . In 1841 , Don Carlos , who had been born a year earlier , died of malaria . In 1842 , Emma gave birth to a stillborn son . Joseph and Emma had four sons who lived to maturity : Joseph Smith III , Frederick Granger Williams Smith , Alexander Hale Smith , and David Hyrum Smith ( born in 1844 after Smith 's death ) . As of 2013 , DNA testing had provided no evidence that Smith had fathered any children by women other than Emma .
Throughout her life , Emma Smith frequently denied that her husband had ever taken additional wives . Emma said that the very first time she ever became aware of a polygamy revelation being attributed to Smith by Mormons was when she read about it in Orson Pratt 's periodical The Seer in 1853 . Emma campaigned publicly against polygamy , and was the main signatory of a petition in 1842 , with a thousand female signatures , denying that Smith was connected with polygamy . As president of the Ladies ' Relief Society , Emma authorized publishing a certificate in the same year denouncing polygamy , and denying her husband as its creator or participant . Even on her deathbed , Emma denied Joseph 's involvement with polygamy , stating , " No such thing as polygamy , or spiritual wifery , was taught , publicly or privately , before my husband 's death , that I have now , or ever had any knowledge of ... He had no other wife but me ; nor did he to my knowledge ever have " .
After Smith 's death , Emma Smith quickly became alienated from Brigham Young and the church leadership . Young , whom Emma feared and despised , was suspicious of her desire to preserve the family 's assets from inclusion with those of the church , and thought she would be even more troublesome because she openly opposed plural marriage . When most Latter Day Saints moved west , she stayed in Nauvoo , married a non @-@ Mormon , Major Lewis C. Bidamon , and withdrew from religion until 1860 , when she affiliated with the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints , first headed by her son , Joseph Smith III . Emma never denied Smith 's prophetic gift or repudiated her belief in the authenticity of the Book of Mormon .
= = Revelations = =
According to Richard Bushman , the " signal feature " of Smith 's life was " his sense of being guided by revelation " . Instead of presenting ideas with logical arguments , Smith dictated authoritative revelations and let people decide whether to believe . Smith 's teachings came primarily through his revelations , which read like scripture : oracular and open to interpretation . Smith and his followers viewed his revelations as being above teachings or opinions , and Smith 's actions seemed to indicate that he believed in his revelations as much as his most loyal followers .
Smith 's first recorded revelation was a rebuke from God for having let Martin Harris lose 116 pages of Book of Mormon manuscript , chastising him for " fearing man more than God " . The revelation was given in the voice of God rather than as a declaration mediated through Smith ; and subsequent revelations assumed a similar authoritative style , often opening with words such as " Hearken O ye people which profess my name , saith the Lord your God . "
= = = Book of Mormon = = =
The Book of Mormon has been called the longest and most complex of Smith 's revelations . It is organized as a compilation of smaller books , each named after its main named narrator or a prominent leader . It tells the story of the rise and fall of a religious civilization beginning around 600 BC and ending in 421 AD . The story begins with a family that leaves Jerusalem , just before the Babylonian captivity . They eventually construct a ship and sail to a " promised land " in the Western Hemisphere . There , they are divided into two factions : Nephites and Lamanites . The Nephites become a righteous people who build a temple and live the law of Moses , though their prophets teach a Christian gospel . The book explains itself to be largely the work of Mormon , a Nephite prophet and military figure . The book closes when Mormon 's son , Moroni , finishes engraving and buries the records written on the golden plates .
Christian themes permeate the work ; for instance , Nephite prophets in the Book of Mormon teach of Christ 's coming , and talk of the star that will appear at his birth . After the crucifixion and resurrection in Jerusalem , Jesus appears in the Americas , repeats the Sermon on the Mount , blesses children , and appoints twelve disciples . The book ends with Moroni 's exhortation to " come unto Christ " .
Early Mormons understood the Book of Mormon to be a religious history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas . Smith 's followers view it as a companion to the Bible and an additional witness of Christ , akin to a large apocryphal work . Modern historian Fawn Brodie has called the Book of Mormon a response to pressing cultural and environmental issues of Smith 's times , saying that Smith composed the Book of Mormon drawing from scraps of information available to him ; Dan Vogel , another historian , says that the work is autobiographical in nature .
Smith never said how he produced the Book of Mormon , saying only that he translated by the power of God and implying that he had transcribed the words . The Book of Mormon itself states only that its text will " come forth by the gift and power of God unto the interpretation thereof " . As such , considerable disagreement about the actual method used exists . For at least some of the earliest dictation , Smith is said to have used the " Urim and Thummim " , a pair of seer stones he said were buried with the plates . Later , however , he is said to have used a chocolate @-@ colored stone he had found in 1822 that he had used previously for treasure hunting . Joseph Knight said that Smith saw the words of the translation while he gazed at the stone or stones in the bottom of his hat , excluding all light , a process similar to divining the location of treasure . Sometimes , Smith concealed the process by raising a curtain or dictating from another room , while at other times he dictated in full view of witnesses while the plates lay covered on the table . After completing the translation , Smith gave the brown stone to Cowdery , but continued to receive revelations using another stone until about 1833 when he said he no longer needed it .
Although the Book of Mormon drew many converts to the church , Fawn Brodie argued in 1945 that the " book lives today because of the prophet , not he because of the book . " Smith had assumed a role as prophet , seer , and apostle of Jesus Christ , and by early 1831 , he was introducing himself as " Joseph the Prophet " . The language of authority in Smith 's revelations was appealing to converts , and the revelations were given with the confidence of an Old Testament prophet .
= = = Moses and Abraham = = =
Smith said that in June 1830 , he received a " revelation of Moses " in which Moses saw " the world and the ends thereof " and asked God questions about the purpose of creation and man 's relationship to God . This revelation initiated a revision of the Bible on which Smith worked sporadically until 1833 and which remained unpublished at his death . Smith said that he believed the Bible had been corrupted through the ages , and that his revision worked to restore the original intent ; it added long passages rewritten " according to his inspiration " . While many changes involved straightening out seeming contradictions or making small clarifications , other changes added large " lost " portions to the text . For instance , Smith 's revision nearly tripled the length of the first five chapters of Genesis in what would become the Book of Moses .
The Book of Moses begins with Moses ' inquiring of God as to the purpose of creation , and is told in this account that God made the earth and heavens to bring humans to eternal life . The book also provides an enlarged account of the Genesis creation narrative and expands the story of Enoch , the ancestor of Noah . In the narrative , Enoch speaks with God , receives a prophetic calling , and eventually builds a city of Zion so righteous that it was taken to heaven . The book also elaborates and expands upon foreshadowing and " types " of Christ , in effect Christianizing the Old Testament .
In 1835 Smith encouraged some Latter Day Saints in Kirtland to purchase rolls of ancient Egyptian papyri from a traveling exhibitor . Over the next several years , Smith worked off and on as events allowed , to produce a supposed translation of one of these rolls , which he published in 1842 as the Book of Abraham . The Book of Abraham speaks of the founding of the Abrahamic nation , astronomy , cosmology , lineage and priesthood , and gave another account of the creation story . The papyri from which Smith dictated the Book of Abraham were thought to have been lost in the Great Chicago Fire , but several fragments were rediscovered in the 1960s , were translated by Egyptologists , and were determined to be part of the Book of the Dead with no connection to Abraham .
= = = Other revelations = = =
According to Parley P. Pratt , Smith dictated revelations orally , and they were recorded by a scribe without revisions or corrections . Revelations were immediately copied , and then circulated among church members . Smith 's revelations often came in response to specific questions . He described the revelatory process as having " pure Intelligence " flowing into him . Smith , however , never viewed the wording to be infallible . The revelations were not God 's words verbatim , but " couched in language suitable to Joseph 's time " . In 1833 Smith edited and expanded many of the previous revelations , publishing them as the Book of Commandments , which later became part of the Doctrine and Covenants .
Smith gave varying types of revelations . Some were temporal , while others were spiritual or doctrinal ; some were received for a specific individual , while others were directed at the whole church . Notable revelations include an 1831 revelation called " The Law " containing directions for missionary work , rules for organizing society in Zion , a reiteration of the Ten Commandments , an injunction to " administer to the poor and needy " , and an outline for the law of consecration . An 1832 revelation called " The Vision " added to the fundamentals of sin and atonement , introduced doctrines of life after salvation , the theme of exaltation , and a heaven with degrees of glory . Another 1832 revelation " on Priesthood " was the first to explain priesthood doctrine . Three months later , Smith gave a lengthy revelation called the " Olive Leaf " containing themes of cosmology and eschatology , and discussing subjects such as light , truth , intelligence , and sanctification ; a related revelation given in 1833 put Christ at the center of salvation .
Also in 1833 , at a time of temperance agitation , Smith delivered a revelation called the " Word of Wisdom , " which counseled a diet of wholesome herbs , fruits , grains , a sparing use of meat , and recommended that Latter Day Saints avoid " strong " alcoholic drinks , tobacco , and " hot drinks " ( later interpreted to mean tea and coffee ) . The Word of Wisdom was not originally framed as a commandment , but a recommendation . As such , Smith and other Latter Day Saints did not strictly follow this counsel , though it later became a requirement in the LDS Church . In 1835 Smith gave the " great revelation " that organized the priesthood into quorums and councils , and served as a complex blueprint for church structure . Smith 's last revelation on the " New and Everlasting Covenant " was recorded in 1843 , and dealt with the theology of family , the doctrine of sealing , and plural marriage .
Before 1832 , most of Smith 's revelations dealt with establishing the church , gathering his followers , and building the City of Zion , while later revelations dealt with the priesthood , endowment , and exaltation . The revelations slowed in Kirtland during the autumn of 1833 , and again after the dedication of the Kirtland Temple , as Smith relied more heavily on his own teachings . Smith moved away from written revelations opening with " verily thus saith the Lord " and taught more in sermons , conversations , and letters . For instance , the doctrines of baptism for the dead and the nature of God were introduced in sermons , and one of Smith 's most famed statements about there being " no such thing as immaterial matter " was recorded from a casual conversation with a Methodist preacher .
= = Views and teachings = =
= = = Cosmology and theology = = =
Smith taught that all existence was material , including a world of " spirit matter " so fine that it was invisible to all but the purest mortal eyes . Matter , in Smith 's view , could neither be created nor destroyed ; the creation involved only the reorganization of existing matter . Like matter , Smith saw " intelligence " as co @-@ eternal with God , and taught that human spirits had been drawn from a pre @-@ existent pool of eternal intelligences . Nevertheless , spirits could not experience a " fullness of joy " unless joined with corporeal bodies , according to Smith . The work and glory of God , then , was to create worlds across the cosmos where inferior intelligences could be embodied .
Though Smith initially viewed God the Father as a spirit , he eventually began teaching that God was an advanced and glorified man , embodied within time and space . By the end of his life , Smith was teaching that both God the Father and Jesus were distinct beings with physical bodies , but the Holy Spirit was a " personage of Spirit " . Through the gradual acquisition of knowledge , according to Smith , those who received exaltation could eventually become like God . These teachings implied a vast hierarchy of gods , with God himself having a father . In Smith 's cosmology , those who became gods would reign , unified in purpose and will , leading spirits of lesser capacity to share immortality and eternal life .
In Smith 's view , the opportunity to achieve exaltation extended to all humanity ; those who died with no opportunity to accept saving ordinances could achieve exaltation by accepting them in the afterlife through ordinances performed on their behalf . Smith said that children who died in their innocence would be guaranteed to rise at the resurrection and receive exaltation . Apart from those who committed the eternal sin , Smith taught that even the wicked and disbelieving would achieve a degree of glory in the afterlife .
= = = Religious authority and ritual = = =
Smith 's teachings were rooted in dispensational restorationism . He taught that the Church of Christ restored through him was a latter @-@ day restoration of the early Christian faith , which had been lost in the Great Apostasy . At first , Smith 's church had little sense of hierarchy ; his religious authority was derived from visions and revelations . Though Smith did not claim exclusive prophethood , an early revelation designated him as the only prophet allowed to issue commandments " as Moses " . This religious authority encompassed economic and political as well as spiritual matters . For instance , in the early 1830s , he temporarily instituted a form of religious communism , called the United Order , that required Latter Day Saints to give all their property to the church , which was divided among the faithful . He also envisioned that the theocratic institutions he established would have a role in the worldwide political organization of the Millennium .
By the mid @-@ 1830s , Smith began teaching a hierarchy of three priesthoods — the Melchizedek , the Aaronic , and the Patriarchal . Each priesthood was a continuation of biblical priesthoods through patrilineal succession or ordination by biblical figures appearing in visions . Upon introducing the Melchizedek or " High " Priesthood in 1831 , Smith taught that its recipients would be " endowed with power from on high " , thus fulfilling a need for a greater holiness and an authority commensurate with the New Testament apostles . This doctrine of endowment evolved through the 1830s , until in 1842 , the Nauvoo endowment included an elaborate ceremony containing elements similar to Freemasonry and the Jewish tradition of Kabbalah . The endowment was extended to women in 1843 , though Smith never clarified whether women could be ordained to priesthood offices .
Smith taught that the High Priesthood 's endowment of heavenly power included the sealing powers of Elijah , allowing High Priests to effect binding consequences in the afterlife . For example , this power would enable proxy baptisms for the dead and priesthood marriages that would be effective into the afterlife . Elijah 's sealing powers also enabled the second anointing , or " fulness [ sic ] of the priesthood " , which , according to Smith , sealed married couples to their exaltation .
= = = Theology of family = = =
During the early 1840s , Smith unfolded a theology of family relations called the " New and Everlasting Covenant " that superseded all earthly bonds . He taught that outside the Covenant , marriages were simply matters of contract , and that in the afterlife individuals married outside the Covenant or not married would be limited in their progression . To fully enter the Covenant , a man and woman must participate in a " first anointing " , a " sealing " ceremony , and a " second anointing " ( also called " sealing by the Holy Spirit of Promise " ) . When fully sealed into the Covenant , Smith said that no sin nor blasphemy ( other than the eternal sin ) could keep them from their exaltation in the afterlife . According to Smith , only one person on earth at a time — in this case , Smith — could possess this power of sealing .
Smith taught that the highest level of exaltation could be achieved through " plural marriage " ( polygamy ) , which was the ultimate manifestation of this New and Everlasting Covenant . Plural marriage , according to Smith , allowed an individual to transcend the angelic state and become a god , accelerating the expansion of one 's heavenly kingdom .
= = = = Polygamy = = = =
Smith had by some accounts been teaching a polygamy doctrine as early as 1831 , and there is unconfirmed evidence that Smith was a polygamist by 1835 . Although the church had publicly repudiated polygamy , in 1837 there was a rift between Smith and Oliver Cowdery over the issue . Cowdery suspected that Smith had engaged in a relationship with his serving girl Fanny Alger . Smith never denied a relationship , but insisted it was not adulterous , presumably because he had taken Alger as a plural wife .
In April 1841 , Smith wed Louisa Beaman ; and during the next two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years he married or was sealed to about 30 additional women , ten of whom were already married to other men ( this was generally done with the knowledge and consent of their husbands , and the records and circumstances of several of these unions support that they may have been considered " eternity @-@ only " sealings ) . Ten of Smith 's plural wives were between the ages of fourteen and twenty ; others were over fifty . The practice of polygamy was kept secret from both non @-@ Mormons and most members of the church .
Polygamy caused a breach between Smith and his first wife , Emma . Although Emma knew of some of her husband 's marriages , she almost certainly did not know the extent of his polygamous activities . In 1843 , Emma temporarily accepted Smith 's marriage to four women boarded in the Smith household , but she soon regretted her decision and demanded that the other wives leave . In July , Smith dictated a revelation directing Emma to accept plural marriage , but the two were not reconciled until September , after Emma began participating in temple ceremonies .
= = = Political views = = =
While campaigning for President of the United States in 1844 , Smith had opportunity to take political positions on issues of the day . Smith considered the U.S. Constitution , and especially the Bill of Rights , to be inspired by God and " the [ Latter Day ] Saints ' best and perhaps only defense . " . He believed a strong central government was crucial to the nation 's well @-@ being and thought democracy better than tyranny — although he also taught that a theocratic monarchy was the ideal form of government . In foreign affairs , Smith was an expansionist , though he viewed " expansionism as brotherhood " .
Smith favored a strong central bank and high tariffs to protect American business and agriculture . He disfavored imprisonment of convicts except for murder , preferring efforts to reform criminals through labor ; he also opposed courts @-@ martial for military deserters . He supported capital punishment but opposed hanging , preferring execution by firing squad or beheading .
Smith published a pro @-@ slavery essay in 1836 but later opposed the practice . During his presidential campaign , he proposed abolishing it by 1850 and compensating slaveholders through sale of public lands . Smith said he did not believe blacks to be inherently inferior to whites ; he welcomed both freemen and slaves into the church . However , he opposed baptizing slaves without permission of their masters , and he opposed miscegenation .
Smith declared that he would be one of the instruments in fulfilling Nebuchadnezzar 's statue vision in the Book of Daniel : that secular government would be destroyed without " sword or gun " , and would be replaced with a " theodemocratic " Kingdom of God . Smith taught that this kingdom would be governed by theocratic principles , but that it would also be multidenominational and democratic , so long as the people chose wisely .
= = = Ethics and behavior = = =
A succinct statement of ethics by Smith is found in his 13th Article of Faith :
We believe in being honest , true , chaste , benevolent , virtuous , and in doing good to all men ; indeed , we may say that we follow the admonition of Paul — We believe all things , we hope all things , we have endured many things , and hope to be able to endure all things . If there is anything virtuous , lovely , or of good report or praiseworthy , we seek after these things .
Smith said his ethical rule was , " When the Lord commands , do it " .
He also taught :
that which is wrong under one circumstance , may be and often is , right under another . God said thou shalt not kill — at another time he said thou shalt utterly destroy . This is the principle on which the government of heaven is conducted — by revelation adapted to the circumstances in which the elders of the kingdom are placed . Whatever God requires is right ... even things which may be considered abominable to all those who do not understand the order of heaven .
Beginning in the mid @-@ 1830s and into the 1840s , as the Mormon people became involved in conflicts with the Missouri and Illinois state governments , Smith taught that " Congress has no power to make a law that would abridge the rights of my religion , " and that they were not under the obligation to follow laws they deemed as being contrary to their " religious privilege " . Smith may have thus felt justified in promoting polygamy despite its violation of some traditional ethical standards .
= Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) =
" Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was written and produced by Carey , Jermaine Dupri and Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , with additional writing credits and features by American rappers Rick Ross and Meek Mill . Released on August 3 , 2012 , Carey revealed that she wrote the song during difficult and personal experiences in her life , and that through writing , helped alleviate the pain . She later stated that " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was written when her husband Nick Cannon was in the hospital with acute kidney failure in early 2012 , and was also inspired by the death of her past collaborator and friend , Whitney Houston .
The song is a midtempo R & B and hip hop ballad that " mixes a soft beat with piano accompaniment . " Its lyrics convey a message of self @-@ worth and perseverance , with Carey urging listeners to " Reach for the stars / Be all that you are . " The song made little impact commercially ; many felt the singer was overshadowed by the hip @-@ hop duo , and should have had more presence on her comeback single . Two accompanying versions were released alongside the original , titled the " Pulse Club " and " Vintage Throwback " remixes . Like the reception , commercial impact has been generally low . Most critics attribute this to the song 's low appeal to Top 40 formats and mainstream channels .
An accompanying music video for " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was shot in New York City . Directed by Nick Cannon , it officially premiered on August 21 , 2012 on Carey 's official website and the following day digitally . The video , featuring a victorious boxing theme , portrays Carey and Ross as promoters as they cheer Mill during his match . The clip was generally well received , due to its cinematography and ties with the song 's theme of perseverance and being " triumphant " . Carey performed the song live for the first time on September 5 , 2012 at Rockefeller Center . The performance marked the beginning of the new NFL season , starting with the New York Giants Vs . Dallas Cowboys game at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey .
= = Background and production = =
In September 2011 , less than six months after giving birth to twins , Carey tweeted a picture of herself and Jermaine Dupri in a recording studio working on new material for her currently untitled upcoming fourteenth studio album , with the picture 's caption reading " So happy to be back in the studio with the one & only @ Mr _ Dupri aka Jermash ! We are back together . " Following more speculation of the singer 's return to the studio , Carey posted photos of herself and Rick Ross in Miami during late April , where the song was produced . Later revealed as the lead single from the singer 's upcoming , yet @-@ untitled fourteenth studio album , " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was written and produced by Carey , Dupri and Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , with Ross and Meek Mill providing their verses . Relaying several hints regarding the song to the media , Carey explained the song 's conception in a series of tweets on July 30 , 2012 : " I wrote Triumphant when I was going through a difficult time and it helped me get through it . When u hear it , pay attention to the lyrics . " In an interview with MTV , Cox explained what fans would be able to expect from the song and why he felt Ross and Mill were " the perfect fit . " He expressed how the " inspirational song " is close to Carey 's heart and thought fans would become " emotionally attached " to it . Cox also added that Carey had committed herself to working on the album before she knew she was pregnant , but decided to halt its production until after she had given birth . With regard to the inclusion of the hip @-@ hop duo , he explained how they became involved with the project :
I think that Rick Ross is resilient , and Meek Mill [ is ] a new hot rapper , who 's really hot , one of my favorite new hip hop artists . Rick Ross , who 's always been one of my favorites , he 's resilient . I think that , through the years , people try to count him out , and he always comes back , comes back harder , comes back with bigger and better records . So I think that the theme of ' Triumphant , ' I think that he fits the theme of that whole concept the best , really , because through it all , Rick Ross always comes out on top .
In a conference call with Billboard , Carey revealed that she wrote " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " while her husband , Nick Cannon , was hospitalized receiving medical treatment for mild kidney failure , saying " There 's a lot of things you can take from there that can keep you going in a tough situation . " Carey also added that the song was written around the time her friend , singer Whitney Houston , had died . " ' We were actually in the hospital together when we saw it on TV . ' [ ... ] It was important for me to write something that would ... help me get through the moment . That ’ s where ‘ Stay triumphant , keep on living ’ came from . " Carey also expressed why she chosen Ross and Mill , or any hip @-@ hop artist in general on the track , claiming that they are " different " and how she is always experimenting on collaborations with varying and new artists . When asked why she chose not to release a lead single which was dance influenced , Carey explained how she felt regarding the current music scene ; " I think it would be incredible if we could bring back the days when R & B records didn 't have to cross over but be massive hits on their own , " and that was the reason why she did not want to conform to what is currently on trend . Additionally , she felt that " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " , potentially , would be able to generate cross @-@ appeal , and not only cater Mainstream Top 40 . With specific emphasis on the dance music scene and its popularity , Carey stated that while she was pregnant , the vast majority of music that was being released was dance and electronic music , saying " I was pregnant forever , and I was being tortured day and night by techno music . I was complaining to everyone who was listening . One time I made dinner for L.A. Reid , and we were both sitting there like ' What happened ? ' " It saddened Carey that R & B and hip @-@ hop music was being " bowled over " by dance music , and therefore wanted to remain true to herself by making traditional R & B music :
" I 'm collaborating with a lot of my favorite people but the main thing is [ that ] I 'm not trying to follow any particular trend . I want it to be well received . I want to stay true to myself and the music that I love and make the fans happy . It would be incredible if we can bring back the days where R & B songs didn 't have to cross over . It makes me sad that there are so many talented R & B artists that don 't get the chance that they should . "
= = Artwork and release = =
Carey revealed the single 's artwork via her Instagram account on July 30 , 2012 . Iona Kirby for The Daily Mail wrote that Carey is known for her " powerful voice , diva tendencies and voluptuous figure " and that she has managed to combine all three qualities in the artwork for " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " . She continued describing Carey 's gown as a " flesh @-@ coloured dress with cut @-@ out panels and a saucy split up one side . " Kirby was complimentary of the artwork , writing that Carey " sizzles " on the cover and that the " strapless frock leaves very little to the imagination as she smoulders for the camera . " A critic for the Belfast Telegraph also noted that Carey poses " seductively " for the shot . Robbie Daw for Idolator noted that it appeared as though the artwork had been photoshopped and that it is reminiscent of the cover art of Carey 's tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . Ayeesha Walsh for The Sun also noted a resemblance to the latter cover , writing " The cover shots for ' Triumphant ' are somewhat reminiscent ... which also sees her wearing a figure hugging gold dress while she strikes a similar pose . " A writer from MTV found the shot " endlessly entertaining " , while Declan Cashin of The Independent wrote : " Carey is depicted in golden hues as if she 's radiating the precious shimmering element from her very being . "
On August 1 , a 30 @-@ second low quality snippet of Ross ' verse was released , only one day prior to its scheduled release . Carey later confirmed via her official Twitter account that " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " would make its premiere on August 2 , 2012 at 3 : 45pm on the B96 Chicago radio station . However , the station failed to premiere the song , and instead made its official debut on her website . The song received its official radio release later that day at 6 : 20pm CST on the B96 radio station , almost three hours later than scheduled . It was made available to download digitally via iTunes on August 3 , 2012 , in The Netherlands , Belgium , Ireland , Italy , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . On August 7 , " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " made its stateside digital download premiere . Island / Def Jam serviced the hip @-@ hop version to R & B / hip @-@ hop radio on August 13 , and currently " mapping out strategies to deliver other versions across dance formats . "
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " is a midtempo R & B and hip hop ballad that " mixes a soft beat with piano accompaniment . " Written during a difficult time in Carey 's personal life , the song boasts inspirational lyrics of self @-@ worth and achievement . The song begins with an introductory verse from Mill , followed by Ross on the second verse . Though " cooing " throughout the chorus , Carey 's begins singing during the song 's bridge and final crescendo , where she displays her whistle register . The track opens with Mill , whose verse quickly sums up the theme of the track : " The only way to make it to the top is if you go and get it from the bottom ... I remember they said that it ain 't my turn / Just look at me now / Try to hold me down , but I ain 't gonna stop / ' Cause I 'm gonna climb to the mountaintop . " During the song 's chorus , Carey sings of not being able to be torn down by others and " staying triumphant " , before continuing : " Don 't let ' em ever count you out / Realize all things are possible / In your heart who 's the greatest / Reach for the stars / Be all that you are . "
During the second verse , Ross ' lyrics are somewhat different , " Red bottom Bawse house big as Baltimore " and " With a blonde bombshell trying to bond with your boy . " Additionally , he makes reference to strippers , as well as driving with a suspended drivers ' license . Throughout the bridge , Carey sings about achieving despite surrounding odds : " In spite of the chains that bind you / You can see the mountain top / It ’ s not too far . " Additionally , towards the last chorus , the singer releases a series of her " signature " high notes . During an August 2 , conference call , Carey described how she felt working with the duo , and how she felt Ross ' voice blended well with her own : " Working with Ross and Meek on the same record was incredible . Obviously Ross is a star and everybody loves him . I 'm a fan of his music , " said Carey on the collaboration . " I really , really wanted to work with him . I love the tone of his voice . I think the contrast of his voice and mine would be something special . I always like to do collaborations that people might think are different . "
= = Remixes = =
After the original version of " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was released , Carey 's official website premiered two other versions of the song , the " Vintage Throwback Remix " and the " Pulse Club Remix " . While the song 's initial release was tepidly received by critics , reviewers were more favorable towards the remixes . The remixes only feature Carey and eliminate the extensive rap verses with which many critics took issue . According to Carey 's manager , Randy Jackson , three versions of the song were released in order to monopolize all radio formats and cater to multiple audiences . In an interview with Billboard , Jackson expressed how they would remind Carey 's fans of her earlier remixes , which she would always re @-@ do her vocals : " The vintage throwback mix will remind fans of remixes she did years ago , and she 's had a lot of Billboard No. 1 dance hits as well . She went in and re @-@ sang the vocals , knowing that the two verses on this first version of this single with Meek and Ross were going to be hip @-@ hop verses where people were rapping . We wanted to have something for all of her fans . "
During a press release for the single and its accompanying remixes , Carey said the following regarding the re @-@ recorded vocals : " I ’ ve always had so much fun re @-@ singing my songs for the club / dance mixes . It gives me the freedom to sing as powerfully as I want and to rewrite the songs specifically for the genre . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine , who was critical of the song 's original version , praised the " Vintage Throwback Remix " . He felt it was more of what the original " should have been " and concluded : " a rousing vocal arrangement at the song 's climax sells Mariah 's inspirational message of perseverance and harks back to her ' 90s heyday . " Idolator 's Becky Bain called the remix far more " captivating " than the original , and felt its re @-@ recorded vocals showcased the singer 's " one @-@ of @-@ a @-@ kind range . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical = = =
While some critics appreciated the features and urban appeal of " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " , many criticized Carey 's lack of presence on the song . While describing the singer as taking the " back @-@ seat " throughout a large portion of the song , Becky Bain from Idolator complimented Carey 's vocal runs towards the bridge and final chorus . Spin 's Julianne Shepherd felt that while a strong release , " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " didn 't feature enough of Carey , given the near three @-@ year gap between her last release , Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel ( 2009 ) . A writer from Rolling Stone described the singer as " bewilderingly AWOL " throughout most of the song , but felt that she was " on @-@ point " during her part . In a similar vein , Robert Conrey from Digital Spy was disappointed with the song 's " lack of Mariah Carey . "
While Rap @-@ Up hailed " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " as an " uplifting anthem " , Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called the song the " worst lead single ( possibly the worst single , period ) of her two @-@ decade @-@ plus career . " He criticized Carey 's lack of originality with the song ; describing its production as " dated " . Leah Collins of the The Vancouver Sun felt the track 's lyrics lacked inspiration , comparing them to poems from Hallmark Cards . A critic from Artistdirect awarded the song five out of five stars , writing , " with soulful swagger and classic R & B poise , she delivers the track 's stadium @-@ size hook over bombastic , orchestral production . "
= = = Commercial = = =
Following in suit of its lukewarm critical response , " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " has made little impact since its release . The song made its chart debut on the US Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart on August 9 , 2012 , at number 97 . It debuted on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart for the issue dated August 25 , 2012 , at number 15 , representing the 25 songs charting under the Billboard Hot 100 . During the week dated August 11 , 2012 , the single debuted at number three on the South Korea Gaon International Chart , with 35 @,@ 870 digital download sales . " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " entered the UK Singles Chart issue dated at number 144 on August 15 , 2012 , and at number 29 on the UK R & B Chart . Similarly , it charted at number 135 during its debut week on the French Singles Chart . In Spain , the song debuted at number 36 on August 12 , 2012 . Critics have attributed the song 's initial weak charting to its urban sound , describing it as having little Mainstream Top 40 or crossover appeal . According to The Huffington Post , due to radio 's bias against artists over age 40 , " It ’ s not like people are listening to the song and deciding they don ’ t like it ; [ with Mariah ] they are not even listening . If radio isn ’ t playing it , then that ’ s a problem . "
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
An accompanying music video for " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was shot on July 29 and July 30 , 2012 , in New York City . It was directed and produced by Carey 's husband Nick Cannon . Described as a " tease " by Rap @-@ Up , Carey tweeted a picture of herself on set of the music video . Dressed in a red satin gown and " dripping with diamonds " , Carey was photographed lying on a sofa . Three days prior to the video 's release , Carey released a promotional still on her official Instagram account . Featuring Mill with his back towards the camera , the word " TRIUMPHANT " was splayed across his golden robe . Another photo surfaced later on that day , revealing the trio 's entrance into the boxing auditorium . Reviewing the second still , MTV 's Julia Brokow described Carey 's ensemble as " ever @-@ glamorous " , and assured the video would not disappoint . After viewing the shots , Jocelyn Vena , also from MTV , felt the video 's theme was a " fitting metaphor for the song . " The video premiered on BET 's 106 & Park on August 21 , 2012 .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The music video revolves around a boxing match theme . Mill portrays an underground boxer , while Carey and Ross , presumably as promoters . Opening with the entrance of the trio , the video begins with a hooded Mill entering a large dark auditorium . As he walks towards the ring , Carey and Ross accompany him on each side . As the video progresses into the first verse , close @-@ up shots of Mill during the match are shown , as a large audience cheers them on . Additionally , Mill can be seen rapping to the song 's lyrics as the camera zooms on him during each round recovery . During the chorus , Carey makes a secondary appearance in a floor @-@ length copper gown , while standing on a large golden and lightened platform . During Ross ' verse , DJ Khaled makes a cameo appearance as the former is shown on the golden stage , as well as ringside . As the song progresses , Carey is shown as a " ring girl " , walking around with several numbered signs . Towards the end of the match , scenes are interspersed with Carey standing alone in the ring belting the remainder of the song . During the video 's climax , confetti falls to the ground as she completes the song and walks to the ring 's edge .
= = = Reception = = =
Following its premiere , the video for " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was generally well received by critics . E ! ' s Bruna Nessif commended Carey 's " post @-@ baby body " , and wrote " [ the singer ] made sure to let us know that her comeback isn 't only in the music world , but physically , too . " Tanner Stransky from Entertainment Weekly felt the video was " very fitting " for the song 's vibe , and felt it presented " a distinct level of Mimi fabulosity . " A reporter from the Daily Mail called the visuals " sizzling " , and complimented the singers moments on the golden stage as " glittering " and " fabulous " . The Hollywood Reporter 's David Lipshutz described the video as a " glitzy clip " . Additionally , he outed its final segment of " Carey singing while confetti rain down " as the video 's highlight . While noting the video 's " classic Mimi fashions " , MTV 's Jocelyn Vena expressed how Carey 's ringside singing during the finale truly tied in with the song 's message of " overcoming adversity " . Marc Hogan of Spin noted it as " expensive @-@ looking and cinematic " , while a writer from CNN described the singer as " glamorous as ever . "
= = Live performance = =
Carey performed the song live only one time on September 5 , 2012 at Rockefeller Center . Sharing the stage with both No Doubt and Cee Lo Green , the hour long program was filmed live at 7 : 30PM EST on NBC . The performances marked the beginning of the new NFL season , starting with the New York Giants Vs . Dallas Cowboys at the MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey . According to the CBS News , Carey says she 's " thrilled to be performing in New York – her hometown – and adds she 's looking forward to making the season launch ' even more festive . ' "
= = Track listing and formats = =
Digital download
" Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " [ featuring Rick Ross and Meek Mill ] — 4 : 10
Digital download – Pulse Club Remix
" Triumphant " ( Pulse Club Remix Extended ) — 5 : 27
Digital download – Vintage Throwback Mix
" Triumphant " ( Vintage Throwback Mix ) — 4 : 53
= = Credits = =
Personnel
Songwriting – Mariah Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , William L. Roberts II , Robert R. Williams
Production – Mariah Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox
Credits adapted from Rap @-@ Up .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Jeanne Calment =
Jeanne Louise Calment ( French pronunciation : [ ʒan lwiz kalmɑ ̃ ] ; 21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997 ) was a French supercentenarian who has the longest confirmed human lifespan on record , living to the age of 122 years , 164 days . She lived in Arles , France , for her entire life , outliving both her daughter and grandson by several decades . Calment became especially well known from the age of 113 , when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh 's visit brought reporters to Arles . Her lifespan has been thoroughly documented by scientific study .
= = Early life = =
Calment was born in Arles on 21 February 1875 . Her father , Nicolas Calment ( 28 January 1838 – 22 January 1931 ) , was a shipbuilder , and her mother , Marguerite Gilles ( 20 February 1838 – 18 September 1924 ) , was from a family of millers . She had an older brother , François ( 25 April 1865 – 1 December 1962 ) . Some of her close family members also lived an above @-@ average lifespan , although none lived anywhere near as long as Jeanne : her older brother François lived to the age of 97 , her father to six days shy of 93 , and her mother to 86 .
= = Personal life = =
In 1896 , at the age of 21 , she married her double second cousin , Fernand Nicolas Calment , a wealthy store owner . Their paternal grandfathers were brothers , hence the same surname , and their paternal grandmothers were also sisters . His wealth made it possible for Calment never to have to work ; instead she led a leisured lifestyle , pursuing hobbies such as tennis , cycling , swimming , rollerskating , piano , and opera . Fernand died in 1942 at the age of 73 after suffering from a bout of food poisoning .
Their only child , a daughter named Yvonne Marie Nicolle Calment ( 19 January 1898 – 19 January 1934 ) , produced a grandson , Frédéric Billiot , on 23 December 1926 . Yvonne died on her 36th birthday from pneumonia , after which Calment raised Frédéric herself . Frédéric became a doctor , but died at age 36 in an automobile accident on 13 August 1963 .
In 1965 , at age 90 and with no heirs , Calment signed a deal to sell her apartment to lawyer André @-@ François Raffray , on a contingency contract . Raffray , then aged 47 years , agreed to pay her a monthly sum of 2 @,@ 500 francs ( € 381 @.@ 12 ) until she died . Raffray ended up paying Calment the equivalent of more than € 140 @,@ 000 which was more than double the apartment 's value . After Raffray 's death from cancer at the age of 77 , in 1995 , his widow continued the payments until Calment 's death . During all these years , Calment used to say to them that she " competed with Methuselah " .
= = Recognition = =
In 1985 , Calment moved into a nursing home , having lived on her own until age 110 . Her international fame escalated in 1988 , when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh 's visit to Arles provided an occasion to meet reporters . She said at the time that she had met Van Gogh 100 years before , in 1888 , as a thirteen @-@ year @-@ old girl in her father 's fabric shop , where he wanted to buy some canvas , later describing him as " dirty , badly dressed and disagreeable " , and " very ugly , ungracious , impolite , sick " . Calment recalled selling coloured pencils to Van Gogh , and seeing the Eiffel Tower being built . At the age of 114 , she appeared briefly in the 1990 film Vincent and Me as herself , becoming the oldest actress ever to appear in a motion picture .
A documentary film about her life , entitled Beyond 120 Years with Jeanne Calment , was released in 1995 . In 1996 , Time 's Mistress , a four @-@ track CD of Calment speaking over a background of rap , was released . On her 122nd birthday on 21 February 1997 , it was announced that she would make no more public appearances , as her health had seriously deteriorated . Jean @-@ Marie Robine , the French demographer and gerontologist , said that this " allowed her to die , as the attention had kept her alive . " She died on 4 August of that same year of unknown causes .
Both before and after Calment 's death , there have been several claims to have surpassed her age ( see Unverified longevity claims ) , but none of these have been proven and Calment therefore continues to hold the record for the oldest verified person ever .
= = Record breaking = =
After her 1988 interview , at age 113 , Calment was given the Guinness title " world 's oldest living person " . However , in 1989 , the title was withdrawn and given to Carrie C. White of Florida , who claimed to have been born in 1874 , although this has been discounted by subsequent census research . On White 's death on 14 February 1991 , Calment , then a week shy of 116 , became the oldest recognized living person .
On 17 October 1995 , Calment reached 120 years and 238 days to become the " oldest person ever " according to Guinness , surpassing Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan , whose claim ( 120 years 237 days old at the time of his death on 21 February 1986 , Calment 's 111th birthday ) was discounted in February of 2011 , more than thirteen years after Calment 's death .
= = Health and lifestyle = =
Calment 's remarkable health presaged her later record . At age 85 ( 1960 ) , she took up fencing , and continued to ride her bicycle up until her 100th birthday ( 1975 ) . She was reportedly neither athletic nor fanatical about her health . Calment lived on her own until shortly before her 110th birthday , when it was decided that she needed to be moved to a nursing home after starting a small fire in her house , caused by a cooking accident , which has been attributed to complications with sight . However , Calment was still in good shape , and continued to walk until she fractured her femur during a fall at age 114 years 11 months ( January 1990 ) , which required surgery .
It has been claimed that Calment smoked cigarettes from the age of 21 ( 1896 ) to 117 ( 1992 ) . According to one source , she smoked no more than two cigarettes per day . After her operation , Calment needed to use a wheelchair . In 1994 , age 119 , she weighed 45 kilograms ( 99 lb ) .
Calment ascribed her longevity and relatively youthful appearance for her age to a diet rich in olive oil ( which she also rubbed onto her skin ) , as well as a diet of port wine , and ate nearly one kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) of chocolate every week . She also credited her calmness , saying , " That 's why they call me Calment . " Calment reportedly remained mentally intact until her very end .
= = Death = =
On 4 August 1997 , around 10 AM Central European Time , Calment died at age 122 of natural causes . After her death , 116 @-@ year @-@ old Marie @-@ Louise Meilleur became the oldest recognized living person .
= = Verification = =
Exceeding any other longevity case reported , Calment establishes the record as the most @-@ verifiable supercentenarian ever recorded . Beginning with the 1876 census ( Calment is listed as a one @-@ year @-@ old ) , she was indexed within fourteen census documents until 1975 ( conducted sometime after she celebrated her 100th birthday ) . She was still managing independently at the time .
= John Horsefield =
John Horsefield ( 18 July 1792 – 6 March 1854 ) was an English handloom weaver and amateur botanist after whom the daffodil Narcissus ' Horsfieldii ' is named . Horsefield had little formal schooling , and acquired most of his botanical knowledge through self @-@ study and involvement in local botanical groups , which provided a venue for working class people to share knowledge , in part by pooling money to purchase books .
Horsefield founded one such society , the Prestwich Botanical Society , and was later president of a larger botanical society covering a wide area around north Manchester . He made several botanical discoveries and cultivated two new plants . A number of his writings about the working class and also some poetry were published , but nothing concerning botany other than in connection with the subject of the working class . He lived most of his life near Whitefield in Lancashire , in dire poverty . At the time of his death he had been married for 42 years and had fathered eleven children .
= = Early life = =
Born on 18 July 1792 , John Horsefield was the eldest son of Charles Horsefield , a barely literate man from whom he received encouragement in his early botanical interests . He reminisced in later life that both his father and his grandfather had been interested in botany and in floriculture . His birthplace was probably Besses o ' th ' Barn in Whitefield close to Prestwich , which became his home . His mother claimed he was born " dead " and had to be revived ; his childhood was dogged by poor health .
Horsefield learned to read during a single year 's attendance at school when he was six , after which he went to work for a gingham weaver . His education continued with twice @-@ weekly evening tuition in writing and arithmetic until he was around 15 years old . James Cash , a journalist , amateur botanist and the first chairman of the Manchester Cryptogamic Society , says Horsefield received some education for a short time when he started work : the weaver for whom he served charged two shillings ( 10p ) per calendar quarter to instruct his young employees in reading . This instruction took the form of the employees reading out lessons to him while they worked at their handlooms . An avid reader , his interest in botany was piqued when he obtained a copy of Nicholas Culpeper 's 1653 book , The Complete Herbal , of which he said , " The wonderful properties that are there ascribed to plants excited in me a strong desire to get acquainted with the plants themselves . " Thereafter he attended working @-@ men 's botanical societies and meetings in public houses , thus meeting a broad church of people with interests not only in the science of botany but also in floriculture , herbalism and horticulture .
Horsefield and his father were members of an early @-@ 19th century loose grouping of Mancunian amateur botanists , and of a short @-@ lived botanical society for working men in Whitefield . Horsefield attended meetings of the former group in 1808 , which was referred to as the " Manchester Society of Botanists " or the " Botanist Society " . Anne Secord , a historian of 19th century popular science , quotes an attendee of the society , Thomas Heywood , who describes it as being " without any regular place of meeting , without funds , without books and without rules ; a sort of members , but no body , having only one object in common – their love of plants " .
The Whitefield society arranged for funds to be pooled to buy books for communal use , enabling the 16 @-@ year @-@ old Horsefield to read James Lee 's 1760 work , An Introduction to Botany . It provided information on Linnaean taxonomy as it applied to plants , and from it Horsefield copied details onto a piece of paper he pinned to his loom to commit them to memory while he was working . He earned the respect of other botanists for his abilities in the sphere of collection and identification of species and was the first to find the Entosthodon templetoni moss in England .
Horsfield met his future wife Esther Eccorsley ( 1793 / 94 – 1872 ) at a botanical meeting in 1812 . The couple were married on 20 December 1812 at St Mary 's Church , Oldham .
= = Leadership = =
The meetings he attended in his early life were a part of a movement in the study of botany by artisans . This had been initiated by George Caley , James Crowther , John Dewhurst , John Mellor and Edward Hobson , the last of whom Horsefield met in 1809 at a meeting held at Radcliffe Bridge and whose knowledge he held in high regard . It was part of a broader working class movement involving the study of nature and natural history that developed in the late 18th century and continued into the next .
There is some evidence to suggest that in the period of social unrest that followed the end of the Napoleonic Wars , and which saw the introduction of the Seditious Meetings Act , gatherings of botanists may have been used as cover for the activities of politically radical reformers such as Samuel Bamford . Horsefield , who witnessed the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 , had such sympathies and recounted that
With politics I had little to do practically ; but in 1816 , after the war was over – an event which I had been taught to look to for the restoration of good trade – finding ourselves disappointed , that year of dear provisions and no work turned all my neighbours , as well as myself , into a kind of politicians . " Parliamentary Reform " was the cry . I attended several reform meetings in 1816 , and for a few years after . I attended one at Bury and one at Middleton , at each of which Samuel Bamford presided .
The Peterloo Massacre was the last political meeting Horsefield attended , although he retained a general interest in the subject of radical politics . He attended the Manchester Mechanics ' Institute , supported the idea of self @-@ education and , according to Harvey Taylor , a historian , " typified the Lancashire autodidactic seeker after self @-@ culture . " Having obtained his own garden in 1819 , he promoted his interests by founding the Prestwich Botanical Society on 11 September 1820 , presiding over meetings in a pub where plant specimens were brought together for identification and where those who could not read were taught the science of botany by those who could . He was president of the society for 32 years , during which time at least 131 books were purchased by the society for communal use . Writing in December 1829 , Horsefield explained that the Prestwich Society met on the second Monday of each month and usually had between 12 and 20 members , who were charged a monthly 6d . ( 2 ½ p ) subscription . The subscription , which was common to such societies , was intended to pay for books and create a fund for the purchase of drink ; the pub landlord provided the meeting and storage space at no charge as long as sufficient drink was consumed , a practice known as " wet rent " .
In 1830 he succeeded Hobson as president of an organisation with a wider geographical base and which held Sunday meetings in pubs for the purpose of educating the amateur artisan botanists . The Manchester botanist Leo Grindon ( 1818 – 1904 ) described this body as " the united societies of the whole district " , while another , Richard Buxton , who led an impoverished life like Horsefield , referred to it as the " General Botanical Meetings " whose gatherings took place at venues between Clayton , Eccles , Manchester , Middleton , Newton Heath and Radcliffe . Horsefield explained the didactic purpose of these societies as
[ W ] e instruct one another by continually meeting together ; so that the knowledge of one becomes the knowledge of all , and we make up for the deficiency of education by constant application to the subject .
He noted how the procedure for imparting the knowledge had to be changed such that , certainly by the 1850s and possibly as early as 1830 , the president 's role was to select specimens from those brought to the meeting and identify them to the attendees , who sat in silence . Horsefield describes this change as being necessary because previously the president
taking a specimen off the table ... gave it to the man on his left hand , telling him at the same time its generic and specific name ; he passed it on to another , and so on round the room ; and all the other specimens followed in a similar manner . But , from the noise and confusion caused by each person telling his neighbour the name of the specimen , some being unable to pronounce it , some garbling it , and all talking at once , we have been constrained of late years to adopt another method .
He championed these working people in print , praising their self @-@ taught skills , demanding they be accorded the respect of others working in the botanical field and using them as an example to counter generalised accusations such as those made by John Claudius Loudon that the textile workers of Lancashire were ignorant and degraded . He composed verses , including The Botanists ' Song , which acknowledged the conviviality obtained from meeting in pubs with the words " science circles with the glass " . But he did not produce any written works directly relating to botany , and in 1847 turned down the opportunity to write on the flora of Manchester with Buxton , whom he met in 1826 while they were independently studying plant life on Kersal Moor and whom he introduced to the Prestwich Botanical Society . Buxton was of the opinion that Horsefield was " not a mere country herbalist , but an excellent scientific botanist " , and the 1826 meeting presented Buxton with opportunities to meet a like @-@ minded circle of men where previously his had been a solitary pursuit .
Horsefield did not confine his scientific interests to botany , as he also studied algebra , mensuration and astronomy . Charles Horsefield had also encouraged his son in the last pursuit , taking him to meet Robert Ward , an astronomer in Blackley who had a telescope . John Horsefield developed an interest in the subject to the extent that he constructed an orrery , much to the bewilderment of his neighbours .
Cash notes that when constructing his orrery , Horsefield asked a local man to manufacture a golden ball to represent the sun and the man replied that " Aw 'll mak ' thee one an ' charge thee now 't for 't ; but , let me tell thee , fancy folk like thee ' re a 'lus poor " . Indeed , he was : all of his interests were indulged despite a background of dire poverty , and he remarked of his celebrity in botanical circles that " fame is not bread " . He remained a gingham weaver and during his lifetime the sole financial benefit from his interests came when he raised a new hybrid lily – Tigridia conchiflora – in his garden and sold it to a Manchester nurseryman , Thomas Watkinson , for £ 10 . His poverty caused him to be exempted from contributing to the book fund of the Prestwich Botanical Society from the mid @-@ 1820s , and he was later exempted from paying into the liquor funds of both that society and the wider @-@ based group . These concessions demonstrate the extent to which his knowledge was appreciated and occurred despite the teetotal Hobson having to pay into a liquor fund of which by definition he took no advantage . Horsefield received £ 13 10s. from a subscription that was started in 1853 in another attempt to alleviate his penurious state . After his death on 6 March 1854 , Esther , with whom he had six sons and five daughters , received £ 37 from this fund , and he left 37 bulbs of one of the earliest hybrid daffodils to be cultivated , Narcissus horsefieldii , that raised another £ 2 11s ( £ 2 @.@ 55 ) . N. horsefieldii became one of the most popular and extensively grown varieties of daffodil .
= = Death = =
John Horsefield died on 6 March 1854 , aged 62 , probably as a consequence of a strangulated hernia that had been masked by a tumour . He was buried on 10 March 1854 at the St. Mary 's Church , Prestwich , although at some point in his life it seems that he had upset the authorities of the established church for reasons unknown . His table tomb was listed as a Grade II monument by English Heritage in 2012 .
The epitaph on his tomb was written by Charles Swain ( 1807 – 1874 ) . It reads :
Bamford commemorated him in a poem written in 1855 , and Grindon wrote in 1882 that Horsefield was " one of the most celebrated of the old Lancashire operative botanists " . Esther died on 17 June 1872 . Their son , James , and his wife , Alice , are also commemorated on the headstone .
= Mind Over Murder =
" Mind Over Murder " is the fourth episode of the first season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on April 25 , 1999 . The episode features Peter after he is placed under house arrest , and decides to open his own bar in the family 's basement . The bar immediately becomes a success among Peter 's
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
male friends when his wife , Lois , begins to sing and dance in front of them while wearing revealing clothing . Meanwhile , Stewie attempts to create a time travel device in order to escape the pain of teething .
The episode was written by Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan and directed by Roy Allen Smith , all series firsts . Much of the episode 's humor is structured around cutaway sequences that parody popular culture , including those centered on The Chronicles of Narnia , Sesame Street , Homicide : Life on the Street , Mentos , and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln . The title " Mind Over Murder " was inspired by 1930s and 1940s radio programs , particularly the radio thriller anthology Suspense , which featured several elements pertaining to death and murder . The episode featured performances by guest stars Carlos Alazraqui , Butch Hartman , Alex Rocco , Leslie Uggams and Wally Wingert , along with several recurring voice actors for the series . It was rated TV @-@ 14 ( D , L ) in the United States and 12 in the United Kingdom .
The episode received praise from IGN television critic Ahsan Haque for its storyline and use of cultural references .
= = Plot = =
Stewie is in terrible pain from teething and cannot find comfort anywhere . When his mother Lois tells him that his pain will ultimately pass , it gives him the idea to build a machine that will move time forward to the point where his teething will have already stopped . Meanwhile , Lois tells Peter to drive their other son Chris to his soccer match , then come right back to look after Stewie . However , Peter 's friend Quagmire is there , and has brought beer , so Peter decides to ignore Lois and stay at the game . While there , another member of the crowd insults Chris . Angered , Peter punches this person in the face , only to discover that it is a pregnant woman who looks and sounds like a man .
Peter is put under house arrest for assault and soon begins to miss his friends . Peter has a vision of the Pawtucket Patriot , a fictional ale mascot , from his ale can label and on his advice opens a bar in his basement so that his friends can come to visit . The basement bar soon becomes a local hotspot . Lois is upset about this , until she gets a chance to sing on stage before an appreciative crowd . As she savors the spotlight over the next few days , Peter becomes increasingly uncomfortable with the attention she is getting , especially from the male patrons . Peter demands that she quit singing , but she refuses .
Peter is soon cornered by the neglected wives of his bar 's patrons , and invites them to drag their husbands out from his bar . Meanwhile , Stewie ’ s time machine plans are accidentally discovered by Lois , who shows them around to the bar 's patrons . Angered and upset that his plans have been discovered , Stewie runs upstairs . Soon after , the wives storm the bar and Lois tells them that she only wants to feel appreciated and special , something to which all the other women relate . Meanwhile , Quagmire accidentally starts a fire .
Upstairs , Stewie takes drastic measures to protect his plans , programming the machine to go back in time before he drew them up . In the bar , Peter and Lois have a heart @-@ to @-@ heart conversation , and they do not immediately notice that the bar is burning . When they try to escape , the stairs become blocked and they are trapped . Stewie reverses time just as Peter is having an epiphany about how poorly he treats Lois , and seconds before the basement bar goes up in flames . They all travel back in time , to when Lois asked Peter to take Chris to the game . While he is getting ready , Peter trips on Stewie 's time machine , destroying it and injuring his leg , thus preventing him from taking Chris to his soccer match , while Stewie is left to suffer with more teething pain .
= = Production = =
" Mind Over Murder " was written by Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan and directed by Roy Allen Smith , all of whom made their series debut with this episode . Peter Shin , who has since supervised other episodes of the show , acted as supervising director . Writer Andrew Gormley and voice actor Mike Henry acted as staff writers in this episode , while Ricky Blitt and Chris Sheridan worked as the story editors . In addition to the regular cast , the episode featured the voices of actors Leslie Uggams , Wally Wingert , Alex Rocco and Carlos Alazraqui . Recurring guest voice actors included actress Lori Alan and writer and animator Butch Hartman .
The title " Mind Over Murder " , like the titles of the first three episodes of the season , was inspired by 1930s and 1940s radio programs , particularly the radio thriller anthology Suspense , which featured several elements pertaining to death and murder . This convention was dropped in the fifth episode of the season , " A Hero Sits Next Door " , partly to make the episodes easier to distinguish by their titles .
= = Cultural references = =
When Lois confronts Peter about the mess he is making in their house , he says he is terrible at housework . From this comes a cutaway which shows Peter doing the laundry . When he climbs into the machine in search of a missing sock , he falls into a wintry world where he encounters Mr. Tumnus from The Chronicles of Narnia .
While Peter is under house arrest he states that he is becoming bored of everything in the house including the television shows , which he feels have blended together . A cutaway features Bert and Ernie from the children 's television series Sesame Street , in a mix with the crime drama Homicide : Life on the Street .
When the Griffin family is watching television they see a commercial for Mentos @-@ brand mints , which features the American stage actor John Wilkes Booth as he attempts to assassinate Abraham Lincoln .
When Stewie starts to feel pain around the inside of his mouth , Lois notices and states that he is teething . Stewie quickly responds by asking her to kill him , or to shake him like a British nanny , a reference to the Louise Woodward case .
= = Reception = =
In his 2008 flashback review , Ahsan Haque of IGN praised the episode , rating it a 9 / 10 , praising the " integration between the random jokes and the storyline " , in comparison to later episodes . He criticized the " one @-@ dimensional " nature of Stewie 's character , but was impressed by the amount of story featured in this half @-@ hour episode . In another article , Haque named Stewie 's time machine plan from " Mind Over Murder " number five in his list of " Stewie 's Top 10 Most Diabolical Evil Plans " .
Robin Pierson of The TV Critic gave the episode a mixed review , giving it a 55 % . Pierson praised the episode 's plot , the handling of Peter and Stewie , and some of the cutaways . He criticized the relationship between Lois and Peter as unconvincing . At the end of his review he stated , " Family Guy doesn ’ t seem to have found the right balance yet between silliness and seriousness . So far its plots have been either irrelevant or emotionally unappealing . This was also a bit short on good jokes . "
= German U @-@ boat bases in occupied Norway =
German U @-@ boat bases in occupied Norway operated between 1940 and 1945 , when the Kriegsmarine ( German navy ) , converted several naval bases in Norway into submarine bases . Norwegian coastal cities became available to the Kriegsmarine after the invasion of Denmark and Norway in April 1940 . Following the conclusion of the Norwegian Campaign ( June 1940 ) , the occupying Germans began to transfer U @-@ boats stationed in Germany to many Norwegian port cities such as Bergen , Narvik , Trondheim , Hammerfest and Kirkenes . Initial planning for many U @-@ boat bunkers began in late 1940 . Starting in 1941 , the Todt Organisation began the construction of bunkers in Bergen and Trondheim . These bunkers were completed by Weyss & Freytagg AG between 1942 and 1943 .
The Kriegsmarine generally used U @-@ boats stationed in Norway to extend its range of operation in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans . The Norwegian bases housed U @-@ boats that took part in the interception of Allied convoys crossing the Arctic Ocean to the Soviet Union . Following the liberation of France by the Western Allies in 1944 , U @-@ boat activity in many Norwegian ports increased . With the French ports captured or cut off , many German U @-@ boats re @-@ located to Norwegian port cities .
During the German occupation of Norway , the Kriegsmarine stationed over 240 U @-@ boats in the Nordic country at one time or another , most of them members of the 11th U @-@ boat Flotilla , which had 190 U @-@ boats in its fleet during the flotilla 's entire career . Other well @-@ known flotillas in Norway included the 13th and 14th Flotillas .
= = German invasion of Norway = =
Germany invaded both Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940 . Norway was very important to Germany for two reasons : firstly as a base for naval units to harass Allied shipping in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans , and secondly to secure shipments of iron ore coming in from Sweden through the port of Narvik . During Operation Weserübung , Denmark fell in less than a day , becoming the briefest invasion in recorded military history . The Norwegians put up a stiffer resistance to the invading German forces . Nonetheless , by May the southern half of Norway was under German control . Following the German invasion of France and the Low Countries , the Allies were forced to evacuate Narvik , leaving the country to the Germans who would occupy it until the end of the war . After the invasion , Vidkun Quisling led the collaborationist government of Norway , based around the fascist Nasjonal Samling ( " National Gathering " ) party .
= = German use of Norwegian ports = =
During the occupation , several of the nation 's naval ports were turned into U @-@ boat bases that were used to harass Allied shipping in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans . These included Bergen , Narvik , Trondheim , Hammerfest and Kirkenes . Over 240 U @-@ boats were stationed in Norway at various times during the war , most of them were members of the 11th U @-@ boat Flotilla which had 190 U @-@ boats in its fleet during the flotilla 's career . Other well @-@ known flotillas in Norway included the 13th and 14th flotillas .
= = = Bergen = = =
The southern port of Bergen was captured by the Germans on 9 April 1940 , on the first day of the invasion . The Germans immediately saw the potential for several Norwegian harbours and ports to function as bases of operation for the Kriegsmarine 's U @-@ boats patrolling the North Sea and the Arctic Ocean . It would become the home of the 11th U @-@ boat Flotilla .
Bergen was the first Norwegian port to be established as a U @-@ boat base . From July 1940 to the end of the war in May 1945 , 270 U @-@ boat patrols originated in Bergen . Bergen was also the site where the only type XXI submarine left for a patrol in the war ; U @-@ 2511 left the port on 3 May 1945 .
Planning for the first U @-@ boat bunker in Bergen began in late 1940 and was undertaken by the German military engineering group , the Todt Organisation . It coordinated the building of the first U @-@ boat bunker in Bergen , codenamed Bruno , as well as several other U @-@ boat bunkers along the Norwegian coast . The construction of Bruno began in 1941 . When it was completed it had seven pens , three of which were " dry " docks and three of which were " wet " docks . The seventh pen was used for storing fuel , torpedoes and other essentials . The bunker itself had a roof up to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) thick and was 131 metres ( 430 ft ) by 143 metres ( 469 ft ) in area . Once Bruno was completed , it could hold up to 9 U @-@ boats .
Bergen remained a quiet base during the first few years of the occupation , experiencing only one large Allied air attack . In 1943 , the U @-@ boat base added two new bunkers , U @-@ Stützpunkt Prien and U @-@ Stützpunkt Weddingen along with a shipyard named Danziger Werft .
The U @-@ boat base at Bergen grew exponentially after the liberation of France by the Western Allies , when the senior commanding officer of U @-@ boat operations in the west ( " FdU West " ) was moved from Angers , France to the city . A large expansion program was conducted at the base and several new anti @-@ aircraft guns were set up to protect the U @-@ boat bunkers . More engineers and technicians were moved to Bergen to accommodate the increased technical requirements of the base as well . Two more bunkers named Werft Gemeinschaftslager 1 and Gemeinschaftslager 2 were also built during this time .
In late 1944 several British air attacks damaged the U @-@ boat bases in Bergen . During one of these attacks , a ' Tallboy ' bomb went straight through the roof of pen 3 , damaging it beyond repair and putting it out of action for the remainder of the war . The base was handed over to the Allies , along with the rest of occupied Norway , on 8 May 1945 when all German forces in Europe surrendered . As a result of the intensive bombing of the city in late 1944 and 1945 , the Bergen area was one of the worst damaged regions in the south of Norway at the conclusion of the war .
= = = Trondheim = = =
Trondheim was an important U @-@ boat base in Norway during the war . It was the home of the 13th flotilla and sent out around 55 U @-@ boat patrols between June 1940 and the end of the war in May 1945 .
The list of surrenderred U @-@ boats in Trondheim included following : U @-@ 310 , U @-@ 315 , U @-@ 483 , U @-@ 773 , U @-@ 775 , U @-@ 861 , U @-@ 953 , U @-@ 978 , U @-@ 994 , U @-@ 995 , U @-@ 1019 , U @-@ 1064 and U @-@ 1203 .
Two U @-@ boat bunkers , codenamed " Dora I " and " Dora II " , were planned to be built in Trondheim to provide additional repair facilities outside Germany itself . Like the bunkers in Bergen , the two bunkers in Trondheim came under the control of the Todt Organisation . Only " Dora I " , which the Kriegsmarine took charge of in 1943 , was completed before the end of the war . At 153 feet ( 47 m ) long and 105 feet ( 32 m ) wide it had five pens with space to hold seven U @-@ boats . Construction of " Dora II " began in 1942 but was never completed . If finished it would have been 168 feet ( 51 m ) long by 102 feet ( 31 m ) wide , with four pens capable of holding six U @-@ boats .
= Littlest Pet Shop ( 2012 TV series ) =
Littlest Pet Shop is a Canadian – American children 's animated television series developed by Julie McNally @-@ Cahill and Tim Cahill for Hasbro Studios . Based on the Littlest Pet Shop and Blythe toys owned by Hasbro , the show follows a Blythe Baxter , a teenage girl who , after moving into an apartment in a metropolitan area , gains the ability to communicate with animals . Located below her apartment is the eponymous pet store where Blythe works and talks to a group of pets who regularly reside at a day care in the shop . Worried that a corrupt rival business will drive their shop out of business , the pets depend on Blythe to drive business into the store with her pet fashion designs .
The show debuted on November 10 , 2012 , and ran for four season and 104 episodes . Littlest Pet Shop is produced by Hasbro Studios and DHX Media . Animated using Flash , completion of a single episode takes roughly one year , with several in production at once . The show has received mixed reception ; it has been criticised for its embedded marketing , while reviewers have given praise to the writing . Several crew members have additionally received accolades for their work on the show . The series finale aired on June 4 , 2016 .
The series is a part of the company 's franchise reboot , where Hasbro released a new line of Littlest Pet Shop toys designed to more closely resemble the characters on the show . A mobile game and comic book adaptation were also commissioned .
= = Plot and cast = =
The series follows Blythe Baxter ( Ashleigh Ball ) , a teenage girl living with her air pilot father , Roger ( Michael Kopsa ) . Forced to move out from her suburban hometown following her father 's promotion , she moves into an apartment located in a crowded city . Their complex is located above the eponymous Littlest Pet Shop — a pet store that also serves as a day camp for numerous pets — where Blythe works as a fashion designer . Her adventure begins when she discovers that she alone can miraculously understand and talk to the pets that regularly stay at the shop , in addition to most other animals on the planet . As she and the pets spend time together , they find the pet shop jeopardized by larger pet store managed by Fisher Biskit ( Samuel Vincent ) and his snooty twin daughters , Whittany and Brittany Biskit ( Shannon Chan @-@ Kent ) . To avoid being dispersed , the pets convince Blythe to remain an employee .
The pets who reside in the day camp of the store are Pepper ( Tabitha St. Germain ) , a wisecracking skunk passionate about comedy ; Minka ( Kira Tozer ) , a bouncy spider monkey with a flair for painting and visual arts ; Penny Ling ( Jocelyne Loewen , Laura Hastlings in song ) , a sensitive giant panda interested in rhythmic gymnastics ; Russell ( Vincent ) , a hedgehog who is often the self @-@ appointed leader of his animal bunkmates ; Sunil ( Peter New ) , a mongoose and magician hopeful ; Vinnie ( Kyle Rideout ) , a clumsy gecko obsessed with dancing ; and Zoe ( Nicole Oliver , Kylee Epp in song ) , a diva @-@ like dog with a talent for singing . Other human characters include Mrs. Twombly ( Kathleen Barr ) , owner of the shop and Blythe 's boss , and Youngmee Song ( Chan @-@ Kent ) , Sue Patterson ( Tozer ) , and Jasper Jones ( Barr ) , Blythe 's schoolmates .
= = Background = =
Hasbro owns the rights of both Blythe and Littlest Pet Shop , toy lines respectively introduced in 1972 and 1992 . Manufactured through their Kenner Products division , Hasbro acquired the Cincinnati @-@ based company , then owned by Tonka , in 1991 . Hasbro sold these toys under the name of this division until they closed down Kenner 's original Cincinnati headquarters in 2000 . Claster Television had produced an earlier animated show based on Littlest Pet Shop in 1995 for Hasbro , but the 2012 Littlest Pet Shop series marked the first adaptation of the Blythe doll to a character on television . A prior incarnation of such a character is the protagonist of Littlest Pet Shop Presents , an unrelated animated miniseries produced by Cosmic Toast Studios . This series was released by Hasbro exclusively on the Internet .
Julie McNally @-@ Cahill and Tim Cahill developed Littlest Pet Shop , having joined Hasbro Studios in September 2011 . The two serve as both executive producers and story editors on the show ; also working as executive producers are Chris Bartleman and Kirsten Newman . The show was announced in March 2011 , based on Hasbro 's 2010 introduction of the Blythe Loves Littlest Pet Shop toy line . Margaret Loesch , then the CEO of the Hub Network — a network partly owned by Hasbro and Discovery Communications — commissioned the series .
= = Production = =
Given Hasbro 's framework for Littlest Pet Shop , the developers Cahills pitched their adaptation of the property . Hasbro originally felt discouraged over having the show set at the pet store , finding the exchange of animals they thought would come from that disconcerting . The Cahills saw the studio 's definition of such stores as antiquated , convincing them that most modern locations provide grooming and day care services as opposed to merely selling pets . Production followed quickly , much to their surprise .
The studio defined only Blythe and the pets as characters , so the Cahills sought to expand the human character 's fictional universe , designing Blythe 's friends , Mrs. Twombly , and the Biskit twins . Julie explained that she and her husband 's preference for quirky comedy inspired that of the show . While the show is aimed at a demographic of young girls , Julie said that she and the writers attempt to cater to boys of the same age and parent viewers simultaneously . Original music for the show is accomplished by film and television composers Daniel Ingram and Steffan Andrews . Ingram wrote that the urban setting of Littlest Pet Shop prompted the use of a modern style of music . The score incorporates pop and other cultural influences for the same reason . Ingram found Hasbro 's pushing of the limitations for music in daytime television a source of pride .
Each 22 @-@ minute episode takes approximately a year to complete ; three to four episodes are produced simultaneously . Storyboard artists depict scenes using SketchBook Pro . Adapting these boards to limited animation , studio DHX Media handles the designs , poses and key frames of movement for each character appearing in a given scene for an episode , as well as background art . DHX hands these assets to a separate studio , where the remaining animation is finished using Adobe Flash . The speed of production is throttled slightly by Blythe having two unique outfits per episode , according to director Joel Dickie . Supervising director Dallas Parker similarly explained that the variety of assets created for each episode challenged the process of Flash animation in reusing movements .
= = Release = =
The Hub Network aired the first two episodes of Littlest Pet Shop in succession on November 10 , 2012 . The network scheduled these episodes to succeed the third season premiere of Friendship Is Magic , based on the My Little Pony toy line , also owned by Hasbro . The network ordered 26 episodes for its first season , concluding it on April 27 , 2013 . A second season , also of 26 episodes , premiered on November 2 , 2013 , and concluded on April 12 , 2014 . A third season of the same amount of episodes aired from May 31 , 2014 , to March 7 , 2015 . During this season , the network shifted management and was renamed to Discovery Family . According to show writer Roger Eschbacher , a fourth and final season will be aired , beginning November 7 , 2015 .
= = Related products = =
= = = Mobile game = = =
As part of a contractual agreement with Hasbro , Gameloft developed a mobile game based on the show . Released in the same year the show premiered , on November 22 , the game is of the city @-@ building genre . The game , Littlest Pet Shop , is freemium software — microtransactions allows users to speed up the progression of the game . The game provides over 150 animal companions for users to collect ; minigames allow players to take care of these pets . Its initial release was for the iOS platform . An Android port was released shortly afterwards .
Writing in TouchArcade , Jared Nelson wrote that the game is unexceptional for players who are not fans of the toy line . While in the United Kingdom the game was subject of controversy concerning its incorporation of in @-@ app purchases , the Advertising Standards Authority deemed it acceptable . The organization found that the instructions detailing purchases did not coerce players to make such purchases .
= = = Comic book = = =
IDW Publishing was commissioned to adapt Littlest Pet Shop to a comic book . An adaptation made up of five issues , released from May 7 to September 17 , 2014 , was written by Georgia Ball and Matt Anderson and illustrated by Nico Peña and Antonio Campo . Anderson had worked on the shorter , contained stories , while Ball had scripted the remainder of each issue .
Different from the other Hasbro properties Ball had worked on , she explained that Hasbro wanted the comic to entertain readers rather than be morally didactic . She likened this to the principle of " no hugging , no learning " coined on the set of Seinfeld . Apart from that , the studio gave Ball license to give Blythe hobbies not depicted on the show . Ball focused on writing stories that would appeal to readers transitioning from primary to secondary education . She described the structure for the comic as a daily drama , while Anderson thought of it as slice of life .
= = = Home media = = =
Shout ! Factory has secured North American distribution rights for programs broadcast by the Hub Network and Discovery Family , releasing several DVD sets for Littlest Pet Shop . Primal Screen , a distributor located in the United Kingdom , obtained the rights for its first two seasons for most of Western Europe and the Middle East . Beyond Home Entertainment handles distribution in Australia .
= = Reception = =
Littlest Pet Shop became one of the Hub Network 's top programs in 2013 . Both the show and Friendship Is Magic were outperforming shows aimed at similar demographics internationally , according to Stephen Davis , president of Hasbro Studios . Hasbro rebooted their toy line in accordance with the show ; newer collections features customizable sets for fans to " create , decorate and personalize their own scenes " inspired by episodes .
Writing for the parent @-@ focused organization Common Sense Media , Emily Ashby found the show unimpressive . She praised Blythe as a model of " integrity , self @-@ confidence , loyalty , and creativity " but found fault with product placement and the " run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill " pet characters . Mercedes Milligan of Animation Magazine , however , described the varied personalities of the pet characters as the most endearing trait of the show . Writing in Entertainment Weekly , Hillary Busis found the Biskit twins amusing as characters . Busis praised the twenty @-@ first episode of the first season in particular , which contains a parody of both Toddlers & Tiaras and the Christopher Guest – directed film Best in Show . An homage to Star Trek was singled out by Hanh Nguyen in TV Guide .
Tori Michel of About Entertainment gave praise to a DVD set containing five episodes of the first season . She wrote that despite the intended demographic , older children in elementary and middle school would find the writing humorous , while girls would find the pet characters entertaining the most . The Dove Foundation member Donna Rolfe gave the same set a full five stars .
The show was nominated at the 40th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards for the song " If You 're a Guy " in 2013 , but it lost this to 3rd & Bird . Oliver 's portrayal of Zoe won her an award from ACTRA and the Union of British Columbia Performers . New , who voices Sunil , was nominated for this but lost to Oliver . Ingram and Andrews were nominated for Leo Awards for their work as composers of the episode " Lights , Camera , Mongoose ! " in 2014 . The duo later won this nomination in common .
= Maryland Route 177 =
Maryland Route 177 ( MD 177 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known as Mountain Road , the highway runs 10 @.@ 92 miles ( 17 @.@ 57 km ) from MD 2 in Pasadena east to Gibson Island . MD 177 serves as an arterial highway through Pasadena , Jacobsville , and the Lake Shore area of northeastern Anne Arundel County . The highway is paralleled by MD 100 through Pasadena and Jacobsville . MD 177 originally began near what is now its western intersection with MD 648 , which was originally part of MD 2 . A short section of the highway was built in Pasadena in the early 1910s . MD 177 was extended east through Jacobsville in the early 1920s and to Gibson Island in the late 1920s . The highway was extended west in the late 1930s after MD 2 was relocated to its present four @-@ lane divided highway . A freeway section of MD 177 was constructed between MD 3 in Glen Burnie and MD 2 in the mid @-@ 1960s ; the freeway was renumbered MD 100 when that highway was completed from Pasadena to Jacobsville in the early 1970s . Congestion east of MD 100 led to the addition of a reversible lane in 1999 .
= = Route description = =
MD 177 begins at an intersection with MD 2 ( Governor Ritchie Highway ) in Pasadena just north of MD 2 's interchange with MD 100 ( Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway ) . The state highway heads east as a six @-@ lane divided highway which drops to four lanes at its intersection with a ramp from southbound MD 10 ( Arundel Expressway ) and ramps to and from westbound MD 100 . MD 177 passes under MD 10 , spawns a ramp onto northbound MD 10 , and meets the southern end of MD 648 ( Baltimore – Annapolis Boulevard ) at Lipin 's Corner . At the next intersection , unsigned MD 915 ( Long Hill Road ) splits to the south . MD 177 continues east as a two @-@ lane road that regularly gains a center turn lane . The state highway intersects another section of MD 648 ( Waterford Road ) , Catherine Avenue , and Edwin Raynor Boulevard on its way to Jacobsville . In the center of Jacobsville , MD 177 intersects MD 607 , which heads south as Magothy Bridge Road and north as Hog Neck Road .
East of Jacobsville , MD 177 receives the eastern end of MD 100 . There is no direct access from eastbound MD 100 to westbound MD 177 . The state highway becomes a three @-@ lane road with the center lane controlled by lane use signals . During rush hours , there are two lanes in the relevant direction ; at all other times , the center lane serves as a center left turn lane . The eastern end of the three @-@ lane section is at South Carolina Avenue in the community of Lake Shore . MD 177 continues east as a two @-@ lane road and passes a loop of Old Mountain Road . At Pinehurst Road , which leads to Downs Memorial Park , the route veers southeast toward Gibson Island . MD 177 reaches its eastern terminus at the gatehouse that guards the private island community on the north side of the mouth of the Magothy River at the Chesapeake Bay .
MD 177 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from MD 100 in Jacobsville to Pinehurst Road near Gibson Island .
= = History = =
The first portion of MD 177 to be constructed was the portion of the Baltimore – Annapolis Boulevard between what are now MD 648 and MD 915 at Lipin 's Corner . That highway , which was designated MD 2 in 1927 , was paved as a 16 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) wide macadam road in 1911 and 1912 . This segment of the Boulevard was widened to 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) with a pair of 3 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) concrete shoulders by 1926 . Mountain Road itself was paved as a 14 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) wide concrete road from Lipin 's Corner east to just east of the modern Waterford Road segment of MD 648 . By 1921 , the concrete road was extended east to Jacobsville . The paved portion of Mountain Road was extended east to near Woods Road by 1923 . MD 177 was completed as a concrete highway to Gibson Island in 1928 . MD 177 was widened to at least 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) from Lipin 's Corner to Gibson Island by 1930 . After MD 2 was relocated to Governor Ritchie Highway in 1936 , MD 177 was extended west from Lipin 's Corner to the new four @-@ lane divided highway by 1939 . MD 177 was reconstructed from Lipin 's Corner to east of Jacobsville to ameliorate curves in 1952 .
A westward freeway extension of MD 177 was under construction from MD 3 ( Glen Burnie Bypass ) east to MD 2 by 1963 . The freeway opened as MD 177 in 1964 with intermediate interchanges at MD 174 and Oakwood Road . In 1966 , the freeway was extended slightly east to terminate at Mountain Road at an intersection at the site of today 's ramps to and from westbound MD 100 . By 1967 , an extension of the freeway east to beyond Jacobsville was proposed . The eastward freeway extension opened in 1971 ; however , the extension and the freeway west to MD 3 were designated MD 100 . MD 177 was expanded to a divided highway from MD 2 to MD 10 when the latter freeway was extended south from MD 648 to MD 100 between 1987 and 1989 . The divided highway was extended east to Lipin 's Corner in 1997 . Since the late 1970s , heavy traffic on MD 177 east of MD 100 has spurred efforts to build a bypass of the Lake Shore section or widen the highway , projects that have been opposed by residents who fear increased development on the peninsula . Congestion on the highway was eased significantly when lane use signals were added to allow the center lane of the highway to become a travel lane during rush hours in July 1999 .
= = Junction list = =
The entire route is in Anne Arundel County .
= Congolese Independence Speech =
The Speech at the Ceremony of the Proclamation of the Congo 's Independence was a short political speech given by Patrice Lumumba on 30 June 1960 . The address marked the independence of Congo @-@ Léopoldville ( the modern @-@ day Democratic Republic of the Congo ) from Belgium and became a famous example of an attack on colonialism .
Lumumba , the first Congolese Prime Minister , gave the address during the official independence commemorations at the Palais de la Nation in Léopoldville ( modern @-@ day Kinshasa ) . The ceremony was intended to mark the harmonious end of Belgian rule and was attended by both Congolese and Belgian dignatories , including King Baudouin . Lumumba 's speech , which was itself unscheduled , was in large part a response to Baudouin 's speech which argued that the end of colonial rule in the Congo had been depicted as the culmination of the Belgian " civilising mission " begun by Leopold II in the Congo Free State .
Lumumba 's speech , broadcast live on the radio across the world , denounced colonialism and was interpreted as an affront to Belgium and Baudouin personally . While it was well @-@ received within the Congo , it was widely condemned internationally as unnecessarily confrontational and for showing ingratitude at a time when Belgium had granted independence to the state . The speech nearly provoked a diplomatic incident between the Congo and Belgium and Lumumba later gave further speeches attempting to adopt a more conciliatory tone .
The speech itself has since been praised for its use of political rhetoric , and is considered a landmark moment in the independence of the Congo . It has also been cited as a contributory factor to the subsequent Congo Crisis and in Lumumba 's murder in 1961 . Since its deliverance , the speech has been widely reprinted and has been depicted in paintings and film .
= = Background = =
Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century . King Leopold II of Belgium , frustrated by Belgium 's lack of international power and prestige , attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then @-@ largely unexplored Congo Basin . The Belgian government 's ambivalence about the idea led Leopold to eventually create the colony on his own account . With support from a number of Western countries , who viewed Leopold as a useful buffer between rival colonial powers , Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony , the Congo Free State , in 1885 . By the turn of the century , however , the violence of Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction had led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country , which it did in 1908 , creating the Belgian Congo .
Belgian rule in the Congo was based around the " colonial trinity " ( trinité coloniale ) of state , missionary and private company interests . The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became specialised . On many occasions , the interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied and the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers imposed by the indigenous population . The country was split into nesting , hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions , and run uniformly according to a set " native policy " ( politique indigène ) — in contrast to the British and the French , who generally favoured the system of indirect rule whereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight . There was also a high degree of racial segregation . Large numbers of white immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of World War II came from across the social spectrum , but were nonetheless always treated as superior to blacks .
An African nationalist movement developed in the Belgian Congo during the 1950s , primarily among the black middle @-@ class évolués . The movement was divided into a number of parties and groups which were broadly divided on ethnic and geographical lines and opposed to one another . The largest , the Mouvement National Congolais ( MNC ) , was a united front organisation dedicated to achieving independence " within a reasonable " time and was led by , among others , Patrice Lumumba . The MNC 's main rival was the Alliance des Bakongo ( ABAKO ) , led by Joseph Kasa @-@ Vubu , who advocated a more radical ideology than the MNC , based around calls for immediate independence and the promotion of regional identity . In the aftermath of rioting in the capital Léopoldville ( modern @-@ day Kinshasa ) in 1959 , the independence of the Congo was agreed at the 30 June 1960 and a constitution ( loi fondamentale ) was agreed , creating a semi @-@ presidential constitution . Kasa @-@ Vubu was proclaimed President , and Lumumba Prime Minister .
= = The speech = =
= = = Background and context = = =
The speech was given as part of the official ceremony held at the Palais de la Nation in Léopoldville ( modern @-@ day Kinshasa ) marking the end of Belgian colonial rule in the country .
The official programme for the Independence Day celebrations began with a Te Deum at the Cathedral of Notre @-@ Dame @-@ du @-@ Congo . The service began at 9 : 00 am , after which delegates returned to the Palais de la Nation which had been the residency of the Belgian Governor @-@ General of the Congo . Some leading Congolese musicians , notably Joseph Kabaselleh and his band , Le Grand Kallé et l 'African Jazz , performed specially @-@ written songs commemorating independence there until 11 : 00 am . These included Indépendance Cha Cha , one of Kabaselleh 's best @-@ known works . After this , the official speeches - the main component of the day 's festivities - began . In the audience were dignitaries from both Belgium and the Congo as well as the international press .
King Baudouin , representing Belgium , gave the first speech in which he praised the " genius " of his ancestor , King Leopold II , who begun the colonisation of the Congo on his own initiative in the 1880s . Baudouin depicted the end of colonial rule in the Congo as the culmination of the Belgian " civilising mission " and spoke of the close relations he hoped would be maintained between the two countries . Following the end of the King 's speech , Kasa @-@ Vubu gave a short and uncontroversial address thanking the King for his attendance and for his best wishes . Both speeches were applauded vigorously . In a change to the schedule , Joseph Kasongo , the President of the Congolese Assembly who was presiding over the ceremonies , invited Lumumba to give an address as Lumumba had requested him to do so . The invitation came as a surprise to the audience , who had not expected Lumumba to take any part in the ceremony .
Kasongo and Thomas Kanza , a member of Lumumba 's government , had been requested to visit Lumumba at his house on the morning of 30 June before the start of the ceremonies to look over an early draft of Lumumba 's planned speech . The Belgian pacifist , Jean Van Lierde , may also have been present at the meeting . Kanza had also spent the car journey to the Te Deum re @-@ reading the speech and making corrections . Lumumba then made his own alterations to the script during the speeches given by Baudouin and Kasa @-@ Vubu .
= = = Content = = =
The speech begins with Lumumba addressing his speech to the Congolese people and praising independence as the culmination of the struggle of the nationalist movement , rather than the result of Belgian concessions .
The speech continued , outlining the personal suffering of the nationalists during the course of the struggle . Lumumba then turned to enumerating the suffering of ordinary Congolese people under colonialism , through forced labour , systematic racial discrimination , land seizure , wealth disparity and physical maltreatment at the hand of the colonial state .
Independence , Lumumba argued , had brought the end to these forms of suffering . Through its democratic institutions , Congolese self @-@ government would deliver social justice and fair wages . Racial discrimination and repression would be abolished and the Congo would become " the pride of Africa " and an example to the Pan @-@ African movement . Lumumba called upon other states , particularly Belgium , to support the Congo to establish mutually beneficial relations between the " two equal and independent countries " . He also appealed to the Congolese to abandon internecine tribal factionalism .
Concluding , Lumumba appealed to all the Congolese to make sacrifices for the future of the Congo . Lumumba finally called for Congolese people to respect the rights of non @-@ indigenous settlers in the country , and warned that if they breached Congolese laws they would be exiled . The speech finishes with the observation that " the Congo 's independence is a decisive step towards the liberation of the whole African continent " and the exclamations " Long live independence and African unity ! Long live the independent and sovereign Congo ! "
The speech was originally delivered in French language .
= = = Analysis = = =
The speech has been praised for its use of political rhetoric . In particular , the speech has been cited as exemplifying the three functions of rhetoric ; by the way it was framed within the independence proceeding , its deliberative function and oratorical vibrancy . Others have argued that the dynamics between Lumumba , Kasa @-@ Vubu and Baudouin during the ceremony " represent a microcosm of the relations between Africans and Europeans " in early post @-@ colonial Africa , with each representing a different stance towards the others .
The speech has been hailed as a " classic of African nationalism " and praised for providing a response to the " patronizing " speech given by Baudouin or as an example of speaking the truth to power It was also praised as a public exposé of traits of colonialism glossed over during the independence ceremonies .
Jean @-@ Claude Willame argued that the speech was the result of Lumumba 's growing frustration with the process of independence which he believed might represent a purely nominal change in government with no real effects . Lumumba blamed Kasa @-@ Vubu and his colleagues for failing to publicly oppose this situation . Gender historians have therefore argued that the speech was the result of Lumumba 's growing feeling of emasculation . Others have pointed to the influence of Belgian Socialist delegates and representatives of the Guinean President , Ahmed Sékou Touré , who had a strongly Marxist ideology , all of whom hoped a public and international denouncement of colonialism would help them politically .
David Van Reybrouck praised the speech as " memorable " , but argued that it damaged Lumumba 's own legacy . Since Lumumba and his party represented only a third of Congolese popular opinion , Van Reybrouck accused Lumumba 's claim to speak for all Congolese people " divisive " and questioned whether it was appropriate given the context : " Lumumba 's address contained more of a look back than a look forward , more rage and hope , more rancour than magnanimity , and therefore more rebellion than statesmanship " . He also compared it to the Communist Julien Lahaut 's republican heckling of Baudouin 's corronation in 1950 . Like Lumumba , Lahaut was subsequently murdered after he had " claimed all the attention " at the public event .
= = Reception = =
The speech was applauded by Congolese delegates in the audience at the Palais de la Nation and broadcast by radio across the country . It was also broadcast live in Belgium by the state broadcaster , RTBF . After its delivery , the ceremonies were halted . Baudouin marched out of the room . A short inspection of local sites was arranged with Kasa @-@ Vubu and lunch was served to cover the delay and an official lunch was held by the Congo River . After the break , Lumumba was persuaded by the outgoing Belgian resident , Walter Ganshof van der Meersch , to give a second speech which attempted to strike a more conciliatory tone between the two countries . In his second speech , Lumumba praised Baudouin and stated that " I would not wish my feelings to be wrongly interpreted " . After Lumumba 's second speech , the official act of independence was signed by Lumumba and the Belgian Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens , as well as by the Foreign Ministers of both countries , bringing the official ceremonies to an end . The delegates then visited a performance of Congolese folklore at the Roi Baudouin Stadium before heading to an evening reception . At this event , Lumumba gave a further conciliatory speech the same evening , written for him by Eyskens and drank a toast to Baudouin . The King , and much of the Belgian delegation , returned to Brussels on 1 July .
The majority international reaction was extremely critical of Lumumba . Lumumba 's attack on colonialism was especially interpreted as an attack on Belgium itself and nearly provoked a diplomatic incident between the two countries . International observers though the speech unwise , ungrateful and tactless . The confrontational attitude taken by Lumumba appeared to confirm Belgian and American suspicions that Lumumba was a dangerous radical . Between September 1960 and January 1961 , partly at the instigation of the two countries , Lumumba was deposed from power , arrested and executed with the complicity of both the Congolese and Katangese governments .
The initial address received a mixed reception within the Congo . In some quarters it was widely supported . However , some believed that it merely highlighted the fact that Lumumba was inexperienced ( and overly provocative ) in comparison with Kasa @-@ Vubu 's measured and diplomatic approach . Members of Lumumba 's own party , including Kanza , praised the speech itself but believed that the venue in which it had been delivered was inappropriate . Lumumba 's address was also notably acclaimed by figures within the international Pan @-@ African and Black Power movements including Malcolm X. The speech may have further heightened racial violence between white settlers and native Congolese which were already distrustful . As a result of the threat to its expatriates , Belgium deployed troops to the country and , amid mounting violence , several regions of the Congo , notably Katanga , seceded and declared their own independence , starting five @-@ years of violence and political unrest known as the Congo Crisis .
= = Legacy = =
While the speech was filmed during its delivery , the film of the speech has only survived as fragments and in some sections only the original audio survives . Transcriptions of the speech were later published in multiple print editions , some of which were altered as propaganda to show Lumumba in a better light after his death in 1961 . The main collected edition of Lumumba 's speeches , Lumumba Speaks , was prefaced by the French philosopher Jean @-@ Paul Satre . Today , the speech forms an important part of Congolese popular memory , particularly among " Lumumbists " who claim to represent Lumumba 's ideological position in modern Congolese politics .
The scene was painted by the noted Congolese artist Tshibumba Kanda @-@ Matulu in his distinctive cartoon @-@ like style . The result , entitled TKM Lumumba Indépendance and painted in 1972 or 1973 , hangs in the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam . The speech itself was dramatized in the 2000 film , Lumumba , directed by Raoul Peck in which Eriq Ebouaney played the role of Lumumba . It was backed by a specially composed score , entitled Le Discours ( " The Speech " ) , by the French composer Jean @-@ Claude Petit .
= Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events =
Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a 2004 American black comedy fantasy film directed by Brad Silberling . It is a film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket , covering the first three books The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , and The Wide Window . The film stars Jim Carrey as the villainous Count Olaf who adopts three wealthy orphan siblings in an attempts to steal their late parents ' fortune . Nickelodeon Movies purchased the film rights to Daniel Handler 's book series in 2000 and soon began development of a film with Barry Sonnenfeld attached to direct . Handler adapted the screenplay and courted Jim Carrey for Count Olaf . Sonnenfeld eventually left over budget concerns in January 2003 and Brad Silberling took over . Robert Gordon rewrote Handler 's script , and principal photography started in November 2003 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was entirely shot using sound stages and backlots at Paramount Pictures and Downey Studios . The film received generally favorable reviews from critics , grossed approximately $ 209 million worldwide , and won the Academy Award for Best Makeup .
= = Plot = =
Lemony Snicket ( Jude Law ) is documenting the whereabouts of the Baudelaire children from inside a clock tower . Violet Baudelaire ( Emily Browning ) , her intelligent brother Klaus ( Liam Aiken ) , and their baby sister Sunny ( Kara and Shelby Hoffman ) are orphaned when a mysterious fire destroys their house and kills their parents . Mr. Poe ( Timothy Spall ) , in charge of the Baudelaire fortune , entrusts them to their closest relative , Count Olaf ( Jim Carrey ) , who only wants their money and makes them do harsh chores .
On the day that Olaf receives full custody , he drives to a gas station claiming that he is buying soda . However , it turns out that he parked the car , with the children inside , directly on a railroad crossing next to the gas station in the hope of it getting hit by a train . Thankfully , Violet and Klaus are able to throw a nearby switch in the tracks , causing the train to miss them . Mr. Poe then arrives at the scene , mistakenly thinking that Sunny was driving the car , and takes the children away . Olaf promises that he will find them .
The orphans are then taken to stay with their uncle , Dr. Montgomery Montgomery ( Billy Connolly ) , a kind , caring , and rather lonely ( until the children came along ) herpetologist , who is planning to take the children with him on a study in Peru . However , Olaf arrives in disguise as an Italian scientist named Stephano . Violet tries to tell Monty the truth , but he thinks that Stephano is after a snake called The Incredibly Deadly Viper . Monty is found dead the following morning and the authorities have been tricked into thinking that the viper was responsible , but Sunny is able to prove it is actually a friendly , harmless creature .
Mr. Poe then takes the children to live with their Aunt Josephine ( Meryl Streep ) , an irrationally afraid woman who is obsessed with proper grammar . While shopping at a market , Violet and Klaus encounter Olaf , disguised as a sailor named Captain Sham who pretends to be romantically interested in Josephine . When the Baudelaires get home after shopping , Josephine is gone and a hurricane is approaching . Klaus decodes a note left by Josephine and discovers that she is in Curdled Cave . During the hurricane , the children discover in a secret room that there were people investigating fires . The children escape the house before it falls in to the lake .
The children sail on Lake Lachrymose , finding Josephine . Before they reach civilization , their boat is attacked by leeches ; Olaf appears , takes the children away and abandons Josephine in the boat to be eaten alive by the leeches .
The Baudelaires are then placed back in Olaf 's custody after he " rescued " them . Olaf and Violet are then immediately involved in a play called The Marvelous Marriage , which involves their characters being married . However , Olaf has set up the performance to be an actual legal marriage because the law states that if relatives are married they are entitled to their spouses ' money . Olaf enlists the help of his neighbor Justice Strauss ( Catherine O 'Hara ) to perform in the " play " and unwittingly officiate the marriage . Olaf explains to Violet that Sunny is being held hostage in a cage and if Violet does not say her " lines " or finds a loophole , Sunny will fall to her death . The ceremony goes as Olaf planned and he reveals that the marriage is legal , to the horror of the judge and audience .
Klaus escapes and finds a secret part of Olaf 's estate . After adjusting an eye @-@ shaped window , Klaus realizes that it was Olaf that caused their family mansion to catch fire . Klaus uses the window to burn the marriage certificate , foiling the Count 's plans . Olaf is tried for his action and sentenced to be put through the hardships he had caused the children , and a life sentence in prison . However , when a jury of his peers overturn his sentence , Olaf escapes . Violet , Klaus and Sunny are allowed to visit their old home one last time . A letter lost in the mail finally arrives , and inside is a spyglass announcing their family 's secret society . Snicket recounts that despite the children 's misfortune , they still had each other thus making them " Very Fortunate Indeed " .
= = Cast = =
The film featured uncredited appearances by Jane Lynch as a realtor , Helena Bonham Carter as Beatrice Baudelaire , and Dustin Hoffman as a critic .
Author Daniel Handler initially viewed Count Olaf as being a James Mason @-@ type . Carrey was not familiar with the book series when he was cast , but he became a fan of the series . " Handler 's books are just a bold and original way to tell a children 's story , " the actor explained . Carrey was also attracted to the role despite self @-@ parody concerns . Director Brad Silberling was open to Carrey 's idea of improvisation for various scenes , especially the Stephano and Captain Sham alter egos . To make his prosthetic makeup more comfortable and easier to apply , Carrey shaved his head bald for the part . The actor 's inspiration for Olaf 's voice was combining the voices of Orson Welles and Béla Lugosi .
Emily Browning was cast as Violet Baudelaire when she auditioned at a casting call in Australia . She was sent Handler 's original script when Barry Sonnenfeld was planning to direct , and she screen tested for the part using an English accent . The actor was not cast until Silberling took over ; her character 's accent was then changed to American . Browning became a fan of the books after reading Handler 's original script .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Nickelodeon Movies purchased the film rights of the A Series of Unfortunate Events book series in May 2000 . Paramount Pictures , owner of Nickelodeon Movies , agreed to co @-@ finance , along with Scott Rudin . Various directors , including Terry Gilliam and Roman Polanski , were interested in making the film . One of author Daniel Handler 's favorite candidates was Guy Maddin . In June 2002 , Barry Sonnenfeld was hired to direct . He was chosen because he previously collaborated with Rudin and because of his black comedy directing style from The Addams Family , Addams Family Values and Get Shorty . Sonnenfeld referred to the Lemony Snicket books as his favorite children 's stories . The director hired Handler to write the script with the intention of making Lemony Snicket as a musical , and cast Jim Carrey as Count Olaf in September 2002 .
The film suffered setbacks in development in December 2002 . Rudin left Unfortunate Events over budget concerns . While Sonnenfeld and Carrey remained , Sonnenfeld admitted he was skeptical of Paramount 's $ 100 million budget . The studio decided that changing the shoot from Hollywood to Wilmington , North Carolina would be less expensive . The April 2003 start date was also pushed back . Paramount eventually settled the situation in January 2003 by enlisting help from DreamWorks to co @-@ finance the film , but Sonnenfeld vacated the director 's position . Rudin and Sonnenfeld had no involvement with the film afterward , but were credited as executive producers . Carrey remained with approval over the hiring of the next director .
Brad Silberling signed on to direct in February 2003 . He was not familiar with the book series when he was first approached . He quickly read the first three books and was excited that " Hollywood was taking a chance to put over $ 100 million to adapt these inventive children 's books onto screen " . Handler , who wrote eight drafts of the script for Sonnenfeld , was replaced by Robert Gordon in May 2003 . Handler approved of the changes that were made to his original screenplay . " I was offered credit on the film for screenwriting by the Writers Guild of America , " Handler continued , " but I didn 't take it because I didn 't write it . I felt like it would be an insult to the guy who did . "
= = = Filming = = =
Filming was set to begin in October 2003 , but it was pushed back . Principal photography for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events began on November 10 , 2003 , using the sound stages and backlot at Paramount Studios in Hollywood . Director Brad Silberling avoided using too many digital or chroma key effects because he wanted the younger actors to feel as if they were working in a realistic environment . Olaf 's mansion occupied two sound stages , while the graveyard and the ruins of the Baudelaire mansion were constructed on the Paramount back lot . After 21 weeks of shooting at Paramount , production then moved to Downey Studios , a former NASA facility in Downey , California , for eight more weeks . Downey housed the circular railroad crossing set complete with forced perspective scenery , as well as a newly constructed water tank complete with over one million gallons of water . The water tank was instrumental in filming scenes set at Briny Beach , Lake Lachrymose , Damocles Dock and Curdled Cave . Filming for A Series of Unfortunate Events ended on May 29 , 2004 .
= = = Design = = =
Silberling , production designer Rick Heinrichs and costume designer Colleen Atwood all aimed for the film 's setting to be ambiguous , giving it a " timeless " feel . Heinrichs also added steampunk designs to the period . To contribute to the setting , Silberling hired Emmanuel Lubezki as the cinematographer because he was impressed with the trio 's work on Sleepy Hollow .
Lubezki compared the cinematic similarities to Sleepy Hollow , notably the monochromatic look of both films . He also chose a specific color palette backdrop for A Series of Unfortunate Events . " The story is very episodic , so we picked a different color scheme for each section . For example " , Lubezki continued , " Count Olaf 's house has a lot of greens , blacks and grays ; the house of Uncle Monty has a lot of greens and browns and a bit of yellow ; and the house of Aunt Josephine has blues and blacks . " The railroad crossing set was constructed on a cyclorama , which was the most ambitious setpiece for the art department on using elements of " in house " special effects and matte paintings .
= = = Visual effects = = =
Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , supervised by Stefen Fangmeier , created the film 's 505 visual effects @-@ shots . The filmmakers used as few digital effects as possible , though the train and smoke for the railroad crossing scene was entirely created using computer animation . ILM also used color grading techniques for the Lake Lachrymose scene , which required complete animation for the leeches . The digital animators studied footage of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season to accurately depict Hurricane Herman , which was ILM 's most ambitious use of computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) for the film . Nexus Productions designed the opening " Littlest Elf " animated sequence by modeling it after stop motion animation and completing it with computer animation . The snakes at Uncle Monty 's house were a combination of real snakes and animatronics . The animatronics , primarily the Incredibly Deadly Viper , were used as reference models that ILM later enhanced using CGI . Because working with infants was sometimes risky in producing a film , four scenes involving Sunny Baudelaire required CGI with motion capture technology . Among these are the shot of Sunny hanging on to a table by her teeth , catching a spindle with her mouth and the scene where she is entangled with the Incredibly Deadly Viper . Animation supervisor Colin Brady used his baby daughter for motion capture recording . A remote controlled animatronic of Sunny was also designed by Kevin Yagher .
= = Release = =
= = = Marketing = = =
In October 2002 , Nickelodeon Movies hired Activision ( who actually had a partnership with DreamWorks ) to create the film 's tie @-@ in video game . The agreement also included options for sequels . Director Brad Silberling delivered his first cut of the film to the studio in August 2004 . Fearing his original version was " too dark " , Paramount and DreamWorks conducted test screenings . The film was then re @-@ edited over family @-@ friendliness concerns . Given its December release , the film 's marketing campaign was criticized for being a deliberately anti @-@ holiday comedy with taglines like , " Taking the cheer out of Christmas " and " Mishaps . Misadventures . Mayhem . Oh Joy . " The premiere for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events was held at the Cinerama Dome on December 13 , 2004 . A 20 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 900 m2 ) tent display on Vine Street was decorated with pieces from the film 's sets .
= = = Home media = = =
Lemony Snicket 's a Series of Unfortunate Events was released on DVD and VHS on April 26 , 2005 . A Portuguese @-@ labeled All @-@ Region Blu @-@ ray was released in 2012 and then an American Region A Blu @-@ ray was released on September 9 , 2014 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
The film was released in the United States and Canada on December 17 , 2004 in 3 @,@ 620 theaters , earning $ 30 @,@ 061 @,@ 756 in its opening weekend . In its run , A Series of Unfortunate Events managed to stay in the number one position for its first week , before facing competition from Meet the Fockers , The Aviator and Coach Carter . The film eventually grossed $ 118 @,@ 634 @,@ 549 in US totals and $ 90 @,@ 439 @,@ 096 elsewhere , coming to a worldwide total of $ 209 @,@ 073 @,@ 645 . It was the highest grossing film under the Nickelodeon Movies banner until being surpassed by The Last Airbender , Rango , The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water .
= = = Critical response = = =
Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events received generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 72 % , based on 160 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Although it softens the nasty edges of its source material , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a gothic visual treat , and it features a hilariously manic turn from Jim Carrey as the evil Count Olaf . " On Metacritic , gave the film a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Robert K. Elder of the Chicago Tribune praised Rick Heinrichs 's production design and Jim Carrey for having a balanced performance as a scene stealer . Elder called the film " exceptionally clever , hilariously gloomy and bitingly subversive . " Desson Thomson from The Washington Post reasoned over a fellow film @-@ goer 's characterization of Count Olaf , " Olaf is a humorless villain in the book . He 's not amusing like Carrey at all . To which I would counter : If you can 't let Carrey be Carrey , put someone boring and less expensive in the role . In his various disguises he 's rubbery , inventive and improvisationally inspired . I particularly liked his passing imitation of a dinosaur . " Ty Burr , writing in The Boston Globe , observed , " Director Brad Silberling has essentially made a Tim Burton movie without the weird shafts of adolescent pain . At the same time , Silberling 's not a hack like Chris Columbus , and Snicket has more zip and inspired filmcraft than the first two Harry Potter films . The film 's no masterpiece , but at least you 're in the hands of people who know what they 're doing . The movie , like the books , flatters children 's innate sense that the world is not a perfect place and that anyone who insists otherwise is trying to sell you something . How you deal with the cognitive dissonance of a $ 125 million Hollywood picture telling you this is up to you . At least there are no Lemony Snicket Happy Meals . Yet . " Internet reviewer James Berardinelli felt that " the film is first and foremost a fantasy , but there are dark currents running just beneath the surface . I give Silberling credit for not allowing them to swallow the film . Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events manages to remain witty throughout . " Roger Ebert gave a mixed review : " Jim Carrey is over the top as Count Olaf , but I suppose a character named Count Olaf is over the top by definition . I liked the film , but I 'll tell you what . I think this one is a tune @-@ up for the series , a trial run in which they figure out what works and what needs to be tweaked . The original Spider @-@ Man was a disappointment , but the same team came back and made Spider @-@ Man 2 , the best superhero movie ever made . " Scott Foundas of Variety gave a negative review , criticizing the filmmakers for sacrificing the storyline in favor of visual elements such as set design and cinematography . He wrote , " A Series of Unfortunate Events suggests what Mary Poppins might have looked like had Tim Burton directed it . Not surprisingly , Burton 's longtime production designer Rick Heinrichs was responsible for the sets , while ace Emmanuel Lubezki ( Burton 's Sleepy Hollow ) contributed the expressionistic lighting schemes . "
= = = Awards = = =
Makeup designer Valli O 'Reilly and Bill Corso won the Academy Award for Best Makeup . Production designer Rick Heinrichs and set decorator Cheryl Carasik ( Art Direction ) , Colleen Atwood ( Costume Design ) and composer Thomas Newman ( Original Music Score ) were also nominated for their work at 77th Academy Awards . The film lost the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film to Spider @-@ Man 2 , but was honored for its DVD special edition release . O 'Reilly and Corso were also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Make @-@ up , but lost to Hellboy .
= = Cancelled franchise and future = =
Paramount Pictures , DreamWorks Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies hoped the film would become a franchise like the Harry Potter film series . Jim Carrey thought his character would be good as the basis for a film franchise since it would allow him to dive into a new role . " I don 't have a deal [ for a sequel ] , but it 's one that I wouldn 't mind doing again because there are so many characters , " the actor explained in December 2004 . " I mean , it 's just so much fun . It 's so much fun being a bad actor playing a character ... " In May 2005 , producer Laurie MacDonald said " Lemony Snicket is still something Paramount is interested in pursuing and we 're going to be talking with them more . "
In October 2008 , Daniel Handler said that " a sequel does seem to be in the works . Paramount has had quite a few corporate shakeups , which has led to many a delay . Of course , many , many plans in Hollywood come to naught , but I 'm assured that another film will be made . Someday . Perhaps . " In June 2009 , Silberling confirmed he still talked about the project with Handler , and suggested the sequel be a stop motion film because the lead actors have grown too old . " In an odd way , the best thing you could do is actually have Lemony Snicket say to the audience , ' Okay , we pawned the first film off as a mere dramatization with actors . Now I 'm afraid I ’ m going to have to show you the real thing . ' "
In November 2014 , Netflix was in talks of creating an online television series for all of the books . Barry Sonnenfeld , who was in original talks to direct the film , will direct the series , which is set to be released online in 2016 . Neil Patrick Harris has been cast to play Count Olaf .
= = Video game = =
A video game based on the books and film ( more so the film , as the name and many plot elements seen in the movie but not the book are seen ) was released in 2004 by Adrenium Games and Activision for the PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , and the PC as Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events . The player plays as all three orphans at points in the game , and encounters characters such as Mr. Poe , Uncle Monty and Aunt Josephine , along with villains such as Count Olaf , the hook @-@ handed man , the white @-@ faced women , and the bald @-@ headed man . The game , like the movie , follows only the first three books in the series . Although never mentioned in the game , there are some references to V.F.D. , such as in the first level where a package is delivered from the " Very Fast Delivery Service . " The note attached to the package also reads at the end , " P.S. The world is quiet here " , which is the motto of V.F.D.
= Medusa ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Medusa " is the twelfth episode of the eighth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on February 11 , 2001 . The episode was written by Frank Spotnitz and directed by Richard Compton . " Medusa " is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . The episode received a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 2 and was viewed by 13 @.@ 8 million viewers . Overall , the episode received mixed reviews from critics .
The series centers on FBI special agents Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and her new partner John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) — following the alien abduction of her former partner , Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) — who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , a string of bizarre deaths in the tunnels of the Boston subway system sees Doggett join a team of professionals underground to investigate . Meanwhile , Scully has to defy the train authorities above land , who are determined to get the trains up and running within hours .
" Medusa " was allotted a " huge budget " , due mostly to the fact that a replica of the Boston subway had to be recreated . Robert Patrick later called the eventual set " the biggest damned thing I 'd seen in my life . " Cheri Montesanto @-@ Medcalf and Matthew Mungle , the show 's make @-@ up effect producers , used several unorthodox ingredients to create the effect of melted flesh ; in addition to the use of normal prosthetic make @-@ up , the two also used a combination of figs and Fruit Roll @-@ Ups .
= = Plot = =
In Boston , an undercover cop waits for the subway , alone . Suddenly , a suspicious man appears , jumping the fare barrier . Eventually , they both get onto a train and the police officer draws his gun as the man starts to walk towards him from behind . Suddenly , the subway comes to a screeching halt , flashes of light are seen , and the train loses power . Later , when the train is back up and running , a batch of commuters enter the subway car and find the undercover cop with the flesh on half his face and his left arm stripped down to the bone .
Agents Scully and Doggett arrive at the operations center to investigate . However , they are rudely greeted by Deputy Chief Karras and Lieutenant Bianco of the transit police ; the two eagerly want the FBI to get the job done fast in order that subways can be reopened in five hours , and Karras is also irritated that Scully performed an autopsy on the body . Even after an autopsy , Scully has no idea what killed the man , and the CDC is unable to find any biological or chemical agents in the subway .
Doggett and Scully are soon introduced to a strike @-@ force that will be going into the subway to investigate . The group includes Steven Melnick , a structural engineer and Dr. Hellura Lyle , CDC employee specializing in pathogens . Scully , however , decides the plan will work better if Doggett acts as her eyes and ears while she analyzes the situation from up in the CDC . Using cameras and microphones , she will watch and hear what is happening . After the plans are made . Doggett leads the team into the dark tunnel .
While in the tunnels , Melnick gets a burn on the back of his neck suggesting a chemical leak . However , the test of the nearby puddle shows nothing dangerous : It is just salt water . Melnick mentions that the tunnels run along the harbor in some places and that they get sea water leakages from time to time . Moving ahead , the team finds an abandoned section of the subway tunnels . Out of the tunnel bursts a man with his rib cage and teeth exposed who knocks Doggett down : he is the suspected robber , eaten away like the other man . His condition proves that he did not kill the man and that there may , in fact , might be a contagion . While looking around , the teams discover three bodies with the same gruesome injuries , wrapped in plastic . It soon becomes clear that someone is covering up the problem in the subway .
Lyle spots an unknown person running away from them in the subway and the team follows . When the group approaches the spot where the train lost power , Melnick starts crying out in pain . Visible electrical flashes start destroying the skin on his left arm . Scully tells Doggett to pour water on it , which stops the flashes . Lyle takes the badly injured Melnick to the surface and Doggett continues onward with Bianco . When Melnick returns to the surface , he seems to be getting worse , but Lyle appears healthy . Scully then sees the three bodies being taken away by non @-@ CDC hazmat people . When Scully confronts Karras about this , he says that he is organizing it . Scully tells Karras that she has already organized the CDC to collect the bodies and accuses Karras of attempting a cover @-@ up . Although Karras tries to deny his involvement , he eventually allows her to send the bodies to the actual CDC .
Back in the tunnels , Doggett notices a green glow on Bianco in a dimly lit former subway station . As such , he refuses to allow the lieutenant to leave . Bianco runs away , forcing Doggett to give chase . He learns from Scully that Karras has gone ahead of plan and allowed the passengers onto the platforms and the subway will start back up , despite the danger . After analyzing various water samples found at the scene , Scully meets with Dr. Kai Bowe , a marine biologist , who explains that the sample contains a unique microscopic sea creature called a medusa which are made out of calcium and are bioluminescent . However , Bowe does not know why the electrical reaction happens . When Doggett finds the wounded Bianco , he finds that his condition has gotten worse . Doggett then carries Bianco on his back and helps him continue through the tunnels . They soon encounter a boy with no signs of the luminous green substance on him . Scully realizes that sweat is causing the chemical electrical reaction since it is conductive to calcium ions . The boy does not have well developed sweat glands yet so the medusas are not affecting him . Doggett follows the boy to a major leak from the bay with the green glow on all the walls . Suddenly , an oncoming subway approaches the group — Karras has allowed the subway to resume schedule . Doggett uses Bianco ’ s gun to connect the third rail with the water and kill the medusas , preventing further exposure .
Later , Scully comes to see Doggett in the hospital . Scully informs him that Bianco and Melnick are with plastic surgeons , the boy is with social services , and no criminal charges will be pressed against Karras since the electrical charge of the third rail destroyed the proof of the medusas in the tunnel .
= = Production = =
" Medusa " was written by executive producer Frank Spotnitz and directed by Richard Compton . Reportedly , because of the scope of the episode , a " huge budget " was allotted for the entry . Because the episode was written to take place in a subway system , a set meeting the requirements of the script had to be created . The eventual set was designed to mirror the actual Boston subway , a system that serves more than 700 @,@ 000 people a day . According to star Robert Patrick , " They got us in there , and we did it , and they built a huge subway tunnel set on a soundstage . " Patrick later described the set as " the biggest damned thing I 'd ever seen in my life . " In real life , the Boston subway system is " fondly " called the T , short for the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority . In " Medusa " , the " T " , was changed to an " M " " for fictional purposes " .
Cheri Montesanto @-@ Medcalf and Matthew Mungle , the show 's make @-@ up effect producers , used several unorthodox ingredients to create the effect of melted flesh ; in addition to the use of normal prosthetic make @-@ up , the two also used a combination of figs and Fruit Roll @-@ Ups . Several of the characters in the episode were named after real @-@ life individuals . The characters of Hellura Lyle and Kai Bowe were named after two Writers Guild trainees on The X @-@ Files staff who served during the first part of the eighth season . Furthermore , the character Steven Melnick is named after the Vice President of Media Relations for 20th Century Fox Television . Melnick had formerly served as the publicist for the series .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Medusa " first aired on Fox on February 11 , 2001 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 8 @.@ 2 , meaning that it was seen by 8 @.@ 2 % of the nation 's estimated households . The episode was viewed by 8 @.@ 27 million households , and 13 @.@ 8 million viewers . The episode ranked as the 41st most @-@ watched episode for the week ending February 11 . The episode subsequently debuted in the United Kingdom on the BBC Two on May 26 , 2002 . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " Underneath the street lies the ultimate in terror . "
Critical reception to the episode was mostly mixed . Television Without Pity writer Jessica Morgan rated the episode a " B " . Despite the moderate praise , however , Morgan did make a jest at the portrayal of the subway in the show , noting that it was not realistic ; she wrote that the set was the " cleanest , emptiest subway station in world [ … ] No urine . No trash . It 's nicer than my apartment , really . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen gave the episode a mixed review and rated it two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . Despite writing that " on paper [ ' Medusa ' is ] the right episode at the right time " , the two criticized the episode , noting that " the teaser never really makes sense in light of the relations offered , the appearance of the mute boy is a messy contrivance , and the ending is too abrupt . "
Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an " B – " . While noting that the episode possessed " a few decent ideas , and a wasted setting " , the " story never sparks " . He largely blamed the episode 's antagonistic organism , noting that they are not " all that memorable " and " not even all that monster @-@ y " . Despite this , he wrote positively of the show 's use of Scully , arguing that , " the fun of the episode is watching Scully watch Doggett and his team … slowly work through the closed off subway tunnels , finding bodies wrapped in plastic and other mysteries beside . "
Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a slightly negative review and awarded it one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . Despite noting , " after episodes about butt @-@ crawling and vomiting , it 's a relief to have one in which people die when their skin and muscles are fried away by microscopic sea creatures called medusas " , Vitaris was critical of the plot , likening it to " cliche [ d ] " 1970 's movies that featured the " obstreperous official insisting the plane must fly or the skyscraper is fire @-@ proof , even when the potential for catastrophe is staring him in the face . " Spotnitz later admitted during a Reddit IAmA that the episode was his least @-@ favorite that he had written because " the concept just wasn 't clear or compelling enough to sustain the hour . "
= Heinz @-@ Wolfgang Schnaufer =
Heinz @-@ Wolfgang Schnaufer ( 16 February 1922 – 15 July 1950 ) was a German Luftwaffe night fighter pilot and is the highest scoring night fighter ace in the history of aerial warfare . A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during combat . All of his 121 victories were claimed during World War II at night , mostly against British four @-@ engine bombers , for which he was awarded the coveted Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub , Schwertern und Brillanten ) on 16 October 1944 , Germany 's highest military decoration at the time . He was nicknamed " The Spook of St. Trond " , from the location of his unit 's base in occupied Belgium .
Born in Calw , Schnaufer grew up in the Weimar Republic and Third Reich as the first of four children of Alfred Schnaufer and his wife Martha . The family owned and operated a winery business . Schnaufer , a good student and already a glider pilot at school , began military service in the Wehrmacht by joining the Luftwaffe in 1939 . After training at various pilot and fighter @-@ pilot schools , he was posted to Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 ( NJG 1 — 1st Night Fighter Wing ) , operating on the Western Front , in November 1941 . He flew his first combat sorties in support of Operation Cerberus , the breakout of the German ships Scharnhorst , Gneisenau , and Prinz Eugen from Brest . Schnaufer participated in the Defence of the Reich campaign from 1942 onwards , in which he would achieve most of his success . He claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 1 / 2 June 1942 . As the war progressed , he accumulated further victories and he later became a squadron leader and group commander . He was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 31 December 1943 for reaching 42 aerial victories .
Schnaufer achieved his 100th aerial victory on 9 October 1944 and was awarded the Diamonds to his Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords on 16 October . He was appointed Geschwaderkommodore ( wing commander ) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 ( NJG 4 ) on 4 November 1944 . By the end of hostilities , Schnaufer 's night fighter crew held the unique distinction that every member — radio operator and air gunner — was decorated with the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross . Schnaufer was taken prisoner of war by British forces in May 1945 . After his release a year later , he returned to his home town and took over the family wine business . He sustained injuries in a road accident on 13 July 1950 during a wine @-@ purchasing visit to France , and died in a Bordeaux hospital two days later .
= = Early life = =
Heinz @-@ Wolfgang Schnaufer was born on 16 February 1922 in Calw , located in the Free People 's State of Württemberg of the German Reich , during the Weimar Republic era . He was the first of four children of mechanical engineer ( Diplom @-@ Ingenieur ) and merchant Alfred Schnaufer and his wife Martha , née Frey . The other three children were his brother Manfred , his sister Waltraut and his brother Eckart . His father owned and operated the family business , the winery Schnaufer @-@ Schlossbergkellerei ( lit . " Schnaufer 's Castle Mountain Winery " ) , in the Lederstraße , Calw .
The winery had been founded by both his father and his grandfather , Hermann Schnaufer , in 1919 , shortly after World War I. Following the death of his grandfather in 1928 the winery was run by his father alone . When his father unexpectedly died in 1940 , his mother ran the business until the children took over the winery after World War II . The company then expanded the business and in addition to the winery offered wine imports , sparkling wines , and a distillery for wine and liqueur . The distribution channel worked with agents and sales offices throughout Germany .
Schnaufer , at the age of six , went to the local Volksschule ( primary school ) at Calw . After completing his fourth grade , he received two years of schooling at the Oberschule , also in Calw . At an early age he expressed his wish to join an organisation of military character and joined the Deutsches Jungvolk ( German Youth ) in 1933 . After completing his sixth grade at school he took and passed the entry examination at the Backnang National Political Institutes of Education ( Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalt — Napola ) , a secondary boarding school founded under the recently established Nazi state . The goal of the Napola schools was to raise a new generation for the political , military and administrative leadership of the Third Reich . Schnaufer was considered a very good student , finishing top of his class every year . Aged seventeen he graduated with his Abitur ( diploma ) in November 1939 with distinction . At the Napola school he also received the Reich Youth Sports Badge ( Reichsjugendsportabzeichen ) , the base @-@ certificate of the German Life Saving Association ( Deutsche Lebens @-@ Rettungs @-@ Gesellschaft ) , the bronze Hitler Youth @-@ Performance Badge ( HJ @-@ Leistungsabzeichen ) , and completed his B @-@ license to fly glider aircraft . In 1939 Schnaufer was one of two students posted to the Napola in Potsdam . The Flying Platoon ( Fliegerzug ) stationed in Potsdam centralised all the destined flyers from all the Napolas . Here he learned to fly glider aircraft , at first short hops on the DFS SG 38 Schulgleiter , and later on the two @-@ seater Göppingen Gö 4 which was towed by a Klemm Kl 25 . During his stay at Potsdam , the film producer Karl Ritter was making the Ufa film Cadets in Potsdam . The Napola had detached two companies to work on the film , among them Schnaufer . It remains unclear exactly what role he played in this film .
Following his graduation from school , Schnaufer passed his entry exams for officer cadets of the Luftwaffe . He joined the Luftwaffe on 15 November 1939 and underwent his basic military training at the Fliegerausbildungsregiment 42 ( 42nd Flight Training Regiment ) at Salzwedel . Schnaufer was appointed as Fahnenjunker ( cadet ) on 1 April 1940 . He then received his flight training at the Flugzeugführerschule A / B 3 ( FFS A / B 3 — flight school for the pilot license ) at Guben , now the Cottbus @-@ Drewitz Airport . He completed his A / B flight training on 20 August 1940 . He was trained to fly the Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 44 , Fw 56 and Fw 58 , and the Heinkel He 72 , HD 41 and He 51 , the Bücker Bü 131 , the Klemm Kl 35 , the Arado Ar 66 and Ar 96 , the Gotha Go 145 and the Junkers W 34 and A 35 .
Schnaufer then attended the advanced Flugzeugführerschule C 3 ( FFS C 3 — advanced flight school ) at Alt Lönnewitz near Torgau and the blind flying school Blindflugschule 2 ( BFS 2 — 2nd blind flying school ) at Neuburg an der Donau from August 1940 to May 1941 . This qualified him to fly multi @-@ engine aircraft . During this assignment he was promoted to Fähnrich ( cadet sergeant ) on 1 September 1940 , to Oberfähnrich ( rank equivalent to Company Sergeant Major ) on 1 February 1941 and to the officer rank of Leutnant ( second lieutenant ) on 1 April 1941 . He was then posted for ten weeks to the Zerstörerschule ( destroyer school ) at Wunstorf near Hanover . At Wunstorf , Schnaufer and the radio operator ( Bordfunker ) Friedrich Rumpelhardt were assigned as an aircrew team on 3 July 1941 . Schnaufer 's previous radio operator had proved unable to cope with aerobatics , and Schnaufer thoroughly tested Rumpelhardt 's ability to cope with aerobatics before they teamed up . Here the two decided to volunteer to fly night fighters to defend against the increasing Royal Air Force ( RAF ) Bomber Command offensive against Germany . Following their training at Wunstorf , the two were sent to the Nachtjagdschule 1 ( 1st night fighter school ) at Schleißheim near Munich , formerly the Zerstörerschule 1 ( ZS 1 — 1st destroyer school ) , to learn the rudiments of night @-@ fighting . The night fighter training was carried out on the Ar 96 , the Fw 58 and the Messerschmitt Bf 110 . Training at night focused on night takeoffs and landings , cooperation with searchlights , radio @-@ beacon direction finding and cross country flights .
= = World War II = =
In November 1941 , Schnaufer was posted to the II . Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 ( II . / NJG 1 — 2nd group of the 1st Night Fighter Wing ) at the time based at Stade near Hamburg . Here , Schnaufer was assigned to the 5 . Staffel ( 5 . / NJG 1 — 5th squadron of 1st Night Fighter Wing ) . The Bf 110 's of II . / NJG 1 at the time were not equipped with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar . Night fighter intercept tactics had matured since their early beginnings in July 1940 , and II . Gruppe had already been credited with 397 victories . Missions against enemy bombers at the time were usually flown by means of ground @-@ controlled interception , although the Luftwaffe was already experimenting with airborne radar . This air defence system , consisting of a series of radar stations with overlapping coverage , layered three deep , was conceived by Generalleutnant ( lit . Lieutenant General ; equivalent to Major General ) Josef Kammhuber and was organised in the so @-@ called Kammhuber Line . Conceptually , the system was based on a combination of ground @-@ based radar stations , search lights and a Jägerleitoffizier ( fighter pilot control officer ) . The Jägerleitoffizier had to vector the airborne night fighter by means of radio communication to a point of visual interception of the illuminated bomber . These interception tactics were referred to as the Himmelbett ( canopy bed ) procedure .
On 15 January 1942 , II . / NJG 1 transferred to Sint @-@ Truiden — Saint @-@ Trond in the French pronunciation — in Belgium . Schnaufer entered front @-@ line service at a time when the RAF was reassessing the air offensive against Germany . The effectiveness of British Bomber Command to accurately hit German targets had been questioned by the War Cabinet Secretary David Bensusan @-@ Butt who published the Butt Report in August 1941 . The report in parts concluded that the British crews failed to navigate to , identify , and bomb their targets . Although the report was not widely accepted by senior RAF commanders , Prime Minister Winston Churchill , instructed Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Richard Peirse that during the winter months only limited operations were to be conducted . Flight operations were also hindered by bad weather in the first months of 1942 , so II . / NJG 1 only saw very limited action during that period .
= = = Channel Dash and night fighter pilot = = =
On 8 February 1942 , II . Gruppe was transferred to Koksijde Air Base without having scored any victories while stationed at Sint @-@ Truiden . The objective of this assignment was to give the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen fighter protection in the breakout from Brest to Germany . The Channel Dash operation ( 11 – 13 February 1942 ) by the Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) was codenamed Operation Cerberus by the Germans . In support of this , the Luftwaffe under the leadership of General der Jagdflieger ( General of the Fighter Force ) Adolf Galland , formulated an air superiority plan dubbed Operation Donnerkeil for the protection of the three German capital ships . II . / NJG 1 was briefed of these plans on the early morning on 12 February . The plan called for protection of the German ships at all costs . The crews were told that if they ran out of ammunition they must ram the enemy aircraft . To the relief of the night fighters they were assigned to the first @-@ line reserves . The operation , which surprised the British , was successful and the night fighters were kept in their reserve role . On the evening of 12 February , II . / NJG 1 was relocated to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . On the afternoon of 13 February , Schnaufer flew a reconnaissance mission over the Zuiderzee and the North Sea and then relocated to Westerland on the island of Sylt . They then relocated again to Aalborg @-@ West in Denmark from where they made a low @-@ level flight in close formation over the Skaggerak , landing at Stavanger @-@ Sola . Over the following days they operated from the airfield at Forus , making a short term landing at Bergen @-@ Herdla . In total , Schnaufer made two operational flights without contact with the enemy . Following this assignment they relocated to 5 . Staffel 's new base in Germany at Bonn @-@ Hangelar via Oslo @-@ Gardermoen , Aalborg , and Lüneburg .
Following the analysis of the Butt Report , the British High Command made a number of decisions in February 1942 that changed the nature of the bomber war against Germany . On 14 February , Air Chief Marshal Norman Bottomley issued the " Area Bombing Directive " , which lifted the restrictions placed on the bombers in 1941 . Air Chief Marshal Arthur Harris , commonly known as " Bomber " Harris , was appointed Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of Bomber Command . These decisions , coupled with the introduction of Gee , a radio navigation system which enabled better target @-@ finding and bombing accuracy , led to the first Allied 1 @,@ 000 bomber raid . In Operation Millennium , the RAF targeted and bombed Cologne on the night of 30 / 31 May 1942 . Schnaufer did not participate in the missions in defence of Cologne . The Himmelbett procedure had limitations in the number of aircraft which can be controlled . Therefore , only the most experienced crews were deployed , and Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer , who had yet to achieve their first aerial victory , were left out . Prior to Operation Millennium , Schnaufer had been appointed Technischer Offizier ( TO — Technical Officer ) on 10 April 1942 and was located at Sint @-@ Truiden again . As a Technical Officer , Schnaufer was responsible for the supervision of all technical aspects such as routine maintenance , servicing and modifications of the Gruppe . In this role he was no longer a member of the 5 . Staffel but was then a member of the Stab ( staff ) of II . / NJG 1 .
Schnaufer claimed his first aerial victory on their thirteenth combat mission flown one day after the attack on Cologne on the night 1 / 2 June 1942 . Nominally this was the RAF 's second 1 @,@ 000 bomber raid against Germany , although the attacking force actually numbered 956 aircraft . Schnaufer shot down a Handley Page Halifax south of Louvain in Belgium . The aircraft probably was a Halifax from No. 76 Squadron piloted by Sergeant Thomas Robert Augustus West , which was shot down at 01 : 55 on 2 June 1942 and crashed at Grez @-@ Doiceau , 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) south of Louvain . West and another member of the crew were killed . This victory was achieved by ground @-@ controlled interception through the Kammhuber Line . Once near to the target , Rumpelhardt had visually found the bomber and directed Schnaufer into attack position from below and astern . The Halifax caught on fire after two firing passes . During this mission the Himmelbett flight officer vectored them to a second bomber , a Bristol Blenheim . The attack had to be aborted after Hauptmann ( Captain ) Walter Ehle shot down the bomber from a more favourable attack position . Shortly before 03 : 00 , they were then flying in the vicinity of Ghent , they spotted another target . Schnaufer made two unsuccessful attacks . During their third attack , which closed the distance to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) , they were hit by the defensive gunfire . Schnaufer was hit in his left calf , the port engine was burning , the rudder control cables were severed , and an electrical short circuit caused the landing lights to be permanently on . Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer considered bailing out but decided to make an attempt for their home airfield after they managed to put out the flames and restart the engine . While Rumpelhardt made radio contact with the Sint @-@ Truiden airbase , Schnaufer landed the aircraft without rudder control and on ailerons and engine @-@ power alone . This was the only time that their aircraft sustained damage in combat or any member of the crew was wounded . Both Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer were awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class ( Eisernes Kreuz 2 . Klasse ) for their first aerial victory . Schnaufer had hoped that he could stay on active duty and that the bullet lodged in his calf would isolate itself . However , he had to be admitted to a hospital in Brussels from 8 – 25 June for surgery . Rumpelhardt was given home leave until 26 June while Schnaufer was in the hospital .
Schnaufer had to wait two months to achieve another victory , claiming the destruction of two Vickers Wellingtons and one Armstrong Whitworth Whitley within the space of 62 minutes in the early hours of 1 August . Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer flew their first combat mission with the Lichtenstein radar on the night 5 / 6 August 1942 . Though they managed to make contact with an enemy aircraft they failed to shoot it down . On the night of the 24 / 25 August 1942 , Schnaufer became an ace ( his fifth aerial victory ) , when he filed a claim for another Wellington . This was the first time Rumpelhardt had guided him into contact using the Lichtenstein airborne radar . His next claim was made on the night of 28 / 29 August . This was probably a No. 78 Squadron Halifax II W7809 , piloted by Sergeant John A. B. Marshall of the Royal Australian Air Force , on a secondary attack against Saarbrücken . The primary attack force was targeting Nuremberg that night . On the night of the 21 / 22 December 1942 , Schnaufer shot down an Avro Lancaster ; his first victory against this type . It was Schnaufer 's seventh victory . Schnaufer may also have been responsible for the destruction of another Lancaster that night . Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer had attacked a Lancaster and observed it catching fire followed by the aircraft plunging earthwards . Hauptmann Wilhelm Herget from I. / Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 ( I. / NJG 4 — 1st group of the 4th Night Fighter Wing ) had also attacked a four @-@ engined bomber in the same vicinity . The draw decided in favour of Herget who was given credit for the destruction of the Lancaster .
= = = Rumpelhardt is absent = = =
By the end of 1942 , Schnaufer 's total stood at seven , with three victories recorded on the night of 1 August , which had earned him the Iron Cross 1st Class ( Eisernes Kreuz 1 . Klasse ) in early September 1942 . From 29 November to 16 December 1942 , Rumpelhardt was confined to the hospital bed with high fever . Rumpelhardt then attended various officer training courses from February to October 1943 . Between 14 May to 3 October 1943 , Schnaufer claimed 21 further aerial victories in Rumpelhardt 's absence ; 12 with Leutnant Dr. Leo Baro , five with Oberfeldwebel Erich Handke , two with Oberleutnant Freymann and two with Unteroffizier Heinz Bärwolf as his radio operators . Unteroffizier Heinz Wenning had also flown with Schnaufer on three flights while Rumpelhardt was out ill .
II . / NJG 1 saw little action in the first few months of 1943 , and Schnaufer did not claim his next aerial victory until 14 May 1943 . II . / NJG 1 Himmelbett control areas were located to catch the bombers heading for the Ruhr Area . Bomber Command had only made ten major attacks in that region from January to April 1943 . Consequently , II . / NJG 1 claimed no victories in January , two in February , one in March and three in April . Schnaufer 's number of aerial victories increased again during the Battle of the Ruhr . Schnaufer , with Baro as his radio operator , shot down a No. 214 Squadron Short Stirling R9242 at 02 : 14 on 14 May 1943 on an attack mission against Bochum . Four members of the crew , including pilot Sergeant R. M. Gibney , lost their lives . His next victory on the same mission at 03 : 07 , his 9th overall , was a No. 98 Squadron Halifax JB873 returning from Bochum . The captain , Sergeant G. Dane and 2nd pilot Sergeant J. H. Body were killed in the crash . On the night of 29 / 30 May , Bomber Command attacked Wuppertal . Schnaufer and Baro took off on the first wave at 23 : 51 on 29 May and returned at 02 : 31 on the 30 May . They shot down two Stirlings , one at 00 : 48 and the other at 02 : 22 , and one Halifax at 01 : 43 .
In June 1943 , Schnaufer filed claims for a further five aerial victories . Schnaufer and Baro were scrambled on 11 / 12 June in Bomber Command 's attack on Düsseldorf , and on 16 / 17 June in defence of Cologne . However , in both missions they failed to make contact with the enemy . Their next success came when they shot down a Stirling from No. 218 Squadron on 22 June 1943 at 01 : 33 . With Baro on the radio and radar , they managed another victory over a Wellington on 25 June 1943 at 02 : 58 . On 29 June 1943 , the two shot down three bombers in another attack on Cologne , a Lancaster and two Halifax bombers at 01 : 25 , 01 : 45 and 01 : 55 respectively . This brought the number of aerial victories he was credited with up to seventeen . Schnaufer was promoted to Oberleutnant ( first lieutenant ) on 1 July 1943 . He had been eligible for this promotion since April 1943 , why he was overlooked at the time remains unknown .
Schnaufer claimed his last two aerial victories with Baro operating the radio on the night of 3 / 4 July , Bomber Command had again targeted Cologne . Their victims were a No. 196 Squadron Wellington shot down at 00 : 48 and a No. 149 Squadron Stirling at 02 : 33 , bringing his total to 19 victories . His next radio operator was Oberleutnant Freymann , the signals operator of II . Gruppe . Under Himmelbett control they shot down a No. 49 Squadron Lancaster , on another Cologne bombing mission , on 9 July 1943 at 02 : 33 . He was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe ( Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe ) on 26 July 1943 .
In mid @-@ July , the Battle of the Ruhr was coming to an end and Bomber Command refocused its efforts on the port city of Hamburg in northern Germany . The codename for the attack was Operation Gomorrah ; the objective was the destruction of Hamburg . The operations began on 24 July 1943 and during four major night @-@ attacks by the RAF and two minor day @-@ attacks by United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) between 40 @,@ 000 and 50 @,@ 000 civilians were killed . To counter the mounting success of the German night fighter force , which was directly attributed to the introduction of the Lichtenstein radar , the RAF introduced Window ( Chaff or Düppel to the Germans ) . Window was a radar countermeasure in which aircraft spread a cloud of small , thin pieces of aluminium which effectively made it impossible for the German radar operator to identify the genuine target . Saturation of the Himmelbett control areas by a bomber stream and the introduction of Window practically made the previous Himmelbett procedure obsolete . This was also evident to the German high command . To counter these British measures two new strategies were pursued , Wilde Sau ( Wild Boar ) and Zahme Sau ( Tame Boar ) . Wilde Sau , conceived by Hans @-@ Joachim Herrmann , was a technique by which the RAF bombers were mainly engaged by single @-@ seat fighter planes , illuminated by searchlights , over the target area . The Zahme Sau procedure , proposed by Viktor von Loßberg , called for a night fighter to infiltrate the bomber stream . The position , altitude , and general direction was then broadcast . The information was received by other night fighters , who navigated to the bomber stream by themselves . In Zahme Sau , the German night fighters were tracked and radio @-@ controlled by means of Y @-@ Verfahren ( Y @-@ Control ) . Schnaufer did not make any claims during Operation Gomorrah . Their next success came when he and Freymann shot down a Lancaster on 10 / 11 August 1943 at 00 : 32 . The target that night was Nuremberg and it was the first aerial victory of the entire German night fighter force achieved by Y @-@ Control . This was also the last victory with Freymann and his last as a member of II . Gruppe .
= = = Squadron leader of the 12 . / NJG 1 = = =
Schnaufer was transferred to IV Gruppe of NJG 1 ( IV . / NJG 1 — 4th group of the 1st Night Fighter Wing ) , based in the Netherlands at Leeuwarden Air Base , where he was appointed Staffelkapitän ( squadron leader ) of the 12 . Staffel ( 12 . / NJG 1 — 12th squadron of 1st Night Fighter Wing ) on 13 August 1943 . He took over command from Oberleutnant Eberhard Gardiewski , who had been taken prisoner of war . At the time , IV . / NJG 1 was under the leadership of Gruppenkommandeur ( Group Commander ) Hauptmann Hans @-@ Joachim Jabs . Jabs ' first impression of Schnaufer was not entirely favourable . Shortly after Schnaufer 's arrival , on one of his first missions in Leeuwarden , Schnaufer had taken right of way during taxiing . This forced Jabs into second place in order of takeoff , an act of insubordination and perceived as arrogant by Jabs .
Schnaufer , who had received the German Cross in Gold ( Deutsches Kreuz in Gold ) on 16 August 1943 , flew his first operational mission with 12 . / NJG 1 on the night of 17 / 18 August 1943 . Although uncertain , it is assumed that Handke was Schnaufer 's radio and radar operator on this mission . Bomber Command had targeted Peenemünde and the V @-@ weapons test centre that night . Schnaufer , who had been tasked with leading one of the first Zahme Sau missions under Y @-@ Control , had to abort the mission early due to engine trouble .
Around mid @-@ September 1943 , the two @-@ man Bf 110 crew was augmented by a third member , sometimes referred to as Bordmechaniker ( air mechanic ) or Bordschütze ( air gunner ) . The reason for this was that the decline of the Himmelbett procedure , the introduction of the broadcast procedure Zahme Sau , and the growing threat of RAF intruder night fighter operations , had necessitated the need for another pair of watchful eyes to the rear . Unteroffizier Wilhelm Gänsler , who had already contributed to 17 claims made by Hauptmann Ludwig Becker , was Schnaufer 's new lookout . With Handtke and Gänsler as his crew , Schnaufer claimed his 26th aerial victory on 23 September 1943 over a No. 218 Squadron Stirling during a Wilde Sau intercept mission .
In the second half of 1943 , Schnaufer and his crew began experimenting with upward @-@ firing autocannons , dubbed Schräge Musik . This allowed the night fighter to approach and attack the bombers from below — outside the enemy crew 's usual field of view . An attack by a Schräge Musik @-@ equipped night fighter typically came as a complete surprise to the bomber crew , who only realised a night fighter was close by when they came under fire . It is not exactly known when Schnaufer 's Bf 110 was equipped with Schräge Musik . Rumpelhardt stated that the weapons system was installed prior to his return from officer training . It is also not exactly known how many of his victories had been claimed using the upwards firing cannons . According to Fritz Engau , who had known Schnaufer since Flugzeugführerschule C 3 , 20 to 30 of Schnaufer 's aerial victories had been claimed using upwards firing guns .
Rumpelhardt had returned from his officer training courses in early October 1943 and rejoined Schnaufer 's crew . Gänsler , Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer claimed aerial victories 29 and 30 on 9 October . Oberleutnant Schnaufer was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) for 42 victories on 31 December 1943 . The presentation was made by Generalmajor ( lit . Major General ; equivalent to Brigadier ) Joseph Schmid , commanding general of the I. Jagdkorps ( 1st Fighter Corps ) , on 3 January 1944 .
On the night before his 22nd birthday , on 15 February 1944 , Schnaufer and his crew claimed aerial victories 45 to 47 . Bomber Command had sent 561 Lancasters and 314 Halifax four @-@ engined bombers , supported by de Havilland Mosquito night @-@ fighters and bombers , destined for Berlin . Schnaufer , who had been suffering from stomach pains all day , and his crew returned to Leeuwarden at 00 : 14 . Rumpelhardt had been the first to congratulate him on his birthday over the intercom . Their fellow airmen had prepared a birthday celebration . The stomach pains had become unbearable and Schnaufer was taken to a hospital with appendicitis . He stayed in the hospital for about two weeks before , together with Rumpelhardt , he went on vacation back home . Carelessly lifting his suitcase , the stitches burst , mandating further hospitalisation . He flew his first mission after these events on 19 March 1944 .
= = = Group commander of the IV . / NJG 1 = = =
Schnaufer was appointed Gruppenkommandeur IV . / NJG 1 on 1 March 1944 , taking over command of the Gruppe from Jabs who was given command of NJG 1 . He was promoted to Hauptmann on 1 May 1944 . Schnaufer became an ace @-@ in @-@ a @-@ day for the first time on 25 May 1944 when he claimed five RAF bombers shot down between 01 : 15 and 01 : 29 for victories 70 to 74 . The bombers had targeted the railway marshalling yard at Aachen .
On 6 June 1944 , the Western Allied forces landed in Normandy , during Operation Overlord . In support of the invasion of Normandy General Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Supreme Allied Commander , assigned Bomber Command to support the ground forces . On the night of 12 / 13 June , Schnaufer claimed his first victory following the invasion when 671 bombers attacked various railway targets in France . Schnaufer claimed three bombers shot down that night , the first as a Lancaster and the second and third as a Lancaster or Halifax , between 00 : 27 and 00 : 34 .
Hauptmann Schnaufer was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub ) on 24 June following four aerial victories claimed on 22 June , which took his total to 84 victories . For Schnaufer , July 1944 was less successful than the previous three months . He claimed two bombers on the night of 20 / 21 July and three on 28 / 29 July , taking his total to 89 aerial victories . One day later , on 30 July , he received a letter from Göring telling him that he had been awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern ) . Hitler himself made the presentation . It is said that when he came to the presentation his first words were , " Where is the night fighter ? " Shortly following the presentation of the Schwerter both Rumpelhardt and Gänsler received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 8 August . His crew was the only night fighter crew in the entire Luftwaffe of which all crew members wore this decoration .
In early September 1944 , NJG 1 was forced to abandon its airfields in the Netherlands and Belgium . Continuous heavy attacks by RAF and USAAF bombers and strafing by Allied fighter @-@ bombers rendered the airfields unsuitable for operations . On 2 September , VI . / NJG 1 relocated from Sint @-@ Truiden to Dortmund @-@ Brackel . Schnaufer achieved his 100th victory on 9 October 1944 , when he claimed two bombers shot down from an attack force of 415 bombers targeting Bochum . In recognition of this achievement , he was honourably mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht on 10 October 1944 and awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub , Schwertern und Brillanten ) on 16 October 1944 . He was the 94th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark .
= = = Wing commander of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 = = =
Schnaufer was then appointed Geschwaderkommodore ( wing commander ) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 ( NJG 4 — 4th Night Fighter Wing ) on 20 November 1944 ; the youngest Geschwaderkommodore in the Luftwaffe at the age of 22 . The Geschwaderstab and the II . Gruppe were stationed at Gütersloh . He flew his first combat mission as Geschwaderkommodore on the 22 November 1944 from Gütersloh and claimed two victories in the area of Dortmund . Schnaufer and his crew flew from Gütersloh to Berlin @-@ Staaken on 27 November 1944 for the official presentation of the Diamonds to the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords by Hitler . Following the official photo session by Hitler 's photographer Heinrich Hoffmann , Schnaufer met with Oberst ( Colonel ) Nicolaus von Below , Hitler 's Luftwaffe adjutant , at the Reichsluftfahrtministerium ( Ministry of Aviation ) . Here Schnaufer and his crew were filmed for the German newsreels Die Deutsche Wochenschau . Three days later they returned to Gütersloh .
Schnaufer became the leading night fighter pilot on 9 November 1944 . Schnaufer surpassed Oberst Helmut Lent 's record of 102 night @-@ time victories , after he claimed three Lancasters shot down from a force of 235 Lancasters from No 5 . Group which attacked the Dortmund @-@ Ems Canal . Schnaufer , whose victory total stood at 106 at the end of 1944 , failed to shoot down a single bomber in January 1945 . It was his first month without filing a claim since April 1943 .
Schnaufer was ordered to Carinhall , the residence of the Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , on 8 February 1945 . Göring informed him about the intent to appoint him as Inspekteur der Nachtjäger ( Inspector of the night fighter force
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
but [ the episode ] was just too much fun . I hope he comes back . "
= Temple Sinai ( Oakland , California ) =
Temple Sinai ( officially the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland ) is a Reform synagogue located at 2808 Summit Street ( 28th and Webster Streets ) in Oakland , California , United States . Founded in 1875 , it is the oldest Jewish congregation in the East San Francisco Bay region .
Its early members included Gertrude Stein and Judah Leon Magnes , who studied at Temple Sinai 's Sabbath school , and Ray Frank , who taught them . Originally traditional , the temple reformed its beliefs and practices under the leadership of Rabbi Marcus Friedlander ( 1893 – 1915 ) . By 1914 , it had become a Classical Reform congregation . That year the current sanctuary was built : a Beaux @-@ Arts structure designed by G. Albert Lansburgh , which is the oldest synagogue building in Oakland .
The congregation weathered four major financial crises by 1934 . From then until 2011 , it was led by just three rabbis , William Stern ( 1934 – 1965 ) , Samuel Broude ( 1966 – 1989 ) , and Steven Chester ( 1989 – 2011 ) .
In 2006 Temple Sinai embarked on a $ 15 million capital campaign to construct an entirely new synagogue campus adjacent to its current sanctuary . Groundbreaking took place in October 2007 , and by late 2009 the congregation had raised almost $ 12 million towards the construction . As of 2015 , Temple Sinai had nearly 1 @,@ 000 member families . The rabbis were Jacqueline Mates @-@ Muchin and Yoni Regev , and the cantor was Ilene Keys . The synagogue has two emeritus rabbis , Samuel Broude and Steven Chester .
= = Early years = =
Founded in 1875 as the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland , Temple Sinai is the oldest synagogue in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area . It grew out of Oakland 's Hebrew Benevolent Society , which had been organized in 1862 by eighteen merchants and shopkeepers from several foreign countries — predominantly Polish Jews from Posen . Although Hebrew Benevolent Societies typically ceased operations upon the founding of a synagogue , Oakland 's was unusual in continuing to function independently for a number of years ( the two groups did not merge until 1881 ) .
By 1876 , the congregation had purchased land on the south side of 14th and Webster streets ; however , due to a severe recession in California at the time , the congregation did not construct a building until 1878 . The wooden structure , with Moorish Revival elements and onion domes , was completed at a cost of around $ 8 @,@ 000 ( today $ 196 @,@ 000 ) .
Services were initially traditional , following the Polish rite . Men and women sat separately , but the mehitza separating them was soon done away with . In 1881 the new president , David Hirschberg , led a campaign to modernize , and convinced a small majority to introduce a number of reforms , including the addition of a mixed choir of Christians and Jews and organ music , and the removal of the requirement for a minyan . Traditionalists — who mostly came from the Hebrew Benevolent Society — objected and withdrew , forming their own Orthodox minyan , which eventually became Oakland 's Congregation Beth Jacob .
= = Levy , Sessler eras : 1881 – 1892 = =
In 1881 , the congregation hired Oakland 's first rabbi , Meyer Solomon Levy . Born in England in January 1852 and raised there , he was the son of Rabbi Solomon Levy of Borough Synagogue in London . Meyer Solomon Levy had been ordained in England as an Orthodox rabbi before he was twenty , and moved to Australia as a young man . An early supporter of Zionism , he had served as a rabbi in Melbourne before moving to California in 1872 or 1873 , where he served as the rabbi of Temple Emanu @-@ El ( then Bickur Cholim ) in San Jose . Levy was paid $ 100 a month ( today $ 2 @,@ 450 ) , and donated a percentage to the poor .
Levy came into conflict with Oakland 's public schools , which refused to excuse Jewish students on High Holy Days . He petitioned that they be excused , but the superintendent and district went even further , and directed teachers not to schedule examinations for those days . Although sensitive to the needs of the members , Levy was more observant than his congregants , which also led to conflict . He accepted the reforms of shortening the Shabbat services , and facing the congregation ( rather than the ark ) during prayer , but he successfully resisted attempts to adopt Isaac Mayer Wise 's 1885 " Minhag America " Prayer @-@ Book .
Although traditional in some ways , Levy was progressive in others . " Deeply affected by the enlightened spirit of his day " , according to historian Fred Rosenbaum , he " delivered lectures with titles such as ' Progress of Science ' and , while at the First Hebrew Congregation , he invited Oakland 's Unitarian minister to give a series of talks at the synagogue . Levy in turn was well received at the Unitarian Church , where he spoke on the theory of evolution . "
In 1885 , the synagogue burned down , although the Torah scrolls were saved by a congregant who entered the burning building to retrieve them . Levy made prodigious efforts to raise funds for a new building , traveling as far away as Vancouver . The synagogue 's female members also raised significant funds through a " Grand Fair " . Their combined efforts were successful , and by 1886 a new building had been erected at 13th and Clay streets . The structure had " Moorish elements inspired by Isaac Mayer Wise 's Plum Street Temple in Cincinnati " .
The tensions between liberal @-@ minded members and the traditional Levy were never resolved , and in 1891 , the rabbi moved to San Francisco 's Congregation Beth Israel . That year the women of the congregation formed the Ladies Auxiliary ( Temple Sisterhood ) , whose initial mandate was to assist the work of the synagogue 's Sunday school , and increase its enrollment .
During Levy 's tenure , the synagogue had several congregants who were famous , or would become so . Ray Frank , the first Jewish woman to preach formally from a pulpit in the United States , settled in Oakland around 1885 , and taught Hebrew Bible studies and Jewish history at First Hebrew Congregation 's Sabbath school , where she was superintendent . Her students there in the 1880s included Gertrude Stein , later to become a famous writer , and Judah Leon Magnes , who would become a prominent Reform rabbi . Magnes 's views of the Jewish people were strongly influenced by First Hebrew 's Rabbi Levy , and it was at the building on 13th and Clay that Magnes first began preaching — his bar mitzvah speech of 1890 was quoted at length in The Oakland Tribune .
Morris Sessler succeeded Levy as rabbi in 1892 . He had served at Congregation of the Sons of Israel and David in Providence , Rhode Island , from 1887 to 1892 . His tenure lasted only six months , as " his ideas did not harmonize with those of the congregation " . He became rabbi of Congregation Gates of Prayer in New Orleans that same year , where he served until 1904 .
= = Friedlander , Franklin eras : 1893 – 1919 = =
The congregation hired Marcus Friedlander of Congregation Baith Israel in Brooklyn , New York in 1893 . Soon after he was hired , California experienced another economic downturn , which hurt the finances of members of the congregation . The congregation sold its property at 13th and Clay ( which had become the heart of the business district ) in 1895 , and moved to a less expensive location at the northwest corner of 12th and Castro streets , and renovated the building there in 1896 . Over 500 people , both Jews and non @-@ Jews , were sheltered in the building for days after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . The synagogue had 95 members by 1907 , with annual revenues of $ 6 @,@ 000 ( today $ 152 @,@ 000 ) .
Friedlander and former congregation president Abraham Jonas persuaded the congregation to introduce a number of significant reforms in the service : they first adopted the Jastrow prayer book , and later the Reform movement 's Union Prayer Book ( though in a revised , less radical version published specifically for First Hebrew , and authorized by the Central Conference of American Rabbis ) . By 1908 , the congregation had eliminated the second day of Rosh Hashanah , and few men wore head coverings in the service , and by 1914 the congregation had moved completely to the radicalism of " Classical Reform " .
In 1910 , First Hebrew bought a lot on Telegraph Avenue at Sycamore Street , near 26th Street , for $ 28 @,@ 000 ( today $ 710 @,@ 000 ) , and sold its property at 12th and Castro for the same amount . The congregation , however , decided not to build there . In 1912 it found a better location , and purchased its current site at 28th and Webster for $ 12 @,@ 050 ( today $ 310 @,@ 000 ) . Groundbreaking took place on October 26 , 1913 , and the building was completed there in 1914 at a cost of $ 100 @,@ 000 ( today $ 2 @.@ 4 million ) . Fourteen thousand dollars ( today $ 340 @,@ 000 ) of the costs were raised by the Ladies Auxiliary , which also purchased a new Austin pipe organ for the sanctuary at a cost of $ 5 @,@ 000 ( today $ 120 @,@ 000 ) . The new building was called " Temple Sinai " , and thereafter the congregation itself became known as " Temple Sinai " , although it retained the official name of " First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland " .
Designed by noted American architect G. Albert Lansburgh , the Beaux @-@ Arts structure had six tall stained glass windows , an " elliptical dome " , and an entrance characterized by " graceful Corinthian columns supporting a Greco @-@ Roman portico " . Carved into the entablature above the entrance was the Biblical verse " MY HOUSE SHALL BE CALLED A HOUSE OF PRAYER FOR ALL PEOPLE " ( Isaiah 56 : 7 ) . More modest in size than most Beaux @-@ Arts buildings , it nevertheless had features typical of that style , including its " cross @-@ axial composition " . However , it was adorned with " simpler materials such as pressed brick and carved wood " , rather than the usual " florid Classical design elements " . Along with the sanctuary , the building included a social hall and classrooms . It is the only example of Lansburgh 's work in Oakland , and one of about 150 Oakland buildings given an " A " or " Highest Importance " rating by the Oakland Cultural Heritage Survey , which signifies " outstanding architectural example or extreme historical importance " . The building has a status code of " 3S " in the California Historical Resource Information System database , indicating that it " appears eligible for the National Register of Historic Places " ( NRHP ) .
The outbreak of World War I , and the costs of the new mortgage , placed a significant financial strain on the members , and in 1915 they decided to release Friedlander from his contract . Temple Sinai hired Harvey B. Franklin as rabbi in 1917 , but his tenure there was only two years . During his term , the congregational school held classes twice a week , and had 285 students and 8 teachers . Franklin next served at Bickur Cholim in San Jose — the congregation from which Temple Sinai 's first rabbi , Myer Solomon Levy , had come .
= = Coffee era : 1921 – 1933 = =
After going without a rabbi for another two years , in 1921 Temple Sinai hired Rudolph I. Coffee , an Oakland native and cousin of Judah Leon Magnes . Coffee was outspoken , and passionately advocated liberal causes : he supported disarmament , birth control , and separation of church and state , and opposed prohibition , antisemitism , and Tammany Hall . Along with other local rabbis Jacob Nieto and Jacob Weinstein , he demanded the release of labor leaders and accused bombers Thomas Mooney and Warren Billings . He also supported California 's compulsory sterilization of the mentally ill and mentally retarded , and eugenicist E. S. Gosney 's advocacy on this issue .
Coffee was involved in the California State Prison System , and during his tenure at Temple Sinai he was head of the Jewish Committee of Personal Service , a California @-@ wide organization that " ministered to Jews in state prisons " . In January 1924 , California 's governor appointed Coffee to the State Board of Charities and Corrections , which was responsible for supervising California 's state prisons .
In 1931 , Coffee opposed California legislation intended to regulate the kosher food industry and prohibit fraudulent claims that foods were kosher . In a letter to state senator E.H. Christian he stated :
... I am unalterably opposed to this bill because Judaism need not call upon the State to settle its own internal affairs . We are starting a dangerous precedent in California which can only lead to evil consequences .
Four years ago you assisted in preventing an increase of " wine rabbis . " The law relative to sacramental wine was properly surrounded , and California Jews do not suffer the disgrace which eastern brethren feel .
This will bring a " meat rabbi " into existence . New York state has this kosher law and yet it did not prevent the terrible scandal which was uncovered last month in New York City . Use your best influence to prevent it .
If Judaism has not enough inner resources to meet present day conditions , the sooner it passes away the better .
Despite Coffee 's opposition , the legislation was enacted .
Coffee 's advocacy , and Temple Israel 's financial instability , eventually contributed to his dismissal from Temple Sinai in 1933 ; at the same time that the membership was experiencing financial distress due to the Great Depression , Coffee was advocating higher salaries for government employees . After leaving Temple Sinai , he became chaplain at San Quentin State Prison .
= = Stern era : 1934 – 1965 = =
In 1934 , Temple Sinai hired William M. Stern ( originally Sternheser ) as rabbi . A San Francisco native and son of an Orthodox rabbi , he had been persuaded by Rabbi Martin Meyer of the Reform Congregation Emanu @-@ El to attend Hebrew Union College ( HUC ) , where Stern received his ordination . He served as rabbi at a number of Southern and Midwestern synagogues in the 1920s and early 1930s .
Much less formal than his predecessor Coffee , Stern was seen as a poker @-@ playing , cigar @-@ smoking " regular guy " , and he focused on combating the spread of antisemitism . His wife Rae was also very active in the congregation . She taught at the synagogue 's Hebrew school , and led the sisterhood .
Although originally anti @-@ Zionist , Stern 's views changed in the 1940s , and by 1942 he was strongly supported Jewish nationalism . When an Oakland branch of the anti @-@ Zionist American Council for Judaism formed in 1944 , Stern opposed its creation , even though many members , including its president , were leading members of Temple Sinai . By 1948 , however , the congregation had also become supportive of Zionism .
During Stern 's tenure Temple Sinai expanded its facilities , adding a religious school building , offices , and a chapel in 1947 – 1948 , and moving the main entrance to Summit Street . The main building 's interior was also significantly remodeled , aside from the sanctuary . The congregation also built the Temple House ( called Covenant Hall ) , in 1950 . The following year the synagogue put on an exhibition called " Arts in Action " , " that included sculptors , weavers , filmmakers , ceramists , and others . " The event 's director asked poet , artist and art critic Weldon Kees to jury a show of paintings ; Kees ended up having to find the paintings as well . When the Temple 's board saw the selected works , they did not want display all of them , but acquiesced after " a strong protest " .
In 1965 , the congregation bought land in Oakland Hills , anticipating a future move . In December of that year Stern died unexpectedly . Following his death , Temple Sinai held for many years an annual Stern Lecture series in his memory .
= = Broude era : 1966 – 1989 = =
In 1966 , the congregation hired Samuel Broude as rabbi . A graduate of the University of Chicago , in the late 1940s he had worked in Pasadena at a Reconstructionist synagogue , as a part @-@ time cantor and Hebrew teacher , and then in the early 1950s as cantor of Reform University Synagogue of Los Angeles . After completing his rabbinic training , he became associate rabbi at Congregation Ansche Chesed in Cleveland , where he served under Rabbi Arthur Lelyveld for six years before coming to Temple Sinai .
Like Temple Sinai 's previous rabbis , Broude passionately supported liberal causes , opposing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , and taking part in Civil Rights marches . Although he was a Reform rabbi , he had gone to an Orthodox yeshiva as a boy , and religiously he was in many ways more traditional than his predecessors . He re @-@ introduced ritual into the synagogue , but more contentiously opposed intermarriage . His immediate predecessor , Stern , had officiated at intermarriages " under certain conditions " . Broude initially did so as well , under " extenuating circumstances " ( e.g. if the bride were pregnant ) . His position later hardened , and he refused to perform such marriages under any circumstances . He even refused to allow other rabbis who would be willing to do so officiate at intermarriages at Temple Sinai . The issue eventually came to a congregational vote in 1972 , which supported Broude , although the debate was never completely settled .
Broude was , however , not opposed to all religious innovations . Under his leadership , Temple Sinai began holding monthly fine arts performances as part of the Friday night service , in place of the usual sermon . In December 1970 , the Temple 's fine arts committee commissioned an original dance work from Anna Halprin and her multi @-@ racial dance troupe . For the next two months Broude met weekly with Halprin , educating her regarding the Friday night prayers . The completed work , titled Kadosh , included a candlelight vigil , and dancers tearing their clothes and shouting questions at Broude that reframed the classic question about God and The Holocaust in terms of the Vietnam War : " How can there be a God if He allows all the suffering of the Vietnam War to continue ? " The performance engendered passionate responses from the congregation ; according to Broude " I don 't know if anyone was neutral . Half thought it was fantastic , half thought it was terrible ! "
Broude also argued that the congregation should remain in downtown Oakland , and in 1975 , convinced them to stay . He retired in 1989 , the year the buildings survived the Loma Prieta earthquake . After his retirement from Temple Sinai he remained active , filling in at synagogues mostly in the Bay Area , and teaching . He also wrote an autobiography , and a one @-@ man show based on it called " Listening for the Voice " , which he performed at a number of East Bay synagogues , including , in 2009 , at Temple Sinai .
= = Chester era : 1989 – 2011 = =
Steven Chester , a graduate of UCLA , and ordained by HUC in 1971 , became rabbi in 1989 . He had previously served as rabbi of Temple Beth Israel in Jackson , Michigan , from 1971 to 1976 , and Temple Israel in Stockton , California , from 1976 to 1989 , where he was also an adjunct professor in the Religious Studies department of the University of the Pacific . Chester added a pre @-@ school and adult education programs to the services offered by the synagogue , and supported the congregation 's return to more traditional practices , including the re @-@ introduction of Hebrew into the service . He also continued his predecessors ' passion for social justice , taking up causes " from advocating for local affordable housing and health care for the disenfranchised to supporting women 's reproductive rights and protesting the genocide in Darfur . " In 2006 , Chester was voted Reader 's Choice for " Minister / Rabbi / Imam with the Biggest Heart " in the East Bay Express .
The synagogue survived the Oakland Firestorm of 1991 mostly unscathed , although a number of congregants lost their homes . Membership was over 640 families by 1993 . In 1994 , the congregation again significantly remodeled the interior of the main building , aside from the sanctuary . In December of that year , the building was designated a Historic Property by the City of Oakland .
Temple Sinai has had three associate or assistant rabbis since 1998 . Andrea Berlin joined the synagogue as its first assistant rabbi in 1998 , after being ordained at HUC in Cincinnati . From 2006 to 2008 , she also served on the board of the Jewish Family and Children 's Services of the East Bay . Suzanne Singer joined Temple Sinai in 2003 , after graduating from HUC in Los Angeles . Before becoming a rabbi , Singer had for two decades been a producer of television programs and documentaries , winning two Emmy Awards . In 2005 she became interim rabbi of Temple Beth El of Riverside , California , and later its permanent rabbi . Jacqueline Mates @-@ Muchin , a San Francisco native , graduated from HUC in New York in 2002 . After serving as an assistant rabbi in Buffalo , New York , she joined Temple Sinai in 2005 .
To accommodate the large number of people attending on the High Holy Days , since 2001 Temple Sinai has held its main High Holy Day services at Oakland 's NRHP @-@ listed Art Deco Paramount Theater . While it still holds smaller High Holy Day services in the sanctuary at 2808 Summit Street , the main services at the Paramount fill the entire 1 @,@ 800 seats on the mezzanine of the theater , and most of the 1 @,@ 200 seats in the balcony .
In 2006 , the congregation embarked on a campaign to create a new campus for Temple Sinai , to be located adjacent to the existing sanctuary and social hall . The $ 15 million project included " new offices , a larger chapel , a kitchen upgrade , outdoor sacred space , a new preschool with six classrooms and a 4 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ foot playground ... 10 additional classrooms for Midrasha teens and adult education , an art room , library , teen lounge and expanded parking . " The L @-@ shaped two @-@ story school / office building would be 16 @,@ 300 square feet ( 1 @,@ 510 m2 ) , and accommodate approximately 100 children in the pre @-@ school . The 2 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 230 m2 ) chapel , which would hold up to 250 people , would be an addition to the rear of the existing social hall .
Groundbreaking took place in October 2007 , with an expected completion in Autumn , 2010 . In order to accommodate the new buildings , the school and chapel built in the late 1940s were razed , along with two office buildings on adjoining lots purchased for the expansion . Nine portable buildings were installed on the campus of Merritt College in Oakland Hills to serve in the interim . As of December 23 , 2009 , Temple Sinai had raised almost $ 12 million from 651 households ( 70 % of the congregation ) .
Chester had planned to retire in June 2009 , and the congregation embarked on a search for a new senior rabbi in 2008 . Twenty @-@ three candidates were narrowed down to one finalist , but in early December that individual informed the search committee that he was withdrawing his name from consideration . While the search was progressing , Chester had realized that , due to the 2008 financial crisis , he would have to keep working . After the main candidate withdrew , the synagogue 's president approached Chester , asking if he would stay on for another term , which Chester agreed to do . Chester retired in June 2011 , becoming ( along with Broude ) Rabbi Emeritus .
= = Present era : 1989 – 2011 = =
Andrew Straus joined Temple Sinai as senior rabbi in December 2011 . A graduate of HUC , he had previously served as assistant rabbi of Peninsula Temple Sholom in Burlingame , California , Temple Beth Sholom of New City , New York , and most recently for 13 years as rabbi of Temple Emanuel of Tempe , Arizona . Rabbi Straus resigned his position in 2014 by mutual consent with the Board of Trustees . In January 2015 , Rabbi Mates @-@ Muchin was overwhelmingly elected senior rabbi . As of 2014 , Temple Sinai , the East Bay 's oldest synagogue , had nearly 1 @,@ 000 member families . The full @-@ time rabbis were Mates @-@ Muchin and Yoni Regev , and the cantor was Ilene Keys .
= Yes / No ( Glee ) =
" Yes / No " is the tenth episode of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , and the fifty @-@ fourth overall . Written by Brad Falchuk and directed by Eric Stoltz , the episode aired on Fox in the United States on January 17 , 2012 . It contains the revelation of an elopement , and two marriage proposals , including the proposal by Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) to Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) .
Reviews were mixed for the episode . While Will 's actual proposal to Emma was received with more favor than not , the scene where Will asks Finn ( Cory Monteith ) to be his best man was roundly condemned : the notion that Will had no adult friends and would ask one of his students was inconceivable to many . There was acclaim for the subplot featuring Becky 's ( Lauren Potter ) pursuit of Artie ( Kevin McHale ) , and her mental voiceovers by Helen Mirren .
The musical performances from the episode were greeted more positively than the episode as a whole . All six numbers were released as singles , and five of them charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100 . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 7 @.@ 50 million American viewers and received a 3 @.@ 1 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The total viewership was up from the previous episode , " Extraordinary Merry Christmas " .
= = Plot = =
Emma ( Jayma Mays ) wonders whether Will ( Matthew Morrison ) is ever going to propose marriage . She fantasizes about their wedding , and in the fantasy sings " Wedding Bell Blues " . She is mortified to discover that while fantasizing , she inadvertently and publicly asked Will to marry her , and immediately denies having done so . Emboldened nevertheless , Will gives the glee club an assignment : find the perfect song for him to use to propose to Emma .
Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) and Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) separately recount their summer relationship to their friends , singing " Summer Nights " . Sam suggests to Mercedes that they get back together , but she reminds Sam she is dating Shane ( LaMarcus Tinker ) . Sam , hoping a varsity letterman jacket will impress her , joins the only sports team still recruiting : synchronized swimming . Later , while Mercedes sings " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " with Rachel ( Lea Michele ) , Tina ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) and Santana ( Naya Rivera ) for Will as their proposal suggestion , she mentally pictures Sam rather than Shane , and is distressed .
Becky Jackson ( Lauren Potter , with inner voiceover by Helen Mirren ) , decides she wants Artie ( Kevin McHale ) for her boyfriend , and asks him for a date . He later performs for her his idea for Will 's proposal — a sexy mash @-@ up of the songs " Moves Like Jagger " and " Jumpin ' Jack Flash " — but she informs him that their date also includes dinner . The glee club fears Artie will be raising Becky 's hopes , but Artie tells them he had fun on the dinner date , and that they should examine their own prejudices about people with handicaps . However , when Becky tells Artie that she wants to have sex with him , he panics and asks Sue ( Jane Lynch ) for advice on how to break off the relationship . She advises him to treat Becky like anyone else and tell her directly . Becky is disappointed , and is later comforted by Sue .
Will asks Finn ( Cory Monteith ) to be his best man , and Finn tells Will that he is considering enlisting in the army . Will has Finn meet with him and Emma , plus his mother Carole ( Romy Rosemont ) and stepfather Burt ( Mike O 'Malley ) , who had not known of his army plans . Finn explains that he feels an obligation to his late father to be a good man and help people . His mother reveals that she hid from him the fact that his father did not die in Iraq , but instead suffered from post @-@ traumatic stress disorder there , was dishonorably discharged , and died in Cincinnati from a drug overdose . The news is devastating to Finn , and he , Rachel and Kurt talk about how the future no longer appears promising . Rachel sings " Without You " to Finn , and the two embrace .
Will asks Emma 's parents ( Don Most and Valerie Mahaffey ) for their blessing to marry her , but they refuse as they doubt Emma could handle marriage and having children . Unaware of that discussion , Emma later asks Will about their progress toward marriage , and he also wonders whether she could cope with a family given her obsessive – compulsive disorder . Though distraught , Emma tells Will that her disease is a part of her : he must decide whether they should stay together . Will , realizing that he loves Emma regardless , stages a spectacular marriage proposal — aided by the glee club and synchronized swim team , who sing and perform a water ballet to " We Found Love " — which Emma tearfully accepts . Later , Finn surprises Rachel with a proposal of marriage , complete with an engagement ring , which leaves her speechless .
= = Production = =
Filming began on November 29 , 2011 , the same day the ninth episode , which had begun shooting on November 10 , wrapped up filming . Eric Stoltz directed the episode , his third this season following " The Purple Piano Project " and " Mash Off " , and it was written by Glee co @-@ creator Brad Falchuk . Morrison was questioned about Will 's rumored proposal to Emma , and said , " It 's the most spectacular proposal I 've ever seen . " He added , " All I can say is it 's wet . And it involves a big dance . "
Oscar @-@ winning actress Helen Mirren guest @-@ stars in the episode , but is not seen on screen : she has recorded " several long and hilarious monologues " as the " inner voice " of a character in this episode , who turned out to be cheerleader Becky Jackson .
The cast and crew did location filming at Venice High School on December 6 , 2011 . The school is where exterior locations for the movie musical Grease were filmed . Several members of the cast tweeted photos , as did students from the high school . Vanessa Lengies , who plays Sugar Motta , retweeted a student 's photo of herself with some of the students , telling the student , " thanks for letting us borrow your school ! "
This episode is the last in Damian McGinty 's seven @-@ episode prize from his victory in The Glee Project , but he will be continuing in the role of Rory Flanagan beyond the initial seven . Other recurring guest stars who are appearing in the episode include glee club members Sam Evans ( Overstreet ) and Sugar Motta ( Lengies ) , cheerleader Becky Jackson ( Potter ) , football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot @-@ Marie Jones ) , Kurt 's and Finn 's married parents Burt Hummel ( O 'Malley ) and Carole Hudson @-@ Hummel ( Rosemont ) , Emma 's parents Rose and Rusty Pillsbury ( Valerie Mahaffey and Don Most , respectively ) , football player Shane Tinsley ( Tinker ) and hockey player Rick Nelson ( Rock Anthony ) . With Sam joining the synchronized swim team , actors were to be cast for the team coach and three swimmers , all of whom " have the potential to become recurring " , though only two swimmers received co @-@ starring credits in the episode . The swim team coach , Roz Washington , a bronze @-@ medal Olympian , is being played by reality show personality NeNe Leakes .
The episode features six performances , including a mash @-@ up of the songs " Moves Like Jagger " by Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera and " Jumpin ' Jack Flash " by The Rolling Stones sung by McHale , " We Found Love " by Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris sung by Michele and Rivera , and " Summer Nights " from the musical Grease with lead vocals by Overstreet and Riley . Michele sings " Without You " by David Guetta featuring Usher , and she , Riley , Rivera and Ushkowitz perform a rendition of the Roberta Flack cover of " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " . The 5th Dimension 's cover of " Wedding Bell Blues " is performed by Mays with backing vocals by Jones and Lynch .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Yes / No " was first broadcast on January 17 , 2012 in the United States on Fox . It received a 3 @.@ 1 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and attracted 7 @.@ 50 million American viewers during its initial airing , an increase from the 3 @.@ 0 / 8 rating / share and 7 @.@ 13 million viewers of the previous episode , " Extraordinary Merry Christmas " , which was broadcast on December 13 , 2011 . In Canada , 1 @.@ 61 million viewers watched the episode on the same day as its American premiere . It was the twelfth most @-@ viewed show of the week , up one slot and 10 % from the 1 @.@ 46 million viewers who watched " Extraordinary Merry Christmas " five weeks earlier .
In the United Kingdom , " Yes / No " first aired on March 1 , 2012 , and was watched on Sky 1 by 805 @,@ 000 viewers . It was the first new episode broadcast in the UK in two and a half months , and viewership was down over 15 % from " Extraordinary Merry Christmas " , which attracted 952 @,@ 000 viewers when it aired on December 15 , 2011 . In Australia , " Yes / No " was broadcast on February 17 , 2012 . It was watched by 556 @,@ 000 viewers , which made Glee the eleventh most @-@ watched program of the night , up from fifteenth the week before . The viewership was up over 15 % from the previous episode , " Extraordinary Merry Christmas " , which was seen by 481 @,@ 000 viewers .
= = = Critical reception = = =
" Yes / No " received mixed reviews from critics . Robert Canning of IGN gave it a " good " rating of 7 out of 10 , and noted " hit and miss musical performances , random quirky and funny bits , and storytelling choices that kind of sort of work " . TVLine 's Michael Slezak was more enthusiastic , and said it was the " best episode " of the third season ; he credited both Helen Mirren and " some righteous plot development that stays true to core characters " . Jen Chaney of The Washington Post commented that Glee had " returned to its frequent habit of dropping plots twists on us that come out of nowhere " , and MTV 's Kevin P. Sullivan wrote that the episode 's " promising bright spots couldn 't escape from under the weight of the show 's typical mistakes " .
Reviewers were unhappy with most of the marriage storyline that involved Will , though they seemed satisfied with Emma 's portion of it . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club said Will acted like a " jackass " throughout and called the storyline " so pathetic and sad " , words echoed by Entertainment Weekly 's Joseph Brannigan Lynch , who wrote , " When Schue told New Directions , ' You guys are my family , ' I was a little sad for him and a lotta sad for his parents . " John Kubicek of BuddyTV proclaimed , " Will desperately needs to make some grown @-@ up friends " , a sentiment echoed by HuffPost TV 's Crystal Bell . Lynch was critical of the scene where Will tells Emma they cannot marry because of her illness : he felt " using the phrase ' it 's hopeless ' in reference to her mental disorder " was too extreme . To James Poniewozik of Time , the episode showed " how the series has squandered the opportunity to make Will into a person " .
There was broad agreement regarding the scene where Will asks Finn to be his best man : not one reviewer approved . Lynch called it " questionable " and said it crossed a " line of weirdness " , Slezak and TV Guide 's Kate Stanhope felt it was inappropriate , if not unethical , and Bell said the actual request was the episode 's " biggest WTF ? ! moment " . Will 's statement that Finn had taught him " more about being a man " was met with incredulity . Slezak declared " Finn has a lot of growing up to do before he 's really a man " , and Sullivan wrote that since Finn acted " like a petulant man @-@ boy " on the show , Will must have been referring to events in " a season of Glee that didn 't air " . Finn did receive some praise from Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter , however ; she called the sequence where he discovers the truth about his father " one of Cory Monteith 's best scenes yet " , and Slezak described it as " beautifully handled " by Monteith . Finn 's marriage proposal to Rachel at the end of the episode was controversial . Reviewers thought it was a bad idea — Kubicek declared , " No one in high school should get engaged " — but Poniewozik wrote that it " made a lot of sense for Finn " as a character , and VanDerWerff said the scene " worked " for him .
Becky 's storyline was acclaimed by most reviewers . Canning called it " exceptional " and " the most emotional and satisfying of the episode " . Poniewozik also praised it , and wrote , " Artie and Becky 's arc , on the other hand , really worked : it was sweet , uncomfortable and messy in the way that Glee does well . " He continued , " it played out as it did not just because of Artie and Becky 's condition but because of what they ’ re like as people " . VanDerWerff said the story was " handled with just the right level of pathos " , and Slezak praised the writers for turning Becky " into a fully realized character , while confronting head @-@ on the dashed hopes and disappointments that can be a reality for a person with Down Syndrome " . Sullivan wrote , " The plot touched on a universal experience , unrequited love , from a very Glee perspective , the treatment of handicapped people as people . It ended on an appropriate down note and reaffirmed Sue and Becky 's touching dynamic . " Bell liked Sue in this episode , as she was helping the plot , which in turn made her one @-@ liners " added treats rather than overdone cliches " . The use of Helen Mirren to voice Becky 's thoughts was highly praised . Poniewozik called it " the kind of ridiculous @-@ but @-@ weirdly @-@ logical move I love from Glee " , and Lynch said it " was one of the most charming treats this show has offered in a while " . Sullivan wrote that " both actresses turned in great performances that elevated the episode significantly " . Not all reviewers agreed , however : Futterman called Mirren 's vocal cameo " bizarre " , and although Kubicek thought Mirren was " pretty darn hilarious " , he said the " Becky having a crush on Artie " story arc made him feel " as uncomfortable " as the members of New Directions , and stated , " It 's easy to say that everyone should just treat her like they treat everyone else , but actually doing it is somewhat problematic . "
The cameo appearance of NeNe Leakes as Coach Roz Washington received plaudits from most reviewers . Poniewozik described her as " pretty damn excellent " , and Votta wrote , " She only has one generally pointless scene but is arguably the best part of the whole episode . " Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal said Leakes " does well " , and Bell stated " she actually wasn 't that bad " . Kubicek , however , while he liked the writing for the character , wrote that Leakes was " an embarrassingly terrible actress " .
= = = Music and performances = = =
The opening number of the show received the most disparate reviews from critics . Kubicek was one of the most enthusiastic about " Summer Nights " , and wrote , " This is the kind of ridiculous , over @-@ the @-@ top , hilariously cheesy stuff I want to see from Glee all the time . " He was also pleased that Rory was given solo lines , and Sugar was " being embraced as a part of the group " . Lynch thought that " Amber Riley and Chord Overstreet harmonize surprisingly wonderfully " , and gave this " easily the most fun number of the episode " an " A − " . Stanhope said that " the energy is infectious and you can feel the sparks between the former pair " , but the performance was " way too much of a copycat " of the original Grease scene , while Flandez said that the two leads " lacked chemistry " and that the number was " inexplicable " . VanDerWerff was similarly unimpressed : " dumb and unnecessary " . Chaney wrote that the number " was a high @-@ energy , cute way for the show to mark its comeback " , but said that Rory " sounded flat " on one of his lines , and Sam " couldn ’ t quite hit " the ending high note in the song , and graded it a " B " .
" Wedding Bell Blues " was described by Bobby Hankinson of The Houston Chronicle as " the perfect combination of a great song , plot relevance , and Princess Beatrice hat " . Stanhope agreed with him on all three points , and added that it was " a great pick for her vocals " . Slezak described those vocals as " a breath of dewy spring air " and gave the song an " A " , but Lynch thought Emma was not " much of a singer " and gave the number a " B − " , though he said " the curiosity of backup vocals from Coach Beiste and Sue Sylvester made this entirely worthwhile " . Poniewozik characterized the staging of the song as " phoned in " . " The First Time I Ever Saw Your Face " was given an " A " by Lynch and an " A − " by Slezak ; the latter called the vocals " pretty electrifying " . Flandez said the song was " sublime " and complimented the lighting , the mood , and the direction by Eric Stoltz , and VanDerWerff described it as the episode 's " best single number " . While Futterman thought the performers sang with " controlled power " , she felt " singing it dressed in black with tears rolling down " was funereal rather than bridal , and Sullivan called it an " odd song choice " that was made " worse " by " Lea Michele 's cry @-@ singing " . Chaney gave the song her lowest grade of the episode , a " C − " , and characterized it as a " flagrant eye @-@ watering fest " .
Flandez called the " propulsive mash @-@ up " of " Moves Like Jagger " and " Jumpin ' Jack Flash " one of the episode 's " highlights " , and Billboard 's Rae Votta said it was " impeccably choreographed by Glee 's often unsung hero Zach Woodlee . " She also lauded Artie 's " Jagger moves while sitting in a chair " and said he " outshines even Mike and Will who dance beside him " . Sullivan described Artie as " consistently awesome " , and Slezak said it was " one of Artie ’ s more appealing musical moments this season " and gave it a " B " . Lynch characterized the song as a " spunky diversion " and gave it a " B + " , but he noted it was " not a good song for marriage proposals by any stretch of the imagination " , a point also made by Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman , who said the number would have " fared much better as a stand @-@ alone performance " . While Chaney liked Will and Mike 's " moves " , she felt there was " far too much quick cutting to shots of Morrison in a tank top " and gave the song a " B – " ; Slezak and VanDerWerff were also critical of these shots .
Futterman was impressed that in " Without You " , Glee crafted a " cover to rival the original " , and said it " totally works " . Slezak called it a " vocally stunning reimagining " and gave it an " A − " . Both Lynch and Chaney gave it a " B " , and the latter wrote " I can 't deny that she sang the heck out of it " . Chaney was not so pleased with " We Found Love " , to which she gave a " C " . She wrote that it was " part old Esther Williams movie , part classic ' SNL ' sketch with Harry Shearer and Martin Short and part music video for ' Magic ' by the Cars . In short , it was kind of a train wreck . " However , she and Stanhope , who said it was " way too fast @-@ paced " , were in the minority . Lynch called it " sheer pleasure " and gave it an " A − " , and Slezak was even more enthusiastic with an " A + " grade and described it as a " sublimely , ridiculously , excessively terrific production number " which he placed " in the show 's all @-@ time Top 10 " . VanDerWerff praised the " nice sense of visual spectacle " , and Hankinson called it " really fantastic " and " something different " . Futterman , after she admitted to her " unabashed love " of the song , noted that the show had " found the trifecta of a current song that both fits the overall theme of the show and the characters singing it " .
= = = Chart history = = =
Five of the six singles released from the episode , which included a total of seven cover versions due to the " Moves Like Jagger / Jumpin ' Jack Flash " mash @-@ up , debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 . " Without You " debuted at number twenty @-@ eight , followed by " We Found Love " at number fifty @-@ six , the aforementioned " Moves Like Jagger / Jumpin ' Jack Flash " mash @-@ up at number sixty @-@ two , " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " at number seventy and " Summer Nights " at number eighty @-@ eight . The same five songs charted in Canada on the Canadian Hot 100 and in the same order on that chart : " Without You " at number twenty @-@ nine , " We Found Love " at number fifty @-@ five , " Moves Like Jagger / Jumpin ' Jack Flash " at number fifty @-@ nine , " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " at number seventy @-@ eight and " Summer Nights " at number eighty @-@ five . The sixth single , " Wedding Bell Blues " , did not appear on either chart .
= Murray Rothbard =
Murray Newton Rothbard ( / ˈmʌri ˈrɑːθbɑːrd / ; March 2 , 1926 – January 7 , 1995 ) was an American heterodox economist of the Austrian School , a revisionist historian , and a political theorist whose writings and personal influence played a seminal role in the development of modern libertarianism . Rothbard was the founder and leading theoretician of anarcho @-@ capitalism , a staunch advocate of historical revisionism , and a central figure in the twentieth @-@ century American libertarian movement . He wrote over twenty books on political theory , revisionist history , economics , and other subjects . Rothbard asserted that all services provided by the " monopoly system of the corporate state " could be provided more efficiently by the private sector and wrote that the state is " the organization of robbery systematized and writ large . " He called fractional reserve banking a form of fraud and opposed central banking . He categorically opposed all military , political , and economic interventionism in the affairs of other nations . According to his protégé Hans @-@ Hermann Hoppe , " There would be no anarcho @-@ capitalist movement to speak of without Rothbard . "
Rothbard was a heterodox political economist . Economist Jeff Herbener , who calls Rothbard his friend and " intellectual mentor " , wrote that Rothbard received " only ostracism " from mainstream academia . Rothbard rejected mainstream economic methodologies and instead embraced the praxeology of his most important intellectual precursor , Ludwig von Mises . To promote his economic and political ideas , Rothbard joined Llewellyn H. " Lew " Rockwell , Jr. and Burton Blumert in 1982 to establish the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Alabama .
= = Life and work = =
= = = Education = = =
Murray Rothbard 's parents were David and Rae Rothbard , Jewish immigrants who had immigrated to the U.S. from Poland and Russia respectively . David Rothbard was a chemist . Rothbard was born in the Bronx , but the family moved to an apartment on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , where he attended Birch Wathen , a private school on the Upper East Side . Rothbard later stated that he much preferred Birch Wathen to the " debasing and egalitarian public school system " he had previously attended in the Bronx .
Rothbard wrote of having grown up as a " right @-@ winger " ( adherent of the " Old Right " ) among friends and neighbors who were " communists or fellow @-@ travelers . " Rothbard characterized his immigrant father as an individualist who embraced the American values of minimal government , free enterprise , private property , and " a determination to rise by one 's own merits " . To Rothbard " all socialism seemed to me monstrously coercive and abhorrent . "
He attended Columbia University , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1945 and , eleven years later , his PhD in economics in 1956 . The delay in receiving his PhD was due in part to conflict with his advisor , Joseph Dorfman , and in part to Arthur Burns rejecting his doctoral dissertation . Burns was a longtime friend of the Rothbard family and their neighbor at their Manhattan apartment building . It was only after Burns went on leave from the Columbia faculty to head President Eisenhower 's Council of Economic Advisors that Rothbard 's thesis was accepted and he received his doctorate . Rothbard later stated that all of his fellow students there were extreme leftists and that he was one of only two Republicans on the Columbia campus at the time .
During the 1940s Rothbard became acquainted with Frank Chodorov and read widely in libertarian @-@ oriented works by Albert Jay Nock , Garet Garrett , Isabel Paterson , H. L. Mencken and others , as well as Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises In the early 1950s , when Mises was teaching at the Wall Street division of New York University Business School , Rothbard attended Mises ' unofficial seminar . Rothbard was greatly influenced by Mises ' book , Human Action . Rothbard attracted the attention of the William Volker Fund , a group that provided financial backing to promote various " right @-@ wing " ideologies in the 1950s and early 1960s . The Volker Fund paid Rothbard to write a textbook to explain Human Action in a form which could be used to introduce college undergraduates to Mises ' views ; a sample chapter he wrote on money and credit won Mises 's approval . For ten years , Rothbard was paid a retainer by the Volker Fund , which designated him a " senior analyst . " As Rothbard continued his work , he enlarged the project . The result was Rothbard 's book Man , Economy , and State , published in 1962 . Upon its publication , Mises praised Rothbard 's work effusively .
= = = Marriage , employment , and activism = = =
In 1953 , in New York City , he married JoAnn Schumacher ( 1928 – 1999 ) , whom he called Joey . JoAnn was his editor and a close adviser , as well as hostess of his " Rothbard Salon " . They enjoyed a loving marriage , and Rothbard often called her " the indispensable framework " behind his life and achievements . According to Joey , patronage from the Volker Fund allowed Rothbard to work from home as a freelance theorist and pundit for the first fifteen years of their marriage . The Fund collapsed in 1962 , leading Rothbard to seek employment from various New York academic institutions . He was offered a part @-@ time position teaching economics to the engineering students of Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1966 , at age 40 . This institution had no economics department or economics majors , and Rothbard derided its social science department as " Marxist . " However , Justin Raimondo writes that Rothbard liked his role with Brooklyn Polytechnic because working only two days a week gave him freedom to contribute to developments in libertarian politics .
Rothbard continued in this role for twenty years , until 1986 . Then 60 years old , Rothbard left Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute for the Lee Business School at the University of Nevada , Las Vegas , where he held the title of S.J. Hall Distinguished Professor of Economics , an endowed chair paid for by a libertarian businessman . According to Rothbard 's friend , colleague and fellow Misesian economist Hans @-@ Hermann Hoppe , Rothbard led a " fringe existence " in academia , but was able to attract a large number of " students and disciples " through his writings , thereby becoming " the creator and one of the principal agents of the contemporary libertarian movement . " Rothbard maintained his position at UNLV from 1986 until his death . Rothbard founded the Center for Libertarian Studies in 1976 and the Journal of Libertarian Studies in 1977 . In 1982 , he co @-@ founded the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn , Alabama , and was vice president of academic affairs until 1995 . The Institute 's Review of Austrian Economics , a heterodox economics journal later renamed the Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics , was also founded by Rothbard in 1987 .
After Rothbard 's death , Joey reflected on Rothbard 's happiness and bright spirit . " ... he managed to make a living for 40 years without having to get up before noon . This was important to him . " She recalled how Rothbard would begin every day with a phone conversation with his colleague Llewellyn Rockwell . " Gales of laughter would shake the house or apartment , as they checked in with each other . Murray thought it was the best possible way to start a day . " Rothbard was irreligious and agnostic toward the existence of God , describing himself as a " mixture of an agnostic and a Reform Jew . " Despite identifying as an agnostic and an atheist , Rothbard was critical of the " left @-@ libertarian hostility to religion " . In Rothbard 's later years , many of his friends anticipated that he would convert to Catholicism , but he never did . The New York Times obituary called Rothbard " an economist and social philosopher who fiercely defended individual freedom against government intervention . "
= = = Conflict with Ayn Rand = = =
In 1954 , Rothbard , along with several other attendees of Mises ' seminar , joined the circle of novelist Ayn Rand , the founder of Objectivism . He soon parted from her , writing , among other things , that her ideas were not as original as she proclaimed but similar to those of Aristotle , Thomas Aquinas and Herbert Spencer . In 1958 , after the publication of her novel , Atlas Shrugged , Rothbard wrote a " fan letter " to Rand , calling her book " an infinite treasure house , " and " not merely the greatest novel ever written , [ but ] one of the very greatest books ever written , fiction or nonfiction . " He also wrote that " you introduced me to the whole field of natural rights and natural law philosophy , " prompting him to learn " the glorious natural rights tradition . " He rejoined her circle for a few months , but soon broke with Rand once more , over various differences , including his defense of anarchism .
Later , Rothbard satirized Rand 's acolytes in his play Mozart Was a Red and the essay " The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult . " " Mozart Was a Red " was Rothbard 's unpublished one @-@ act play written as a farce . Rothbard characterized Ayn Rand 's circle as a " dogmatic , personality cult . " His play parodies Rand ( through the character " Carson Sand " ) and her friends , and is set during a visit from Keith Hackley , a fan of Sand 's novel The Brow of Zeus ( a play on Rand 's most famous novel , Atlas Shrugged ) .
= = Ethical and philosophical views = =
= = = Austrian economics = = =
Rothbard was an advocate and practitioner of the Austrian School tradition of his teacher Ludwig von Mises . Like Mises , Rothbard rejected the application of the scientific method to economics , and dismissed econometrics , empirical and statistical analysis , and other tools of mainstream social science as useless for the study of economics . He instead embraced praxeology , the strictly a priori methodology of Mises . Praxeology conceives of economic laws as akin to geometric or mathematical axioms : fixed , unchanging , objective , and discernible through logical reasoning , without the use of any evidence . On the account of Misesian economist Hans @-@ Hermann Hoppe , eschewing the scientific method and empirical evidence distinguishes the Misesian approach " from all other current economic schools " . Mark Skousen of Grantham University and the Foundation for Economic Education , a critic of mainstream economics , praises Rothbard as brilliant , his writing style persuasive , his economic arguments nuanced and logically rigorous , and his Misesian methodology sound . However , citing Rothbard 's absence of academic publications , Skousen concedes that Rothbard was effectively " outside the discipline " of mainstream economics and that his work " fell on deaf ears " outside his ideological circles . Paralleling Skousen 's remarks , Hans @-@ Hermann Hoppe laments the fact that all non @-@ Misesian economists dismiss the Misesian approach , which both he and Rothbard embraced , as " dogmatic and unscientific " .
Rothbard wrote extensively on Austrian Business Cycle Theory and as part of this approach , strongly opposed central banking , fiat money , and fractional reserve banking and advocated a gold standard and a 100 % reserve requirement for banks .
= = = = Polemics against mainstream economics = = = =
Rothbard authored a series of scathing polemics against modern mainstream economics . He was critical of Adam Smith , calling him a " shameless plagiarist " who set economics off @-@ track , ultimately leading to the rise of Marxism . Instead , Rothbard praised Smith 's contemporaries ' works , including Richard Cantillon , Anne Turgot , and Condillac for developing the subjective theory of value . In response to Rothbard 's charge that Smith 's The Wealth of Nations was largely plagiarized , David Friedman castigated Rothbard 's scholarship and character , saying that he " was [ either ] deliberately dishonest or never really read the book he was criticizing " . Tony Endres called Rothbard 's treatment of Adam Smith a " travesty " .
Rothbard was equally scathing in his criticism of John Maynard Keynes , labeling Keynes weak on economic theory and a shallow political opportunist . Rothbard also wrote more generally that Keynesian @-@ style governmental regulation of money and credit created a " dismal monetary and banking situation " . He demeaned John Stuart Mill as a " wooly man of mush " , and speculated that Mill 's " soft " personality led his economic thought astray .
Rothbard was critical of monetarist economist Milton Friedman . In a polemic entitled " Milton Friedman Unraveled " , he maligned Friedman as a " statist " , a " favorite of the establishment " , a friend of and " apologist " for Richard Nixon , and a " pernicious influence " on public policy . Rothbard said that libertarians should scorn rather than celebrate Friedman 's academic prestige and political influence . Noting that Rothbard has " been nasty to me and my work " , Friedman responded to Rothbard 's criticism by calling him a " cult builder and a dogmatist . "
In a memorial volume published by the Mises Institute , Rothbard 's protégé and libertarian theorist Hans @-@ Hermann Hoppe wrote that the work Man , Economy , and State " presented a blistering refutation of all variants of mathematical economics , " and included it among Rothbard 's " almost mind @-@ boggling achievements " . Hoppe lamented that , like his own mentor Ludwig von Mises , Rothbard died without winning the Nobel Prize that Hoppe says Rothbard deserved " twice over . " Though Hoppe acknowledged that Rothbard and his work were largely ignored by academia , he called Rothbard an " intellectual giant , " comparable to Aristotle , Locke and Kant .
= = = = Reception of Rothbard 's work = = = =
Though he self @-@ identified as an Austrian economist , Rothbard 's methodology was at odds with many other Austrians . In 1956 , Rothbard deprecated the views of Austrian economist Fritz Machlup , stating that Machlup was no praxeologist , and calling him instead a " positivist " who failed to represent the views of Ludwig von Mises . Rothbard stated that in fact Machlup shared the opposing positivist view associated with economist Milton Friedman . Mises and Machlup had been colleagues in 1920 's Vienna before each relocated to the United States , and von Mises later urged his American protege , Israel Kirzner , to pursue his PhD studies with Machlup at Johns Hopkins University . Professors Gabriel J. Zanotti and Nicolas Cachanosky recently reviewed the controversy stating " Machlup 's interpretation shows that Austrian epistemology is well grounded in post @-@ Popperian epistemology and that most criticisms of Austrian economics based on its aprioristic character are misplaced . Furthermore , Machlup 's interpretation provides us with a setting to re @-@ build the academic interaction between Austrians and non @-@ Austrians that was characteristic of the early twentieth century . "
According to libertarian economists Tyler Cowen and Richard Fink , Rothbard wrote that the term evenly rotating economy ( " ERE " ) can be used to analyze complexity in a world of change . The words ERE had been introduced by von Mises as an alternative nomenclature for the mainstream economic method of static equilibrium and general equilibrium analysis . Cowen and Fink found " serious inconsistencies in both the nature of the ERE and its suggested uses . " With the sole exception of Rothbard , no other economist adopted Mises ' term , and the concept continued to be called " equilibrium analysis . "
In an 2011 article critical of Rothbard 's " reflexive opposition " to inflation , The Economist noted that his views are increasingly gaining influence among politicians and laypeople on the Right . The article contrasted Rothbard 's categorical rejection of inflationary policies with the monetary views of " sophisticated Austrian @-@ school monetary economists such as George Selgin and Larry White , [ who ] follow Hayek in treating stability of nominal spending as a monetary ideal--a position not all that different from Mr Sumner 's " .
According to economist Peter Boettke , Rothbard is better described as a property rights economist than as an Austrian economist . In 1988 , Boettke noted that Rothbard " vehemently attacked all of the books of the younger Austrians " .
= = = Ethics = = =
Although Rothbard adopted von Mises ' deductive methodology for his social theory and economics , he parted with Mises on the question of ethics . Specifically , he rejected Mises conviction that ethical values remain subjective , and opposed utilitarianism in favor of principle @-@ based , natural law reasoning . In defense of his free market views , Mises employed utilitarian economic arguments aimed at demonstrating that interventionist policies made all of society worse off . Rothbard , on the other hand , concluded that interventionist policies do in fact benefit some people , including certain government employees and beneficiaries of social programs . Therefore , unlike Mises , Rothbard attempted to assert an objective , natural law basis for the free market . He called this principle " self @-@ ownership , " loosely basing the idea on the writings of John Locke and also borrowing concepts from classical liberalism and the anti @-@ imperialism of the Old Right .
Rothbard accepted the Labor theory of property , but rejected the Lockean proviso , arguing that if an individual mixes his labor with unowned land then he becomes the proper owner eternally , and that after that time it is private property which may change hands only by trade or gift .
Rothbard was a strong critic of egalitarianism . The title essay of Rothbard 's 1974 book Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays held , " Equality is not in the natural order of things , and the crusade to make everyone equal in every respect ( except before the law ) is certain to have disastrous consequences . " In it , Rothbard wrote , " At the heart of the egalitarian left is the pathological belief that there is no structure of reality ; that all the world is a tabula rasa that can be changed at any moment in any desired direction by the mere exercise of human will . "
Commenting on Rothbard 's ideas , Noam Chomsky says that they are " not worth talking about " and " not really serious " .
= = = Anarcho @-@ capitalism = = =
Various theorists have espoused legal philosophies similar to " anarcho @-@ capitalism . " The first person to use the term , however , was Murray Rothbard , who in the mid @-@ 20th century synthesized elements from the Austrian School of economics , classical liberalism , and 19th @-@ century American individualist anarchists . According to Llewellyn Rockwell , Rothbard is the " conscience " of all the various strains of libertarian anarchism , whose contemporary advocates are former " colleagues " of Rothbard personally inspired by his example .
During his years at graduate school in the late 1940s , Murray Rothbard considered whether a strict laissez @-@ faire policy would require that private police agencies replace government protective services . He visited Baldy Harper , a founder of the Foundation for Economic Education , who doubted the need for any government whatsoever . During this period , Rothbard was influenced by nineteenth @-@ century American individualist anarchists , like Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker , and the Belgian economist Gustave de Molinari who wrote about how such a system could work . Thus he " combined the laissez @-@ faire economics of Mises with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state " from individualist anarchists . In an unpublished memo written around 1949 Rothbard concluded that in order to believe in laissez @-@ faire one must also embrace anarchism .
Rothbard began to consider himself a private property anarchist in 1950 and later began to use " anarcho @-@ capitalist " to describe his political ideology . In his anarcho @-@ capitalist model , a system of protection agencies compete in a free market and are voluntarily supported by consumers who choose to use their protective and judicial services . Anarcho @-@ capitalism would mean the end of the state monopoly on force .
In Man , Economy , and State , Rothbard divides the various kinds of state intervention in three categories : " autistic intervention " , which is interference with private non @-@ economic activities ; " binary intervention " , which is forced exchange between individuals and the state ; and " triangular intervention " , which is state @-@ mandated exchange between individuals . According to Sanford Ikeda , Rothbard 's typology " eliminates the gaps and inconsistencies that appear in Mises 's original formulation . " Rothbard writes in Power and Market that the role of the economist in a free market is limited but is much larger in a government that solicits economic policy recommendations . Rothbard argues that self @-@ interest therefore prejudices the views of many economists in favor of increased government intervention .
= = = Race , gender and civil rights = = =
Michael O 'Malley , Associate Professor of History at George Mason University , characterizes Rothbard 's " overall tone regard [ ing ] " the Civil Rights Movement and the women 's suffrage movement to be " contemptuous and hostile " . Rothbard vilified women 's rights activists , attributing the growth of the welfare state to politically active spinsters " whose busybody inclinations were not fettered by the responsibilities of health and heart " . Rothbard had pointed out in his ' Origins of the Welfare State ' that progressives had evolved from elitist Gilded Age pietist Protestants that wanted to bring a secularized version of millennialism under a welfare state , which was spearheaded by a " shock troop of Yankee protestant and Jewish women and lesbian spinsters . "
Rothbard called for the elimination of " the entire ' civil rights ' structure " stating that it " tramples on the property rights of every American . " He consistently favored repeal of the 1964 Civil Rights Act , including Title VII regarded employment discrimination and called for overturning the Brown v. Board of Education decision on the grounds that forced integration of schools was aggressive . Rothbard also urged the ( state ) police to crack down on " street criminals " , writing that " cops must be unleashed " and " allowed to administer instant punishment , subject of course to liability when they are in error " . He also advocated that the police " clear the streets of bums and vagrants " , and quipped " who cares ? , " in response to the question of where these people would go after being removed from public property .
Rothbard held strong opinions about many leaders of the civil rights movement . He considered black separatist Malcolm X to be a " great black leader " and integrationist Martin Luther King to be favored by whites because he " was the major restraining force on the developing Negro revolution . " Rothbard praised Malcolm X for " acting white " through use of his intellect and wit , and contrasted him favorably with the " fraudulent intellectual with a rococo Black Baptist minister style , " Dr. " King " . But while he compared Malcolm X 's black nationalism favorably to King 's integrationism , and for a time praised black nationalism , in 1993 he rejected the vision of a " separate black nation " , asking " does anyone really believe that ... New Africa would be content to strike out on its own , with no massive " foreign aid " from the U.S.A. ? " Rothbard also suggested that opposition to King , whom he demeaned as a " coercive integrationist " , should be a litmus test for members of his " paleolibertarian " political movement .
= = = = Race and intelligence = = = =
Political scientist Jean Hardisty commented on Rothbard 's " praise " of the argument , made in Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray 's book The Bell Curve , that blacks tend to score , on average , lower than whites on IQ tests . Hardisty noted that Rothbard 's remark on intellectual and " temperamental " differences between races are “ self @-@ evident ” .
= = = Opposition to war = = =
Like Randolph Bourne , Rothbard believed that " war is the health of the state . " According to David Gordon , this was the reason for Rothbard 's opposition to aggressive foreign policy . Rothbard believed that stopping new wars was necessary and that knowledge of how government had led citizens into earlier wars was important . Two essays expanded on these views " War , Peace , and the State " and " The Anatomy of the State . " Rothbard used insights of Vilfredo Pareto , Gaetano Mosca , and Robert Michels to build a model of state personnel , goals , and ideology . In an obituary for his friend historical revisionist Harry Elmer Barnes , Rothbard wrote :
Our entry into World War II was the crucial act in foisting a permanent militarization upon the economy and society , in bringing to the country a permanent garrison state , an overweening military @-@ industrial complex , a permanent system of conscription . It was the crucial act in creating a mixed economy run by Big Government , a system of state monopoly capitalism run by the central government in collaboration with Big Business and Big Unionism .
Rothbard 's colleague Joseph Stromberg notes that Rothbard made two exceptions to his general condemnation of war : " the American Revolution and the War for Southern Independence , as viewed from the Confederate side . " Rothbard condemned the " Northern war against slavery " , saying it was inspired by " fanatical " religious faith and characterized by " a cheerful willingness to uproot institutions , to commit mayhem and mass murder , to plunder and loot and destroy , all in the name of high moral principle " . He celebrated Jefferson Davis , Robert E. Lee , and other prominent Confederates as heroes while denouncing Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant and other Union leaders for " open [ ing ] the Pandora 's Box of genocide and the extermination of civilians " in their war against the South .
= = = Middle East conflict = = =
Rothbard 's The Libertarian Forum blamed the Middle East conflict on Israeli aggression " fueled by American arms and money . " Rothbard warned that the mid @-@ East conflict would draw the U.S. into a world war . He was anti @-@ Zionist and opposed U.S. involvement in the Middle East . Rothbard criticized the Camp David Accords for having betrayed Palestinian aspirations and opposed Israel 's 1982 invasion of Lebanon . In his essay , " War Guilt in the Middle East , " Rothbard states that Israel refused " to let these refugees return and reclaim the property taken from them . " He took negative views of the two state solution for the Israeli @-@ Palestinian conflict , saying :
On the one hand there are the Palestinian Arabs , who have tilled the soil or otherwise used the land of Palestine for centuries ; and on the other , there are a group of external fanatics , who come from all over the world , and who claim the entire land area as " given " to them as a collective religion or tribe at some remote or legendary time in the past . There is no way the two claims can be resolved to the satisfaction of both parties . There can be no genuine settlement , no " peace " in the face of this irrepressible conflict ; there can only be either a war to the death , or an uneasy practical compromise which can satisfy no one . That is the harsh reality of the Middle East .
= = = Historical revisionism = = =
Rothbard embraced " historical revisionism " as an antidote to what he perceived to be the dominant influence exerted by corrupt " court intellectuals " over mainstream historical narratives . Rothbard wrote that these mainstream intellectuals distorted the historical record in favor of " the state " in exchange for " power , prestige , and loot " from the state . Rothbard characterized the revisionist task as " penetrating the fog of lies and deception of the State and its Court Intellectuals , and to present to the public the true history " . He was influenced by and a champion of the historian Harry Elmer Barnes , a Holocaust denier . Rothbard endorsed Barnes 's revisionism on World War II , favorably citing his view that " the murder of Germans and Japanese was the overriding aim of World War II " . In addition to broadly supporting his historical views , Rothbard promoted Barnes as an influence for future revisionists .
Rothbard 's endorsing of World War II revisionism and his association with Barnes and other Holocaust deniers have drawn criticism from within the political right . Kevin D. Williamson wrote an opinion piece published by National Review which condemned Rothbard for " making common cause with the ' revisionist ' historians of the Third Reich " , a term he used to describe American Holocaust deniers associated with Rothbard , such as James J. Martin of the Institute for Historical Review . The piece also characterized " Rothbard and his faction " as being " culpably indulgent " of Holocaust denial , the view which " specifically denies that the Holocaust actually happened or holds that it was in some way exaggerated " .
In an article for Rothbard 's 50th birthday , Rothbard 's friend and Buffalo State College historian Ralph Raico stated that Rothbard " is the main reason that revisionism has become a crucial part of the whole libertarian position . "
= = = Children 's rights and parental obligations = = =
In the Ethics of Liberty , Rothbard explores issues regarding children 's rights in terms of self @-@ ownership and contract . These include support for a woman 's right to abortion , condemnation of parents showing aggression towards children , and opposition to the state forcing parents to care for children . He also holds children have the right to run away from parents and seek new guardians as soon as they are able to choose to do so . He asserted that parents have the right to put a child out for adoption or sell the rights to the child in a voluntary contract in what Rothbard suggests will be a " flourishing free market in children " . He believes that selling children as consumer goods in accord with market forces , while " superficially monstrous " , will benefit " everyone " involved in the market : " the natural parents , the children , and the foster parents purchasing " .
In Rothbard 's view of parenthood , " the parent should not have a legal obligation to feed , clothe , or educate his children , since such obligations would entail positive acts coerced upon the parent and depriving the parent of his rights . " Thus , Rothbard stated that parents should have the legal right to let any infant die by starvation , and should be free to engage in other forms of child neglect . However , according to Rothbard , " the purely free society will have a flourishing free market in children " . In a fully libertarian society , he wrote , " the existence of a free baby market will bring such ' neglect ' down to a minimum " .
Economist Gene Callahan of Cardiff University , formerly a scholar at the Rothbard @-@ affiliated Mises Institute , observes that Rothbard allows " the logical elegance of his legal theory " to " trump any arguments based on the moral reprehensibility of a parent idly watching her six @-@ month @-@ old child slowly starve to death in its crib . "
= = = Retributive theory of criminal justice = = =
Rothbard consistently advocated for abolition of the subpoena power , court attendance , contempt of court powers , coerced testimony of witnesses , compulsory jury duty , and the bail system , arguing that all these functions of the judiciary were violations of natural rights and American common law . He instead advocated that until a defendant is convicted he or she should not be held in prison or jails , writing " except in those cases where the criminal has been caught red @-@ handed and where a certain presumption of guilt therefore exists , it is impossible to justify any imprisonment before conviction , let alone before trial . And even when someone is caught red @-@ handed , there is an important reform that needs to be instituted to keep the system honest : subjecting the police and the other authorities to the same law as everyone else . If everyone is supposed to be subject to the same criminal law , then exempting the authorities from that law gives them a legal license to commit continual aggression . The policeman who apprehends a criminal and arrests him , and the judicial and penal authorities who incarcerate him before trial and conviction — all should be subject to the universal law . " Rothbard argued that police who make wrongful arrests or indictments should be charged with kidnapping . In The Ethics of Liberty , Rothbard advocates for a " frankly retributive theory of punishment " or a system of " a tooth ( or two teeth ) for a tooth " . Rothbard emphasizes that all punishment must be proportional , stating that " the criminal , or invader , loses his rights to the extent that he deprived another man of his " . Applying his retributive theory , Rothbard states that a thief " must pay double the extent of theft " . Rothbard gives the example of a thief who stole $ 15 @,@ 000 , and says he not only would have to return the stolen money , but also provide the victim an additional $ 15 @,@ 000 , money to which the thief has forfeited his right . The thief would be " put in a [ temporary ] state of enslavement to his victim " if he is unable to pay him immediately . Rothbard also applies his theory to justify beating and torturing violent criminals , although the beatings are required to be proportional to the crimes for which they are being punished .
= = = = Torture of criminal suspects = = = =
In chapter twelve of Ethics , Rothbard turns his attention to suspects arrested by the police . He argues that police should be able to torture certain types of criminal suspects , including accused murderers , for information related to their alleged crime . Writes Rothbard , " Suppose ... police beat and torture a suspected murderer to find information ( not to wring a confession , since obviously a coerced confession could never be considered valid ) . If the suspect turns out to be guilty , then the police should be exonerated , for then they have only ladled out to the murderer a parcel of what he deserves in return ; his rights had already been forfeited by more than that extent . But if the suspect is not convicted , then that means that the police have beaten and tortured an innocent man , and that they in turn must be put into the dock for criminal assault " . Gene Callahan examines this position and concludes that Rothbard rejects the widely held belief that torture is inherently wrong , no matter who the victim . Callahan goes on to state that Rothbard 's scheme gives the police a strong motive to frame the suspect , after having tortured him or her .
= = = Science and scientism = = =
In an essay condemning " scientism in the study of man " , Rothbard rejected the application of causal determinism to human beings , arguing that the actions of human beings , as opposed to those of everything else in nature , are not determined by prior causes but by " free will " . He argued that " determinism as applied to man , is a self @-@ contradictory thesis , since the man who employs it relies implicitly on the existence of free will . " Rothbard opposed what he considered the overspecialization of the academy and sought to fuse the disciplines of economics , history , ethics , and political science to create a " science of liberty . " Rothbard described the moral basis for his anarcho @-@ capitalist position in two of his books : For a New Liberty , published in 1973 , and The Ethics of Liberty , published in 1982 . In his Power and Market ( 1970 ) , Rothbard describes how a stateless economy might function .
= = Political activism = =
As a young man , Rothbard considered himself part of the Old Right , an anti @-@ statist and anti @-@ interventionist branch of the Republican Party . In the 1948 presidential election , Rothbard , " as a Jewish student at Columbia , horrified his peers by organizing a Students for Strom Thurmond chapter , so staunchly did he believe in states ' rights . "
By the late 1960s , Rothbard 's " long and winding yet somehow consistent road had taken him from anti @-@ New Deal and anti @-@ interventionist Robert Taft supporter into friendship with the quasi @-@ pacifist Nebraska Republican Congressman Howard Buffett ( father of Warren Buffett ) then over to the League of ( Adlai ) Stevensonian Democrats and , by 1968 , into tentative comradeship with the anarchist factions of the New Left . " Rothbard advocated an alliance with the New Left anti @-@ war movement , on the grounds that the conservative movement had been completely subsumed by the statist establishment . However , Rothbard later criticized the New Left for supporting a " People 's Republic " style draft . It was during this phase that he associated with Karl Hess and founded Left and Right : A Journal of Libertarian Thought with Leonard Liggio and George Resch , which existed from 1965 to 1968 .
From 1969 to 1984 he edited The Libertarian Forum , also initially with Hess ( although Hess 's involvement ended in 1971 ) . The Libertarian Forum provided a platform for Rothbard 's writing . Despite its small readership , it engaged conservatives associated with the National Review in nationwide debate . Rothbard rejected the view that Ronald Reagan 's 1980 election as President was a victory for libertarian principles , and he attacked Reagan 's economic program in a series of Libertarian Forum articles . In 1982 , Rothbard called Reagan 's claims of spending cuts a " fraud " and a " hoax " , and accused Reaganites of doctoring the economic statistics in order to give the false impression that their policies were successfully reducing inflation and unemployment .
Rothbard criticized the " frenzied nihilism " of left @-@ wing libertarians , but also criticized right @-@ wing libertarians who were content to rely only on education to bring down the state ; he believed that libertarians should adopt any moral tactic available to them in order to bring about liberty .
Imbibing Randolph Bourne 's idea that " war is the health of the state " , Rothbard opposed all wars in his lifetime , and engaged in anti @-@ war activism . During the 1970s and 1980s , Rothbard was active in the Libertarian Party . He was frequently involved in the party 's internal politics . He was one of the founders of the Cato Institute , and " came up with the idea of naming this libertarian think tank after Cato 's Letters , a powerful series of British newspaper essays by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon which played a decisive influence upon America 's Founding Fathers in fomenting the Revolution . " From 1978 to 1983 , he was associated with the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus , allying himself with Justin Raimondo , Eric Garris and Williamson Evers . He opposed the " low @-@ tax liberalism " espoused by 1980 Libertarian Party presidential candidate Ed Clark and Cato Institute president Edward H Crane III . According to Charles Burris , " Rothbard and Crane became bitter rivals after disputes emerging from the 1980 LP presidential campaign of Ed Clark carried over to strategic direction and management of Cato . "
Rothbard split with the Radical Caucus at the 1983 national convention over cultural issues and aligned himself with what he called the " right @-@ wing populist " wing of the party , notably Lew Rockwell and Ron Paul , who ran for President on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1988 . " Rothbard worked closely with Lew Rockwell ( joined later by his long @-@ time friend Burt Blumert ) in nurturing the Ludwig von Mises Institute , and the publication , The Rothbard @-@ Rockwell Report ; which after Rothbard 's 1995 death evolved into the website , LewRockwell.com. "
= = = Paleolibertarianism = = =
In 1989 , Rothbard left the Libertarian Party and began building bridges to the post @-@ Cold War anti @-@ interventionist right , calling himself a paleolibertarian , a conservative reaction against the cultural liberalism of mainstream libertarianism . Paleolibertarianism sought to appeal to disaffected working class whites through a synthesis of cultural conservatism and libertarian economics . According to Reason , Rothbard advocated right @-@ wing populism in part because he was frustrated that mainstream thinkers were not adopting the libertarian view and suggested that former KKK Grand Wizard David Duke and Wisconsin U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy were models for an " Outreach to the Rednecks " effort that could be used by a broad libertarian / paleoconservative coalition . Working together , the paleo coalition would expose the " unholy alliance of ' corporate liberal ' Big Business and media elites , who , through big government , have privileged and caused to rise up a parasitic Underclass . " Rothbard blamed this " Underclass " for " looting and oppressing the bulk of the middle and working classes in America . " Rothbard noted that David Duke 's substantive political program in a Louisiana governor 's race had " nothing " in it that " could not also be embraced by paleoconservatives or paleo @-@ libertarians ; lower taxes , dismantling the bureaucracy , slashing the welfare system , attacking affirmative action and racial set @-@ asides , calling for equal rights for all Americans , including whites . "
Rothbard supported the presidential campaign of Pat Buchanan in 1992 , and wrote that " with Pat Buchanan as our leader , we shall break the clock of social democracy . " When Buchanan dropped out of the Republican primary race , Rothbard then shifted his interest and support to Ross Perot , who Rothbard wrote had " brought an excitement , a verve , a sense of dynamics and of open possibilities to what had threatened to be a dreary race . " Rothbard ultimately supported George Bush over Bill Clinton in the 1992 election .
Like Buchanan , Rothbard opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . However , by 1995 , Rothbard had become disillusioned with Buchanan , believing that the latter 's " commitment to protectionism was mutating into an all @-@ round faith in economic planning and the nation state . "
After Rothbard 's death in 1995 Lew Rockwell , President of the von Mises Institute , told The New York Times that Rothbard was " the founder of right @-@ wing anarchism " . William F. Buckley , Jr. wrote a critical obituary in the National Review criticizing Rothbard 's " defective judgment " and views on the Cold War . The Ludwig von Mises Institute published Murray N. Rothbard , In Memoriam which included memorials from 31 individuals , including libertarians and academics . Journalist Brian Doherty summarizes Buckley 's obituary as follows : " when Rothbard died in 1995 , his old pal William Buckley took pen in hand to piss on his grave . " Hoppe , Rockwell and Rothbard 's colleagues at the Mises Institute took a different view , arguing that he was one of the most important philosophers in history .
= = Works = =
Books
Man , Economy , and State , D. Van Nostrand Co . , 1962 ; Full text reprint of second edition ( Scholar 's Edition ) , Mises Institute , 2004 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 30 @-@ 7
The Panic of 1819 : Reactions and Policies , Columbia University Press , 1962 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 2004 , ISBN 1 @-@ 933550 @-@ 08 @-@ 2 .
America 's Great Depression , D. Van Nostrand Co . , 1973 ; Full text reprint , fifth edition , Mises Institute , 2005 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 05 @-@ 6
Power and Market : Government and the Economy , Sheed Andrews and McMeel , 1970 ; Full text reprint , reattached to Man , Economy , and State , Mises Institute , 2004 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 30 @-@ 7
For a New Liberty : The Libertarian Manifesto , Collier Books , 1973 , 1978 ; Full text reprint / Audio book , Mises Institute , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 47 @-@ 1 )
The Essential von Mises , " Bramble Minibook " , 1973 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 1988
Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays , Libertarian Review Press , 1974 ; Full text reprint , Second edition , Mises Institute , 2000 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 23 @-@ 4 .
Conceived in Liberty , ( 4 vol . ) , Arlington House Publishers 1975 – 1979 ; Full text collected in single volume , Mises Institute , 2012 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 26 @-@ 9
The Logic of Action ( 2 vol . ) , Edward Elgar Pub , 1997 , ISBN 1 @-@ 85898 @-@ 015 @-@ 1 and ISBN 1 @-@ 85898 @-@ 570 @-@ 6 ; Full text reprint as Economic Controversies , Mises Institute , 2011
The Ethics of Liberty , Humanities Press , 1982 ; New York University Press , 199
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
8 ; Full text reprint / Audio Book , Mises Institute , ISBN 0 @-@ 8147 @-@ 7506 @-@ 3
The Mystery of Banking , Richardson and Snyder , Dutton , 1983 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 2007 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1105528781
The Case Against the Fed , Mises Institute , 1994 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 17 @-@ X
An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought , ( 2 vol . ) , Edward Elgar Pub , 1995 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 48 @-@ X ; Full text reprints Vol . 1 : Economic Thought Before Adam Smith and Vol . 2 : Classical Economics , Mises Institute , 2009
Making Economic Sense , Mises Institute , 2007 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 18 @-@ 8 ; Full text reprint updated 7 / 15 / 2011 version
The Betrayal of the American Right , Mises Institute publication of 1970s unpublished work , 2007 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 933550 @-@ 13 @-@ 8 , Full text reprint
Monographs
The Case for the 100 Percent Gold Dollar , originally published in Leland B. Yeager ( editor ) , In Search of a Monetary Constitution , Harvard University Press , 1962 ; published separately by Mises Institute , 1991 , 2005 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 34 @-@ X ; Full text reprint / Audio Book
What Has Government Done to Our Money ? , Pine Tree Press , 1963 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 1980 ; Audio book , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 44 @-@ 7
Economic Depressions : Causes and Cures , Constitutional Alliance of Lansing , Michigan , 1969 ; Full text reprint , Ludwig von Mises Institute , 2007
Wall Street , Banks , and American Foreign Policy , World Market Perspective , 1984 ; Center for Libertarian Studies , 1995 , Mises Institute 2005 ; Full text reprint , Second edition , Mises Institute , 2011
Education : Free and Compulsory , Center for Independent Education , 1972 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 1999 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 22 @-@ 6
Individualism and the Philosophy of the Social Sciences , introduction by Friedrich Hayek , Cato Institute , 1979 , ISBN 0 @-@ 932790 @-@ 03 @-@ 8
Articles / Essays
Left and Right , Selected Essays 1954 – 65 , ( includes essays by Rothbard , Leonard Liggio , etc . ) , Arno Press ( The New York Times Company ) , 1972 , ISBN 0405004265 ; Mises Institute information page
Ebeling , Richard M. , ( editor ) , The Austrian Theory of the Trade Cycle and Other Essays , ( includes also essays by Ludwig von Mises , Friedrich Hayek , Gottfried Haberler , Mises Institute , 1996 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 21 @-@ 8 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 2009
— — — ( 2008 ) . " Free Market " . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Indianapolis : Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 @-@ 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 .
Collections
Rockwell , Llewellyn H. , Jr . , ( editor ) , The Irrepressible Rothbard : The Rothbard @-@ Rockwell Report Essays of Murray N. Rothbard , LewRockwell.com , 2000 , ISBN 1 @-@ 883959 @-@ 02 @-@ 0
Salerno , Joseph T. , ( editor ) , A History of Money and Banking in the United States , ( Rothbard writings ) , Mises Institute , 2002 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 33 @-@ 1 , Full tex reprint
Rothbard , Murray ( editor ) , The Complete Libertarian Forum ( 1969 – 84 ; 2 vol . ) , 2006 ; Full text reprint at LewRockwell.com , ISBN 1 @-@ 933550 @-@ 02 @-@ 3
Modugno , Roberta A. ( 2009 ) . Murray N. Rothbard vs. The Philosophers : Unpublished Writings on Hayek , Mises , Strauss , and Polanyi , Mises Institute , 2009 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 933550 @-@ 46 @-@ 6 ; Full text reprint
= Golden @-@ crowned sifaka =
The golden @-@ crowned sifaka or Tattersall 's sifaka ( Propithecus tattersalli ) is a medium @-@ sized lemur characterized by mostly white fur , prominent furry ears , and a golden @-@ orange crown . It is one of the smallest sifakas ( genus Propithecus ) , weighing around 3 @.@ 5 kg ( 7 @.@ 7 lb ) and measuring approximately 90 cm ( 35 in ) from head to tail . Like all sifakas , it is a vertical clinger and leaper , and its diet includes mostly seeds and leaves . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka is named after its discoverer , Ian Tattersall , who first spotted the species in 1974 . However , it was not formally described until 1988 , after a research team led by Elwyn L. Simons observed and captured some specimens for captive breeding . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka most closely resembles the western forest sifakas of the P. verreauxi group , yet its karyotype suggests a closer relationship with the P. diadema group of eastern forest sifakas . Despite the similarities with both groups , more recent studies of its karyotype support its classification as a distinct species .
Found in gallery , deciduous , and semi @-@ evergreen forest , its restricted range includes 44 forest fragments , totaling an area of 44 @,@ 125 hectares ( 109 @,@ 040 acres ; 170 @.@ 37 sq mi ) , centered on the town of Daraina in northeast Madagascar . Its estimated population is 18 @,@ 000 individuals . It is primarily active during the day , although it also tends to be active at dawn and dusk during the rainy season . It sleeps in tall emergent trees and is preyed upon by the fossa . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka lives in groups of around five to six individuals , containing a balanced number of adult males and females . Scent is used to mark territories , which are defended by growling , chasing , and ritualistic leaping displays . Reproduction is seasonal , with gestation lasting six months and lactation lasting five months . Infants are weaned during the wet season to ensure the best chances of survival .
The small range and fragmented populations of this species weigh heavily on its survival . Forest fragmentation , habitat destruction , poaching , slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture , and other human factors threaten its existence . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka is listed by the IUCN Red List as Endangered . Its range was originally not covered by any national parks or protected areas in Madagascar , but a new protected area was established in 2005 to include a 20 @,@ 000 ha ( 49 @,@ 000 acres ; 77 sq mi ) portion . Attempts have been made to keep the golden @-@ crowned sifaka in captivity at the Duke Lemur Center in Durham , North Carolina . The small colony was maintained from 1988 to 2008 . In Madagascar , lawlessness resulting from the 2009 political coup led to increased poaching of this species , and many were sold to local restaurants as a delicacy .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The golden @-@ crowned or Tattersall 's sifaka ( Propithecus tattersalli ) , known locally as ankomba malandy ( or akomba malandy , meaning " white lemur " ) , was discovered in 1974 north of Vohemar in northeast Madagascar by Ian Tattersall , who observed but did not capture the animal . Unsure of its classification , Tattersall provisionally considered it a variant of the silky sifaka in his 1982 book , The Primates of Madagascar , citing its mostly off @-@ white to yellowish fur , but also noting its uncharacteristic orange crown patch and tufted ears . Driven by a report in 1986 that the forest where Tattersall had observed this unique sifaka was contracted to be clear @-@ cut for charcoal production , a research team from the Duke Lemur Center , led by Elwyn L. Simons , obtained permits to capture specimens for a captive breeding program . Simons and his team were the first to capture and observe the golden @-@ crowned sifaka , formally describing it as a new species in 1988 and naming it in honor of Tattersall . The specimens were found 6 to 7 km ( 3 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 3 mi ) northeast of Daraina , a village in the northeast corner of Madagascar .
There have been conflicting studies regarding the taxonomic status of the golden @-@ crowned sifaka . When described by Simons in 1988 , size , vocalizations , and karyotypes ( the number and appearance of chromosomes ) were compared with the other sifakas . In terms of size , general morphology , and vocalizations , the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is more comparable to the western forest sifakas ( known as the P. verreauxi group ) in that it is smaller in length and weight . Its karyotype , however , is more similar to that of the eastern forest sifakas ( known as the P. diadema group ) . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka has 42 chromosomes ( 2n = 42 ) , 16 of which are autosomal pairs ( not sex chromosomes ) that are meta- or submetacentric ( where chromosome arms are equal or unequal in length , respectively ) . The remaining autosomal pairs are smaller and acrocentric ( with the shorter chromosome arm difficult to observe ) . Its X chromosome is metacentric , which is comparable to that of the P. diadema group , not the P. verreauxi group . Given the conflicting information , its geographic isolation , as well as the unique long fur tufts on the ears — a trait not shared by any other sifaka — the golden @-@ crowned sifaka was recognized as a distinct species .
In 1997 , comparisons of repeated DNA sequences within the family Indriidae supported Simon 's classification , placing the golden @-@ crowned sifaka as a sister group to the other sifakas . In 2001 , a study involving mitochondrial DNA suggested a very recent divergence between it and the Coquerel 's sifaka , then considered a subspecies of the P. verreauxi group . If this were true , the golden @-@ crowned sifaka would not merit species status and would form a subclade with the Coquerel 's sifaka within the P. verreauxi group . In 2004 , a comparative study of the karyotypes of the three traditional species of sifakas provided insight into the chromosomal arrangements of all three groups . This study found that the golden @-@ crowned sifaka differs from P. verreauxi group and P. diadema group by 9 and 17 chromosomal rearrangements respectively , and conversely argued that the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is indeed a separate species and is more closely related to the P. verreauxi group . More recently , in 2007 a craniodental ( skull and tooth ) study provided evidence for 9 or 10 distinct sifaka species , including the golden @-@ crowned sifaka . It also placed the golden @-@ crowned sifaka within the P. verreauxi group .
= = Anatomy and physiology = =
The golden @-@ crowned sifaka is one of the smallest sifaka species with a weight of 3 @.@ 4 to 3 @.@ 6 kg ( 7 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 9 lb ) , a head @-@ body length of 45 to 47 cm ( 18 to 19 in ) , a tail length of 42 to 47 cm ( 17 to 19 in ) , and total length of 87 to 94 cm ( 34 to 37 in ) . It is comparable in size to the sifakas inhabiting the southern and western dry forests , such as Coquerel 's sifaka , the crowned sifaka , Von der Decken 's sifaka , and Verreaux 's sifaka . It has a coat of moderately long , creamy @-@ white fur with a golden tint , dark black or chocolate @-@ brown fur on its neck and throat , pale orange fur on the tops of its legs and forelimbs , a white tail and hindlimbs , and a characteristic bright orange @-@ gold crown . It is the only sifaka with prominent tufts of white fur protruding from its ears , making its head appear somewhat triangular and distinctive in appearance . Its eyes are orange , and its face is black and mostly hairless , with dark gray @-@ black fur with white hairs stretching from beneath the eyes to the cheeks . Its snout is blunt and rounded , and its broad nose helps to distinguish it from other sifakas . Occasionally the bridge of the nose will have a patch of white fur . Similar to other sifakas , this arboreal animal has long , strong legs that enable it to cling and leap between tree trunks and branches .
= = Geographic range and habitat = =
The golden @-@ crowned sifaka lives in dry deciduous , gallery , and semi @-@ evergreen forests and is found at altitudes up to 500 m ( 1 @,@ 640 ft ) , though it seems to prefer lower elevations . Surveys have shown it to be limited to highly fragmented forests surrounding the town of Daraina in an area encircled by the Loky and Manambato rivers in northeastern Madagascar . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka has one of the smallest geographic ranges of all indriid lemur species . Out of 75 forest fragments studied by researchers , its presence could be definitively reported in only 44 , totaling 44 @,@ 125 ha ( 109 @,@ 040 acres ; 170 @.@ 37 sq mi ) . This study , published in 2002 , also estimated the total species population and observed population densities . Home range size varied between 0 @.@ 18 and 0 @.@ 29 km2 ( 0 @.@ 069 and 0 @.@ 112 sq mi ) per group . With an average group size of five individuals , the population density ranged between 17 and 28 individuals per km2 . Another home range size estimate of 0 @.@ 09 to 0 @.@ 12 km2 ( 0 @.@ 035 to 0 @.@ 046 sq mi ) has also been suggested with a population density range of 10 and 23 individuals per km2 . The forested area available to the species within its desired elevation range was estimated at 360 km2 ( 140 sq mi ) , yielding an estimated population of 6 @,@ 120 – 10 @,@ 080 and a breeding population between 2 @,@ 520 and 3 @,@ 960 individuals . However , a study published in 2010 using line transect data from 2006 and 2008 in five major forest fragments yielded an estimated population of 18 @,@ 000 individuals .
The species is sympatric ( coexists ) with two other medium @-@ sized lemurs : the Sanford 's brown lemur ( Eulemur sanfordii ) and the crowned lemur ( Eulemur coronatus ) .
= = Behavior = =
The golden @-@ crowned sifaka is primarily active during the day ( diurnal ) , but researchers have witnessed activity in the early morning and evening ( crepuscular ) during the rainy season ( November through April ) . In captivity , it has been observed feeding at night , unlike captive Verreaux 's sifakas . It travels between 461 @.@ 7 and 1 @,@ 077 m ( 1 @,@ 515 and 3 @,@ 533 ft ) per day , an intermediate range compared to other sifakas of the eastern forests . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka can be observed feeding and resting higher in the canopy during the dry season ( May through October ) . It sleeps in the taller trees ( the emergent layer ) of the forest at night .
When stressed , the golden @-@ crowned sifaka emits grunting vocalizations as well as repeated " churrs " that escalate into a high @-@ amplitude " whinney . " Its ground predator alarm call , which sounds like " shē @-@ fäk " , closely resembles that of Verreaux 's sifaka . It also emits mobbing alarm calls in response to birds of prey .
= = = Diet = = =
The diet of the golden @-@ crowned sifaka consists of a wide variety of plants — as many as 80 species — whose availability varies based on the season . It is a seed predator , making seeds a year @-@ round staple in its diet when available . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka also eats unripe fruits , flowers , and leaves . One study showed a diet composition of 37 % unripe fruit and seeds , 22 % immature leaves , 17 % mature leaves , 13 % flowers , and 9 % fruit pulp . Individuals have also been observed consuming tree bark during the dry season . In general , approximately 60 % of its diet consists of unripe fruits and seed , mainly from leguminous pods , and less than 50 % consists of leaves . At Daraina , it has been observed feeding on the sakoa tree ( Poupartia caffra ) and on mango trees . Immature leaves and flowers are eaten when available , in the early wet season . Daily traveling distance tends to increase when immature leaves are available . Studies have also shown that when food distribution is patchy , feeding times are shorter and more time is spent traveling . Dietary diversity has been shown to be consistent between populations , suggesting that it is important for the lemur to get a varied mix of nutrients and to protect itself from high levels of specific plant toxins .
A study in 1993 showed variability and flexibility in feeding preferences between three research sites around Daraina . Plant species preferences ( measured in feeding time ) changed between wetter , intermediate , and drier forests :
= = = Social organization = = =
The social structure of the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is very similar to that of Verreaux 's sifaka , both averaging between five and six individuals per group , with a range between three and ten . Unlike the Verreaux 's sifaka , group sex ratios are more evenly balanced , consisting of two or more members of both sexes . Females are dominant within the group , and only one female breeds successfully each season . Males will roam between groups during the mating season .
Because of their smaller home ranges relative to other sifakas , group encounters are slightly more common , occurring a few times a month . It has been noted that the temperament of the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is more volatile than that of other sifaka species and , in the case of a dispute , this animal frequently emits a grunt @-@ like vocalization that seems to signal annoyance . Aggressive interactions between groups are generally non @-@ physical but include loud growling , territorial marking , chasing , and ritualistic leaping displays . Same @-@ sexed individuals act most aggressively towards each other during such encounters . Scent marking is the most common form of territorial defense , with scent marks acting as " signposts " to demarcate territorial boundaries . Females use glands in the genital regions ( " anogenital " ) while males use both anogenital and chest glands .
= = = Reproduction = = =
The golden @-@ crowned sifaka is a seasonal breeder , often mating during the last week of January . Its gestation period is a little less than six months , and its lactation period is five months . Research has indicated that reproduction is strategically linked with forest seasonality . Gestation starts in the later part of the wet season ( late January ) , and continues for approximately 170 days . Parturition occurs in the middle of the dry season ( late June or July ) . Weaning occurs during the middle of the wet season , in December , when an abundance of immature leaves is available . It is thought that such reproductive timing exists to ensure adequate protein intake from the immature leaves for both mother and child at the end of the lactation period .
Females reproduce once every two years . Infants are born with little hair and initially cling to their mother 's belly . As they mature , they begin to ride on her back . Following weaning , riding on the back is only tolerated for short durations , particularly when the group is alerted to the presence of a predator . By one year of age , the juveniles are 70 % of their full adult body weight . Infant mortality is high in this species . Upon reaching sexual maturity , males leave their natal group and transfer to neighboring social groups . Observations by researchers and reports from local people indicate that this species will jump to the ground and cross more than 200 m ( 660 ft ) of grassland to reach nearby forest patches . This suggests that forest fragmentation may not completely isolate separated populations .
= = Predators and parasites = =
The only predator known to target this species is the fossa , although the golden @-@ crowned sifaka reacts to the presence of birds of prey with alarm calls . A hematology and serum chemistry study published in 1995 revealed that 59 % of the wild golden @-@ crowned sifakas sampled were infected with a microfilarial parasite , a potentially unknown species of nematode in the genus Mansonella . Healthy , infected individuals did not appear to be adversely affected by the infestation , but the overall effect on the dwindling population is unknown . Also , no malarial or intestinal parasites were found , although 48 % of the golden @-@ crowned sifakas examined had external ear mites .
= = Human interactions = =
While the golden @-@ crowned sifaka faces few biological threats , such as predation , it faces many significant human @-@ caused ( anthropogenic ) threats . Its habitat has been highly fragmented , with forest patches isolated by severely degraded grasslands . By 1985 it was estimated that 34 % of the entire eastern rainforest of the island had disappeared , and by extrapolation it is predicted that at this rate of deforestation there will be no eastern rainforest left by 2020 . Illegal logging practices , slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture ( known as tavy ) , uncontrolled grass fires , gold mining , poaching , and clearing land for agricultural use have all significantly contributed to the significant deforestation witnessed in Madagascar and the ongoing decline of suitable habitat for this species .
Malagasy farmers continue to use fire to clear out agricultural land and pasture for livestock , promoting grass growth while inhibiting forest regeneration . The fires sometimes burn out of control and destroy forest edges along with the natural flora , increasing the damage even further than intended . Due to the nature of Madagascar 's geology and soil , tavy also depletes the fertility of the soil , accelerating the crop rotation rate and necessitating expansion into primary forests .
Although coal is the preferred cooking fuel of the Malagasy people , the most affordable and prominent source of energy is timber , known as kitay . Wood is also used as a primary building material , only adding further incentive to remove trees from the forest . With the depletion of dead wood from the forest patches , the people have begun to remove young , healthy trees . This is seen most commonly in areas closest to villages . Although the shapes and sizes of forest fragments around the Daraina region have been mostly stable for 50 years prior to a study in 2002 , the six years preceding the study had seen 5 % of the small- to medium @-@ sized forest fragments disappear due to increased human encroachment .
A newly emergent threat facing the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is hunting by the gold miners moving into the region 's forests . Although mining operations are small scale , the practice of gold mining takes a toll on the forested regions because deep mining pits are often dug near or underneath large trees , disturbing the extensive root systems and ultimately killing the trees in the area . The influx of gold miners has also increased poaching pressure . Although the species is protected from hunting by local fady ( taboo ) around Daraina , due to their likeness to humans , and by Malagasy law , the gold miners who have immigrated to the area have begun to hunt the golden @-@ crowned sifaka as a source of bushmeat . In 1993 , David M. Meyers , a researcher who has studied the golden @-@ crowned sifaka , speculated that if bushmeat hunting were to escalate , the species would go extinct in less than ten years since it is easy to find and not fearful of humans . Indeed , bushmeat hunting by people from nearby Ambilobe has already extirpated at least one isolated population .
= = = Conservation = = =
Because studies have shown that the golden @-@ crowned sifaka are most likely to be found in large forest fragments ( greater than 1 @,@ 000 ha ( 2 @,@ 500 acres ; 3 @.@ 9 sq mi ) ) , the species is thought to be sensitive to forest fragmentation and degradation . However , since it has been found around gold mining camps and degraded forests , it is not restricted to undisturbed forests and appears to tolerate human activity . Regardless , with its low population , highly restricted range , and badly fragmented habitat , the prospect for survival for the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is considered bleak . For these reasons , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) added it to its list of the 25 most endangered primates in 1997 . Previously , in 1992 , the IUCN 's Species Survival Commission ( IUCN / SSC ) Primate Specialist Group also assigned the species its highest priority rating . As of its 2008 assessment , the golden @-@ crowned sifaka was downgraded from Critically Endangered to Endangered on the IUCN Red List . In its four previous assessments , it was listed as Critically Endangered in 1996 and 2000 and Endangered in 1990 and 1994 .
The area inhabited by the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is also an important agricultural and economical resource for the human population . Suggested conservation action aimed at protecting this species and its habitat has focused on offering varying degrees of protection to forest fragments in the region , allowing human activity and resource extraction in areas that have less conservation potential while strictly protecting areas critical to the species ' survival . In 2002 , none of the forested areas that the golden @-@ crowned sifaka inhabits were part of a formally protected national park or reserve . A conservation study from 1989 called for the creation of a national park that includes the forest of Binara as well as the dry forests to the north of Daraina . A more recent study from 2002 proposed a network of protected forest areas including areas outside of the village of Daraina , forests north of the Monambato River , and the northern forests that constitute the species ' northern reservoir . In 2005 , Fanamby , a Malagasy non @-@ governmental organization ( NGO ) , teamed up with Conservation International to create a 20 @,@ 000 @-@ hectare ( 49 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ; 77 sq mi ) protected area that both Association Fanamby and the Ministry of Water and Forests manage . As of 2008 , only ten forest patches that could support viable populations remained , according to the IUCN .
Only one captive population of golden @-@ crowned sifakas has been represented in a zoological collection . Building on a successful record of maintaining a viable captive Verreaux 's sifaka population , the Duke Lemur Center ( DLC ) in Durham , North Carolina , requested and obtained permission from the government of Madagascar to capture and export this ( then ) unknown species for captive breeding . Plans were also made to establish a captive breeding program at the Ivoloina Forestry Station , now known as Parc Ivoloina . In November 1987 , during the same expedition that resulted in the formal description of the species , two males and two females were caught and measured . Five others were also caught , but were released because they were juvenile males . In July 1988 , a golden @-@ crowned sifaka was born in captivity at the DLC . However , the captive population was small and not viable for long @-@ term breeding , and captive sifakas have proven difficult to maintain due to their specialized dietary needs . The last captive individual died in 2008 . Despite the loss of its small colony after 20 years , DLC believes that establishment of a captive population for conservation @-@ oriented captive breeding purposes could provide an important second level of protection , particularly if habitat protection measures are unsuccessful .
= = = Effects of the 2009 political crisis = = =
As a result of the political crisis that began in 2009 and the resulting breakdown of law and order in Madagascar , poachers have hunted lemurs in the Daraina area and sold them to local restaurants as a delicacy . Pictures of dead lemurs that had been smoked for transport were taken by Fanamby and released by Conservation International in August 2009 . The lemurs in the photographs included the endangered golden @-@ crowned sifaka , as well as crowned lemurs . Around the time the photographs were released , 15 people were arrested for selling smoked lemurs , which were bought from hunters for 1 @,@ 000 ariary , or around US $ 0 @.@ 53 , and then sold in restaurants for 8 @,@ 000 ariary ( US $ 4 @.@ 20 ) . Russell Mittermeier , president of Conservation International , said that the arrests would not end the poaching since the poachers would " just get slaps on the wrist " .
= Artemis Fowl ( novel ) =
Artemis Fowl is a young @-@ adult fantasy novel written by Irish author Eoin Colfer . It is the first book in the Artemis Fowl series , followed by Artemis Fowl : The Arctic Incident . Described by its author as " Die Hard with fairies " , it follows the adventures of Artemis Fowl , a twelve @-@ year @-@ old criminal mastermind , as he kidnaps a fairy for a large ransom of gold .
Throughout the book , the third @-@ person narration switches from following the human characters to following the fairy characters to present underlying themes of greed and conflict . The book received a mostly favourable critical response and several awards . A film adaptation was reported to be in the writing stage in mid @-@ 2008 with Jim Sheridan directing .
= = Synopsis = =
Artemis Fowl II is the twelve @-@ year @-@ old son of an Irish crime lord , Artemis Fowl I. He is a child prodigy , who has dedicated his life to criminal activities . He leads the Fowl criminal empire , which has been established by his family for generations . After significant research , Artemis believes that he has confirmed the existence of fairies . He tracks down an alcoholic sprite posing as a healer in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam , and travels there with his bodyguard Butler to obtain from her The Book of the People — the Fairy holy book that is written in Gnommish .
Meanwhile , Captain Holly Short of the Lower Elements Police is tracking a rogue troll that has managed to reach the surface of the Earth from Haven city , thousands of feet underground . Assisted by the technically minded centaur Foaly and LEPrecon commander Julius Root , she incapacitates the troll .
Artemis decodes the Book using translating software , and in the process , learns the specifics of the ritual fairies use to replenish their magic : take an acorn from an ancient oak tree near a bend in a river under the full moon and plant it elsewhere . Artemis and Butler track down 129 possible locations for the ritual and start a stakeout , they discover Holly performing the ritual . Butler tranquilizes Holly with a hypodermic dart gun .
A LEP retrieval team is sent to scout Fowl Manor . Using their ' shielding ' ability , which allows them to vibrate faster than the human eye can follow , the team enters the manor grounds . Artemis had anticipated this , however , and installed a camera with a high frames @-@ per @-@ second rate , allowing him to detect the threat by freezing the image . After Butler incapacitates the intruders , Root decides to lay siege to Fowl Manor using a time @-@ stop and enter negotiations . Artemis reveals the ransom demand : one metric ton of 24 @-@ carat gold . Artemis also reveals his knowledge of the time @-@ stop and claims that he can escape it . An analysis by LEP behavior experts determines that Artemis is telling the truth .
The attempts to gain entry to the manor continue as the LEP recruit an infamous criminal , the kleptomaniac dwarf Mulch Diggums to break in . Fairies are forbidden from entering human dwellings without permission , but Mulch has broken this rule so many times that he is immune to the adverse consequences . He tunnels underground to reach the house while Foaly feeds a loop to the manor surveillance system , allowing Mulch to freely explore . Mulch accidentally locates a safe containing Artemis ' copy of the Book , finally revealing to the fairies the source of Artemis ' knowledge , which he had led them to believe he had acquired form a truth serum administered to Holly . The Fairy Council , deciding that nothing is working , promotes a lieutenant called Briar Cudgeon to Acting Commander , temporarily usurping Julius Root . Meanwhile , Holly Short cracks through the concrete of her cell , finding fresh dirt , and completes the ritual with a smuggled acorn . Having regained her magic , she escapes into the main house .
Cudgeon decides to release the troll Holly captured earlier into the mansion to force Artemis to allow the fairies to enter and subdue the troll . This backfires , as Butler , aided by Holly 's healing powers , defeats the troll . The Fairy Council subsequently strips Cudgeon of his post .
Artemis is finally granted the ransom . The gold is sent in , and Artemis asks Holly for a wish : to cure his mother 's insanity — she has been living in her bedroom , driven mad by the loss of her husband . Holly grants the wish at the cost of half the gold . The LEP decides to send in a ' blue rinse ' – a biological bomb that kills all organic life — to eliminate Artemis and allow for the retrieval of the gold , but this fails when Artemis escapes the time @-@ stop by drugging himself and his comrades with sleeping pills .
Having survived until the end of the time stop , the LEP is bound by law and leaves the remaining gold and departs . At the end , Butler demands an explanation as to how Artemis came up with the idea of using sleeping pills . Artemis explains that he had gotten the idea from old fairy tales , in which human characters never wake up at an inopportune moment for the fairies , and had guessed that time @-@ stops were the reason . Artemis finds his mother has fully recovered from her insanity thanks to Holly 's magic .
= = Major characters = =
Artemis Fowl II – The protagonist ; a 12 @-@ year @-@ old genius , he uses his intelligence to obtain massive wealth through various illegal business ventures ; this stems from his family , who have been criminals for generations . While he seems cold and distant at the beginning , his character develops throughout , and he shows remorse , guilt , and passion for his family at the end .
Butler – The Fowl 's best manservant and Artemis ' bodyguard but also Artemis ' friend and accomplice , despite this trait being against his training . He is only referred to as " Butler , " that being his family name and the origin of the actual term " butler " . His first name is not revealed , but in Artemis Fowl : The Eternity Code , it is revealed as " Domovoi . "
Captain Holly Short – A determined , forthright elf and the first female captain of LEPrecon . Compassionate and caring , she goes as far as healing Butler from fatal wounds sustained fighting a troll , even though he has been integral in the plan to hold her hostage — this act is the first step to changing Artemis ' attitude and conscience .
Commander Julius Root – Known as " Beetroot " by fellow fairies for his characteristic red face , he is Holly Short 's superior officer . A father figure to the other fairies , and especially Holly , he is distressed at her disappearance , as seen in his conversation with Artemis in the whaling ship : " If you 've harmed one tip of my officer 's pointy ears ... " .
Foaly – The LEP 's technical advisor . Portrayed as brilliant and sarcastic , he is described as " having few friends . " He has invented several technological innovations eons ahead of human technology , such as the time @-@ stop used in the siege of Fowl Manor and provides the other characters with numerous high @-@ tech gadgets .
Mulch Diggums – A kleptomaniac dwarf whom the LEP recruits use to gain access to Fowl Manor during the siege , due to his many hereditary abilities , such as tunneling at unbelievable speeds . Having forfeited his magic years ago to allow him to follow a life of crime , he is immune to the restrictions of the Book of the People .
= = Themes = =
Artemis Fowl has a number of underlying themes , but the most essential of these are greed and the conflict between good and evil .
Greed is the first main theme that is introduced into the book , and specifically the desire to obtain gold . In a similar manner to other themes in the book , it changes throughout , becoming less of a focus near to the end of the novel , where Artemis is willing to part with a large sum of money to help someone else .
The idea of conflict between good and evil is one that is touched upon in the book in a light hearted manner . Although Artemis sees himself as an evil genius at the beginning of the book , and is portrayed as such , the end of the story contradicts this image when he pays the fairies to help his mother . Artemis ' enemies , the fairies , would be " the good side " , but their actions call this view into question — they are as determined as Artemis is , to achieve their goals , and while only some of them are willing to ruthlessly deploy a troll , regardless of the possible danger to life , all are willing to utilize a bio @-@ bomb once Holly is out of the mansion to force Artemis into submission .
= = Critical reception = =
In general , the book received a very positive critical response – in 2004 it received the Young Reader 's Choice Award and Garden State Teen Book Award , among other awards .
The New York Post said " Artemis Fowl is great ... a new thriller fairy tale that will grab your interest , no matter your age . " and the Library Journal said " Fun to read , full of action and humour , this is recommended for all public libraries and to readers of all ages . " Time.com said , " Artemis Fowl is pacy , playful , and very funny , an inventive mix of myth and modernity , magic and crime , " while The New York Times Book Review said that " Colfer has done enormously , explosively well . "
Kate Kellaway of The Observer called the book " a smart , amusing one @-@ off . It flashes with hi @-@ tech invention – as if Colfer were as much an inspired boffin as a writer . " The Amazon.com official review highly complimented the book , saying " Fantastic stuff from beginning to end , Artemis Fowl is a rip @-@ roaring , 21st century romp of the highest order . "
However , another Time Magazine review criticized the " abysmal " writing and the characterization , calling Artemis ' character " repellent in almost every regard . " It concluded that Artemis Fowl is " an awkward , calculated , humorless and mean @-@ spirited book . " USA Today 's review concluded : " All the familiar action @-@ flick clichés are trotted out : the backstabbing , politically astute subordinate ; the seemingly loony but loyal computer expert ; the dabs of family loyalty ; the requisite happy ending ; the utterly unsubtle plugs for the sequel ; the big action scenes . ... Resist the hype , parents , booksellers and librarians . This is not the new Harry Potter , nor is it a good children 's book . "
= = Adaptations = =
In 2001 plans were announced for a film adaptation of the series . Miramax Films was named as purchasing the film rights , with Lawrence Guterman signed to direct . In 2003 Colfer stated that a screenplay had been finalized and that casting was due to start the same year , but expressed scepticism over whether or not this would come to pass . The film remained in development and was assumed to be in development hell until 2011 , when it was reported that Jim Sheridan was interested in directing the movie . In July 2013 , it was announced that Disney and Harvey Weinstein are developing a project based on the first and second installment of the Artemis Fowl series . Robert De Niro and Jane Rosenthal will be the executive producers .
Artemis Fowl : The Graphic Novel is a graphic novel based on the book . Written by Colfer and adapted by Andrew Donkin , the graphic novel was released on 2 October 2007 . The plot remains the same as the book 's except some minor details . Some characters ' appearances differed from their description in the book ; Holly Short 's hair is longer than described in the book and a darker brown , as opposed to the reddish brown described in the book . Haven City 's roof is stalactites and rock as opposed to the computer @-@ generated sky described by the book . The graphic novel does not contain many word balloons , showing each character 's story in first @-@ person . Graphic novels for subsequent books in the series were released in 2009 , 2013 , and 2014 .
= = Publication history = =
Artemis Fowl ( Hardcover ) . USA : Miramax . 2001 . ISBN 0 @-@ 7868 @-@ 0801 @-@ 2 .
Artemis Fowl ( Hardcover ) . England and Ireland : Viking Children 's Books – Viking Press . 2001 . ISBN 0 @-@ 670 @-@ 89962 @-@ 3 .
Artemis Fowl ( Paperback ) . England and Ireland : Puffin Books . 2002 . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 131212 @-@ 2 .
Artemis Fowl ( Paperback ) . USA : Miramax . 2002 . ISBN 0 @-@ 7868 @-@ 1707 @-@ 0 .
Artemis Fowl ( Paperback ) . USA : Miramax . 2006 . ISBN 1 @-@ 4231 @-@ 0515 @-@ X.
= = = Text = = =
Colfer , Eoin . ( 2001 ) . Artemis Fowl . Viking Children 's Books . Paperback : ISBN 0 @-@ 670 @-@ 89962 @-@ 3
= French cruiser Bruix =
Bruix was one of four Amiral Charner @-@ class armored cruisers built for the French Navy in the 1890s . She served in the Atlantic Ocean , the Mediterranean , and in the Far East before World War I. In 1902 she aided survivors of the devastating eruption of Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique and spent several years as guardship at Crete , protecting French interests in the region in the early 1910s .
At the beginning of the war in August 1914 , Bruix was assigned to protect troop convoys from French North Africa to France before she was transferred to the Atlantic to support Allied operations against the German colony of Kamerun in September . She was briefly assigned to support Allied operations in the Dardanelles in early 1915 before she began patrolling the Aegean Sea and Greek territorial waters .
The ship was decommissioned in Greece at the beginning of 1918 and recommissioned after the end of the war in November for service in the Black Sea against the Bolsheviks . Bruix returned home later in 1919 and was reduced to reserve before she was sold for scrap in 1921 .
= = Design and description = =
The Amiral Charner @-@ class ships were designed to be smaller and cheaper than the preceding armored cruiser design , the Dupuy de Lôme . Like the older ship , they were intended to fill the commerce @-@ raiding strategy of the Jeune École .
The ship measured 106 @.@ 12 meters ( 348 ft 2 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 14 @.@ 04 meters ( 46 ft 1 in ) . Bruix had a forward draft of 5 @.@ 55 meters ( 18 ft 3 in ) and drew 6 @.@ 06 meters ( 19 ft 11 in ) aft . She displaced 4 @,@ 748 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 673 long tons ) at normal load and 4 @,@ 990 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 910 long tons ) at deep load .
The Amiral Charner class had two 4 @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . Steam for the engines was provided by 16 Belleville boilers and they were rated at a total of 9 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 6 @,@ 600 kW ) using forced draught . Bruix had a designed speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) , but only reached a maximum speed of 18 @.@ 37 knots ( 34 @.@ 02 km / h ; 21 @.@ 14 mph ) from 9 @,@ 107 metric horsepower ( 6 @,@ 698 kW ) during sea trials on 15 September 1896 . The ship carried up to 535 metric tons ( 527 long tons ; 590 short tons ) of coal and could steam for 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The ships of the Amiral Charner class had a main armament that consisted of two Canon de 194 mm Modèle 1887 guns that were mounted in single gun turrets , one each fore and aft of the superstructure . Their secondary armament comprised six Canon de 138 @.@ 6 mm Modèle 1887 guns , each in single gun turrets on each broadside . For anti @-@ torpedo boat defense , they carried four 65 @-@ millimeter ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) guns , four 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) and eight 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) five @-@ barreled revolving Hotchkiss guns . They were also armed with four 450 @-@ millimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) pivoting torpedo tubes ; two mounted on each broadside above water .
The side of the Amiral Charner class was generally protected by 92 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 6 in ) of steel armor , from 1 @.@ 3 meters ( 4 ft 3 in ) below the waterline to 2 @.@ 5 meters ( 8 ft 2 in ) above it . The bottom 20 centimeters ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) tapered in thickness and the armor at the ends of the ships thinned to 60 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) . The curved protective deck had a thickness of 40 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) along its centerline that increased to 50 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) at its outer edges . Protecting the boiler rooms , engine rooms , and magazines below it was a thin splinter deck . A watertight internal cofferdam , filled with cellulose , ran the length of the ship from the protective deck to a height of 1 @.@ 2 meters ( 4 ft ) above the waterline . The ship 's conning tower and turrets were protected by 92 millimeters of armor .
= = Construction and career = =
Bruix , named after Admiral Étienne Eustache Bruix , was laid down at the Arsenal de Rochefort on 9 November 1891 . She was launched on 2 August 1894 and commissioned for trials on 15 April 1896 . The ship was temporarily assigned to the Northern Squadron ( Escadre du Nord ) on 24 November for the visit of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his wife to Dunkerque on 5 – 9 October . The ship 's steering broke down on 7 October and she had to return to Rochefort for repairs . Trials lasted until early December and Bruix was officially commissioned on 15 December and assigned to the Northern Squadron .
On 18 August 1897 , together with the protected cruiser Surcouf , she escorted the armored cruiser Pothuau that carried President Félix Faure on a state visit to Russia . Shortly after departure , Bruix fractured a piston rod in her port engine which forced her to return to port . Her repairs and armament trials lasted until January 1898 , although the last of the trials was not completed until 25 February . Bruix was then assigned to the Far Eastern Squadron where she was based at Saigon , French Indochina until October , although she made a port visit to Manila , the Philippines , on 5 May after the American victory in the Battle of Manila Bay . While returning home in November , she damaged her starboard propeller on the 20th while transiting the Suez Canal . The ship reached Toulon on the 28th and was under repair until January 1899 before rejoining the Northern Squadron on 3 February .
Bruix made port visits in Spain and Portugal in June before another piston rod was damaged on the 7th . She began a refit on 20 September that lasted until 4 November that modified her for service as a flagship . On 20 November the ship became the flagship of a cruiser division . In 1901 she participated in the annual fleet maneuvers with the rest of the Northern Squadron . During this training the British steamer SS Paddington collided with the ship , lightly damaging the plating of her armored ram on 27 June . Bilge keels were fitted to Bruix in November – December and she remained at the dockyard until 10 January 1902 to evaluate the operation of her turrets . The ship was assigned to the Atlantic Division in April and visited several Spanish ports during the month and into May .
After the devastating eruption of Mount Pelée on 5 May , Bruix , now the flagship of Rear Admiral ( contre @-@ amiral ) Palma Gourdon , was ordered to Fort @-@ de @-@ France to render assistance to the survivors where she remained until 19 August . On 30 November Rear Admiral Joseph Bugard hoisted his flag aboard Bruix . The ship spent most of the next several years either commissioned with a reduced complement or assigned to the reserve . The ship was reactivated in late 1906 for service with the Far Eastern Squadron and departed Toulon on 15 November , accompanied by her sister ship Chanzy . They arrived at Saigon on 10 January 1907 and Bruix was in Nagasaki , Japan when Chanzy ran aground off the Chinese coast on 20 May . The ship then participated in the unsuccessful effort to rescue her sister . Bruix spent most of her tour in the Far East showing the flag in Russia , China and Japan and departed for home on 26 April 1909 . While passing through the Suez Canal , she accidentally collided with the Italian steamer SS Nilo before arriving at Toulon on 2 August . She began an overhaul several weeks later that that was repeatedly delayed by labor shortages at the dockyard . She was finally towed to the dockyard at Bizerte , in French North Africa , in June 1911 and her overhaul was completed in January 1912 .
Briefly assigned to the reserve , Bruix was recommissioned on 13 May for service with the Levant Division as the guardship for Crete . She relieved her sister Amiral Charner at Souda Bay on 9 July and spent the next two years in the Levant . During the Italo @-@ Turkish War , her captain protested the bombardment of fleeing Turkish troops near the port of Kalkan on 3 October by the protected cruiser Coatit as a breach of international law . On 8 November the ship assisted in the refloating of the Russian protected cruiser Oleg . Although formally assigned to the Tunisian Squadron on 13 January 1913 , Bruix remained in the Levant . Later in the year , she assisted in the salvage of the steamer SS Sénégal that had struck a mine at Smyrna , Turkey , that had been laid by the Italians during the war . In March 1914 Bruix escorted William , Prince of Albania during his voyage from Trieste to Durazzo , Albania to take up his throne . The ship returned to Bizerta on 25 April 1914 and began a refit that lasted until July .
When World War I began in August , she was assigned to escort convoys between Morocco and France and general patrols together with her sisters Latouche @-@ Tréville and Amiral Charner . Bruix was sent to support the Allied campaign against Kamerun in September and bombarded several small towns as part of her contribution before returning home later in the year . After several short refits , Bruix was assigned to the Dardanelles squadron in February 1915 although the ship spent most of her time patrolling the Aegean . On 31 January 1918 , she was placed in reserve at Salonika . Bruix was recommissioned on 29 November and transferred to Constantinople where she was assigned to the armored cruiser division of the 2nd Squadron on 2 December . Between March and May 1919 she patrolled the Black Sea as part of the Allied intervention against the Bolsheviks and took part in the evacuation of German and Allied troops from Nikolaev , Ukraine in March and from Odessa in April . Her crew did not participate in the mutiny that occurred aboard some French ships in Sevastopol , Crimea in April . Bruix departed the Black Sea for Constantinople on 5 May and then sailed for Toulon on 22 May where she was assigned to the reserve upon arrival . Proposals that she be converted into an accommodation ship or a merchant ship were judged impractical and she was stricken from the Navy List on 21 June 1920 . Bruix was sold for scrap a year later , to the day , together with two other obsolete warships , for the price of 436 @,@ 000 francs .
= Catie Ball =
Catharine Ball Condon ( born September 30 , 1951 ) , née Catharine Northcutt Ball , is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic champion , and former world record @-@ holder in three events . At the 1968 Summer Olympics , she won a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay team . Ball is a former world record holder in the 100 @-@ meter and 200 @-@ meter breaststroke events , and is remembered as a teenage star who was the dominant female breaststroke swimmer of her generation .
= = Early years = =
Ball was born in Jacksonville , Florida in 1951 . As a teenager , she swam for the J.E.T.S. swim team in Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) competition and attended Robert E. Lee High School in Jacksonville . In August 1966 , she set a new American record of 2 : 44 @.@ 8 in the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke at the AAU national championships , shattering the previous mark by almost three seconds . In December 1966 , she tied the world record of 1 : 15 @.@ 7 in the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke at the international swim meet at the Hall of Fame pool in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . While swimming for the Lee High School Generals swim team , she won the 1967 Florida 2A state high school championships in the 200 @-@ yard individual medley and the 100 @-@ yard breaststroke events , setting Florida state records in both . Her Florida record in the 100 @-@ yard breaststroke stood for eleven years .
= = International swimming career = =
Ball set a new world record in the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke at the Santa Clara invitational swim meet in July 1967 . At the 1967 Pan American Games in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Ball won two individual gold medals in the women 's 100 @-@ meter and 200 @-@ meter breaststroke events , and a third in the women 's 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay in which she swam the breaststroke leg for the winning U.S. team of Kendis Moore , Ball , Ellie Daniel and Wendy Fordyce . In the process , she set new world records in all three events . During 1967 , she set world records in all four ( two metric , two non @-@ metric ) individual breaststroke events as a 15 @-@ year @-@ old .
Despite having to overcome mononucleosis and missing several scheduled meets in early 1968 , Ball was the favorite to win three gold medals at the 1968 Olympics . She was the reigning world record holder in all four breaststroke distances and bettered her own world records in the 100 @-@ meter and 200 @-@ meter breaststroke at the U.S. Olympic Trials in August 1968 . She arrived at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , however , with a case of influenza . She won her only Olympic medal , a gold , as a member of the winning U.S. 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay team by swimming the breaststroke leg of the four @-@ person relay . Sharing the gold medal honors were her relay teammates Kaye Hall ( backstroke ) , Ellie Daniel ( butterfly ) and Susan Pedersen ( freestyle ) . In the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke final , Ball led close to the finish but physical exhaustion overwhelmed her , and she finished fifth . She was too ill to swim in the subsequent preliminary heats of the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke and was scratched from the event .
= = College coaching career = =
After the Olympics , Ball received a special scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , but effectively dropped out of competition swimming because there were no women 's college swim teams at the time and because of her desire to lead a more " normal " life . As an undergraduate senior at the University of Florida , she was hired by athletic director Ray Graves to be the first head coach of the newly organized women 's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ( AIAW ) competition during the 1972 – 73 school year . In their first year of intercollegiate competition , Ball 's Lady Gators swimmers were undefeated in dual meets and placed second at the AIAW national championship during her single @-@ season tenure .
Ball graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor 's degree in education in 1973 .
= = Life after swimming = =
Ball currently resides in Pensacola , Florida . In the time since retiring from competition swimming at the age of 17 , she has been a college swim coach , kindergarten teacher , junior swim coach , housewife and interior decorator . Ball and her business partner have operated a successful interior decorating business , " Beside the Point , " for the past decade . She and her husband Tom Condon have three children and two grandchildren .
She was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1976 , and the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 2010 .
= = World records = =
Women 's 100 @-@ meter breaststroke
Women 's 200 @-@ meter breaststroke
Women 's 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay
Note : All record times and locations are sourced to USA Swimming 's list of world records .
= Brook Farm =
Brook Farm , also called the Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education or the Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education , was a utopian experiment in communal living in the United States in the 1840s . It was founded by former Unitarian minister George Ripley and his wife Sophia Ripley at the Ellis Farm in West Roxbury , Massachusetts ( 9 miles outside of downtown Boston ) in 1841 and was inspired in part by the ideals of Transcendentalism , a religious and cultural philosophy based in New England . Founded as a joint stock company , it promised its participants a portion of the profits from the farm in exchange for performing an equal share of the work . Brook Farmers believed that by sharing the workload , ample time would be available for leisure activities and intellectual pursuits .
Life on Brook Farm was based on balancing labor and leisure while working together for the benefit of the greater community . Each member could choose to do whatever work they found most appealing and all were paid equally , including women . Revenue for the community came from farming and from selling handmade products like clothing as well as through fees paid by the many visitors to Brook Farm . The main source of income was the school , which was overseen by Mrs. Ripley . A pre @-@ school , primary school , and a college preparatory school attracted children internationally and each child was charged for his or her education . Adult education was also offered .
The community was never financially stable and had difficulty profiting from its agricultural pursuits . By 1844 , the Brook Farmers adopted a societal model based on the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier and began publishing The Harbinger as an unofficial journal promoting Fourierism . Following his vision , the community members began building an ambitious structure called the Phalanstery . When the uninsured building was destroyed in a fire , the community was financially devastated and never recovered . It was fully closed by 1847 . Despite the experimental commune 's failure , many Brook Farmers looked back on their experience positively . Critics of the commune included Charles Lane , founder of another utopian community called Fruitlands . Nathaniel Hawthorne was a founding member of Brook Farm , though he was not a strong adherent of the community 's ideals . He later fictionalized his experience in his novel The Blithedale Romance ( 1852 ) .
After the community 's failure , the property was operated for most of the next 130 years by a Lutheran organization as first an orphanage , and then a treatment center and school . The buildings of the Transcendentalists were destroyed by fire over the years . In 1988 the State of Massachusetts acquired 148 acres ( 60 ha ) of the farm , which is now operated by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation as a historic site .
= = History = =
= = = Planning and background = = =
In October 1840 , George Ripley announced to the Transcendental Club that he was planning to form a Utopian community . Brook Farm , as it would be called , was based on the ideals of Transcendentalism ; its founders believed that by pooling labor they could sustain the community and still have time for literary and scientific pursuits . The experiment was meant to serve as an example for the rest of the world , based on the principles of " industry without drudgery , and true equality without its vulgarity " . At Brook Farm , and as in other communities , physical labor was perceived as a condition of mental well @-@ being and health . Brook Farm was one of at least 80 communal experiments active in the United States throughout the 1840s , though it was the first to be secular . Ripley believed his experiment would be a model for the rest of society . He predicted : " If wisely executed , it will be a light over this country and this age . If not the sunrise , it will be the morning star . " As more interested people began to take part in planning , Ripley relocated meetings from his home to the West Street bookshop operated by Elizabeth Palmer Peabody .
= = = Beginnings = = =
Ripley and his wife Sophia formed a joint stock company in 1841 along with 10 other initial investors . He sold shares of the company $ 500 apiece with a promise of five percent of the profits to each investor . Shareholders were also allowed a single vote in decision @-@ making and several held director positions . The Ripleys chose to begin their experiment at a dairy farm owned by Charles and Maria Mayo Ellis in West Roxbury , Massachusetts , near the home of Theodore Parker . They began raising money , including holding a meeting at Peabody 's bookshop to raise $ 10 @,@ 000 for the farm 's initial purchase . The site was eventually purchased on October 11 , 1841 , for $ 10 @,@ 500 @.@ though participants had begun moving in as early as April . The 170 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 69 km2 ) farm about eight miles ( 13 km ) from Boston was described in a pamphlet as a " place of great natural beauty , combining a convenient nearness to the city with a degree of retirement and freedom from unfavorable influences unusual even in the country " . The purchase also covered a neighboring Keith farm , approximately 22 acres ( 89 @,@ 000 m2 ) , " consisting altogether of a farm with dwelling house , barn , and outbuildings thereon situated " .
The first major public notice of the community was published in August 1841 . " The Community at West Roxbury , Mass . " was likely written by Elizabeth Palmer Peabody . Though they began with 10 investors , eventually some 32 people would become Brook Farmers . Writer and editor Margaret Fuller was invited to Brook Farm and , though she never officially joined the community , she was a frequent visitor , often spending New Year 's Eve there . Ripley received many applications to join the community , especially from people who had little money or those in poor health , but full @-@ fledged membership was granted only to individuals who could afford the $ 500 share of the joint stock company .
One of the initial founders of Brook Farm was author Nathaniel Hawthorne . Hawthorne did not particularly agree with the ideals of the experiment , hoping only that it would help him raise enough money to begin his life with his wife @-@ to @-@ be Sophia Peabody . She considered moving there as well and even visited in May 1841 , though Hawthorne sent her away . Ripley was aware of Hawthorne 's motivations , and tried to convince him to get involved more fully by appointing him as one of four trustees , specifically overseeing " Direction of Finance " . After requesting his initial investment be returned , Hawthorne officially resigned from Brook Farm on October 17 , 1842 . He wrote of his displeasure with the community : " even my Custom House experience was not such a thraldom and weariness ; my mind and heart were freer ..... Thank God , my soul is not utterly buried under a dung @-@ heap . "
= = = Fourier inspiration = = =
In the late 1830s Ripley became increasingly engaged in " Associationism " , an early socialist movement based on the work of Charles Fourier . Horace Greeley , a New York newspaper editor , and others began to pressure the Brook Farm experiment to follow more closely the pattern of Charles Fourier at a time when the community was struggling to be self @-@ sufficient . Albert Brisbane , whose book The Social Destiny of Man ( 1840 ) had been an inspiration to Ripley , paid Greeley $ 500 for permission to publish a front @-@ page column in the New York Tribune which ran in several parts from March 1842 to September 1843 . Brisbane argued in the series , titled " Association : or , Principles of a True Organization of Society " , how Fourier 's theories could be applied in the United States . Brisbane published similar articles in 1842 in The Dial , the journal of the Transcendentalists . Fourier 's societal vision included elaborate plans for specific structures and highly organized roles of its members . He called this system for an ideal community a " Phalanx " .
To meet this vision , now under the name " Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education " , Brook Farmers committed themselves to constructing an ambitious communal building known as the Phalanstery . Construction began in the summer of 1844 and the structure would provide accommodations for 14 families and single people as well . It was planned to be 175 feet ( 53 m ) by 40 feet ( 12 m ) and include , as Ripley described , " a large and commodious kitchen , a dining @-@ hall capable of seating from three to four hundred persons , two public saloons , and a spacious hall or lecture room " .
Ripley and two associates created a new constitution for Brook Farm in 1844 , beginning the experiment 's attempts to follow closely Fourier 's Phalanx system . Many Brook Farmers supported the transition ; at a dinner in honor of Fourier 's birthday , one member of the group proposed a toast to " Fourier , the second coming of Christ " . Others , however , did not share in the enthusiasm and some left the commune altogether . One of those who left was Isaac Hecker , who converted to Catholicism and went on to become the founder of the first American @-@ based order of priests , the Paulist Fathers , in 1858 . In particular , many Brook Farmers thought the new model was too rigid and structured and too different from the carefree aspects that they had been attracted to . Both supporters and detractors referred to the early part of Brook Farm 's history as the " Transcendental days " . Ripley himself became a celebrity proponent of Fourierism and organized conventions throughout New England to discuss the community .
In the last few months of 1844 , Brook Farmers were offered the possibility of taking over two Associationism @-@ inspired publications , Brisbane 's The Phalanx and John Allen 's The Social Reformer . Four printers were part of Brook Farm at the time and members of the community believed it would elevate their status as leaders of the movement as well as provide additional income . Ultimately , the Brook Farmers published a new journal combining the two , The Harbinger . The journal 's first issue was published June 14 , 1845 , and was continuously printed , originally weekly , until October 1847 , when it was relocated to New York City , still under the oversight of George Ripley and fellow Brook Farmer Charles Anderson Dana . Naming the publication , however , turned out to be a difficult task . Parke Godwin offered advice when it was suggested to keep the name The Phalanx :
Call it the Pilot , the Harbinger , the Halycon , the Harmonist , The Worker , the Architect , The Zodiac , The Pleiad , the Iris , the Examiner , The Aurora , the Crown , the Imperial , the Independent , the Synthesist , the Light , the Truth , the Hope , the Teacher , the Reconciler , the Wedge , the Pirate , the Seer , the Indicator , the Tailor , the Babe in the Manger , the Universe , the Apocalypse , the Red Dragon , the Plant , Beelzebub — the Devil or anything rather than the meaningless name Phalanx .
= = = Decline and dissolution = = =
Brook Farm began to decline rapidly after its restructuring . In October 1844 , Orestes Brownson visited the site and sensed that " the atmosphere of the place is horrible " . To save money , " retrenchments " , or sacrifices , were called for , particularly at the dinner table . Meat , coffee , tea , and butter were no longer offered , though it was agreed that a separate table with meat be allowed in December 1844 . That Thanksgiving , a neighbor had donated a turkey . Many Brook Farmers applied for exceptions to these rules and soon it was agreed that " members of the Association who sit at the meat table shall be charged extra for their board " . Life on Brook Farm was further worsened by an outbreak of smallpox in November 1845 ; though no one died , 26 Brook Farmers were infected . Ripley attempted to quell the financial difficulties by negotiating with creditors and stockholders , who agreed to cancel $ 7 @,@ 000 of debts .
Construction on the Phalanstery was progressing well until the evening of March 3 , 1846 , when it was discovered that the Phalanstery had caught fire . Within two hours , the structure had completely burned down ; firefighters from Boston arrived too late . The fire was likely caused by a defective chimney . One participant noted , " Ere long the flames were chasing one another in a mad riot over the structure ; running across long corridors and up and down the supporting columns of wood , until the huge edifice was a mass of firework " . The financial blow from the loss of the uninsured building was $ 7 @,@ 000 and it marked the beginning of the end of Brook Farm .
George Ripley , who had begun the experiment , made an unofficial break with Brook Farm in May 1846 . Many others began to leave as well , though the dissolution of the farm was slow . As one Brook Farmer said , the slow decline of the community was like apple petals drifting slowly to the ground , making it seem " dreamy and unreal " . On November 5 , 1846 , Ripley 's book collection , which had served as Brook Farm 's library , was auctioned to help cover the association 's debts . By the end , Brook Farm had a total debt of $ 17 @,@ 445 . Ripley told a friend , " I can now understand how a man would feel if he could attend his own funeral " . He took a job with the New York Tribune and it took him 13 years to pay off the Brook Farm debt , which he did in 1862 .
= = After Brook Farm = =
A man named John Plummer purchased the land that was Brook Farm in 1849 before selling it six years later to James Freeman Clarke , who intended to establish another community there . Instead , Clarke offered it to President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War and the Second Massachusetts Regiment used it for training as Camp Andrew .
Clarke sold the property in 1868 to two brothers , who used it as a summer boarding house . In 1870 Gottlieb F. Burckhardt purchased the property , after which he formed the Association of the Evangelical Lutheran Church for Works of Mercy to operate an orphanage in The Hive , as the main house on the property was known . The orphanage opened in 1872 and operated until 1943 . In 1948 the Lutherans converted it into a treatment center and school , which closed in 1977 . Parts of the farm were separated in 1873 for use as a cemetery , a use that continues today as an non @-@ denominational cemetery known as the Gardens of Gethsemene ( as part of St. Joseph 's Cemetery and the Baker Street Jewish Cemeteries ) . During the period of Lutheran ownership the only now extant building , a c . 1890 print shop , was built on the land ; the buildings associated with the Transcendentalists , most recently the Margaret Fuller Cottage , had burned down by the 1980s .
In 1988 the Metropolitan District Commission ( since merged with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation , or DCR ) purchased 148 acres ( 0 @.@ 60 km2 ) of the original land . The farm was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1965 , a Boston Landmark in 1977 , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The DCR now operate the state @-@ owned portion as a historic site ; the West Roxbury Historical Society periodically offers tours .
= = Landscape and facilities = =
Brook Farm was named for the brook that ran near the roadside and that eventually went to the Charles River . It was surrounded by low hills and its meadows and sunny slopes were diversified by orchard , quiet groves and denser pine woods . The land , however , turned out to be difficult to farm .
The land on the Keith lot that was purchased along with the Ellis farm included a functional farmhouse , which Brook Farmers immediately began calling " The Hive " . The Hive became the center for social activities and was where the people of the community went to eat three meals a day . The Hive 's dining room held fifty people and its library was stocked with George Ripley 's personal book collection which was made available for all community members .
As the community grew , it became necessary to add more buildings for lodgings and various activities . The first building constructed was " The Nest " , where school lessons took place and where guests of the farm would stay . Mr. and Mrs. Ripley 's house , later to be called the Eyrie , was built during the second year . The next building to be built was the Margaret Fuller Cottage ; though named after Fuller , she never spent a night there . A participant at Brook Farm named Ichabod Morton built the Pilgrim House , named in honor of his home town of Plymouth , Massachusetts . The 2 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ story building was the third structure built that year and cost nearly $ 5 @,@ 000 to build . Morton stayed there only two weeks before moving out , after which the building was used for general lodging and also held the laundry facilities . The many constructions , including greenhouses and small craft shops , quickly reduced their treasury .
= = Community life = =
= = = Work and finances = = =
Participants at Brook Farm were also shareholders and were promised five percent of the annual profits or free tuition for one student . In exchange for 300 days of work per year , they were granted free room and board . Members performed whatever work most appealed to them and all , including women , were paid equal wages . The philosophy of labor , according to Ripley , was " to insure a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor than now exists ; to combine the thinker and the worker , as far as possible , in the same individual . "
The organization of work in Brook Farm changed over time because of both financial troubles and changes in ideologies . Members of Brook Farm initially participated in an “ attractive industry ” system where each individual could pick his or her work assignments based on their won preferences . This method did not have any specific authority making sure that essential tasks were getting done . After initial leniency , some sensed that not all members were doing their fair share of the labor , so in 1841 the community adopted required standards for work : ten hours of work were required per day during the summer , and eight hours during winter . When Brook Farm first started adopting Fourierist notions , they created a more structured work environment with a system that consisted of three series of industry , which were agriculture , mechanical , and domestic , and within each series there were a number of groups that handled more specific tasks . Each group had a chief whose duty it was to keep a record of the work done . While this system did create a new work hierarchy , the members still had the flexibility to move between groups easily . These new measures caused Brook Farm to achieve a profit in 1844 which was a feat that had not been accomplished in its first few years of the community 's existence .
Typical work duties at Brook Farm included chopping wood , bringing in firewood , milking cows , turning a grindstone , and other farming chores . Not all were farmers , however . Some worked in the trades , including making shoes , and others were teachers . Regardless of the job , all were considered equal and because of the job distribution , as Elizabeth Peabody wrote , " no one has any great weight in any one thing " . In exchange for their work , participants were granted several " guarantees " , including " medical attendance , nursing , education in all departments , amusements " . There were some occasional conflicts between different workers , partly because those who were educators believed themselves more aristocratic ; overall , however , as historian Charles Crowe wrote , " indeed all aspects of communal life operated with surprisingly little friction " in general .
Visitors to Brook Farm came frequently , totaling an estimated 1 @,@ 150 each year , though each was charged for their visit . Between November 1844 and October 1845 , surviving records show that $ 425 was collected from visitor fees . The list of visitors included theologian Henry James , Sr. , sculptor William Wetmore Story , artist John Sartain , and British social reformer Robert Owen .
Despite multiple sources of income , the community was in constant debt almost immediately after it began . The community , including Ripley , had difficulty with the farming aspects of the community , in particular because of poor soil and not enough labor . The major crop was hay , though it was sold at low grade prices ; vegetables , milk , and fruit were not produced in high enough numbers to be profitable . The property was mortgaged four times between 1841 and 1845 . Brook Farm got into the habit of spending money before they had raised it . As one Brook Farmer wrote , " I think here lies the difficulty , — we have not had business men to conduct our affairs ... those among us who have some business talents , see this error " .
= = = Education = = =
On September 29 , 1841 , the " Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education " was organized . The school was the most immediate ( and at times the only ) source of income for Brook Farm and attracted students as far away as Cuba and the Philippines . Children under twelve were charged three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half dollars per week and , at first , boys over twelve were charged four dollars a week and girls were charged five ; by August 1842 , the rates were made identical , regardless of gender . Adult education was also available in the evenings . The schedule for adults included courses on moral philosophy , German language , and modern European history .
Within the school there was an infant school for children under six , a primary school for children under ten , and there was a preparatory school that prepared children for college in six years . When entering the school , each pupil under high school age was assigned a woman of the community who was in charge of his / her wardrobe , personal habits , and exercise . The teachers included three graduates of Harvard Divinity School ( George Ripley , George Bradford , John Sullivan Dwight ) as well as several women ( Ripley 's wife Sophia , his sister Marianne , and his cousin Hannah , as well as Georgianna Bruce and Abby Morton ) . Ripley was in charge of teaching English and was known to be relaxed in his class . Dana taught languages , being able to speak ten himself . Dwight taught music as well as Latin . Students studied European languages and literature and , at no extra cost , pupils could also indulge in the fine arts . The primary school was overseen by Sophia Ripley and Marianne Ripley , using a progressive child @-@ centered pedagogy that has been compared to the later reforms of John Dewey . Sophia Ripley 's dedication to the school was remarked upon by many ; she only missed two classes in six years .
= = = Leisure = = =
The people of Brook Farm spent most of their time either studying or working the farm , but they always set aside time in the day for play . In their free time , the members of Brook Farm enjoyed music , dancing , card games , drama , costume parties , sledding , and skating . Every week everyone in the community would gather at The Hive for a dance of the young ladies of the community . They would wear wreaths of wild daisies on top of their heads , and each week a special wreath , bought from a florist , would be given to the best dressed girl . At the end of every day , many performed a " symbol of Universal Unity " , in which they stood in a circle and joined hands and vowed for " truth to the cause of God and Humanity " .
Spirits remained high throughout the experiment , regardless of the community 's financial standing . Their social structure demanded selflessness and individuals rarely failed to fulfill their duties , a requirement to earn leisure time . Leisure time was important to the Brook Farm philosophy . As Elizabeth Palmer Peabody wrote for The Dial in January 1842 , " none will be engaged merely in bodily labor ... This community aims to be rich , not in the metallic representative of wealth , but in ... leisure to live in all the faculties of the soul " .
= = = Role of women = = =
At Brook Farm , women had the opportunity to expand beyond their typical sphere of tasks and their labor was highly valued . They did have tasks that were typical of other women at the time such as simple food preparation , and shared housekeeping . However , during the harvest time women were allowed to work in the fields and men even helped out with laundry during the cold weather . Because no single religion could impose its beliefs on the community , women were safe from the typical patriarchy associated with religion at the time . Because of the community 's focus on individual freedom , women were autonomous from their husbands and were also allowed to become stockholders . Women also played an important role in providing sources of income to the community . Many devoted time to making , as Brook Farmer Marianne Dwight described , " elegant and tasteful caps , capes , collars , undersleeves , etc . , etc . , " for sale at shops in Boston . Others painted screens and lamp shades for sale . Women were allowed to go to school and , because of the well @-@ known education of women at Brook Farm , many female writers and performers visited the farm . George Ripley 's wife Sophia , who had written an outspoken feminist essay for The Dial on " Woman " before moving to Brook Farm , was very educated and was able to teach history and foreign languages at the farm .
= = Criticism = =
Many people in the community wrote of how much they enjoyed their experience and , in particular , the light @-@ hearted atmosphere . One participant , a man named John Codman , joined the community at the age of 27 in 1843 . He wrote , " It was for the meanest a life above humdrum , and for the greatest something far , infinitely far beyond . They looked into the gates of life and saw beyond charming visions , and hopes springing up for all " . The idealism of the community sometimes was not met , however . Because the community was officially secular , a variety of religions were represented , though not always amicably . When Isaac Hecker and , later , Sophia Ripley converted to Catholicism , a Protestant Brook Farmer complained , " We are beginning to see wooden crosses around and pictures of saints ... and I suspect that rosaries are rattling under aprons . "
Nathaniel Hawthorne , eventually elected treasurer of the community , did not enjoy his experience . Initially , he praised the work he was doing , boasting of " what a great , broad @-@ shouldered , elephantine personage I shall become by and by ! " Later , he wrote to his wife @-@ to @-@ be Sophia Peabody , " labor is the curse of the world , and nobody can meddle with it without becoming proportionately brutified " . After disassociating with the community Hawthorne demanded the return of his initial investment , though he never held any ill will with Ripley , to whom he wrote he would " heartily rejoice at your success — of which I can see no reasonable doubt " .
Many outside the community were critical of Brook Farm , especially in the press . The New York Observer , for example , suggested that , " The Associationists , under the pretense of a desire to promote order and morals , design to overthrow the marriage institution , and in the place of the divine law , to substitute the ' passions ' as the proper regulator of the intercourse of the sexes " , concluding that they were " secretly and industriously aiming to destroy the foundation of society " . Critic Edgar Allan Poe expressed his opinions on the community in an article titled " Brook Farm " in the December 13 , 1845 , issue of the Broadway Journal . He wrote that he had " sincere respect " for the group and that its journal , The Harbinger , was " conducted by an assemblage of well @-@ read persons who mean no harm — and who , perhaps , can do no less " . Despite many critics , none suggested George Ripley be replaced as Brook Farm 's leader .
Ralph Waldo Emerson never joined the Brook Farm community , despite several invitations . He wrote to Ripley on December 15 , 1840 , of his " conviction that the Community is not good for me " . He also questioned the idealism of the community , particularly its optimism that all members would equally share responsibility and workload . As he wrote , " The country members naturally were surprised to observe that one man ploughed all day and one looked out of a window all day ... and both received at night the same wages " . Twenty years later , Emerson publicly denounced the experiment in his collection of essays titled The Conduct of Life . Charles Lane , one of the founders of another community called Fruitlands , thought the Brook Farmers lived a lifestyle that did not sacrifice enough . As he said , they were " playing away their youth and day @-@ time in a miserably joyous frivolous manner " . Like other communities , Brook Farm was criticized for its potential to break up the nuclear family because of its focus on working as a larger community . After its conversion to Fourierism , the Transcendentalists showed less support for the experiment . Henry David Thoreau questioned the community members ' idealism and wrote in his journal , " As for these communities , I think I had rather keep bachelor 's hall in hell than go to board in heaven " . Even Sophia Ripley later questioned their original optimism , referring to it as " childish , empty , & sad " .
= = In fiction = =
Nathaniel Hawthorne , though a founding member , was unhappy during his tenure as a Brook Farmer , partly because he was unable to write while living there . " I have no quiet at all " , he complained , and his hands were covered " with a new crop of blisters — the effect of raking hay " . He later presented a fictionalized portrait of his experience in his 1852 novel , The Blithedale Romance . He acknowledged the resemblance in his introduction , saying " in the ' Blithedale ' of this volume , many readers will probably suspect a faint and not very faithful shadowing of Brook Farm , in West Roxbury , which ( now a little more than ten years ago ) was occupied and cultivated by a company of socialists . " The chapter called " The Masqueraders " , for example , was based on a picnic held one September to celebrate the harvest season . George Ripley , who reviewed the book for the New York Tribune , said that former Brook Farmers would only notice the resemblance in the humorous parts of the story . Some have also seen a resemblance between Margaret Fuller and Hawthorne 's fictional character Zenobia . In the novel , a visitor — a writer like Hawthorne — finds that hard farm labor is not conducive to intellectual creativity .
= 2015 Canadian Grand Prix =
The 2015 Canadian Grand Prix , formally known as the Formula 1 Grand Prix du Canada 2015 , was a Formula One motor race held on 7 June 2015 at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal , Canada . The race was the seventh round of the 2015 season , and marked the 52nd running of the Canadian Grand Prix . Daniel Ricciardo was the defending race winner , having won his first ever grand prix the year before .
Lewis Hamilton of the Mercedes team won the race from pole position , leading for all but one lap of the race . He extended his championship lead over teammate Nico Rosberg , who finished second , to 17 points .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
The pit @-@ stop decision that seemingly cost Lewis Hamilton a victory at the previous race in Monaco was still a talking point when the paddock arrived in Canada . In Thursday 's press conference however , Hamilton insisted that he " couldn 't care less " about the incident , saying : " I can 't do anything about the past so there 's honestly no point in thinking about it , it is about trying to shape the future . "
Max Verstappen received a five @-@ place grid penalty for the Canadian Grand Prix after causing a collision with Romain Grosjean in Monaco . During the final practice session , Toro Rosso had to equip his car with the fifth internal combustion engine of the season . As he exceeded the limit of four units per power unit element per season , he received an additional ten @-@ place grid penalty .
Minor changes were made to the last right @-@ left chicane of the track . Prior to the first session of the weekend , the stewards placed a bollard in the run @-@ off area to keep the drivers from re @-@ entering the track too early . Ahead of the third practice session on Saturday , an additional orange @-@ coloured kerb was added on the apex of turn 14 . The stewards stated that " any driver who fails to negotiate turn 14 by using the track , and who makes contact with any part of the new kerb element , will not be required to keep to the left of the red and white polystyrene block , but must re @-@ join the track safely . "
Going into the race , Hamilton was leading the World Drivers ' Championship by ten points from teammate Nico Rosberg , who had won the two previous rounds in Spain and Monaco . Sebastian Vettel was third , a further 18 points behind Rosberg . In the Constructors ' Championship , Mercedes was leading Ferrari by 84 points , with Williams down in third .
= = = Free practice = = =
Per the regulations for the 2015 season , three practice sessions were held , two 1 @.@ 5 @-@ hour sessions on Friday and another one @-@ hour session before qualifying on Saturday . During first practice on Friday morning , Lewis Hamilton posted the fastest time – over a second quicker than the fastest time set in first practice in 2014 – and four @-@ tenths of a second ahead of his teammate Nico Rosberg in second . Both Lotus and Force India showed good pace with Romain Grosjean and Nico Hülkenberg being third and fourth fastest respectively , though over 1 @.@ 5 seconds behind Hamilton . Incidents during the session included Hamilton spinning out when his brakes locked up and Carlos Sainz , Jr. stopping at the end of pit lane when he set out to post a timed lap towards the end of the session .
In second practice , Hamilton was again quickest but was also caught out again . He went off at the turn ten hairpin and crashed his car while he was doing a run on intermediate tyres in wet conditions – a downpour of rain affected the second half of the session . Most teams sent their drivers out only in the dry first half , setting times on the super @-@ soft tyre compound . Ferrari looked to be significantly closer to Mercedes , with Sebastian Vettel and Kimi Räikkönen finishing second and third respectively , less than 0 @.@ 4 seconds behind Hamilton . Lotus confirmed their good pace from the first session when Pastor Maldonado was fifth fastest , behind Rosberg .
The third practice session on Saturday morning was disrupted by two red flag periods . Twenty minutes into practice , Felipe Nasr lost control of his car when he weaved from side to side on track to increase his tyre temperatures while his DRS was open on the first part of the Casino straight , and crashed into the barrier at the inside of the track . After the red flag was lifted , only twelve minutes of the session remained and all drivers took to the track to try out the super @-@ soft compound . This did not last long however , as Jenson Button had to park his car at turn seven , reporting a problem with his power unit . This brought out the red flag once again , effectively ending the session . Nico Rosberg was fastest , half a second ahead of Räikkönen , while Hamilton drove just nine laps , ending the practice with the slowest time set .
= = = Qualifying = = =
Qualifying consisted of three parts , 18 , 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively , with five drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions . The 45 minutes of qualifying were split into parts of eighteen , fifteen and twelve minutes of running respectively . While Sauber were able to place Felipe Nasr in a new car in time for qualifying following his accident in practice , Jenson Button 's problems could not be sorted out and he missed the session , meaning that his participation in the race would be left to a decision by the race stewards .
During the first part of qualifying ( Q1 ) , Mercedes was able to refrain from using the faster super @-@ soft tyres , nevertheless setting times below 1 : 16 . Fastest in the session was Romain Grosjean , who was narrowly quicker than the Mercedes drivers , but on the softer tyre compound . With Button not participating , four drivers were left to be eliminated . The two Manors once more did not make the cut and took 18th and 19th on the grid , with Roberto Merhi out @-@ qualifying his teammate Will Stevens for the first time in a qualifying that both drivers participated in . Joining them on the sidelines were two more prominent drivers : both Sebastian Vettel and Felipe Massa suffered from problems with their power units , finishing 16th and 17th respectively .
Lewis Hamilton was quickest in Q2 , just 0 @.@ 012 seconds ahead of his teammate Nico Rosberg . The Mercedes power unit proved its superiority on the high @-@ speed Montreal track , with all remaining Mercedes @-@ powered cars making it into Q3 , leaving Kimi Räikkönen and the two Red Bulls to take the remaining three places . This was the first time in 2015 that Force India was able to get both cars into Q3 in qualifying , having last done so at the 2014 German Grand Prix .
As the top ten took to the track for the final part of qualifying , Nico Rosberg was unable to beat his time set in Q2 with his first fast lap . Hamilton however improved on his time , being more than three @-@ tenths of a second faster than Rosberg . When both drivers were unable to improve on their times with their second timed laps , Hamilton took the 44th pole position of his career . Row two was taken up by the two Finns , Räikkönen and Valtteri Bottas , who narrowly beat the two Lotuses of Romain Grosjean and Pastor Maldonado . Both Lotus drivers had emerged from their pit boxes simultaneously for their final timed laps , entering the track side @-@ by @-@ side . The two Red Bulls finished eighth and ninth , splitting the two Force Indias of Nico Hülkenberg and Sergio Pérez .
= = = = Post @-@ qualifying = = = =
In an interview following qualifying , Lewis Hamilton expressed that it was " very special " to get another pole in Canada , since Canada had been the scene of his first race win in 2007 . Sebastian Vettel lamented his qualifying performance , telling German TV that a small part of the car was broken but that he was confident to be able to make up places during the race , pointing to Kimi Räikkönen 's fast pace in qualifying .
Since he did not post a lap time within 107 % of the fastest time during Q1 , Jenson Button was required to apply to the race stewards to be allowed to the start the race ; they granted him permission to do so . After qualifying , McLaren had to fit his car with a fifth heat motor generator unit ( MGU @-@ H ) and a fifth turbo charger for the season . As this exceeded the limit of four units per power unit element , Button was later handed ten @-@ place and five @-@ place grid penalties . As he was already due to start from the back of the grid , the penalty was substituted with a drive @-@ through penalty , to be served within the first three laps of the race .
Sebastian Vettel was handed a five @-@ place grid penalty for overtaking Manor 's Roberto Merhi under red flags during the third free practice session . After Max Verstappen qualified twelfth for the race , he was unable to be placed the full fifteen places back on the grid from both his penalties . As grid penalties were no longer carried over to subsequent races in 2015 , he was instead handed a ten @-@ second penalty , to be served with his first pit stop during the race .
= = = Race = = =
At the start of the race , all drivers at the front of the grid got away without incident and with no changes in position . On the outside of turn three , Nico Hülkenberg was able to get around Pastor Maldonado for sixth position . Sebastian Vettel and Felipe Massa , who both started from the rear end of the grid , made up places early in the race , running in twelfth and thirteenth by lap 9 , when Vettel came into the pits for his first stop . The pit stop did not go well , as his car was stationary for about six seconds . Massa in turn went past Marcus Ericsson for eleventh two laps later in a wheel @-@ to @-@ wheel manoeuvre through turns one and two . Meanwhile , at the front , Lewis Hamilton had built a sufficient gap to second @-@ placed Rosberg to deny Rosberg the chance to use DRS and try to overtake .
By lap 14 , Massa had passed 2014 race winner Daniel Ricciardo to move up into tenth position . The first pit stops at the front began by lap 18 , when Maldonado pitted from seventh . While Massa passed Daniil Kvyat for seventh place on lap 21 , Sebastian Vettel was stuck in 16th behind the McLaren of Fernando Alonso , who was told to save fuel , a problem that also afflicted his teammate Jenson Button . By lap 23 however , Vettel had gone past Alonso and the two Toro Rossos of Verstappen and Sainz to move up into 13th .
On lap 28 , Kimi Räikkönen was the first of the top runners to pit , coming out in fourth , but spun at the hairpin in a repeat of an incident from 2014 . The incident cost him twelve seconds and allowed Valtteri Bottas to stay ahead of him in third after he pitted on lap 30 . Hamilton pitted on the same lap with Rosberg following suit two laps later , both without incident . At this point , Rosberg was about 1 @.@ 5 seconds behind his teammate . Another four laps later , Sebastian Vettel came in for his second and final stop of the race . Massa came in for his only stop on lap 38 , putting on the super @-@ soft tyres , and dropped from sixth to ninth . Räikkönen pitted again on lap 42 , staying in fourth position ahead of the Lotus of Romain Grosjean .
On lap 46 , Vettel went past Hülkenberg for eighth at the final chicane . There was no contact between the two drivers , but the Force India car spun in order to avoid the wall on the outside of the final corner . Two laps later , Fernando Alonso was the first driver to retire from the race , his third consecutive retirement . On lap 52 , Romain Grosjean tried to lap Will Stevens , cutting his rear left tyre in the process . The incident also brought him a five @-@ second time penalty . The other Lotus of Pastor Maldonado also lost a position when Vettel moved past him for fifth on lap 56 . Jenson Button joined his teammate in retirement two laps later , being called into the pits by his team . Felipe Massa went up into sixth overtaking Maldonado on lap 64 . For the remaining laps , Hamilton managed to control the lead and went on to win in Montreal for the fourth time , finishing 2 @.@ 2 seconds ahead of Rosberg , with Bottas in third a further 38 seconds behind .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
During the podium interview , conducted by Ted Kravitz , a reporter for Sky Sports F1 , Lewis Hamilton expressed delight at his victory , saying that he needed the victory after the disappointment of Monaco . While he stated that the car suffered from understeer throughout the race , he felt that he " always had it under control " , saying : " I had a bit of time in my pocket to be able to pull it out when I needed to , so it was never too serious . " In turn , Nico Rosberg felt that his qualifying performance on Saturday " [ made ] that big difference " and had cost him the chance at victory .
Following the race , Kimi Räikkönen apologised to his team over the radio for his spin , which many felt cost him a podium finish . In post @-@ race interviews , he explained that an issue with the torque map , triggered by the pit stop , had caused him to spin out at the hairpin . After finishing sixth from 15th on the grid , Felipe Massa was happy with a " good race " , but lamented his problems in qualifying as he felt a podium finish would have been in reach , should he have started further up the order .
For causing the collision with Will Stevens , Romain Grosjean was given two penalty points on his FIA Super Licence and said after the race : " I thought I was past the Manor , but it was soon clear that I wasn 't . It was my fault entirely and I apologise for it . You never stop learning as a driver . " Meanwhile , Sebastian Vettel insisted that " it was fairly clear [ with Hülkenberg ] [ ... ] When I got close enough I went around the outside , braking later and still managing to get the corner . I was clearly ahead and then I saw him opening the brakes into the last part of the chicane , so I reacted and jumped the second part because if I started on the track , we would have crashed . " Nico Hülkenberg in turn declared that Vettel " didn 't leave me anywhere to go so to avoid contact I kept braking , lost the rear and spun " . He did however voice satisfaction with his result , finishing eighth and taking four championship points .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
Notes
^ 1 – Max Verstappen received a five @-@ place grid penalty for causing an avoidable collision during the previous race and a ten @-@ place grid penalty for exceeding the allowed internal combustion engine allocation . ^ 2 – Sebastian Vettel received a five @-@ place grid penalty for overtaking under red flags during the third free practice session . ^ 3 – Jenson Button received permission from the stewards to start the race despite not setting a qualifying time . He later received ten- and five @-@ place grid penalties for exceeding the allowed allocation of two of his power unit components .
= = = Race = = =
= = = Championship standings after the race = = =
Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= Battle of Lalakaon =
The Battle of Lalakaon ( Greek : Μάχη τοῦ Λαλακάοντος ) or the Battle of Poson ( or Porson ) ( Greek : Μάχη τοῦ Πό ( ρ ) σωνος ) was fought in 863 between the Byzantine Empire and an invading Arab army in Paphlagonia ( modern northern Turkey ) . The Byzantine army was led by Petronas , the uncle of Emperor Michael III ( r . 842 – 867 ) , although Arab sources also mention the presence of Emperor Michael himself , while the Arabs were led by the emir of Melitene ( Malatya ) , Umar al @-@ Aqta ( r . 830s – 863 ) .
Umar al @-@ Aqta was able to overcome the initial Byzantine resistance against his invasion and reach the shores of the Black Sea . The Byzantines then mobilized all their forces , and the Arab army was encircled near the River Lalakaon . The subsequent battle ended in a complete Byzantine victory and the death of the Emir on the field , and was followed by a successful Byzantine counteroffensive across the border . The Byzantine victories proved decisive : the main threats to the Byzantine borderlands were eliminated , and the era of Byzantine ascendancy in the East , which would culminate in the great conquests of the 10th century , had begun .
The Byzantine success had another corollary : deliverance from constant Arab pressure on the eastern frontier allowed the Byzantine government to concentrate on affairs in Europe , and , in particular , neighboring Bulgaria . The Bulgarians were pressured into accepting the Byzantine form of Christianity , thus beginning this nation 's absorption into the Byzantine cultural sphere .
= = Background : Arab – Byzantine border wars = =
Following the rapid Muslim conquests of the 7th century , the Byzantine Empire found itself confined to Asia Minor , the southern coasts of the Balkans , and parts of Italy . As Byzantium remained the Caliphate 's major infidel enemy , Arab raids into Asia Minor continued throughout the 8th and 9th centuries . Over time , these expeditions , launched from bases in the Arab frontier zone on an almost annual basis , acquired a quasi @-@ ritualized character as part of the Muslim jihad ( holy war ) .
During that period , the Byzantines were generally on the defensive , and suffered some catastrophic defeats such as the razing of Amorium , the home city of the reigning Byzantine dynasty , in 838 . Nevertheless , with the waning of the Abbasid Caliphate 's power after 842 and the rise of semi @-@ independent emirates along the Byzantine eastern frontier , the Byzantines were increasingly able to assert their own power .
In the 850s , the most persistent threats to the Empire were the emirate of Melitene ( Malatya ) under Umar al @-@ Aqta , the emirate of Tarsus under Ali ibn Yahya ( " Ali the Armenian " ) , the emirate of Qaliqala ( Theodosiopolis , modern Erzurum ) and the Paulicians of Tephrike under their leader Karbeas . Melitene , in particular , was a major threat to Byzantium as its location on the western side of the Anti @-@ Taurus range allowed direct access to the Anatolian plateau . An indication of the threat posed by these states came in 860 , when their combined actions turned the year into a veritable annus horribilis for the Byzantines : Umar and Karbeas raided deep into Asia Minor and returned with much plunder ; they were followed shortly after by another raid by the forces of Tarsus under Ali , while a naval attack from Syria sacked the major Byzantine naval base at Attaleia .
= = Arab invasion of 863 = =
In the summer of 863 , Umar struck again , joining forces with the Abbasid general Ja 'far ibn Dinar al @-@ Khayyat ( probably the governor of Tarsus ) for a successful raid into Cappadocia . The Arabs crossed the Cilician Gates into Byzantine territory , plundering as they went , until they reached a place near Tyana . There , the Tarsian army returned home , but Umar obtained Ja 'far 's leave to press on into Asia Minor . Umar 's forces represented the bulk of his emirate 's strength , but their size is unknown : the contemporary Muslim historian Ya 'qubi claims that Umar had 8 @,@ 000 men at his disposal , while the Byzantine historians Genesius and Theophanes Continuatus inflate the numbers of the Arab army to 40 @,@ 000 men . The Byzantinist John Haldon considers the former number to be closer to reality , and estimates the size of the combined Arab force at 15 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 men . It is likely that a Paulician contingent under Karbeas was present as well .
On the Byzantine side , Emperor Michael III had assembled his army to counter the Arab raid , and met them at a battle in an area called Marj al @-@ Usquf ( " Bishop 's Meadow " ) by Arab sources , a highland near Malakopeia , north of Nazianzus . The battle was bloody with many casualties on both sides ; according to the Persian historian al @-@ Tabari , only a thousand of Umar 's army survived . Nevertheless , the Arabs managed to escape the Byzantines and continue their raid north into the Armeniac Theme , eventually reaching the Black Sea and sacking the port city of Amisos . The Byzantine historians report that Umar , enraged at the sea blocking his advance , ordered it to be lashed , but this is most likely inspired by the similar account of Xerxes during the Persian Wars .
= = Battle = =
As soon as Michael learned of the fall of Amisos , he ordered a huge force to be assembled ( al @-@ Tabari gives its size at 50 @,@ 000 men ) under his uncle Petronas , the Domestic of the Schools , and Nasar , the stratēgos of the Bucellarian Theme . Al @-@ Tabari records that the Emperor himself assumed command of these forces , but this is not supported by Byzantine sources . Given the bias against Michael by the historians writing during the Macedonian dynasty , this may be a deliberate omission . The forces assembled came from all over the Byzantine Empire . Three separate armies were formed and converged on the Arabs : a northern Byzantine force composed of the forces from the Black Sea themes of the Armeniacs , Bucellarians , Koloneia and Paphlagonia ; a southern force , probably the one that had already fought at the Bishop 's Meadow and had kept shadowing the Arab army , composed from the Anatolic , Opsician and Cappadocian themes , as well as the kleisourai ( frontier districts ) of Seleukeia and Charsianon ; and the western force , under Petronas himself , comprising the men of the Macedonian , Thracian and Thracesian themes and of the imperial tagmata from the capital .
The coordination of all these forces was not easy , but the Byzantine armies , marching from three directions , were able to converge on the same day ( September 2 ) and surround Umar 's smaller army at a location called Poson ( Πόσων ) or Porson ( Πόρσων ) near the Lalakaon River . The exact location of the river and the battle site have not been identified , but most scholars agree that they lay near the river Halys , some 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) southeast of Amisos . With the approach of the Byzantine armies , the only open escape route left to the Emir and his men was dominated by a strategically located hill . During the night , both Arabs and Byzantines endeavoured to occupy it , but the Byzantines emerged victorious from the ensuing fight . On the next day , September 3 , Umar decided to throw his entire force towards the west , where Petronas was located , attempting to achieve a breakthrough . The Byzantines though stood firm , giving the other two Byzantine wings time to close in and attack the Arab army 's exposed rear and flanks . The rout was complete , as the larger part of the Arab army and Umar himself fell on the field . Casualties possibly included the Paulician leader Karbeas : although the latter 's participation in the battle is uncertain , it is recorded that he died in that year .
Only the Emir 's son , at the head of a small force , managed to escape the battlefield , fleeing south towards the border area of Charsianon . He was , however , pursued by Machairas , the kleisourarchēs of Charsianon , and was defeated and captured with many of his men .
= = Aftermath = =
The Byzantines moved quickly to take advantage of their victory : a Byzantine army invaded Arab @-@ held Armenia , and sometime in October or November , defeated and killed the emir Ali ibn Yahya . Thus , within a single campaigning season , the Byzantines had eliminated the three most dangerous opponents on their eastern border . In retrospect , these successes
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
University at Buffalo Polish Room .
A number of biographies are devoted to her . In 1938 her daughter , Ève Curie , published Madame Curie . In 1987 Françoise Giroud wrote Marie Curie : A Life . In 2005 Barbara Goldsmith wrote Obsessive Genius : The Inner World of Marie Curie . In 2011 Lauren Redniss published Radioactive : Marie and Pierre Curie , a Tale of Love and Fallout .
Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon starred in the 1943 U.S. Oscar @-@ nominated film , Madame Curie , based on her life . More recently , in 1997 , a French film about Pierre and Marie Curie was released , Les Palmes de M. Schutz . It was adapted from a play of the same name . In the film , Marie Curie was played by Isabelle Huppert .
Curie is the subject of the play False Assumptions by Lawrence Aronovitch , in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life . Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play Manya : The Living History of Marie Curie , a one @-@ woman show performed in 30 US states and nine countries , by 2014 .
Curie 's likeness also has appeared on banknotes , stamps and coins around the world . She was featured on the Polish late @-@ 1980s 20 @,@ 000 @-@ złoty banknote as well as on the last French 500 @-@ franc note , before the franc was replaced by the euro . Marie Curie themed postage stamps from Mali , the Republic of Togo , Zambia , and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder .
On the 2011 centenary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel Prize ( 1911 ) , an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace . It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult : polonium and radium .
Also in 2011 , a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was named after her .
= = = Nonfiction = = =
Eva Hemmungs Wirtén ( 2015 ) . Making Marie Curie : Intellectual Property and Celebrity Culture in an Age of Information . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 226 @-@ 23584 @-@ 4 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 .
Kaczorowska , Teresa ( 2011 ) . Córka mazowieckich równin , czyli , Maria Skłodowska @-@ Curie z Mazowsza [ Daughter of the Mazovian Plains : Maria Skłodowska – Curie of Mazowsze ] ( in Polish ) . Związek Literatów Polskich , Oddz. w Ciechanowie . ISBN 9788389408365 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 .
Pasachoff , Naomi ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 509214 @-@ 1 .
Curie , Eve ( 2001 ) . Madame Curie : A Biography . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 306 @-@ 81038 @-@ 1 .
Curie , Marie ( 1921 ) . The Discovery of Radium . Poughkeepsie : Vassar College .
Quinn , Susan ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie : A Life . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 201 @-@ 88794 @-@ 5 .
Giroud , Françoise ( 1986 ) . Marie Curie , a life . Holmes & Meier . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8419 @-@ 0977 @-@ 9 . , translated by Lydia Davis
Redniss , Lauren ( 2010 ) . Radioactive : Marie & Pierre Curie : A Tale of Love and Fallout . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 06 @-@ 135132 @-@ 7 .
Opfell , Olga S. ( 1978 ) . The Lady Laureates : Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize . Metuchen , N.J. & London : Scarecrow Press. pp. 147 – 164 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8108 @-@ 1161 @-@ 8 .
= = = Fiction = = =
Olov Enquist , Per ( 2006 ) . The Book about Blanche and Marie . New York : Overlook . ISBN 1 @-@ 58567 @-@ 668 @-@ 3 . A 2004 novel by Per Olov Enquist featuring Maria Skłodowska @-@ Curie , neurologist Jean @-@ Martin Charcot , and his Salpêtrière patient " Blanche " ( Marie Wittman ) . The English translation was published in 2006 .
= Fast inverse square root =
Fast inverse square root ( sometimes referred to as Fast InvSqrt ( ) or by the hexadecimal constant 0x5f3759df ) is a method of calculating x − ½ , the reciprocal ( or multiplicative inverse ) of a square root for a 32 @-@ bit floating point number in IEEE 754 floating point format . The algorithm was probably developed at Silicon Graphics in the early 1990s , and an implementation appeared in 1999 in the Quake III Arena source code , but the method did not appear on public forums such as Usenet until 2002 or 2003 . ( There is a discussion on the Chinese developer forum CSDN back in 2000 . ) At the time , the primary advantage of the algorithm came from avoiding computationally expensive floating point operations in favor of integer operations . Inverse square roots are used to compute angles of incidence and reflection for lighting and shading in computer graphics .
The algorithm accepts a 32 @-@ bit floating point number as the input and stores a halved value for later use . Then , treating the bits representing the floating point number as a 32 @-@ bit integer , a logical shift right of one bit is performed and the result subtracted from the magic number 0x5f3759df . This is the first approximation of the inverse square root of the input . Treating the bits again as floating point it runs one iteration of Newton 's method to return a more precise approximation . This computes an approximation of the inverse square root of a floating point number approximately four times faster than floating point division .
The algorithm was originally attributed to John Carmack , but an investigation showed that the code had deeper roots in both the hardware and software side of computer graphics . Adjustments and alterations passed through both Silicon Graphics and 3dfx Interactive , with Gary Tarolli 's implementation for the SGI Indigo as the earliest known use . It is not known how the constant was originally derived , though investigation has shed some light on possible methods .
= = Motivation = =
The inverse square root of a floating point number is used in calculating a normalized vector . Since a 3D graphics program uses these normalized vectors to determine lighting and reflection , millions of these calculations must be done per second . Before the creation of specialized hardware to handle transform and lighting , software computations could be slow . Specifically , when the code was developed in the early 1990s , most floating point processing power lagged behind the speed of integer processing .
To normalize a vector , the length of the vector is determined by calculating its Euclidean norm : the square root of the sum of squares of the vector components . When each component of the vector is divided by that length , the new vector will be a unit vector pointing in the same direction .
<formula> is the Euclidean norm of the vector , analogous to the calculation of the Euclidean distance between two points in Euclidean space .
<formula> is the normalized ( unit ) vector . Using <formula> to represent <formula> ,
<formula> , which relates the unit vector to the inverse square root of the distance components .
Quake III Arena used the fast inverse square root algorithm to speed graphics processing unit computation , but the algorithm has since been implemented in some dedicated hardware vertex shaders using field @-@ programmable gate arrays ( FPGA ) .
= = Overview of the code = =
The following code is the fast inverse square root implementation from Quake III Arena , stripped of C preprocessor directives , but including the exact original comment text :
In order to determine the inverse square root , an approximation for <formula> would be determined by the software , then some numerical method would revise that approximation until it came within an acceptable error range of the actual result . Common software methods in the early 1990s drew a first approximation from a lookup table . This bit of code proved faster than table lookups and approximately four times faster than regular floating point division . Some loss of precision occurred , but was offset by the significant gains in performance . The algorithm was designed with the IEEE 754 @-@ 1985 32 @-@ bit floating point specification in mind , but investigation from Chris Lomont and later Charles McEniry showed that it could be implemented in other floating point specifications .
The advantages in speed offered by the fast inverse square root kludge came from treating the longword containing the floating point number as an integer then subtracting it from a specific constant , 0x5f3759df . The purpose of the constant is not immediately clear to someone viewing the code , so , like other such constants found in code , it is often called a magic number . This integer subtraction and bit shift results in a longword which when treated as a floating point number is a rough approximation for the inverse square root of the input number . One iteration of Newton 's method is performed to gain some accuracy , and the code is finished . The algorithm generates reasonably accurate results using a unique first approximation for Newton 's method ; however , it is much slower and less accurate than using the SSE instruction rsqrtss on x86 processors also released in 1999 .
= = = A worked example = = =
As an example , consider the number x
= 0 @.@ 15625 , for which we want to calculate 1 / √ x ≈ 2 @.@ 52982 . The first steps of the algorithm are illustrated below :
0011 _ 1110 _ 0010 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 Bit pattern of both x and i
0001 _ 1111 _ 0001 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 Shift right one position : ( i > > 1 )
0101 _ 1111 _ 0011 _ 0111 _ 0101 _ 1001 _ 1101 _ 1111 The magic number 0x5f3759df
0100 _ 0000 _ 0010 _ 0111 _ 0101 _ 1001 _ 1101 _ 1111 The result of 0x5f3759df - ( i > > 1 )
Using IEEE 32 Bit representation :
0 _ 01111100 _ 01000000000000000000000 1 @.@ 25 * 2 ^ -3
0 _ 00111110 _ 00100000000000000000000 1 @.@ 125 * 2 ^ -65
0 _ 10111110 _ 01101110101100111011111 1 @.@ 432430 ... * 2 ^ + 63
0 _ 10000000 _ 01001110101100111011111 1 @.@ 307430 ... * 2 ^ + 1
Reinterpreting this last bit pattern as a floating point number gives the approximation y =
2 @.@ 61486 , which has an error of about 3 @.@ 4 % . After the single iteration of Newton 's method , the final result is y = 2 @.@ 52549 , in error by only 0 @.@ 17 % .
= = Working of the algorithm = =
The algorithm computes 1 / √ x by performing the following steps :
Alias the argument x to an integer , as a way to compute an approximation of log2 ( x )
Use this approximation to compute an approximation of log2 ( 1 / √ x )
Alias back to a float , as a way to compute an approximation of the base @-@ 2 exponential
Refine the approximation using a single iteration of the Newton 's method .
= = = Floating point representation = = =
Since this algorithm relies heavily on the bit @-@ level representation of single @-@ precision floating point numbers , a short overview of this representation is provided here . In order to encode a non @-@ zero real number x as a single precision float , the first step is to write x as a normalized binary number :
<formula>
where the exponent ex is an integer , mx ∈ [ 0 , 1 ) , and 1.b1b2b3 ... is the binary representation of the “ significand ” ( 1 + mx ) . It should be noted that , since the single bit before the point in the significand is always 1 , it need not be stored . From this form , three unsigned integers are computed :
Sx , the “ sign bit ” , is 0 if x > 0 , and 1 if x < 0 ( 1 bit )
Ex
= ex + B is the “ biased exponent ” , where B =
127 is the “ exponent bias ” ( 8 bits )
Mx
= mx × L , where L =
223 ( 23 bits )
These fields are then packed , left to right , into a 32 bit container .
As an example , consider again the number x
= 0 @.@ 15625 =
0 @.@ 001012 . Normalizing x yields :
<formula>
and thus , the three unsigned integer fields are :
S
= 0
E =
− 3 + 127
= 124 =
011111002
M
= 0 @.@ 25 × 223 =
2097152 = 010000000000000000000002
these fields are packed as shown in the figure below :
= = = Aliasing to an integer as an approximate logarithm = = =
If one had to calculate 1 / √ x without a computer or a calculator , a table of logarithms would be useful , together with the identity logb ( 1 / √ x )
= − ½ logb ( x ) , which is valid for every base b . The fast inverse square root is based on this identity , and on the fact that aliasing a float32 to an integer gives a rough approximation of its logarithm . Here is how :
If x is a positive normal number :
<formula>
then we have
<formula>
but since mx ∈ [ 0 , 1 ) , the logarithm on the right hand side can be approximated by
<formula>
where σ is a free parameter used to tune the approximation . For example , σ =
0 yields exact results at both ends of the interval , while σ ≈ 0 @.@ 0430357 yields the optimal approximation ( the best in the sense of the uniform norm of the error ) .
Thus we have the approximation
<formula>
On the other hand , interpreting the bit @-@ pattern of x as an integer yields
<formula>
It then appears that Ix is a scaled and shifted piecewise @-@ linear approximation of log2 ( x ) , as illustrated in the figure on the right . In other words , log2 ( x ) is approximated by
<formula>
= = = First approximation of the result = = =
The calculation of y = 1 / √ x is based on the identity
<formula>
Using the approximation of the logarithm above , applied to both x and y , the above equation gives :
<formula>
Thus , an approximation of Iy is :
<formula>
which is written in the code as
The first term above is the magic number
<formula>
from which it can be inferred σ ≈ 0 @.@ 0450466 . The second term , ½ Ix , is calculated by shifting the bits of Ix one position to the right .
= = = Newton 's method = = =
After performing those integer operations , the algorithm once again treats the longword as a floating point number ( y
= * ( float * ) & i ; ) and performs a floating point multiplication operation ( y =
y * ( threehalfs - x2 * y * y ) ; ) . The floating point operation represents a single iteration of Newton 's method of finding roots for a given equation . For this example ,
<formula> is the inverse square root , or , as a function of y ,
<formula> .
As <formula> represents a general expression of Newton 's method with <formula> as the first approximation ,
<formula> is the particularized expression where <formula> and <formula> .
Hence y = y * ( threehalfs - x2 * y * y ) ; is the same as <formula>
The first approximation is generated above through the integer operations and input into the last two lines of the function . Repeated iterations of the algorithm , using the output of the function ( <formula> ) as the input of the next iteration , cause the algorithm to converge on the root with increasing precision . For the purposes of the Quake III engine , only one iteration was used . A second iteration remained in the code but was commented out .
= = = Accuracy = = =
As noted above , the approximation is surprisingly accurate . The graph on the right plots the error of the function ( that is , the error of the approximation after it has been improved by running one iteration of Newton 's method ) , for inputs starting at 0 @.@ 01 , where the standard library gives 10 @.@ 0 as a result , while InvSqrt ( ) gives 9 @.@ 982522 , making the difference 0 @.@ 017479 , or 0 @.@ 175 % . The absolute error only drops from then on , while the relative error stays within the same bounds across all orders of magnitude .
= = History and investigation = =
The source code for Quake III was not released until QuakeCon 2005 , but copies of the fast inverse square root code appeared on Usenet and other forums as early as 2002 or 2003 . Initial speculation pointed to John Carmack as the probable author of the code , but he demurred and suggested it was written by Terje Mathisen , an accomplished assembly programmer who had previously helped id Software with Quake optimization . Mathisen had written an implementation of a similar bit of code in the late 1990s , but the original authors proved to be much further back in the history of 3D computer graphics with Gary Tarolli 's implementation for the SGI Indigo as a possible earliest known use . Rys Sommefeldt concluded that the original algorithm was devised by Greg Walsh at Ardent Computer in consultation with Cleve Moler , the creator of MATLAB . Cleve Moler learned about this trick from code written by William Kahan and K.C. Ng at Berkeley around 1986 ( see the comment section at the end of fdlibm code for sqrt ) . Jim Blinn also demonstrated a simple approximation of the inverse square root in a 1997 column for IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications .
It is not known precisely how the exact value for the magic number was determined . Chris Lomont developed a function to minimize approximation error by choosing the magic number R over a range . He first computed the optimal constant for the linear approximation step as 0x5f37642f , close to 0x5f3759df , but this new constant gave slightly less accuracy after one iteration of Newton 's method . Lomont then searched for a constant optimal even after one and two Newton iterations and found 0x5f375a86 , which is more accurate than the original at every iteration stage . He concluded by asking whether the exact value of the original constant was chosen through derivation or trial and error . Lomont pointed out that the magic number for 64 bit IEEE754 size type double is 0x5fe6ec85e7de30da , but it was later shown by Matthew Robertson to be exactly 0x5fe6eb50c7b537a9 . Charles McEniry performed a similar but more sophisticated optimization over likely values for R. His initial brute force search resulted in the same constant that Lomont determined . When he attempted to find the constant through weighted bisection , the specific value of R used in the function occurred , leading McEniry to believe that the constant may have originally been derived through " bisecting to a given tolerance " .
= = = Documents = = =
Blinn , Jim ( July 1997 ) . " Floating Point Tricks " . Computer Graphics & Applications , IEEE 17 ( 4 ) : 80 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1109 / 38 @.@ 595279 .
Blinn , Jim ( 2003 ) . Jim Blinn 's Corner : Notation , notation notation . Morgan Kaufmann . ISBN 1 @-@ 55860 @-@ 860 @-@ 5 .
Eberly , David ( 2001 ) . 3D Game Engine Design . Morgan Kaufmann . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 55860 @-@ 593 @-@ 0 .
Hennessey , John ; Patterson , David A. ( 1998 ) . Computer Organization and Design ( 2nd ed . ) . San Francisco , CA : Morgan Kaufmann Publishers . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 55860 @-@ 491 @-@ 9 .
Kushner , David ( August 2002 ) . " The wizardry of Id " . IEEE Spectrum 39 ( 8 ) : 42 – 47 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1109 / MSPEC.2002.1021943.
Lomont , Chris ( February 2003 ) . " Fast Inverse Square Root " ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 @-@ 02 @-@ 13 .
McEniry , Charles ( August 2007 ) . " The Mathematics Behind the Fast Inverse Square Root Function Code " ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 @-@ 02 @-@ 13 .
Middendorf , Lars ; Mühlbauer , Felix ; Umlauf , George ; Bodba , Christophe ( June 1 , 2007 ) . " Embedded Vertex Shader in FPGA " . In Rettberg , Achin . Embedded System Design : Topics , Techniques and Trends . IFIP TC10 Working Conference : International Embedded Systems Symposium ( IESS ) . et al . Irvine , California : Springer . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 387 @-@ 72257 @-@ 3 .
Striegel , Jason ( December 4 , 2008 ) . " Quake 's fast inverse square root " . Hackszine . O 'Reilly Media . Archived from the original on 2009 @-@ 02 @-@ 15 . Retrieved 2013 @-@ 01 @-@ 07 .
= Illuminati ( Madonna song ) =
" Illuminati " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Madonna for her thirteenth studio album Rebel Heart ( 2015 ) . It was written by Madonna Ciccone , Toby Gad , Maureen McDonald , Larry Griffin Jr . , Mike Dean , Kanye West , Tommy Brown , Ernst Brown [ a ] and Jacques Webster [ a ] . The song was produced by Madonna , West , Dean and Symbolyc One , with co @-@ production by Charlie Heat and additional production by Travis Scott . The song 's demo was leaked to the internet in December 2014 , with twelve other tracks from the album . Its final version was released on December 20 , 2014 , with five other tracks on iTunes store as " an early Christmas gift " to avoid further leaks . The song 's demo version features dance synths and acoustic guitars ; after showing the song to West , he felt connected to the song and changed it to a darker sound . The song was conceived after Madonna was accused of being a member of the Illuminati ; she wanted to write a song about who they really are and what they are not .
" Illuminati " is a dance @-@ pop song with brittle hits , blips and a buzz @-@ saw break as its main instrumentation . Its sound was compared to that of West 's album Yeezus ( 2013 ) . The song 's lyrics discuss Illuminati conspiracy theories ; it names celebrities who had also been accused of being part of the group , and religious imagery . Madonna sings , " It 's like everybody in this party 's , shining like Illuminati " . The song received favorable reviews from music critics , who commended West involvement with the track , and its ambitious sound and lyrics , while some chose it as one of the album 's highlights . It charted in some European territories and on the Billboard 's Dance / Electronic Digital Songs . Madonna performed the song with dancers strapped to tall , flexible poles as part of her Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) ; it was considered one of the show 's main highlights .
= = Background and release = =
While recording for her thirteenth studio album , Madonna enlisted several collaborators ; MoZella , Symbolyc One and Toby Gad were announced as new collaborators on the album in April 2014 . Madonna posted a photograph of the trio working with her in a recording studio on her Instagram account . She said on the photograph , " Having an Iconic Moment in the studio with Toby @-@ Mozilla and S1 . My throat hurts from singing , laughing and crying . " Gad worked with Madonna on fourteen songs , all of which appeared on the album . According to Gad , " The first week she was quite intimidating . It was like a test phase . You have to criticize , but you can 't really offend . But she also likes honest , harsh critics to say things as they are . It worked out really well and she got sweeter and sweeter . "
American recording artist Kanye West also contributed to three tracks on the album ; Madonna called him " the black Madonna " and said , " We 're comrades in the envelope @-@ pushing genre " . Madonna said , " It 's a little bit of a bullfight , but we take turns . He knows that he 's walking into a room with a person with a strong point of view , and I do , too . I listen to what he has to say , take it in , and he listens to what I say and takes it in . We didn 't agree on everything , but he has good ideas . " She told Rolling Stone that of the songs she played him , West connected the most with " Illuminati " and that , " [ h ] e loved the melody , and he was actually jumping up and down on the soundboard . He literally stood on top of the mixing board — we were worried he was going to hit his head on the ceiling , but he didn 't . He ended up being very excited about that track , and then he added his spin to it , musically , and I love it . To me , he elevated the lyrics with the music . It 's like a siren , alerting people . " In December 2014 , thirteen demos of tracks for the album , including " Illuminati " , were leaked to the Internet . To avoid further leaks , Madonna released six completed tracks , including the final version of " Illuminati " with the addition of West 's writing and production , with the pre @-@ order for the album on the iTunes Store on December 20 , 2014 , as an " early Christmas gift " .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Illuminati " was written by Madonna Ciccone , Toby Gad , Maureen McDonald , Larry Griffin Jr . , Mike Dean , Kanye West , Tommy Brown , Ernst Brown [ a ] and Jacques Webster [ a ] . The song was produced by Madonna , West , Dean and Symbolyc One , with co @-@ production by Charlie Heat and additional production by Travis Scott . Gad played guitar on the track and Dean laid keyboards and programmed the drums . The track was engineered and mixed by Demacio " Demo " Castellon and Noah Goldstein . " Illuminati " is a dance @-@ pop song ; its demo version , written around March – April 2014 , featured " staid dance synths and cheesy acoustic guitars " , according to Saeed Saaed from The National . The album version features " brittle hits , blips and a buzz @-@ saw break " , which many critics considered reminiscent to West 's " dark and claustrophobic sounds " of his sixth studio album Yeezus ( 2013 ) .
The song 's lyrics are about Illuminati conspiracy theories ; Madonna sings and raps about supposed illuminati luminaries including Jay Z , Beyoncé , Kanye West , Nicki Minaj , Bill Gates , Steve Jobs , Lady Gaga , Justin Bieber , Barack Obama , LeBron James and Oprah Winfrey . The song also mentions pentagrams and the " Google of the United States " . According to Amy Pettifer , Madonna " ... reckons it 's the beautiful freaks of the club that hold the power , not these celebrity cyphers ; she 's interested in the sweat @-@ slicked celestial bodies , ' shining like illuminati ' " . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Madonna said she was often accused of being a member of the Illuminati and she wanted to record a song about what she believed the Illuminati to be . She said :
People are always using the word Illuminati but they 're always referencing it in an incorrect way . People often accuse me of being a member of the Illuminati and I think in today 's pop culture the Illuminati is perceived as a group of powerful , successful people who are working behind the scenes to control the universe . Not people with consciousness , not people who are enlightened . So people were accusing me of being a member of the Illuminati , and I kept going , wait — so first I had to figure out what that meant ... I know who the real Illuminati are , and I know where that word comes from . The real Illuminati were a group of scientists , artists , philosophers , writers , who came about in what is referred to as the Age of Enlightenment , after the Dark Ages , when there was no writing and no art and no creativity and no spirituality , and life was really at a standstill . And right after that , everything flourished . So we had people like Shakespeare and Leonardo Da Vinci and Michaelangelo and Isaac Newton , and all these great minds and great thinkers , and they were called Illuminati ... It had nothing to do with money and power . Of course they were powerful , because they influenced people . But their goal was to inspire and enlighten . So when people refer to me as a member of the Illuminati , I always want to say thank you . Thank you for putting me in that category .
= = Critical reception = =
The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called it " a sleek , spooky collaboration with Kanye West " , while Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone said the collaboration " gel [ s ] perfectly " . Ben Kelly of Attitude said , " West ’ s production makes a real moment " and " Her anti @-@ Vogue rap of suspected Illuminati members is probably the only time Rihanna and Queen Elizabeth will feature side by side " . Gavin Haynes of NME described it as " classy , ' Vogue ' -referencing " . Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times called it " one of the record ’ s highlights , " saying , " [ s ] he raps during [ the song ] and doesn ’ t sound totally ridiculous " . He also said the track balances " club frenzy and revelatory lyricism " . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said , " West gives ' Illuminati ' the Yeezus treatment ... her rapped verses about the titular secret society are clean and tight enough to make you forget about ' American Life ' " . Kevin Ritchie of Now called it one of " the most ambitious and interesting lyrically " . Lindsay Zoladz of New York Daily News wrote that the song is " just goofy enough to work " .
Amy Pettifer of The Quietus said the song is " scuzzy and repetitive with a danceable hook — but her voice is at its thinnest and the dynamics a little lacking . Despite all this , it does contain the great lyric , ' It 's time to dance and turn this dark into something ' , which could be the album 's epigram . " Lee DeVito of Metro Times called it " a bit repetitive " but said it is probably his favorite track on the album . Saeed Saeed of The National said he favored the album 's version over its demo , and that , " [ t ] hankfully , Kanye West rescued it by throwing out the lameness and added the dark and claustrophobic sounds of his seminal 2013 album Yeezus " . Bernard Zuel from The Sydney Morning Herald said it is " colder and harder sounding , in the way of West 's own recent work . There 's some edge to it but not much menace that would really thrust it into compelling . " For Kitty Empire of The Guardian said " Rebel Heart 's key collaboration with Kanye West finds two of pop 's biggest egomaniacs starring in a wiggly club banger that doubles as a take @-@ down of the internet 's most nutzoid meme " . Mark Lore of Paste called it " dark and creepy , and it 's one of the best tracks on Rebel Heart " .
Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club said , " while her distortion @-@ smudged , guitar @-@ marred Kanye West collaboration ' Illuminati ' is pleasingly confrontational , the song ’ s lyrical progression is a distracted mess ... The result ? All of these shiny party people resemble the Illuminati . " Jim Farber of The New York Daily News said West " gave her a dark needling rhythm that sounds like something left over from his last album . Its industrial grind clashes badly with Madonna ’ s soft vocal . " Andrew Unterberger of Spin said the song " wastes a potentially explosive , blacklit Kanye beat on a muddled , hashtagging lyric that isn ’ t even as conspiracy @-@ baiting as it thinks it is " . New Zealand Herald 's Lydia Jenkin was more critical , writing that it " sounds like a trying @-@ too @-@ hard version of Lady Gaga meets M.I.A. " . Similarly , Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said the song " reek [ s ] of desperation , wanting so badly to shock and offend listeners that [ it ] fail [ s ] to resolve as satisfying song first and foremost " .
= = Live performance = =
" Illuminati " is part of the setlist of Madonna 's Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) . After the acoustic performance of " Rebel Heart " , Madonna leaves the stage for a costume change ; her dancers perform " Illuminati " while perched on rubber poles that bend with the wind . Jordan Zivitz of Montreal Gazette praised the performance , writing that the dancers " nearly stole the show in their employer ’ s absence during another costume change , set to Illuminati 's woozy thump " . George Varga of The San Diego Union Tribune said the audience " cheered with notably more enthusiasm " during the performance .
In the New York magazine review of the tour , Lindsay Zolatz commended the dancers , especially during " Illuminati " , writing that it was the " most impressive " part of the show , with " some guys in top hats flying through the air on wobbly stilts that had the whole audience gasping " . Kitty Empire of The Guardian said , " Madonna ’ s interludes are as good as the main event " , and that the performance of " Illuminati " " finds seven dancers strapped to the top of tall , flexible poles , swaying precipitously " . The Hollywood Reporter 's Ashley Lee said , " Madonna 's dancers served impressive spectacles that left the crowd gasping in awe , as they leaned wildly into the audience from atop ten @-@ foot stilts . It 's arguable that her changeover dance sequences and stunts are more entertaining than other performers ' entire sets . "
= = Credits = =
Personnel adapted from Madonna 's official website .
= = Charts = =
= Best Thing I Never Had =
" Best Thing I Never Had " is a song recorded by the American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It was released by Columbia Records on June 1 , 2011 , as the third single from the album . " Best Thing I Never Had " was composed by Patrick " J. Que " Smith , Kenneth " Babyface " Edmonds , Symbolyc One , Caleb McCambpell , Antonio Dixon , Beyoncé , and Shea Taylor . The song was originally not written as a ballad , but was inspired by the drumming on Doug E. Fresh 's 1985 single " The Show " . Beyoncé said that anyone , regardless of gender , should be able to relate to the song .
A pop and R & B ballad , the subjects of " Best Thing I Never Had " are revenge and karma . Not wanting to feel broken @-@ hearted , the female protagonist sings that she feels happy to have left her lover , who did not recognize the potential for a happy life with her . The song was generally well received by contemporary music critics , who viewed it as a sequel to Beyoncé 's 2006 single " Irreplaceable " — the two songs are thematically similar . They praised Beyoncé 's vocal delivery as well as the openness of the song 's message ; " Best Thing I Never Had " was deemed to have strong radio appeal . However , some lyrics , including " showed your ass " and " sucks to be you right now " , were criticized . The ballad was also likened to Vanessa Carlton 's 2002 single " A Thousand Miles " ( 2002 ) .
" Best Thing I Never Had " peaked at number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number four on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . It rose to number three on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the Irish Singles Chart among others . The song reached number one on the South Korea Gaon International Chart , the UK R & B Chart , and the US Hot Dance Club Play chart , and the top 30 in mainland Europe , Oceania , and Canada . It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) .
The accompanying music video for " Best Thing I Never Had " was directed by Diane Martel . It shows Beyoncé getting ready for her wedding while she recalls her ex @-@ lover , who never gave her the attention she deserved . Critics generally wrote that Beyoncé looked stunning in the bridal suite , and commended her ability to sing directly to the camera when telling the subject of the song that she was the best lover he ever had . " Best Thing I Never Had " was promoted with several live performances by Beyoncé , notably at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival and on the televised ABC show The View . The song was also included on the set list for her concert 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and other shows .
= = Writing and recording = =
Beyoncé and Patrick " J. Que " Smith wrote " Best Thing I Never Had " in collaboration with its producers Kenneth " Babyface " Edmonds , Symbolyc One , Antonio Dixon , Shea Taylor , and Caleb McCampbell . According to Smith , " Best Thing I Never Had " is a ballad but was not originally written so ; early demos sounded like late 1980s hip hop material . The main inspiration for the song was the drumming of Doug E. Fresh 's song " The Show " ( 1985 ) . Smith told Gyant of Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) that he was initially intimidated at the prospect of working with Beyoncé . He was in Los Angeles when Tony Dixon telephoned him to say he and Edmonds were going to write some songs with Beyoncé . Smith was asked to join them in the studio and the trio wrote part of " Best Thing I Never Had " . After a few days , Dixon and Smith went to the studio again and completed the writing . The song was modified by Edmonds after hearing a demo ; he tweaked the lyrics and added a few more melodies .
Beyoncé 's vocals were recorded at the KMA Studio in New York City . When the trio played Beyoncé the demo of " Best Thing I Never Had " , she immediately approved it after making slight modifications . Smith says that Beyoncé was literally jumping up and down after hearing the demo . One hour later Beyoncé recorded " Best Thing I Never Had " and two other songs . Smith recalled that Beyoncé focused solely on the recording , ignoring hunger as she worked into the night . Beyoncé has stated that every man and woman can relate to the song 's subject matter because at one point , almost everyone ends a relationship because of lack of commitment by his or her partner .
= = Artwork and release = =
A private listening party for Beyoncé 's fourth studio album , 4 , was held on May 12 , 2011 . Beyoncé offered a select group of fans a preview of five songs from 4 , including " Best Thing I Never Had " . On May 20 , 2011 , a song called " End of Time " , featuring Beyoncé professing everlasting love , was leaked online , watermarked with the tag " internal use only " . Several websites , including MTV News reported that it might be released as the second single from 4 . However , these speculations were soon overshadowed by the release of " 1 + 1 " on May 25 , 2011 , a promotional single in the United States exclusively . Nevertheless , Columbia Records reported that " 1 + 1 " would not be released for airplay and that " Best Thing I Never Had " was favored as the second single from 4 , following " Run the World ( Girls ) " .
On May 27 , 2011 , Pittsburgh radio station 96 @.@ 1 Kiss FM received an email from Beyoncé 's management , informing them that " Best Thing I Never Had " would premiere on radio on June 1 , 2011 . The single debuted on US radio at 8 a.m. ( EST ) that day . Its cover artwork was also unveiled on June 1 , 2011 , on Beyoncé 's official website . It was photographed by Ellen von Unwerth and shows Beyoncé posing in a bathroom in front of a mirror while wearing a tight @-@ fitting dress designed by Lleah Rae . She holds a tube of red lipstick , which has been used to write " King B " on the mirror . The song was digitally released in Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and the US on June 1 , 2011 , and in Europe on June 9 , 2011 . " Best Thing I Never Had " was released as a digital download in the UK on July 3 , 2011 , and as a CD single in Germany on July 29 , 2011 , and in the UK on August 2 , 2011 . A Digital EP containing four remixes of the song was released in Australia , New Zealand , Europe , and the UK on September 2 , 2011 .
= = Composition and lyrical interpretation = =
" Best Thing I Never Had " is a midtempo pop and R & B power ballad , which incorporates elements of gospel . The song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute , and is written in the key of G ♭ major . The introduction follows the chord progression of G ♭ – C ♭ – E ♭ m – D ♭ , while the verses follow E ♭ m – G ♭ sus4 – G ♭ – E ♭ m – D ♭ 6 – G ♭ sus4 – G ♭ . Beyoncé 's voice spans from the low note of E ♭ 3 to the high note of G ♭ 5 . Layered female vocals provide a backing to Beyoncé 's occasionally aggressive vocals . The instrumentation includes a piano , stadium @-@ sized bass drums , and strings . " Best Thing I Never Had " is thematically a kiss @-@ off song ; it is in this respect similar to Beyoncé 's own songs " Irreplaceable " ( 2006 ) and " If I Were a Boy " ( 2008 ) .
Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly wrote that elements of the ballad have emanated from Celine Dion 's " That ’ s The Way It Is " ( 1999 ) , and Bruce Hornsby 's " The Way It Is " ( 1986 ) . Caryn Ganz of Yahoo ! Music wrote that " Best Thing I Never Had " resembles Vanessa Carlton 's 2002 song " A Thousand Miles " paired with Ryan Tedder 's thumping beat . Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media also noted that the song wouldn 't sound " out @-@ of @-@ place " on a Vanessa Carlton album . Priya Elan of NME noted that the ballad is reminiscent of Beyoncé 's own 2008 songs " Halo " and " Scared Of Lonely " , owing to its cascading piano work and drum beat . James Dinh of MTV News wrote that " Best Thing I Never Had " sounds like a song from a Broadway musical ; he attributed the comparison to Beyoncé 's collaboration with the band from Fela ! to gain inspiration from the play 's subject , Nigerian musician and composer Fela Kuti .
The song 's lyrics are about the breakdown of a relationship between Beyoncé and her lover , a situation that suits both of them . They also touch on revenge and karma , particularly the opening line , " What goes around comes back around " , the lines " Best thing I 've ever had " , " Best thing you 've never had " , and the closing line , " Sucks to be you right now " . Happy to have avoided heartbreak , Beyoncé continues to sing about her ex @-@ lover , who did not recognize the possibility of a happy relationship with Beyoncé until the relationship broke down . Beyoncé no longer desires her lover after discovering his deceit ; as shown in the pre @-@ chorus and chorus lines , " When I think of the time that I almost loved you / You showed your ass and I saw the real you / Thank God you blew it , I thank God I dodged a bullet / I ’ m so over you , so baby good looking out / I wanted you bad / I ’ m so through with that / Because honestly / You turned out to be the best thing I never had / And will always be the best thing you never had . "
In the second verse , Beyoncé continues to dismiss her former lover as she sings , " So sad , you 're hurt / boo hoo ... " , over a tinkling piano riff and bass drums . She then chants the ascendant chorus , which this time features soaring strings and an uplifting aggressive piano accompaniment . Nadine Cheung of AOL Radio noted that though Beyoncé rips through the verses , she sings the chorus and bridge with restraint ; on the latter , she affirms that she has moved on in life . The song ends as Beyoncé repeatedly sings , " What goes around comes back around / I bet it sucks to be you right now " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Best Thing I Never Had " has garnered largely positive reviews from music critics who complimented Beyoncé 's vocals , the honesty in the song 's message , and its radio appeal . Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times noted similarities between " Best Thing I Never Had " and Beyoncé 's previous singles including " Irreplaceable " and " If I Were a Boy " , and concluded that Beyoncé " certainly knows how to dump a man in style " . Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone wrote that " Best Thing I Never Had " could be " Irreplaceable Part Two " and noted that Beyoncé 's vocal performance brings depth to the song . Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice wrote that the song is not as iconic as its reference point " Irreplaceable " , but " nor is it as shady " . He commended the optimism in the song 's lyrics . Consequence of Sound writer Chris Coplan commented that the ballad is a powerful moment of self @-@ realization , which is enhanced by Beyoncé 's vocal performance " as [ a ] wounded bird turned resilient lioness " . Choosing " Best Thing I Never Had " as the highlight of 4 , Andy Kellman of Allmusic described it as " a bombastic kiss @-@ off saved by Beyoncé 's ability to plow through it " . Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly noted the moderate chart performance of " Run the World ( Girls ) " , and wrote :
" Best Thing I Never Had " finds Beyoncé mining the same kind of girl @-@ power imagery as she did on ' Run the World ( Girls ) ' . But there is something more direct and honest about the lyrics on the new single ( perhaps it 's the instant greatness of the line , ' When I think of the time I almost loved you / You showed your ass and I saw the real you ' ) . ' Best Thing I Never Had ' feels like the kind of crossover hit that will help 4 join the rest of Beyoncé 's discography in multiplatinum land .
Jessica Sinclair of Long Island Press noted that " Best Thing I Never Had " is different from " Run the World ( Girls ) " and that it shows a side of Beyoncé that listeners rarely see . Similarly , Joanne Dorken of MTV UK wrote that the song reveals " a more ferocious side to Beyoncé with it 's [ sic ] faster pace and aggressive piano backing " . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy commented that the " [ ' Best Thing I Never Had ' ] is a classic Beyoncé track waiting to happen " . Chad Grischow of IGN wrote that " the lush backing music and [ the ] soaring vocals " on the song sound suitable for an updated take on the Waiting To Exhale soundtrack album as Beyoncé is ecstatic that she ended a poor relationship before it was too late . Jon Caramainca of The New York Times commented that the " Best Thing I Never Had " has " optimistic , coffee @-@ commercial " pianos , which place Beyoncé directly in Lilith Fair territory . James Montgomery of MTV News wrote that it is one of the best ballads on the album 4 . James Dinh of the same publication added that the song has a radio @-@ friendly appeal and a catchy chorus . Similarly , Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly and Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle praised the song 's radio nature , with the latter calling it " a return to form " with a " regal sound of a radio smash " . Jim Farber of Daily News wrote that the melodies and the clever lyrics of " Best Thing I Never Had " are likely to inspire significant airplay . Ricky Schweitzer of One Thirty BPM commented that even though the ballad sounds like a place @-@ filler on 4 , it remains largely superior " to the majority of the trash being churned out by Beyoncé ’ s peers " .
" Best Thing I Never Had " also received a few mixed and negative reviews . Amos Barshad of New York magazine wrote that the ballad borrows more heavily from Beyoncé 's own 2006 single " Irreplaceable " , and that " [ this ] can 't be a bad thing " . However , he noted that " this time in language ( ' Sucks to be you right now ' ) agreeable to a nation of tweens and in a manner agreeable to anyone who likes yelping along in unison to ascendant pop choruses . " David Amidon of PopMatters wrote that lines like " showed your ass " and " it must suck to be you " exemplify lame lyrics . He concluded that , " [ listeners ] are wondering how such lame lyrics could be sung with such earnestness . " Alexis Petridis of The Guardian wrote that the most interesting thing about " Best Thing I Never Had " is the curious image evoked by the chorus ' lyric , noting that everything seemed fine until " the protagonist 's former amorata ' showed your ass ' " . Music Week 's Ben Cardew commented that its 1980s sound is " not a highlight " . A negative review came from Al Shipley of The Village Voice who wrote that " Best Thing I Never Had " and " Party " were " among the album 's worst and most unrepresentative songs " .
= = = Recognition = = =
" Best Thing I Never Had " received a nomination for Record of the Year at the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards . At the 43rd NAACP Image Award presented on February 17 , 2012 , " Best Thing I Never Had " received a nomination in the category for Outstanding Song . At the 2012 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards , " Best Thing I Never Had " won in the category for Award @-@ Winning R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . The Guardian 's critic Dan Hancox placed the song at number four on his list of the 10 best songs of 2011 . On The Village Voice 's 2011 year @-@ end Pazz & Jop singles list , " Best Thing I Never Had " was ranked at number 604 .
= = Chart performance = =
For the chart issue dated June 18 , 2011 , " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted at number 84 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . The following week , the song climbed to number 75 ; the week her album 4 was released , it further moved from number 58 to number 29 on the Hot 100 chart dated July 16 , 2011 . Four weeks later , the ballad entered the top 20 , moving from number 25 to number 19 on the Hot 100 chart . For the week ending August 13 , 2011 , " Best Thing I Never Had " peaked at number 16 on the Hot 100 chart . It was last seen on the chart issue dated October 29 , 2011 , at number 67 , having spent 19 consecutive weeks on it . " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted at number 53 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart issue dated June 18 , 2011 , where it was the highest debut that week . For the week ending September 24 , 2011 , the song reached number one on the Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems ( BDS ) urban airplay chart with 3765 spins , which were heard by 22 @.@ 033 million listeners . It stayed at number one for one additional week . " Best Thing I Never Had " eventually peaked at number four on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . The song reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart , on the issue dated September 10 , 2011 . As of October 2012 , it has sold over 1 million paid digital downloads in the US .
For the week ending June 18 , 2011 , " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted at number one on the South Korea Gaon International Chart with digital sales of 85 @,@ 742 copies . The following week , it remained at number one and sold twice as many copies , amassing 174 @,@ 773 digital sales . As of October 2012 , the single has sold over 1 @.@ 1 million copies in South Korea .
On June 13 , 2011 , the ballad debuted at number 29 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart . " Best Thing I Never Had " kept fluctuating on the chart for the next five weeks until it entered the top 20 on July 25 , 2011 , at number 18 . On August 1 , 2011 , the song peaked at number 17 on the singles chart and at number six on ARIA 's urban singles chart . It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipment 70 @,@ 000 copies . " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart on June 26 , 2011 . On its fifth week on the chart , it peaked at number five . On August 14 , 2011 , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , denoting shipment 7 @,@ 500 copies .
Before the song 's official release in the United Kingdom , " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the UK R & B Chart on July 4 , 2011 , selling 51 @,@ 365 copies that week . Music Week 's Alan Jones attributed the high sales to Beyoncé 's performance at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival . It became Beyoncé 's sixteenth top 10 UK single as a solo artist , and her highest charting UK single since " If I Were a Boy " peaked at number one in November 2008 . On July 17 , 2011 , " Best Thing I Never Had " reached number one on the UK R & B Chart , and the UK Airplay Chart the following week , amassing 71 @.@ 58 million listener impressions . It became Beyoncé 's fourth single as a solo artist , and seventh , including her singles with Destiny 's Child , to reach number one on that chart The song was last seen in the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart on January 8 , 2012 , having spent 28 weeks on the chart . " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted at number 35 in the Irish Singles Chart on June 16 , 2011 . Although the song fell to number 42 the following week , it began to continually climb the chart as from June 30 , 2011 , and entered the top 20 four weeks later . On July 14 , 2011 , " Best Thing I Never Had " entered the top 10 at number six , and peaked at number two the following week , becoming Beyoncé 's fourteenth single as a solo artist to peak inside the top 10 on the Irish Singles Chart .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and concept = = =
The music video for " Best Thing I Never Had " was directed by Diane Martel , and filmed in Westchester County on June 15 , 2011 and in Fort Greene , Brooklyn , on June 16 , 2011 . On June 20 , 2011 , it was reported that Beyoncé would not play the prom queen in the video . Beyoncé said that not being prom queen in the video reminded her of how she never wore the coveted tiara at her own high school dance . She added that she felt strange because her father , Mathew Knowles , did not escort her down the aisle in the wedding scene , as he had when she married Jay @-@ Z in April 2008 . The wedding scene was filmed at Sleepy Hollow Country Club on June 15 , 2011 . In July 2011 , Beyoncé was interviewed by Access Hollywood , where she said of the video 's set :
It was a little strange . And definitely when I walked down the aisle I was like , ' This is kind of creepy — there ’ s some other man standing there ! ' It was really beautiful . People were all really excited like it was really my wedding . My mother was even like , ' Aww ' , and I was like , ' Mom , it 's a video . This is not my dress . This is not the real wedding . ' But I think it ’ s just one of those moments that every woman kind of fantasizes and relives .
Beyoncé said that the wedding dress she wears in the video was a Baracci one , which she saw in a shop window a year ago when she was at the 52nd Grammy Awards . She added that the dress was " just like a beautiful fantasy , so we called and they still had the dress " . Beyoncé also wears a tiara designed by Lorraine Schwartz , who converted it from a necklace . Beyoncé said that the wedding outfit made her feel " like royalty ... like a queen " . She added that the music video wedding was more chaotic than her real wedding in 2008 , " This may have been a little more crazy , actually . I had to sing at the same time ! " The ivory draped V @-@ neck gown which Beyoncé wears in the video was designed by the Chinese @-@ American fashion designer Vera Wang . The video premiered online at 8 pm ( EST ) on July 7 , 2011 . It was available for digital download on June 9 , 2011 .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The music video begins with Beyoncé preparing herself for her wedding ceremony . She is in her boudoir wearing a lacy corset and a lingerie combo with garters . As the song begins , Beyoncé looks towards the camera , addressing the viewer while affirming the subject of the song that she was the best he ever had . The video moves from Beyoncé playing with a tiara , a veil and tulle netting on a bed , to various stages of getting dressed . Between scenes , flash back scenes of Beyoncé in high school are shown . Beyoncé is seen with a high school boyfriend at their senior @-@ prom night on May 16 , 1998 . As Beyoncé and her boyfriend dance , he becomes interested in another girl , leaving Beyoncé alone on the dance floor . The video then returns to the present , with Beyoncé in her final preparations before her marriage . She is shown wearing a white gown and singing at sunset atop a grassy hill , followed by a scene of her walking down the aisle and exchanging vows . Her former lover is shown at the prom , deep in thought , with his prom king crown askew on his head . Beyoncé and her new husband are seen celebrating at a happy and well @-@ attended reception . The groom removes the bride 's garter with his teeth and they start dancing with their younger family members . The final scene features Beyoncé looking into the camera looking happy and satisfied . She walks off confidently to rejoin her wedding party and new husband , and then the screen fades to black .
= = = Reception = = =
Entertainment Weekly 's Adam B. Vary wrote that Beyoncé was " at her peak — in voice , in looks , in taste in opulent wedding gowns " . A Rolling Stone 's critic commented Beyoncé was looking stunning in a bridal suite , adding that the most disarming thing about the clip is that she sings directly to the camera . The review concludes that , " the video hits all of its marks perfectly , conveying all of the nuances in the lyrics while providing a lovely , memorable visual . " The Washington Post 's Sarah Anne Hughes wrote Beyoncé is " extravagantly dressed " in the video adding that the only downside is that there is no dance in the tradition of " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " ( 2008 ) . Kara Warner of MTV News called " Run the World ( Girls ) " and " Best Thing I Never Had " , " as different as night and day " adding that the same thing happened with their music videos . Werner further praised Beyoncé ' " gorgeous " dress and added that it " will likely land on a few style blogs soon , given its embroidered and jeweled details , not to mention the silk bows and ruching on the sides " . A writer of The Huffington Post described the video as a transition to the one for " Run the World " . Cristina Everett of Daily News noted that the look of satisfaction and hapinness on her face make the video the best revenge for her ex @-@ lover . Pitchfork Media 's Tom Breihan noted that Beyoncé was looking " makeup @-@ commercial @-@ flawless " . He also wrote that if country singer Kellie Pickler remade the video shot @-@ for @-@ shot , it would never leave CMT rotation for it is " a perfect CMT video " .
Andrea Magrath of Daily Mail compared Beyoncé with Maria von Trapp in the video . Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine praised the video , " What better way to show your ex they 're the best thing you never had than with saying ' I Do ' to someone bigger and better in a Baracci Beverly Hills wedding gown . " Jason Lipshutz of the same publication described it as a " smile @-@ inducing clip with a dream wedding " . A writer of Rap @-@ Up praised the video 's " fairytale " ending . Gordon Smart of The Sun described the white corset that Beyoncé wore in the video as sexy and wrote that " her ex will be feeling a bit of a mug watching it when he remembers what he 's missing out on . " Ashleigh Rainbird of the Daily Mirror found Beyoncé , " looking sexy in white lacy undies and garter – and later in a Big Fat Gypsy Wedding @-@ style frock " . Amos Barshad of New York magazine commented , " To just full @-@ on hammer down the whole ' mature and settled down and happy ' thing , Mrs. Hova saunters around with the most irrepressible smile you 've ever seen , shimmying amazingly ( note the moves at 3 : 30 ) as home footage of that jerk she threw away like a parking ticket cuts in and out . " The music video peaked at number one on the UK TV Airplay Chart , logging 634 plays on July 24 , 2011 .
= = = Alternate video = = =
On July 26 , 2011 , Beyoncé announced plans to make an alternative music video for " Best Thing I Never Had " . She asked her fans to send pictures from their weddings or prom day experiences , which would be included in a re @-@ edited version of the video . This alternate video was scheduled for release in September 2011 . However , it premiered on October 11 , 2011 , on Celebuzz . Charli Penn of Essence magazine praised the alternate video for " Best Thing I Never Had " calling it a " must @-@ see " video and adding that " it has already become a huge hit with fans " .
= = Live performances = =
Wearing a pink fringe dress , Beyoncé performed " Best Thing I Never Had " live for the first time during her concert at Palais Nikaia in Nice , France on June 20 , 2011 . She then sang the ballad on June 26 , 2011 , at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival , where she was the closing act , and the first major solo female headliner to appear on the Pyramid stage in over twenty years . She was wearing a low @-@ cut and sequined gold jacket while performing . Beyoncé 's performance of " Best Thing I Never Had " at the Glastonbury Festival was broadcast in the US during the 2011 BET Awards later the same day . On June 28 , 2011 , she performed the song during the finale of X Factor France , dressed in a Roman @-@ style dress . On July 1 , 2011 , Beyoncé gave a free concert , including on Good Morning America as part of its Summer Concert Series . Wearing a yellow fringe dress and gold stilettos , she sang " Best Thing I Never Had " . Dressed in a black gown , Beyoncé sang the ballad at Macy 's 35th Annual July 4 Fireworks Spectacular to an audience , which included serving members of the armed forces .
Beyoncé performed " Best Thing I Never Had " on The View and on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . During the performance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , she was dressed in white dress and backed by house band The Roots . Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Beyoncé " flipped the track three ways — first " as she performed it in its piano @-@ driven as heard on the album , then adopted a funky style to chant the second verse , before ending in jazzy fashion on the bridge . Caroline Shin of New York magazine described Beyoncé 's performance as powerful . She performed " Best Thing I Never Had " on August 14 , 2011 during the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé revue , held at the Roseland Ballroom , in New York City . Wearing a gold dress , Beyoncé sang it to an audience of 3 @,@ 500 , and was backed by her all @-@ female band as well as her backing singers , called the Mamas . Maura Johnston of The Village Voice wrote that the fans who attended the show , " were able to watch her bask in their singing the supremely confident ' Irreplaceable ' and ' Best Thing I Never Had ' as fearlessly as they might at home . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that the performance " hums beautifully but not powerfully " , and added that Beyoncé was " practically in earth mother mode , a healer curing her minions " . During the ITV special A Night With Beyoncé which aired on December 4 in the United Kingdom , Beyoncé performed the ballad to a selected crowd of fans . She was dressed in a corseted gown with a long leather train .
= = Other versions and cover versions = =
Smith posted the original version of the song on his website , The Super Random , on July 28 , 2011 . On August 18 , 2011 , rappers and producers Lil Jon and Shawty Putt revealed their DJ Kontrol Remix of " Best Thing I Never Had " . The song was remixed to incorporate elements of funk and hip hop genres , according to Rap @-@ Up . Lil Jon mixed Beyoncé 's vocals over a sample of The Gap Band ’ s 1982 single , " Outstanding " . This remix features percussive beats and a rap verse by Putt .
The Horrors , an English new wave band , performed a cover version of " Best Thing I Never Had " during an edition of the Live Lounge on BBC Radio 1 . Chris Coplan of Consequence of Sound wrote , " [ ... ] reworking the song from fierce anthem to a decidedly Smiths @-@ ian weep @-@ fest , the lads struck the perfect balance between the sass of the original and their own depressing sound . " Krissi Murison of NME commented that their cover was " undoubtedly the greatest song psychedelic shoegaze never had " . " Best Thing I Never Had " was also covered by The X Factor contestant , Craig Colton , during the second week of the competition , in accordance with the theme ' Love and Heartbreak ' .
= = Formats and track listings = =
Digital download
" Best Thing I Never Had " – 4 : 12
German CD single
" Best Thing I Never Had " – 4 : 13
" Run the World ( Girls ) " ( Kaskade Club Remix ) – 5 : 03
Digital Remixes EP
" Best Thing I Never Had " ( Gareth Wyn Remix ) – 6 : 33
" Best Thing I Never Had " ( Olli Collins & Fred Portelli Remix ) – 6 : 23
" Best Thing I Never Had " ( Billionaire Remix ) – 4 : 40
" Best Thing I Never Had " ( Moguai Remix ) – 6 : 17
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from 4 liner notes .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Hemilepistus reaumuri =
Hemilepistus reaumuri is a species of woodlouse that lives in and around the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East , " the driest habitat conquered by any species of crustacean " . It reaches a length of 22 mm ( 0 @.@ 87 in ) and a width of up to 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 47 in ) , and has seven pairs of legs which hold its body unusually high off the ground . The species was described in the Description de l 'Égypte after the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria of 1798 – 1801 , but was first formally named by Henri Milne @-@ Edwards in 1840 as Porcellio reaumuri . It reached its current scientific name in 1930 after the former subgenus Hemilepistus was raised to the rank of genus .
H. reaumuri occurs at great population densities and fills an important niche in the desert ecosystem . It feeds on plant leaves , obtains most of its water from moisture in the air and sand , and is in turn an important prey item for the scorpion Scorpio maurus . H. reaumuri is only able to survive in such arid conditions because it has developed parental care of its offspring . Adults dig burrows which are inhabited by family groups , which are recognised using pheromones . The burrows are 40 – 50 cm ( 16 – 20 in ) deep , and the woodlice retreat to the relatively cool and moist conditions of the burrow when surface conditions are unfavourable . The territorial limit of each colony is marked with a faecal embankment .
= = Description = =
Hemilepistus reaumuri is approximately 22 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 87 in ) long , and 9 – 12 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 35 – 0 @.@ 47 in ) wide . In common with other woodlice , it has seven pairs of legs and a pair of conspicuous antennae . It is classified in the family Trachelipodidae ; within that family , it is placed in the genus Hemilepistus because of the presence of tubercles only on the head and the nearby parts of the thorax .
H. reaumuri differs from other desert woodlice in a number of respects . It is crepuscular , while other species are nocturnal . Apart from at the highest temperatures , it is also positively phototactic ( is attracted to sunlight ) , while other species are negatively phototactic ( move away from bright light ) . Compared to other woodlice , H. reaumuri walks in an unusual manner , with its body held high off the ground .
= = Distribution = =
Hemilepistus reaumuri is found in the steppes , semideserts and deserts of North Africa , and the Middle East , and occasionally on the margins of salt lakes . This has been described as " the driest habitat conquered by any species of crustacean " . H. reaumuri is most closely associated with loess soils in the Sahara Desert and Negev Desert , although its range extends from eastern Algeria to western Syria .
= = Ecology = =
Hemilepistus reaumuri is an important part of the desert ecosystem . It has been found at population densities of up to 480 @,@ 000 individuals per hectare , which is equivalent to a biomass of 19 @.@ 2 kg / ha ; in comparison , desert mammals are estimated to have a combined biomass of 39 @.@ 9 kg / ha . The main predator of H. reaumuri is the scorpion Scorpio maurus , and it may compose up to 70 % of the scorpion 's diet . It appears to be vulnerable to attack only on the surface ; no predators are known to attack H. reaumuri in its underground burrows .
Hemilepistus reaumuri can only escape the heat of the desert by constructing a burrow , which is time @-@ consuming and energetically costly . One parent must therefore guard the burrow while the other forages for food . H. reaumuri can spend up to ten months of the year returning to the surface to forage , which is far longer than species which do not dig burrows , such as Armadillidium vulgare or Armadillo officinalis . Although they will forage at temperatures as high as 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) , these woodlice retreat to their burrow when the temperature is too high . They are also unable to tolerate air with a relative humidity below 6 % , which often occurs at depths of up to 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) in the desert soil in the hottest months , and the burrows are therefore dug at least 40 – 50 cm ( 16 – 20 in ) deep . The burrows are vertical , with a single entrance 9 – 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 35 – 0 @.@ 47 in ) in diameter , and there may be up to 20 burrows per square metre ( nearly 2 per square foot ) in favourable areas . If a foraging woodlouse cannot find the burrow entrance on its return , it employs a complex and efficient strategy to find it again . It begins with a spirally widening search , and develops into a more meandering approach the longer it is unable to find the burrow .
Hemilepistus reaumuri has a significantly higher biomass than other herbivores in the Negev Desert , making it an important part of herbivore – omnivore food chains . They spend the day provisioning their burrows with leaf material from the surface of the desert , sometimes resting under stones or in crevices of rocks . Their faeces accumulates on the surface , and forms a " faecal embankment " , similar to a levee , which demarcates the extent of the home territory of the colony in the burrow . The plants Artemisia herba @-@ alba and Haloxylon scoparium are the most abundant bushes in the Negev desert , and seem to make up most of the diet of H. reaumuri .
The bulk of the water intake of Hemilepistus reaumuri is by taking up water vapour from saturated air and by eating damp sand . Water loss is minimised by the rectal epithelium , which absorbs water , ensuring that the faeces is drier than the food the animal consumed . Evaporation of water through the permeable exoskeleton may , however , provide a valuable cooling effect .
= = Life cycle = =
Hemilepistus reaumuri is the only species of Hemilepistus to have developed parental care of its offspring , and it is only because of this development that the species can survive in the desert . It is monogamous , and , unusually , both parents tend the young .
The colonies are quiescent during the winter , and young individuals emerge in February and March to establish new burrows . Sheltered sites below bushes are chosen , although larger males will often try to pair with a female who has already established a burrow , sometimes ousting her male partner . The anatomy of H. reaumuri is not specialised for digging , and the excavation is a slow process , taking place only in early spring . The first 3 – 5 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 0 in ) are dug by a single woodlouse , which then stops to guard the new burrow . Eventually , it will allow one other woodlouse of the opposite sex to enter , and they then engage in a ritual which often lasts for hours , before copulating .
The female bears 50 – 100 live young , typically in May . The young remain in the burrow for 10 – 20 days , being provided with food by their parents . On leaving the burrow , they are wary of other families , and adults may catch other adults ' offspring and feed them to their own , but do not normally attack their own children . Members of each social group recognise each other using pheromones . Each pair only produces one brood , and the life of an individual of H. reaumuri is typically around 15 months long , considerably shorter than the 2 – 4 year lifespans of woodlice from more mesic habitats , such as Armadillidium vulgare , Porcellio scaber or Philoscia muscorum .
= = Taxonomic history = =
Hemilepistus reaumuri was illustrated in volume 21 of the Description de l 'Égypte , researched during Napoleon 's campaign in Egypt and Syria of 1798 – 1801 , and dedicated to René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur . The section on Crustacea was begun by Marie Jules César Savigny but finished by Jean Victoire Audouin after Savigny 's health deteriorated . The species was not given a formal scientific name , however , until Henri Milne @-@ Edwards did so in 1840 , calling it Porcellio reaumuri . Although initially placed in the genus Porcellio , it was later moved by G. H. A. Budde @-@ Lund in 1879 to his new subgenus Hemilepistus , which was raised from a subgenus of Porcellio to the rank of genus by Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff in 1930 . Several species names that were previously thought to be synonyms of H. reaumuri have been re @-@ examined , and found to refer to a species in a different family , now known as Porcellio brevicaudatus .
= Pennsylvania Route 132 =
Pennsylvania Route 132 ( PA 132 ) is a state highway in southeast Pennsylvania . It runs northwest to southeast through Bucks County in suburban Philadelphia from PA 611 in Warrington Township to Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) in Bensalem Township . It is a commercial route lined with shopping centers throughout much of its 15 @-@ mile ( 24 km ) length . It is named Street Road and is five lanes wide for much of its length . It was also designated as the Armed Forces and Veterans Memorial Highway in 2005 . From west to east , it crosses PA 263 and PA 332 in Warminster Township , PA 232 in Upper Southampton Township , PA 532 in Lower Southampton Township , and U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) , the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I @-@ 276 ) , PA 513 , and US 13 in Bensalem Township . Street Road was included in William Penn 's survey plans and completed by 1737 . The road was paved by 1911 and received the PA 132 designation by 1927 . The road was widened into a multi @-@ lane highway and extended to I @-@ 95 by 1970 . An E @-@ ZPass @-@ only interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike opened in 2010 .
= = Route description = =
PA 132 begins at an intersection with PA 611 ( Easton Road ) in Warrington Township , heading to the southeast on West Street Road , a four @-@ lane road that alternates between a divided highway and an undivided five @-@ lane road including a center left @-@ turn lane . West of PA 611 , Street Road continues as an unnumbered road to Lower State Road . It heads through commercial areas before crossing the Little Neshaminy Creek and entering residential areas . At the Valley Road intersection , the route crosses into Warminster Township and continues through suburban development . PA 132 enters commercial areas as it comes to an intersection with PA 263 ( York Road ) . After crossing the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad at @-@ grade about 300 feet ( 91 m ) north of that railroad meeting SEPTA 's Warminster Line , the route passes through industrial areas before intersecting PA 332 ( Jacksonville Road ) .
Past the PA 332 intersection , the road continues through a mix of homes and businesses as East Street Road . Upon crossing Davisville Road , PA 132 enters Upper Southampton Township and passes more businesses . The road crosses PA 232 ( Second Street Pike ) in the community of Southampton before crossing a bridge over SEPTA 's abandoned Fox Chase / Newtown Line . After passing through wooded residential areas , the road crosses into Lower Southampton Township at the Stump Road intersection and passes under Norfolk Southern 's Morrisville Line .
Street Road continues past a mix of residential and commercial development as it comes to an intersection with PA 532 ( Bustleton Pike ) in the community of Feasterville . After crossing PA 532 , the road heads past several businesses before turning south @-@ southeast into woodland . PA 132 turns southeast again and intersects Philmont Avenue prior to entering Bensalem Township . Upon entering Bensalem , the route passes over SEPTA 's West Trenton Line on a bridge as it enters commercial areas again . After a bridge over CSX 's Trenton Subdivision , PA 132 passes under the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I @-@ 276 ) immediately before an intersection with Old Lincoln Highway , becoming a divided highway .
A short distance later , the road reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 1 before turning south and coming to an E @-@ ZPass @-@ only ramp that provides access to and from the eastbound Pennsylvania Turnpike . PA 132 continues south @-@ southeast past more businesses , becoming an undivided road again and passing the entrance to Parx Casino and Racing . The road passes more development as it reaches the PA 513 ( Hulmeville Road ) intersection . Farther southeast , PA 132 reaches an interchange with US 13 before ending at the I @-@ 95 interchange . Past I @-@ 95 , Street Road continues as an unnumbered road to State Road .
In 2014 , PA 132 had an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 42 @,@ 000 vehicles between Trevose Road / Old Street Road and Old Lincoln Highway to a low of 25 @,@ 000 vehicles between Maple Avenue and PA 232 . The entire length of PA 132 is part of the National Highway System .
= = History = =
Street Road was originally surveyed in the late 17th century , with the road being included in the original survey plans of William Penn for the Province of Pennsylvania . For much of its history it has been known as " the Street road " . It was called the Street road because , contrary to present usage where " street " is a synonym for road , the original use of the word " street " was a paved road . The entire length of the road was completed by 1737 . Street Road became a paved road by 1911 ; at the time , the route was not defined as a legislative route . By 1927 , PA 132 was designated onto part of Street Road , running from US 611 ( now PA 611 ) in Warrington Township southeast to US 13 in Bensalem Township .
In February 1950 , two traffic signals were installed along the road in Bensalem . Street lights were installed along the stretch of PA 132 in Bensalem in December 1952 . In August 1956 , Bensalem police chief William Riempp urged for the stretch of Street Road through the township to be completely reconstructed as it was one of the most dangerous roads in the state . The state widened the portion of PA 132 through Upper Southampton and Lower Southampton townships from 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) to 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) in 1956 ; this widening was called a " useless waste of public funds " by the Lower Southampton Township planning commission as the road was not anticipated to handle increasing traffic volumes . The portion of Street Road between US 1 and US 13 in Bensalem Township was repaved in summer 1957 ; however the shoulders were not repaved , resulting in a drop between the travel lanes and the shoulder . In August 1958 , the Pennsylvania State Highway Department ( PDH ) considered reducing the speed limit on the two @-@ lane stretch of PA 132 between Davisville Road and Gravel Hill Road in Upper Southampton Township in order to make the road safer .
On January 9 , 1960 , the PDH awarded a contract worth $ 1 @,@ 488 @,@ 493 to James D. Morrisey , Inc. to upgrade the section of PA 132 between Neshaminy and Warminster to a four @-@ lane divided highway . In November 1961 , the portion of Street Road southeast of US 13 was closed to allow for construction of I @-@ 95 ( Delaware Expressway ) , which would include an interchange with Street Road ; this interchange was planned to be completed in 1962 . In January 1962 , a proposal was made to split PA 132 onto separate roadways through Feasterville , with the westbound direction using Irving Place a block north of Street Road . In January 1963 , plans were made to widen the entire length of PA 132 to 80 feet ( 24 m ) with a median strip , with a portion in Feasterville to be widened to 71 feet ( 22 m ) . The widening was originally planned to be completed in 1965 . By March of that year , the widening project was shelved as the state felt they should receive federal funds to fund the project . With the widening shelved , businesses from Feeasterville and Southampton along with State Senator Marvin Keller led a push to get the portion of Street Road through the two communities paved , which was in disrepair and saw a lot of accidents .
In May 1965 , construction began to widen the portion of PA 132 between US 1 and US 13 in Bensalem to a four @-@ lane divided highway . On August 27 , 1965 , a 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) stretch of new concrete pavement along PA 132 in Bensalem was completed , with work then to begin on rebuilding the original roadway to make it a divided highway . The widening of Street Road into a divided highway between US 1 and US 13 was completed in December 1965 . The proposed widening of PA 132 in Feasterville drew concerns from residents who feared they would lose their homes . In July 1967 , the state made plans to add left turn lanes at PA 132 's intersections with US 611 in Warrington and PA 263 in Warminster in order to reduce crashes . In 1969 , work was underway in widening Street Road between PA 263 and PA 332 in Warminster . The widening of PA 132 into a divided highway was completed in 1970 . As a result of this improvement , a portion of the road was relocated east of Feasterville , with the former alignment becoming Old Street Road . Also by this time , the route was extended southeast to an interchange with I @-@ 95 .
In May 1971 , plans were announced to install a traffic signal at PA 132 and Mechanicsville Road in Bensalem Township , an intersection that saw many accidents . Plans were discussed in September 1975 to reconsturct PA 132 to handle increasing traffic volumes , with work projected to begin between 1977 and 1980 . On November 22 , 1976 , Warminster Township supervisors voted against building sidewalks and curbs on a portion of Street Road in the township in order to not burden taxpayers . In 2005 , a bill was passed designated the entire length of PA 132 as the Armed Forces and Veterans Memorial Highway . On May 28 , 2007 , PA 132 was officially named the Armed Forces and Veterans Memorial Highway in a ceremony held in Warminster , with State Representative Kathy Watson in attendance . On November 22 , 2010 , an E @-@ ZPass only ramp with access to and from the eastbound Pennsylvania Turnpike in Bensalem Township opened , intended to provide improved access to the Parx Casino and reduce congestion at the Pennsylvania Turnpike interchange with US 1 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Bucks County .
= Shame ( Robbie Williams and Gary Barlow song ) =
" Shame " is a song written and recorded by English singers Robbie Williams and Gary Barlow for Williams 's second greatest hits compilation album , In and Out of Consciousness : Greatest Hits 1990 – 2010 ( 2010 ) . Produced by Trevor Horn , it was released as the lead single from the album on 27 August 2010 in most countries worldwide and on 1 October in the United Kingdom . " Shame " marks the first time Williams and Barlow collaborated on a song together solely and the first time they worked together since Williams left Take That in 1995 . It is a pop song with country and electro music influences ; two reviewers noted that it contains an acoustic guitar part similar to the one of The Beatles ' 1968 song , " Blackbird " . The lyrical content of the single revolves around singers 's broken relationship and fixing things up .
" Shame " received generally favourable reviews from music critics who praised the song 's sound and the melodic and lyrical skills of the performers . It reached the top @-@ ten in seven countries worldwide including Hungary , Netherlands , Italy and Denmark . In the singers 's native United Kingdom , it peaked at number two on the singles chart and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , denoting shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 copies in the country alone . The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Vaughan Arnell in Los Angeles and premiered on 26 August 2010 . It features Williams and Barlow dancing and singing the song in a bar and fishing on a pond . Multiple critics linked the storyline and the pair 's chemistry in the video to the 2005 film , Brokeback Mountain . To further promote " Shame " , the pair performed it on multiple occasions including on the Help for Heroes concert and Strictly Come Dancing .
= = Development and release = =
In July 1995 , Williams announced that he was leaving Take That , a boy band in which both he and Barlow took part . Following his departure , the group disbanded until 2005 when they made their reunion . After 13 years , in 2008 , during the band 's work on their fifth studio album , The Circus , Barlow and Williams met for the first time since the latter left the band . In 2010 , in an interview on BBC Radio 1 , Williams elaborated , " ' It is one of those situations in life that could be very explosive and could go completely wrong . We had that big chat and the most amazing thing happened at the end of it . We both said sorry to each other and we both meant it and that was all we needed . " Barlow added " I spent the last 15 years thinking about what I was going to say . "
" Shame " was written by Barlow and Williams for Williams 's second greatest hits album , In and Out of Consciousness : Greatest Hits 1990 – 2010 ( 2010 ) . The single was conceived in February 2010 and written in a time span of an hour , in an empty recording studio located in Los Angeles ; it was inspired by their past trouble relationship . English musician Trevor Horn produced " Shame " while Tim Weidner and Graham Archer did the engineering of the track , whilst Dave Miles served as an additional engineer . Weidner also provided the mixing of the song . All of its mastering was done at the Metropolis Studios in London and the Gateway Mastering in Portland , Maine .
" Shame " was released as the lead and only single from In and Out of Consciousness : Greatest Hits 1990 – 2010 . It was made available for digital download via the iTunes Store on 27 August 2010 in some countries , including Australia , Denmark , Germany and Italy . In singers 's native United Kingdom it was placed for digital purchase over a month later on 1 October . On 4 October , Virgin Records released a CD single of " Shame " in the UK ; apart from the title track , the single featured another song performed by Williams , titled " The Queen " .
= = Composition and lyrical interpretation = =
" Shame " is a pop song with a length of three minutes fifty @-@ nine seconds . According to Faber Music 's digital sheet music for the song , " Shame " is composed in the key of Bb major and set in common time signature , and has a moderately slow groove of 96 beats per minute . The singers 's vocals span from the low note of B3 to the high note of B5 . Michael Cragg of The Guardian noted that the single features country music influences and an " electro @-@ tinged " chorus , reminiscent of the works of British producer Stuart Price . Jody Thompson of The Daily Mail and Digital Spy 's Mayer Nissim noted that " Shame " contains an acoustic guitar part which is similar to the one of " Blackbird " , a 1968 song written by Paul McCartney and performed by The Beatles .
The lyrical content of " Shame " revolves around " the breakdown in the relationship " that Williams and Barlow experienced after the former left Take That . Williams starts the song with the line , " Well there 's three versions of this story / Mine and yours and then the truth " , whilst Barlow responds channeling his original attempt for reconciliation , " I read your mind and tried to call / My tears could fill the Albert Hall . " Stuff.co.nz described the lyrics as " happy ending " and " patch things up " , when specifically singing the lines , " I don 't recall the reasons why , I must have meant them at the time , is this the sound of sweet surrender ? "
= = Critical reception = =
" Shame " received generally favourable reviews from contemporary music critics . Nissim gave the song three out of five stars and wrote that although it is not good as Take That 's previous singles , " Patience " , " Back for Good " and " Pray " , " it sounds awfully sweet and , more importantly , absolutely genuine . " Sean Egan of BBC Music stated that the single , " is as good as it sounds on paper , Barlow 's sumptuous melodic skills allied to a lyrical prowess we never suspected Williams had in the Take That days as the two engage in a sweetly regretful dialogue with each other about their past feuds . " A reviewer for CBBC described it as a " really sweet " and " meaningful " song that has " cheeky " sense of humour and words that can make the listener happy . USA Today 's Jerry Shriver noted that " Shame " confirms Williams as a " former boy wonder " who " is in no danger of losing his mojo " . Katie Boucher of The National called the single " a bouncy reconciliatory duet " with a sound more similar to Take That , rather than Williams 's solo material .
In a less enthusiastic review , Scott Causer of Contactmusic.com stated , " the song is a cheesy paean to their past . To their credit they don 't pretend it 's anything other than that . " MusicOMH 's Nic Oliver called the collaboration " wooden musically " , but noted that Williams succeeds to " turn in wry , self @-@ deprecating lyric that bodes well for his mature years " .
= = Chart performance = =
On 10 October 2010 , " Shame " debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and the Scottish Singles Chart with over 107 @,@ 000 copies sold for the week . Two weeks prior it , the song peaked at number one on the UK Airplay Chart . It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , denoting shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 copies in the country alone . On the Irish Singles Chart , the single debuted and peaked at number eight on 7 October . In Italy , the song debuted and peaked at number seven on singles chart ; the next week it fell to number eight . The Italian Music Industry Federation ( FIMI ) certified the song gold for sales of over 15 @,@ 000 copies in the country . " Shame " was most successful in Hungary where it peaked at number one on the Rádio Top 100 chart . In Netherlands , the song debuted at number 17 on the Dutch Singles 100 on 4 September ; after seven weeks fluctuating the chart it peaked at number four on 16 October . It debuted at number 15 on the Danish Singles Chart on 10 September , before peaking at number nine the next week . It also peaked at number nine in Israel .
On 15 October , " Shame " debuted and peaked at number 11 on the German Singles Chart . On the Belgian Charts the single peaked at number 19 on the Wallonia chart and number 21 on the Flanders chart . On the Swiss Singles Chart , the song debuted at number 23 on 19 September . After three weeks , it peaked at number 19 . The performance of the song was also similar in Austria , where it debuted and peaked at number 20 . It failed to make a significant impact on the Australian Singles Chart and only peaked at number 62 for one week . " Shame " was least successful in Slovakia and Japan where it peaked at number 65 and number 91 respectively .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Shame " was directed by Vaughan Arnell . It was shot on 21 and 22 February , 2010 in Los Angeles , whilst the scenes in the mountains were done in Malibu . It premiered on 26 August 2010 on Williams 's official website and on YouTube . On 1 October 2010 , it was made available for digital download via the iTunes Store .
The video begins with Williams waiting for his laundry to be done in a store , before getting out for a walk . Meanwhile , Barlow is standing on the other side of the street . As the song starts the two of them start walking towards their cars whilst looking at each other . When they get inside , the scenes are intercut with the two of them dancing with their female partners . Later in the video , they are shown sitting at the bar having a drink whilst singing the song 's words . As the second chorus starts , Williams and Barlow are at a pond , fishing and laughing . Scenes of them looking each other secretly are also shown . In the middle of " Shame " ' s bridge they start taking their shirts off . Shortly , they are shown climbing up a cliffs . After they get on the top they want to jump , however , they release it 's too high . Instead they hug each other and walk away as the video finishes .
Critics heavily compared the storyline of the music video to that of the 2005 film , Brokeback Mountain . Birmingham Mail 's Luke Beardsworth described it as a " lighthearted parody " of the film and according to him the visual depicts Williams and Barlow as young cowboys who are in love secretly . Cragg noted that the video features " the two men gaze lovingly into each other 's eyes , strip to the waist and fall in love all over again . " Thompson thought that it is " a tongue @-@ in cheek nod " to Brokeback Mountain , and wrote that " they are seen stealing admiring glances at each other " just like actors Jake Gyllenhaal and Heath Ledger in the film . According to The Sun the video likens the love @-@ hate relationship that Williams and Barlow experienced to the film 's " tormented " gay cowboys .
= = Live performances = =
Williams and Barlow performed " Shame " for the first time on 12 September 2010 at the Help for Heroes concert held in London . On 2 October the pair sang the song at the series eight of the Strictly Come Dancing . A reviewer of newspaper Metro reviewed the performance and wrote , " the pair , wearing matching black suits , spent much of the early stages of their performance sitting on stools and gazing into each other ’ s eyes as they sung the duet . " On 7 October , Williams and Barlow were chatting at the BBC Radio 1 where they gave a performance of the song . The singers were guests at the Paul O 'Grady Live chat show and also performed the single on 8 October . Three days after , on 11 October , they gave a rendition of the track on the morning television programme , Daybreak . On 18 November the pair performed the song on the German reality TV programme , Popstars : Girls forever . Barlow included " Shame " on the set list of his 2014 tour , Since I Saw You Last , where he performed a solo acoustic version of the song .
= = Formats and track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of In and Out of Consciousness : Greatest Hits 1990 – 2010 .
Locations
Mastering at Metropolis Studios , London ; Gateway Mastering , Portland , Maine
Personnel
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Banksia oligantha =
Banksia oligantha , commonly known as Wagin Banksia , is an endangered species in the plant family Proteaceae endemic to south west Western Australia . It belongs to Banksia subg . Isostylis , a subgenus of three closely related Banksia species with dome @-@ shaped heads as inflorescences , rather than characteristic Banksia flower spikes . A shrub or small tree up to 4 m ( 13 ft ) high , it has prickly foliage and pink and cream flowerheads which appear in late Spring ( October to December ) .
First collected in 1984 near the wheatbelt town of Wagin , Banksia oligantha was officially described in 1987 by Australian botanist Alex George . Several scattered populations survive in fragments of remnant bushland in a region which has been mostly cleared for agriculture . It has been listed as Declared Rare Flora by the Western Australian Government .
= = Description = =
Banksia oligantha grows as a single @-@ trunked small tree or as an erect shrub with few main stems . Reports of its maximum height vary from 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) to 5 m ( 16 ft ) . When not in flower it is said to look somewhat like Banksia sessilis ( Parrot Bush ) . It has smooth grey bark for the most part , though bark near the base of the trunk may be lightly fissured in older trees . Young stems are covered in hairs , both short and soft , and long and coarse ; these are lost with age .
Leaves are deep green and glossy above , and a pale matte green below . They are roughly oval @-@ shaped , but concave rather than lying flat . There is a sharp point at the tip , and two to four more such points along each margin . They range in length from 1 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 59 to 1 @.@ 46 in ) , and in width from 0 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 0 cm ( 0 @.@ 16 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) , with a petiole 2 to 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 to 0 @.@ 118 in ) long . Young leaves have a coating of woolly hairs on both sides , but these are soon lost except in pits in the undersurface .
Appearing from October to December ( late spring ) , the flowers occur in dome @-@ shaped heads from 2 @.@ 5 to 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 to 1 @.@ 18 in ) in diameter , growing at the ends of branches . These comprise just 20 to 35 individual flowers , enclosed at the base by a whorl of furry involucral bracts 2 to 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 to 0 @.@ 157 in ) long . As with most other Proteaceae , each flower consists of a perianth comprising four united tepals , and a single pistil , the style of which is initially enclosed within the limb of the perianth , but breaks free at anthesis . In B. oligantha , the perianth is 21 to 22 mm ( 0 @.@ 83 to 0 @.@ 87 in ) long , with a limb of 3 to 3 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 to 0 @.@ 14 in ) . Perianth colour grades from red at the base to pale yellow at the limb . The styles are straight , 19 to 24 mm ( 0 @.@ 75 to 0 @.@ 94 in ) long , and uniformly cream .
Old flowers soon fall from the flower heads , revealing a woody dome with 1 to 6 follicles embedded in it . These are a mottled grey colour , smooth , and shortly furry . They are oval @-@ shaped , measuring 14 to 19 mm ( 0 @.@ 55 to 0 @.@ 75 in ) long by 10 to 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 59 in ) high by 8 to 9 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 to 0 @.@ 35 in ) wide . Each follicle contains up to two winged seeds , from 17 to 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 67 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) long .
Banksia oligantha is most easily distinguished from the other two species in B. subg . Isostylis by its smaller leaves , flowers and fruit . Its foliage is also not as prickly as that of B. cuneata .
= = Taxonomy = =
= = = Discovery and naming = = =
Banksia oligantha was discovered by Ken Wallace of the Government of Western Australia 's Department of Conservation and Land Management ( now the Department of Environment and Conservation ) in September 1984 , during a survey of Wangeling Gully Nature Reserve ( Nature Reserve 9098 ) , about 28 km ( 17 mi ) northwest of Wagin . Two months later , on 18 November 1984 , Anne Taylor collected from the same location what would become the type specimen . It was recognised as a new species well before a name was published for it , and was referred to in the interim by the informal names " Banksia aff . Cuneata " and " Banksia sp . Wagin " . Alex George included an entry for it under the name Banksia oligantha in the 1987 second edition of his The Banksia Book , but the formal publication of that name did not occur until the following year , when George 's " New taxa and notes on Banksia L.f. ( Proteaceae ) " appeared . The specific epithet oligantha derives from the Greek oligo- ( " few " ) and anthos ( " flower " ) , in reference to the low number of flowers per flower head .
The species has an uneventful nomenclatural history : it has no synonyms , and no subspecies or varieties have been published .
= = = Infrageneric placement = = =
George placed B. oligantha in subgenus Isostylis because of its dome @-@ shaped flower heads . A 1996 cladistic analysis of the genus by botanists Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges based on morphology yielded no information about the circumscription of B. subg . Isostylis or the relationships within it , so George 's placement of this species was retained . George largely discarded Thiele and Ladiges ' changes in his 1999 arrangement , but again B. oligantha 's placement was unaffected , and the placement of B. oligantha there can be summarised as follows :
Banksia
B. subg . Banksia ( 3 sections , 11 series , 73 species , 11 subspecies , 14 varieties )
B. subg . Isostylis
B. ilicifolia
B. oligantha
B. cuneata
Since 1998 , American botanist Austin Mast and co @-@ authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae , which then comprised genera Banksia and Dryandra . Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George 's taxonomic arrangement . B. oligantha resolves as sister taxon ( that is , next closest relative ) to B. ilicifolia , and B. cuneata resolves as sister to these two . This suggests a monophyletic B. subg . Isostylis ; yet the clade appears fairly derived ( that it , it evolved relatively recently ) , implying that B. subgenus Isostylis may not merit subgeneric rank .
Early in 2007 , Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it , and publishing B. subg . Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons ; thus B. subg . Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete ; in the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement , then B. oligantha is placed in B. subg . Banksia .
= = = Phylogeny = = =
Relationships between B. oligantha and the other members of B. subg . Isostylis still remain unclear . Though Mast 's studies found B. cuneata to be the most basal of the three species , a 2004 study of genetic divergence within the subgenus yielded both other possibilities : some analyses suggested B. ilicifolia as basal , while others suggested B. oligantha . Further complicating the situation is the southernmost ( and closest ) population of B. cuneata , which has both genetic and phenetic affinities with B. oligantha . The origin of this population is unknown : it might have arisen through hybridisation , or it may be a transitional or even ancestral form . Finally , biogeographical factors suggest that B. ilicifolia would be the most basal of the three species : it occurs in the High Rainfall Zone where relictual species are most common , whereas the others are restricted to the Transitional Rainfall Zone , where more recently evolved species are most common .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Banksia oligantha occurs over a range of about 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) in southern parts of the Avon Wheatbelt region of the Southwest Botanical Province of Western Australia . Four populations are known , containing about 1 @,@ 700 adult plants in total :
The first known population , at Wangelling Gully Nature Reserve in Tarwonga . This population appears to be in decline : in 1988 it was estimated as containing from 500 to 800 plants , but a 2001 survey found only 198 adults , 1 seedling , and 286 dead plants ; and a 2004 survey found 135 adults , no seedlings , and 174 dead plants .
A healthy population at Katanning , spanning two Native Settlement reserves and some private property . This population appears to be increasing ; a 2004 survey found nearly 1400 adult plants and over 500 seedlings .
A small population at Dudinin , spanning a nature reserve and private property . This population is apparently in decline . No seedlings have ever been reported at this location , and from 1997 to 2004 the number of reported adults fell from around 110 to 13 .
A recently discovered healthy population on private property at Toolibin . A 2004 survey counted 188 adults , 35 seedlings , and 36 dead plants .
The species grows in sand dunes of white , white @-@ grey or yellow @-@ brown sand , amongst a system of ephemeral salt creeks . Populations occur both in low @-@ lying areas near creeks , and atop dunes . The vegetation has been described as low open woodland over heath , and as tall open shrubland with some scattered trees .
= = Ecology = =
Little has been published on the ecology of B. oligantha . Its lifespan is probably around 10 to 30 years .
Six species of honeyeater have been observed feeding at its flowers , as have insects including honeybees , ants , butterflies , beetles and native bees . Both birds and insects function as pollinators , but honeybees are probably not very effective : in one study only about 4 % of honeybees collected pollen , and they tended to move from inflorescence to inflorescence on the same plant , rather than moving between plants .
Assessments of the mating system of this species have found that outcrossing rates vary between populations , with populations in disturbed environments tending to be more inbred than populations in relatively intact bushland . This has been attributed to a range of causes . Firstly , the higher density of disturbed populations leads to greater rates of mating between neighbouring plants , resulting in more genetic structure and thus more effective selfing . Secondly , disturbed populations usually lack an understorey , and so cannot support a resident population of honeyeaters ; instead , they rely upon sporadic visits for pollination . The greatly reduced pollination rates means fewer outcrossing fertilisations on average , leading to less selection against inbred fertilisations .
Like many plants in south @-@ west Western Australia , B. oligantha is adapted to an environment in which bushfire events are relatively frequent . Most Banksia species can be placed in one of two broad groups according to their response to fire : reseeders are killed by fire , but fire also triggers the release of their canopy seed bank , thus promoting recruitment of the next generation ; resprouters survive fire , resprouting from a lignotuber or , more rarely , epicormic buds protected by thick bark . B. oligantha is a reseeder ; it has thin bark , and lacks a lignotuber , so it is killed by fire . However , the species is weakly serotinous : fire triggers seed release , yet seed release still occurs in the absence of fire .
Seed germination rates are quite high . One study found germination rates better than 77 % in most batches tested . Seed is likely to remain viable for a long time , as seed of the closely related B. cuneata remains viable for around ten years .
= = Conservation = =
Banksia oligantha is listed as an endangered species under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ( EPBC Act ) , and as rare under Western Australia 's Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 . These rankings are due to its small and severely fragmented distribution , and the ongoing degradation of its habitat . Threats include grazing by sheep and rabbits , drought , the drift of aerosol chemicals from surrounding farmland , invasion by weeds , and rising salinity . Studies have shown it to be moderately susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback .
= = Cultivation = =
Banksia oligantha is rarely seen in cultivation , though it is said to merit more consideration than it receives . It is a fast @-@ growing plant that flowers prolifically , producing " lovely masses of matchstick @-@ like cream flowers " . However , its prickly foliage makes it unsuitable for growth near paths , it is prone to lose branches in strong wind , and it is often attacked by woodboring beetles .
Propagation is by seed , but these are hard to obtain . Seeds do not require any treatment before sowing , and take 37 to 40 days to germinate . Propagation by cutting has not been attempted , but might be possible , since the closely related B. cuneata has been propagated this way , albeit with unpredictable results . The plant should be grown in deep , acidic to neutral sand at a sheltered site . It is recommended to prune it when young , to encourage branching .
= Bizounce =
" Bizounce " is the debut single recorded by American singer Olivia , from her debut studio album Olivia ( 2001 ) . Producers Doug Allen and Joshua Thompson wrote the song in collaboration with Olivia and songwriters David L. Conley , Quincy Q. Patrick , and Juan Magic " Peters . It was released on March 20 , 2001 as the lead single from the album . It is an upbeat , R & B track with lyrics that revolve around dissatisfaction with a relationship and the desire to " bizounce " or leave the partner . In her autobiography , Release Me : My Life , My Words , Olivia revealed her disappointment that " Bizounce " was chosen and released as the lead single because of interference by label executives .
" Bizounce " received primarily mixed reviews from music critics ; some critics praised Olivia 's vocals , image , and its choice as her debut single while others questioned Olivia 's connection with the music . The single was a commercial success in the United States , peaking at number fifteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the U.S. Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks charts . It also peaked at number sixteen on the Canadian Singles Chart . " Bizounce " is Olivia 's most successful solo single , leaving her 2005 collaboration with rapper 50 Cent on " Candy Shop " as her most successful overall . To promote " Bizounce " , she performed it on various television and live shows . She also included the song as a part of the promotional tour leading up the album 's release . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Marcus Raboy .
= = Background and release = =
After initially attempting to rap under the name " O @-@ Lovely " , Olivia chose to attend Hofstra University and Five Towns College to further her career in music . Olivia said that people would frequently compare her voice to R & B singer Brandy . During her audition for American record producer Clive Davis , she sang the gospel hymn " His Eye Is on the Sparrow " . Musician Joshua Thompson produced Olivia 's demo , and arranged her audition for Arista Records ' executives and Davis . In an interview with Billboard , Olivia said she was signed to the label immediately after the meeting . J Records senior vice president Ron Gillyard described Olivia as " the real deal " , emphasizing her roles as " a songwriter , a singer , and a rapper " . At age 17 , Olivia was the first artist signed to J Records by Clive Davis . Executives from the record company referred to her as " the First Lady of J " . " Bizounce " was released through J Records as the lead single from Olivia 's debut album Olivia on March 20 , 2001 . The release included explicit and " PG @-@ 13 " versions of the single along with a twenty @-@ nine second snippet of the second single " Are U Capable " , and a minute and twenty @-@ two second snippet of the album track " It 's On Again " . The instrumental and " X @-@ rated " versions of the single were released on vinyl . It was written by Olivia , producers Doug Allen and Joshua P. Thompson , and songwriters David L. Conley , Quincy Q. Patrick , and Juan Magic " Peters .
Olivia later described the recording and promotion of " Bizounce " and the album as a learning experience for her future ventures ; she said her time at J Records was : " cut short by the politics of the industry and me not actually taking my career into my own hands " . She said record executives took away her control over the creation of the album because of her youth and inexperience . During the record 's promotion , Olivia described having a good working relationship with Davis , but she called him " extremely controlling " after leaving the label . Olivia claimed that she was forced to be the bad girl while label mate Alicia Keys was promoted as the good girl . In an official statement , J Records ' representatives pointed to Olivia 's credits as a co @-@ writer for a majority of the album as proof of her involvement with the project and maintained : " Clive doesn 't categorize artists as good or bad girls " . In her 2014 autobiography , Release Me : My Life , My Words , Olivia wrote that she disagreed with the record label 's decision to release " Bizounce " as her debut single . Despite saying the single was a perfect fit for the clubs , and one of her favorite tracks from the album , she believed it did not reflect her as an artist . She originally pushed for " It 's On Again " to be the single .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
According to digital information from Beatport , " Bizounce " is a R & B and funk song composed in the key of G minor . An overview from AllMusic described it as a rap and electronic song with elements of dance and Hi @-@ NRG music . The song 's instrumentation is composed of drums , keyboards , and a bass guitar . AllMusic 's Jon Azpiri praised the contrast between the " brutally frank " lyrics about break @-@ ups and infidelity , and the " seductive " instrumentals , making the single one of the most memorable of 2001 . According to a review in Billboard , Olivia 's vocal performance reflects her hip hop influences and gives the single a " street edge " while its " orchestral tinges " are best @-@ suited for R & B radio .
In an interview with Billboard , Olivia called the single an " empowering women 's song " for inspiring women to leave unfulfilling relationships . She said she wrote it : " for all the people who don 't know how to tell the other person to ' bounce ' " . An article in Vibe magazine noted lyrics , like : " I can 't take this shit no more / Picture frame broken daddy ' cause I can 't trust you / I 'm ridin ' high now / So nigga fuck you " , as creating an impression of Olivia as a " potty @-@ mouth " . NME 's John Mulvey commented that Olivia 's " ruthlessness rather than her vocabulary " was the standout , especially in the lyric : " Shoulda known what you missed at home / Now you 're all alone with no @-@ one to bone " . Mulvey joked that the amount of censorship on the radio edit made Olivia sound " avant @-@ garde " .
= = Promotion and music video = =
Olivia made appearances on television and on live shows to promote " Bizounce " . Before the album 's release , she performed the single on Soul Train , BET , MTV 's hip @-@ hop video block Sucker Free ( known at the time as DFX ) , and The Source Sound Lab . It was included on the set list for her promotional tour leading up to the album 's release on May 15 , 2001 . Director Marcus Raboy shot the accompanying music video for the single . A review from Billboard praised the video as something that would : " catch the eyes and ears of music fans " . Raboy would later work with Olivia on the music video for the follow @-@ up single " Are U Capable " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" Bizounce " received mixed reviews from music critics . Mark Bautz of Entertainment Weekly described " Bizounce " as " a saucy hit single " and noted it as one of the album 's highlights . A review in Billboard praised Olivia 's vocals , saying she " has the mouth of a bad girl and the voice of an angel " , and described the single as making her : " a bona fide R & B singer " . SongQuarters ' Paulina Bozek wrote that " Bizounce " established Olivia as a " powerful R & B / rap debutante " . Shaheem Reid of MTV named the single an " anthem for women who are fed up wit their mates " while an article in Vibe magazine opined that it was a " hit heavy on attitude " . Mulvey of NME commended the single as giving a " steely boot to a crap lover " in the style of TLC , Kelis , and Eve as well as being a " vicious kiss @-@ off " and a " boudoir come @-@ on " . The Morning Call 's Len Righi criticized " Bizounce " for being indicative of a negative trend in R & B music , where " the plaintive human voice in the throes of transcendent ecstasy or bottomless hurt is not nearly as important as the right attitude , hip @-@ hop production and clothing " . Righi negatively compared the single to music by R & B singer Aaliyah , saying they both emphasized style over substance .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
" Bizounce " was a commercial success in the United States . It peaked at number fifteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and number four on the U.S. | Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks chart . The single was Olivia 's highest charting entry on the Hot 100 chart until her 2005 collaboration with rapper 50 Cent on " Candy Shop " became her only number @-@ one single on the chart . Prior to the release and success of " Candy Shop " , Fred Bronson of Billboard viewed Olivia as a one @-@ hit wonder with " Bizounce " being her only previous success . In Canada , the single peaked at number sixteen on the Canadian Singles Chart . As of August 13 , 2003 , " Bizounce " has sold 415 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of " Olivia " , J Records , BMG Rights Management .
Management
Tallest True Music / DreamWorks ( ASCAP )
Q @-@ Zik Music / Music Pieces ( BMI )
Melodic Noise / Plaything Music ( ASCAP )
O Lovely Music / Kingmaker Music ( ASCAP )
Recording locations
Music recording – Tallest Tree Studios ( West Orange , New Jersey ) ; Right Track Studios ( New York City )
Mixing – Tallest Tree Studios ( West Orange , New Jersey )
Personnel
= = Charts = =
= James Macnamara =
James Macnamara ( 1768 – 15 January 1826 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars .
Born into a naval family , Macnamara served in the East Indies during the last years of the American War of Independence , seeing action with Hughes at the Battle of Cuddalore . He received the acting rank of lieutenant during this time , but reverted to midshipman afterwards . He returned to naval service during the Spanish and Russian armaments , and was serving with Lord Hood aboard HMS Victory on the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars . He saw action in the Mediterranean and was eventually promoted to his own commands . He achieved success as a daring frigate captain , serving with Nelson and making several hard @-@ fought captures . He finished his service in the Mediterranean with action at the Battle of Cape St Vincent , and later served in the West Indies before the Peace of Amiens .
Macnamara found himself in trouble with the law after killing a man in a duel , but summoned a bevy of naval officers to testify in his defence , and was acquitted . He commanded a number of ships of the line in the following years , in the Baltic , North Sea and off of the French coast . He was promoted to rear @-@ admiral in 1814 , but did not receive a seagoing command . He married in 1818 and died in 1826 , having served with prominent naval officers like Hood , Jervis and Nelson in a long and distinguished career .
= = Family and early life = =
Macnamara was born into a naval family in 1768 in County Clare , and entered the navy in 1782 aboard the 80 @-@ gun HMS Gibraltar . Gibraltar went out that year to the East Indies , flying the broad pennant of Commodore Sir Richard Bickerton . On his arrival he was transferred to the 74 @-@ gun HMS Superb , the flagship of the station commander , Sir Edward Hughes . Macnamara saw action at the Battle of Cuddalore on 20 June 1783 against M. de Suffren , in which battle Superb sustained losses of 12 men killed and 41 wounded . He was then given an acting rank of lieutenant aboard the 68 @-@ gun HMS Monarca and returned to England with her . He then reverted to the rank of midshipman and served aboard the 50 @-@ gun HMS Europa at Jamaica . Europa was at the time the flagship of Admiral Alexander Innes . After some years in this position , he received his lieutenant 's commission on 1 December 1788 and went on to serve during the Spanish armament in 1789 and the Russian armament in 1791 . He was first aboard the 74 @-@ gun HMS Excellent under Captain John Gell , later following him to the 100 @-@ gun HMS Victory , flying the flag of Admiral Lord Hood .
= = French Revolutionary Wars = =
Macnamara continued to serve with Hood aboard Victory after the outbreak of war with Revolutionary France in 1793 . He took part in the occupation of Toulon and was promoted by Hood to the rank of master and commander on 22 October 1793 , at about the time of the evacuation of the port . He was appointed acting captain of the 74 @-@ gun HMS Bombay Castle , followed by the 32 @-@ gun HMS Southampton . Despite these commands an official mistake meant that his commission as post captain was dated 6 October 1795 . Southampton was assigned to a squadron commanded by Commodore Horatio Nelson , supporting the Austrian army in Genoa .
= = = Command of Southampton = = =
Macnamara they spent 15 days in September 1795 blockading a French grain convoy in the port of Genoa . The convoy was protected by two frigates , the Vestale and the Brun . The French finally came out on the evening of the fifteenth day , and were engaged by Southampton , despite the French possessing considerably more firepower . After a sustained engagement Southampton forced Vestale to strike her colours while the Brun escaped with the convoy , leaving Vestale to her fate . But as Southampton prepared to lower her boats to take possession of the French ship , her fore @-@ mast , which had been damaged during the engagement , went by the board . Taking advantage of this , Vestale raised her colours and escaped from the scene .
Macnamara had another chance to distinguish himself , when on 9 June 1796 a French corvette was sighted entering Hyères bay , and Vice @-@ Admiral Sir John Jervis , commander of the Mediterranean Fleet , summoned Macnamara to his flagship , HMS Victory . He asked Macnamara to bring out the French ship if he could . Recognising the difficulty and risk that would be involved , he did not make it a formal written order , instead instructing Macnamara ' bring out the enemy 's ship if you can ; I 'll give you no written order ; but I direct you to take care of the king 's ship under your command . ' Macnamara promptly took his ship in under the guns of the batteries , and apparently having been mistaken for a French or neutral frigate , closed to within pistol shot of the French ship , and demanded her captain surrender . The captain replied with a broadside , and Macnamara brought Southampton alongside and sent his first lieutenant , Charles Lydiard , over in command of the boarders . After subduing fierce resistance Lydiard took possession of the French ship
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Veerashaiva devotees . Later versions were compiled by Halage Arya ( 1500 ) , Gummalapura Siddhalingayati ( 1560 ) and Gulur Siddhaveeranodaya ( 1570 ) . Writing Vachana poems was popularised again from the mid @-@ 16th century , though Kannada language had to wait till the 17th century to discover its greatest modern poet in this genre . Sarvajna ( lit . " The all knowing " , 16th or 17th century ) , a mendicant poet @-@ moralist and social reformer , left an indelible imprint on Kannada literature with his didactic poems , numbering about 2 @,@ 100 in all . Written using the simple native tripadi metre to instruct the country folk , these poems cover a vast range of topics , from caste and religion to economics and administration , from arts and crafts to family life and health . Sarvajna 's poems constitute some of Kannada 's most popular works .
Four noted Brahmin writers of the Vijayanagara empire , Kumara Vyasa , Timmanna Kavi , Kumara Valmiki and Chatu Vitthalanata proliferated the shatpadi metre in their versions of the Hindu epics . Inspired by the Vachana writers who used the song @-@ prose medium to write their poems , the Haridasa poets used genres such as the kirthane ( musical compositions with two refrains – composition based on raga , or tune and tala , or rhythm ) , the Suladi ( rhythm @-@ based ) and the Ugabhoga ( melody @-@ based ) to convey their devotion to God . Their contributions to the south Indian classical music ( Carnatic music ) is well acclaimed , Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa being the most popular poets of this cadre . Purandaradasa was the most prolific Haridasa poet who wrote in the ragale metre and also earned the honorific Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha ( " Father of Carnatic music " ) . Kanakadasa was versatile in many native metres . His Mohana tarangini is in the sangatya metre , Nalacharita and a book of morals for children called Haribhakti @-@ sara are in the shatpadi metre .
= Devil in a New Dress =
" Devil in a New Dress " is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West from his fifth studio album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) . Originally released through West 's GOOD Friday initiative , a weekly free music giveaway started by the rapper to promote My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . It later appeared on the album with an added guitar solo by producer Mike Dean and an additional guest verse featuring rapper Rick Ross . " Devil in a New Dress " was produced by Bink ! . It was the only song in the album not to be produced by West , who wrote it alongside Bink ! , Ross and Malik Jones . The song samples Smokey Robinson 's quiet storm recording " Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow " , and is themed lyrically to lust and heartache . Both the topics of love and religion serve as the main inspiration to the song .
The song received acclaim from music critics , who praised the delivery of West 's verse , the lush production and the guest appearance by Ross . It has been remixed by several musicians , such as J. Cole , Jay Electronica and Young Chris . Ross promoted the song releasing a music video in which he showcased his verse . The song was prominently featured in West 's short film Runaway during a dinner room sequence . It charted on the South Korean Gaon Chart at position 99 .
= = Background = =
" Devil in a New Dress " was first released on September 3 , 2010 , and was the fourth song to be featured apart of Kanye West 's GOOD Fridays , a music giveaway that provided free MP3 downloads every week . The intention was to release a free new song every Friday for a few months , and the weekly tracks generally featured various rappers from his label , GOOD Music , and other artists he usually collaborated with . Though it was the fourth GOOD Fridays song released , it was the second completely original track premiered . During its initial release , Consequence of Sound reported , " the Chicago based rapper has shared Devil in a New Dress ' , a song which is rumored to be included on West ’ s still untitled fifth studio album . Compared to his other recent joints , the track is rather minimal in nature . It clocks in at less than three minutes and features no guest contributors . In fact , it ’ s the accompanying beat which actually makes the post @-@ midnight release worth our time . " The song was often rumored to be featured on West 's new album , appearing on a leaked tracklist . It was later confirmed to appear on the album , albeit as a vastly different version . It was released digitally following the release of the album .
= = = Recording = = =
Following some media controversies , West chose to record the majority of his fifth studio My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy in a reclusive manner in Oahu , Hawaii . Like the majority of the album , " Devil in a New Dress " was composed there . Rapper Rick Ross was invited to Hawaii to work with West , because West was set to produce the song " Live Fast , Die Young " , which appeared on Teflon Don , an album by Ross . Ross was not initially intended to be featured on West 's album , however he walked in while West was recording another track , " Monster " . Ross was so impressed with what he heard and asked if he could deliver an intro to the song . West enjoyed what Ross brought to the song and invited him back to his studio during the final stages of the album , to record a guest verse on an extended " Devil in a New Dress " . According to Ross , the verse was added the day before the album had to be turned into the record label . In an interview with MTV discussing the composition of the song , Ross commented :
I got a call , they wanted me to be a part of that record . [ ... ] It was actually the last day before Kanye had to turn the record in , and I think that pressure just made it that much more special to me . So I just sat there , approached the record openly and as straightforward as I could . When I laid the verse , 30 minutes later , I was extremely happy . I sent it to him , and he was too . I think it was one of the dopest verses I did this year . "
Ross favorably compared the recording sessions to his past in school . He mused , " it 's like everybody is a student : You walk into a session , and it 's all about the subject at hand . " The remastered album version featured a new guitar solo , composed by producer Bink ! . Bink ! is most famous for his contributions to Jay @-@ Z 's album , The Blueprint , which has been described a " pioneering album " by Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal and was West 's big break as a producer . West and Bink ! originally became friends while producing another Jay @-@ Z album , The Dynasty : Roc La Familia in the late 1990s . Bink ! described that the two producers quickly developed a mutual respect for each other . Bink ! commented on the first time he showed the composition to West , saying " the reaction I got from him after I played the beat for the first time was real intense . " Immediately Bink ! knew that West was going to use the production . Initially , he wasn 't sure whether or how West was going to use the song for his album , and expressed surprise that West dropped the song as a free track prior to the album 's release .
= = Composition = =
The song is 5 minutes , 52 seconds long , though the originally released version was less than 3 minutes . The song is built on a soulful sample of Smokey Robinson 's quiet storm recording " Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow " , with an extended guitar solo . The song features a synth @-@ heavy breakdown , complete with guitar riffs , before Ross arrives , spitting : " I never needed acceptance from all you outsiders / Had cyphers with Yeezy before his mouth wired / Before his jaw shattered , climbing up the lord 's ladder / We still speeding , running signs like they don 't matter . " It is the only album track without production by West , but features his characteristic style of manipulating the pitch and tempo of classic soul samples . West raps in a flow similar to that of rapper Nas , commenting about the women who have wronged him in the past and his struggles with religion . Ann Powers of Los Angeles Times commented that the track reveals West 's true feelings on women ;
" His tormenters are usually untrustworthy temptresses , though occasionally they 're authority figures who judge him as a criminal trespasser or a cultural arriviste . And songs such as the porno fantasy ' Hell of a Life ' and the siren @-@ slaying ' Devil in a New Dress ' ( featuring the consummately macho Ross ) revive familiar mythologies about women — that they 're monsters , killers , fallen angels — in language vibrant enough to fully revive these old stereotypes . "
MTV stated that " ' Dress ' continues [ Kanye 's ] return to the soulful old @-@ school sounds he championed in his early work " and that " West works an easy flow over the midtempo joint replete with feathery falsetto backing vocals an overall buttery ' 70s feel . Despite the laidback groove , West shows his vulnerable side , as he laments being loved and left . " " Devil in a New Dress " contains lyrics about lust and heartache , with sexual and religious imagery described by one critic as " part bedroom allure , part angelic prayer " . Rap @-@ Up called it a " female @-@ focused song " and a " soulful track , boasting a slow @-@ rolling beat with a haunting vocal sample . ” Alex Koening of Knightnews wrote " over piano flourishes and a scintillating string section contain some of the funniest tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek lyrics about women Kanye ever managed : ' I hit the Jamaican spot , at the bar , take a seat / I ordered the jerk , she said you are what you eat . ' Kanye might be on his quest for love , but he still isn ’ t able to tolerate gold @-@ digging girls who are only after his cash : ' And outta all the colors that are still up the skies / You got green on your mind , I can see it in your eyes . ' "
= = Reception = =
" Devil in a New Dress " has received general acclaim from music critics , and was noted for its soulful production , as well as the verse provided by Ross . It was considered a highlight of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , and has been described as " perhaps the easiest song to like on first listen . " It was compared favorably to songs from West 's debut studio album The College Dropout by Jon Caramanica of The New York Times . Channing Freeman of Sputnikmusic felt that the track brought out the best in Ross . Slant Magazine viewed that on " Devil in a New Dress " , West perfected the sampling style he helped make popular , and commented that West " manipulates the pitch and tempo of Smokey Robinson 's ' Will You Love Me Tomorrow ? ' until it crawls luxuriantly out of the speakers like wine poured in slow motion . It 's a gorgeous slow burner that turns tragic in its third act , as Kanye 's rhymes swap lust for heartache before distorted guitar lines and a muscular verse from Rick Ross close it out " .
Chicago Sun @-@ Times praised West 's vocal delivery , saying " he rips more hard raps on ' Devil in a New Dress ' -- chuckling through lines like , ' We love Jesus / but you done learned a lot from Satan / We ain 't married / but tonight I need some consummation , ' and later chewing through an impersonation of a preacher , ' Say @-@ tan ! Say @-@ tan ! Say @-@ tan ! ' — all over a fluttery , high , quiet @-@ storm soul vocal that 's part bedroom allure , part angelic prayer . " MTV stated " West 's breezy GOOD Fridays release gets a wintertime tune @-@ up with Ross riding shotgun . The Miami Don 's majestic contribution comes with a revamped breakdown setting up his slick boats . Still , Yeezy 's verse holds up over the Boss 's even with the refinement . " Dan Vidal of URB stated Ross brought his best to the track , writing that he " steps his tired old coke @-@ rhymes up to intense lyrical portraits on the final version of ' Devil In A New Dress ' . " Stereogum 's Amrit Singh described the production style as a throwback to vintage hip @-@ hop beats , and praised West 's extended use of metaphors on the track . AbsolutePunk 's Drew Beringer cited the track as an example of West 's " penchant for soul " , calling the track excellent . AllMusic 's Andy Kellman also described the beat as a " throwback soul production " , writing that it was " provided by the Smokey Robinson @-@ sampling Bink , it ’ s as gorgeous as any of West ’ s own early work , yet it ’ s marred by an aimless instrumental stretch , roughly 90 seconds in length , that involves some incongruent electric guitar flame @-@ out . "
The Village Voice 's Sean Fennessey commented that the production by Bink ! was gorgeous in nature . He compared the original three @-@ minute long version of the song to the one on the album , writing that the original " was affecting , funny ( “ I ordered the jerk , she said ' You are what you eat . ' ” ) and soulful — a touch of the old Ye . And just three minutes long . But the album version is something bigger , with a magisterial guest verse from Rick Ross ( appearing twice here ) that comes after an odd but sumptuous acid @-@ jazz breakdown . " Craig Jenkins of Prefix Music opined that " Bink ’ s beat for ' Devil in a New Dress ' peters out midway through , and a live band plays a sultry , emotive take on that beat . " Andrew Barber of Complex stated that for the people disappointed in the briefness of the verses provided by Ross on " Monster " , this track more than makes up for it . Barber favorably compared the track to the style of West 's older songs , and commented that it showcased West 's " softer , more vulnerable side , opening up about a woman . "
= = Marketing = =
= = = Promotion = = =
The song appears in West 's short film Runaway , an extended 35 minute long music video which features a majority of the tracks featured on My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . The song is played halfway through the short during the introduction to the dinner party sequence . Ross had a music video directed containing his portion of the song , which was released on January 27 , 2011 . According to Rap Radar , " Kanye couldn ’ t make it , so Ross took matters into his own hands and shot a video for his portion of ' Devil In A New Dress ' from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy .
Anthony Osel of Complex wrote that " Rick Ross gives us visuals for just about every freestyle , verse and song he 's ever recorded . Rozay dropped off a Spiff TV @-@ directed video for " Devil In A New Dress " from Kanye 's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . It 's him smoking a blunt while cruising the streets of Toronto in the back seat of his 62S Maybach glancing out the window . Standard , but awesome , clip from Ross . " Ross would perform the song during his live concerts and it has even become a mainstay of his live sets . During a live performance in New York , West joined Ross and performed it along with " Monster " .
= = = Covers = = =
The song has been frequently covered and remixed by several notable rappers . Roc Nation 's Jay Electronica recorded his own freestyle and had a music video created for his version . Grammy nominated Young Chris did a freestyle over the original version of the song . Fiend released a freestyle onto his mixtape Life Behind Limo Tint and a filmed a music video . Canadian native Shad performed a freestyle of the song during a concert . Fabolous used the song 's instrumental to record " Wolves In Sheeps Clothing " which was featured on mix @-@ tape The S.O.U.L. Tape . He directed a music video to promote the song . JJ Demon recorded his own song using the instrumental . In addition , J. Cole performed a freestyle over the song , which he had stated was a tribute to West , writing “ That beat is incredible , shout out to Yeezy . Much Love . ” The song , titled " Villematic " was featured on his Friday Night Lights mixtape . AllHipHop praised his version , saying " ' Villematic ' , ' 2 Face ' , and ' Higher ' are all songs which make up a strong midsection – it is easy to become lost in this mixtape . "
= = Chart position = =
= The Funcooker =
" The Funcooker " is the fourteenth episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock . It was written by Tom Ceraulo and Donald Glover , and directed by Ken Whittingham . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) on March 12 , 2009 . Guest stars in this episode include Jackie Hoffman , Nancy O 'Dell , and Chris Parnell .
In the episode , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) leaves the The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) crew unmanaged as she must participate in jury duty for the trial of an oddly familiar woman ( Hoffman ) . NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) tries to assert control over the crew in her stead and Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) uses the writers to develop a new name for a General Electric product . Meanwhile , Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) seeks Dr. Leo Spaceman 's ( Parnell ) help so she can work on TGS and her movie .
" The Funcooker " received generally positive reviews from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 6 @.@ 4 million households during its original broadcast . For his performance in this episode , Tracy Morgan , who plays Tracy Jordan on 30 Rock , received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . Ken Whittingham won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series for " The Funcooker " .
= = Plot = =
TGS head writer Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) is assigned to solve a public relations problem caused by the show 's stars , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) , during their hosting duties of the St. Patrick 's Day parade , in which Jenna passed out and Tracy cursed during the live television broadcast . To make things worse , Liz is summoned to jury duty and cannot avoid it despite claiming to be Princess Leia . When she leaves for jury duty , she does not leave anyone in charge and allows the staff to go without direction — until later when she puts NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) in charge after learning that the staff have gotten out of hand . Liz is on a court case about a woman , named Rochelle Gaulke ( Jackie Hoffman ) , whose work life and frustrations parallel her own ; the two both have employees named Tracy and Jenna , both believe their employees waste their time , and make their lives difficult .
Meanwhile , Jenna , worn out from working on TGS during the day and on her unlicensed Janis Joplin biopic at night , visits Dr. Leo Spaceman ( Chris Parnell ) for help so she can work on both . He gives Jenna a military @-@ grade experimental drug currently being tested on rats to stay awake . At the same time , Tracy believes that having enough money to pay FCC fines means that he can say anything on television , and he says to Liz , " I can even say what Ernest Borgnine whispered to me . " As a result , Tracy curses on The Martha Stewart Show , and after learning that the show 's advertisers are pulling out , due to his actions , decides to sponsor the show . Meanwhile , Vice President of East Coast Television and Microwave Oven Programming for General Electric , Jack Donaghy , desperately tries to find a name for a pocket microwave oven that is not offensive in any language . With Liz gone , Jack assigns the TGS writing staff , Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) , James " Toofer " Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) , J. D. Lutz ( John Lutz ) , Josh Girard ( Lonny Ross ) , and Sue LaRoche @-@ Van der Hout ( Sue Galloway ) , to this task . After their unsuccessful attempts , Kenneth suggests " The Funcooker " which Jack decides is the perfect name .
Back at the studios , the taping of TGS is interrupted by Dr. Spaceman who desperately forces Jenna to sleep because she might die like one of his test rats . Tracy creates a diversion by dropping his trousers and exposing his buttocks , which he refers to as the " Funcooker " . Everyone realizes that this is where Kenneth heard the name . Fed up with the chaos , Liz sends the entire show 's staff — including Kenneth and Dr. Spaceman — to her office . Liz ponders over a box of matches and thinks of the woman in court , in which she admitted to committing arson as a way of getting back at her out @-@ of @-@ control employees . She accidentally does start a small fire which is quickly put out but scares everyone out of their bad behavior .
= = Production = =
" The Funcooker " was written by script co @-@ coordinator Tom Ceraulo and that season 's executive story editor Donald Glover , and was directed by Ken Whittingham . This episode was Ceraulo 's first writing credit , and second written episode by Glover . This was Whittingham 's first 30 Rock directed episode , and would later return to helm the fourth season episode " Anna Howard Shaw Day " . " The Funcooker " originally aired on NBC in the United States on March 12 , 2009 .
Actor Chris Parnell , who played Dr. Leo Spaceman in this episode , has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) , a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States . Series ' creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey was the head writer on SNL from 1999 until 2006 . Fey and Tracy Morgan have both been part of the main cast of SNL . This was Parnell 's tenth appearance as Dr. Spaceman . Actress and stand @-@ up comedian Jackie Hoffman also guest starred , as Rochelle Gaulke , on this episode . Nancy O 'Dell , then @-@ anchor of the entertainment news program , Access Hollywood , played herself in " The Funcooker " in which she reads an apology written by NBC on Tracy Jordan 's behalf . O 'Dell had previously appeared in the 30 Rock episode " Señor Macho Solo " .
Star Wars is frequently referenced in 30 Rock , beginning with the pilot episode in 2006 where Tracy is seen shouting that he is a Jedi . Liz Lemon admits to being a huge fan of Star Wars , saying that she had watched it many times with Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) , and dressed up as the Star Wars character Princess Leia during four recent Halloweens , and while trying to get out of jury duty in Chicago . Star Wars is also referenced when Tracy takes on the identity of the character Chewbacca . Fey , a fan of Star Wars herself , said that the weekly Star Wars joke or reference " started happening organically " when the crew realized that they had a Star Wars reference " in almost every show " . Fey said that from then on " it became a thing where [ they ] tried to keep it going " , and that even though they could not include one in every episode , they still had a " pretty high batting average " . Fey attributed most of the references to executive producer and writer Robert Carlock , whom she described as " the resident expert " .
= = Reception = =
According to the Nielsen ratings system , " The Funcooker " was watched by 6 @.@ 4 million households in its original American broadcast . It earned a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 6 share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was a decrease from the previous episode , " Goodbye , My Friend " , which was watched by 7 @.@ 3 million American viewers . " The Funcooker " was the ninth highest @-@ rated show on the NBC network during the week of March 9 – 15 , 2009 . Tracy Morgan received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards for his work in this episode , but lost it to actor Jon Cryer . Ken Whittingham , director of this episode , won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series at the 41st NAACP Image Awards ceremony .
The episode received generally positive reviews . IGN contributor Robert Canning praised " The Funcooker " writing that it was fantastic and " never felt like a moment was wasted or that a scene was extraneous . " He enjoyed all the storylines in the episode , writing they were interesting and funny enough , and complimented the way they all tied together with such ease . Canning enjoyed Tracy 's actions writing that they fit perfectly for the Tracy character , and gave the episode a 9 @.@ 6 out of 10 rating . " Holy normalsauce , did I ever love this episode " , wrote Entertainment Weekly 's Margaret Lyons . Her only complaint about this episode was Scott Adsit 's absence . Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad was grateful that the episode focused on NBC , TGS , and the work of the staff . Sassone wrote that despite " The Funcooker " not being " the most laugh @-@ out @-@ loud episode " he believed it was still funny . The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin praised Jackie Hoffman 's performance , noting that her monologue in court was brilliant . He enjoyed all of the episode 's storylines , except for Tracy 's , which he opined fell flat . In conclusion , Rabin gave this episode a B + rating . Television columnist Alan Sepinwall wrote that an episode like " The Funcooker " is " really instructive about why a lot of other shows ... haven 't quite worked . Even when they have lots of funny things in them , they never really build to a climax in the way that this one did , as everything went wrong at once . " Sepinwall enjoyed Tina Fey 's Liz in the episode , noting that her craziness worked well , but his concern was that when Liz loses it " there 's nobody sane for her to push against . "
= Pilot ( Numbers ) =
" Pilot " is the first episode of the American television show Numb3rs . Based on a real @-@ life serial rape case , " Pilot " features two brothers , an agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and a mathematics professor at a Southern California university , using their individual skills to capture a serial rapist who has begun to kill his victims . " Pilot " also introduces the theme of mathematics being used to solve crimes .
Written by series creators Cheryl Heuton and Nicolas Falacci , the episode was filmed twice , once in Boston , Massachusetts and once in Los Angeles , California , with two different casts using two somewhat different scripts . The test audience could not believe that the three men who portrayed the family could be related to each other , so the producers made cast changes to the family . They also made several changes to the rest of the cast to accommodate the changes in the script . Heuton and Falacci changed the script to focus on the brothers ' relationship with each other . When filming finished , CBS picked up the episode and the series three weeks later .
" Pilot " first aired in the United States on January 23 , 2005 . The episode received mixed reviews . Mathematicians and students at California Institute of Technology enjoyed the episode and were impressed with the mathematics in it . In contrast , television critics felt as though the episode 's plot about a serial rapist was unoriginal , although one critic called the math boring .
= = Plot summary = =
FBI Special Agents Don Eppes ( Rob Morrow ) , Terry Lake ( Sabrina Lloyd ) and David Sinclair ( Alimi Ballard ) investigate a serial rapist who has begun killing his victims . With the twelfth victim , Karen Silber ( Kate Norby ) , changing her story again and the thirteenth victim 's car missing , Don runs out of viable leads . Taking a map and a case file with him , Don goes to his childhood home , owned by his father Alan Eppes ( Judd Hirsch ) , to take a shower . Don 's younger brother , Dr. Charlie Eppes ( David Krumholtz ) of CalSci 's mathematics department , finds and studies the map which Don lays on the dining room table . As Don prepares to return to the office , Charlie tries to talk Don into letting him help with the investigation and is inspired by the pattern of drops emanating from the family 's sprinkler . He tells Don that he can use a mathematical model to find the neighborhood where the rapist resides . Skeptical , Don agrees to let Charlie assist him in the investigation .
Charlie develops the model needed to find the rapist and refines it with graduate student Amita Ramanujan 's ( Navi Rawat ) assistance . Charlie 's model yields what he calls a " hot zone " , an area in which the suspect probably lives . As the case progresses , Silber is found dead in her house . Don and his team resort to comparing DNA samples of men who live in the hot zone to samples of the rapist / killer . Using statistical analysis , Charlie deduces that Silber lied about where her rape took place . After Don learns from Silber 's colleagues where Silber was raped , Charlie refines his equation , which yields a smaller area within the original hot zone . DNA , however , clears everyone in the original hot zone . As a result , Assistant Director in Charge ( ADIC ) Walter Merrick ( Anthony Heald ) pulls Don and his team from the investigation . At the same time , Dr. Larry Fleinhardt ( Peter MacNicol ) , Charlie 's colleague and friend , encourages Charlie to make his equation " less elegant " and to evaluate the worth of his consultation work .
Back at the Eppes house , Charlie and Don discuss what went wrong . Alan is confident that the math is correct . Don tells Charlie that if Charlie ran his model on Don , the model will not show Don at his apartment . Instead , it would zone in on his office , where he spends most of his time . Charlie then realizes that he needs to modify his model to identify two hot zones , one where the suspect possibly resides and one where he possibly works . Using the new equation and a list of potential suspects who work in the new hot zone , Don , Terry , and David confront the suspect and find his latest victim . After Don kills the suspect in a hostage situation , he calls Charlie down to the crime scene to tell Charlie that the suspect lived in the original hot zone but moved three weeks earlier . This revelation proves that Charlie 's models are correct .
= = Production = =
= = = Original pilot = = =
Two pilots were filmed . Fascinated by mathematicians , creators Cheryl Heuton and Nicolas Falacci decided to create a show about one . With the encouragement of CBS development executives , they wrote several pilots revolving around mathematicians and scientists , including the pilot for Numb3rs , over the course of 14 years . Knowing that mathematics would not be readily accepted by the general public on its own , Heuton and Falacci in 2003 decided to use the police procedural format to facilitate the acceptance . When Falacci and Heuton pitched the pilot , CBS agreed to produce it about halfway through their presentation .
Although they had considered several story ideas , Heuton and Falacci wanted to feature a case in which math was used to solve a traditional type of crime . They decided to base the episode on a real @-@ life serial rapist case in which police asked Dr. Kim Rossmo to assist them in the investigation . In 1998 , Rossmo , then with the Vancouver Police Department , was called in to help Lafayette , Louisiana , police investigator McCullan Gallien find the South Side Rapist . Rossmo and Gallien visited the crime scenes , and Rossmo used criminal geographic targeting , a mathematical model used to find the area in which the suspect would most likely reside . Together , Rossmo and Gallien developed a map indicating the most likely location of the rapist 's residence . After DNA cleared everyone living in the area , Gallien learned that a sheriff 's deputy in a neighboring department , Randy Comeaux , was a potential suspect . He had lived in the area during the time frame of the rapes but moved to a residence in the neighboring jurisdiction some time later . DNA on a cigarette butt left by Comeaux confirmed that he was the rapist , and Comeaux was arrested .
The pilot was originally filmed in Boston , which was selected because of Falacci 's familiarity with the area and because of the contrast between academia and the working class . Filming began in the spring of 2004 . Although the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) refused to allow filming on campus , the cast and crew spent two days filming in the city . Dr. Tony Chan of UCLA 's physical science department consulted on the original pilot episode . Although initially hesitant about auditioning , David Krumholtz was the first person cast and won the role of Charlie Eppes . Other original cast members were Len Cariou as Alan ; Gabriel Macht as Don ; Peter MacNicol as Charlie 's mentor ; Anna Deavere Smith as Don 's boss ; Jennifer Bransford , Michael Rooker , and Alimi Ballard as FBI agents ; and Navi Rawat as a MIT graduate student . When filming was completed , executive producers Ridley Scott and Tony Scott and producer Skip Chaisson added graphics and music to the footage . They also added transitions to assist the storytelling . To accommodate these changes , CBS allowed the producers to delay the delivery of the pilot to the studio by two weeks .
= = = Second pilot = = =
When previewed , the focus group liked the concept but hated the way the pilot was produced . Among the problems with the original pilot was the believability of the Eppes family in terms of both physical appearance and chemistry , with the chemistry of the actors being the larger issue . Although Heuton and Falacci liked Cariou , Macht , and Krumholtz , Heuton and Falacci did not know how the three actors playing the Eppes family would interact with each other until filming began .
Since both the focus group and network executives liked the concept of the pilot , CBS decided to recast and reshoot it . Filming began again in September 2004 . To accommodate the budget for the new pilot , the second pilot was set and filmed in Los Angeles . Administrators at the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) agreed to allow producers to film the academic scenes at Caltech . Dr. Gary Lorden , one of Caltech 's math professors , served as math consultant of the second pilot . The producers kept Krumholtz , MacNicol , Rawat , and Ballard . Rooker and Macht left the cast , and Rob Morrow replaced Macht as Don . Other casting changes included the addition of Sabrina Lloyd as a FBI agent , Judd Hirsch as Alan , and Anthony Heald as Don 's boss .
The producers rewrote the script to accommodate changes in story , characters , and basic idea of the series . They decreased the role of Don 's boss to focus the main conflict on the brothers ' worldviews . They rewrote the structure and composition of Don 's team . They also revised the start of Charlie 's involvement with the investigation to incorporate Heuton and Falacci 's original idea of Don taking the work home with him . When the second pilot was presented to the focus group , the group liked it . CBS picked up the pilot three weeks after filming ended .
= = Previews = =
The second pilot was screened at Caltech on January 10 , 2005 , and Heuton , Falacci , Hirsch , Morrow , Krumholtz , and Lorden participated in a panel discussion after the preview . The students who saw the screening at Caltech enjoyed the episode . The pilot was then previewed during the Joint Mathematics Meeting in Atlanta , Georgia from January 12 through January 14 , 2005 . Ed Pegg , Jr . , a member of the Mathematical Association of America ( MAA ) who watched the episode at the conference , stated that he liked it and that he was impressed with the decision to depict the mathematics accurately . As for premiering on network television , the pilot initially was to air on January 21 , 2005 , but it was moved to January 23 , 2005 , after the AFC Championship game in order to be seen by a larger audience . When it premiered on TV on January 23 , 2005 , 25 million people watched the pilot episode of Numb3rs , beating the audience for the pilot episode of Desperate Housewives by about 4 million viewers .
= = Reception = =
Reception of the pilot varied according to the audience in question . The pilot was very well received by the mathematics community . Within a couple of weeks of Pegg 's article for the MAA , Keith Devlin , another member of the association , gave the pilot a very favorable review .
As for the mainstream media , the reviews for the pilot were mixed . Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly commented that , given that the case was about a serial killer , the pilot did not show the math in an original way . John Leonard of the New York Magazine called the cast " superb " but criticized the pilot for being too busy . Melanie McFarland , the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer 's TV critic , asserts that the pilot 's storyline was an " unfortunate choice " for the pilot episode . Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that the pilot 's storyline was unoriginal . Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle , however , stated that the pilot and the cast were excellent but that the math was uninteresting .
= = DVD notes = =
On the Numb3rs season one DVDs , three features address both pilots . The bonus feature " Point of Origin : Inside the Unaired Pilot " on the Numb3rs : The Complete First Season DVDs highlights the differences between both pilots and features clips from the original pilot . In the feature , creators Heuton and Falacci , executive producers Ridley Scott and Tony Scott , co @-@ executive producer David W. Zucker , casting director Mark Saks , and producer Skip Chaissom detail the changes in cast , filming , wardrobe , and makeup . On the audio commentary for the " Pilot " , Heuton , Falacci , Morrow and Krumholtz discuss not only additional changes in the pilot but also additional production trivia from the second pilot . Although the bonus feature " Crunching Numb3rs : Season One " features clips and discussions for other episodes throughout the season , it also addresses the production of the second pilot .
= Rutherfordium =
Rutherfordium is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104 , named in honor of physicist Ernest Rutherford . It is a synthetic element ( an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature ) and radioactive ; the most stable known isotope , 267Rf , has a half @-@ life of approximately 1 @.@ 3 hours .
In the periodic table of the elements , it is a d @-@ block element and the second of the fourth @-@ row transition elements . It is a member of the 7th period and belongs to the group 4 elements . Chemistry experiments have confirmed that rutherfordium behaves as the heavier homologue to hafnium in group 4 . The chemical properties of rutherfordium are characterized only partly . They compare well with the chemistry of the other group 4 elements , even though some calculations had indicated that the element might show significantly different properties due to relativistic effects .
In the 1960s , small amounts of rutherfordium were produced in laboratories in the former Soviet Union and in California . The priority of the discovery and therefore the naming of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists , and it was not until 1997 that International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) established rutherfordium as the official name for the element .
= = History = =
= = = Discovery = = =
Rutherfordium was reportedly first detected in 1964 at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna ( then in the Soviet Union ) . Researchers there bombarded a plutonium @-@ 242 target with neon @-@ 22 ions and separated the reaction products by gradient thermochromatography after conversion to chlorides by interaction with ZrCl4 . The team identified spontaneous fission activity contained within a volatile chloride portraying eka @-@ hafnium properties . Although a half @-@ life was not accurately determined , later calculations indicated that the product was most likely rutherfordium @-@ 259 ( abbreviated as 259Rf in standard notation ) :
242
94Pu + 22
10Ne → 264 − x
104Rf → 264 − x
104RfCl4
In 1969 , researchers at the University of California , Berkeley conclusively synthesized the element by bombarding a californium @-@ 249 target with carbon @-@ 12 ions and measured the alpha decay of 257Rf , correlated with the daughter decay of nobelium @-@ 253 :
249
98Cf + 12
6C → 257
104Rf + 4 n
The American synthesis was independently confirmed in 1973 and secured the identification of rutherfordium as the parent by the observation of K @-@ alpha X @-@ rays in the elemental signature of the 257Rf decay product , nobelium @-@ 253 .
= = = Naming controversy = = =
The Russian scientists proposed the name kurchatovium and the American scientists suggested the name rutherfordium for the new element . In 1992 , the IUPAC / IUPAP Transfermium Working Group ( TWG ) assessed the claims of discovery and concluded that both teams provided contemporaneous evidence to the synthesis of element 104 and that credit should be shared between the two groups .
The American group wrote a scathing response to the findings of the TWG , stating that they had given too much emphasis on the results from the Dubna group . In particular they pointed out that the Russian group had altered the details of their claims several times over a period of 20 years , a fact that the Russian team does not deny . They also stressed that the TWG had given too much credence to the chemistry experiments performed by the Russians and accused the TWG of not having appropriately qualified personnel on the committee . The TWG responded by saying that this was not the case and having assessed each point raised by the American group said that they found no reason to alter their conclusion regarding priority of discovery . The IUPAC finally used the name suggested by the American team ( rutherfordium ) which may in some way reflect a change of opinion .
As a consequence of the initial competing claims of discovery , an element naming controversy arose . Since the Soviets claimed to have first detected the new element they suggested the name kurchatovium ( Ku ) in honor of Igor Kurchatov ( 1903 – 1960 ) , former head of Soviet nuclear research . This name had been used in books of the Soviet Bloc as the official name of the element . The Americans , however , proposed rutherfordium ( Rf ) for the new element to honor Ernest Rutherford , who is known as the " father " of nuclear physics . The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) adopted unnilquadium ( Unq ) as a temporary , systematic element name , derived from the Latin names for digits 1 , 0 , and 4 . In 1994 , IUPAC suggested the name dubnium ( Db ) to be used since rutherfordium was suggested for element 106 and IUPAC felt that the Dubna team should be rightly recognized for their contributions . However , there was still a dispute over the names of elements 104 – 107 . In 1997 the teams involved resolved the dispute and adopted the current name rutherfordium . The name dubnium was given to element 105 at the same time .
= = Isotopes = =
Rutherfordium has no stable or naturally @-@ occurring isotopes . Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory , either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements . Sixteen different isotopes have been reported with atomic masses from 253 to 270 ( with the exceptions of 264 and 269 ) . Most of these decay predominantly through spontaneous fission pathways .
= = = Life @-@ times = = =
Out of isotopes whose half @-@ lives are known , the lighter isotopes usually have shorter half @-@ lives ; half @-@ lives of under 50 μs for 253Rf and 254Rf were observed . 256Rf , 258Rf , 260Rf are more stable at around 10 ms , 255Rf , 257Rf , 259Rf , and 262Rf live between 1 and 5 seconds , and 261Rf , 265Rf , and 263Rf are more stable , at around 1 , 1 @.@ 5 , and 10 min respectively . The heaviest isotopes are the most stable , with 267Rf having a measured half @-@ life of about 1 @.@ 3 h . Half @-@ lives for 269Rf and higher are not known .
The lightest isotopes were synthesized by direct fusion between two lighter nuclei and as decay products . The heaviest isotope produced by direct fusion is 262Rf ; heavier isotopes have only been observed as decay products of elements with larger atomic numbers , of which only 267Rf has been confirmed . The heavy isotopes 266Rf and 268Rf have also been observed as electron capture daughters of the dubnium isotopes 266Db and 268Db , but have short half @-@ lives to spontaneous fission : it seems likely that the same is true of 270Rf , a likely daughter of 270Db . While the isotope 264Rf has yet to be observed , it is predicted to have a long half @-@ life of 1 h . Before its discovery , 265Rf was predicted to have an even longer half @-@ life of 13 h , but it has a half @-@ life of only 2 @.@ 5 min .
In 1999 , American scientists at the University of California , Berkeley , announced that they had succeeded in synthesizing three atoms of 293Uuo . These parent nuclei were reported to have successively emitted seven alpha particles to form 265Rf nuclei , but their claim was retracted in 2001 .
= = Predicted properties = =
= = = Chemical = = =
Rutherfordium is the first transactinide element and the first member of the 6d series of transition metals . Calculations on its ionization potentials , atomic radius , as well as radii , orbital energies , and ground levels of its ionized states are similar to that of hafnium and very different from that of lead . Therefore , it was concluded that rutherfordium 's basic properties will resemble those of other group 4 elements , below titanium , zirconium , and hafnium . Some of its properties were determined by gas @-@ phase experiments and aqueous chemistry . The oxidation state + 4 is the only stable state for the latter two elements and therefore rutherfordium should also exhibit a stable + 4 state . In addition , rutherfordium is also expected to be able to form a less stable + 3 state .
The chemical properties of rutherfordium were based on calculation which indicated that the relativistic effects on the electron shell might be strong enough that the p orbitals have a lower energy level than the d orbitals , giving it a valence electron configuration of 6d1 7s2 7p1 or even 7s2 7p2 , therefore making the element behave more like lead than hafnium . With better calculation methods and studies of the chemical properties of rutherfordium compounds it could be shown that rutherfordium behaves according to the rest of the group 4 elements .
In an analogous manner to zirconium and hafnium , rutherfordium is projected to form a very stable , high melting point oxide , RfO2 . It reacts with halogens to form tetrahalides , RfX4 , which hydrolyze on contact with water to form oxyhalides RfOX2 . The tetrahalides are volatile solids existing as monomeric tetrahedral molecules in the vapor phase .
In the aqueous phase , the Rf4 + ion hydrolyzes less than titanium ( IV ) and to a similar extent as zirconium and hafnium , thus resulting in the RfO2 + ion . Treatment of the halides with halide ions promotes the formation of complex ions . The use of chloride and bromide ions produces the hexahalide complexes RfCl2 −
6 and RfBr2 −
6 . For the fluoride complexes , zirconium and hafnium tend to form hepta- and octa- complexes . Thus , for the larger rutherfordium ion , the complexes RfF2 −
6 , RfF3 −
7 and RfF4 −
8 are possible .
= = = Physical and atomic = = =
Rutherfordium is expected to be a solid under normal conditions and assume a hexagonal close @-@ packed crystal structure ( c / a = 1 @.@ 61 ) , similar to its lighter congener hafnium . It should be a very heavy metal with a density of around 23 @.@ 2 g / cm3 ; in comparison , the densest known element that has had its density measured , osmium , has a density of 22 @.@ 61 g / cm3 . This results from rutherfordium 's high atomic weight , the lanthanide and actinide contractions , and relativistic effects , although production of enough rutherfordium to measure this quantity would be impractical , and the sample would quickly decay . The atomic radius for rutherfordium is expected to be around 150 pm . Due to the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the 6d orbital , the Rf + and Rf2 + ions are predicted to give up 6d electrons instead of 7s electrons , which is the opposite of the behavior of its lighter homologues .
= = Experimental chemistry = =
= = = Gas phase = = =
Early work on the study of the chemistry of rutherfordium focused on gas thermochromatography and measurement of relative deposition temperature adsorption curves . The initial work was carried out at Dubna in an attempt to reaffirm their discovery of the element . Recent work is more reliable regarding the identification of the parent rutherfordium radioisotopes . The isotope 261mRf has been used for these studies . The experiments relied on the expectation that rutherfordium would begin the new 6d series of elements and should therefore form a volatile tetrachloride due to the tetrahedral nature of the molecule . Rutherfordium ( IV ) chloride is more volatile than its lighter homologue hafnium ( IV ) chloride ( HfCl4 ) because its bonds are more covalent .
A series of experiments confirmed that rutherfordium behaves as a typical member of group 4 , forming a tetravalent chloride ( RfCl4 ) and bromide ( RfBr4 ) as well as an oxychloride ( RfOCl2 ) . A decreased volatility was observed for RfCl
4 when potassium chloride is provided as the solid phase instead of gas , highly indicative of the formation of nonvolatile K
2RfCl
6 mixed salt .
= = = Aqueous phase = = =
Rutherfordium is expected to have the electron configuration [ Rn ] 5f14 6d2 7s2 and therefore behave as the heavier homologue of hafnium in group 4 of the periodic table . It should therefore readily form a hydrated Rf4 + ion in strong acid solution and should readily form complexes in hydrochloric acid , hydrobromic or hydrofluoric acid solutions .
The most conclusive aqueous chemistry studies of rutherfordium have been performed by the Japanese team at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute using the radioisotope 261mRf . Extraction experiments from hydrochloric acid solutions using isotopes of rutherfordium , hafnium , zirconium , and thorium have proved a non @-@ actinide behavior for rutherfordium . A comparison with its lighter homologues placed rutherfordium firmly in group 4 and indicated the formation of a hexachlororutherfordate complex in chloride solutions , in a manner similar to hafnium and zirconium .
261mRf4 + + 6 Cl − → [ 261mRfCl
6 ] 2 −
Very similar results were observed in hydrofluoric acid solutions . Differences in the extraction curves were interpreted as a weaker affinity for fluoride ion and the formation of the hexafluororutherfordate ion , whereas hafnium and zirconium ions complex seven or eight fluoride ions at the concentrations used :
261mRf4 + + 6 F − → [ 261mRfF
6 ] 2 −
= Mississippi Highway 366 ( Tishomingo County ) =
Mississippi Highway 366 ( MS 366 ) is a short highway in northeastern Mississippi . The road starts at MS 25 in Belmont , and travels southeastward through Golden to the Alabama state border . The route was created in 1958 , and hasn 't changed significantly since .
= = Route description = =
All of the route is in Tishomingo County . MS 366 starts at MS 25 in Belmont , locally known as Second Street . The route travels southeastward out of the town , through farmland and small areas of trees . At Searcy Road , MS 366 travels along a railway owned by Redmont Railway . The road soon enters the village of Golden . Near the center of the village , the route intersects the eastern terminus of MS 760 . MS 366 then crosses over the railroad and temporarily travels east . Past Bear Creek Road , the route curved southeastward , intersecting a few more county roads . After passing County Road 78 , MS 366 ends at the Alabama state line . The road continues as Fourth Street Northwest into Red Bay .
In 2013 , Mississippi Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) calculated as many as 3 @,@ 900 vehicles traveling east of Long Street , and as few as 2 @,@ 800 vehicles traveling south of Shady Cove . It is not included as a part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation . The route is legally defined in Mississippi Code § 65 @-@ 3 @-@ 3 . MS 366 is maintained by MDOT .
= = History = =
In 1958 , a new road in southeastern Tishomingo County was designated MS 366 . The new , paved route started from MS 25 and ended at the Alabama state line . The road has not changed significantly since .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Tishomingo County .
= Era Vulgaris ( album ) =
Era Vulgaris is the fifth full length studio album by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age . The album was completed in early April 2007 and released on June 8 , 2007 in some countries , June 11 , 2007 in the United Kingdom and June 12 , 2007 in the United States . The tracks " Sick , Sick , Sick " and " 3 's & 7 's " were released as singles in early June , with a third single " Make It wit Chu " released around Halloween of 2007 .
The album debuted at # 14 on the US Billboard 200 charts selling 52 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , which was a decline in comparison to the previous album , which opened at # 5 with 91 @,@ 000 copies sold in its debut week . In other countries it has reached much loftier debut positions , mostly in the top ten , such as number five in Canada where it sold approximately 10 @,@ 000 copies in its opening week .
= = Overview and background = =
While 2002 's Songs for the Deaf was said to be inspired by Josh Homme 's tedious drive through the Southern Californian desert , the inspiration for Era Vulgaris came from Homme 's daily drive through Hollywood . He described the record as " dark , hard , and electrical , sort of like a construction worker , " " … it 's like dirt , clearly seen . " The album 's title Era Vulgaris refers to the Latin term for Common Era . The title was chosen by Homme because he thought " it sounds like ' the Vulgar Era ' , which I like , because that sounds like something that I would like to be part of … I mean I think we 're in it , and I 'm stoked " .
Two tracks from the album had previously been released or performed elsewhere . " Into the Hollow " had been performed by producers Josh Homme and Chris Goss as The 5 : 15ers , and " Make It wit Chu " had been recorded as a Desert Sessions track , as well as appearing on the Queens ' live album Over the Years and Through the Woods .
= = Production = =
= = = Pre @-@ production speculation and contributors = = =
In June 2006 , in an interview on the Australian radio station Triple J , Jesse F. Keeler , the bassist from Death from Above 1979 , revealed that he would be playing bass on an upcoming Queens of the Stone Age album , but said that he would more than likely not be touring with the band due to his desire to spend more time with his girlfriend . Eventually on the DFA internet forum , Keeler revealed that due to conflicting schedules , he would not be appearing on the album . In a July interview with NME , Homme confirmed that the band was back in the studio , writing , but he remained unwilling to reveal who would appear in the band on the new record :
That 's not a healthy question . You 'll ruin the surprise . We 've gotta keep our cool .
The album was expected to include guest performances by Trent Reznor from Nine Inch Nails , Julian Casablancas from The Strokes , former band member Mark Lanegan , Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top , and ( jokingly ) deceased humorist Erma Bombeck . Of these , however , only Casablancas ' and Lanegan 's tracks appear on the U.S. release : Casablancas performed synth guitar and backing vocals on " Sick , Sick , Sick " , and Lanegan sang backing vocals on " River in the Road " . Ultimately , scheduling conflicts prevented Gibbons from appearing , while Reznor 's track " Era Vulgaris " was released separately on the You Know What You Did promotional CD and the UK edition of the album .
= = = Recording = = =
The album was recorded " with exactly zero input from [ record label ] Interscope Records " between July 2006 and April 2007 at Cherokee Studios , Hollywood , Steakhouse Studios , Los Angeles and Sound City Studios , Van Nuys and mixed at Bay 7 Studios , North Hollywood , California . The album was recorded and mixed by Alain Johannes , while it was produced by Josh Homme and Chris Goss as the Fififf Teeners . The primary contributors to the recording were Homme , Troy van Leeuwen , Joey Castillo , Johannes and Goss .
We basically started a year ago . And like I said , we didn ’ t really have anything written . So it was a long process . It was the longest I 've ever taken to make a record , frankly . I 've made records over the process of a year but this was the first time it 's ever been my total focus for that long . This was the first time I 've ever done that ... total focus for 10 months .
Goss and Johannes were replaced by Dean Fertita ( keyboard ) and Michael Shuman ( bass ) for later bonus track recordings and the subsequent supporting tour . Regarding the band 's line @-@ up changes for Era Vulgaris , Homme commented , " I like combinations that no one would expect … It 's the cool part of any surprise party . "
= = Musical style and influences = =
Era Vulgaris displays influences from many different genres . The album departs from the softer , hollowbody guitar sound of their previous album Lullabies to Paralyze with heavy , crunchy guitars and adding in some electronic influences . Rolling Stone noted the influence of " New Wave synth geek Gary Numan … all over this record . " Musically , the album has been described as " brand new retro " , a fusion of " punk , rock , blues and southern grit " ( FHM ) , and slower , moodier , and groggier than the band 's previous efforts .
= = Marketing and promotion = =
= = = Behind the scenes and promotional contest = = =
Shortly after the album 's announcement in February 2007 , a video was posted on the band 's official website showing Homme , Castillo and Van Leeuwen jamming . Along with brief footage of the recording session for " Misfit Love " , the last 6 – 7 seconds of the video contained footage of the recording of " 3 's & 7 's " accompanied by studio @-@ mastered audio . A second video of the recording of the album surfaced subsequently on YouTube , depicting the band ( this time including Alain Johannes ) recording a new track , " Turning on the Screw " in studio .
In early April , the official band website was updated with a 37 second excerpt from " Sick , Sick , Sick " . This was replaced by the complete song , " 3 's and 7 's " , which was later removed . QOTSA fansite thefade.net announced a promotional contest for fans to win " a special package " from the band , confirmed as legitimate by the band 's webmaster . On April 13 , packages were sent to selected winners containing a CD entitled You Know What You Did with the sole track " Era Vulgaris " , which Homme separately confirmed would not be appearing on the record , although it was included as a bonus track on the UK edition . The CD was accompanied by a handwritten letter asking fans to share the song in any way possible :
Hello friend -
Thank you for accepting this gift . Included you will find the will to dance & the song ERA VULGARIS . It was pulled from the new album ( of the same name ) so that it could be to you and become an example of how we think " from now on " should be . As in - We do for you , you do for us .
So to start this relationship off , we have done for you . Now we ask this in return . Share this with friends you think we ( you & us ) would enjoy . Upload it and spray it like time released graffitti ( sic ) on the websites of places it does not belong .
Is it a new recipe on Rachel Ray 's site ? Is it a new Nickelback song on their board ? A secret Gov 't document ? Video game cheats ? Sex site password ? Fuckin ' whatever ? You decide . Then tell us how you shoved this song into the guts of the internet & we ( both ) can smile wide with pride at our new relationship .
OH , but not till after midnight tonight ... from now till then , is just for us . Can we trust you to wait ? Relationships are built on trust . Enjoy !
= = = Bulby , Xfm and soundtracks = = =
The full track " Sick , Sick , Sick " was leaked onto the Internet , countered by the posting of a promotional video to the official site featuring a " sales pitch " for Era Vulgaris by two talking lightbulbs , followed by a streaming of " Sick , Sick , Sick " with official lyrics displayed in the background .
On May 2 , 2007 , Homme , Van Leeuwen and new band member Dean Fertita appeared on London radio station Xfm , performing an acoustic set that included the tracks " 3 's & 7 's " , " Into the Hollow " and " Suture Up Your Future " .
It was announced that tracks from the band would appear in the video games Madden NFL 08 , Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock and Rock Band , specifically that the track " 3 's & 7 's " would be featured in Madden NFL 08 and Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock . Both " 3 's & 7 's " and " Sick , Sick , Sick " are available as downloadable content on Rock Band and Rock Band 2 , as they share the same Music Store . In addition , " Make It Wit Chu " was later included in the tracklist of Guitar Hero 5 .
= = Artwork = =
The album 's cover features the two lightbulbs from the promotional video , Bulby and his pirate accomplice ( pictured right ) , marking a change from the plainer designs of the bands ' previous albums . According to Homme , the light bulb represented " … what you perceive to be a great idea that really is not that great of an idea " . The cover was a slip of paper , with a simplified credits page on the back side , marked with the outline of the record . The typography follows an Old English style font ; Blackmoor , with the ' Spermy Q ' seen on their album Songs for the Deaf .
An art booklet was also included , featuring " Bulby " and several other characters which unfolded to display a pin @-@ up advertisement for the album , following the 50 's advertising satire as the rest of the album art followed . The lack of liner notes for the album was remedied when the official website allowed users to view an e @-@ booklet , containing more detailed liner notes , lyrics , and previously unseen artwork . The green light bulb with the pirate hat , eye patch and peg leg is known as " Stumpy " .
Some copies of the album cover contain a red and yellow rectangle spoofing the Parental Advisory seal , reading " Rental Advisory : Freedom Not for Purchase " . Coincidentally , it was the first Queens of the Stone Age album since Rated R to not bear a genuine Parental Advisory seal .
The lightbulb characters were created by Morning Breath Inc. with overall art direction from Jason Noto and Doug Cunningham of Morning Breath Inc .
= = Reception = =
Reviews for the album were generally positive , earning a rating of 75 out of 100 on Metacritic , a decline from their previous two studio albums . Uncut and Allmusic 's reviews were particularly glowing , with the latter noting how Era Vulgaris is " as different from Lullabies as that was to their dramatic widescreen breakthrough , Songs for the Deaf " . Originally awarding the album with a four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half star rating , Allmusic changed this to a four @-@ star rating in 2013 , upon the release of the band 's follow @-@ up , ... Like Clockwork .
The Observer also commented on the album 's change in direction , commenting that the band had " turned its back on the mainstream " and that the album was " uneasy and brooding " and " Gripping stuff " . Rolling Stone gave the album four stars for the first time since the band 's self titled debut , commenting that " Era Vulgaris is Homme 's fifth Queens album , and like the others , it 's intricately crafted , meticulously polished and ruthlessly efficient in its pursuit of depraved rock thrills . " New York Times critic Jon Pareles selected the album as the 10th best release of 2007 .
A number of reviews were negative , however ; Q magazine gave the album two stars out of five , while The Village Voice criticized Homme for lack of originality , describing the record 's sound as " listless and drained of ideas " . The Guardian slated the record as lyrically clichéd and lacking the input of former bassist Nick Oliveri , and Entertainment Weekly delivered the closing indictment that " there isn 't a single song here that you 'll remember , or want to return to , two summers hence . "
Era Vulgaris had sold 198 @,@ 000 copies in the US , and 521 @,@ 000 copies worldwide before falling off the charts . The US sales are a decline from their previous album , as Lullabies to Paralyze , had sold 342 @,@ 000 copies in the US by March 2007 . Neither album achieved the commercial success of the band 's 2002 release , Songs for the Deaf , which had sold 986 @,@ 000 copies in the US alone as of June 2007 .
= = Track listing = =
All tracks were written by Joshua Homme , Troy Van Leeuwen and Joey Castillo , except for " Sick , Sick , Sick " ( Homme , Goss , Van Leeuwen , Castillo ) and " Make It wit Chu " ( Homme , Johannes , Melchiondo ) .
= = Personnel = =
According to the album liner notes , the contributors were as follows :
= = = Core line @-@ up = = =
Josh Homme – lead vocals , guitar , backing vocals ( " Make It wit Chu " ) , lead guitar ( tracks 1 @,@ 3 @,@ 7 @,@ 8 ) , acoustic guitar ( " Battery Acid " ) , percussion ( " Turnin ' on the Screw " ) , bass ( tracks 4 @-@ 6 , 8 @-@ 11 ) , lap steel guitar ( " Into the Hollow " ) , keyboard ( " Into the Hollow " ) , electric piano ( tracks 8 and 9 ) , rhodes piano ( " Make It wit Chu " ) , " badly tuned " piano ( " Run , Pig , Run " ) , organ ( " River in the Road " ) , " percussion ball " ( " Run , Pig , Run " )
Troy Van Leeuwen – keyboard ( tracks 1 @,@ 2 @,@ 5 @,@ 6 ) , guitar ( tracks 1 @-@ 4 @,@ 7 @,@ 8 @,@ 11 ) , lead guitar ( tracks 5 @,@ 6 @,@ 9 ) , " crazy delay " guitar ( " River in the Road " ) , lap steel guitar ( " 3 's & 7 's " ) , backing vocals ( tracks 1 @,@ 2 @,@ 6 @,@ 7 ) , bass ( track 2 and 7 ) , " the percussion part that 's a bitch " ( " Turnin ' on the Screw " ) , Moog ( " I 'm Designer " ) , rhodes ( " Into the Hollow " )
Joey Castillo – drums , percussion ( track 1 and 7 ) , " percussion ball " ( " Run , Pig , Run " )
= = = Guest appearances = = =
Alain Johannes – bass ( tracks 1 and 3 ) , acoustic guitar ( " Run , Pig , Run " ) , counterpoint guitar ( " Misfit Love " ) , harmonic guitar ( " Make It wit Chu " ) , counterpoint fiddle ( " Misfit Love " ) , " cig " fiddle ( " Run , Pig , Run " ) , marxaphone ( " Run , Pig , Run " ) , backing vocals ( " Run , Pig , Run " )
Chris Goss – keyboard ( " Into the Hollow " ) , " the chicken pluckin guitar " ( " Turnin ' on the Screw " ) , " twinkley bits " ( " Sick , Sick , Sick " ) , organ ( " Misfit Love " ) , electric piano ( " Suture Up Your Future " ) , " eclectic " piano ( " Battery Acid " ) , bass ( " River in the Road " ) , backing vocals ( tracks 7 and 11 )
Julian Casablancas – casio guitar and vocals ( " Sick , Sick , Sick " )
Serrina Sims – backing vocals ( " Make It wit Chu " )
Brody Dalle @-@ Homme – backing vocals ( " Make It wit Chu " )
Liam Lynch – backing vocals ( " Make It wit Chu " )
Mark Lanegan – harmony vocals ( " River in the Road " )
This list is exhaustive of the core eleven tracks ( see above ) , but does not take into account contributions to bonus tracks .
= = = Technical = = =
Technical credits for the album are as follows :
Chris Goss & Josh Homme ( as The Fififf Teeners ) − producers
Alain Johannes − engineer
Alain Johannes & Joe Barresi − mixing
Justin Smith − mixing assistant
Stephen Marcussen − mastering
Jason Noto − design , illustrations
Dr. Mark A. Williams − A & R
= = Chart positions = =
= = Album release history = =
= SMS Yorck =
SMS Yorck ( " His Majesty 's Ship Yorck " ) was the second and final ship of the Roon class of armored cruisers built for the German Imperial Navy . Yorck was named for Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg , a Prussian field marshal . She was laid down in 1903 at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg , and finished in November 1905 , at the cost of 16 @,@ 241 @,@ 000 marks . She displaced up to 9 @,@ 875 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 719 long tons ; 10 @,@ 885 short tons ) and was armed with a main battery of four 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns . Her top speed was 20 @.@ 4 knots ( 37 @.@ 8 km / h ; 23 @.@ 5 mph ) .
The ship had a short career ; she served with the fleet for the first seven years , after which she was decommissioned and placed in reserve . After the outbreak of World War I , she was reactivated and returned to front @-@ line service . After returning from the raid on Yarmouth on 3 – 4 November 1914 , the ship made a navigational error in heavy fog and accidentally sailed into a German defensive minefield . The ship sank quickly with heavy loss of life , though sources disagree on the exact number of fatalities . Her commander was court @-@ martialled and imprisoned for disobedience and negligent homicide . Yorck was broken up incrementally , with work occurring in 1929 – 30 , 1965 , and finally completed in 1982 .
= = Construction = =
Yorck was ordered under the provisional name Ersatz Deutschland and built at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg under construction number 167 . Her keel was laid in 1902 and she was launched on 14 May 1904 . Fitting @-@ out work was completed by 21 November 1905 , being commissioned into the Imperial German Navy the same day . She had cost the Imperial German Government 16 @,@ 241 @,@ 000 Goldmarks .
Yorck displaced 9 @,@ 087 t ( 8 @,@ 943 long tons ) as built and 9 @,@ 875 t ( 9 @,@ 719 long tons ) fully loaded , with a length of 126 @.@ 50 m ( 415 ft 0 in ) , a beam of 19 @.@ 60 m ( 64 ft 4 in ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 43 m ( 24 ft 5 in ) forward . She was powered by three vertical triple expansion engines , which developed a total of 17 @,@ 272 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 880 kW ) and yielded a maximum speed of 20 @.@ 4 knots ( 37 @.@ 8 km / h ; 23 @.@ 5 mph ) on trials . She carried up to 1 @,@ 630 t ( 1 @,@ 600 long tons ) of coal , which enabled a maximum range of up to 5 @,@ 080 nautical miles ( 9 @,@ 410 km ; 5 @,@ 850 mi ) at a cruising speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) .
She was armed with four 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns arranged in two twin gun turrets , one on either end of the superstructure . Her secondary armament consisted of ten 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns , four in single turrets arranged two each on either side , the rest in casemates amidships , fourteen 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) guns and four 45 cm ( 18 in ) underwater torpedo tubes , one in the bow , one in the stern , and one on both beams .
= = Service history = =
= = = Peacetime = = =
Yorck was launched on 14 May 1904 , and commissioned into the German navy on 21 November 1905 . At the commissioning Field Marshal Wilhelm von Hahnke spoke , saying , " old wisdom , si vis pacem , para bellum — he who wants peace shall be prepared for war ... may the guns and machines of the Yorck be operated only by men with iron hearts and an iron will , men who know no other order than to put their lives at risk when the might , the greatness and honor of the German people are being fought for . " After her commissioning , Yorck served with the fleet in the cruiser squadron . In 1908 – 1909 , Erich Raeder served aboard the ship as Yorck 's navigation officer . From 1 October 1911 to 26 January 1912 , Franz von Hipper , later commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the German navy , served as the ship 's commanding officer .
In early March 1913 , the fleet conducted maneuvers off the island of Helgoland in the North Sea . Early on 4 March , the destroyer S178 fell out of formation in heavy seas and attempted to cross in front of Yorck . The destroyer was caught by a large wave and thrown into Yorck , which cut S178 in half . Out of a crew of 83 men , only 13 were pulled from the stormy sea . Yorck was decommissioned and laid up in the reserve fleet in May 1913 with most of her crew transferring to the newly completed battlecruiser Seydlitz . Hipper , by now the deputy commander of the battlecruiser squadron , stated that " the Seydlitz has a fine spirit and high morale , having carried over the spirit of the old Yorck crew . " On 12 August 1914 Yorck was recommissioned and assigned to III Scouting Group .
= = = First World War = = =
On 3 November , Yorck participated in the first offensive operation of the war conducted by the German fleet . She augmented the forces assigned to the I Scouting Group , which primarily consisted of the battlecruisers Seydlitz , Moltke , and Von der Tann and the large armored cruiser Blücher . The I Scouting Group , commanded by Rear Admiral Hipper , was ordered to bombard Great Yarmouth on the English coast . The four large cruisers bombarded the port but inflicted little damage ; minelayers laid minefields off the coast , which sank British submarine D5 . Upon returning to the Heligoland Bight late that day , Hipper 's forces encountered heavy fog . The fog prevented the ships from entering Wilhelmshaven ; instead , they anchored for the night in the Schillig roadstead . Yorck attempted to enter Wilhelmshaven early on the 4th , but her crew made a navigational error which led the ship into a German defensive minefield . She struck two mines , and capsized and sank with heavy loss of life .
Sources disagree on the exact figures ; V. E. Tarrant 's Jutland : The German Perspective , states that 127 men out of a crew of 629 were rescued , while Erich Gröner 's German Warships 1815 – 1945 indicates that there were only 336 fatalities . Daniel Butler 's Distant Victory states that " some 235 " men perished in the sinking . The Norddeutsche Volksblatt reported " the loss of over 300 men " at the time of the court @-@ martial on the sinking ; this report was echoed around the world .
Yorck 's commanding officer , Captain Piper , was among those rescued . In December 1914 he was court @-@ martialled and sentenced to two years ' imprisonment for negligence , disobedience of orders , and homicide through negligence . The ship 's wreck was partially scrapped in 1929 – 30 ; more work was done in 1965 , though the ship was not completely removed until work resumed in 1982 .
= Sheamus =
Stephen Farrelly ( Irish : Stíofán Ó Fearghaile ; born 28 January 1978 ) is an Irish professional wrestler and actor . He is signed to the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , where he performs under the ring name Sheamus ( pronounced / ˈʃeɪmʌs / ) shortened from his previous ring name Sheamus O 'Shaunessy .
Prior to joining WWE , Farrelly wrestled on the European circuit and was a two @-@ time International Heavyweight Champion during his tenure in Irish Whip Wrestling ( IWW ) .
After becoming part of the WWE main roster in 2009 , he would go on to be a four @-@ time world champion in WWE , having held the WWE ( World Heavyweight ) Championship three times and the World Heavyweight Championship once . He is also a two @-@ time United States Champion . In addition to these championships , he has won the 2010 King of the Ring tournament , the 2012 Royal Rumble match and the 2015 Money in the Bank ladder match , making him only the second wrestler ( after Edge ) to achieve all three accomplishments .
= = Early life = =
Farrelly was born in Cabra , Dublin , Ireland and was raised in the city . He speaks fluent Irish , having attended Scoil Caoimhin Primary and Coláiste Mhuire Secondary School , a Gaelscoil . During his school years , he sang in the Palestrina Choir until the age of 13 ; during this time , he appeared on the Late Late Show and Live at Three . He played Gaelic football for the Erin 's Isle team where once he was proclaimed sports star of the month . He also played rugby for the National College of Ireland , where he gained a National Diploma . He has been a fan of Premier League football club Liverpool F.C. since childhood and also supports both rugby union clubs London Irish and Leinster and rugby league club the New Zealand Warriors . He is a former IT technician , and also worked as security for a nightclub , which led to him to occasionally working as a bodyguard for Bono and Larry Mullen , Jr. of U2 , as well as Denise van Outen .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = Training and character development ( 2002 – 2004 ) = = =
Farrelly 's inspiration into a professional wrestling career came from watching both British wrestling from ITV 's World of Sport and American wrestling from the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) on Sky One . On the advice of Bret Hart , Farrelly began training in Larry Sharpe 's Monster Factory wrestling school in April 2002 , alongside Tank Toland , Cliff Compton , and Cindy Rogers . Six weeks later he officially debuted as a fan favorite under the name Sheamus O 'Shaunessy against Robert Pigeon . It was during this time that he developed the nickname the " Irish Curse " after low @-@ blowing an opponent . He soon suffered a serious neck injury after botching a hip toss which sidetracked his career for two years .
Farrelly soon developed his wrestling character by drawing on Celtic mythology . Wanting to move away from limiting Irish stereotypes of lucky charms , leprechauns , and alcoholism , he instead wanted to portray an Irish warrior . Going to a Gaelscoil , Farelly grew up aware of the four cycles of Irish mythology and , inspired by the artwork of Jim Fitzpatrick , incorporated the sword and axe @-@ wielding imagery into his gimmick . This included the design of his own pendant , the crossos , which combines the Celtic cross with a Celtic War sword to illustrate his character 's " indigenous origins with a hybrid of warrior strength matched with a strong ethical centre " .
= = = Irish Whip Wrestling ( 2004 – 2006 ) = = =
In May 2004 , still using the ring name Sheamus O 'Shaunessy , Farrelly returned to wrestling at the newly opened Irish Whip Wrestling ( IWW ) school in Dublin . He then made his debut match for the promotion at their Mount Temple show on 9 July against Mark Burns , where he picked out an easy win . He went on to win a battle royal the following month .
O 'Shaunessy spent the rest of the year engaged in a rivalry with Vid Vain after losing to his tag team partner Joey Cabray the same night he won the battle royal . On 22 and 23 October they traded wins , leading to O 'Shaunessy recruiting help from CJ Summers to help defeat the tag team on 24 October . O 'Shaunessy was still unsuccessful to defeat Vain in singles action the following day . Despite these losses , his impressive showings earned him a place against Alex Shane in a guest match for the Frontier Wrestling Alliance ( FWA ) British Heavyweight Championship . Although he put on a proficient exhibit and came close to win , his friend Red Vinny interfered in the match and cost him the championship .
In March 2005 , he avenged this loss by teaming with Raven to defeat Shane and Vinny . This victory was part of a winning streak over the end of March where O 'Shaunessy wrestled twice a day on 24 , 25 , 26 – including an 11 @-@ man Rumble win – and 27 March with a standard tag match and a ten @-@ man tag team match . This series of victories , aside from one loss by disqualification to Vain , put him to a good form for the one @-@ day tournament held in County Kildare to crown the inaugural IWW International Heavy
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
s roles as creator , producer , writer and director as " an object lesson in the wisdom of a system of checks and balances . " Perhaps most damningly , in noting Schaeffer 's experiences with addiction , the reviewer writes that " just because you ’ ve had an experience doesn ’ t mean you have anything interesting to say about it or are able to articulate whatever interesting thing you have to say . "
New York Magazine called it the Best Show You Probably Never Watched . NBC used a clip from the second episode in " The Most Outrageous TV Moments " .
FX canceled Starved in October 2005 . FX president John Landgraf told Variety , " The show had a lot of fans , so it was tough to choose [ between it and It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ] . Ultimately , we felt that we 're just not in a position to spread our resources . We launched our dramas one at a time , and launching two [ comedies ] like we did this summer just didn 't work out as well . "
= Battle of Arnhem =
The Battle of Arnhem was a famous battle of the Second World War fought in and around the Dutch towns of Arnhem , Oosterbeek , Wolfheze , Driel and the surrounding countryside from 17 – 26 September 1944 .
After sweeping through France and Belgium in the summer of 1944 , the Allies were poised to enter the Netherlands . British Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery favoured a single thrust north over the branches of the Lower Rhine River , allowing the British Second Army to bypass the Siegfried Line and attack the Ruhr . To this end , the Allies launched Operation Market Garden on 17 September . Airborne troops were dropped in the Netherlands to secure key bridges and towns along the Allied axis of advance . Farthest north , the British 1st Airborne Division , supported by men of the Glider Pilot Regiment and the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade , landed at Arnhem to secure bridges across the Nederrijn . Initially expecting a walkover , British XXX Corps planned to reach the British airborne forces within two to three days .
The British forces landed some distance from their objectives and were quickly hampered by unexpected resistance – especially from elements of the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer Divisions . Only a small force was able to reach the Arnhem road bridge while the main body of the division was halted on the outskirts of the city . Meanwhile , XXX Corps was unable to advance north as quickly as anticipated due to the destruction of the bridge at Son , and failed to relieve the airborne troops according to schedule . After four days , the small British force at the bridge was overwhelmed and the rest of the division became trapped in a small pocket north of the river – where they could not be sufficiently reinforced by the Poles or XXX Corps when they arrived on the southern bank , nor by the RAF 's resupply flights . After nine days of fighting , the shattered remains of the airborne forces were withdrawn in Operation Berlin .
With no secure bridges over the Nederrijn , the Allies were unable to advance further and the front line stabilised south of Arnhem . The 1st Airborne Division had lost nearly three @-@ quarters of its strength and did not see combat again .
= = Background = =
By September 1944 , Allied forces had successfully broken out of their Normandy beachhead and pursued shattered German forces across Northern France and Belgium . Although Allied commanders generally favoured a broad front policy to continue the advance into Germany and the Netherlands , Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery proposed a bold plan to head north through the Dutch Gelderland , bypassing the German Siegfried Line defences and opening a route into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr . Initially proposed as a British and Polish operation codenamed Operation Comet , the plan was soon expanded to involve most of the First Allied Airborne Army and a set piece ground advance into the Netherlands , codenamed Market Garden .
Montgomery 's plan involved dropping the US 101st Airborne Division to capture key bridges around Eindhoven , the US 82nd Airborne Division to secure key crossings around Nijmegen , and the British 1st Airborne Division , with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade attached , to capture three bridges across the Rhine at Arnhem . Although Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton commanded the First Allied Airborne Army , his second in command Lieutenant @-@ General Frederick Browning took command of the airborne role . The British Second Army , led by XXX Corps would advance up the " Airborne corridor " , securing the airborne division 's positions and crossing the Rhine within two days . If successful the plan would open the door to Germany and hopefully force an end to the war in Europe by the end of the year .
= = = British plan = = =
With the British 6th Airborne Division still refitting after Operation Tonga , and the subsequent fighting in Normandy , the task of securing the Rhine Bridgehead fell to the 1st Airborne Division under the command of Major @-@ General Roy Urquhart . The division was made up of three brigades of infantry ( two parachute , one glider borne ) , supporting artillery and anti @-@ tank batteries and substantial Royal Engineer units , as well as supporting elements such as Royal Army Service Corps and Royal Army Medical Corps units . Most of the division had seen action in North Africa and Sicily , particularly the 1st Parachute Brigade and 1st Airlanding Brigade . However , this was the first time the division had fought together as a complete formation .
The division was also substantially reinforced by the addition of 1 @,@ 200 men of the Glider Pilot Regiment , providing Urquhart with the equivalent of two battalions of infantry for the operation . Smaller additions included a Dutch commando team and American communications teams . Urquhart also had the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade under his command , who would also be joining the British in the operation to seize the bridges .
The division was required to secure the road , rail and pontoon bridges over the Lower Rhine at Arnhem and hold them for two to three days until relieved by XXX Corps . From the beginning , however , Urquhart was severely restricted in how he could prepare and deploy his troops for the upcoming battle . The U.S. IX Troop Carrier Command were limited in their availability ; with two more major drops taking place at the same time , there were insufficient carrier aircraft available to fly the entire division to the Netherlands in one lift . Additionally , Major General Williams — commander of IX Troop Carrier Command — decided that it would only be possible for one air lift per day , meaning it would take three days to deliver the entire Division and Polish Brigade to the area . A limited number of areas suitable for glider landings and a reluctance from troop command to fly too near to Arnhem , exposing them to flak from Deelen airfield after the drop , meant that Urquhart was forced to pick drop zones ( DZ ) and landing zones ( LZ ) up to 8 mi ( 13 km ) from Arnhem itself , on the north side of the river . With the need to secure the bridges , towns and drop zones for subsequent supply drops , the 1st Airborne would need to defend a perimeter of some 18 mi ( 29 km ) whilst waiting for XXX Corps .
Urquhart decided to land Brigadier Gerald Lathbury 's 1st Parachute Brigade and Brigadier " Pip " Hicks ' 1st Airlanding Brigade on the first day of the operation . The Airlanding Brigade plus 1st Airlanding Light Regiment , Royal Artillery , Royal Engineer and medical units and Divisional HQ would land on LZs ' S ' and ' Z ' and move to secure the drop zones and landing zones for the following days drops , whilst the three battalions of the parachute brigade would arrive at DZ ' X ' and follow three separate routes into Arnhem to secure the bridges . The 2nd Battalion — under the command of Lt. Col. John Frost — would follow the riverside roads to the centre of Arnhem ( codenamed the Lion route ) and secure the main road and railway bridges , as well as a pontoon bridge between the two . The 3rd Battalion of Lt. Col. Fitch would head through Oosterbeek to Arnhem ( Tiger route ) , assist in the capture of the road bridge and take up positions in the east of the town . Lt. Col. Dobie 's 1st Battalion would follow Leopard route north of the railway line to occupy high ground north and north west of Arnhem . The whole advance would be led by a troop of Reconnaissance jeeps from the 1st Airborne Reconnaissance Squadron , under Major Frederick Gough on Leopard who would attempt a coup de main on the road bridge . On the second day , Brigadier " Shan " Hackett 's 4th Parachute Brigade would arrive at DZ ' Y ' , accompanied by extra artillery units and remaining elements of the Airlanding Brigade on LZ ' X ' . Hackett 's three battalions would then reinforce the positions north and north west of Arnhem . On the third day , the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade would be dropped south of the river at DZ ' K ' . Using the road bridge , they would reinforce the perimeter east of Arnhem , linking up with their own artillery who would be flown in by glider to LZ ' L ' . 1st Airlanding Brigade would fall back to cover Oosterbeek on the western side of the perimeter and 1st Parachute Brigade would fall back to cover the southern side of the bridges . Once XXX Corps had arrived and advanced beyond the bridgehead , the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division would be flown into Deelen airfield to support the ground forces north of the Rhine . The remaining units of the division would follow XXX Corps on land in what was known as the sea tail . The whole operation would be re @-@ supplied by daily flights by No 's . 38 and 46 Group RAF who would make the first drop on LZ ' L ' on day 2 , and subsequent drops on DZ ' V ' .
= = = Intelligence = = =
Due to poor intelligence , the British were told to expect only limited resistance from German reserve forces . A serious challenge to their operation was not expected and many men believed that their work would lead to the ending of the war . Some — anticipating a period of occupation in Germany — packed leisure equipment in their kit or in the sea tail . The optimistic mood prior to the operation would have tragic consequences however . Frederick Browning 's intelligence officer — Major Brian Urquhart — obtained information from the 21st Army Group in Belgium and Dutch resistance that German armour was present around Arnhem . This was backed up with aerial reconnaissance that he ordered to be flown . Browning however was dismissive and ordered his chief medical officer to have Urquhart sent on sick leave . In fact , SHAEF was aware that there were almost certainly two Panzer divisions at Arnhem but with the operation looming chose to ignore them . Such information would have been gleaned from Ultra intercepts that the First Allied Airborne Army was not privy to and therefore could not act upon themselves .
= = = German forces = = =
The Allied liberation of Antwerp on 4 September had caused a rout of German reserve troops in the Netherlands , nicknamed " Mad Tuesday " . However , the Allied pause at the Dutch border gave the Germans time to regroup and reorganise , although it would make subsequent attempts to clarify the exact German forces opposing the Allies extremely difficult .
Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model — commander of Army Group B — had moved his headquarters to Arnhem and was re @-@ establishing defences in the area and co @-@ ordinating the reorganisation of the scattered units so that by the time the Allies launched Market Garden there would be several units opposing them . To the west of Arnhem was Kampfgruppe Von Tettau , a force equivalent to seven battalions made up of all manner of German units ( including Das Heer , Luftwaffe , Kriegsmarine , rear echelon and Waffen @-@ SS troops ) under the command of General Hans von Tettau at Grebbeberg . This included the SS Non @-@ commissioned officer school SS Unteroffizierschule Arnheim and the 16th SS Training Battalion under the command of SS Sturmbannführer Sepp Krafft whose unit would play a crucial role in the opening phases of the battle . Within Arnhem itself , the town garrison was under the command of Major @-@ General Friedrich Kussin .
Additionally , Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Bittrich 's II SS Panzer Corps — comprising the remains of Walter Harzer 's 9th SS and Heinz Harmel 's 10th SS Panzer Divisions — had moved into the area north of Arnhem to refit and reorganise . Although badly mauled after escaping the Falaise pocket , the Korps was made up of seasoned veterans and made available significantly more forces to the Germans than the allies had been led to expect . The divisions were also specially trained in anti @-@ airborne operations ; during their formation both divisions had undergone month @-@ long anti airborne exercises whilst waiting for their heavy equipment , and had also spent the last 15 months studying the best reactions to a parachute attack in classroom and field exercises . The 9th SS had a Panzergrenadier brigade , a reconnaissance battalion , an artillery battalion , two batteries of self @-@ propelled guns and a company of tanks . Exactly how many men were available after the withdrawal from Normandy is unclear . Some sources suggest that the 9th had up to 6 @,@ 000 men , others suggest that the combined total of the 9th and 10th SS was only 6 @,@ 000 – 7 @,@ 000 men .
There were also Dutch units allied to the Germans present at Arnhem . These formations recruited from Dutch nationals ( mainly criminals , men wishing to avoid national service or men affiliated with the Nationaal @-@ Socialistische Beweging ) and were incorporated into the German Army . At Arnhem , the partly Dutch SS Wachbattalion 3 was attached to Kampfgruppe Von Tettau and the 3rd Battalion of the 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland training at nearby Hoogeveen was quickly attached to Harzer ’ s 9th SS Panzer Division when they arrived at the battle on 20 September .
As the battle progressed , more and more forces would become available to the Germans . Adolf Hitler , stunned by the attack , agreed that the defence of the Netherlands should receive absolute priority and over the course of the battle reinforcements would stream in ; from Wehrkreis VI , the Wesel area and General Friedrich Christiansen 's Armed Forces Command Netherlands . Model arranged for units to be sent straight to the units in action in order to avoid long @-@ winded logistics , and rushed in specialist street fighting and machine gun battalions . Each day of the battle , the German military strength increased whilst the British supplies diminished . By 21 September , the fifth day of the battle , German forces outnumbered the British by 3 : 1 and continued to increase .
= = Battle = =
= = = Day 1 – Sunday 17 September = = =
The first lift was preceded by intense bombing and strafing raids made by the British Second Tactical Air Force and the American 8th and 9th Air Forces . These targeted the known flak guns and German garrisons and barracks across the area . Meanwhile , the first lift suffered only light losses as the aircraft and gliders flew from British bases to the target area . The first arrivals were the 21st Independent Parachute Company at 12 : 40 , who marked the landing zones for the gliders and parachutists in advance of the main landings . The landings were largely unopposed and the battalions formed up in good order ready to carry out their tasks by 14 : 45 . While the 1st Airlanding Brigade moved into defensive positions around the landing zones , the 1st Parachute Brigade prepared to head east toward the bridges , with Lathbury and his HQ Company following Frost on Lion route . Although some jeeps of the reconnaissance squadron were lost on the flight over , the company formed up in good strength and moved off along Leopard route .
The Germans were unprepared for the landings and initially thrown into confusion . Model — erroneously assuming that the paratroopers had come to capture him — fled his headquarters at the Hartenstein hotel in Oosterbeek and went to Bittrich 's headquarters east of Arnhem at Doetinchem where he took personal control of the battle . The 10th SS Division was sent south to respond to the American landings at Nijmegen and to defend the " island " ( the polder between the Lower Rhine and Waal rivers ) , while the 9th would defend Arnhem . The 9th SS was at that point making preparations to return to Germany and Harmel was in Berlin trying to secure more men and supplies for his unit . He was instantly ordered to return to Arnhem whilst his division began to prepare its forces for battle . Obersturmbannführer Ludwig Spindler — commander of the 9th SS Armoured Artillery Regiment — quickly organised a small battlegroup ( Kampfgruppe Spindler was initially only 120 men but would incorporate 16 separate units over the course of the battle ) . In the late afternoon , he was ordered to advance west to Oosterbeek and establish a blocking line to prevent the British from reaching Arnhem centre . Meanwhile , the Division 's Reconnaissance Battalion under the command of Hauptsturmführer Viktor Gräbner was ordered south to Nijmegen , crossing the Arnhem bridge at dusk . Initially , however , no units were ordered to secure the bridge itself . Arnhem Garrison commander Major @-@ General Friedrich Kussin was killed by men of the 3rd Parachute Battalion as he sped towards his headquarters , and his death led to a breakdown in command and responsibilities . It was not until late in the afternoon that the Reconnaissance Battalion of 10th SS Division were ordered to secure the bridge . At the time of the landings , only one organised unit was in place to oppose the allied advance toward the bridges ( the 16 SS Training Battalion camped in Wolfheze ) and their commander — Sepp Krafft — acted quickly to establish a blocking screen west of Oosterbeek .
The Allied advance quickly ran into trouble . The reconnaissance squadron was ambushed by the northern flank of Krafft 's blocking line and withdrew . The 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions were also stalled by Krafft 's defences and spent the rest of the day skirting his line . The 3rd Parachute Battalion went south and halted in Oosterbeek for most of the night while 1st Parachute Battalion went further north but hit Spindler 's forces and was unable to reach the Arnhem @-@ Ede road of Leopard route . Instead Dobie decided to abandon his plan and help Frost at the bridge and the battalion headed south into Oosterbeek overnight . Only the 2nd Parachute Battalion was largely unopposed , bypassing the defences that did not as yet reach down as far as the river . They were slowed by cheering Dutch civilians and did not reach the bridges until late in the day . The railway bridge was blown by German engineers as the Allies approached it and the pontoon bridge was missing its central section . At dusk , the men of A Company under Major Digby Tatham @-@ Warter observed Gräbner 's force cross the bridge . Most of the battalion and various other supporting units — including two jeeps of Gough 's squadron , four 6 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank guns , Brigade HQ ( but without Lathbury ) , and Royal Engineers ( in total numbering about 740 men ) — moved into Arnhem centre as night fell and owing to the oversight in German orders were able to secure the undefended northern end of the road bridge . Brigade HQ was being led by Brigade Major Tony Hibbert .
Lieutenant Jack Grayburn led an attempt to secure the southern end of the bridge but was unsuccessful , and a later attempt using a flame thrower only succeeded in setting the freshly painted girders of the bridge alight . However , the British were able to make good their position and quickly repulsed the 10th SS Reconnaissance Battalion and other German units when they arrived to secure the bridge .
Meanwhile , the Airlanding Brigade moved quickly to secure the landing zones . The 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment moved into Wolfheze , the 1st Battalion , Border Regiment secured DZ ' X ' , deploying its companies around the DZ and in Renkum , and the 7th Battalion , King 's Own Scottish Borderers moved to secure DZ ' Y ' . Here , they ambushed the Dutch SS Wach Battalion as it headed toward Arnhem from Ede . Units of the Airlanding Artillery and Divisional HQ headed into Wolfheze and Oosterbeek where medical officers set up a Regimental Aid Post at the home of Kate ter Horst .
The Allied advance was severely hampered by poor communications in these crucial initial phases . The paratroopers ' radio sets range was instantly limited by the wooded terrain and as the battalions advanced they lost contact with Divisional HQ at the landing zones . Over the coming nine days , radio communication within the division , with Browning 's HQ at Nijmegen , with XXX Corps and with the United Kingdom would be intermittent and unreliable , severely hampering the British units . Carrier pigeons were even used to make contact with Britain . Partly as a consequence of this limitation , Urquhart decided to follow the 1st Parachute Brigade and make contact with Lathbury . When he found the Brigade HQ on Lion route , he was informed by Major Hibbert , who , at that time , was still en route to the bridge , that Lathbury himself was visiting the 3rd Battalion . Urquhart followed Lathbury there but subsequently would not be able to return to Divisional HQ for two days .
= = = Day 2 – Monday 18 September = = =
As the second day dawned , the 9th SS Panzer Division continued to reinforce the German blocking line . Krafft 's unit withdrew overnight and joined Spindler 's line , coming under his command . Spindler 's force was now becoming so large as more men and units arrived at the new front , that he was forced to split it into two battle groups : Kampfgruppes Allworden and Harder . The defensive line now blocked the entire western side of Arnhem and had closed the gap exploited by Frost alongside the river the previous evening .
Overnight , the 1st and 3rd Parachute battalions had skirted as far south as 2nd Parachute Battalion 's original route into the city , hoping to follow them into Arnhem centre . They approached the German line before light and for several hours attempted to fight through the German positions . Spindler 's force — being continually reinforced — was too strong to penetrate , and by 10 : 00 the British advance was stopped . A more coordinated attack followed in the afternoon , but it too was repulsed . Urquhart attempted to return to his Divisional Headquarters at Oosterbeek but became cut off and was forced to take shelter in a Dutch family 's loft with two fellow officers . Lathbury was injured and also forced into hiding .
At the road bridge , German forces of the 9th SS had quickly surrounded Frost 's battalion , cutting them off from the rest of the division . At around 09 : 00 , the 9th SS Reconnaissance Battalion headed back toward Arnhem from south of the river , having concluded that it was not needed at Nijmegen . Though aware of the British troops at the bridge , it attempted to cross by force . In the resultant two @-@ hour battle , it was beaten back with heavy losses ; half of its armored vehicles were destroyed or knocked out and its commanding officer , Viktor Gräbner , was killed in action during the assault . German attacks carried on around the British perimeter at the Arnhem bridge for the rest of the day , but the British continued to hold .
At the landing zones , Brigadier Hicks was informed that in Urquhart 's and Lathbury 's absence , he was acting divisional commander . He was also told to send one of his units — the South Staffordshires ( which was not complete and was awaiting its full complement of men in the second lift ) — to Arnhem to help with the advance to the bridge . The South Staffords departed in the morning and linked up with the 1st Parachute Battalion in the late afternoon .
German forces began to probe the 1st Airlanding Brigade defences throughout the morning . Units of Kampfgruppe Von Tettau attacked the Border 's positions ; men of the SS NCO school overran Renkum and Kriegsmarine troops engaged the British all day as they withdrew . Small amounts of fighting broke out around LZ ' X ' but not enough to seriously hamper the glider landing there . At DZ ' Y ' , the Dutch SS Wach Battalion became heavily engaged with the King 's Own Scottish Borderers , threatening to hamper the arrival of the second lift . The communications breakdown meant that it was impossible to warn the aircraft . Equally , there was no way for the division to know that the 2nd lift had been delayed by ground fog in England . Thus , the arrival of the 4th Parachute Brigade under Brigadier Hackett and several more troops of artillery at the drop zones was several hours overdue . When the parachutists did arrive after 15 : 00 , they dropped under fire . Several were killed as aircraft and parachutists were shot down and the heath @-@ land they were landing on caught fire . Nevertheless , the arrival of a full brigade overwhelmed the Dutch who were routed and surrendered in droves .
Despite the setbacks , the units assembled with only slight casualties but the changing circumstances at Arnhem meant that their roles were quickly changed . The 11th Parachute Battalion and the rest of the South Staffords were immediately despatched to Arnhem to assist in the attempt to break through to the bridge , where they linked up with the 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions after dark . Hicks ' decision to send the 11th Parachute Battalion to Arnhem ( thus weakening the 4th Parachute Brigade ) dismayed Hackett , who remonstrated with Hicks to no avail . However , he was given command of the King 's Own Scottish Borderers who were moving toward LZ ' L ' to secure it for Tuesday 's landing . The 10th and 156th Parachute Battalions moved north of the railway line to take up their planned defensive positions north west of Arnhem but the leading elements of 156th Parachute Battalion made contact with the main 9th SS blocking line after dark and withdrew for the night .
Shortly after the second lift arrived , the first supply drop was made onto LZ ' L ' . Although most supplies arrived , only a small amount could be collected as the area was not under full British control . The poor radio communication meant that it was not possible to alert the RAF and unsecured drop zones would be a major problem in the days to come .
= = = Day 3 – Tuesday 19 September = = =
With the arrival of the South Staffords and 11th Parachute battalion at the 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalion 's positions west of Arnhem , the British hoped to have sufficient troops to break through to Frost 's position at the bridge . Lieutenant Colonel Dobie of 1st Parachute Battalion planned to attack before first light but an erroneous report suggesting that the bridge had fallen led to the attack being cancelled . By the time the report was corrected , first light was not long away but with reinforcement at the bridge the priority , the attack had to proceed . The advance began on a narrow front with the 1st Parachute Battalion leading , supported by remnants of the 3rd Parachute Battalion , with the 2nd South Staffordshires on the left flank and the 11th Parachute Battalion following behind . As soon as it became light , the 1st Parachute Battalion was spotted and halted by fire from the main German defensive line . Trapped in open ground and under heavy fire from three sides , the 1st Parachute Battalion disintegrated and what remained of the 3rd Parachute Battalion fell back . The 2nd South Staffordshires were similarly cut off and save for about 150 men , overcome by midday . The 11th Parachute Battalion — which had thus far not been heavily involved — was now overwhelmed in exposed positions while attempting to capture high ground to the north . The South Staffords similarly attempted to secure high ground but were driven off . With no hope of breaking through , the 500 remaining men of these four battalions retreated westwards in the direction of the main force , 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) away in Oosterbeek . As they approached Oosterbeek they were met by Lieutenant Colonel Sheriff Thompson , of the 1st Airlanding Light Artillery Regiment , who formed most of the men into a defensive screen under Major Robert Cain .5 mi ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) forward of his artillery positions . The battle gave Urquhart the opportunity to escape his position and he was able to return to Division HQ at the Hotel Hartenstein in Oosterbeek , where for the first time he was able to learn the extent of the German forces facing them .
In Britain , ground fog again frustrated reinforcement . Thirty @-@ five gliders of the 3rd lift carrying the Polish glider borne elements were delayed in taking off and the whole parachute brigade failed to take off at all . This would have serious consequences on the ground when the delayed gliders arrived .
North of the railway line , the 156th and 10th Parachute Battalions became engaged with the German defensive line as they attempted to seize the high ground in the woods north of Oosterbeek . Both battalions ' advances were blunted against the well @-@ defended German positions and by early afternoon they had not advanced any further than their original positions . Urquhart — realising the need to assume a more defensive stance and prevent the two battalions being cut off north of the railway — ordered them to fall back to Wolfheze and Oosterbeek . Making a fighting withdrawal with the Germans of Kampfgruppe Krafft closely pursuing them , the units fell back across LZ ' L ' , defended by the King 's Own Scottish Borderers who were awaiting the arrival of the Glider borne elements of the Polish Parachute Brigade . Heavy fighting ensued as the gliders arrived in the middle of the retreat and Polish losses were heavy . All four Allied units streamed south and west toward the road crossings over the steep railway cutting at Oosterbeek and Wolfheze and gathered in ad hoc units in the woods on the south side , where most of them spent the night . Some German units followed them across the railway and an SS battalion reached Wolfheze where it was strafed by its own air force .
In the afternoon , the RAF flew its first major resupply mission , using 164 aircraft to fly in 390 short tons ( 350 t ) of supplies to the British . The Germans — who had been expecting resupply efforts — had moved five flak batteries into the area specifically to attack these flights and as the RAF came into view they succeeded in shooting down 10 aircraft . Despite the bravery of the pilots ( Flight Lieutenant David Lord received the Victoria Cross posthumously ) , the Airborne forces only recovered 31 short tons ( 28 t ) of supplies . The dropzone — Supply DZ ' V ' — was still in German hands ( the British would never reach this SDZ during the battle ) and no message had reached Britain to explain this .
At the bridge , Frost 's forces continued to hold but without supply or reinforcement their position was becoming weaker . The Germans — realising that infantry attacks were unlikely to remove the stubborn defenders — began to systematically destroy the houses the British were in using tanks , artillery and mortars . In the absence of any Allied air cover , the Luftwaffe were able to make strafing runs on the British occupied houses as well .
= = = Day 4 – Wednesday 20 September = = =
By now , the division was too weak to attempt to reach Frost at the bridge . Of the nine infantry battalions , only one ( 1st Battalion , The Border Regiment ) still existed as a unit , the rest were badly mauled or scattered . Urquhart made the difficult decision to form a defensive perimeter around Oosterbeek , abandoning the 2nd Parachute Battalion . By securing the Driel Ferry Crossing , Urquhart hoped to hold out until XXX Corps could reach them and establish a new bridgehead over the Rhine using the ferry crossing platforms .
The eastern side of Osterbeek was fairly stabilised after the retreat of the previous day , with numerous ad hoc units under company commanders defending the approaches to the town . Major Richard Lonsdale had taken command of the outlying units that had retreated from Arnhem the previous day , and their positions weathered heavy German attacks before falling back to the main divisional perimeter at Oosterbeek . This sector was later designated Lonsdale Force and would remain the main line of defence on the south eastern perimeter . The Border Regiment held most of the western edge of the town , with scattered units filling the gaps to the north . As more units fell back to the new defensive area , they were re @-@ organised to establish a thumb shaped perimeter using the Rhine as its southern base .
The mixed units at Wolfheze began to fall back in the morning but several were surrounded and captured , including one party of 130 men . 150 men of 156th Parachute battalion — led by Hackett himself — became pinned down and took cover in a hollow some 400 m ( 440 yd ) west of the Oosterbeek perimeter . The men broke out in the late afternoon , with 90 men making it to the Border Regiment 's positions .
The afternoon 's supply drop was little better than the previous day 's . Although a message had reached Britain to arrange a new dropping zone near the Hotel Hartenstein , some aircraft flew to LZ ' Z ' where all their supplies fell into German hands . At Oosterbeek , the Germans had used British marker panels and flares to attract the aircraft to their positions and the aircraft were unable to distinguish the exact dropping zones . Ten of the 164 aircraft involved were shot down around Arnhem for only 13 % of supplies reaching British hands .
At the bridge , Frost was finally able to make radio contact with his divisional commander and given the difficult news that reinforcement was doubtful . Shortly afterwards at about 13 : 30 , Frost was injured in the legs by a mortar bomb . Command passed to Major Gough but by late afternoon the position was becoming untenable . As fire took hold of many of the buildings in which the wounded were being treated , a two @-@ hour truce was organised in the late afternoon . The wounded ( including Frost ) were taken into captivity . Overnight , a few units managed to hold out for a little longer and several groups tried to break out toward the Oosterbeek perimeter . While Major Hibbert was leading a group toward Oosterbeek , he was captured .
By 05 : 00 on Thursday morning all resistance at the bridge had ceased . In the final hours of the struggle , a radio message was sent from the bridge . It was not picked up by the British but was heard by the German forces , who recalled that it ended with the sentences : " Out of ammunition . God Save the King . "
= = = Day 5 – Thursday 21 September = = =
Throughout the morning , the Germans mopped up British survivors and stragglers in hiding around Arnhem bridge . It took several hours to clear the bridge of debris allowing German armour to cross and reinforce Nijmegen . Crucially , the British had held the bridge long enough to allow Nijmegen bridge to be captured by the 82nd Airborne and Guards ' Armoured Division working together . With the resistance at the bridge crushed , the Germans had more troops available to commit to the Oosterbeek engagement , although this changed suddenly in the afternoon .
Two days late , the parachute infantry battalions of Stanisław Sosabowski 's 1st ( Polish ) Parachute Brigade were able to take off in England . 114 C @-@ 47s took off but 41 aircraft turned back after Troop Carrier Command decided it would be too dangerous to land if the aircraft were up too long . The remainder pressed on ; they did not have the correct transmission codes and did not understand the messages . One of the few messages to get out of Arnhem warned the Poles that DZ ' K ' was not secure and to land instead on the polder east of Driel where they should secure the Heveadorp ferry on the south bank of the Rhine . The Poles dropped under fire at 17 : 00 and sustained casualties but assembled in good order . Advancing to the river bank , they discovered that the ferry was gone ; the ferryman had sunk it to deny its use to the Germans .
The arrival of the Poles relieved the pressure on the British as the Germans were forced to send more forces south of the Rhine . Fearing an attack on the southern end of the road bridge or the Nijmegen road , a battalion of the 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland , Machine Gun Battalion 47 and other Kampfgruppes headed across the river overnight .
At Oosterbeek , the defensive positions were consolidated and organised into two zones . Hicks would command the western and northern sides of the perimeter and Hackett , after some rest , the eastern front . The perimeter was not a complete defensive line but a collection of defensive pockets in houses and foxholes surrounding the centre of Oosterbeek , with the divisional Headquarters at the Hotel Hartenstein at its centre . The perimeter was roughly 3 mi ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) around and was defended by approximately 3 @,@ 600 men . Despite the Germans ' best efforts , the line would remain roughly unchanged for the next five days , although Germans of the Hermann Göring NCO School attacked the Border positions on the west side near the Rhine , forcing them to abandon strategically important high ground overlooking Oosterbeek . The biggest boost to the besieged British was being able to make contact with forward artillery units of XXX Corps . Radio contact was made with 64th Medium Regiment , Royal Artillery who were able to drop heavy and accurate shellfire on German positions around the perimeter . The radio link to the battery 's Headquarters was also used as the main line of communication to XXX Corps . So important was the shellfire provided by 64 Medium Regiment that afterward Urquhart lobbied for the Regiment to be able to wear the airborne Pegasus badge on their uniforms . Members of 201 ( Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire ) Yeomanry Battery Royal Artillery ( Volunteers ) , the modern @-@ day descendants of 52 Heavy Regiment Royal Artillery which supported 64 Medium Regiment at Arnhem , still wear this flash on their Jersey sleeves to this day .
The British had witnessed the Polish drop but were unable to make contact by radio so a swimmer was sent south of the Rhine . The British planned to supply rafts for a river crossing that night as the Poles were desperately needed on the northern bank . The Poles waited on the southern bank , but by 03 : 00 no rafts were evident and they withdrew to Driel to take up defensive positions .
= = = Day 6 – Friday 22 September = = =
Overnight , the Germans south of the river formed a blocking line along the railway , linking up with 10th SS to the south and screening the road bridge from the Poles . The Polish were well dug in at Driel , however , and German armour was unable to manoeuvre off of the main roads to attack them . Hopes were raised when three armoured cars of XXX Corps ' Household Cavalry managed to skirt the German defences on the island and link up with Sosabowski 's force . These were followed after dark by tanks of the 4th / 7th Royal Dragoon Guards and infantry of the 5th Battalion Duke of Cornwall 's Light Infantry . Behind them , the rest of the 43rd Wessex Division was making its way up a narrow corridor .
In Oosterbeek , heavy fighting continued around the perimeter . Intense shelling and snipers increased the number of casualties at the aid posts in the hotels and houses of the town . Bittrich ordered that the attacks be stepped up and the British bridgehead north of the Rhine destroyed , and at 09 : 00 the major attacks began with the various Kampfgruppes of 9th SS attacking from the east and Kampfgruppe von Tettau 's units from the west . There were only small gains but these attacks were followed by simultaneous attacks in the afternoon when the Germans made determined moves on the northern and eastern ends . To the north , they succeeded in briefly forcing back the King 's Own Scottish Borderers before the latter counterattacked and retook their positions . Urquhart realised the futility of holding the tactically unimportant tip however and ordered the units in the north to fall back and defend a shorter line . To the east , the remains of 10th Parachute Battalion were nearly annihilated in their small position on the main Arnhem road , but the Germans failed to gain any significant ground .
Two of Urquhart 's staff officers swam the Rhine during the day and made contact with Sosabowski 's HQ . It was arranged that six rubber boats should be supplied on the northern bank to enable the Poles to cross the river and come into the Oosterbeek perimeter . That night , the plan was put into operation , but the cable designed to run the boats across broke and the small oars weren 't enough to paddle across the fast flowing river . Only 55 Poles made it over before light and only 35 of these made it into the perimeter
= = = Day 7 – Saturday 23 September = = =
Spindler was ordered to switch his attacks further south to try to force the British away from the river , isolating the British from any hope of reinforcement and allowing them to be destroyed . Despite their best efforts , however , they were unsuccessful , although the constant artillery and assaults continued to wear the British defences down further .
A break in the weather allowed the RAF to finally fly combat missions against the German forces surrounding Urquhart 's men . Hawker Typhoons and Republic P @-@ 47 Thunderbolts strafed German positions throughout the day and occasionally dueled with the Luftwaffe over the battlefield . The RAF attempted their final resupply flight from Britain on the Saturday afternoon , but lost eight planes for little gain to the Airborne troops . Some small resupply efforts would be made from Allied airfields in Europe over the next two days but to little effect .
South of the river , the Poles prepared for another crossing . That night , they awaited the arrival of assault boats from XXX Corps , but these did not arrive until after midnight , and many were without oars . The crossings started at 03 : 00 , with fire support from the 43rd Wessex Division . Through the remaining hours of darkness , only 153 men were able to cross – less than ¼ of the hoped for reinforcement .
= = = Day 8 – Sunday 24 September = = =
In the morning , Horrocks visited the Polish positions at Driel to see the front for himself . Later , he hosted a conference attended by Browning , Major @-@ General Ivor Thomas of the 43rd ( Wessex ) Division and Sosabowski at Valburg . In a controversial meeting in which Sosabowski was politically outmanoeuvred , it was decided that another crossing would be attempted that night . When the Germans cut the narrow supply road near Nijmegen later that day though , it seems Horrocks realised the futility of the situation and plans were drawn up to withdraw the 1st Division .
In Oosterbeek , the situation was becoming more desperate . Hackett was wounded in the morning and had to give up the eastern command . The RAF attempted some close support around the perimeter which just held , but shelling and sniping increased casualties by the hour . The aid stations were home to some 2 @,@ 000 men , both British and German as well as Dutch civilian casualties . Because many of them were actually in the front line in homes taken over earlier in the battle , the odd situation was created where casualties were evacuated forward rather than rearwards . Without evacuation , the wounded were often injured again and some posts changed hands between the British and Germans several times as the perimeter was fought over .
Throughout the fighting around Oosterbeek , there had been short localised truces around the aid posts to allow the wounded to reach them , but by Sunday the situation needed a more serious arrangement . Colonel Graeme Warrack — the senior medical officer — asked permission to arrange a truce ; it was a request that Urquhart agreed to . Warrack was taken to see Bittrich who similarly agreed and offered Warrack as many supplies as he could carry . Between 15 : 00 and 17 : 00 , a general ceasefire went into effect around the perimeter and about 450 stretcher cases and walking wounded were evacuated from the perimeter , the Germans using jeeps and ambulances to take serious cases straight to Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Arnhem where British , German and Dutch medical staff worked side by side .
That night , the Allies on the south side of the river attempted another crossing . The plan called for 4th Battalion The Dorset Regiment and the 1st Polish Parachute Battalion to cross at 22 : 00 using boats and DUKWs . Sosabowski was furious at having to give up control of one of his battalions and thought the plan dangerous , but was silenced . The boats failed to arrive until 1 am and several had been destroyed or lost en route , so a last minute change of plan mean that only the Dorsets would cross . The small boats without skilled crews , the strong current and poor choice of landing site on the north bank meant that of the 315 men who embarked , only a handful reached the British lines on the other side . The DUKWs and most boats landed too far downstream and at least 200 men were captured .
= = = Day 9 – Monday 25 September = = =
Overnight , a copy of the withdrawal plan was sent across the river for Urquhart 's consideration . Despite the obviously frustrating content , Urquhart knew there was little other choice and radioed Thomas at 08 : 00 to agree to the plan on the condition it went ahead that night . Meanwhile , the Airborne forces would need to endure another day in their perimeter . More men were evacuated from the aid posts throughout the day , but there was no official truce and this was sometimes done under fire .
At 10 : 00 , the Germans began their most successful assault on the perimeter , attacking the southeastern end with infantry supported by newly arrived Tiger tanks . This assault pushed through the defenders ' outer lines and threatened to isolate the bulk of the division from the river . Strong counterattacks from the mixed defenders and concentrated shellfire from south of the river eventually repelled the Germans .
Urquhart formulated his withdrawal plan on the successful method used in the evacuation of Gallipoli during the First World War . The northernmost units would fall back first , moving through the more southerly groups who would then follow behind . The Glider Pilots would organise the routes to the river and the whole operation would be covered by an intense artillery barrage from XXX Corps . South of the river the evacuation was organised and staffed by men of the Royal Engineers of 43rd Division and Royal Canadian Engineers , using rafts and storm boats . In order to prevent the Germans from learning about the operation , the plan was not announced until the afternoon and some men ( mainly wounded ) would remain to lay covering fire through the night . Men were ordered to muffle their boots and weapons to help them bypass known German incursions into the perimeter . Some men took the opportunity to shave before withdrawing , providing quite a morale boost .
By 21 : 00 , heavy rain was falling which helped disguise the withdrawal . The heavy bombardment commenced and the units began to fall back to the river . Half of the engineers ' boats were too far west to be used ( 43rd Division mistakenly believing the crossing points used by the Dorsets the previous night were in British hands ) , slowing the evacuation process . The Germans shelled the withdrawal , believing it to be a resupply attempt . At 05 : 00 , the operation was ceased lest the coming light enable the Germans to fire onto the boats more accurately .
2 @,@ 163 Airborne men , 160 Poles , 75 Dorsets and several dozen mixed other men were evacuated but about 300 were left on the northern bank when the operation was ceased and 95 men were killed overnight .
Throughout the morning of 26 September , the Germans pressed home their attacks and finally linked up from both sides at the river . It was not until about noon that they realised the British had actually withdrawn . Later in the day , they rounded up about 600 men , mostly the men in the aid stations and those left on the north bank , as well as some pockets of resistance that had been out of radio contact with division Headquarters and did not know about the withdrawal .
= = Aftermath = =
Arnhem was a victory for the Germans ( albeit tempered by their losses further south ) and a major defeat for the British army . The Allies withdrew from the southern bank of the Rhine and the front stabilised on " the island " between the Rhine and Waal rivers . Although the Germans counterattacked in October they were repulsed and subsequently the front line in the Netherlands would not move until after the winter . However , the bridgeheads across the Maas and Waal served as an important base for subsequent operations against the Germans on the Rhine and the strike into Germany .
Many military commentators and historians believe that the failure to secure Arnhem was not the fault of the airborne forces ( who had held out for far longer than planned ) , but of the operation as a whole . John Frost noted that " by far the worst mistake was the lack of priority given to the capture of Nijmegen Bridge " and was unable to understand why Browning had ordered U.S. Army Brigadier General James M. Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division to secure the Groesbeek Heights before Nijmegen Bridge . In his analysis of the battle , Martin Middlebrook believed the " failure of Browning to give the 82nd US Airborne Division a greater priority in capturing the bridge at Nijmegen " was only just behind the weakness of the air plan in importance .
Likewise , in his assessment of the German perspective at Arnhem , Robert Kershaw concluded that " the battle on the Waal at Nijmegen proved to be the decisive event " and that Arnhem became a simple matter of containment after the British had retreated into the Oosterbeek perimeter . After that , it was merely " a side @-@ show to the crisis being enacted on the Waal " . Heinz Harmel asserted that " The Allies were stopped in the south just north of Nijmegen – that is why Arnhem turned out as it did . " Gavin himself commented that " there was no failure at Arnhem . If , historically , there remains an implication of failure it was the failure of the ground forces to arrive in time to exploit the initial gains of the [ 1st ] Airborne Division " .
The air plan was a major weakness in the events at Arnhem itself . Middlebrook believes that the refusal to consider night drops , two lifts on day 1 , or a coup @-@ de @-@ main assault on Arnhem bridge were " cardinal fundamental errors " ; and that the failure to land nearer the bridge threw away the airborne force 's most valuable asset – that of surprise . Similarly , Frost believed that the distance from the Drop zones to the bridge and the long approach on foot was a " glaring snag " and was highly critical of the " unwillingness of the air forces to fly more than one sortie in the day [ which ] was one of the chief factors that mitigated against success . "
The Allies ' failure to secure a bridge over the Lower Rhine spelled the end of Market Garden . While all other objectives had been achieved , the failure to secure the Arnhem road bridge over the Rhine meant that the operation failed in its ultimate objective . Field Marshal Montgomery claimed that the operation was 90 % successful and the Allies did possess a deep salient into German occupied territory that was quickly reinforced . Milton Shulman observed that the operation had driven a wedge into the German positions , isolating the 15th Army north of Antwerp from the First Parachute Army on the eastern side of the bulge . This complicated the supply problem of the 15th Army and removed the chance of the Germans being able to assemble enough troops for a serious counterattack to retake Antwerp . Chester Wilmot agreed with this , claiming that the salient was of immense tactical value for the purpose of driving the Germans from the area south of the Maas and removing the threat of an immediate counterattack against Antwerp . Kershaw views the situation differently , observing that the north flank of the west wall was not turned and the 15th Army was able to escape . Dr. John Warren of the American Historical Division of the United States Air Force believed that the Allies now controlled a salient leading nowhere . John Waddy is of the belief that the strategic and tactical debate of Market Garden will never be resolved .
Although a disaster for the British 1st Airborne Division , their fight north of the Rhine is considered an example of courage and endurance and one of the greatest feats of arms in the Second World War .
= = = Allied units = = =
The battle exacted a heavy toll on the 1st Airborne Division from which it would never recover . Three quarters of the formation were missing when it returned to England , including two of the three brigade commanders , eight of the nine battalion commanders and 26 of the 30 infantry company commanders . Some 500 men were still in hiding north of the Rhine , and over the coming months many of these were able to escape : initially in Operation Pegasus . New recruits , escapees and repatriated POWs joined the division over the coming months , but the division was still so much weakened that the 4th Parachute Brigade had to be merged into the 1st Parachute Brigade , and the division as a whole could barely produce two brigades of infantry . Between May and August 1945 , many of the men were sent to Denmark and Norway to oversee the German surrenders there but on their return the division was disbanded .
The Glider Pilot Regiment suffered the highest proportion of fatal casualties during the battle ( 17 @.@ 3 % killed ) . The regiment was so badly depleted that during Operation Varsity RAF pilots were used to fly many of the gliders . As glider operations were phased out after the war , the regiment shrank and was eventually disbanded in 1957 .
The Polish brigade was withdrawn to Nijmegen and helped defend the airborne corridor before returning to England in early October . Shortly afterward , the British began making Sosabowski and the Polish Brigade a scapegoat for the failure at Arnhem , perhaps to cover their own failings . On 17 October , Montgomery informed Alan Brooke — Chief of the Imperial General Staff — that he felt the Polish forces had " fought very badly " at Arnhem and that he did not want them under his command . Author David Bennett observes that Montgomery had almost certainly been fed gross misinformation that supported his own prejudices . A month later , Browning wrote a long and highly critical letter of Sosabowski to Brooke 's deputy . In it , he accused Sosabowski of being difficult , unadaptable , argumentative and " loth to play his full part in the operation unless everything was done for him and his brigade " . It is possible that Browning himself wanted to make Sosabowski a scapegoat , although it may equally have been the work of officers of the 43rd Division . Browning recommended that Sosabowski be replaced - suggesting Lieutenant Colonel Jachnik or Major Tonn - and in December the Polish government in exile duly dismissed him in a move almost certainly made under British pressure . Although it may be fair to say that Sosabowski was difficult to work with , his scapegoating is judged as disgraceful by many historical commentators . Brian Urquhart — who had done so much to warn his superiors about the dangers of Arnhem — described the criticism of Sosabowski and the brigade as " grotesque " and that his dismissal was a " shameful act " .
= = = Allied losses = = =
= = = Axis losses = = =
German casualty figures are less complete than those of the Allies , and official figures have never been released . A signal possibly sent by II SS Panzer Corps on 27 September listed 3 @,@ 300 casualties ( 1 @,@ 300 killed and 2 @,@ 000 injured ) around Arnhem and Oosterbeek . Robert Kershaw 's assessment of the incomplete records identified at least 2 @,@ 500 casualties . In the Roll of Honour : Battle of Arnhem 17 – 26 September 1944 , J.A. Hey of the Society of Friends of the Airborne Museum , Oosterbeek identified 1 @,@ 725 German dead from the Arnhem area relating to the time of the battle . All of these figures are significantly higher than Model 's conservative estimate of 3 @,@ 300 casualties for the entire Market Garden area of battle ( which included Eindhoven and Nijmegen ) .
= = = Arnhem = = =
Dutch records suggest that at least 453 civilians died during the battle , either as a result of Allied bombing on the first day or during the subsequent fighting . After the battle , the residents of Arnhem and its surrounding towns and villages were forcibly evicted from their homes , allowing the Germans to turn the north bank of the Rhine into a heavily defended line . Residents were not allowed to return home without a permit and most did not return until after the war . The Dutch homes were then systematically looted , with the spoils being sent to bombing victims in Germany . The Germans continued to fight Allied forces on the plains between Arnhem and Nijmegen , and the bridge that the 1st Airborne had fought so hard for was eventually destroyed by the Allies to deny German forces its use . On 7 October , it was bombed and destroyed by Martin B @-@ 26 Marauders of 344th Bomb Group , USAAF . The buildings of Arnhem were heavily shelled by the Allies over the next few months and suffered further when the city was eventually liberated in April 1945 .
= = Honours and memorials = =
Despite being the last great failure of the British Army , Arnhem has become a byword for the fighting spirit of the British people and has set a standard for the Parachute Regiment . Montgomery claimed that " in years to come it will be a great thing for a man to be able to say : ' I fought at Arnhem ' " , a prediction seemingly borne out by the pride of soldiers who took part , and the occasional desire of those who did not to claim that they were there .
Within days of Operation Berlin , the British returned to a heroes ' welcome in England . A list of 59 decorations was quickly published for the 2 @,@ 000 men who had returned and an investiture ceremony for the division was held at Buckingham Palace in December . Decorations for the 6000 who had not returned were not published until September 1945 and numbered only 25 .
Five of the British participants in the battle were awarded Britain 's highest award for gallantry , the Victoria Cross . Four were members of the Airborne forces and one was from the RAF . They were :
Lance @-@ Sergeant John Daniel Baskeyfield , 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment
Major Robert Henry Cain , 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment
Flight Lieutenant David Samuel Anthony Lord 271 Squadron , Royal Air Force
Captain Lionel Ernest Queripel , 10th Battalion , Parachute Regiment
Lieutenant John Hollington Grayburn , 2nd Battalion , Parachute Regiment
The British and Commonwealth system of battle honours recognised participation in fighting at Arnhem in 1956 , 1957 and 1958 by the award of the battle honour Arnhem 1944 to six units .
After the liberation of the Netherlands , the Grave Registration units of 2nd Army began the task of identifying the British dead . They were buried together in a field that is on permanent loan to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission just north of Oosterbeek . There are nearly 1 @,@ 800 graves in what is now known as the Airborne Cemetery , ¾ of which are for those killed during the 1944 battle . By 2003 , there were still 138 men unaccounted for and human remains , equipment and weaponry continue to be dug up in the farmland around the city .
In Germany , the battle was treated as a great victory and afterward no fewer than eight men were awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross . The German dead were gathered together and buried in the SS Heroes Cemetery near Arnhem , but after the war they were reburied in Ysselsteyn .
The shattered Arnhem road bridge was briefly replaced by a succession of Bailey bridges before being rebuilt in the same style as the original . It was renamed John Frostbrug ( literally John Frost Bridge ) on 17 December 1977 .
On 31 May 2006 , HM Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands conferred two honours on the Polish forces who fought at the battle . The Polish 1st Independent Airborne Brigade was awarded the Dutch Military William Order for gallantry and Stanisław Sosabowski was posthumously awarded the Bronze Lion . In February of that year , an appeal was launched to raise funds so that a memorial to General Sosabowski and the brigade could be erected . The memorial was unveiled in September 2006 in a ceremony that sought to undo the injustice of 1944 .
The Hotel Hartenstein , used by Urquhart as his Headquarters , is now the home of the Airborne Museum . Several other memorials were built in Arnhem and Oosterbeek , and an annual parade is held in the area . A memorial near the museum reads : " To the People of Gelderland ; 50 years ago British and Polish Airborne soldiers fought here against overwhelming odds to open the way into Germany and bring the war to an early end . Instead we brought death and destruction for which you have never blamed us . This stone marks our admiration for your great courage remembering especially the women who tended our wounded . In the long winter that followed your families risked death by hiding Allied soldiers and Airmen while members of the resistance led many to safety . "
= = In popular culture = =
The progress of the battle was widely reported in the British press , thanks largely to the efforts of two BBC reporters ( Stanley Maxted and Guy Byam ) and three journalists ( newspaper reporters Alan Wood of the Daily Express and Jack Smyth of Reuters ) who accompanied the British forces . The journalists had their reports sent back almost daily – ironically making communication with London at a time when Divisional Signals had not . The division was also accompanied by a three @-@ man team from the Army Film and Photographic Unit who recorded much of the battle – including many of the images on this page .
In 1945 , Louis Hagen , a Jewish refugee from Germany and a British army glider pilot present at the battle , wrote Arnhem Lift , believed to be the first book published about the events at Arnhem . In the same year filming began for the war movie Theirs is the Glory , which featured some original footage and used 120 Arnhem veterans as extras in many of the other scenes . Theirs is the Glory was released in 1946 and was followed in 1974 by the publication of Cornelius Ryan 's book A Bridge Too Far , which did much to bring the battle to a worldwide audience and then by Richard Attenborough 's film of the same name in 1977 , which used Frost and General Urquhart as military consultants .
English author Richard Adams , himself a former officer in the seatail of 250th ( Airborne ) Light Company , Royal Army Service Corps , stated that the struggle of the anthropomorphised rabbits depicted in his award @-@ winning 1972 novel Watership Down ( adapted into an animated film in 1978 ) was inspired by the adventures of the officers of the 250 Company of the 1st Airborne Division .
= Vega =
Vega ( α Lyr , α Lyrae , Alpha Lyrae ) is the brightest star in the constellation Lyra , the fifth brightest star in the night sky and the second brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere , after Arcturus . It is a relatively close star at only 25 light @-@ years from Earth , and , together with Arcturus and Sirius , one of the most luminous stars in the Sun 's neighborhood .
Vega has been extensively studied by astronomers , leading it to be termed “ arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun . ” Vega was the northern pole star around 12 @,@ 000 BC and will be so again around the year 13 @,@ 727 when the declination will be + 86 ° 14 ' . Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed and the first to have its spectrum recorded . It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated through parallax measurements . Vega has served as the baseline for calibrating the photometric brightness scale , and was one of the stars used to define the mean values for the UBV photometric system .
Vega is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun , but since it is 2 @.@ 1 times as massive its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun ; both stars are at present approaching the midpoint of their life expectancies . Vega has an unusually low abundance of the elements with a higher atomic number than that of helium . Vega is also a suspected variable star that may vary slightly in magnitude in a periodic manner . It is rotating rapidly with a velocity of 274 km / s at the equator . This is causing the equator to bulge outward because of centrifugal effects , and , as a result , there is a variation of temperature across the star 's photosphere that reaches a maximum at the poles . From Earth , Vega is being observed from the direction of one of these poles .
Based on an observed excess emission of infrared radiation , Vega appears to have a circumstellar disk of dust . This dust is likely to be the result of collisions between objects in an orbiting debris disk , which is analogous to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System . Stars that display an infrared excess because of dust emission are termed Vega @-@ like stars .
= = Observation history = =
Astrophotography , the photography of celestial objects , began in 1840 when John William Draper took an image of the Moon using the daguerreotype process . On July 17 , 1850 , Vega became the first star ( other than the Sun ) to be photographed , when it was imaged by William Bond and John Adams Whipple at the Harvard College Observatory , also with a daguerreotype . Henry Draper took the first photograph of a star 's spectrum in August 1872 when he took an image of Vega , and he also became the first person to show absorption lines in the spectrum of a star . Similar lines had already been identified in the spectrum of the Sun . In 1879 , William Huggins used photographs of the spectra of Vega and similar stars to identify a set of twelve " very strong lines " that were common to this stellar category . These were later identified as lines from the Hydrogen Balmer series . Since 1943 , the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified .
The distance to Vega can be determined by measuring its parallax shift against the background stars as the Earth orbits the Sun . The first person to publish a star 's parallax was Friedrich G. W. von Struve , when he announced a value of 0 @.@ 125 arcseconds ( 0 @.@ 125 ″ ) for Vega . But Friedrich Bessel was skeptical about Struve 's data , and , when Bessel published a parallax of 0 @.@ 314 ″ for the star system 61 Cygni , Struve revised his value for Vega 's parallax to nearly double the original estimate . This change cast further doubt on Struve 's data . Thus most astronomers at the time , including Struve , credited Bessel with the first published parallax result . However , Struve 's initial result was actually surprisingly close to the currently accepted value of 0 @.@ 129 ″ , as determined by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite .
The brightness of a star , as seen from Earth , is measured with a standardized , logarithmic scale . This apparent magnitude is a numerical value that decreases in value with increasing brightness of the star . The faintest stars visible to the unaided eye are sixth magnitude , while the brightest , Sirius , is of magnitude − 1 @.@ 46 . To standardize the magnitude scale , astronomers chose Vega to represent magnitude zero at all wavelengths . Thus , for many years , Vega was used as a baseline for the calibration of absolute photometric brightness scales . However , this is no longer the case , as the apparent magnitude zero point is now commonly defined in terms of a particular numerically specified flux . This approach is more convenient for astronomers , since Vega is not always available for calibration .
The UBV photometric system measures the magnitude of stars through ultraviolet , blue , and yellow filters , producing U , B , and V values , respectively . Vega is one of six A0V stars that were used to set the initial mean values for this photometric system when it was introduced in the 1950s . The mean magnitudes for these six stars were defined as : U − B
= B − V =
0 . In effect , the magnitude scale has been calibrated so that the magnitude of these stars is the same in the yellow , blue , and ultraviolet parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . Thus , Vega has a relatively flat electromagnetic spectrum in the visual region — wavelength range 350 – 850 nanometers , most of which can be seen with the human eye — so the flux densities are roughly equal ; 2000 – 4000 Jy . However , the flux density of Vega drops rapidly in the infrared , and is near 100 Jy at 5 micrometers .
Photometric measurements of Vega during the 1930s appeared to show that the star had a low @-@ magnitude variability on the order of ± 0 @.@ 03 magnitudes . This range of variability was near the limits of observational capability for that time , and so the subject of Vega 's variability has been controversial . The magnitude of Vega was measured again in 1981 at the David Dunlap Observatory and showed some slight variability . Thus it was suggested that Vega showed occasional low @-@ amplitude pulsations associated with a Delta Scuti variable . This is a category of stars that oscillate in a coherent manner , resulting in periodic pulsations in the star 's luminosity . Although Vega fits the physical profile for this type of variable , other observers have found no such variation . Thus the variability was thought to possibly be the result of systematic errors in measurement . However , a 2007 article surveyed these and other results , and concluded that " A conservative analysis of the foregoing results suggests that Vega is quite likely variable in the 1 @-@ 2 % range , with possible occasional excursions to as much as 4 % from the mean " . Also , a 2011 article affirms on its abstract that " The long @-@ term ( year @-@ to @-@ year ) variability of Vega was confirmed " .
Vega became the first solitary main @-@ sequence star beyond the Sun known to be an X @-@ ray emitter when in 1979 it was observed from an imaging X @-@ ray telescope launched on an Aerobee 350 from the White Sands Missile Range . In 1983 , Vega became the first star found to have a disk of dust . The Infrared Astronomical Satellite ( IRAS ) discovered an excess of infrared radiation coming from the star , and this was attributed to energy emitted by the orbiting dust as it was heated by the star .
= = Visibility = =
Vega can often be seen near the zenith in the mid @-@ northern latitudes during the evening in the Northern Hemisphere summer . From mid @-@ southern latitudes , it can be seen low above the northern horizon during the Southern Hemisphere winter . With a declination of + 38 @.@ 78 ° , Vega can only be viewed at latitudes north of 51 ° S. Therefore , it does not rise at all anywhere in Antarctica or in the southernmost part of South America , including Punta Arenas , Chile ( 53 ° S ) . At latitudes to the north of + 51 ° N , Vega remains continually above the horizon as a circumpolar star . Around July 1 , Vega reaches midnight culmination when it crosses the meridian at that time .
This star lies at a vertex of a widely spaced asterism called the Summer Triangle , which consists of the zero @-@ magnitude stars Vega in the constellation Lyra and Altair in Aquila , plus the first magnitude star Deneb in Cygnus . This formation is the approximate shape of a right triangle , with Vega located at its right angle . The Summer Triangle is recognizable in the northern skies for there are few other bright stars in its vicinity . Vega can be identified easily because Altair and its two neighboring stars form a line which points at Vega .
= = Properties = =
Vega 's spectral class is A0V , making it a blue @-@ tinged white main sequence star that is fusing hydrogen to helium in its core . Since more massive stars use their fusion fuel more quickly than smaller ones , Vega 's main @-@ sequence lifetime is roughly one billion years , a tenth of our Sun 's . The current age of this star is about 455 million years , or up to about half its expected total main @-@ sequence lifespan . After leaving the main sequence , Vega will become a class @-@ M red giant and shed much of its mass , finally becoming a white dwarf . At present , Vega has more than twice the mass of the Sun and its full luminosity is about 40 times the Sun 's value . However , because of its high rate of rotation , the pole is considerably brighter than the equator . Since we see it nearly pole @-@ on , its apparent luminosity from Earth is notably higher , about 57 times the Sun 's value . If Vega is variable , then it may be a Delta Scuti type with a period of about 0 @.@ 107 days .
Most of the energy produced at Vega 's core is generated by the carbon – nitrogen – oxygen cycle ( CNO cycle ) , a nuclear fusion process that combines protons to form helium nuclei through intermediary nuclei of carbon , nitrogen , and oxygen . This process requires a temperature of about 15 million K , which is higher than the core temperature of the Sun , but is less efficient than the Sun 's proton @-@ proton chain reaction fusion reaction . The CNO cycle is highly temperature sensitive , which results in a convection zone about the core that evenly distributes the ' ash ' from the fusion reaction within the core region . The overlying atmosphere is in radiative equilibrium . This is in contrast to the Sun , which has a radiation zone centered on the core with an overlying convection zone .
The energy flux from Vega has been precisely measured against standard
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
oral . Unlike most routes , the E751 centers on the Kanfanar interchange and has three arms , each extending to Rijeka , Pula and Koper . The total length of the route , including all the route arms , is 160 km ( 99 mi ) .
The E751 mostly consists of motorways , but considerable sections are either expressways or two @-@ lane roads with at @-@ grade intersections . All motorway sections of the E751 are tolled , using the electronic toll collection ( ETC ) and ticket systems . Since the 1980s , the E751 has gradually been upgraded from a regular two @-@ lane road to motorway standards , and further upgrades are still being carried out or planned in some areas , particularly in the Rijeka – Kanfanar section and in the section located in Slovenia . The bulk of the E751 consists of the Istrian Y roads operated by BINA Istra . The part of the route in Slovenia is managed by the Slovenian Roads Agency , part of the Government of Slovenia .
The E751 is considered to be of great importance for the economy and tourist industry of the region , as it links a large number of resorts to motorway systems in Slovenia and Croatia , providing a significant access route for thousands of motoring tourists . Furthermore , two endpoints of the E751 are located in the vicinity of the two major Adriatic seaports of Rijeka and Koper .
= = Route description = =
The 160 @-@ kilometre ( 99 mi ) long E751 , part of the International E @-@ road network , connects Croatian and Slovenian Adriatic coastal areas in the vicinity of the city of Rijeka , Istria and Slovenian Littoral . This European route is a Class B branch road , consisting mostly of motorways and expressways along with two @-@ lane roads that have at @-@ grade intersections . It diverges from European route E61 at the Matulji interchange of the Croatian A7 and the A8 motorways , and follows the A8 motorway route . Since sections of the A8 east of Rogovići interchange are still incomplete and lack the second carriageway , those comprise two @-@ lane , limited access roads with grade @-@ separated interchanges ( except the Opatija junction ) with the D8 state road and is at @-@ grade and regulated by traffic lights . As the A8 terminates at the Kanfanar interchange , the E751 switches to the six @-@ lane A9 motorway . At this junction , the E751 is signposted in both directions , following an approximately 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) long arm of the Istrian Y system , consisting of the A9 and the A8 roads , to Pula and a considerably longer northward arm to Umag . The A8 and the A9 are the longest segments of the E751 , being 141 kilometres ( 88 miles ) long combined . Following the northern terminus of the A9 motorway in the Umag interchange , the E751 switches to the 0 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 37 mi ) D510 connector and the northernmost section of the D21 state road running to the Kaštel / Dragonja border crossing to Slovenia . Beyond the border , the E751 follows the G11 road to the city of Koper , where the E751 terminates . Thus , unlike most routes , the E751 centers on a central interchange , Kanfanar , and has three arms , each extending to Rijeka , Pula and Koper .
The E751 route is of great importance for economy and tourist industry of Istria and Slovenian Littoral , as it links a large number of resorts to motorway systems in Slovenia and Croatia , providing a significant access route for thousands of motoring tourists . These resorts include Brijuni National Park , Fažana , Rovinj , Poreč , Novigrad , Umag , Piran and Portorož on either side of the Croatian – Slovenian border . Furthermore , two endpoints of the E751 are located in vicinity of two major Adriatic seaports : the Port of Rijeka and the Port of Koper .
= = Tolls = =
Since June 2011 , the E751 comprises the Croatian A8 and A9 tolled motorways of the Istrian Y. The tolls there are based on the vehicle classification in Croatia using a closed @-@ toll system . Tolls charged along the A9 motorway toll plazas vary depending on the length of route traveled and range from 3 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 0 @.@ 40 ) to 26 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 3 @.@ 51 ) for passenger cars and 15 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 2 @.@ 02 ) to 185 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 25 @.@ 00 ) for semi @-@ trailer trucks . Although A8 also employs a ticket system , usage of the road is free except for vehicles traversing the Učka Tunnel and the Kanfanar – Rogovići section . A user of the entire length of the A8 is charged 36 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 4 @.@ 86 ) for passenger cars or up to 205 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 27 @.@ 70 ) for semi @-@ trailers , depending on vehicle classification in Croatia . Ticket systems employed by the A9 and the A8 are unified ; tolls are not charged when switching between the two roads . The toll is payable in either Croatian kuna or euros using major credit cards , debit cards and a number of prepaid toll collection systems . The latter includes various types of smart cards issued by the motorway operator and ENC , an electronic toll collection ( ETC ) system which is used by most motorways in Croatia and provides drivers with discounted toll rates for dedicated lanes at toll plazas .
The operator of the A9 and the A8 routes , BINA Istra , reported a 65 @.@ 8 million kuna ( € 8 @.@ 9 million ) VAT @-@ free toll income in the first half of 2011 ; this represents an increase of 30 @.@ 8 percent compared to the same period of the previous year . The figure includes the entire Istrian Y system : the A9 motorway and the A8 motorway . A major part of the increase is attributed to introduction of the closed @-@ toll system , which replaced an open toll system where the toll was charged at the Mirna Bridge and the Učka Tunnel only . The part of the E751 in Slovenia , maintained by the Slovenian Roads Agency of the Government of Slovenia , is not tolled , nor is a short part of the E751 consisting of less than 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 miles ) Croatian state roads . The state roads in Croatia are maintained by Hrvatske ceste .
= = History = =
The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe was formed in 1947 , and their first major act to improve transportation was the joint UN declaration numbered 1264 . Signed in Geneva on September 16 , 1950 , it was named the Declaration on the Construction of Main International Traffic Arteries , which defined the first E @-@ road network . This declaration was amended several times before November 15 , 1975 , when it was replaced by the European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries ( AGR ) , which established a route @-@ numbering system and improved standards for roads on the list . The AGR went through several changes , the last one of which , as of 2011 , occurred 2008 . Reorganization of the E @-@ roads network of 1975 and 1983 defined the E751 road and assigned it to Rijeka – Pula – Koper route .
Since the first section of the Istrian Y , which constitutes the bulk of the E751 route , started in 1976 , with the first section opening in 1981 , there were no high @-@ performance road routes in Istria . Instead , the E751 was signposted along state roads , specifically the D66 spanning Rijeka and Pula , and then switched to the D21 in Pula all the way to the Kaštel border crossing . As the Istrian Y system was being developed , the E751 designation was gradually transferred to the new route , with consistent signposting of the E751 along the A9 and the A8 , just as the D3 state road designation west of Rijeka was transferred to the B8 and B9 ( later replaced by the A8 and A9 respectively ) .
= = = Planned development = = =
As of September 2011 , there were several plans aimed at the upgrading of the E751 constituent roads in various stages of design or implementation . The A8 route is planned to be upgraded to six @-@ lane motorway standards by its concessionaire , BINA Istra . The upgrade construction works are completed along a 18 @-@ kilometre ( 11 mi ) section of the route west of Rogovići , while the remainder is scheduled to be upgraded by late 2014 or early 2015 . The A9 motorway is largely complete , and the missing structures required to achieve a full six @-@ lane cross @-@ section of the motorway at the Mirna Bridge and the Limska Draga Viaduct are planned to be completed by 2014 . The remaining unbuilt section of the motorway is a short connection to the Slovenian border and planned H5 expressway . The expressway is scheduled to be built after 2013 , carrying the E751 to its terminus in Koper .
= = Junction list = =
= = = Kanfanar – Pula arm = = =
The entire route is in Istria County , Croatia .
= Battle for No.3 Post =
The Battle for No.3 Post ( 28 – 30 May 1915 ) was fought during the Gallipoli Campaign in the First World War , between the forces of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and the Turkish 19th Division .
The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade was responsible for the defence of the northern perimeter of the ANZAC beach @-@ head , holding a sector from the position known as Walker 's Top down the ridge line to the sea . Part of this defence line was formed by No.1 and No.2 Posts , isolated positions in the far north that could only be approached in safety during the hours of darkness . Near the end of May 1915 , the Turks started constructing a new position just inland from No.2 Post , that if left to be completed would cause problems for the New Zealanders . Therefore , it was decided to assault and capture the post . After the position was captured , it was named No.3 Post , and the New Zealanders settled in and attempted to improve its defences . The same night , the Turks counter @-@ attacked . Surrounded and cut off from the rest of the brigade , running short of ammunition and supplies , the defending 9th ( Wellington East Coast ) Squadron held out for twenty @-@ eight hours until relieved , and beat off several attempts to break through their lines . When the squadron was eventually relieved it was decided the post was untenable , and it was abandoned the same night .
The New Zealand Mounted Brigade 's casualties during the battle were forty @-@ two dead and 109 wounded . The exact number of Turkish casualties is not known but was around two hundred men . The New Zealand brigade went on to fight in the Battle of Chunuk Bair and the Battle of Hill 60 , and was then evacuated from the peninsula before the campaign ended in December 1915 .
= = Background = =
= = = ANZAC landings = = =
On 25 April , at the start of the Gallipoli Campaign , the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) landed at what later became known as Anzac Cove . Included in the landings was the New Zealand and Australian Division , but the division had been forced to leave part of its strength , including the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , behind in Egypt . The commanders believed there would be no requirement or opportunities for mounted troops on the peninsula . However , heavy casualties , and the lack of any other reinforcements , forced them to reconsider the decision , and the mounted troops were later dispatched to Gallipoli to serve in a dismounted role .
= = = New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade = = =
Under the command of Brigadier @-@ General Andrew Russell , the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade was raised in August 1914 and consisted of three regiments of mounted infantry . While the brigade had an establishment of 1 @,@ 940 men , when dismounted its rifle strength was only the equivalent of an infantry battalion . Each of the brigade 's regiments was formed from three squadrons , each of 158 men organised into a headquarters and four troops .
When the brigade arrived in Egypt , it came under the command of the newly formed New Zealand and Australian Division . In April 1915 , the division 's infantry units left Egypt for an undisclosed destination , and it was not until 1 May that the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade learned about the Gallipoli landings . Four days later the brigade received news that it would also deploy , as reinforcements , to Gallipoli , but in a dismounted role without their horses . They arrived off the Gallipoli peninsula on 12 May , and disembarked at Anzac Cove . The next day , the brigade moved into the front line on the northern left flank , relieving the Royal Naval Brigade . Their trenches stretched from the Aegean Sea to Walker 's Ridge , and included two outposts , No.1 Post and No.2 Post . The latter position was the beach @-@ head 's most northern position , situated only two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from Chatham 's Post , which was the southernmost point . The outlying position of the two posts meant that movement between them and the main lines could only be undertaken safely at night . The brigade deployed with the Canterbury Mounted Rifles on the left , the Auckland Mounted Rifles in the centre , and the Wellington Mounted Rifles on the right .
= = = Turkish forces = = =
The First World War Ottoman Turkish Army was badly underestimated by the Allies . During the war it would defeat forces from the British , French and Russian armies . Before the landings Gallipoli was defended by several divisions , based on infantry battalion strong @-@ points overlooking potential landing beaches . By April 1915 , the Turks had 82 fixed and 230 mobile artillery pieces on the peninsula .
In May 1915 , the Turkish force that would confront the New Zealanders was provided by the 19th Division , comprising the 57th , 72nd and 77th Infantry Regiments , all under the command of Colonel Mustafa Kemal . Kemal was noted as " the most imaginative , most successful officer to fight on either side " during the Gallipoli Campaign . How the Turks viewed the invasion can be judged by Kemal 's orders to his troops following the initial landings ; " Men , I am not ordering you to attack . I am ordering you to die . In the time that it takes us to die , other forces and commanders can come and take our place . "
Virtually all the Turkish Army commanders , down to company commander level , were very experienced , being veterans of the Balkan Wars . But their command structure was weaker at the non @-@ commissioned officer ( NCO ) level , with only one NCO in each company . One advantage that the Turkish Army had over the New Zealanders , at the time , was their hand grenades , which were not used by the British forces .
= = No.3 Post = =
= = = Capture = = =
After an abortive Turkish attack in early May , from the middle of the month the New Zealanders observed their opponents improving their defensive positions . One position in particular was started overnight on 26 / 27 May , at the foot of the ridge that led down to No.2 Post and only 450 yards ( 410 m ) from it . It gave the New Zealanders cause for concern , and therefore it was decided that the position must be captured and denied to the Turks .
Plans for the assault were formed , and the task was given to the 1st ( Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry ) Squadron of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles , commanded by Major Percy Acton @-@ Adams . On 28 May , the squadron was concentrated at No.2 Post and at 22 : 00 left the post to capture the Turkish position . By 23 : 30 , after advancing along the ridge , they arrived and with only slight opposition drove off the twenty Turkish defenders at a cost of one dead and five wounded . They were followed up by the 6th ( Manawatu ) Squadron from the Wellington Mounted Rifles , who carried entrenching tools to improve the defences and would then garrison the position , now named No.3 Post .
The 6th Squadron , who had orders to " hold the post until relieved " , started constructing defences against a Turkish counter @-@ attack , which would not be easy as the post was surrounded on three sides by the Turks . After sunrise on 29 May the squadron was in full view of the Turks and they were engaged by small arms and artillery fire . They were forced to take cover and stop building defences . That night at 21 : 00 the 6th Squadron was relieved by three troops ( nine officers and ninety @-@ three other ranks ) of the 9th ( Wellington East Coast ) Squadron , Wellington Mounted Rifles , commanded by Major Selwyn Chambers .
= = = Defence = = =
Chambers and his second in command , Captain Charles Spragg , immediately set about constructing a defensive trench across the post , and strengthening its other defences . But by now the Turks , from the 72nd Infantry Regiment , about 1 @,@ 000 @-@ strong , had managed to use the terrain and darkness to close in on the position . At 22 : 00 Chambers reported that the position was under attack and surrounded , and at 23 : 35 the telephone line to headquarters was cut by the Turks . The area in front of No.3 Post was in a gully and out of sight to the defenders , so they had to climb on the trench parapet to engage the Turks . This tactic worked well , and they broke up the Turkish assault , causing the attackers some casualties . The Turks did not withdraw far , and crept up to the edge of the New Zealanders ' trench during the night . They then threw hand grenades into the New Zealanders ' position . At the same time , small arms fire from the surrounding Turkish positions pinned the New Zealanders down .
Just after midnight the New Zealanders sent the 2nd ( Wellington West Coast ) Squadron , commanded by Major James McGregor Elmslie , forward to reinforce the 9th Squadron . But by itself the 2nd Squadron was not strong enough to break through the Turkish lines and reach the post , and at times they had to engage in close quarter fighting in the thick scrub . Eventually the 2nd Squadron had to form their own defensive position in the ground between No.2 and No.3 Posts .
At 03 : 00 , just before dawn , Spragg took command of the trench in the southern sector of No.3 Post , opposite where the Turks appeared to be gathering their forces to assault the post . He successfully deployed his men so that when the attack began , it was met and broken up by the New Zealanders ' small arms fire . But by 03 : 30 the post was under sustained Turkish rifle and grenade attack and the relieving 2nd Squadron was still held up on a ridge to the south of the post . Between them and No.3 Post was a strong Turkish force which had dug in and were in communication with the Turkish attackers in the gully to the north of the post . However , the 2nd Squadron could now bring their own small arms fire onto the Turks attacking No.3 Post , making them keep their heads down . At daylight Elmslie led a troop in an attack which captured a Turkish trench to the left of the post . At 06 : 30 communications were re @-@ established with No.3 Post by using signal flags , and Allied artillery were able to bring harassing fire onto the Turkish communications trenches . But by now the defenders were running short of supplies , especially ammunition , and no one could be spared to look after the wounded , who had to see to themselves .
The 6th Squadron , commanded by Major Charles Dick , were also sent forward to support the 2nd Squadron 's attempt to break through to the post . Advancing along the ridge from No.2 Post , they reached a position on the open plateau to the north of No.3 Post , but neither of the relieving squadrons could break through the Turkish lines , and were confronted by heavy Turkish fire from the surrounding higher ground . They were blocked by the sheer number of Turkish troops . Around noon the Turks undermined and blew up part of the trench at No.3 Post , which they then occupied . Turkish attacks continued all day , and they brought into action a mountain artillery gun from a nearby position . It was now estimated that around 3 @,@ 000 Turkish troops were involved in the assault on No.3 Post .
Unable to break through to No.3 Post during the day , the New Zealanders decided to wait for nightfall to make another attempt . At the same time the Canterbury Mounted Rifles were warned they would have to provide two squadrons to take over the defence , once the 9th Squadron had been relieved . During this time the Turks had not given up their attempts to recapture the post . At 19 : 00 Chambers signalled that the " repeated bombing of the trenches on the northern side of the post had resulted in a portion of the trenches being damaged , to such an extent that he could no longer prevent the enemy from getting in . " This was followed ten minutes later with a message that the Turks had occupied the trenches in the north of the post . Around the same time the 6th Squadron , advancing from the south , had managed to get to within one hundred yards ( 91 m ) of the post before being pinned down . Even though they now had fire support from a mountain artillery battery and a British destroyer , HMS Rattlesnake , they were unable to advance any further . As darkness approached the Turkish attacks lessened , and at 22 : 30 , covered by the 2nd and 6th Squadrons , the 10th ( Nelson ) Squadron and two troops from the 8th ( South Canterbury ) Squadron from the Canterbury Mounted Rifles managed to break through to No.3 Post . By 23 : 00 the 9th Squadron 's survivors had been evacuated and the Canterbury Regiment had taken over the defence of the post . An hour later the 2nd and 6th Squadrons were withdrawn back to the brigade lines . Shortly after the relief , it was decided that the post was untenable and it was abandoned . While the Canterburys were withdrawing south towards No.1 Post they were attacked by the Turks . The New Zealanders turned and opened fire , then counter @-@ attacked in a bayonet charge , forcing the Turks to withdraw before re @-@ occupying No.3 Post . The 9th Squadron had held out for twenty @-@ eight hours , during which the brigade had lost forty @-@ two men killed and 109 wounded , the vast majority from 9th Squadron . Turkish casualties were around two hundred men .
= = Aftermath = =
The battle for No.3 Post seemed a major event to those involved , but in General Ian Hamilton 's dispatches the fight only received a brief mention : " On 28 May , at 9 p.m. , a raid was made on a Turkish post overlooking the beach 1 @,@ 200 yards north of Kaba Tepe , H.M.S. " Rattlesnake " co @-@ operating . A party of 50 rifles rushed the post , killing or capturing the occupants . A similar raid was made against an enemy trench to the left of our line which cost the Turks 200 casualties , as was afterwards ascertained . "
The battle for No.3 Post cost the New Zealanders forty @-@ two dead and 109 wounded . The brigade fought another two battles at Gallipoli : the Battle of Chunuk Bair , and the Battle of Hill 60 . Their involvement in these battles proved costly , and in September 1915 , with a strength of only 249 men , they left the peninsula for the rest camp on the island of Lemnos . During the campaign , 4 @,@ 000 men served in the brigade ; 727 of those were killed and 1 @,@ 239 wounded , which equates to a casualty rate of almost fifty per cent . Amongst the dead were Chambers – the commander of the 9th Squadron – and Elmslie of the 6th Squadron . Both survived the battle for No.3 Post , but not the campaign , and were killed in action in August 1915 during the Battle of Chunuk Bair . Like many other New Zealanders , neither have a known grave , and they are therefore commemorated on the Chunuk Bair Memorial . The adjacent Commonwealth War Graves Commission Chunuk Bair Cemetery has 632 graves of which only ten men have been identified . During the 260 days of the Gallipoli Campaign , a total of 2 @,@ 721 New Zealand soldiers were killed and another 4 @,@ 852 wounded , out of the total 8 @,@ 556 New Zealanders who took part . The exact number of Turkish casualties at Gallipoli is not known , but has been estimated at 87 @,@ 000 dead , from a total of around 250 @,@ 000 casualties .
The war between the British and Ottoman Turkish Empires ended on 31 October 1918 , following the signing of the Armistice of Mudros . In November , the Canterbury Mounted Rifles were selected to be part of the Allied force of occupation for the Dardanelles peninsula . During their time there they took the opportunity to look for and bury the brigade 's war dead . Kemal , the commander of the Turkish 19th Division , survived the war . Following the Turkish War of Independence he became known as Atatürk ( Father of the Turks ) and became the first president of the new Republic of Turkey , where he is acknowledged as the nation 's " founding father " .
= New York State Route 146B =
New York State Route 146B ( NY 146B ) was a state highway in southern Saratoga County , New York , in the United States . It was 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) long and located entirely within the town of Clifton Park . The western terminus of the route was at an intersection with NY 146 , its parent route , in the hamlet of Rexford . The eastern terminus of NY 146B was in the hamlet of Groom Corners , where it met Miller and Sugarhill roads . NY 146B was assigned c . 1932 and removed c . 1965 . Its former routing is now the western portion of County Route 91 ( CR 91 ) .
= = Route description = =
NY 146B began at an intersection with NY 146 in Rexford , a small riverside hamlet in the town of Clifton Park . The route headed southeastward on Riverview Road , following the northern bank of the Mohawk River ( also part of the Erie Canal ) through the town . It passed to the south of the Edison Country Club and remained on the riverbank to an intersection with Grooms Road approximately 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) southeast of Rexford . Here , NY 146B turned eastward to follow Grooms Road to the hamlet of Groom Corners , a community based around the intersection of Grooms , Miller and Sugarhill roads . NY 146B ended at this junction ; however , Grooms Road continued eastward to a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the town of Halfmoon .
= = History = =
On July 11 , 1916 , the state of New York let a contract for improving a series of roadways linking Groom Corners to Waite Corners by way of Rexford Flats ( now Rexford ) . Approximately half of the project was complete by 1920 , while the remainder was completed by 1926 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the portion of the Groom Corners – Waite Corners highway from Rexford to Waite Corners became part of the new NY 146 . The remainder of the highway from Rexford to Groom Corners was designated as NY 146B , a spur route of NY 146 , c . 1932 . NY 146B remained unchanged until c . 1965 , when the designation was removed from the highway . The former routing of NY 146B is now part of CR 91 , which continues eastward on Grooms Road to meet US 9 in the town of Halfmoon . Additionally , the Riverview Road portion of old NY 146B is now part of the Mohawk Towpath Scenic Byway , a National Scenic Byway .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route was in Clifton Park , Saratoga County .
= Sister City ( Parks and Recreation ) =
" Sister City " is the fifth episode of the second season of Parks and Recreation , and the eleventh overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on October 15 , 2009 . In the episode , Leslie welcomes a delegation from Venezuela , who act disrespectfully toward Pawnee and the United States .
The episode was written by Alan Yang and directed by series co @-@ creator Michael Schur . It featured Saturday Night Live performer Fred Armisen in a guest appearance as Raul , the head of the Venezuelan delegation . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was seen by 4 @.@ 69 million household viewers , a drop from the previous week . The episode received generally positive reviews .
= = Plot = =
Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) and the Pawnee parks department prepares for a visit by park department officials from Boraqua , Pawnee 's Sister City in Venezuela . Leslie warns her co @-@ workers the Venezuelan government officials will likely be poor , simple people . Later , the Venezuelan delegation arrives , headed by their parks department vice director Raul Alejandro Bastilla Pedro de Veloso de Morana , the Vice @-@ director Ejecutivo del Diputado del Departmento de Parques , L.G.V. ( Fred Armisen ) . There are cultural clashes right away , like when they mistake Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) for a servant and order him to get their bags . They also mistakenly believe they can choose any woman to have sex with ; they all favor Donna ( Retta ) . Raul and Leslie exchange gifts during a meet @-@ and @-@ greet party , where Raul and the Venezuelans act condescending toward the Pawnee residents , making offensive remarks about the town and mocking the gifts Leslie gives them . They continue to give orders to Tom , who follows along because they give him large cash tips .
The Venezuelan intern Johnny ( JC Gonzalez ) falls in love with April ( Aubrey Plaza ) , who convinces him she is feared and very powerful . Meanwhile , Leslie tells the Venezuelans that she is seeking to raise $ 35 @,@ 000 to fill in a pit to make a park . Raul and his colleagues start to laugh , telling her they have so much money from oil , they can build whatever they want . Leslie , who is growing increasingly annoyed with the Venezuelans , decides to take them to Pawnee 's nicest park with hopes of impressing them . Instead , they are disgusted , and Raul mistakes the park for the aforementioned pit . Leslie later takes them to a public meeting to show them democracy in action , but all of the citizens shout angry and annoyed questions at Leslie . An unimpressed Raul wonders where are the armed guards to take the protestors to jail . When Raul tells Leslie they live like kings in Venezuela and answer to nobody , she explodes in anger , insulting their uniforms and Hugo Chavez . The Venezuelans storm out .
Leslie calls a meeting and apologizes to Raul , who in turn apologizes as well and offers Leslie a check for $ 35 @,@ 000 to fill in the pit . Leslie fears it may be " dirty money " , but accepts . During a photo opportunity later , Raul sets up a video camera and asks Leslie say " Viva Venezuela " and " Viva Chavez " to it . Against her wishes , Leslie reluctantly does so . When Raul starts speaking Spanish to the camera , Leslie asks April to translate , and learns Raul is discussing his " Committee to Humiliate and Shame America " . A furious Leslie tears up the $ 35 @,@ 000 check and shouts " Viva America " , prompting Raul to declare Pawnee is no longer their sister city and storm out . Leslie insists she will raise the money to build the park without them and Tom , inspired by her example , secretly puts all the tip money he made from the Venezuelans into the park donation jar . The episode ends with Leslie and Tom later receiving an online video from April , who tells them she and Donna are vacationing with Johnny ( JC Gonzalez ) in his Venezuelan palace , which is watched over by armed guards .
= = Production = =
" Sister City " was written by Alan Yang and directed by series co @-@ creator Michael Schur . The episode featured comedian Fred Armisen in a guest appearance as Raul , the vice director of a Venezuelan parks department . Armisen was a cast member of NBC 's sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live , where he previously worked with performer Poehler and writer Schur . Armisen has played Venezuelan characters before , and previously imitated President of Venezuela Hugo Chavez on Saturday Night Live . Armisen said he got into character by thinking about his uncle , who is from Venezuela . But he said it was not a difficult performance because " most of the joke is the uniform " , which included a tan military @-@ style jacket with medals , a red beret and a sash with the colors of the Venezuela flag . The uniform also included a fictional seal designed by Schur , which included an image of Chavez , machine guns , an oil tower , a lion and a parrot .
Schur said of the episode 's plot , " They 're very confused because in Venezuela the government is so powerful ; their parks department travels with military escorts and motorcades and stuff . They have all the money in the world because of their oil and they ( don 't understand ) why Pawnee 's parks department is so rinky @-@ dink . " A fan of Parks and Recreation since its inception , Armisen said he laughed as soon as he read the script , and found it even funnier during the table read with the cast . After working with Armisen , Rashida Jones described him as " one of the funniest people on the planet " .
Within a week of the episode 's original broadcast , three deleted scenes from " Sister City " were made available on the official Parks and Recreation website . In the first 100 @-@ second clip , Ron talks about his hatred for socialism , and Raul says he fears Ron because of his mustache , which he said makes him " cower in fear " ( repeatedly saying the word ' mustache ' ) . In the second minute @-@ long clip , Raul discusses the medals he received for his parks @-@ related accomplishments , including " doing away with people making speeches in the parks " , " organizing the garbage so it 's not all over the place " and " looking at the leaves " . In the third 100 @-@ second clip , Raul and the Venezuelans question why Leslie does not have a giant oil painting of herself in her office . After his final argument with Leslie , Tom refuses to follow Raul 's orders to open the door for him , and Raul has trouble opening it because " it 's been a while since I 've done this " .
= = Cultural references = =
" Sister City " largely portrayed Chavez and his socialist ideology in a negative light . The script portrays the Venezuelans as belittling and contemptuous toward Americans . They repeatedly claim Pawnee and the United States are inferior compared to the power and splendor they are accustomed to in Venezuela . Their negative attitude toward Americans is particularly demonstrated by the name of their delegation , the Committee to Humiliate and Shame America , as well as the line from one of the delegates , " This is not personal . We just think you are weak and your city is disgusting . "
While discussing how many television channels he gets in Venezuela , Raul said he already knows who wins Project Runway , a fashion design reality television show on the Bravo network . In trying to maintain composure in the face of insults from the Venezuelans , Leslie said she was following the example of U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , of whom she said , " Nobody takes a punch like her . She 's the strongest , smartest punching bag in the world . " Raul says his city is also a sister city to Kaesong , North Korea , which he said is " far nicer " than Pawnee .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast on October 15 , 2009 , " Sister City " was seen by 4 @.@ 69 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . It was a drop from the previous week 's episode , " Practice Date " . " Sister City " received a 2 @.@ 0 rating / 6 share among viewers aged between 18 and 49 . The episode received generally positive reviews . Entertainment Weekly writer Henning Fog said " Sister City " continued a trend of excellence in the second season that has established Parks and Recreation as NBC 's best comedy . Fog said the episode also further expanded its characters , by showing Leslie is not a complete pushover and Tom is a kind person .
Salon.com writer Heather Havrilesky called the episode an " instant classic " , and particularly praised the guest performance of Fred Armisen . She said the episode " benefits from the show 's writers ' increasing habit of giving everything from political scandals to lame local events the Onion treatment " . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said it was " another strong one " , and said the Leslie character is growing less clueless and more three @-@ dimensional . Robert Philpot of the Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram said he believed the show still too closely resembled The Office , but that " Sister City " " showed that Parks and Recreation can equal The Office for comic discomfort " . Fowler of IGN said the anti @-@ American sentiment demonstrated by the Venezuelan delegation " was a funny twist that didn 't completely wear itself out , although it came close " . Fowler particularly praised Armisen , who he said risked overshadowing the regular cast , and the sardonic comedy of Plaza . Not all reviews were positive . The A.V. Club writer Leonard Pierce , who said he felt the second season had been excellent so far , described " Sister City " as " easily the weakest episode of the season , maybe the series " . Pierce called the political overtones " ham @-@ handed " , the humor was too over @-@ the @-@ top , and the episode suffered from the absence of most of the supporting cast .
= = DVD release = =
" Sister City " , along with the other 23 second season episodes of Parks and Recreation , was released on a four @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on November 30 , 2010 . The DVD included deleted scenes for each episode . It also included a commentary track for " Sister City " featuring Amy Poehler , Fred Armisen , Alan Yang and Michael Schur .
= Russian monitor Admiral Spiridov =
The Russian monitor Admiral Spiridov was the name ship of her class of monitors built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the late 1860s . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and remained there for her entire career . Aside from an accidental collision her service was uneventful . The sister ships were reclassified as coast @-@ defense ironclads in 1892 before they became training ships in 1900 . Admiral Spiridov was stricken from the Navy List in 1907 and became a coal @-@ storage barge . Her ultimate fate is unknown .
= = Design and description = =
The Admiral Spiridov @-@ class monitors were significantly larger than their predecessors , the Charodeika class , and were 254 feet ( 77 @.@ 4 m ) long at the waterline . They had a beam of 43 feet ( 13 @.@ 1 m ) and a maximum draft of 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) . The ships were designed to displace 3 @,@ 196 long tons ( 3 @,@ 247 t ) , but turned out to be overweight and actually displaced 3 @,@ 505 to 3 @,@ 587 long tons ( 3 @,@ 561 to 3 @,@ 645 t ) . Their crew consisted of 280 officers and crewmen . The Admiral Spiridov class had a single two @-@ cylinder horizontal direct @-@ acting steam engine , which drove a single propeller using steam provided by four rectangular fire @-@ tube boilers . The engine was designed to produce a total of 2 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 500 kW ) , which gave the ship a speed of 9 @.@ 1 knots ( 16 @.@ 9 km / h ; 10 @.@ 5 mph ) from 2 @,@ 060 ihp ( 1 @,@ 540 kW ) when she ran her initial sea trials in 1871 . Two years later , Admiral Spiridov ran them again , this time reaching 10 @.@ 2 knots ( 18 @.@ 9 km / h ; 11 @.@ 7 mph ) . The ship carried 280 long tons ( 280 t ) of coal which gave her a range of 1 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 600 km ; 1 @,@ 600 mi ) at full speed . She was fitted with three masts in a light fore @-@ and @-@ aft rig to steady her and aid in maneuvering .
The monitors were ultimately designed to be armed with four Obukhov 9 @-@ inch rifled guns , a pair in each turret . In 1874 – 75 the guns were replaced by a single 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) gun . During the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1877 – 78 , a 9 @-@ inch mortar was fitted to attack the thin deck armor of enemy ships , but accuracy was poor and they were later removed , probably in the early 1880s . Admiral Spiridov retained her original guns until 1902 , although a more powerful 11 @-@ inch gun may have been installed after that date . Light guns for use against torpedo boats were added to the Admiral Spiridov @-@ class ships during the Russo @-@ Turkish War when a pair of 4 @-@ pounder 3 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 86 mm ) guns were mounted on the roofs of each gun turret . A variety of other small guns are known to have been fitted , but details are lacking . The ships could also carry 12 to 15 mines .
The hull of the Admiral Spiridov @-@ class monitors was completely covered by wrought @-@ iron armor that was 5 @.@ 5 to 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 140 to 165 mm ) thick amidships and thinned to 3 @.@ 25 inches ( 83 mm ) aft and 3 @.@ 5 inches ( 89 mm ) forward of the main belt . The turrets had 6 inches of armor , except around the gun ports , where it thickened to 6 @.@ 5 inches . The conning tower was 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and the deck armor was in two layers with a total thickness of 1 inch .
= = Construction and service = =
Admiral Spiridov , named for Admiral Grigory Spiridov , was ordered on 4 June 1865 from the Semiannikov & Poletika Shipyard , Saint Petersburg , although the formal keel @-@ laying was not until 20 November 1866 . Construction was delayed by changes to the design and late deliveries of components . She was launched on 28 August 1868 and then transferred to Kronstadt for fitting out as the shallow waters around Saint Petersburg prevented deep @-@ draft ships from being completed . This added more delays as the dockyard there lacked the equipment to efficiently fit out the ships , and she officially entered service in 1869 at the cost of 1 @,@ 177 @,@ 500 rubles .
The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion , but she was not fully equipped until around 1872 and her trials continued until 1873 . Admiral Spiridov accidentally rammed the monitor Admiral Lazarev in Kronstadt harbor in 1871 , but was only slightly damaged . Steam @-@ powered steering gear was installed in the ship in 1887 and she was reclassified as a coast @-@ defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 . By this time , her role in Russian war plans was to defend the Gulf of Riga against an anticipated German amphibious landing . In 1900 , Admiral Spiridov was assigned to the Kronstadt Engineering School as a training ship . She was transferred to the Port of Kronstadt on 31 March 1907 for disposal . The ship was stricken on 14 August and Admiral Spiridov became a stationary coal @-@ storage barge . Her subsequent fate is unknown . One source suggests that she and her sister Admiral Chichagov , and the two Admiral Lazarev @-@ class monitors , were used as floating piers for the railroad bridge over the Svir River during the construction of the Saint Petersburg – Murmansk Railroad in 1916 before being scrapped in the 1920s .
= Elizabeth Canning =
Elizabeth Canning ( married name Treat ; 17 September 1734 – June 1773 ) was an English maidservant who claimed to have been kidnapped and held against her will in a hayloft for almost a month . She ultimately became central to one of the most famous English criminal mysteries of the 18th century .
She disappeared on 1 January 1753 , before returning almost a month later to her mother 's home in Aldermanbury in the City of London , emaciated and in a " deplorable condition " . After being questioned by concerned friends and neighbours she was interviewed by the local alderman , who then issued an arrest warrant for Susannah Wells , the woman who occupied the house in which Canning was supposed to have been held . At Wells ' house in Enfield Wash , Canning identified Mary Squires as another of her captors , prompting the arrest and detention of both Wells and Squires . London magistrate Henry Fielding became involved in the case , taking Canning 's side . Further arrests were made and several witness statements were taken , and Wells and Squires were ultimately tried and found guilty — Squires of the more serious and potentially capital charge of theft .
However , Crisp Gascoyne , trial judge and Lord Mayor of London , was unhappy with the verdict and began his own investigation . He spoke with witnesses whose testimony implied that Squires and her family could not have abducted Canning , and he interviewed several of the prosecution 's witnesses , some of whom recanted their earlier testimony . He ordered Canning 's arrest , following which she was tried and found guilty of perjury . Squires was pardoned , and Canning sentenced to one month 's imprisonment and seven years of transportation .
Canning 's case pitted two groups of believers against one another : the pro @-@ Canning " Canningites " , and the pro @-@ Squires " Egyptians " . Gascoyne was openly abused and attacked in the street , while interested authors waged a fierce war of words over the fate of the young , often implacable maid . She died in Wethersfield , Connecticut , in 1773 , but the mystery surrounding her disappearance remains unsolved .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Canning was born on 17 September 1734 in the City of London , the eldest of five surviving children born to William ( a carpenter ) and Elizabeth Canning . The family lived in two rooms in Aldermanbury Postern ( a northern extension of Aldermanbury that formerly ran from a postern gate on London Wall to Fore Street ; it no longer exists ) in London . Aldermanbury was a respectable but not particularly wealthy neighbourhood . Canning was born into poverty . Her father died in 1751 and her mother and four siblings shared a two @-@ room property with James Lord , an apprentice . Lord occupied the building 's front room , while Canning 's family lived in the back room . Her schooling was limited to only a few months at a writing school , and aged 15 or 16 she worked as a maidservant in the household of nearby publican John Wintlebury , who considered her an honest but shy girl . From October 1752 she lived at the neighbouring home of a carpenter Edward Lyon , who shared Wintlebury 's opinion of the young maidservant . Canning was described as a plump 18 @-@ year @-@ old , about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) tall with a face pitted by smallpox , a long , straight nose , and wide @-@ set eyes .
= = = Disappearance = = =
Canning disappeared on 1 January 1753 . With no work that day , she spent time with her family and made plans to go shopping with her mother after visiting her aunt and uncle ( Alice and Thomas Colley ) , but changed her mind and instead remained with them for the evening . At about 9 pm , accompanied by her aunt and uncle for about two @-@ thirds of the journey , she left to return to her lodgings in Aldermanbury .
When she failed to return to her lodgings at Edward Lyon 's house , her employer twice went looking for her at her mother 's home . Mrs Canning sent her other three children to Moorfields to search for her , while James Lord went to the Colleys , who told him that they had left Elizabeth at about 9 : 30 pm near Aldgate church in Houndsditch . The next morning Mrs Canning also travelled to the Colleys ' house , but to no avail , as Elizabeth was still missing . Neighbours were asked if they knew of her whereabouts , and weeks passed as Mrs Canning searched the neighbourhood for her daughter , while her relatives scoured the city . An advertisement was placed in the newspapers , prayers were read aloud in churches and meeting houses , but other than a report of a " woman 's shriek " from a hackney coach on 1 January , no clues were found as to Elizabeth 's disappearance .
= = = Reappearance = = =
Canning reappeared at about 10 pm on 29 January 1753 . At the sight of her daughter , whom she had not seen for almost a month , Elizabeth Canning fainted . Once recovered she sent James Lord to fetch several neighbours , and inside only a few minutes the house was full . Elizabeth was described as being in a " deplorable condition " ; her face and hands were black with dirt , she wore a shift , a petticoat , and a bedgown . A dirty rag tied around her head was soaked with blood from a wounded ear . According to her story she had been attacked by two men near Bedlam Hospital . They had partially stripped her , robbed her and hit her in the temple , rendering her unconscious . She awoke " by a large road , where was water , with the two men that robbed me " and was forced to walk to a house , where an old woman asked if she would " go their way " ( become a prostitute ) . Canning had refused , and the woman cut off her corset , slapped her face and pushed her upstairs into a loft . There the young maidservant had remained for almost a month , with no visitors and existing only on bread and water . The clothing she wore she had scavenged from a fireplace in the loft . Canning had eventually made her escape by pulling some boards away from a window and walking the five @-@ hour journey home . She recalled hearing the name " Wills or Wells " , and as she had seen through the window a coachman she recognised , thought she had been held on the Hertford Road . On this evidence , John Wintlebury and a local journeyman , Robert Scarrat , identified the house as that of " Mother " Susannah Wells at Enfield Wash , nearly 10 miles ( 16 km ) distant .
Her reappearance and subsequent explanation ( including the assumption that she had been held at Wells 's house ) were the following day printed in the London Daily Advertiser . She was visited by the apothecary , but with her pulse faint , and so weak she could scarcely speak , she vomited up the medicine he gave her . He administered several glysters until satisfied with the results , following which Canning was taken by her friends and neighbours to the Guildhall to see Alderman Thomas Chitty , to ask that he issue a warrant for Wells 's arrest .
= = = = Enfield Wash = = = =
Chitty issued the warrant and on 1 February Canning 's friends took her to Enfield Wash . Despite her poor physical condition Canning 's supporters wanted her to identify her captors and the room she claimed to have been held in , and worried she might die before then , took the risk of moving her . Wintlebury , Scarrat and Joseph Adamson ( a neighbour ) were the first to arrive , on horseback . They met the warrant officer and several peace officers , and waited for Susannah Wells to appear . Wells 's house had served a variety of functions , including that of a carpenter 's shop , a butchers and an ale @-@ house . The old woman kept animals in the house and occasionally had lodgers . She had twice been widowed ; her first husband was a carpenter and her second had been hanged for theft . She had also been imprisoned in 1736 for perjury . Sarah Howit , her daughter by her first husband , had lived there for about two years . Howit 's brother John was a carpenter like his father , and lived nearby .
When at about 9 am Wells entered her house , the officers immediately moved to secure the building . Inside they found Wells , an old woman named Mary Squires , her children , Virtue Hall and a woman they supposed was Wells 's daughter . Another woman , Judith Natus , was brought down from the loft to be questioned with the rest . The warrant officer who searched the loft was surprised when he discovered that it did not resemble the room described by Canning , and nor could he find evidence of her having jumped from the window . The rest of the party , who had by then arrived in a hired coach and chaise , were similarly surprised .
Canning , who had arrived in the chaise with her mother and two other people , was carried into the house by Adamson . There she identified Mary Squires as the woman who had cut off her stays , and claimed that Virtue Hall and a woman presumed to be Squires 's daughter had been present at the time . Canning was then taken upstairs where she identified the loft as the room in which she had been imprisoned — although it contained more hay than she recalled . Boards covering the window appeared to have only recently been fastened there . With such damning evidence against them , the suspects were taken to a nearby justice of the peace , Merry Tyshemaker , who examined Canning alone , and then those from Wells 's house . Squires and Wells were committed , the former for removing Canning 's stays and the latter for " keeping a disorderly House " . George Squires and Virtue Hall , who both denied any involvement in the kidnapping , were set free ; Canning and her supporters were allowed home .
= = = = Fielding 's investigation = = = =
Assault in 18th @-@ century England was viewed by the authorities not as a breach of the peace , but rather as a civil action between two parties in dispute . The onus therefore was on Canning to take legal action against those she claimed had imprisoned her , and she would also be responsible for investigating the crime . This was an expensive proposition and she would therefore require the help of her friends and neighbours to pursue her case . An additional complication was that rather than send such matters to trial , justices preferred to reconcile the parties concerned . Therefore , although it was the state in which she returned to them on 29 January which most offended Canning 's friends , it was the theft of her stays — valued then at about 10 shillings — that was the most promising aspect of the case . The theft could be tried under a capital statute , making the assault charge less worthy of legal attention .
While Canning 's medical treatment continued , her supporters , mostly men , prepared the case against Squires and Wells . They took legal advice from a solicitor , a Mr Salt , who advised them to consult the Magistrate and author Henry Fielding . Fielding was 45 years old , and after years of arguments with other Grub Street authors and a lifetime of drink , was approaching the end of his life . Since " taking the sacrament " four years earlier and becoming a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and Westminster , he had , with " volcanic energy " , concerned himself with the activities of criminals . In December 1751 he had published Amelia , a story of a young woman dragged into vice and folly by her abusive husband . Although the book was poorly received , with his experience of criminology Fielding believed he understood the depths to which humans could descend . Thus when Salt divulged the case to him on 6 February Fielding 's curiosity was piqued , and he agreed to take Canning 's sworn testimony the next day . Although Fielding was disinclined to believe a simple servant @-@ girl he was impressed with her modesty and genteel manner , and issued a warrant against all the occupants of Wells 's house , " that they might appear before me , [ and ] give Security for their good Behaviour " . Virtue Hall and Judith Natus were thus seized , but George Squires , his sisters , and Wells 's daughter Sarah Howit , had by then left the house and remained at large .
= = = = Early press reports = = = =
The London Daily Advertiser , a Grub Street publication , reported on 10 February :
The house of that notorious woman well known by the name of Mother Wells , between Enfield Wash and Waltham Cross , was immediately suspected ; and from many Circumstances appears to be the dismal Prison of the unhappy sufferer , whose melancholy Situation since her miraculous Escape is worthy of Compassion and Charitable contributions of all public @-@ spirited people , and anyone who has any regard for the Safety of their Children and Relations , who are equally liable to the same inhuman and cruel Usage ... all these circumstances being duly considered , it is not doubted but a Subscription or Contribution will soon be raised , to enable the Persons who have undertaken to detect this notorious Gang to prosecute their good Intentions with the utmost Vigour , as such a nest of Villains is of the greatest Danger to the Safety of his Majesty 's good Subjects .
Meanwhile Canning 's supporters were soliciting donations through the Case of Elizabeth Canning , an independently printed pamphlet designed to raise support for the prosecution of her captors . In the Case of Wells was clearly identified as " that Monster of a Woman " , and in an edited version which appeared a week later in the Public Advertiser it was revealed that Canning had suffered a fit after being struck on the head . Squires was called an " old Gypsy Woman " , who " robbed the girl of her stays ; and then in a miserable naked Condition , because she would not become a common Prostitute , confined her in an old Back Room or loft " . Although Squires was often referred to as a gypsy this identification had , on occasion , been called into question . Being named a gypsy could carry certain legal penalties and although these were rarely applied , gypsies were nevertheless treated as pariahs . Moore ( 1994 ) described Squires as a " dark , tall , but stooping , elderly woman , with an estimated age ranging from sixty to eighty , sometimes depicted as exceptionally hearty " , continuing " all accounts do agree that she was an exceptionally ugly woman , with a very large nose and a lower lip swollen and disfigured by scrofula . "
Therefore , for a while , the public were firmly on Canning 's side . An 18 @-@ year @-@ old servant girl threatened with prostitution and held captive by a remarkably ugly old gypsy woman , having escaped , emaciated , to return to her loving mother ; it was a story that the general public , and the gentry , found irresistible .
= = = = Virtue Hall 's confession = = = =
Although Fielding prided himself upon his fairness — no matter what the social standing of the witness — he subjected Hall to repeated questioning , and frustrated at her contradictory answers threatened her with imprisonment . This had the desired effect because on 14 February Hall stated that John Squires ( son of Mary ) and another man had brought Canning to Wells 's house early on the morning of 2 January . There , before the two kidnappers , Lucy Squires and Hall , the old gypsy had assaulted Canning and forced her upstairs , where she remained until her escape . Hall said that Fortune Natus and his wife Judith had been at the house for some weeks but were moved into the loft to make it appear as though they had stayed there throughout January . Hall 's and Canning 's evidence now tallied almost perfectly , and Fielding turned to Judith Natus . Although she corroborated Hall 's claim that she and her husband had slept in Wells 's loft throughout January , Fielding was unconvinced and urged her to reconsider her statement . Although not charged with any crime , Hall meanwhile was committed to the Gatehouse Prison in Westminster , her stay paid for by the Canningites . Fielding left London for a short while before returning to interview Squires , Wells and the others . Wells and Squires denied any knowledge of Canning or her travails , and strongly protested their innocence .
The story as it had appeared in the London Daily Advertiser had already aroused the public 's interest . Fielding had left London believing that he had " ended all the trouble which I thought it necessary for me to give myself in this affair " , but on his return he learnt that during his brief absence , amongst others , several " Noble Lords " had attempted to contact him . On 15 February a reward was offered for the capture and conviction of John Squires and his unnamed associate . Also listed were the locations at which donations could be left , " either applied to the carrying on of the Prosecution , or given to the poor Girl as a Recompence [ sic ] for her Virtue , and Miseries she has gone through " . A rather embellished account of the story was later sent to the press . George Squires could not be found .
= = = Trial of Squires and Wells = = =
Squires , charged with assault and theft , and Wells , with " well @-@ knowing " what her accomplice had done , were tried on 21 February at the Session House of the Old Bailey . The Lord Mayor of London Sir Crisp Gascoyne presided over the court with a panel of other justices , including Martin Wright ( Justice of the King 's Bench ) , Nathaniel Gundry ( Justice of the Common Pleas ) , Richard Adams ( Baron of the Exchequer since 1753 ; formerly Recorder of London ) , and William Moreton ( appointed Recorder of London in 1753 ) . The gallery was packed with interested spectators . The charge of theft was extremely serious ; the value of Canning 's stays ( about 10 shillings ) meant that if she was found guilty , Squires would almost certainly be hanged at the Tyburn Tree .
As she arrived at the court Canning was cheered by the large crowd gathered outside the building . Inside , she testified that she was taken by two men " to the prisoner Wells 's house " at about 4 am on the morning of 2 January . In the kitchen , the old woman ( Squires ) was sat in a chair and asked her " if I chose to go their way " . Canning 's refusal had prompted Squires to cut off her stays , slap her face , and push her up the stairs into a darkened room . She told the court she " saw nothing brought up [ , but w ] hen day @-@ light appeared , I could see about the room ; there was a fire @-@ place and a grate in it , no bed nor bedstead , nothing but hay to lie upon ; there was a black pitcher not quite full of water , and about twenty @-@ four pieces of bread ... about a quartern loaf " . She claimed to have escaped by removing a board from a window at the north end of the loft , climbing out , and jumping down to the soft clay below . She fled along a lane behind the house , through some fields , and on finding a road set out for London . When asked if she had seen or spoken to anyone on the way back , she replied that she had not , explaining that she had shied away from contact for fear of meeting somebody from the house she had escaped from . Canning was cross @-@ examined by William Davy , who questioned her recollection of events in the house . Asked why she had not attempted escape earlier she replied : " Because I thought they might let me out ; it never came into my head till that [ Monday ] morning . " Squires , who had been quietly muttering to herself in the dock , shouted " I never saw that witness in my lifetime till this day three weeks " .
Next to appear on the stand was Virtue Hall , who recounted much of her earlier statement to Fielding . Squires again interrupted , asking " What day was it that the young woman was robbed ? " The answer came back , from the court : " She says on the morning of the 2nd of January " , and Squires replied " I return thanks for telling me , for I am as innocent as the child unborn " . Susannah Wells used the opportunity to ask how long Squires and her family were supposed to have been at the house , and was answered by Hall " They were there six or seven weeks in all ; they had been there about a fortnight before the young woman was brought in " . Amongst others , Thomas Colley and Mrs Canning also gave testimony . Canning 's former employer , John Wintlebury , told the court how he had deduced that it was Wells 's house where Canning had been held . Mary Myers and James Lord also claimed to have heard Canning say " Wills or Wells " , as did Robert Scarrat , a hartshorn @-@ rasper and previously a servant in nearby Edmonton who had visited Wells 's house on previous occasions .
Although both were subpoenaed as witnesses neither Fortune nor Judith Natus were called to the stand , the attorney responsible later explaining that the mob outside may have intimidated several witnesses . Susannah Wells 's neighbours were turned away by the mob and her daughter and half @-@ brother were quickly recognised and stopped . However , three witnesses found in Dorset by George Squires , to testify for his mother , passed by unrecognised . The first , John Gibbons , said that the Squires had visited his house in Abbotsbury " with handkerchiefs , lawns , muslins , and checks , to sell about town " from 1 – 9 January . This was corroborated by his neighbour , William Clarke . Squires 's last witness , Thomas Greville , claimed that he had accommodated Mary and " her sister and her brother " under his roof in Coombe , on 14 January , where they sold " handkerchiefs , lawns , and such things " . This was contradicted by John Iniser , a fishmonger around Waltham Cross and Theobalds . Insier claimed he knew Squires by sight and that in the three weeks before her arrest he had seen her telling fortunes in the neighbourhood of Wells 's house . Wells , whose witnesses had been unable to pass by the mob outside , was able to offer only two sentences in her defence . She told the court that she had not seen Canning before 1 February , and that " as to Squires , I never saw her above a week and a day before we were taken up . " According to a contemporary report in the London Daily Advertiser , as the three witnesses left the court the mob , waiting in the yard , " beat them , kicked them rolled them in the Kennel and otherwise misused them before they suffered them to get from them " .
= = = = Verdict = = = =
Character witnesses in 18th @-@ century English trials were , according to author Douglas Hay , " extremely important , and very frequently used ... in character testimony too , the word of a man of property had the greatest weight . Judges respected the evidence of employers , farmers and neighboring gentlemen , not mere neighbors and friends . " The jury were apparently unimpressed by the defence 's case and pronounced both defendants guilty . They were sentenced on 26 February ; Wells would be branded in her hand and spend six months in prison . For stealing Canning 's stays , Squires was to be hanged . By March 1753 pamphlets on Canning 's story were being read in the coffee @-@ houses of London . There was widespread outrage over Squires ' treatment of her , exacerbated when Little Jemmy , " a poor man who cries sticks about the streets " was supposedly robbed and then stamped on by five gypsies . Canning was celebrated by the mob and gentry , several of whom contributed to her purse , enabling her to move to better accommodation in the house of a Mr Marshall , a cheesemonger in Aldermanbury .
= = = = Gascoyne 's investigation = = = =
Not everybody was satisfied with the verdict . The trial judge Sir Crisp Gascoyne and some of his colleagues on the bench found Canning 's story extremely unlikely . Gascoyne had been disgusted by Canning 's supporters , who while outside the court had prevented witnesses from giving evidence , and he was particularly sympathetic to Mary Squires , whom he named " the poor creature " . Then 52 years old , Gascoyne had started life as a Houndsditch brewer before he married the daughter of a wealthy physician . He had progressed through the ranks to become Master of the Brewer 's Company , then served as Alderman of Vintry Ward , Sheriff of London , and been knighted after presenting an address to the king . He had argued on behalf of the city 's orphans and was known for his benevolence in Essex , where he owned large estates .
Gascoyne at once began a private enquiry and wrote to the Anglican minister at Abbotsville , James Harris . He thought it unlikely that the three witnesses found by George Squires would travel so far " to foreswear themselves on behalf of this miserable object " and Harris did not disappoint . The Reverend was able to corroborate Gibbons 's testimony and offer new witnesses who could claim to have seen Squires well away from Enfield Wash . Gascoyne also thought that some of the Canningites doubted the girl 's veracity and had colluded in her version of events to spite him ; this , he thought , was a political attack on a public official and he refused to let the matter rest . He justified his activities by comparing his apparent compassion for the victim , Mary Squires , with his outrage for the deceit of her accuser , Elizabeth Canning , but his fervour was influenced in part by the attitudes of the time . He considered the behaviour of the Canningites inappropriate for their low station and was more impressed by the assurances of people such as Alderman Chitty and Reverend Harris , who as gentlemen and public advocates were presumed more reliable .
Gascoyne 's colleague on the bench , Mr Justice Gundry , had written to the Undersheriff of Dorset , who knew John Gibbons and William Clarke . The Undersheriff wrote back claiming that they " would not have given evidence had it not been true " . Clarke may have been in a relationship with Lucy Squires , and claimed that he had stayed with the Squires in Ridgeway . Fifteen prominent residents of Abbotsbury , including churchwardens , Overseers of the Poor , a schoolmaster and a tithing man swore that the Squires were in Dorset in January and that their witnesses were trustworthy men . A further six Abbotsbury men walked 20 miles ( 32 km ) to sign an affidavit corroborating their neighbours ' evidence .
Fielding and Gascoyne had each issued contradictory pamphlets on the case , but it was Virtue Hall 's testimony , fundamental in the prosecution of Squires and Wells , which became central to Gascoyne 's investigation . Hall had given her testimony to Fielding under threat of imprisonment and when by chance the Grub Street writer John Hill heard from a Magistrate that she had showed signs of remorse , he was presented with a perfect opportunity to settle an old score . A prodigious writer and author of a renowned newspaper column , The Inspector , Hill had squabbled with several of his peers , notably so in Fielding 's case , as Fielding had closed that argument in his Covent Garden Journal by stating that " this hill was only a paltry dunghill , and had long before been levelled with the dirt . "
Supported by the Canningites , Hall was by then staying at the Gatehouse Prison , although still not charged with any crime . Hill immediately communicated his concerns to Gascoyne , who sent for the young woman . Accompanied by a contingent of Canningites , her answers were at first noncommittal , but once isolated from Canning 's friends she soon admitted to Gascoyne that she had perjured herself . She was committed to the Poultry Compter , where the Canningites continued to support her until they learnt that " particular persons only " were allowed to visit . Hall was again questioned on 7 March , by both Gascoyne and Canning 's supporters . When asked why she had lied to the court , she said " when I was at Mr Fielding 's I at first spoke the truth , but was told it was not the truth . I was terrified and threatened to be sent to Newgate , and prosecuted as a felon , unless I should speak the truth . " She was asked by one of her supporters if she was still lying , but her replies were deemed inconclusive and having confessed to and denied most of the things about which she was questioned , each side began to see her as a liability .
= = = Perjury = = =
Reverend Harris had several of his witnesses sent to London , where they were interviewed by Gascoyne . In Newgate Prison on 9 March , Gascoyne also interviewed Susannah Wells , who confirmed Hall 's new version of events . He then performed several interviews from 12 – 13 March , including Fortune and Judith Natus , and a witness who could cast doubt on John Iniser 's testimony . Gascoyne also asked George and Lucy Squires about their travels early in 1753 ; George was unable to recall all the places they had visited , and so Gascoyne sent him to Dorset to help him remember . Gascoyne then met with Elizabeth Long ( Wells 's daughter ) , who had been prevented by the mob from testifying for her mother , and on 23 March three of Canning 's former witnesses expressed to Gascoyne their doubts about the young maid 's story . Another witness , who swore that Squires had been in Abbotsbury in January , was interviewed two days later . Gascoyne instructed him to visit Squires in Newgate , where the two recognised one another immediately .
Meanwhile , John Myles , who had replaced Salt and who now led the Canningites , had been gathering witnesses who could claim they had seen Mary Squires in the vicinity of Enfield Wash . One said he had seen two men dragging a woman towards Enfield early in January . Others told him they had on 29 January seen " a miserable poor wretch " travelling toward London . Myles found witnesses who claimed they had seen Squires at Enfield Wash in December and January . Myles unwittingly made Gascoyne aware of his investigation when he asked a John Cooper of Salisbury his opinion of seven of Gascoyne 's witnesses , who claimed they had seen Squires in Coombe . Cooper wrote back affirming the good character of Thomas Greville ( who had testified for Squires at her trial ) , but later sent the same information to Gascoyne , offering his support .
At this point it appeared certain to Gascoyne that Canning had not told the truth . Through January , he thought , the Squires had very likely been travelling through Dorset , Hampshire , and then London , and had not been in Enfield Wash to kidnap Canning . On 13 March , he therefore ordered Canning arrested , for perjury .
= = = = Public spats = = = =
Gascoyne 's investigation caused a press frenzy . The output of the writers and publishers of Grub Street emboldened opinions about the case , and in some instances reinforced long @-@ held stereotypes of " wicked Gypsies and a poor innocent girl refusing to yield her honour " . The Canningites stirred up anti @-@ gypsy sentiment with a range of pamphlets and advertisements , one of which named the now deeply unpopular Gascoyne " the King of the Gipsies " . Reports began to emerge , of sinister goings @-@ on ; one such claimed that several men on horseback threatened that " they would burn all the people 's houses , barns and corn thereabouts " , should Squires be hanged .
Canning 's honesty ( or lack of it ) and Fielding 's handling of the case were raised in a deeply critical attack printed by The London Daily Advertiser . On the same day that Gascoyne ordered Canning 's arrest an advertisement appeared in the Public Advertiser , asking its readers " to suspend their judgement in the Case of the Gypsy Woman till a full State of the whole , which is now being prepared by Mr. Fielding , is published . " Fielding had learnt of Hall 's questioning by Gascoyne and had brought Canning to his house in Bow Street , to " sift the truth out of her , and to bring her to confession if she was guilty . " Satisfied with her account , and unconcerned with Hall , his critique of Squires ' supporters was published as A Clear Statement of the Case of Elizabeth Canning , in which he espoused the virtuous nature of the young maid and attacked those her detractors . Copies sold so quickly that a second print run was ordered two days later . John Hill saw A Clear Statement as a direct attack on Gascoyne , and blasted Fielding with The Story of Elizabeth Canning Considered , which ridiculed his enemy with such comments as : " Who Sir , are you , that are thus dictating unto the Government ? Retire into yourself and know your station . " Fielding , however , played little part in the saga from thereon , believing that Canning 's supporters had begun to see him as an obstacle to their case .
About half of those condemned to death during the 18th century went not to the gallows , but to prison , or colonies abroad . Although pardons were not common , it was possible to bypass the Judge and petition the king directly , and although Gascoyne had some concerns about the character of the witnesses upon whom he was able to call , he nevertheless wrote to George II to request that Squires be pardoned . On 10 April 1753 therefore the king granted a stay of execution of six weeks , while new evidence on both sides of the case was sent to the Lord Chancellor Lord Hardwicke and the Attorney and Solicitor @-@ General . Squires would receive her pardon on 30 May 1753 , but Wells was less fortunate ; she served her sentence and was released from Newgate on 21 August .
= = = = Trial of the Abbotsbury men = = = =
While Squires 's eventual pardon was being deliberated upon , Myles was busy building Canning 's defence . He was far from complacent ; on 20 April he was in Dorchester with a warrant for the arrest of Gibbons , Clark and Greville , the three Abbotsbury men who had testified for Squires . With a small armed party he captured Gibbons and Clarke at the local inn and took them back to Dorchester , but his warrant was incorrectly worded and Gibbons was released by the justice . Clarke was taken to London and interrogated by Myles at his house , for two days , but the cordwainer refused to cooperate . He was granted bail and returned to Abbotsbury .
The three were charged with " wilful corrupt perjury " and tried on 6 September 1753 at the Old Bailey . As Lord Mayor , and fearing accusations of bias , Gascoyne excused himself from the case . The defendants were represented by William Davy , who had earlier defended Squires and Wells . Over 100 people were present to testify on their behalf , but the Canningites stayed away ; they were unaware of Gascoyne 's withdrawal and feared an embarrassing release of evidence to the public from an appearance by Canning . They also kept their witnesses away ; with the exception of one of Mrs Canning 's neighbours , none were present . Myles had not been paid by his employers , and to delay proceedings , his brother Thomas sent a clerk to deliver to the court a selection of writs , but nevertheless Gibbons , Clark , and Greville were found not guilty , and released .
At this point Canning had not been seen publicly for some time , and she was proclaimed an outlaw . When in November 1753 a new Lord Mayor was installed she remained out of sight , but at the February Sessions in 1754 she reappeared at the Old Bailey and presented herself to the authorities .
= = = = Canning 's trial = = = =
Canning 's trial began at the Old Bailey on Monday 29 April 1754 , continuing on Wednesday 1 May , 3 – 4 May , 6 – 7 May and ending on 8 May — an unusually long trial for the time . During jury selection the defence objected to three potential jurors ( much less than the Crown 's 17 objections ) but were too late to argue the choice of foreman , who , it was claimed , had publicly called Canning " a LYING B — — H , a CHEAT , or an IMPOSTER " . Presiding over the courtroom was the new Lord Mayor , Thomas Rawlinson ( Crisp Gascoyne 's successor Edward Ironside having died in office in November 1753 ) , with Edward Clive ( Justice of the Common Pleas ) , Heneage Legge ( Baron of the Exchequer ) , William Moreton ( Recorder of London ) , and Samuel Fludyer , alderman . Canning was represented by three attorneys , George Nares , John Morton and a Mr Williams . Prosecuting was Gascoyne 's son Bamber , Edward Willes and William Davy . After her indictment was read by the Clerk of Arraigns the story of Canning 's supposed abduction and imprisonment was retold by Bamber Gascoyne . Then Davy spoke at length . He attacked Canning 's story and told how Squires and her family had travelled through England with smuggled goods to sell . He offered new evidence to support Squires ' alibi and rubbished Canning 's description of her prison , before questioning her account of her escape . He concluded with Virtue Hall 's recantation of her earlier testimony . Willes was the next to speak , picking over the discrepancies between the various accounts offered by Canning of her disappearance .
Canning 's defence began with opening statements from Williams and Morton . The latter emphasised her misfortune at twice being subjected to such anguish , firstly for prosecuting her assailants and secondly for being punished for doing so . He complimented the jury and poured scorn on Davy 's allegations , and seized upon the prosecution 's unwillingness to call Virtue Hall to the stand . Morton highlighted how unlikely it was that Canning could so profoundly fool her supporters and countered the prosecution 's complaint about Canning 's description of the loft . The third attorney , George Nares , concentrated on the societal problems of prosecuting Canning for perjury , implying that other victims of crime would be less likely to pursue their assailants , for fear of being prosecuted themselves .
Morton questioned George Squires , who could not recall with absolute certainty the path he claimed his family took through the south of England while Canning was missing . His sister Lucy was not called to the stand , as she was considered " rather more stupid than her brother , and has not been on the road since their coming to Enfield Wash " . Robert Willis , who had accompanied Squires to retrace the gypsy family 's steps , was also called to testify ; his evidence was judged as hearsay and ruled inadmissible . As in the trial of Squires and Wells , the reliability of the prosecutor 's witnesses was considered dependent upon their character . Three men from Litton Cheney testified that they had seen the Squires family enter the village on 30 December . The three Abbotsbury men then stepped up and gave their evidence . 39 witnesses for the prosecution were heard on the first day alone ; most of them establishing briefly the Squires family 's alibi .
At the end of the first day 's proceedings the mob outside , expecting a short trial and a not guilty verdict , were presented not with the young maid but rather with Crisp Gascoyne . Infuriated , they threw dirt and stones at him , forcing him to retreat to a nearby inn , before returning to the court to escort Canning away from the building . On 1 May therefore the trial continued not with a resumption of the first day 's examination , but with concern over the attack on Gascoyne . A guard was found to protect him and the jury , a member of Canning 's defence was forced to apologise , and the Canningites later that day printed a notice appealing to the crowd to not interfere . Alderman Thomas Chitty was sworn in and , guided by Bamber Gascoyne , gave his account of his first meeting with Canning on 31 January 1753 . Davy questioned several witnesses , who described the discrepancies in Canning 's account of her prison . One of them told of his disgust at Virtue Hall 's testimony against Squires . Along with several other witnesses including Sarah Howit , Fortune and Judith Natus testified that Canning had never been in the loft before 1 February and that it was in fact Howit and Virtue Hall who had been in the loft in January . The end of the day 's proceedings was again overshadowed by the mob outside , and Gascoyne was accorded an escort of " a Body of Constables " .
Friday saw yet more witnesses for the prosecution , bringing the total brought by Davy to about 60 . The defence questioned several of those present at the original search of Wells 's house . Canning 's uncle , Thomas Colley , was cross @-@ examined about what his niece ate on her visit of New Year 's Day , the prosecution apparently seeking to establish whether or not she could have been sustained for a month by the bread she claimed to have been given . On the third day of the trial , Mrs Canning was brought to the stand . One possible line of defence for her daughter was simply that she was too stupid to have ever invented the tale , but under cross @-@ examination by Davy Mrs Canning demonstrated that her daughter was capable of writing " a little " . This , in Davy 's view , was sufficient to demonstrate that she was certainly no imbecile . Scarrat was questioned next , and admitted that he had been to Wells 's house before Canning had disappeared . Two of Canning 's neighbours testified to her " deplorable condition " . Her employer was questioned , as was her apothecary , who thought that Canning would have been quite able to survive on the pitcher of water and crusts of bread she claimed to have been given . The defence responded with three witnesses , who each believed that they had encountered a " poor , miserable wretch " at the end of January , when she claimed to have escaped .
On 6 May more witnesses for the prosecution were called . As Squires and her family watched , several of Wells 's neighbours insisted they had , about the beginning of 1753 , seen the old gypsy in the area . More witnesses claimed to have seen her in various places around Enfield Wash , including one woman who swore she had seen her on Old Christmas Day . Britain 's calendar had in September 1752 changed from the old @-@ style Julian calendar , to the Gregorian calendar , and the woman was unable to discern the exact day on which she claimed to have seen Squires . She was not alone ; several of the defence 's witnesses were also unable to manage the 11 @-@ day correction required by the calendar change . Others were illiterate , and struggled similarly . The court also heard from three witnesses present solely to discredit the testimony offered by the Natuses .
The final day 's proceedings were taken up by Davy , who produced more prosecution witnesses , and proceeded to pick apart the testimony of those who claimed to have seen Squires in Enfield Wash , in January . He summarised the prosecution 's case by telling the jury that Canning was guilty of " the most impious and detestable [ crime ] the human heart can conceive " . The recorder , William Moreton , stated the defence 's case , and asked the jury to consider if they thought that Canning had answered the charges against her to their satisfaction , and if it was possible she could have survived for almost a month on " no more than a quartern @-@ loaf , and a pitcher of water " .
= = = Verdict , repercussions , later life = = =
The jury took almost two hours to find Canning " Guilty of perjury , but not wilful and corrupt . " The recorder refused to accept the verdict as it was partial , and the jury then took a further 20 minutes to find her " Guilty of Wilful and Corrupt Perjury . " Crisp Gascoyne was not present when the verdict was delivered ; he had been advised to leave earlier , to avoid any trouble outside the court . The defence tried unsuccessfully for a retrial . Canning , held at Newgate prison , was sentenced on 30 May . By a majority of nine to eight , she was given a month 's imprisonment , to be followed by seven years ' transportation . According to the State Trials , Canning spoke , and " hoped they would be favourable to her ; that she had no intent of swearing the gypsey 's life away ; and that what had been done , was only defending herself ; and desired to be considered unfortunate " .
The verdict did nothing to assuage the ferocity of the debate . Transcripts of the trial were extremely popular , and portraits of the implacable young maid were offered for sale from shop windows . A reward was offered for information on anyone who had attacked Gascoyne , but mainly the Grub Street press concerned itself with the fallout from the affair . The Gazeteer was filled with satirical letters between such authors as Aristarchus , Tacitus , and T. Trueman , Esq . One such , a Canningite called Nikodemus , complained that without gypsies , " what would become of your young nobility and gentry , if there were no bawds to procure young girls of pleasure for them ? " Those on Squires 's side were not the only ones to come under such attacks ; John Hill wrote a short song celebrating his and Gascoyne 's role in the affair , and pictures of Canning in the loft , her bodice loosened to reveal her bosom , were readily available . Another showed Wells and Squires held aloft by a broomstick , an obvious allusion to witchcraft .
Gascoyne had stood for Parliament during Canning 's trial , but came bottom of the poll . To justify his pursuit of Canning , he wrote An Address to the Liverymen of the City of London , from Sir Crisp Gascoyne , and suffered not only literary but physical attacks , as well as death threats . The Canningites published several responses to Gascoyne 's thoughts , including A liveryman 's reply to Sir Crisp Gascoyne 's address , and A refutation of Sir Crisp Gascoyne 's of his conduct in the cases of Elizabeth Canning and Mary Squires , the latter presenting the trial as the culmination of a Gascoyne vendetta against Canning .
Canning , held at Newgate , was reported to be in the presence of Methodists , an unfortunate accusation for her side . On the same day this report appeared , handbills were circulated asserting that the Rector of St Mary Magdalen had visited her and was satisfied that she was still a member of the Church of England . Among her visitors was Mr Justice Ledinard , who had helped deliver Virtue Hall to Gascoyne . Ledinard asked Canning to confess but was told by Canning that " I have said the whole truth in court , and nothing but the truth ; and I don 't choose to answer any questions , unless it be in court again . " Despite calls for clemency , she was taken to the convict ship Tryal for her voyage to British America . Several threats made by the ship 's crew , however , meant she eventually sailed on board the Myrtilla in August 1754 . Canning arrived in Wethersfield , Connecticut , and by arrangement with her supporters went to live with the Methodist Reverend Elisha Williams . She was not employed as a servant , but was taken in as a member of Williams ' family . Williams died in 1755 , and Canning married John Treat ( a distant relation of the former governor Robert Treat ) on 24 November 1756 , had a son ( Joseph Canning Treat ) in June 1758 , and a daughter ( Elizabeth ) in November 1761 . She had two more sons ( John and Salmon ) , but died suddenly in June 1773 .
= = Views and theories = =
For Georgian England , the story of Elizabeth Canning was fascinating . Little attention was paid in the trial to Squires 's request for Canning to " go their way " ; according to Moore ( 1994 ) , overtly the saga questioned Canning 's chastity , while covertly it questioned whether someone of her social standing had any right to be taken notice of . The author Kristina Straub compares the case with the more general debate over the sexuality of female servants ; Canning may have been either a " childlike innocent , victimized by brutally criminal outlaws " , or " a wily manipulator of the justice system who uses innocent bystanders to escape the consequences of her own sexual misdeeds " . The Case of Elizabeth Canning Fairly Stated posited that Canning either suffered imprisonment to protect her virtue , or lied to conceal " her own criminal Transactions in the Dark " . Straub considers that the debate was not merely about Canning 's guilt or innocence , but rather " the kinds of sexual identity that were attributable to women of her position in the social order . "
The partisan nature of the Canningites and the Egyptians ensured that the trial of Elizabeth Canning became one of the most notorious criminal mysteries in 18th @-@ century English law . For years the case was a regular feature in such publications as The Newgate Calendar and the Malefactor 's Registers . Artist Allan Ramsay wrote A Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of — Concerning the Affair of Elizabeth Canning , which was the inspiration for Voltaire 's Histoire d 'Elisabeth Canning , et de Jean Calas ( 1762 ) , who shared Ramsay 's opinion that Canning had gone missing to hide a pregnancy . The case was revisited in 1820 by James Caulfield , who retold the story but with several glaring mistakes . Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries several authors offered their own interpretations of the case . Caulfield 's essay was followed in 1852 by John Paget 's Elizabeth Canning . Paget 's apt summary of the case read : " in truth , perhaps , the most complete and most inexplicable Judicial Puzzle on record " .
Canning 's trial was marked by the prosecution 's inability to find any evidence whatsoever that she had been anywhere but in Wells 's home , and where Canning was in January 1753 remains unknown . Similarly , mystery surrounds the precise movements of the Squires family , when it was supposed they were travelling through Dorset early in 1753 . The writer F. J. Harvey Darton suspected that the family were smugglers , and that it was significant they had passed through Eggardon , where Isaac Gulliver operated ( although Gulliver was , at the time , a child ) . The 18th @-@ century artist Allan Ramsay claimed that Canning 's initial story was " exceedingly stupid " , and false . He viewed the lack of detail in her testimony as unsurprising to a more analytical mind . The US author Lillian Bueno McCue theorised that she was an amnesiac , and that her former employer , John Wintlebury , was to blame for her imprisonment at the Wells house . Treherne ( 1989 ) considers this theory very unlikely however , and instead concludes that Canning was almost certainly at Enfield Wash , but was not kept prisoner at Wells 's home . He suggests that Robert Scaratt implanted the suggestion that Canning had been held at the Wells 's house , as a useful decoy , and that he had somehow been involved in an unwanted pregnancy . Treherne also suggests that Canning was suffering from partial amnesia , and that she may not have lied intentionally at the trial of Squires and Wells . He calls Canning " the first media product . " Although some early authors adopted the same stance as Fielding or Hill , who actively took sides in the affair , most later writers believe that Canning did not tell the truth . Moore ( 1994 ) , however , believes that Canning was probably innocent , explaining the discrepancies between her and the Squires ' testimonies as understandable omissions and modifications , and placing much emphasis on the ability of those men in power to follow their own pursuits — often at the expense of others .
= Siege of Lal Masjid =
The Siege of Lal Masjid ( Urdu : لال مسجد محاصرہ , code @-@ named Operation Sunrise ) was a confrontation in July 2007 between Islamic fundamentalist militants and the Government of Pakistan , led by President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz . The focal points of the operation were the Lal Masjid ( " Red Mosque " ) and the Jamia Hafsa madrasah complex in Islamabad , Pakistan .
Since January 2006 , Lal Masjid and the adjacent Jamia Hafsa madrasah had been operated by Islamic militants led by two brothers , Maulana Abdul Aziz and Abdul Rashid Ghazi . This organisation advocated the imposition of Sharia ( Islamic religious law ) in Pakistan and openly called for the overthrow of the Pakistani government . Lal Masjid was in constant conflict with authorities in Islamabad for 18 months prior to the military operation . They engaged in violent demonstrations , destruction of property , kidnapping , arson and armed clashes with the authorities . After Lal Masjid militants set fire to the Ministry of Environment building and attacked the Army Rangers who guarded it , the military responded , and the siege of the Lal Masjid complex began .
The complex was besieged from 3 to 11 July 2007 , while negotiations were attempted between the militants and the state 's Shujaat Hussain and Ijaz @-@ ul @-@ Haq . Once negotiations failed , the complex was stormed and captured by the Pakistan Army 's Special Service Group . The operation resulted in 154 deaths , and 50 militants were captured . It also prompted pro @-@ Taliban rebels along the Afghan border to nullify a 10 @-@ month @-@ old peace agreement with the Pakistani Government . This event triggered the Third Waziristan War , which marked another surge in militancy and violence in Pakistan and has resulted in more than 3 @,@ 000 casualties .
= = Background = =
= = = Prior to 2006 = = =
The Lal Masjid was founded by Maulana Qari Abdullah in 1965 . In English , Lal Masjid translates to the " Red Mosque " , and the name is derived from the red colour of the mosque 's walls and interiors . Abdullah taught radical Islam and preached Jihad during the Soviet invasion
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
of Afghanistan . Since its founding , Lal Masjid was frequented by leaders of the Pakistani military and government . Muhammad Zia @-@ ul @-@ Haq , the Army Chief of Staff who later became president after seizing power in a coup d 'état in 1977 , was a close associate of Abdullah 's . The mosque is located near the headquarters of Pakistan 's Inter @-@ Services Intelligence ( ISI ) , and several staff members were known to go there for prayers .
After the Soviet war in Afghanistan ended in 1989 , the mosque continued to function as a centre for radical Islamic learning and housed several thousand male and female students in adjacent seminaries .
Maulana Qari Abdullah was assassinated at the mosque in 1998 . On his death , his sons , Abdul Aziz and Abdul Rashid , assumed responsibility for the entire complex . The brothers admitted to having regular communication with many of the wanted leaders of al @-@ Qaeda , including Osama bin Laden .
Jamia Hafsa was a madrassa for women located near Lal Masjid . It was the largest Islamic religious institution for women in the world , with more than 6 @,@ 000 students . It was constructed by Maulana Qari Abdullah in 1992 . After his assassination , supervision passed to his son Abdul Aziz . Students were taught general subjects , including mathematics and geography but were not tested on these subjects ; the only exams were on religious subjects .
Following the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States , Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf announced his support for the US @-@ led War on Terror . This declaration sparked conflict with the Lal Masjid , whose leadership was openly pro @-@ Taliban . Abdul Aziz and Abdul Rashid denied having any links to banned terrorist organisations but were vehemently opposed to the War on Terror and the conflict in Afghanistan . They openly condemned Musharraf and opposed Pakistani security forces , including the Pakistan Rangers and Islamabad Capital Territory police . The mosque became a source for speeches calling for the assassination of Musharraf . One of these speeches was delivered by Masood Azhar , whose Jaish @-@ e @-@ Mohammed group members were later involved in failed attempts to kill the president . In July 2005 , Pakistani authorities attempted to raid the mosque in connection with their investigation into the July 7 , 2005 London bombings , but the police were blocked by baton @-@ wielding female students . After the raid , authorities apologised for the behaviour of the police .
= = = After 2006 = = =
During 2006 and the first half of 2007 , students and mosque leaders continued to challenge the Pakistani government 's authority by calling for Islamic law and to end co @-@ operation with the United States . They launched an anti @-@ vice campaign , kidnapping alleged prostitutes and burning films . Students at the Red Mosque 's two affiliated seminaries launched a campaign for Shari 'a , occupying a nearby children 's library and embarking on vigilante raids through the capital to stop what they called " un @-@ Islamic activities , " such as DVD vendors , barber shops and a Chinese @-@ run massage parlor that they accused of being a brothel .
Most students in the mosque were from the North @-@ West Frontier Province bordering Afghanistan .
A confrontation took place when the mosque launched a campaign against the demolition of mosques in Islamabad by the Capital Development Authority . After an illegally constructed mosque was destroyed , students of the seminaries launched an all @-@ out campaign against the government . They blocked authorities from reaching the site and then occupied a nearby children 's library building . This was carried out primarily by the female students . The students set up an around @-@ the @-@ clock vigil and promised a " fight to the death " when the government threatened to evict them . The situation was defused when the authorities opened negotiations . The government later reconstructed the demolished portions of the mosque compound . The Lal Masjid leadership demanded the reconstruction of six other demolished mosques in the capital city .
On 27 March 2007 , female students from Jamia Hafsa kidnapped three women , who they accused of running a brothel , and seized two policemen . All of the women were released after supposedly confessing to running the brothel and were shown on the television wearing burqas . Also due in part to an intercession from the Chinese Ambassador , Luo Zhaohui . In an interview on the talk show " Capital Talk , " Lal Masjid students claimed that the madam of the brothel had connections with influential government employees , specifically naming the Minister of Railways Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad . The neighbourhood police station allegedly had prior knowledge of or approved the kidnappings . On 6 April , Abdul Aziz established a sharia court in parallel with Pakistan 's federal judicial system and pledged thousands of suicide attacks if the government attempted to close it .
Students continued to occupy the library and challenge governmental control by raiding a brothel . They also kidnapped ten Chinese nationals , as well as several law enforcement officials , women , and children . The approach taken by the Pakistani government in dealing with mosque issues led to accusations of leniency on the part of Musharraf , who felt he was too soft . After exchanging fire with Pakistani troops , students set fire to a Ministry of Environment building near Lal Masjid .
The Minister for Environment , Faisal Saleh Hayat , stated that he had requested security for the building , but authorities had failed to provide it . Contrary to claims made earlier , Hayat said the ministry was never ordered to vacate the premises before Pakistan Rangers deployed .
= = Timeline = =
= = = Siege = = =
On 3 July 2007 , a battle erupted between Pakistani security forces and students of Lal Masjid when Law enforcement agencies extended the barbwire around the Masjid precinct . Riot police fired tear gas to disperse the students.Fighting continued , leaving nine people dead and approximately 150 injured . Among the dead were four mosque students , a TV news channel cameraman , a businessman , and a pedestrian . Within minutes , security forces closed off the area , and the capital 's hospitals declared an emergency . Sporadic clashes continued as Pakistan Army troops deployed into the area .
The next day , authorities announced an indefinite curfew in Sector G @-@ 6 of Islamabad , where Lal Masjid is located . The army received orders to shoot anyone leaving the mosque with weapons . The government offered Rs . 5 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 50 USDs or £ 41 GBP ) , plus a free education , to anyone exiting the mosque unarmed . Women inside the mosque were also offered safe passage to their homes . Successive deadlines were extended , as mosque leaders allowed some students to surrender , requiring security forces to renegotiate extensions . Government authorities announced the first deadline for the occupants of Lal Masjid to surrender unconditionally as 15 : 30 Pakistan Standard Time ( PST ) , and it was pushed back to 16 : 00 , 18 : 00 , 19 : 30 and then 21 : 30 . The government said that as many as 600 armed militants remained inside the mosque .
Before dawn on 5 July , Pakistani troops set off a series of explosions around the mosque . Gunfire was exchanged throughout the day , but open clashes apparently stopped . Deadline extensions continued on 5 July , with the government planning to evacuate the mosque and Jamia Hafsa before the final assault . Interior Minister Aftab Ahmad Sherpao announced at a press conference that the government believed that between 300 and 400 students remained in the mosque , and only 50 to 60 were considered to be militants .
Following the fourth deadline , Abdul Aziz was captured trying to escape disguised as a woman wearing a burqa . Following the capture of this leader , about 800 male students and 400 female students of Jamia Hafsa surrendered to the authorities .
Abdul Aziz 's younger brother , Ghazi Abdul Rashid , had been negotiating with a government mediator . He claimed that the remaining students were willing to leave the mosque and lay down their arms , provided the government would grant them amnesty and not fire on them . Government officials were sceptical that Abdul Rashid would honour this agreement . In a telephone interview from a live transmission of Geo TV , Ghazi Abdul Rashid denied all the charges against him and reiterated his innocence . He further negotiated with the government for his safe passage and a guarantee that no harm would come to his followers inside the mosque . He also received a promise that his ailing mother would receive medical care .
The siege continued on 6 July . Negotiation talks continued between the besieged Lal Masjid administration and government authorities , without resolution . Twenty @-@ one additional students surrendered to authorities , and two students were killed in a shooting incident . The government decided to delay the assault , hoping for the safe evacuation of more students from the besieged mosque . President Pervez Musharraf issued an ultimatum on the evening of 7 July . The Pakistani army took over the operation and replaced the paramilitary troops deployed around the premises . A thirteen @-@ year @-@ old child escaped from the besieged mosque unharmed .
Pakistani commandos raided the outer perimeter of the compound , blasting holes through the walls of the mosque to allow trapped women and children to escape . The assaults began shortly after 1 : 00 am ( 20 : 00 GMT ) on 7 July and were met with heavy armed resistance . SSG Commander Lt. Col. Haroon @-@ ul @-@ Islam , who had been leading the operation , was wounded on 6 July and died in the hospital two days later . However , the commandos succeeded , and the boundary wall of Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa collapsed . Abdul Rashid Ghazi said they would not surrender and that they had sufficient ammunition and rations to last a month .
On 9 July , a group representing Pakistani madrasahs , headed by Maulana Salimullah Khan , called for an immediate cessation of the Lal Masjid operation . Finland also temporarily closed its embassy in Islamabad on 9 July due to the deteriorating security situation and the proximity of the embassy to the mosque compound . By 10 July , the Pakistani government reported that 100 militants and between 300 and 400 women and children remained inside the mosque .
= = = Attack on Musharraf 's aircraft = = =
On Friday , 6 July , President General Musharraf left for the flood @-@ affected areas of Balochistan . As the president 's aircraft took off from the Islamabad airport , militants fired anti @-@ aircraft weapons at it from the roof of a house in the Asghar Mall area of Rawalpindi . The militants ' relationship with Lal Masjid remains unknown . Security forces recovered two anti @-@ aircraft guns and a machine gun on the rooftop of a Rawalpindi high @-@ rise , one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the airport . The government asserted that shots were heard minutes after the president 's aircraft took off . Analysts suggest that it may have been retaliation for ongoing operations against Lal Masjid and the government 's continued efforts to combat terrorism and Talibanization in northern Waziristan .
= = = Preparation for the assault = = =
Predator unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAVs ) flew over Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa on 8 and 9 July , capturing images of the deployment of people inside . Security forces had the images taken to study the claims of Ghazi Abdul Rashid regarding casualties and damage caused to Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa . The UAVs flew over Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa for more than an hour , from 2 : 40 to 4 : 00 am . Senior government officials and the Security Forces personnel examined the pictures and relayed the information directly to the command post on the ground . The UAV was given to Pakistan by the United States for use in the War on Terror . Strategic planning for the assault on the mosque was conducted based on information gathered by the drone . Pakistan deployed several security units to execute the attack on the mosque . These include the Army 's 78th Paratrooper Brigade and 111th Infantry Brigade ; its elite strike force , the Special Service Group ( SSG ) Division ; the Ninth Wing Company of the Pakistan Army Rangers paramilitary force ; and the Anti @-@ Terrorism Squad of the Punjab Police .
= = = The Assault = = =
= = = = Battle for the mosque = = = =
On the morning of 10 July , former Prime Minister Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Federal Religious Affairs Minister Muhammad Ijaz @-@ ul @-@ Haq declared that peace negotiations via loudspeaker and mobile phone had failed . Within minutes , the Special Service Group were issued orders to storm the mosque . Pakistan Army spokesman Waheed Arshad said troops began by attacking and breaching the mosque from the south and assaulted it from three directions at 4 : 00 am ( 23 : 00 GMT ) . The forces immediately came under gunfire from heavily armed militants hunkered down behind sandbagged positions on the roof and from holes in the walls of the mosque . The SSG quickly cleared the mosque 's ground floor , amid explosions coming from the mosque . About 30 women and children ran toward the advancing SSG operators and managed to escape unharmed .
While the SSG secured the ground floor of the mosque , they continually received fire from the mosque 's minarets . This slowed the operation 's progress . On the mosque roof , militants had piled sandbags at the base of the minarets , which they now used as steps to shoot at troops below . After the minarets were taken , the SSG progressed deeper into the complex , and the militants threw gasoline bombs in an unsuccessful attempt to set fire to the mosque and stop the assault . Once the ground floor was secured , the SSG attempted to enter the Jamia Hafsa madrasah adjoining the mosque but were delayed by booby traps , which had to be disabled before they could continue into the complex .
= = = = Battle for the Jamia Hafsa complex = = = =
The SSG entered the complex , which also served as Abdul Rasid Ghazi 's living quarters , and engaged in a firefight in the main courtyard . Militants fired on them from makeshift bunkers beneath the stairwell . Army spokesman Arshad later stated that the militants must have been fortifying the bunkers for several months . Once the courtyard was cleared , the SSG entered the labyrinth of the Jamia Hafsa building . Militants inside were armed with guns and rockets , and some areas were booby @-@ trapped . Some militants had bullet- and explosion @-@ proof vests and other sophisticated weapons . The SSG suffered most of their casualties during this phase of the operation . In close @-@ quarter combat , the SSG were attacked with smoke grenades , incendiary grenades , and fragmentation grenades . Twenty @-@ nine of the thirty @-@ three SSG commandos who were injured in the operation received injuries from fragmentation grenades . As the fight continued , the SSG came upon a room in which half a dozen militants were present . One of the militants detonated a suicide jacket , killing everyone in the room . It took several hours of intense fighting before the SSG gained control of Jamia Hafsa , with only the basement remaining to be secured .
= = = = Final stand = = = =
Arshad said troops had secured 80 percent of the complex and were moving slowly , as the resistance was intense in the remaining areas . The standoff continued , as heavily armed militants had retreated into the basement using women and children as human shields , according to the Pakistan Army spokesman . The militants in the basement resisted with machine guns , shoulder @-@ fired rockets , and Molotov cocktails . In a last interview with Geo TV during the operation , Abdul Rashid Ghazi , who was hunkered down in the basement , claimed that his mother had been wounded by gunfire and was quoted as saying , " The government is using full force . This is naked aggression ... my murder is certain now . " Ghazi also claimed that 30 rebels were still battling Pakistani troops , but they only had 14 AK @-@ 47s .
Militants continued to fire at the SSG commandos from ventilation grilles in the basement . During the firefight , Abdul Rashid Ghazi was shot in the leg and was asked to surrender . However , militants in the room fired back at the SSG , and Ghazi was killed in the crossfire . Other reports say that Ghazi came out of a bunker to surrender , only to be shot by his own forces . The fighting continued until all the personnel trapped in the basement either surrendered or were killed .
Behind an Army cordon , emergency workers waited for clearance to enter Lal Masjid . Female police officers were present to handle female survivors and casualties . Relatives of the militants inside the Lal Masjid were also outside the cordon . The Associated Press reported : " The siege has given the neighborhood the look of a war zone " , with troops manning machine guns behind sandbagged posts and from the top of armoured vehicles .
= = = Mosque secured = = =
On 11 July , officials reported that the Lal Masjid complex had been cleared of militants , and troops were combing the area for booby traps and explosives . The eight @-@ day Lal Masjid operation was the longest ever conducted by the SSG .
According to Inter @-@ Services Public Relations , weapons were recovered from the bullet @-@ riddled Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa complexes , including Russian and Chinese variant RPG rockets , anti @-@ tank and anti @-@ personnel landmines , suicide bombing belts , three to five .22 @-@ caliber rifles , RPD , RPK and RPK @-@ 74 light machine guns , Dragunov Sniper Rifles , SKS rifles , AK @-@ 47s , pistols , night vision equipment , and more than 50 @,@ 000 rounds of various calibre ammunition . Lesser sophisticated items and weaponry recovered from the complex included three crates of gasoline bombs prepared in green soft drink bottles , gas masks , recoilless rifles , two @-@ way radios , large plastic buckets containing homemade bombs the size of tennis balls , as well as knives .
Intelligence agencies expressed shock at the highly sophisticated weapons that the militants in the Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa compound had , and began an investigation into where the equipment came from . Pakistan Army spokesman Waheed Arshad said that a suicide bomber had detonated himself in the mosque located at the opposite side of the complex to the seminary . Arshad also said a second suicide bomber had detonated himself in the white @-@ domed mosque . In total , it took 36 hours to fully secure the complex and remove the booby traps .
= = = Casualties = = =
Officials in Islamabad considered the operation a success , citing that they were able to subdue all the fighters inside the mosque — a group that allegedly included foreign terrorists — without a heavy civilian toll . " The number of casualties was much lower than it could have been , " said Shaukat Aziz , Pakistan 's prime minister . Of the 164 SSG Army commandos that participated in the siege and later assault of the mosque , 10 died and 33 were wounded .
The Inspector General of Police ( IGP ) reported that from 3 July until 11 July , 1 @,@ 096 people , 628 men , 465 women , and 3 children left or were rescued from the complex . The IGP also confirmed that 102 people were killed during the operation : 91 militants , 10 SSG commandos , and 1 Ranger soldier . This includes the sixteen dead on 10 July . A total of 248 people were injured , including 204 civilians , 41 army soldiers , and 3 Rangers . Seventy @-@ five bodies were recovered from the premises after the operation . Securing Lal Masjid brought an end to nine days of high tension in Islamabad , normally a tranquil city that had been immune to the violence experienced in the tribal areas of Pakistan .
Army spokesman Arshad said that , during the operation , 85 people were rescued from the complex , of whom 56 were male . He also said 39 of those rescued were under the age of eighteen . " With militants in different rooms , firing from behind pillars , and then going into basements and clearing it , you can understand the difficulties , " Arshad told journalists .
Nineteen bodies were burned beyond recognition , but none of them appeared to be women or children , according to Pakistani officials . An article in The Nation , cited a grave digger at the cemetery where the bodies were being buried , who claimed there was the possibility that there may have been more than one body in each coffin . The article also stated that the government was digging more graves than previously established . The Muttahida Majlis @-@ e @-@ Amal , a coalition of hard @-@ line religious parties , claimed that between 400 and 1 @,@ 000 students had been killed , along with women and children . Spanish @-@ language news channels Univision , Antena 3 , and Telecinco claimed that the total number of deaths in the siege was greater than 286 and could be as high as 300 .
Pakistani investigators probing links between Lal Masjid and terrorists have discovered the enrolment registers listing the students who studied at the seminary . The investigators believe the information , found in the Jamia Hafsa complex , will help clarify the number of people killed or missing in the operation . Officials believe the list of registered students matches the number of students evacuated or captured from the mosque and Jamia Hafsa .
= = = Damage to mosque = = =
The damage to Lal Masjid was extensive . The entrance hall was completely burned out , the ceiling scorched , and the red walls above the oval doorway blackened . However , the mosque itself sustained less damage than the Jamia Hafsa seminary . Bullet casings were found all over the mosque roof , and the inside of Lal Masjid was turned coal black from the militants trying to set the mosque on fire using gasoline bombs . Militants used the mosque 's two white minarets as vantage points , resulting in damage to the minarets . One minaret was completely destroyed , and its speakers were hanging from their wires . The dome , however , was not damaged during the 36 @-@ hour battle . The director general of the Inter Services Public Relations said photographs of the bodies seem to indicate that there were foreigners among the dead .
In the Jamia Hafsa complex , damage was extensive , with thousands of bullet holes in the courtyard . The basement was blackened from rockets . The main buildings of the complex were structurally intact , but the boundary walls had been breached in several places . The building had bullet marks in its cement structure . The two courtyards inside the school were filled with shattered glass and spent rounds . Piles of the girls ' bed rolls and stacks of books were piled against walls .
On 15 July , the Capital Development Authority was asked by the government to complete the repair and rehabilitation of Lal Masjid in 15 days , and on 27 July , the mosque was reopened to the public . However , the Jamia Hafsa complex was demolished , as it was illegally constructed and in danger of collapsing .
= = Al @-@ Qaeda and foreign fighters = =
Pakistani intelligence officials said they found letters from Osama bin Laden 's deputy , Ayman al @-@ Zawahiri , after taking control of Lal Masjid . They were written to Abdul Rashid Ghazi and Abdul Aziz Ghazi , directing the brothers and militants to conduct an armed revolt . Government sources believe that as many as 18 foreign fighters from Uzbekistan , Egypt , and Afghanistan had arrived weeks before the final confrontation and established firing ranges to teach the students , including children , how to handle weapons properly . Diplomats were surprised by how quickly al @-@ Zawahiri condemned the attack on the mosque and called on Pakistanis to rise up against Musharraf 's government . Officials blamed the presence of foreign fighters for the breakdown of negotiations , as they seemed about to reach a deal to end the standoff peacefully . According to government sources and western diplomats , the Al @-@ Qaeda fighters in the mosque sought martyrdom instead .
Al @-@ Qaeda 's second @-@ in @-@ command , al @-@ Zawahiri , issued a videotape on 11 July 2007 , calling for Pakistanis to join jihad in revenge for the attack by the Pakistan 's Army on the mosque . Al @-@ Zawahri 's four @-@ minute address was titled The Aggression against Lal Masjid and dedicated solely to the clash between the Lal Masjid militants and the Pakistan Army . The video was released by al @-@ Qaeda 's media wing , as @-@ Sahab and subtitled in English .
= = Reactions = =
= = = Pakistani public = = =
Although many Pakistanis were silent about the operation against Lal Masjid , most agreed with the government 's decision to use force to retake the complex . While hardliners have been able to stir up anger every time Musharraf moves against militants , most people have been tolerant and oppose the militant desire to impose their interpretation of Islamic law . Most residents of Islamabad agree that the raid restored local peace , despite fears of retaliation .
= = = Pakistani media = = =
In a televised address to the nation , Musharraf declared that he was determined to eradicate extremism and terrorism in Pakistan . Dawn supported the government 's actions against Lal Masjid but questioned " how the intelligence agencies failed to get wind of the goings @-@ on in the Lal Masjid and the stockpiling of arms and ammunition in such large quantities . "
The Daily Times also supported the government 's position and added , " Let us be clear . No government can violate the universal principle of ' no negotiation with terrorists ' and live to be praised . " The News was more critical , stating , " Once ' Operation Silence ' is over , the firing stops , the dust settles down and the bodies are counted , there are bound to be many questions raised . Why didn 't the government take action earlier against the clerics because had that been the case so many lives would not have been lost ? Why were the Lal Masjid elements allowed so much leeway that the complex became almost like a state within a state , complete with a moral policing force which acted with impunity enforcing a rigid interpretation of Islam on the city 's residents ? How did so many hardened militants , reportedly some foreigners among them , make their way inside the compound situated in the heart of Islamabad ? " .
The Post was worried about how the episode would affect Pakistan : " This is going to ratchet up religious sentiments , and could lead to increased polarization between the moderates and extremists in the country , the former including General Musharraf under the banner of ' enlightened moderation ' . " The Islam newspaper criticised the government , stating , " The government cannot absolve itself of the tragedy . If it wanted , the matter could have been resolved at the start . But this was not done and , for the first time in the history of Pakistan , our own security forces not only bombarded a mosque and religious seminary , but also brought in armored personnel carriers , tanks and helicopter gunships in numbers that made you wonder . This shows that all this activity was masterminded by some satanic minds . This incident is tragic , shameful and dangerous . How much it has harmed the country and the nation , and how worse an impact it will leave on the country on the future , can at this point only be imagined . "
Nawa @-@ i @-@ Waqt wrote in its editorial , " The entire nation is drowned in shock and grief today . They are mourning the brute use of force . Now we need a comprehensive inquiry over the operation against the Red Mosque . The report should be made public so that the people can know the actual facts . " The Ausaf daily countered , " The entire nation is grieving ... only the USA wanted what happened and proof of that is that the storming operation was celebrated at the White House and Pentagon rather than at General Musharraf 's HQ . "
The Pakistan Observer praised the government : " The Government deserves credit for showing remarkable tolerance and patience and exhausted all possible avenues for peaceful settlement of the nerve @-@ shattering crisis " .
= = = International reaction = = =
China backed Musharraf in his stand against Lal Masjid . The Chinese Minister of Public Security , Zhou Yongkang , referred explicitly to the Lal Masjid militants as terrorists and demanded that Pakistan act more forcefully to protect Chinese nationals working in the country .
The European Union President , José Manuel Barroso , issued a statement that it " supports the Government of Pakistan in the defense of the rule of law and the writ of the State against the threat posed by such armed radical groups in the context of the fight against extremism . " The EU also praised the " restraint and moderation showed by the Pakistani authorities . "
United States President George W. Bush gave his support to Musharraf as " a strong ally in the war against these extremists . " State Department deputy spokesman Tom Casey noted that the militants had been given many warnings before the commandos moved on the Red Mosque . He said , " The government of Pakistan has proceeded in a responsible way . All governments have a responsibility to preserve order . " Bryan D. Hunt , of the United States ' consulate in Lahore , was quoted as saying that the American government supported the Pakistani government and that " the militants were given many warnings but instead of surrendering they decided to fight and challenge the writ of government . " Hunt also said that the US fully supports Pakistan in their War on Terror and considers Pakistan " their closest ally in South Asia . " Religious parties and figures criticised the support extended by the US consular official and demanded that the government expel him for interfering in Pakistan 's internal affairs . A Pakistani Foreign Office spokesperson Tasneem Aslam characterised the US consulate official 's statement as contrary to diplomatic norms , and open interference in the country 's internal affairs . She said a protest would be lodged .
= = Aftermath = =
On 16 August 2007 , acting on a suo motu notice , the Supreme Court of Pakistan took up the extrajudicial killings of the people at the Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa complex . Performance of the Islamabad administration attracted the reprimand of the court for its slow pace . The court was informed that 61 students were in custody , of whom 39 were on bailable offences . The Chief Justice of Pakistan ordered immediate release of 20 people considered innocent , as recommended by a joint investigation team . National Crisis Management Cell Director Javed Iqbal Cheema told the court that 28 DNA tests had not been confirmed . The Chief Justice also pointed out that Islamabad Deputy Commissioner Mohammad Ali had stated that 30 bodies remained unidentified .
Mohammed Ahsan Bhoon , president of the Lahore High Court Bar Association , said , " This issue could have been resolved through negotiations but General Musharraf intentionally spilled the blood of innocent people to please his foreign masters . " Deputy Information Minister Tariq Azim said that the Lal Masjid assault had sent a strong message that the government " meant business . " Musharraf vowed in a nationally televised address that he would " crush extremists throughout Pakistan and move against religious schools like those at the Lal Masjid and those that breed them . "
The Lal Masjid siege gave hardliners in Pakistan a rallying point , as well as generating new martyrs and prompting al @-@ Qaeda and the Taliban to launch retaliation attacks in Pakistan . The first attack after the operation against the mosque was on 12 July 2007 ; two suicide attacks killed six people in northwest Pakistan . Another 28 soldiers were killed when a suicide attacker struck a military convoy in northwest Pakistan near the Afghan border on 14 July .
The bodies of seventy militants from the Lal Masjid operation were buried in a graveyard near Islamabad . To assist relatives in identifying and in claiming the bodies later , officials took photographs , fingerprints , and DNA samples from the bodies prior to their interment in temporary graves . There have been renewed attacks in Pakistan since the siege .
In October 2013 , Musharraf was arrested , days after being bailed on other charges , for being personally responsible for ordering the siege . It came two weeks after a case was filed over his responsibility .
= = = 2008 = = =
On 6 July 2008 , at 7 : 50 pm local time , a bomb exploded near Lal Masjid killing 18 policemen and a civilian . Pakistani officials claim that the bombing , which occurred on the first anniversary of the siege , was a revenge attack and the work of a 30 @-@ year @-@ old suicide bomber .
= HMS Perseus ( R51 ) =
HMS Perseus was a Colossus @-@ class light fleet aircraft carrier built for the Royal Navy during World War II . The ship was initially named Edgar , but she was renamed in 1944 when the Admiralty decided to convert her into an aircraft maintenance carrier . She was completed in 1945 , after the end of World War II , and she made a trip to Australia late in the year . Upon her return to the UK in early 1946 , Perseus was placed in reserve . The ship was recommissioned in 1950 to serve as the trials ship for the steam catapult then under development . Over 1 @,@ 600 test launches were conducted before the catapult was removed in 1952 and she was converted for use as a ferry carrier to transport aircraft , troops and equipment overseas . She was reduced to reserve again in 1954 and sold for scrap in 1958 .
= = Design , description and construction = =
The Colossus @-@ class carriers were intended to meet a shortage of naval flight decks . Their design was based on that of the Illustrious class , but modified to permit rapid construction in commercial yards . Perseus was not completed to her original design ; the success of the maintenance aircraft carrier Unicorn prompted modification of the ship , whilst under construction , to an aircraft maintenance ship without aircraft catapults .
Perseus had an overall length of 695 feet ( 211 @.@ 8 m ) , a beam of 80 feet 4 inches ( 24 @.@ 5 m ) , and a draught of 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) at deep load . She displaced 12 @,@ 265 long tons ( 12 @,@ 462 t ) at standard load . Each of the ship 's two sets of Parsons geared steam turbines drove one propeller shaft . Steam was supplied by four Admiralty three @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers operating at a pressure of 400 psi ( 2 @,@ 758 kPa ; 28 kgf / cm2 ) . The turbines were designed for a total of 40 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave Perseus a speed of 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . The ship carried 3 @,@ 196 long tons ( 3 @,@ 247 t ) of fuel oil which gave her a range of 8 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 700 km ; 9 @,@ 800 mi ) at 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) .
In order maximize space for workshops and stores , the ship 's arresting gear and catapult were not fitted and all the facilities required for flying operations were removed . Two large deckhouses were added to port of the island and on the rear of the flight deck . The ship had a single hangar , 17 feet 6 inches ( 5 @.@ 33 m ) high . Aircraft were transported between the hangars and the flight deck by two aircraft lifts ( elevators ) ; each measured 34 by 45 feet ( 10 @.@ 4 m × 13 @.@ 7 m ) . Two large cranes were mounted on the flight deck to move aircraft and stores to and from the flight deck . The ship carried two small self @-@ propelled lighters to allow unflyable aircraft to be transferred between ships or to shore facilities . Bulk petrol storage consisted of 98 @,@ 600 imperial gallons ( 448 @,@ 000 l ; 118 @,@ 400 US gal ) . The ship 's crew totalled 854 , plus 222 in her aircraft repair department .
Aircraft could undergo maintenance , and most functional and equipment tests carried out aboard - either in the hangar or on the deck . Some components and could be repaired on board , but other work was to be carried out by the workshops on the engine repair and component repair ships that would accompany the maintenance carrier .
The ship was equipped with six quadruple mounts for the 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk VIII gun ( " pom @-@ pom " ) . These gun mounts could depress to − 10 ° and elevate to a maximum of + 80 ° . The Mk VIII 2 @-@ pounder gun fired a 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) 0 @.@ 91 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 41 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 920 ft / s ( 590 m / s ) to a distance of 3 @,@ 800 yards ( 3 @,@ 500 m ) . The gun 's rate of fire was approximately 96 – 98 rounds per minute . She was also fitted with 19 Bofors 40 mm autocannon in single mounts . The Bofors fired a 0 @.@ 719 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 326 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 890 ft / s ( 880 m / s ) . It had a rate of fire of about 120 rounds per minute and a maximum range of 10 @,@ 750 yards ( 9 @,@ 830 m ) . All of the guns were mounted on the flight deck , not in sponsons on the side of the hull like her half @-@ sisters that were completed as aircraft carriers . Each " pom @-@ pom " mount was provided with a separate fire @-@ control director fitted with a Type 262 gunnery radar .
Perseus was ordered on 14 March 1942 under the name Edgar . She was laid down at Vickers @-@ Armstrong in Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne on 1 January 1943 and was launched on 26 March 1944 . The ship was renamed Perseus in July 1944 , after the decision had been made to convert her to an aircraft maintenance ship , and she was completed on 19 October 1945 .
= = Service = =
Perseus arrived in Portsmouth on 24 October 1945 , after the end of World War II , to begin working up and sailed on 17 November for Australia . She arrived in Sydney on 21 December , just in time to take charge of winding up the " Air Train " that had supported the British Pacific Fleet . The ship departed Melbourne on 26 March 1946 , carrying a load of aircraft to return to the United Kingdom , and arrived at Rosyth on 17 May where she was placed in reserve .
In 1950 , Perseus was fitted with an experimental steam catapult . The catapult was placed on top of the carrier 's existing flight deck and the deckhouse to port of the island was removed to accommodate it . Some 1 @,@ 560 launches were made by the catapult , beginning with over 1 @,@ 000 wheeled dead @-@ loads , of gradually increasing weight , and moving on to with unmanned aircraft with their wings truncated to reduce their ability to glide . The final tests were made by manned aircraft of every type flown by the Fleet Air Arm . After this , the ship arrived in Philadelphia on 14 January 1952 to demonstrate the catapult to the United States Navy . Between them , some 127 launches of manned aircraft were made by the British and the Americans . Perseus arrived back at Portsmouth on 21 March and had the catapult removed . All of her remaining maintenance equipment was removed and she was converted for use as a ferry carrier .
On 10 December , the ship carried the Westland Whirlwinds of 848 Squadron to Singapore , arriving on 8 January 1953 . She arrived back at Portsmouth on 11 February and then embarked part of the 100 Grumman Avengers transferred to the Royal Navy under the terms of the Mutual Defense Assistance Act in Norfolk , Virginia on 16 March . She arrived back in Norfolk to load the remaining aircraft on 29 April . Perseus was fitted with temporary grandstand seating ( " bleachers " ) in June for Very Important Persons and the press during Elizabeth II 's Coronation Fleet Review in Spithead . Later in the year she made a trip transporting troops and equipment to the Far East .
On 20 January 1954 , 706 Squadron , a second @-@ line unit , flew aboard to conduct trials of the anti @-@ submarine version of the Whirlwind helicopter . They were successful enough that the squadron was redesignated as 845 Squadron afterwards and Perseus ferried them to Malta in April . The ship continued on to deliver relief supplies to Singapore intended for Korea and was reduced to reserve again upon her return on 12 July . The Admiralty intended to convert her to a submarine depot ship and she was towed to Belfast to begin work in 1955 . The cutbacks from the 1957 Defence White Paper caused the conversion to be cancelled and the ship was towed to Gare Loch to await a decision on the ship 's disposition . Perseus sold for scrap in May 1958 and towed to Port Glasgow to begin demolition .
= A Handful of Dust =
A Handful of Dust is a novel by the British writer Evelyn Waugh . First published in 1934 , it is often grouped with the author 's early , satirical comic novels for which he became famous in the pre @-@ Second World War years . Commentators have , however , drawn attention to its serious undertones , and have regarded it as a transitional work pointing towards Waugh 's more substantial postwar fiction .
The story concerns the misfortunes of Tony Last , a contented but shallow English country squire who , having been betrayed by his wife and seen his illusions shattered one by one , seeks solace by joining an expedition to the Brazilian jungle , only to find himself trapped in a remote outpost as the prisoner and plaything of an insane settler . Waugh incorporated several autobiographical elements into the story , notably his own recent desertion by his young wife . In 1933 – 34 he had undertaken a journey into the South American interior , and a number of incidents and personalities from the voyage are incorporated into the novel . Tony 's singular fate in the jungle was first used by Waugh as the subject of an independent short story , published in 1933 under the title " The Man Who Liked Dickens " .
The book 's initial critical reception was modest , but it was popular with the public and has never been out of print . In the years since publication the book 's reputation has grown ; it is generally considered one of Waugh 's best works , and has more than once figured on unofficial lists of the 20th century 's best novels .
Waugh had converted to Roman Catholicism in 1930 , after which his satirical , secular writings drew hostility from some Catholic quarters . He did not introduce overt religious themes into A Handful of Dust , but later explained that he intended the book to demonstrate the futility of humanist , as distinct from religious , especially Catholic , values . The book has been dramatised for radio , stage and screen .
= = Plot = =
Tony Last is a country gentleman , living with his wife Brenda and his eight @-@ year @-@ old son John Andrew in his ancestral home , Hetton Abbey . The house is a Victorian reconstruction in ersatz Gothic style , described in local guide books as devoid of architectural interest but is nevertheless Tony 's pride and joy . Entirely content with the simple country life , he is seemingly unaware of Brenda 's increasing boredom and dissatisfaction , and of his son 's developing waywardness . When Brenda meets John Beaver , a social parasite controlled by his unscrupulous property @-@ developing mother , she is quickly captivated by his superficial metropolitan gloss , and the two begin an affair . Brenda starts spending her weeks in London , and persuades Tony to finance a small flat , which she rents from Mrs Beaver . Although the Brenda – Beaver liaison is well known among London 's society crowd , Tony remains oblivious ; attempts by Brenda 's friends to compromise him into a relationship with the glamorous and promiscuous Jenny Abdul Akhbar are unsuccessful .
Brenda is in London when John Andrew is killed in a riding accident . On being told that " John is dead " , Brenda at first thinks that Beaver has died ; on learning that it is her son John , she betrays her true feelings by uttering an involuntary " Thank God ! " . Thereafter she shows little emotion , and when the funeral is over tells Tony that she wants a divorce so that she can marry Beaver . On learning the extent of her deception Tony is shattered , but agrees to protect Brenda 's social reputation by allowing her to divorce him , and to provide her with £ 500 a year . After spending an awkward weekend in Brighton contriving divorce evidence , Tony learns that , pressed by Beaver and his mother , Brenda is now demanding £ 2 @,@ 000 a year — a sum that would require Tony to give up Hetton . This is too much for him , and his disillusionment with her is complete . He withdraws from the divorce negotiations , and announces that he intends to travel for six months . On his return , he says , Brenda may have her divorce , but without any financial settlement .
With no prospect of riches , Beaver loses interest in Brenda , who is thus left adrift and in poverty . Meanwhile , Tony has met an explorer , Dr. Messinger , and joins him on an expedition in search of a supposed lost city in the Brazilian forest . On the outward journey , Tony engages in a frustrated shipboard romance with Thérèse de Vitré , a young girl whose strict Roman Catholicism causes her to shun him when he tells her he has a wife . In Brazil , Messinger proves an incompetent organiser ; he cannot control the native guides , who abandon him and Tony in the depths of the jungle . Tony falls ill , and Messinger takes off in their canoe to find help , but is swept over a waterfall and killed .
Tony wanders in a delirium until he is rescued by Mr. Todd , an ancient settler who rules over a small community in an inaccessible part of the jungle . Todd is at first solicitous towards Tony , and nurses him back to health . Although illiterate , Todd owns copies of the complete novels of Charles Dickens , and Tony offers to read to him . However , when Tony is recovered in health and asks to be helped on his way , the old man repeatedly demurs . The readings continue , but the atmosphere becomes increasingly menacing as Tony realises he is being held against his will . When a search party finally reaches the settlement , Todd arranges that Tony be drugged and kept hidden ; he tells the party that Tony has died , and gives them his watch to take home . When Tony awakes he learns that his hopes of rescue are gone , and that he is condemned to read Dickens to his captor indefinitely . Back in England , Tony 's death is accepted ; Hetton passes to his cousins , who erect a memorial to his memory , while Brenda resolves her situation by marrying Tony 's friend Jock Grant @-@ Menzies .
= = Background = =
Evelyn Waugh , born in 1903 , was the younger son of Arthur Waugh , the managing director of the London publishing firm of Chapman & Hall . After attending Lancing College and Hertford College , Oxford , Waugh taught for three years in a series of private preparatory schools before beginning his career as a writer . His first commercially printed work was a short story , " The Balance " , which Chapman and Hall included in a 1926 anthology . He worked briefly as a Daily Express reporter , and wrote a short biography of the pre @-@ Raphaelite painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti before achieving success in 1928 with the publication of his comic novel , Decline and Fall . By the end of 1932 Waugh had written two further novels , Vile Bodies and Black Mischief , and two travel books . His professional successes were overshadowed by private upheavals ; in June 1928 he had married Evelyn Gardner , but just over a year later the marriage ended when she declared her love for the couple 's common friend John Heygate . Reconciliation proved impossible , and Waugh filed for divorce in September 1929 . At the same time , Waugh was undergoing instruction which led to his reception , in September 1930 , into the Roman Catholic Church .
Waugh 's adherence to Catholic teaching on divorce caused him personal and sexual frustration while awaiting the possible annulment of his marriage . He had fallen in love with Teresa Jungman , a lively socialite whose Catholicism precluded any intimacy in their relationship since in the eyes of the Church Waugh remained married . Waugh 's conversion did not greatly affect the acerbic and sharply satirical tone of his fiction — his principal characters were frequently amoral and their activities sometimes shocking . Waugh claimed " the right to write of man 's depravity in such a fashion as to make it unattractive " . When Black Mischief was published in 1932 , the editor of the Catholic journal The Tablet , Ernest Oldmeadow , launched a prolonged attack on the book and its author , stating that the novel was " a disgrace to anybody professing the Catholic name " . Waugh , wrote Oldmeadow , " was intent on elaborating a work outrageous not only to Catholic but to ordinary standards of modesty " . Waugh made no public rebuttal of these charges ; an open letter to the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster was prepared , but on the advice of Waugh 's friends was not sent .
= = Creation = =
= = = South American journey = = =
In 1932 Waugh embarked on an extended voyage to South America . His decision to absent himself may have been a reaction to his increasingly complicated emotional life ; while his passion for Teresa Jungman remained unrequited , he was involved in various unsatisfactory casual sexual liaisons , and was himself being pursued by the much older Hazel Lavery . The choice of South America was probably influenced by Peter Fleming , the literary editor of The Spectator . Fleming had recently returned from an expedition to Brazil seeking traces of Colonel Percy Fawcett who , in 1925 , had disappeared in Brazil while searching for a fabled lost city .
Having seen Black Mischief launched to mixed but generally favourable critical comment ( Oldmeadow 's intervention was not immediate ) , Waugh sailed from Tilbury on 2 December 1932 . He arrived in British Guiana on 23 December , and after some days of indecision opted to accompany Mr Haynes , the district commissioner for Rupununi , on a journey into the interior . He hoped that he might reach Manaus , a large city deep within the Brazilian jungle , but transport proved unreliable , and he got no further than the border town of Boa Vista . On the way , at one of his overnight stopping points , he encountered Mr Christie , an elderly mixed @-@ race settler who greeted him with : " I was expecting you . I was warned in a vision of your approach " . The two enjoyed an agreeable dinner together , where Christie talked of the " Fifth Kingdom " ( a biblical prophecy from the Book of Daniel ) . He told Waugh that he had seen the entire gathering of the saints in heaven — surprisingly few , he said — but could not count them because they were incorporeal . Waugh added Christie to his " treasury of eccentrics " , set aside for future literary use .
= = = " The Man Who Liked Dickens " = = =
Waugh arrived at Boa Vista on 4 February 1933 , to find no boats available to take him on to Manaus . Days of inactivity and boredom followed , with " nothing to read except some lives of the Saints in French and Boussuet 's sermons " . Waugh passed some of the time by writing a short story ; although not identified in the diaries , this story has been generally accepted as " The Man Who Liked Dickens " . Apart from using different names and some minor details this story is the same as the episode that Waugh later used as the climax to A Handful of Dust : an elderly settler ( modelled in manner , speech and appearance on Christie ) , rescues and holds captive a lost explorer and requires him to read aloud the novels of Dickens , in perpetuity . The story was published in 1933 , in America in Hearst 's International – Cosmopolitan , and in Britain in Nash 's Pall Mall Magazine . In an article written many years later , Waugh explained how the story became the basis for his next novel : " The idea [ for the short story ] came quite naturally from the experience of visiting a lonely settler [ Christie ] ... and reflecting how easily he could hold me prisoner . Then , after the short story was written and published , the idea kept working in my mind . I wanted to discover how the prisoner got there , and eventually the thing grew into a study of other sorts of savage at home and the civilized man ’ s helpless plight among them . "
= = = Writing and title history = = =
On his return to England in May 1933 , Waugh , short of cash , had to complete numerous writing commitments before he could begin work on the projected novel . In October – November he wrote his account of the South American journey , which he called Ninety @-@ two Days . He then went to Fez in Morocco , to begin the novel in warmth and solitude . In January he wrote to Mary Lygon , reporting that he had written 18 @,@ 500 words of " my filthy novel " , and later he told Katharine Asquith : " I have just killed a little boy at a lawn meet and made his mother commit adultery ... so perhaps you won 't like it after all " . By 10 February he had reached the half @-@ way point — 45 @,@ 000 words — but was uncertain about how the story should proceed , and returned to England at the end of February with most of the second half unwritten . He finished the book at the Easton Court Hotel at Chagford , in Devon , a regular retreat that he used when completing writing projects . By mid @-@ April the book was with his publishers , Chapman & Hall , and Waugh was busy correcting the proofs .
Waugh 's agent A. D. Peters sold the pre @-@ publication serialisation rights to the American monthly magazine Harper 's Bazaar . Because the " Mr Todd " episode had been published as a short story the previous year , for the purposes of the serialisation Waugh provided an alternative ending . In this , the whole Brazilian adventure was replaced by a brief coda , in which Tony returns from a luxury cruise to be greeted by a chastened Brenda asking to be taken back . Tony agrees , but the balance of the relationship has shifted and , unknown to her , he decides to keep her London flat for his own purposes . Waugh 's biographer Selena Hastings describes this ending as " artistically far more complementary " than that used in the book version ; an earlier biographer , Christopher Sykes thought that had this alternative been retained in the book version , the novel would not have acquired its later distinction .
In March 1933 Waugh wrote to Peters from Chagford to say that he intended to call the novel A Handful of Ashes . This title was disliked by Harpers ; an alternative , Fourth Decade , was also considered and rejected . Finally , the story was serialised under the title A Flat in London , and the chosen book title was A Handful of Dust — taken from a line in T. S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land : " I will show you fear in a handful of dust . " The line is within the section of the poem entitled " The Burial of the Dead " , which depicts a comfortless , lifeless land of desert and rubble , reflecting the empty moral ambience of the novel . The title phrase had been used earlier by Joseph Conrad in the story " Youth " ; by Tennyson in Maud ; and even earlier by John Donne in his Meditations .
= = Themes = =
= = = Autobiographical = = =
In his study of Waugh 's literary life , David Wykes describes A Handful of Dust as " a courageous and skilful act of fictional autobiography " , driven by the trauma of the writer 's divorce without which , Wykes maintains , the book would not have been written . Waugh , says his biographer Martin Stannard , was " dredging the memory of his personal agony " in documenting the breakdown of the Lasts ' marriage . The critic Cyril Connolly , whose first reaction to the work had been negative , later called it " the only book which understands the true horror of the withdrawal of affection in an affair from [ the point of view of ] the innocent party " .
Wykes believes that , of the novel 's three central characters , only Tony is representative of his real @-@ life equivalent — Waugh in his pre @-@ Catholic irreligious state . Brenda is portrayed in the novel as typical of many of the women in Waugh 's early stories — well @-@ bred , trivial and faithless — but Wykes argues that she is not a representation of Evelyn Gardner , " neither in inward nor outward qualities " . Nor , he asserts , is Beaver intended as an accurate portrayal of Evelyn Gardner 's lover , the " dreadful nullity " of Beaver being a form of literary revenge on the erudite Heygate . There is general agreement among commentators that other characters are drawn from life : Mr Todd is clearly based on the eccentric but rather less sinister Mr Christie ; Dr Messinger , the incompetent explorer , reflects W. E. Roth , the curator of the Georgetown museum whom Waugh considered accompanying into the jungle , only to be dissuaded by reports of Roth 's irresponsibility and disregard of danger . Thérèse de Vitré , the object of Tony 's forlorn attempt at a shipboard romance , was named " Bernadette " in the original manuscript ; the change was made as a reference to Waugh 's platonic friend Teresa Jungman . Thérèse announces her destiny to marry a rich Catholic , and in an echo of Jungman , recoils from Tony when she discovers that he still has a wife . The culmination of Tony 's misfortunes , his enslavement to Mr Todd and Dickens , is foreshadowed in Waugh 's life by his father 's habit of reading his favourite literature aloud to his family , three or four evenings a week : " ... most of Shakespeare , most of Dickens , most of Tennyson ... stepping about the room and portraying the characters ... he held us enthralled " .
= = = Satire and realism = = =
Critics and commentators have generally acknowledged that A Handful of Dust stands apart from Waugh 's other prewar fiction . Philip Toynbee describes it as a turning point in Waugh 's journey from outright satire to disillusioned realism : " Much of this book is in the old manner , funny @-@ preposterous laced with funny @-@ bitter , but the whole tone and atmosphere are violently changed when the little boy is killed " . Likewise Gerald Gould in The Observer , reviewing the book 's initial publication in 1934 : " Here was the old gorgeous , careless note of contempt and disillusionment . Gradually , implacably , the note changes and deepens " . A later critic , John Cunningham , recognises that stylistically , the book in a different category from Waugh 's other 1930s novels , both more ambitious and more ambiguous . Although , says Cunningham , " [ i ] t provokes as much knowing laughter as Waugh 's other satires of manners " , it is a significant step away from its predecessors , towards the Catholic " comedies of redemption " that would become the principal focus of his writing life .
In his introduction to the 1997 Penguin edition , Robert Murray Davis suggests that in part , the book reflected Waugh 's reconsideration of his position as a Catholic writer , in the light of the recent Oldmeadow furore over Black Mischief . He may have developed a more serious tone to pre @-@ empt further criticism from that quarter , although Stannard maintains that Waugh 's beginnings as a serious writer date back to 1929 , when he was completing Vile Bodies . Waugh 's own comment , in 1946 , was that he was not , according to his own understanding of the term , a " satirical " writer , and that in writing the book he was merely " trying to distil comedy and sometimes tragedy from the knockabout farce of people 's outward behaviour " .
William Plomer , writing in The Spectator after the book 's first publication , thought it mistaken " to regard Mr Waugh 's more surprising situations as farcical or far @-@ fetched ; they are on the whole extremely realistic " . However , the mixture of genres was not immediately understood or appreciated by some of Waugh 's admirers ; Connolly 's initial thought was that Waugh had been " destroyed as a writer " , by snobbery and association with country @-@ house living . In Sykes 's view , the fleeting appearances in the book of characters from Waugh 's farcical world , such as Lady Metroland , are awkward and intrusive — the world of A Handful of Dust is not outlandish : " Evelyn would have done better to have forgotten Lady Metroland and her world altogether " .
= = = Religion and humanism = = =
Cunningham sees A Handful of Dust as a pointer towards Waugh 's later , avowedly Catholic novels , although what religion is in it is either presented farcically ( Mr Tendril the Anglican vicar 's sermons ) , or dismissively ( Tony 's admission that he had never really thought much about God ) . Instead , Christianity is evoked by presenting the awfulness of life without it ; according to the writer and critic Frank Kermode , " [ T ] he callousness of incident and the coldness of tone work by suggesting the positive and rational declaration of the Faith " . The reader , Stannard says , " is never allowed to forget man 's primal bestiality ... God is the key that has been thrown away in this purely secular world " . John Raymond in the New Statesman refers to Waugh 's " unique type of moral vision " , and calls the novel a " powerful twentieth century sermon on the breakdown of a Christian marriage " .
Tony 's doomed quest in the Brazilian jungle is framed in biblical terms ; the relevant chapter title , " In Search of a City " alludes to Hebrews 13 : 14 : " For here we have no continuing city , but we seek one to come " . However , Waugh remarked of the novel that it was " humanist , and said all I wanted to say about humanism " . He believed that the essential 20th century conflict was between Christianity and Chaos , and chose to present a chaotic world to demonstrate that civilisation did not have in itself the power to survive . Thus , in the Brazilian jungle , Tony encounters what Davis terms " power without grace ... secular feudalism unredeemed by the saving grace of Christianity " . Todd is the symbol of humanist , irreligious power .
= = = English Gothic = = =
The critic Bernard Bergonzi refers to Tony Last as " a doomed Gothic hero " , echoing Waugh 's explanation to his friend Henry Yorke that the theme of the book was " a Gothic man in the hands of savages — first Mrs Beaver etc , then the real ones " . According to Stannard , Waugh tended to judge a civilisation by its art , and especially by its architecture , his particular interest being English Gothic which is a major leitmotif of the novel . Tony 's recognition of the extent of Brenda 's betrayal is described as " a whole Gothic world ... come to grief " . Later , Tony finds purpose in his otherwise pointless voyage when he hears of the fabled lost city from Messinger ; he visualises it as Gothic in character , " a transfigured Hetton ... everything luminous and translucent ; a coral citadel crowning a green hill top sewn with daisies " . When at the end of his quest he first catches sight of Todd 's settlement , in his delirium he sees , instead of the reality of mud huts and desolation , " gilded cupolas and spires of alabaster " .
Although devoted to original English Gothic , Waugh had mixed views on Gothic Revival architecture , preferring what he called " pre @-@ Ruskin " to the " stodgy " late 19th @-@ century style in which he places Hetton . He instructed the artist responsible for the frontispiece in the first edition of the book to " design the worst possible 1860 " style to depict the house . The guidebook description of Hetton which opens the second chapter reveals that , " formerly one of the notable houses of the county , it was entirely rebuilt in 1864 in the Gothic style and is now devoid of interest " . Thus , Tony 's devotion is shown to be to a false ideal ; his deposition and replacement in his domain by middle @-@ class heirs represents what the writer Brigid Brophy terms " a bourgeois sack of a fake @-@ Gothic Rome " .
= = Publication and reception = =
= = = Publication history = = =
A Handful of Dust first appeared in Harper 's Bazaar , as a serial in five instalments during the summer of 1934 , using the alternative , non @-@ Brazilian ending . The complete novel was first published in book form in London , on 4 September 1934 , by Chapman and Hall . It was an immediate success with the British public , and within four weeks had reached its fifth impression . In the same month it was issued in New York by Farrar & Rinehart , who were initially unenthusiastic about the book and , according to Waugh 's agent , made little promotional effort on its behalf . It has since been published in the United States by ( among others ) Dell Publishing ( 1959 ) ; Little , Brown ( 1977 ) , and Barnes and Noble ( 2001 .
Since its first publication the book has remained in print , and has been reproduced in many editions and foreign languages . It was first published as a paperback in 1951 , by Penguin , who have reissued it regularly . In 1945 Bernard Grasset published a translation in French , after which the book was published in most European languages , and also in Chinese , Japanese , Korean and Arabic .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The initial critical response to the book , while largely complimentary in tone , was nevertheless muted and sparse . This relative paucity of attention , Stannard surmises , might have been a consequence of the earlier serialisation , which meant that the essence of the story was well known before the book appeared . The Times Literary Supplement 's anonymous reviewer deemed the novel " a study of futility " , whose hero is " so incapable of helping himself that he is not worth helping " . Peter Quennell in the New Statesman found the story both painful and amusing — " tragedy and comedy are interdependent " — but was not overcome by the bouts of hilarity that had interrupted his reading of earlier novels such as Decline and Fall . If not exhilarating , the book was " certainly the most mature and best written novel that Mr Waugh has yet produced " . Plomer 's Spectator review described the book as " another of [ Waugh 's ] cultivated pearls " , economically written , holding the reader 's attention throughout and capturing with precision the moods and rhythms of life as it was lived in certain quarters of society .
The only overtly hostile review was Oldmeadow 's in The Tablet , which asserted that , after the disquiet in Catholic circles following the publication of Waugh 's previous novel , his co @-@ religionists " reasonably hoped to find Mr Waugh turning over a completely new leaf . He has not done so " . The review mixed literary criticism with moral sermonising , to which Waugh felt bound to object publicly . His friend , the journalist Tom Driberg agreed to place a notice in his " William Hickey " column in the Daily Express , in which Waugh accepted fully Oldmeadow 's right to criticise the literary quality of the work " in any terms he thinks suitable " . However , he added , so far as his moral lecturing was concerned , Oldmeadow was " in the position of a valet masquerading in his master 's clothes . Long employment by a prince of the Church has tempted him to ape his superiors , and , naturally enough , he gives an uncouth and impudent performance " .
Many of Waugh 's friends and admirers gave the book unstinting praise , among them Rebecca West , Lady Diana Cooper , Desmond MacCarthy and Hilaire Belloc . Among those less enthusiastic were the novelist J.B. Priestley , who found the characters lightweight and uninvolving , and the devoutly Catholic Katharine Asquith who thought the writing was brilliant but the subject @-@ matter deeply depressing . The novel 's critical standing grew steadily in the years following its publication . In 1942 the American critic Alexander Woollcott chose it as the best English novel in 100 years , a verdict largely endorsed some years later by Frank Kermode . Sykes wrote in 1975 that " there are only five or six novels of this century that can seriously challenge it " .
In 2010 Time magazine placed A Handful of Dust in its listing of the hundred best English @-@ language novels published since 1923 ( the year the magazine began publication ) , stating : " If this is Waugh at his bleakest it ’ s also Waugh at his deepest , most poisonously funny " . In the Modern Library 's list of 100 best novels , A Handful of Dust is placed 34th in the " Board list " , although unplaced in the complementary " Readers ' List " .
= = Adaptations = =
On 8 April 1968 BBC Radio 4 broadcast A Handful of Dust as a radio play , in an adaptation by Denis Constanduros produced by Brian Miller . Jack Watling and Stephanie Beacham played Tony and Brenda Last , with Rex Holdsworth as Mr Todd . A new radio adaptation , with Jonathan Cullen and Tara Fitzgerald in the main roles , was broadcast as a two @-@ part serial in May 1996 . In November 1982 an ensemble cast performed the work as a stage play , directed by Mike Alfreds , at the Lyric Theatre , Hammersmith . A film version , directed by Charles Sturridge , was released in 1988 , with James Wilby as Tony , Kristin Scott Thomas as Brenda , Judi Dench as Mrs Beaver and Alec Guinness as Mr Todd .
= Home Is the Sailor ( Cheers ) =
" Home is the Sailor " is the sixth season premiere of the American television sitcom Cheers . It originally aired on September 24 , 1987 on NBC . It is also the first episode including the fictional character Rebecca Howe , portrayed by Kirstie Alley , as the permanent female lead . It follows " I Do , Adieu " , which was Shelley Long 's last of her regular appearances as the female lead , Diane Chambers , who also left Boston on the show .
= = Plot = =
Six months after Sam sold the bar to a corporation , the place caters to a more up @-@ market clientele . Eddie Lebec turns up and is surprised when Carla Tortelli tells him she is pregnant ( incorporated by actress Rhea Perlman 's real @-@ life pregnancy ) . Sam Malone then returns to the bar after his attempt to sail around the world failed at the first hurdle when his sailboat ran ashore in the Caribbean . Though Cheers has new management , Woody Boyd and Carla are still employed at the bar , but instead they wear uniforms , much to their chagrin . Sam then also needs a job , but the bar already has two bartenders , Woody and a new employee , Wayne . Diane Chambers ' attempts at writing her novel are said to have failed , which led to her leaving Boston to write in Hollywood .
Sam then meets Rebecca Howe , who is the new manager of Cheers and almost immediately turned off by him based on the rumors of Sam 's " sexual prowess " . Rebecca uses Sam 's former office as her own and , although it has been completely renovated , Sam is able to use Carla 's tricks to overhear Rebecca talking to her boss Evan Drake , on whom she has a crush . Evan knows Sam as a baseball player and wants to hire him to be a bartender . Sam is then hired , but one of the two current bartenders must be sacked to make room for him . The bar regulars want Wayne to go , but Rebecca wants to fire Woody . A competition then ensues to see if Wayne actually knows how to make every drink known to man . If Wayne loses the bet , he agrees to leave , but if he wins the bet , then he gets Sam 's now @-@ damaged sailboat . The gang plays a prank to cause Wayne to lose over the then @-@ fictional cocktail " Screaming Viking " and he walks out , though Rebecca is wise to their game and tells Sam to leave . Sam then promises nothing of the sort will occur and is provisionally re @-@ hired on the understanding that this is his last chance as Rebecca uses a seductive baseball metaphor @-@ pun about having " no balls " .
= = Production = =
The producers intended Cheers to be a comedy about a comedy itself set in the Boston bar , but , as Burrows claimed , the " Sam and Diane " romance predominated the show for five years and , as he hypothesized , would have made the bar more of a minor role and more irrelevant if Shelley Long had not left the show as Diane Chambers in 1987 . With Diane written out in " I Do , Adieu " and Long departing the series , the producers planned to revamp the show 's format without losing the bar , which has been their choice of intent , and then was relieved that the series would survive without Shelley Long . As Les Charles observed , Sam was a " straight man " to Diane ; with Diane gone , they made him more " carefree " and a " goof @-@ off . "
In seeking a new female lead , James Burrows told People magazine that " we thought of the part as a martinet , a bitch . Then we met [ Alley ] and there was this vulnerability , so we made her the neurotic woman of the 1980s . " When Long decided to leave the show , the creators knew they wanted a new female lead who was unknown to television viewers , would not have blonde hair and resemble Long . Kirstie Alley was one of the first actresses to audition for the role of Rebecca Howe . Although she met all the criteria , the producers continued to audition actresses , but none improved on Alley 's portrayal of the character . Following which brunette @-@ haired Alley debuted as Rebecca Howe .
Al Rosen , Michael Tulin , Tim Cunningham , Steve Giannelli , Alan Koss are credited for their background appearances .
= = Reception = =
" Home Is the Sailor " scored a 28 @.@ 4 rating and was third placed in the list of top ten shows that were tuned @-@ in by households on the week of September 21 – 27 , 1987 . This episode earned its writers Glen and Les Charles an Emmy Award nomination for an Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series in 1988 but did not win . In 1997 , it was ranked No. 45 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2014 , IGN ranked it as number two of the top ten Cheers episodes .
= = Screaming Viking = =
" Screaming Viking " , a fictional made @-@ up cocktail seen in this episode , became an actual cocktail . According to a recipe book The Boston Chef 's Table , this cocktail is sold in the Cheers Beacon Hill , the pub the show was modeled after . The recipe book itself also provides ingredients of this cocktail : " orange @-@ infused rum , dark rum , amaretto , cranberry juice , and pineapple juice " . Colleen Graham from About.com provides different ingredients for the " Screaming Viking " cocktail recipe : " vodka , dry vermouth , lime juice , celery stalk , and [ garnished ] cucumber spear " . A restaurant from Charleston , South Carolina , sells a cocktail variation with different ingredients : seedless cucumber , " garnish [ ed ] " cucumber slice , mint leaves , gin , and tonic water .
= Wallachian Revolution of 1848 =
The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and nationalist uprising in the Principality of Wallachia . Part of the Revolutions of 1848 , and closely connected with the unsuccessful revolt in the Principality of Moldavia , it sought to overturn the administration imposed by Imperial Russian authorities under the Regulamentul Organic regime , and , through many of its leaders , demanded the abolition of boyar privilege . Led by a group of young intellectuals and officers in the Wallachian Militia , the movement succeeded in toppling the ruling Prince Gheorghe Bibescu , whom it replaced with a Provisional Government and a Regency , and in passing a series of major progressive reforms , first announced in the Proclamation of Islaz .
Despite its rapid gains and popular backing , the new administration was marked by conflicts between the radical wing and more conservative forces , especially over the issue of land reform . Two successive abortive coups were able to weaken the Government , and its international status was always contested by Russia . After managing to rally a degree of sympathy from Ottoman political leaders , the Revolution was ultimately isolated by the intervention of Russian diplomats , and ultimately repressed by a common intervention of Ottoman and Russian armies , without any significant form of armed resistance . Nevertheless , over the following decade , the completion of its goals was made possible by the international context , and former revolutionaries became the original political class in united Romania .
= = Origins = =
The two Danubian Principalities , Wallachia and Moldavia , came under direct Russian supervision upon the close of the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1828 – 1829 , being subsequently administered on the basis of common documents , known as Regulamentul Organic . After a period of Russian military occupation , Wallachia returned to Ottoman suzerainty while Russian oversight was preserved , and the throne was awarded to Alexandru II Ghica in 1834 — this measure was controversial from the onset , given that , despite the popular provisions of the Akkerman Convention , Ghica had been appointed by Russia and the Ottomans , instead of being elected by the Wallachian Assembly . As a consequence , the Prince was faced with opposition from both sides of the political spectrum , while also attempting to quell the peasantry 's discontent by legislating against the abuse of estate lessors . The first liberal movement , taking inspiration from the French Revolution and having for its stated purpose the encouragement of culture , was Societatea Filarmonică ( the Philharmonic Society ) , established in 1833 .
Hostility towards Russian policies erupted later in 1834 , when Russia called for an " Additional Article " ( Articol adițional ) to be attached to the Regulament , as the latter document was being reviewed by the Porte . The proposed article sought to prevent the Principalities ' Assemblies from modifying the Regulament any further without the consent of both protecting powers . This move met with stiff opposition from a majority of deputies in Wallachia , among whom was the radical Ioan Câmpineanu ; in 1838 , the project was nonetheless passed , when it was explicitly endorsed by Sultan Abdülmecid I and by Prince Ghica .
Câmpineanu , who had proposed a reformist constitution to replace the Regulament entirely , was forced into exile , but remained an influence on a younger generation of activists , both Wallachian and Moldavian . The latter group , comprising many young boyars who had studied in France , also took direct inspiration from reformist or revolutionary @-@ minded societies such as the Carbonari ( and even , through Teodor Diamant , from Utopian socialism ) . It was this faction who would first explicitly publicize the demands for national independence and Moldo @-@ Wallachian unification , which it included in a wider agenda of political reforms and European solidarity . Societatea Studenților Români ( the Society of Romanian Students ) was founded in 1846 , having the French poet Alphonse de Lamartine for its honorary president .
= = Pre @-@ revolutionary events and outbreak = =
In October 1840 , the first specifically revolutionary secret society of the period was repressed by Prince Ghica . Among those arrested and taken into confinement were the high @-@ ranking boyar Mitică Filipescu , the young radical Nicolae Bălcescu , and the much older Dimitrie Macedonski , who had taken part in the uprising of 1821 .
The new ruler , Gheorghe Bibescu , released Bălcescu and other participants in the plot during 1843 ; soon afterwards , they became involved in founding a new Freemason @-@ inspired secret society , known as Frăția ( " The Brotherhood " ) , which was to serve as the central factor in the revolution . Early on , Frăția 's nucleus was formed by Bălcescu , Ion Ghica , Alexandru G. Golescu , and Major Christian Tell ; by spring 1848 , the leadership also included Dimitrie and Ion Brătianu , Constantin Bălcescu , Ștefan and Nicolae Golescu , Gheorghe Magheru , C. A. Rosetti , Ion Heliade Rădulescu , and Ioan Voinescu II . It was especially successful in Bucharest , where it also reached out to the middle class , and kept a legal facade as Soțietatea Literară ( the Literary Society ) , whose meetings were attended by the Moldavians Vasile Alecsandri , Mihail Kogălniceanu , and Costache Negruzzi , as well as by the Austrian subject Constantin Daniel Rosenthal . During the early months of 1848 , Romanian students at the University of Paris , including the Brătianu brothers , witnessed and , in some cases , took part in the French republican uprising .
Rebellion broke out in late June 1848 , after Frăția 's members came to adopt a single project regarding the promise of land reform . This resolution , which had initially caused dissension , was passed into the revolutionary program upon pressures from Nicolae Bălcescu and his supporters . The document itself , destined to be read as a proclamation , was most likely drafted by Heliade Rădulescu , and Bălcescu himself was possibly responsible for most of its ideas . It called for , among other issues , national independence , civil rights and equality , universal taxation , a larger Assembly , responsible government , a five @-@ year term of office for Princes and their election by the Assembly , freedom of the press , and decentralization .
Originally , the revolutionary grouping had intended to take over various military bases throughout Wallachia , and planned to simultaneously organize public gatherings in Bucharest , Râmnicu Vâlcea , Ploiești , Romanați County and Islaz . On June 21 , 1848 , Heliade Rădulescu and Tell were present in Islaz , where , with the Orthodox priest Șapcă of Celei , they revealed the revolutionary program to a cheering crowd ( see Proclamation of Islaz ) . A new government was formed on the spot , comprising Tell , Heliade Rădulescu , Ștefan Golescu , Șapcă , and Nicolae Pleșoianu — they wrote Prince Bibescu an appeal , which called on him to recognize the program as the embryo of a constitution and to " listen to the voice of the motherland and place himself at the head of this great accomplishment " .
The revolutionary executive left Islaz at the head of a gathering of soldiers and various others , and , after passing through Caracal , triumphantly entered Craiova without meeting resistance from local forces . According to one account , the gathering comprised as many as 150 @,@ 000 armed civilians . As these events were unfolding , Bibescu was shot at in Bucharest by Alexandru or Iancu Paleologu ( the father of French diplomat Maurice Paléologue ) and his co @-@ conspirators , whose bullets only managed to tear one of the Prince 's epaulettes . Over the following hours , police forces clamped down of Frăția , arresting Rosetti and a few other members , but failing to capture most of them .
= = Provisional Government = =
= = = Creation = = =
Early on June 23 , Bibescu also attempted to regain the loyalty of his Militia forces by an order to take a renewed oath of allegiance — the officers agreed to do so , but added that under no circumstances did they agree to shed the blood of Romanians . In the afternoon , the Bucharest populace , feeling encouraged by this development , rallied in the streets ; around four o 'clock , the church bells on Dealul Mitropoliei began sounding the tocsin ( by banging their tongues on only one side of the drum ) . Public readings of the Islaz Proclamation took place , and the Romanian tricolor was paraded throughout the city . At ten o 'clock in the evening , Bibescu gave in to the pressures , signed the new constitution , and agreed to support a Provisional Government as imposed on him by Frăția . This effectively disestablished Regulamentul Organic , causing the Russian consul to Bucharest , Charles de Kotzebue , to leave the country for Austrian @-@ ruled Transylvania . Bibescu himself abdicated and left into self @-@ exile .
On June 25 , the two proposed cabinets were reunited into Guvernul vremelnicesc ( the Provisional Government ) , based on the Executive Commission of the Second French Republic ; headed by the conservative Neofit II , Neofit II , the Metropolitan of Ungro @-@ Wallachia , it consisted of Christian Tell , Ion Heliade Rădulescu , Ștefan Golescu , Gheorghe Magheru , and , for a short while , the Bucharest merchant Gheorghe Scurti . Its secretaries were C. A. Rosetti , Nicolae Bălcescu , Alexandru G. Golescu , and Ion Brătianu . The Government was doubled by Ministerul vremelnicesc ( the Provisional Ministry ) , which was dived into several offices : Ministrul dinlăuntru ( the Minister of the Interior , a position held by Nicolae Golescu ) ; Ministrul dreptății ( Justice – Ion Câmpineanu ) ; Ministrul instrucției publice ( Public Education – Heliade Rădulescu ) ; Ministrul finanții ( Finance – C. N. Filipescu ) ; Ministrul trebilor dinafară ( Foreign Affairs – Ioan Voinescu II ) ; Ministrul de războiu ( War – Ioan Odobescu , later replaced by Tell ) ; Obștescul controlor ( the Public Controller – Gheorghe Nițescu ) . It also included Constantin Crețulescu as President of the City Council ( later replaced by Cezar Bolliac ) , Scarlat Crețulescu as Commander of the National Guard , and Mărgărit Moșoiu as Police Chief .
The Wallachian revolutionaries maintained ambiguous relations with leaders of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , as well as with the latter 's ethnic Romanian adversaries in Transylvania . As early as April , Bălcescu , who maintained close
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
contacts with many Romanian Transylvanian politicians , called on August Treboniu Laurian not to oppose the unification of Transylvania and revolutionary Hungary . In parallel , secretive negotiations were carried out between Lajos Batthyány and Ion Brătianu , which were in connection to a project of creating a Wallachian – Hungarian confederation . Although it drew support from radicals , the proposal was ultimately rejected by the Hungarian side , who notably argued that this carried the danger of deteriorating relations with Russia . Progressively , Romanian Transylvanians distanced themselves from the rapprochement , and clarified that their goal was the preservation of Austrian rule , coming into open conflict with the Hungarian revolutionary authorities .
= = = Early reforms = = =
The following day , the new administrative bodies issued their first decrees . One of them instituted the horizontal tricolor with the inscription DPEПTATE – ФРЪЦIE ( " Justice – Brotherhood " in Romanian Cyrillic as used at the time ) . It proclaimed all traditional civil ranks to be destitute , indicating that the only acceptable distinctions were to be made on the basis of " virtues and services to the motherland " , and creating a national guard . The Government also abolished censorship , as well as capital and corporal punishment , while ordering all political prisoners to be set free . In line with earlier demands , a call for unification of all Romanian @-@ inhabited lands , as " one and indivisible [ nation ] " , was officially voiced during that period . However , this view was still only shared by a relatively small and highly factionalized section of the intelligentsia .
The official abolition of Roma slavery was sanctioned by a decree also issued on June 26 . This was the culmination of a process begun in 1843 , when all state @-@ owned slaves had been liberated , and continued in February 1847 , when the Orthodox Church had followed suit and set free its own Roma labor force . The decree notably read : " The Romanian people discards the lack of humanity and the shameful sin of owning slaves and declares the freedom of privately owned slaves . Those who have so far had the sinful shame of owning slaves are forgiven by the Romanian people ; and the motherland , as a good mother , shall compensate , out of its treasury , whosoever shall complain of detriment as a result of this Christian deed " . A three @-@ member Commission was left to decide on the matters of legal implementation and compensation for slave owners — it comprised Bolliac , Petrache Poenaru , and Ioasaf Znagoveanu .
The authorities publicized their reforms by making use of new press institutions , the most circulated of which were Poporul Suveran ( a magazine edited by Bălcescu , Bolliac , Grigore Alexandrescu , Dimitrie Bolintineanu and others ) and Pruncul Român ( published by Rosetti and Eric Winterhalder ) . In parallel , the Bucharest populace could regularly hear public communiques read on the fields of Filaret ( known as the " Field of Liberty " ) .
= = Disputes and intrigue = =
Support for the Provisional Government began to be tested when the issue of land reform and corvées was again brought to the forefront . Aside from the important conservative forces , opponents of the measure were to be found inside the leadership body itself , and included the moderates Heliade Rădulescu and Ioan Odobescu . Revolutionaries who favored passing land into the property of peasants were divided over the amount that was to be ceded , as well as over the issue of compensation to be paid to boyars . A compromise was reached through postponing , with a decision taken to submit all proposals to the vote of the Assembly , which was yet to be convened , instead of drafting a decree . Nevertheless , a Proclamation to estate @-@ holders was issued ( June 28 , 1848 ) , indicating that the reform was to be eventually enforced in exchange for unspecified sums , and calling on peasants to fulfill their corvées until autumn of the same year .
This appeal caused a reaction from the opposition forces : Odobescu rallied to the cause of conservatives , and , on July 1 , 1848 , together with his fellow officers Ioan Solomon and Grigorie Lăcusteanu , arrested the entire Government . The coup almost succeeded , being ultimately overturned by the reaction of Bucharesters , who organized street resistance against mutinied troops , mounted barricades , and , eventually , stormed into the executive 's headquarters . The latter assault , led by Ana Ipătescu , resulted in the arrest of all coup leaders .
Despite this move , disputes regarding the shape of land reform continued inside the Government . On July 21 , 1848 , Nicolae Bălcescu obtained the issuing of a decree to create Comisia proprietății ( the Commission on Property ) , comprising 34 delegates , two for each Wallachian county , representing respectively peasants and landlords . The new institution was presided over by the landowner Alexandru Racoviță , and had the Moldavian @-@ born Ion Ionescu de la Brad for its vice president .
During the proceedings , a number of boyars had switched to supporting peasants : the liberal boyar Ceaușescu , a delegate to the Commission 's fourth session , made a celebrated speech in which he addressed laborers as " brothers " and deplored his own status as a landowner . An emotional audience applauded his gesture , and peasants proclaimed that God forgave Ceaușescu 's deeds . Other landowners , more circumspect , asked peasants what they planned to use for compensation , for which they were to be largely responsible ; according to Mihail Kogălniceanu , their answer was " With these two slave 's arms , we have been working for centuries and provided for all the landowners ' expenses ; once freed , our arms would work twice as much and rest assured that we will not leave you wanting of what the country 's judgment will decide we should pay you " . This reportedly caused an uproar inside the Commission .
Peasants and their supporters advocated the notion that each family was supposed to receive at least four hectares of land ; in their system , which made note of differences in local traditional , peasants living in wetlands were to be assigned 16 pogoane ( approx. eight hectares ) , those living in plains 14 ( approx. seven hectares ) , inhabitants of hilly areas 11 ( between five and six hectares ) , while people inhabiting the Southern Carpathian areas were supposed to receive eight pogoane ( approx. four hectares ) . This program was instantly rejected by many landowners , and the negotiations were ended through a decision taken by Heliade Rădulescu , when it was again decided that the ultimate resolution was a prerogative of the future Assembly . The failure to address this most significant of the problems faced by Wallachians contributed to weakening support for the revolutionary cause .
= = Diplomatic efforts and regency = =
Faced with the clear hostility of the Russian Emperor Nicholas I , Wallachian revolutionaries sought instead a rapprochement with the Ottoman leadership . Efforts were made to clarify that the movement did not seek to reject Ottoman suzerainty : for this purpose , Ion Ghica was sent to Istanbul as early as May 29 , 1848 ; his mission was initially successful , but later events led Sultan Abdülmecid I to reconsider his position , especially after being faced with Russian protests . Süleyman Pașa , Abdülmecid 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , was dispatched to Bucharest with orders to report on the situation and take appropriate measures .
Warmly received by the city 's inhabitants and authorities , Süleyman opted to impose a series of formal moves , which were intended to appease Russia . He replaced the Government with a regency , Locotenența domnească , and asked for some changes to be operated in the text of the constitution ( promising that these were to ensure Ottoman recognition ) . The new ruling body , a triumvirate , comprised Heliade Rădulescu , Nicolae Golescu , and Christian Tell .
On Süleyman 's explicit advice , a revolutionary delegation was dispatched to Istanbul , where it was to negotiate the movement 's official recognition — among the envoys were Bălcescu , Ștefan Golescu , and Dimitrie Bolintineanu . By that moment , Russian diplomats had persuaded the Porte to adopt a more reserved attitude , and to replace Süleyman with a rapporteur for the Divan , Fuat Pasha . In parallel , Russia ordered its troops in Bessarabia to prepare for an intervention over the Prut River and into Bucharest — the prospect of a Russo @-@ Turkish war was inconvenient for Abdülmecid , at a time when the French Second Republic and the United Kingdom failed to clarify their positions in respect to Ottoman policies . Stratford Canning , the British Ambassador to the Porte , even advised Ottoman officials to intervene against the Revolution , thus serving Prime Minister Palmerston 's policy regarding the preservation of Ottoman rule in the face of outside pressures . The Wallachian delegation was denied reception , and , after a prolonged stay , had to return to Bucharest .
= = Metropolitan Neofit 's coup = =
On July 11 , 1848 , the false rumor that the Imperial Russian Army had left Bessarabia and was moving southwards cause the regency to leave Bucharest and take refuge in Târgoviște . This occurred after Russia had occupied Moldavia in April , a result of the unsuccessful revolt in that country . The moment was seized by conservatives : headed by Metropolitan Neofit , the latter grouping took over , and announced that the revolution had ended . When a revolutionary courier returned from the Moldavian town of Focșani with news that Russian troops had not left their quarters , the population in the capital prepared for action — during the events , Ambrozie , a priest from the Buzău Bishopric , made himself the revolutionary hero of the hour and earned the nickname Popa Tun , the " Cannon Priest " , after ripping out the lit fuse of a gun aimed at the crowds . The outcome caused Neofit to invalidate his own proclamation , and to transfer his power back to the Provisional Government ( July 12 ) .
Over the following months , the population radicalized itself , and , on September 18 , 1848 , just one week before the Revolution was crushed , crowds entered the Interior Ministry , taking over the official copies of Regulamentul Organic and the register of boyar ranks ( Arhondologia ) . The documents were subsequently paraded through the city in a mock funeral cortege , and burned down , one sheet at a time , in the public square on Mitropoliei Hill . Neofit reluctantly agreed to preside over the ceremony and to issue a curse on both pieces of legislation .
= = Suppression = =
On September 25 [ O.S. September 13 ] 1848 , Ottoman troops headed by Omar Pasha and assisted by Fuat Pasha stormed into Bucharest , partly as an attempt to prevent the extension of Russian presence over the Milcov River . On the morning of that day , Fuat met with local public figures at his headquarters in Cotroceni , proclaiming the reestablishment of the Regulament and appointing Constantin Cantacuzino as Kaymakam of Wallachia . While all revolutionaries who attended the meeting were placed under arrest , Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Christian Tell sought refuge at the British consulate in Bucharest , where they were received by Robert Gilmour Colquhoun in exchange for a sum of Austrian florins .
The radical faction around Nicolae Bălcescu and Gheorghe Magheru had planned resistance on the Danube , but their opinion had failed to rally significant appeal . A group of several thousands soldiers , comprising Oltenian pandurs and volunteers from throughout the land , rallied in Râmnicu Vâlcea under Magheru 's command , without ever going into action . In Bucharest itself , as Fuat prepared to lead his 6000 troops into the garrison on Dealul Spirii , a 900 @-@ strong force led by a detachment of firemen met him with resistance , provoking a brief battle that only lasted two and a half hours during which 158 Turks and 48 Romanians died and 400 Turks and 57 Romanians were wounded . In the evening , the entire city had been pacified . On September 27 , a Russian force under Alexander von Lüders joined the occupation of Bucharest , taking over administration over one half of the city . Russia 's expedition into the two Danubian Principalities was the only independent military initiative of her foreign interventions against the Revolutions of 1848 .
Immediately after the events , 91 revolutionaries were sentenced to exile . Of these , a small group was transported by barges from Giurgiu , on their way to the Austrian @-@ ruled Svinița , near the Danube port of Orschowa . The revolutionary artist Constantin Daniel Rosenthal and Maria Rosetti , both of whom had been allowed to go free and had subsequently followed the barges on shore , pointed out that the Ottomans had stepped out of their jurisdiction , and were able to persuade the mayor of Svinița to disarm the guards , which in turn allowed the prisoners to flee . The escapees then made their way to Paris .
Most other revolutionaries were detained in areas of present @-@ day Bulgaria until spring 1849 , and , passing through Rustchuk and Varna , were taken to the Anatolian city of Brusa , where they lived at the expense of the Ottoman state . They were allowed to return after 1856 . During their period of exile , rivalry between the various factions became obvious , a conflict which became the basis for political allegiances in later years .
In the meantime , Magheru , upon the advice of Colquhoun , ordered the demobilization of his troops ( October 10 ) , and , accompanied by a few of his officers , passed the Southern Carpathians into Hermannstadt — at the time , the Transylvanian city was nominally in the Austrian Empire , but gripped by the Hungarian Revolution .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Wallachian activities in Transylvania = = =
Starting in December 1848 , a number of Wallachian revolutionaries who had escaped or had been set free from arrest began mediating an understanding between Hungary 's Lajos Kossuth and those Romanian Transylvanian activists and peasants who , under the leadership of Avram Iancu , were mounting military resistance to the Honvédség troops of Józef Bem . Nicolae Bălcescu emerged from his refuge in the Principality of Serbia , and , together with Alexandru G. Golescu and Ion Ionescu de la Brad , began talks with Iancu in Zlatna . The Wallachians presented Kossuth 's proposal that Iancu 's fighters should leave their base in the Apuseni and help rekindle revolution in Wallachia , leaving room for Hungary to resist Russian invention , but the offer was dismissed on the spot . In parallel , Magheru reached out to Hungarian authorities , asking them to consider confederating Hungary proper and Transylvania ; this plan was also rejected .
On May 26 , 1849 , Nicolae Bălcescu met with Kossuth in Debrecen , and , despite his personal disappointment with the Hungarian discourse and his ideal of full political rights for Romanians in the region , agreed to mediate an understanding with Iancu , which resulted in a ceasefire and a series of political concessions . This came as Russian troops were entering Transylvania , a military operation culminating in Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Segesvár in late July .
= = = Political outcome = = =
The Ottoman – Russian occupation prolonged itself until 1851 , while the 1849 Convention of Balta Liman awarded the Wallachian crown to Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei . In contrast to the 1848 – 1849 setbacks , the period inaugurated by the Crimean War disestablished both Russian domination and the Regulamentul Organic regime , and , within the space of one generation , brought about the fulfillment of virtually all revolutionary projects . The common actions of Moldavians and Wallachians , in pace with the presence of Wallachian activists in Transylvania , helped circulate the ideal of national unity , with the ultimate goal of reuniting all majority @-@ Romanian territories within one state .
In early 1859 , at the close of a turbulent period , Wallachia and Moldavia entered a personal union , later formalized as the Romanian United Principalities , under Moldavian @-@ born Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza ( himself a former revolutionary ) . Having been allowed to return from exile after the Treaty of Paris , most of the surviving revolutionaries played a major part in the political developments , and organized themselves as Partida Națională , which promoted Cuza during simultaneous elections for the ad hoc Divans . The role of Paris @-@ based Wallachian émigrés in promoting sympathy for common Romanian goals was decisive . Partida succeeded in becoming the major factor in Romanian political life , before forming the basis of the liberal current . With Cuza 's rule , the pace of Westernization increased , and , during the 1860s , a moderate land reform was carried out , monastery estates were secularized , while corvées and boyar ranks were outlawed .
Following an 1866 conflict between the increasingly authoritarian Cuza and the political class , various trends organized a coup which brought Prince Carol , a Hohenzollern , to the Romanian throne — echoing a will expressed by some of the 1848 activists to have a foreign dynasty rule over a unified state . In 1877 , as a consequence of the Russo @-@ Turkish War , Romania proclaimed her independence .
= Monbar Hotel attack =
The Monbar Hotel attack was carried out by the GAL , a state @-@ sponsored death squad , on 25 September 1985 in Bayonne , France . The targets were four members of ETA military , whom the Spanish government believed to be senior figures in the organisation , itself proscribed as a terrorist group in Spain and France . All four people were killed , with a fifth person , apparently unconnected to ETA , injured in the shooting . This represented the deadliest attack carried out by the GAL . Although two of the participants were apprehended shortly after the shooting , controversy surrounded the possible involvement of senior figures in the Spanish police .
This attack , and similar attacks carried out by the GAL , became a major issue during the 1996 Spanish general election after a Supreme court trial established that the Spanish Interior Ministry had provided clandestine funding for the GAL . Spanish Interior Minister José Barrionuevo and his security chief , Rafael Vera , were jailed for ten years for sanctioning a kidnapping and misappropriation of public funds to finance the group , and the GAL scandal is seen as a key factor in the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( PSOE ) losing the election , though more senior figures in the PSOE , such as Felipe Gonzalez , denied knowledge and involvement .
= = Background = =
The French Basque Country had been a favourite haven of ETA . Since mid @-@ 1968 most of ETA 's leadership had lived there and used it as a base for training , infrastructure and planning attacks . ETA commandos also operated from there , crossing the border into Spain to carry out attacks before fleeing back to France . This led to complaints in Spain that French authorities were not doing enough to tackle ETA activity , preferring to leave the Basque conflict to the Spanish to deal with .
As one of the larger towns in the French Basque Country , Bayonne had been one of the main bases of ETA organisation there . From 1975 onwards this had prompted a reaction from anti @-@ ETA groups . In April 1975 , Mugalde , a Basque bookshop in the town , was bombed , though no one was injured . On 25 June 1979 , Enrique Gómez Álvarez , an alleged ETA member , was killed by the Batallón Vasco Español ( BVE ) , a right @-@ wing paramilitary group active since 1975 .
The BVE vanished after 1981 but , from 1983 onwards , the GAL began carrying out similar attacks and abductions . The first in Bayonne occurred on 17 October 1983 , when alleged ETA members Joxe Lasa Arostegi and José Ignacio Zabala disappeared . Their mutilated bodies were found in Alicante in 1985 . An unsuccessful kidnapping attempt occurred the following day and , in December , Ramón Oñaederra , an alleged ETA member and Mikel Goikoetxea , an alleged ETA leader , were assassinated by the GAL in separate incidents . Prior to the Monbar attack , two people had been killed and six injured in three separate attacks in the town in 1985 .
= = The targets = =
The targets of the attack were four members of ETA . According to the Spanish authorities , they had a long history within the organisation .
Ignacio Asteazunzarra ( Beltza ) had been arrested in 1973 in Loyola , but had been freed by other ETA militants at gunpoint . He was believed to have been part of a cell which had been particularly active in 1979 in attacks in the province of Álava .
José María Etxaniz ( Potros ) had begun activity in 1973 . He had been arrested by Spanish police in 1975 , along with 21 others in connection with a large haul of guns and explosives discovered . He had been arrested again by French police in 1984 . He was the leader of ETA military in the Vitoria area , according to Spanish police sources .
Agustin Irazustabarrena ( Legra ) belonged to the Sega cell of ETA military , according to Spanish police . He fled to France in 1982 and in 1984 he had been arrested by French police charged with possession of illegal weapons . His trial had still been pending at the time of his death . He was believed to be in charge of cross @-@ border operations for ETA .
José Sabino Etxaide had belonged to an information gathering cell of ETA . He had fled to France in 1982 .
= = The attack = =
The attack occurred at 21 : 15 on a Wednesday evening , as a football game featuring Spain and Iceland was being shown . The four participants exited their car carrying shotguns and machine guns and opened fire on the bar . The bullets shattered the skull of three of the victims and hit the fourth in the heart . Three of the targets were killed instantly , with the fourth dying shortly afterwards in hospital . A fifth person was injured after being hit in the foot , but survived the attack .
Three of the four attackers fled on foot through the streets of Bayonne . Pursued by a group of Basque refugees who had witnessed the attack , two of them were caught and handed over to the French police , after having thrown their weapons into the river near the Monbar Hotel . Those apprehended were Pierre Frugoli and Lucien Mattei , both believed to be members of the Marseilles underworld by French police . Police later retrieved two 9mm calibre pistols from the river . Their two accomplices in the attack managed to escape by car . Their vehicle was later found abandoned in San Sebastián .
The GAL claimed responsibility in a telephone call the day after the attack . For their part , ETA military released a statement confirming that the four killed had belonged to their organisation .
= = Reactions = =
Basque president José Antonio Ardanza Garro condemned the attack : " attacks like this do not help us to consolidate democracy or overcome the problems of violence in our society . This attack could provoke a response and a further spiral of violence . " The Basque Nationalist Party voiced suspicion that the attacks were part of a dirty war being carried out by the Spanish state . Herri Batasuna , the political wing of ETA , also accused the Spanish secret services of complicity in such attacks and delivered a letter of protest to the French consulate in Bilbao , criticising the French for perceived inaction against the killers . The PSOE , at that time the governing party of Spain , condemned the incident as an attack on " the freedom of the Basque people " . Their chairman in the Basque Country , Juan Manuel Eguiagaray , stated that he did not believe that the solution to ETA violence was to have similar terrorists trying to even the score .
Euskadiko Ezkerra , the Communist Party of Spain and the People 's Alliance also issued statements condemning the attack . Herri Batasuna organised numerous protests against the incident , which at times resulted in street violence and arrests . They also organised a general strike in the Basque Country , though observance of this was limited to San Sebastián and the home towns of those killed .
= = Trials = =
The trial of Pierre Frugoli and Lucien Mattei opened on 30 November 1987 in Pau , France . Mattei , who had been previously been released after serving one year of a 20 @-@ year sentence for armed assault , retracted his previous confession . Frugoli , however , acknowledged that he had set out to kill ETA members . He stated that he had been recruited by members of the Spanish secret services , codenamed Francis and Miguel , in La Samaritaine bar in Marseilles port . With Mattei , he made several trips to San Sebastián to receive instructions for the attack , the last in the city 's Orly Hotel three days before the attack . He claimed that Francis had offered him 100 @,@ 000 francs for carrying out the attack and 50 @,@ 000 more for each person killed . Francis then met them in Bayonne , supplying them with the weapons used in the attack and the identities of the desired targets .
Both Frugoli and Mattei identified Francis as José Amedo Fouce , a police sub @-@ commissioner in Bilbao . Hotel records showed that Amedo had stayed in the Orly hotel at the same time as Frugoli and Mattei . The French judges issued an international arrest warrant for Amedo , whose spokesman denied the charges .
On 2 December 1987 , both defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment , with a recommendation that Mattei should serve no less than 18 years in prison . Frugoli 's sentence was subsequently reduced to 20 years in prison . Their accomplices in the attack were never identified .
Lawyers for the prosecution suspected that the Miguel who had recruited the mercenaries was Michel Dominguez , a Spanish police officer of French origin who worked with Amedo . In April 1990 a waiter at Londres Hotel and a security employee at the Kursaal casino in San Sebastián both stated that they had seen Amedo and Dominguez on various occasions in the company of Mattei and other GAL mercenaries .
In March 1991 , the case against Amedo and Dominguez in relation to the Monbar attack was dropped due to lack of evidence . However , in September 1991 , both Amedo and Dominguez were sentenced to 108 years in prison for organising other GAL attacks . In November 1994 , Spanish High Court judge Baltasar Garzón reopened the case against them for the Monbar attack .
Subsequently , three others , Julián Sancristóbal , Juan Alberto Perote and Francisco Álvarez , were implicated in the case . Sancristóbal had been the former director of state security , Perote the former head of the Spanish secret service , while Álvarez had been head of the anti @-@ terrorist squad . They all denied the accusations . The Monbar case was closed in October 2001 , with Garzón declaring that , although suspicions remained about involvement of some of those accused , there was insufficient evidence to prosecute .
= = Consequences = =
Author Paddy Woodworth argued that " the GAL campaign caused many French Basques to see the ( Spanish Basque ) refugees as causing a rapid decline in the local economy , especially the tourism business , as the news spread that the bars and boulevards of the region 's coastal resorts were now the targets of a terrorist group . " Consequently , the French authorities began to change their stance on the refugees , increasing cross @-@ border cooperation with their Spanish counterparts . This involved deporting ETA members to various other countries and putting greater restrictions on those who remained .
As the Monbar case and similar cases came to light , the GAL issue became increasingly controversial in the 1990s , with questions over whether members of the Spanish government and state security service had known about the group 's operations in places like Bayonne and , if so , to what extent they had supported and funded the attacks . This became a major issue during the 1996 Spanish general election with Spanish Interior Minister , José Barrionuevo , and his security chief , Rafael Vera , implicated in the GAL case . In 1998 , both were jailed for ten years for sanctioning a kidnapping and misappropriation of public funds to finance the GAL . Along with various corruption scandals and the poor state of the Spanish economy in the mid @-@ 1990s , the GAL scandal is seen as a key factor in the PSOE defeat .
= Pokémon Red and Blue =
Pokémon Red Version and Pokémon Blue Version , originally released in Japan as Pocket Monsters : Red & Green are role @-@ playing video games developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy . They are the first installments of the Pokémon series . They were first released in Japan in 1996 as Red and Green . " Blue " was released later in the year as a special edition . They were later released as Red and Blue in North America , Europe and Australia over the following three years . Pokémon Yellow , a special edition version , was released roughly a year later . Red and Green have subsequently been remade for the Game Boy Advance as Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen , released in 2004 .
The player controls the protagonist from an overhead perspective and navigates him throughout the fictional region of Kanto in a quest to master Pokémon battling . The goal of the games is to become the champion of the Pokémon League by defeating the eight Gym Leaders and then the top four Pokémon trainers in the land , the Elite Four . Another objective is to complete the Pokédex , an in @-@ game encyclopedia , by obtaining the 150 available Pokémon . Red and Blue utilize the Game Link Cable , which connects two games together and allows Pokémon to be traded or battled between games . Both titles are independent of each other but feature the same plot , and while they can be played separately , it is necessary for players to trade among both games in order to obtain all of the first 150 Pokémon .
Red and Blue were well @-@ received with critics praising the multiplayer options , especially the concept of trading . They received an aggregated score of 89 % on GameRankings and are perennially ranked on top @-@ game lists including at least four years on IGN 's Top 100 Games of All Time . The games ' releases marked the beginning of what would become a multibillion @-@ dollar franchise , jointly selling millions of copies worldwide . In 2009 they appeared in the Guinness Book of World Records under " Best selling RPG on the Game Boy " and " Best selling RPG of all time " . The games were released on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console service on February 27 , 2016 , as a commemoration of the franchise 's 20th anniversary .
= = Gameplay = =
Red and Blue are in a third @-@ person view , overhead perspective and consist of three basic screens : an overworld , in which the player navigates the main character ; a side @-@ view battle screen ; and a menu interface , in which the player configures his or her Pokémon , items , or gameplay settings .
The player can use his or her Pokémon to battle other Pokémon . When the player encounters a wild Pokémon or is challenged by a trainer , the screen switches to a turn @-@ based battle screen that displays the engaged Pokémon . During battle , the player may select a maneuver for his or her Pokémon to fight using one of four moves , use an item , switch his or her active Pokémon , or attempt to flee . Pokémon have hit points ( HP ) ; when a Pokémon 's HP is reduced to zero , it faints and can no longer battle until it is revived . Once an enemy Pokémon faints , the player 's Pokémon involved in the battle receive a certain number of experience points ( EXP ) . After accumulating enough EXP , a Pokémon will level up . A Pokémon 's level controls its physical properties , such as the battle statistics acquired , and the moves learned . At certain levels , the Pokémon may also evolve . These evolutions affect the statistics and also the levels at which new moves are learnt ( higher levels of evolution gain more statistics per level , although they may not learn new moves as early , if at all , compared with the lower levels of evolution ) .
Catching Pokémon is another essential element of the gameplay . During battle with a wild Pokémon , the player may throw a Poké Ball at it . If the Pokémon is successfully caught , it will come under the ownership of the player . Factors in the success rate of capture include the HP of the target Pokémon and the type of Poké Ball used : the lower the target 's HP and the stronger the Poké Ball , the higher the success rate of capture . The ultimate goal of the games is to complete the entries in the Pokédex , a comprehensive Pokémon encyclopedia , by capturing , evolving , and trading to obtain all 151 creatures .
Pokémon Red and Blue allow players to trade Pokémon between two cartridges via a Game Link Cable . This method of trading must be done to fully complete the Pokédex , since certain Pokémon will only evolve upon being traded and each of the two games have version @-@ exclusive Pokémon . The Link Cable also makes it possible to battle another player 's Pokémon team . When playing Red or Blue on a Game Boy Advance or SP , the standard GBA / SP link cable will not work ; players must use the Nintendo Universal Game Link Cable instead . Moreover , the English versions of the games are not compatible with their Japanese counterparts , and such trades will result in corruption of the save files because the games use different languages and therefore character sets .
As well as trading with each other and Pokémon Yellow , Pokémon Red and Blue can trade Pokémon with the second generation of Pokémon games : Pokémon Gold , Silver , and Crystal . However , there are limitations : the games cannot link together if one player 's party contains Pokémon or moves introduced in the second generation games . Also , using the Transfer Pak for the Nintendo 64 , data such as Pokémon and items from Pokémon Red and Blue can be used in the Nintendo 64 games Pokémon Stadium and Pokémon Stadium 2 . Red and Blue are not compatible with the Pokémon games of the later " Advanced Generation " for the Game Boy Advance or GameCube .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
Pokémon Red and Blue take place in the region of Kanto . This is one distinct region shown in later games , with different geographical habitats for the 151 existing Pokémon species , along with human @-@ populated towns and cities , and Routes connecting locations with one another . Some areas are only accessible once the player learns a special ability or gains a special item . Areas in which the player can catch Pokémon range from caves to the sea , where the kinds of Pokémon available to catch varies . For example , Tentacool can only be caught either through fishing or when the player is in a body of water , while Zubat can only be caught in a cave .
= = = Story = = =
After venturing alone into tall grass , a voice warns the player to stop , which is revealed to be Professor Oak , a famous Pokémon researcher . Professor Oak explains to the player that wild Pokémon may be living there , and encountering them alone can be very dangerous . He takes the player to his laboratory where the player meets Oak 's grandson , a rival aspiring Pokémon Trainer . The player and the rival are both instructed to select a starter Pokémon for their travels out of Bulbasaur , Squirtle , and Charmander . Oak 's Grandson will always choose the Pokémon which is stronger against the player 's starting Pokémon . He will then challenge the player to a Pokémon battle with their newly obtained Pokémon , and will continue to battle the player at certain points throughout the games .
While visiting the region 's cities , the player will encounter special establishments called Gyms . Inside these buildings are Gym Leaders , each of whom the player must defeat in a Pokémon battle to obtain a total of eight Gym Badges . Once the badges are acquired , the player is given permission to enter the Pokémon League , which consists of the best Pokémon trainers in the region . There the player will battle the Elite Four and finally the new Champion : the player 's rival . Also , throughout the game the player will have to battle against the forces of Team Rocket , a criminal organization that abuses Pokémon . They devise numerous plans for stealing rare Pokémon , which the player must foil .
= = Development = =
The concept of the Pokémon saga stems from the hobby of insect collecting , a popular pastime which game designer Satoshi Tajiri enjoyed as a child . While growing up , however , he observed more urbanization taking place in the town where he lived and as a result , the insect population declined . Tajiri noticed that kids now played in their homes instead of outside and he came up with the idea of a video game , containing creatures that resembled insects , called Pokémon . He thought kids could relate with the Pokémon by individually naming them , and then controlling them to represent fear or anger as a good way of relieving stress . However , Pokémon never bleed or die in battle , only faint – this was a very touchy subject to Tajiri , as he did not want to further fill the gaming world with " pointless violence " .
When the Game Boy was released , Tajiri thought the system was perfect for his idea , especially because of the link cable , which he envisioned would allow players to trade Pokémon with each other . This concept of trading information was new to the video gaming industry , because previously connection cables were only being used for competition . " I imagined a chunk of information being transferred by connecting two Game Boys with special cables , and I went wow , that 's really going to be something ! " said Tajiri . Tajiri was also influenced by Square 's Game Boy game The Final Fantasy Legend , noting in an interview that the game gave him the idea that more than just action games could be developed for the handheld .
The main characters were named after Tajiri himself as Satoshi , who is described as Tajiri in his youth , and his long @-@ time friend , role model , mentor , and fellow Nintendo developer ; Shigeru Miyamoto as Shigeru . Ken Sugimori , artist and longtime friend of Tajiri , headed the development of drawings and designs of the Pokémon , working with a team of less than ten people who conceived the various designs for all 151 Pokémon . Sugimori in turn finalized each design , drawing the Pokémon from various angles in order to assist Game Freak 's graphics department in properly rendering the creature . Music for the game was composed by Junichi Masuda , who utilized the four sound channels of the Game Boy to create both the melodies and the sound effects and Pokémon " cries " heard upon encountering them . He noted the game 's opening theme , titled " Monster " , was produced with the image of battle scenes in mind , using white noise to sound like marching music and imitate a snare drum .
Originally called Capsule Monsters , the game 's title went through several transitions due to trademark difficulties , becoming CapuMon and KapuMon before eventually settling upon Pocket Monsters . Tajiri always thought that Nintendo would reject his game , as the company did not really understand the concept at first . However , the games turned out to be a complete success , something Tajiri and Nintendo never expected , especially because of the declining popularity of the Game Boy . Upon hearing of the Pokémon concept , Miyamoto suggested creating multiple cartridges with different Pokémon in each , noting it would assist the trading aspect .
In Japan , Pocket Monsters : Red and Green were the first versions released . They sold rapidly , due in part to Nintendo 's idea of producing the two versions of the game instead of a single title , prompting consumers to buy both . Several months later , the Blue version was released in Japan as a mail @-@ order @-@ only special edition , featuring updated in @-@ game artwork and new dialogue . To create more hype and challenge to the games , Tajiri revealed an extra Pokémon called Mew hidden within the games , which he believed " created a lot of rumors and myths about the game " and " kept the interest alive " . The creature was originally added by Shigeki Morimoto as an internal prank and wasn 't supposed to be exposed to consumers . It was not until later that Nintendo decided to distribute Mew through a Nintendo promotional event . However , in 2003 a glitch became widely known , and could be exploited so anyone could obtain the elusive Pokémon .
During the North American localization of Pokémon , a small team led by Hiro Nakamura went through the individual Pokémon , renaming them for western audiences based on their appearance and characteristics after approval from Nintendo Co . Ltd . In addition , during this process , Nintendo trademarked the 151 Pokémon names in order to ensure they would be unique to the franchise . During the translation process , it became apparent that simply altering the games ' text from Japanese to English was impossible ; the games had to be entirely reprogrammed from scratch due to the fragile state of their source code , a side effect of the unusually lengthy development time . Therefore , the games were based on the more @-@ modern Japanese version of Blue ; modeling its programming and artwork , but keeping the same distribution of Pokémon found in the Japanese Red and Green cartridges , respectively .
As the finished Red and Blue versions were being prepared for release , Nintendo allegedly spent over 50 million dollars to promote the games , fearing the series would not be appealing to American children . The western localization team warned that the " cute monsters " may not be accepted by American audiences , and instead recommended they be redesigned and " beefed @-@ up " . Then @-@ president of Nintendo Hiroshi Yamauchi refused and instead viewed the games ' possible reception in America as a challenge to face . Despite these setbacks , the reprogrammed Red and Blue versions with their original creature designs were eventually released in North America over two and a half years after Red and Green debuted in Japan . The games were received extremely well by the foreign audiences and Pokémon went on to become a lucrative franchise in America .
= = = Music = = =
The music was composed by Junichi Masuda on a Commodore Amiga computer , which only features PCM sample playback , and converted to the Game Boy with a program he had written .
The audio of Red and Blue consists entirely of game music and sound effects ; all dialogue is on @-@ screen .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Pokémon Red and Blue set the precedent for what has become a blockbuster , multibillion @-@ dollar franchise . By 1997 , Red , Green , and Blue combined had sold 10 @.@ 4 million copies in Japan . By the end of its run , it had sold a total combined sale of 9 @.@ 85 million in the United States while an additional 3 @.@ 56 million have been sold in United Kingdom . In 2009 , IGN referred to Pokémon Red and Blue as the " Best selling RPG on the Game Boy " and " Best selling RPG of all time " .
The games received mostly positive reviews from critics , holding an aggregate score of 87 @.@ 86 % on GameRankings . Special praise was given to its multiplayer features : the ability to trade and battle Pokémon with one another . Craig Harris of IGN gave the games a " masterful " 10 out of 10 , noting that : " Even if you finish the quest , you still might not have all the Pokémon in the game . The challenge to catch ' em all is truly the game 's biggest draw " . He also commented on the popularity of the game , especially among children , describing it as a " craze " . GameSpot 's Peter Bartholow , who gave the games a " great " 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 , cited the graphics and audio as somewhat primitive but stated that these were the games ' only drawbacks . He praised the titles ' replay value due to their customization and variety , and commented upon their universal appeal : " Under its cuddly exterior , Pokémon is a serious and unique RPG with lots of depth and excellent multiplayer extensions . As an RPG , the game is accessible enough for newcomers to the genre to enjoy , but it will entertain hard @-@ core fans as well . It 's easily one of the best Game Boy games to date " .
The success of these games has been attributed to their innovative gaming experience rather than audiovisual effects . Papers published by the Columbia Business School indicate both American and Japanese children prefer the actual gameplay of a game over special audio or visual effects . In Pokémon games , the lack of these artificial effects has actually been said to promote the child 's imagination and creativity . " With all the talk of game engines and texture mapping and so on , there is something refreshing about this superlative gameplay which makes you ignore the cutesy 8 @-@ bit graphics " commented The Guardian .
The video gaming website 1UP.com composed a list of the " Top 5 ' Late to the Party ' Games " showing selected titles that " prove a gaming platform 's untapped potential " and were one of the last games released for their respective console . Red and Blue were ranked first , and called Nintendo 's " secret weapon " when the games were brought out for the Game Boy in the late 1990s . Nintendo Power listed the Red and Blue versions together as the third best video game for the Game Boy / Game Boy Color , stating that something about the game kept them playing until they caught every Pokémon . Game Informer 's Ben Reeves called them ( along with Pokémon Yellow , Gold , Silver , and Crystal ) the second best Game Boy games and stated that it had more depth than it appeared . Official Nintendo Magazine named the games one of the best Nintendo games of all time , placing 52nd on their list of the top 100 games . Red and Blue made number 72 on IGN 's Top 100 Games of All Time in 2003 , in which the reviewers noted that the pair of games " started a revolution " and praised the deep game design and complex strategy , as well the option to trade between other games . Two years later , it climbed the ranks to number 70 in the updated list , with the games ' legacy again noted to have inspired multiple video game sequels , movies , television shows , and other merchandise , strongly rooting it in popular culture . In 2007 Red and Blue were ranked at number 37 on the list , and the reviewers remarked at the games ' longevity :
For everything that has come in the decade since , it all started right here with Pokémon Red / Blue ' ' . Its unique blend of exploration , training , battling and trading created a game that was far more in @-@ depth than it first appeared and one that actually forced the player to socialize with others in order to truly experience all that it had to offer . The game is long , engrossing and sparkles with that intangible addictiveness that only the best titles are able to capture . Say what you will about the game , but few gaming franchises can claim to be this popular ten years after they first hit store shelves .
The games are widely credited with starting and helping pave the way for the successful multibillion @-@ dollar series . Five years after Red and Blue 's initial release , Nintendo celebrated its " Pokémoniversary " . George Harrison , the senior vice president of marketing and corporate communications of Nintendo of America , stated that " those precious gems [ Pokémon Red and Blue ] have evolved into Ruby and Sapphire . The release of Pokémon Pinball kicks off a line of great new Pokémon adventures that will be introduced in the coming months " . The series has since sold over 175 million games , all accredited to the enormous success of the original Red and Blue versions .
On February 12 , 2014 , an anonymous Australian programmer launched Twitch Plays Pokémon , a " social experiment " on the video streaming website Twitch . The project was a crowdsourced attempt to play a modified version of Pokémon Red by typing commands into the channel 's chat log , with an average of 50 @,@ 000 viewers participating at the same time . The result was compared to " watching a car crash in slow motion " . The game was completed on March 1 , 2014 , boasting 390 hours of multi @-@ user controlled non @-@ stop gameplay .
= = Other versions = =
= = = Pokémon Blue ( Japan ) = = =
Pokémon Blue ( ポケットモンスター 青 , Poketto Monsutā Ao , lit . " Pocket Monsters Blue " ) was released in Japan as a mail order @-@ only special edition to subscribers of CoroCoro Comic on October 15 , 1996 . It was later released to general retail on October 10 , 1999 . The game featured updated in @-@ game artwork and new dialogue . Using Blastoise as its mascot , the code , script , and artwork for Blue was used for the international releases of Red and Green , which were renamed to Red and Blue . The Japanese Blue edition of the game features all but a handful of Pokémon available in Red and Green , making certain Pokémon exclusive to these original editions .
= = = Pokémon Yellow = = =
Pokémon Yellow : Special Pikachu Edition ( ポケットモンスター ピカチュウ , Poketto Monsutā Pikachū , lit . " Pocket Monsters Pikachu " ) was a special edition of the Red and Blue versions , and was originally released on September 12 , 1998 , in Japan , with releases in North America and Europe on October 1 , 1999 , and June 16 , 2000 , respectively . The game was designed to resemble the Pokémon anime series , with the player receiving a Pikachu as his starter Pokémon , and their rival starting with an Eevee . Some non @-@ player characters resemble those from the anime , including Jessie , James , and Meowth .
= = = Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen = = =
Pokémon FireRed Version and LeafGreen Version ( ポケットモンスター ファイアレッド ・ リーフグリーン , Poketto Monsutā Faiareddo Rīfugurīn , lit . " Pocket Monsters : FireRed & LeafGreen " ) are enhanced remakes of the 1996 original Pocket Monsters : Red & Green video games . The new titles were developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance and have compatibility with the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter , which originally came bundled with the games . However , due to the new variables added to LeafGreen and FireRed ( such as changing the single , " Special " stat into two separate " Special Attack " and " Special Defense " stats ) , these titles are not compatible with older versions . FireRed and LeafGreen were first released in Japan on January 29 , 2004 , and released to North America and Europe on September 9 and October 1 , respectively . Nearly two years after their original release , Nintendo re @-@ marketed them as Player 's Choice titles .
The games received critical acclaim , obtaining an aggregate score of 81 percent on Metacritic . Most critics praised the fact that the games introduced new features while still maintaining the traditional gameplay of the series . Reception of the graphics and audio was more mixed , with some reviewers complaining that they were too simplistic and not much of an improvement over the previous games , Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire . FireRed and LeafGreen were commercial successes , selling a total of around 12 million copies worldwide .
= = = Virtual Console = = =
On November 12 , 2015 , Nintendo announced during a Nintendo Direct that the original generation of Pokémon games would be released on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console service on February 27 , 2016 , the 20th anniversary of the games ' original Japanese release . The games also include a first for the Virtual Console — simulated Link Cable functionality to allow trading and battling between games . Each region received the versions of the game as originally released ; as such , Green is exclusive to Japanese consumers . These versions will be able to transfer Pokémon to the upcoming Pokémon Sun and Moon via the Pokémon Bank application .
There is also a special bundle along with the Nintendo 2DS with each console matching the corresponding color of the game version which was released in Japan , Europe and Australia on February 27 , 2016 . And in North America a special New Nintendo 3DS bundle with cover plates of Red and Blue 's boxart .
By March 31 , 2016 , combined sales of the re @-@ releases reached 1 @.@ 5 million units with more than half being sold in the American market .
= Elisenberg Station =
Elisenberg Station ( Norwegian : Elisenberg stasjon ) is an unfinished railway station within the Oslo Tunnel on the Drammen Line in Oslo , Norway . The ghost station was partially built during the construction of the tunnel between 1971 and 1980 , but has never been put into use . It is located between Nationaltheatret Station and Skøyen Station , at Elisenberg in Frogner . A 220 @-@ meter ( 720 ft ) long center platform and part of the access way has been built , but never completed . While the station initially was not put into use because of lack of funds to complete it , it is now unlikely that it will ever be completed , as the need for a station has disappeared and an opening would need a large investment of funds .
= = Facilities = =
Elisenberg is located approximately halfway between Nationaltheatret Station and Skøyen Station in the Oslo Tunnel of the Drammen Line . It is located under Balchens gate , near the tram stop with the same name . All that has been built at Elisenberg Station is the centre platform , which is 220 meters ( 720 ft ) long and 11 meters ( 36 ft ) wide , and a passageway across the south track . The tracks lay 30 meters ( 98 ft ) below the surface .
The plans called for a two @-@ track station which would be connected to the surface via elevators . At ground level , there would have been a vestibule with traveller facilities and ticket sales . The main entrance was to be from Balchensgate , with a secondary entrance from the street junction Elisenbergveien – Frognerveien .
= = History = =
Planning of the Oslo Tunnel was officially initiated in 1938 , as a way to connect the Drammen Line to Oslo East Station ( Oslo Ø , now Oslo Central Station , Oslo S ) . The Station Committee of 1938 , led by Axel Grenholm , recommended a route that would branch off from the existing line close to the then terminal station of Oslo West Station ( Oslo V ) . Another committee , led by Oddvar Halvorsen , was established in 1960 to look at the matter again . It stated that the tunnel should be longer and intersect with the Drammen Line at a point between Skarpsno and Skøyen , and with a second station built at Frogner . The proposal was presented to Parliament on 4 November 1961 , along with several other matters related to rail transport investments . Construction of the Oslo Tunnel and Elisenberg Station was passed unanimously .
A planning office was established in 1962 , initially led by Erik Himle . The final plans for the route were passed by parliament in 1968 , and construction started in 1971 . The rationale for the building of the station was that Frogner was to be developed as a dense , commercial district . However , to cut costs with the Oslo Tunnel , it was decided that parts of Nationaltheatret would not be built yet , and that Elisenberg Station would not open until after the tunnel was completed . By 1978 , the platform area had been built , but the access way had not . The investments cost 30 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , 75 mill. of 1998 standard . The Oslo Tunnel opened , without Elisenberg Station , on 1 June 1980 .
During the mid @-@ 1980s , the plans for Elisenberg were again considered , after an initiative by Prime Minister Kåre Willoch who had been stuck in traffic congestion at Frogner . At the time , the cost estimate to open the station was NOK 105 million . The rail administration planned instead to build an additional , western entrance to Nationaltheatret Station , located near the roundabout between Parkveien and Henrik Ibsens gate ( then Drammensveien ) , which would only cost 40 million NOK .
This entrance was expected to replace the need for Elisenberg Station , and was located in the middle of the Oslo Tunnel , between Nationaltheatret and Skøyen . Oslo Byes Vel and the Conservative , Red and Centre parties opposed the construction of the entrance , arguing that it would ruin the south @-@ western corner of the Palace Park . The Conservative Party proposed building it further south , across Henrik Ibsens gate , either in Hansteens gate or in Parkveien near Oslo Commerce School , while the others wanted to open Elisenberg Station for traffic .
However , by then it had become clear that Frogner west of Solli plass would remain dominantly a residential area . The estimates showed that the station would capture few new riders and instead simply give a shorter walk for a small minority of those who used Nationaltheatret Station and Skøyen Station . With the upgraded Nationaltheatret Station , which opened in 1999 , the capacity of the Oslo Tunnel increased from 16 to 24 trains per hour in each direction , because the station from then had four , rather than two , tracks . A similar upgrade would need to be done for Elisenberg Station , should it be taken into use , or the capacity of the tunnel would again be reduced . It is therefore highly unlikely that the station will ever be opened . In 1998 , the readers of the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten proposed making Elisenberg an emergency exit .
In 2008 , one hundred million NOK were given from the state budget of Norway to make improvements to the Oslo Tunnel following a cable fire at Skøyen Station . The replacement of the overhead wires would be started close to Elisenberg Station .
= Triaenops goodmani =
Triaenops goodmani is an extinct bat from Madagascar in the genus Triaenops . It is known from three lower jaws collected in a cave at Anjohibe in 1996 , and described as a new species in 2007 . The material is at most 10 @,@ 000 years old . A bat humerus ( upper arm bone ) from the same site could not be identified as either T. goodmani or the living T. menamena . T. goodmani is identifiable as a member of Triaenops or the related genus Paratriaenops by a number of features of the teeth , such as the single @-@ cusped , canine @-@ like fourth premolar and the presence of a gap between the entoconid and hypoconulid cusps on the first two molars . T. goodmani is larger than the living species of Triaenops and Paratriaenops on Madagascar , and on the first molar the protoconid cusp is only slightly higher than the hypoconid , not much higher as in the other species .
= = Taxonomy and distribution = =
In 1996 , a team led by David Burney collected breccias containing remains of bats and other animals from the cave of Anjohibe in northwestern Madagascar . The bats in the sample were described by Karen Samonds ( previously Irwin ) in her 2006 Ph.D. dissertation and a 2007 paper . She found several living species in addition to two extinct ones that she described as new , Triaenops goodmani and Hipposideros besaoka . At the time , the genus Triaenops was thought to include three species on Madagascar – Triaenops auritus , Triaenops furculus , and Triaenops rufus . Since then , Steven Goodman and Julie Ranivo have discovered that the name rufus is not in fact applicable to the Madagascar species and proposed the name Triaenops menamena for the Madagascan bats previously known as Triaenops rufus .
In addition , Petr Benda and Peter Vallo have removed the other two Madagascan species to a separate genus Paratriaenops , so that they are now known as Paratriaenops auritus and Paratriaenops furculus . The specific name of the extinct species , goodmani , honors Steven Goodman for his research on Madagascan bats . The material of T. goodmani is from locality OLD SE within the cave and is about 10 @,@ 000 years old or younger . A cladistic analysis using morphological data could not resolve the relationships of Triaenops goodmani , but did not place it with the other species of Triaenops and Paratriaenops studied . In a 2008 paper , Amy Russell and colleagues commented that cranial ( skull ) characteristics of T. goodmani suggest it is a member of the " T. furculus / T. auritus group " , now placed in Paratriaenops .
= = Description = =
Triaenops goodmani is known from three mandibles ( lower jaws ) : one with the fourth premolar ( p4 ) and first and second molars ( m1 – 2 ) and two with the second and third molars ( m2 – 3 ) . The jaw is relatively robust . The p4 resembles a canine , having a single cusp that is about as high as the highest cusp on m1 and lacking accessory shelves or cusps . The molars are narrow @-@ crowned and longer than in T. menamena , P. auritus , and P. furculus . Length of m2 ranges from 1 @.@ 55 to 1 @.@ 57 mm and width from 0 @.@ 98 to 1 @.@ 02 mm . On m1 , the trigonid ( front group of cusps ) is narrower and slightly higher than the talonid at the back . The protoconid , one of the main cusps in the trigonid , is the highest cusp , but is only slightly higher than the hypoconid ( a cusp in the talonid ) ; in living Madagascan Triaenops and Paratriaenops , the protoconid is substantially higher than the hypoconid . The paraconid , metaconid ( both cusps in the trigonid ) , and entoconid ( a cusp in the talonid ) are lower than in Paratriaenops auritus . The hypoconulid ( part of the talonid ) is small but distinct and is the lowest cusp . It is separated from the entoconid by a gap . T. goodmani lacks a ridge , the preentocristid , connecting the entoconid to the metaconid . There is a crest ( cingulum ) at the front and back of the tooth . The last two molars are similar to m1 , but in m2 the talonid is only slightly wider than the trigonid and in m3 the two are of equal width . In addition , a shelf is present between the protoconid and hypoconid on m2 and m3 is smaller , lacks the gap between the entoconid and hypoconulid , and has a weak ridge between the entoconid and metaconid . These characteristics are typical of Triaenops and Paratriaenops .
From the same site where T. goodmani was found , Samonds also recorded the distal ( far ) end of a Triaenops humerus ( upper arm bone ) , with a width of 3 @.@ 58 mm . This bone was similar to humeri of T. menamena , but she did not identify it as either species because of the small size difference between T. menamena and T. goodmani . In site NCC @-@ 1 ( estimated 69 @,@ 600 to 86 @,@ 800 years old ) , two Triaenops mandibles were recorded , one with p4 and m1 and another with m1 – 2 and part of m3 . Relative to living Triaenops and Paratriaenops , m1 in those jaws is longer and narrower . Although sample sizes are small , the measurements do not resemble those of T. goodmani . In addition , the ridge between the entoconid and metaconid is stronger than in T. goodmani . Samonds identified these jaws only as Triaenops .
= 2000 Austrian Grand Prix =
The 2000 Austrian Grand Prix ( formally the XXIV Großer A1 Preis von Österreich ) was a Formula One motor race held on 16 July 2000 at the A1 @-@ Ring near Spielberg , Styria , Austria . It was the tenth round of the 2000 Formula One season and the 24th Austrian Grand Prix . The 71 @-@ lap race was won by McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen after starting from pole position . His teammate David Coulthard finished second with Rubens Barrichello third for the Ferrari team .
Michael Schumacher , the eventual Drivers ' Champion , led the Championship going into the race and started from fourth position alongside Barrichello . At the first corner BAR 's Ricardo Zonta ran into the rear of Michael Schumacher . The incident forced the German to retire and caused a safety car deployment . After the safety car pulled in after one lap Häkkinen and Coulthard extended a comfortable lead over the rest of the field . When Häkkinen made his pit stop on lap 38 , he rejoined behind Coulthard , but ahead of Barrichello . Coulthard made a pit stop on lap 41 , allowing Häkkinen back into the lead which he held to clinch his second victory of the 2000 season .
As a consequence of the race , Coulthard 's second place narrowed the gap to Michael Schumacher in the Drivers ' Championship to six points , while Häkkinen 's win meant he closed to within two points of Coulthard . After the Grand Prix , McLaren were docked 10 points for a post @-@ race technical infringement , resulting in Ferrari maintaining their lead in the Constructors ' Championship with a four @-@ point gap over McLaren , with seven races of the season remaining .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
The Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams with two drivers each . The teams ( also known as constructors ) were McLaren , Ferrari , Jordan , Jaguar , Williams , Benetton , Prost , Sauber , Arrows , Minardi and BAR . Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre compounds to the race ; the Soft and the Medium dry compound tyres . The A1 @-@ Ring underwent minor safety changes in the run @-@ up to the race . The modifications were new kerbs placed across the track with flagstones inside the kerbs to prevent dust from accumulating on the circuit . An additional row of tyres were erected at all corners and were designed to increase absorption in the event of a collision .
Going into the race , Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers ' Championship with 56 points , ahead of David Coulthard on 44 points and his teammate Mika Häkkinen on 38 points . Rubens Barrichello was fourth on 32 points while Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth with 18 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari were leading with 88 points , six points ahead of their rivals McLaren in second . Benetton on 18 points and Williams with 17 points contended for third place , while Jordan were fifth on eleven points . McLaren and Ferrari had so far dominated the championship , winning the previous nine races . Championship participants Barrichello and Fisichella had each gained second place podium finishes while Ralf Schumacher and Heinz @-@ Harald Frentzen had achieved third place podium finishes .
Following the French Grand Prix on 2 July , six teams conducted testing sessions at the Silverstone Circuit between 4 – 6 July to prepare for the Austrian Grand Prix at the A1 @-@ Ring . Frentzen was fastest on the first day of testing , ahead of Sauber 's Pedro Diniz . Alexander Wurz 's car was afflicted with an gearbox issue , resulting in repairs which limited his team 's testing time . Jaguar driver Eddie Irvine was fastest on the second day . Jos Verstappen for Arrows was quickest on the final day of testing , although his car 's front wing was damaged when his engine cover was shed from its chassis . Ferrari and McLaren opted to test at the Mugello Circuit where both teams concentrated their efforts on aerodynamic and suspension set @-@ ups between 4 – 7 July . Ferrari spent one further day performing shakedown runs of their cars at the Fiorano Circuit with their test driver Luca Badoer . Williams and BAR tested at the Autódromo do Estoril between July 5 – 7 where testing consisted of tyre , engine , aerodynamic and set @-@ up optimisation .
The Jordan team 's plan to introduce its new car , the EJ10B , at this race was postponed as its bodywork was required to undergo Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) safety tests . This was due to a decision made by the Jordan team to develop the car further and create more spare parts . However , this was the last race that the EJ10 competed , as the EJ10B made its début at the next race .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Four practice sessions were held before the Sunday race , two each on Friday and Saturday . The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour ; the third and fourth sessions , on Saturday morning , lasted 45 minutes each . Conditions were dry for the Friday practice sessions . Barrichello set the first session 's fastest time , a 1 : 13 @.@ 603 , two @-@ tenths of a second quicker than Jarno Trulli . Ricardo Zonta finished with the third fastest time . Verstappen , Michael Schumacher and Coulthard filled in the next three positions . Fisichella , Johnny Herbert , Jacques Villeneuve and Mika Salo rounded out the top ten positions . Häkkinen 's car was afflicted with an mechanical fuel pump issue ; this restricted him to one out lap and he was slowest overall . In the second practice session , Coulthard set the fastest lap of the day , a 1 : 12 @.@ 464 ; Häkkinen had a trouble free season and ended with the second fastest time . Salo ran quicker during the session and was third fastest . Michael Schumacher and Barrichello had the fourth and seventh fastest times respectively ; they were separated by Zonta and Trulli . Villeneuve , Diniz and Fisichella completed the top ten positions . After the second session , Irvine , who had only participated in the first practice session , withdrew from the Grand Prix . He had felt unwell upon arrival at the circuit and was diagnosed with appendicitis at the infield medical centre . He was replaced by Jaguar 's test driver Luciano Burti .
The Saturday morning sessions were held in dry conditions and later on a wet track , were grip was poor and some drivers were forced onto the grass after sliding off the track . Häkkinen was fastest in the third practice session , with a time of 1 : 11 @.@ 355 ; Coulthard had the second fastest time . The two Ferrari drivers were third and fourth ; Barrichello ahead of Michael Schumacher . Verstappen continued his quick form and set the fifth fastest time , ahead of Fisichella and Villeneuve . Zonta , Trulli and Herbert rounded out the top ten fastest drivers in the session . In the final practice session , Häkkinen again set the fastest time , a 1 : 11 @.@ 336 , despite spinning into the gravel late in the session ; his teammate Coulthard remained second quickest . Michael Schumacher was third fastest ahead of teammate Barrichello . Villeneuve was fifth fastest , ahead of Herbert and Frentzen . Salo , Fisichella and Arrows driver Pedro de la Rosa completed the top ten ahead of qualifying .
Saturday afternoon 's qualifying session lasted for an hour . Each driver was limited to twelve laps , with the grid order decided by the drivers ' fastest laps . During this session the 107 % rule was in effect , requiring each driver to remain within 107 % of the fastest lap time to qualify for the race . The session was held in overcast conditions ; the air temperature was 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) and the track temperature 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) . Häkkinen clinched his fourth pole position of the season , his first since the San Marino Grand Prix , with a time of 1 : 10 @.@ 410 . He was joined on the front row of the grid by teammate Coulthard who was three @-@ tenths of a second off Häkkinen 's pace . Coulthard felt he could have challenged for pole position but he clipped a kerb going into Castrol Kurve on his final run which cost him time . Both drivers were satisfied with their car 's balance . Barrichello qualified third and said that he changed his car 's set @-@ up to help him to achieve a better lap time . Michael Schumacher qualified fourth , six @-@ tenths of a second behind Häkkinen , and reported that his car 's handling was uneven throughout the circuit . He also had a high @-@ speed spin during the session and aborted his final run after he made a mistake at the exit of Gösser corner . Trulli qualified fifth having used the soft compound tyres to set his fastest lap time . Zonta and Villeneuve set the sixth and seventh fastest times respectively for BAR , both drivers spun during the session . Fisichella recorded the eighth quickest time although he lost a bargeboard when he went off the circuit . He felt he could have secured fifth but a yellow @-@ flag caused him to reduce his pace . Salo and Verstappen completed the top ten positions . Diniz missed qualifying in the top ten by two @-@ thousands of a second and spun off while setting lap times , triggering a yellow @-@ flag. de la Rosa managed twelfth , having struggled with the conditions during the session . He qualified ahead of Sauber driver Nick Heidfeld and Wurz . Frentzen , fifteenth , ran the hard compound tyres and his lap times were set early in the session before track conditions had improved . Frentzen said it was because he felt rain would hit the circuit towards the end of qualifying . Herbert started from sixteenth , after stopping on one run because to a broken left rear suspension caused by a loose suspension bracket at the Niki Lauda Kurve . A rear wishbone on his car had also been flexing . Alesi qualified seventeenth . Jenson Button used the spare Williams car set up for Ralf Schumacher because Button 's race car had engine issues and qualified eighteenth . Button additionally struggled with driving the spare car . His teammate Ralf Schumacher qualified nineteenth in the Williams team 's worst qualifying performance of the season . Burti and the two Minardi drivers qualified at the rear of the field , covering positions twenty to twenty @-@ two .
= = = Race = = =
The drivers took to the track at 09 : 30 CEST ( UTC + 2 ) for a 30 @-@ minute warm @-@ up session . It took place in dry weather conditions . Both Ferrari drivers maintained their consistent performance from qualifying , although Barrichello had the fastest time of 1 : 12 @.@ 480 . Michael Schumacher was fifth in the other Ferrari car ; Häkkinen split them in the McLaren for third position , ahead of Verstappen . Zonta completed the top six , 1 @.@ 1 seconds behind Barrichello .
The race started at 14 : 00 local time . The conditions on the grid were dry and cloudy before the race . The air temperature ranged from 17 – 18 ° C ( 63 – 64 ° F ) and the track temperature was between 18 – 19 ° C ( 64 – 66 ° F ) ; weather forecasts indicated a 30 % chance of rain . While on an reconnaissance lap , Burti 's car developed a water leak and was forced to start with his team 's spare car from the pit lane . Michael Schumacher also opted to use his team 's spare car . Häkkinen , from pole position on the grid , held onto the lead going into the first corner . Coulthard , who started alongside Häkkinen , maintained second position . Further down the order , Diniz swerved to avoid contact with Verstappen . The resulting manoeuvre resulted in Diniz colliding with Fisichella . Ahead of them , Trulli drove into the back of Barrichello , while Zonta made contact with Michael Schumacher . Diniz made further minor contact with teammate Salo . Both BAR and Prost drivers were forced wide in avoidance . These incidents resulted in the safety car being deployed . During the safety car period , Verstappen drove to his garage because of a gearbox problem .
The safety car was withdrawn at the end of the second lap and the race got underway again with Häkkinen in the lead . Button , meanwhile , was immediately overtaken by Barrichello and Frentzen for sixth position . At the completion of the third lap , the race order was Häkkinen , Coulthard , Salo , de la Rosa , Herbert , Barrichello , Frentzen , Button , Marc Gené , Wurz , Heidfeld , Alesi , Villeneuve , Burti , Zonta , Ralf Schumacher , Mazzacane , Diniz and Verstappen . Both McLaren drivers began to pull away from the rest of the field and exchanged fastest laps , as de la Rosa passed Salo for third at the start of lap four . Frentzen in the Jordan became the fourth retirement of the race with an engine failure on lap five and spun off on his car 's oil . Barrichello passed Herbert for fifth position on the same lap , while Zonta passed Burti for 13th . Verstappen set a new fastest lap of the race on lap six as he immediately closed on Diniz in 17th . Alesi overtook his teammate Heidfeld for tenth position on the following lap . Häkkinen continued to set fastest laps and opened the gap between Coulthard and de la Rosa to five seconds by lap eight . Barrichello claimed fourth position after passing Salo on the same lap and Ralf Schumacher made a pit stop for a new front wing . The first Williams driver made a pit stop for further repairs on the following lap .
By lap 13 , Häkkinen 's gap to Coulthard was two seconds , who in turn was a further ten seconds in front of de la Rosa . Barrichello , who had damage to his car , was a further six seconds behind the Arrows driver , but was drawing ahead of Salo in fifth . Verstappen suffered an gearbox failure and became the fifth retirement of the race on lap 14 . On lap 17 , Diniz and Zonta were given 10 second stop @-@ go penalties , both for their roles in the lap 1 accidents . They took their penalties immediately . Ralf Schumacher emerged from his garage to rejoin the race on the same lap . Häkkinen had extended his already comfortable lead over Coulthard to 10 seconds by lap 24 . Alesi , who was on a two @-@ stop strategy , became the first driver to make a scheduled pit stop on the same lap and exited in thirteenth place . On lap 25 , Zonta was involved in another collision when he attempted to overtake Minardi driver Gastón Mazzacane at turn 1 which allowed Diniz to move into fourteenth position .
de la Rosa made a pit stop from third position to retire from the race with mechanical issues on lap 32 . The result allowed Button to move into the points @-@ scoring positions . Wurz dropped to tenth after running eighth by lap 34 . Meanwhile , Häkkinen took his only pit stop on lap 38 , emerging behind Coulthard . Alesi , who was fourteenth , but yet to make his final pit stop , attempted to pass teammate Heidfeld but the two cars collided at the first corner . Both drivers retired from the race . Coulthard took his pit stop on the same lap , emerging behind Häkkinen . Salo , Herbert , Barrichello , Button and Villeneuve all made pit stops over the next five laps . At the conclusion of lap 50 , with the scheduled pit stops completed , the running order was Häkkinen , Coulthard , Barrichello , Villeneuve , Button , Salo , Herbert , Gené , Wurz , Diniz , Zonta , Burti , Mazzacane and Ralf Schumacher .
Ralf Schumacher spun off the track because of brake failure and retired on lap 50 . His teammate Button ran wide while challenging Villeneuve for fourth position on lap 51 but remained in front of Salo . Zonta became the final retirement of the race when his engine failed on lap 59 . On the same lap , Mazzacane was issued with a 10 @-@ second stop @-@ go penalty . He took his penalty on lap 61 . Coulthard set the fastest lap of the race a 1 : 11 @.@ 783 on lap 66 , as he closed a nine @-@ second gap to Häkkinen who was running slower on the same lap , although it appeared that the Finn would win the race comfortably . Diniz overtook Wurz to take ninth position four laps later . Häkkinen crossed the finish line on lap 71 to take his second win of the season in a time of 1 ' 28 : 15 @.@ 818 , at an average speed of 129 @.@ 737 miles per hour ( 208 @.@ 791 km / h ) . Coulthard finished second 12 @.@ 5 seconds behind , ahead of Barrichello in third , Villeneuve in fourth , Button in fifth and Salo rounded out the points scoring positions in sixth . Herbert , Gené , Diniz and Wurz filled the next four positions , abeit one lap behind the winner , with Burti and Mazzacane the last of the classified drivers .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference . Häkkinen said that he was happy with his race victory which he believed would help his confidence throughout the remainder of the season . Häkkinen added that his team showed him pit boards which instructed him not to over rev his engine during the first half of the race . Coulthard said that he was satisfied with the outcome of the first lap as it allowed him to drive a conservative race . He added that his strong finish would not mean that he would think about his potential to clinch the Drivers ' Championship . Barrichello explained that his car was loose from contact with Trulli during the race 's early stages which prevented him from challenging de la Rosa .
Villeneuve was pleased with his fourth @-@ place finish saying that despite making a bad start , his strategy allowed him to run quicker when no back markers were holding him up . After Button 's fifth position at the race , the Williams team principal Frank Williams said of his performance , " Jenson really excelled himself again driving in difficult circumstances at the end of the race and under a lot of pressure " . Mika Salo scored points for the third time in the season , having scored fifth in Monaco . He said that he was happy , and that he struggled with excessive oversteer in the high speed corners .
Michael Schumacher , who was involved in the first lap incident , believed that the race should have been stopped . However , he praised the work of the marshals who had assisted to recover the cars involved . He also believed that Zonta had " over @-@ estimated his ability " and said that he would have a " quiet word " with the BAR driver . Zonta believed that the incident was not his fault and that Michael Schumacher braked harder than him , but apologised for his retirement from the race . Fisichella also agreed that the race should have been stopped , saying , " Three of the protagonists are out and it was stupid not to red flag . " Benetton Technical Director Pat Symonds was highly critical of the driver 's actions as he believed Benetton lost valuable points towards the Constructors ' Championship . " The driving antics of some of our competitors at the first corner were appalling and ruined the race not only for many of the drivers but also for many of the spectators " he said .
After the race , it was announced that the FIA was investigating irregularities with an electronic box in Hakkinen 's car . This was due to Formula One 's governing body discovering that one mandatory seal was missing . Further samples from the electronic box were taken after the race ; this was software downloaded which did not discover any issues with the coding . A spokesman for the McLaren team said that : " No one changed the software , so there 's no reason for us to be worried . " At the hearing on 25 July , the FIA ruled that McLaren did not gain an advantage from the missing seal and that Häkkinen 's victory would stand . However , McLaren were docked 10 points from the Constructors ' Championship and were fined $ 50 @,@ 000 for contravening Article 7 of the 2000 Formula One Sporting Regulations , which stated that competitors had to maintain some conditions of safety and eligibility during the event . McLaren International Managing Director Martin Whitmarsh announced that the team would not appeal the penalty . The Vice @-@ President of Mercedes @-@ Benz Motorsport Norbert Haug later criticised the decision and believed that the seal was never put on Häkkinen 's car . Haug also said he would not take any further action regarding the matter .
As a consequence of the race , Michael Schumacher 's lead in the Drivers ' Championship was reduced to six points . Coulthard , who finished second , was second on 50 points , two points ahead of teammate Häkkinen and eight ahead of Barrichello . Despite not finishing , Fisichella maintained fifth place with 18 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari maintained their lead with 92 points , McLaren 's 10 point penalty meant that they remained second on 88 points . Williams jumped to third on 19 points , pushing Benetton down into fourth on 18 points and BAR with 12 points moved ahead of Jordan into fifth , with seven rounds of the season remaining .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
= = = Race = = =
= = Championship standings after the race = =
Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= California State Route 55 =
State Route 55 ( SR 55 ) is an 18 @-@ mile ( 30 @-@ km ) long north – south highway in the U.S. state of California . The portion of the route built to freeway standards is known as the Costa Mesa Freeway ( formerly the Newport Freeway ) . SR 55 runs between Finley Avenue south of Pacific Coast Highway ( SR 1 ) in Newport Beach and the Riverside Freeway ( SR 91 ) in Anaheim to the north , intersecting other major Orange County freeways such as SR 22 , SR 73 , and Interstate 405 ( I @-@ 405 ) . The freeway passes through suburban Orange County .
SR 55 was first added to the state highway system in 1931 , known as part of Legislative Route 43 , and was routed on surface streets . It was renumbered SR 55 in 1959 , and the construction of the freeway portion began in the 1960s and continued until 1992 . Due to congestion , several alternatives are being discussed to expand the freeway portion past its current end in Newport Beach . SR 55 received the first carpool lane in Orange County in 1985 , and the first direct carpool ramp in 1995 .
= = Route description = =
Starting at Finley Avenue on Newport Boulevard in Newport Beach , 0 @.@ 3 miles ( 0 @.@ 48 km ) south of SR 1 , SR 55 ( Newport Boulevard ) is a four @-@ lane expressway for approximately 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) to its intersection with 17th Street in Costa Mesa . It then follows a traditional street routing through a retail and commercial section of Costa Mesa until its intersection with 19th Street . The segment on Newport Boulevard includes a limited @-@ access interchange at SR 1 . Following the 19th Street intersection , SR 55 becomes an eight @-@ lane below @-@ grade freeway that bisects the northbound and southbound lanes of Newport Boulevard until the Mesa Drive undercrossing .
North of Fair Drive , SR 55 is an at @-@ grade or above @-@ grade freeway , with the exception of a 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) stretch between the 1st Street / 4th Street exit and the 17th Street exit in Santa Ana , which is below @-@ grade . SR 55 intersects SR 73 and I @-@ 405 next to John Wayne Airport . The freeway continues north into Santa Ana and Tustin , where there is an interchange with I @-@ 5 . The southbound side of the Costa Mesa Freeway does not have a direct link to northbound I @-@ 5 .
SR 55 continues north into Orange , where it meets the eastern terminus of SR 22 . Following this , the freeway continues almost due north until turning northeast to merge with SR 91 eastbound , and intersecting ramps for SR 91 westbound near the Santa Ana River .
Today , SR 55 is a heavily @-@ travelled corridor linking southern Orange County with SR 91 , the main corridor between the Inland Empire and the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area , as well as I @-@ 5 , the main north – south corridor for California . A HOV lane has been built along the entire route , with its own off- and on @-@ ramps , including one for I @-@ 5 . However , congestion is still very prevalent throughout the day , as is the norm with many Orange County freeways ; Route 55 experiences a peak daily traffic volume of 262 @,@ 000 vehicles and 17 @,@ 292 trucks .
SR 55 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and the National Highway System , a network of roadways important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . SR 55 from SR 91 to Costa Mesa is known as the Costa Mesa Freeway , as named by Assembly Concurrent Resolution 177 , Chapter 86 in 1976 .
= = History = =
SR 55 was built in 1931 and originally numbered Route 43 . It was built from the southern terminus of SR 1 ( the Pacific Coast Highway , or " PCH " ) and continued northbound on roughly the same route it follows today , following Newport Road ( today Newport Boulevard ) northeast to Tustin , and then Tustin Avenue north to near its current terminus at SR 91 . From here , Route 43 continued east on what is now SR 91 towards Riverside . In 1959 , the highway was renumbered as Route 55 , and its route was shortened from Route 1 to the also @-@ renumbered Route 91 . The freeway portion from Chapman Avenue to SR 91 opened on January 18 , 1962 , at a cost of $ 4 @.@ 6 million ( about $ 79 @.@ 1 million today ) . The segment between SR 73 and Chapman Avenue opened in 1966 .
SR 55 was the first freeway in Orange County to receive carpool lanes , opened in October 1985 between I @-@ 405 and SR 91 . The stretch of SR 55 between Mesa Drive and 19th Street in Costa Mesa was opened in 1992 ; plans to extend SR 55 freeway south from 19th Street to State Route 1 were never realized due to community opposition , fueling an amendment to the city charter to prevent this extension .
In 1995 , the direct carpool lane ramps between I @-@ 5 and SR 55 were completed ; these were the first in Orange County . The year also saw further widening of SR 55 between SR 22 and McFadden Avenue . Between 1996 and 2002 , the fifth lane in both directions was constructed between I @-@ 5 and SR 91 , funded with a sales tax of half a cent approved by Measure M. In April 2007 , the Orange County Transportation Authority approved funds to study the feasibility of extending the Costa Mesa Freeway south to 17th Street via tunnels or flyover ramps . The segment of SR 55 from Finley Street to the Newport Channel bridge was legally authorized to be turned over to the city of Newport Beach in 2009 .
SR 55 was formerly called the Newport Freeway . In 2010 , the stretch between Chapman and Katella avenues in the City of Orange was renamed the Paul Johnson Freeway for longtime local radio television traffic reporter Paul Johnson , who died the same year .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Orange County .
= Baltimore Urban Debate League =
The Baltimore Urban Debate League ( BUDL , pronounced " boodle " ) , is an American , non profit , urban debate league that aims to educate and mentor inner city middle school and high school students in the Baltimore , Maryland area . The league was started in 1999 by a grant from the Fund for Educational Excellence in collaboration with George Soros ' Open Society Institute . Eight high schools and 90 students participated in the first year .
= = Debate format = =
= = = High school = = =
At the high school level , students debate according to policy debate guidelines . Each season one resolution is established by the National Forensic League and National Catholic Forensic League . There are three divisions on the high school level : novice , junior varsity ( JV ) , and varsity . The three divisions have the same timing conventions for debate rounds , the only exception being preparation time ( novice get ten minutes , JV and varsity get five minutes ) .
= Scheiße ( song ) =
" Scheiße " ( English : Shit ) is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga from her second studio album , Born This Way ( 2011 ) . The song was written and produced by Lady Gaga and RedOne , and was recorded in Europe on the tour bus during the Monster Ball Tour . " Scheiße " was first introduced as a remix during a Thierry Mugler fashion show held in January 19 , 2011 .
It is a dance @-@ pop song with heavy , pounding synths . The song also has a fast techno beat with electroclash and Eurodisco influences . Gaga speaks the first verse and parts of the chorus of the song faux @-@ German , as the name of the song is German . The lyrics have a feminist tone , speaking of female empowerment . The song received positive reviews from contemporary critics , who complimented its heavy dance beat and catchy chorus , despite criticizing the faux @-@ German lyrics and Gaga 's accent . The song charted on the South Korean Gaon Music Chart and US Billboard dance charts , as well as entering the component charts in Canada , Germany , and the United States .
= = Background = =
The song was written and produced by Lady Gaga and RedOne . The song was originally recorded on the Tour Bus in Europe in 2010 , and was later remixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California by Trevor Muzzy . Gaga said that the song was inspired after a night of partying at the Laboratory nightclub in Berlin , Germany . The next day , she wrote " Scheiße " , stating that she " meant [ the song ] like ' shit , it 's good . ' But I also meant it the other way ; because this song is really about wanting to be a strong female without all the bullshit that comes along with . Anything that gets in your way from being brave . It 's not the only word I know , I just like that word . It 's sexy . "
" Scheiße " was first introduced in a Thierry Mugler fashion show held on January 19 , 2011 as a remix ; the fashion show also featured Gaga on the runway . It featured a thumping dance beat with snippets of German words . The remix ended with the lyrics , " I 'll take you out tonight / say whatever you like . " On January 20 , 2011 , Mugler 's creative director Nicola Formichetti premiered a short film featuring a remix of the song . Gaga commented on her website , Littlemonsters.com , that she wanted to release " Scheiße " as a single but her label did not want her to put it out . " Scheiße " was released as part of Gaga 's second studio album , Born This Way , on May 23 , 2011 .
= = Composition = =
" Scheiße " is a dance @-@ pop song with techno , electroclash , Eurodisco , and Eurodance from the middle of 1990s influences . Andrew Unterberger of PopDust noted that the song was influenced by Madonna 's music , notably " Justify My Love , " which , like " Scheiße , " has sections in which the artist speaks rather than sings . " Scheiße " has been described as " a strange mash up of digestible , American shopping mecca music and the thud of German nightclub electronica . " The song features a " grimy " bass and so many " fizzing " synths that it produces a " keyboard assault on the senses . " The song 's lyrics are of female empowerment . Although the theme of " Scheiße " is similar to the inspirational theme of other songs on Born This Way , The Village Voice questioned the sincerity of the feminist lyrics , after Gaga had once said , " I ’ m not a feminist . I hail men , I love men , " but calls herself on the song a " blond high @-@ heeled feminist enlisting femmes for this . " " [ Is this ] someone who we ’ re watching evolve or someone who , at any given point , doesn ’ t really know what she ’ s talking about ? " the article wrote of Gaga . The German word " scheiße " , the title of the song and a word frequently used in the song , translates into " shit " into English . Gaga repeatedly speaks in German sounding gibberish during the song , although in a French accent .
The song starts with Gaga saying , " I don 't speak German , but I can if you like " , then immediately launches into a spoken verse in faux @-@ German . She then moves to the hook of the song , " I ’ ll take you out tonight , say whatever you like , scheiße be mine " . Following the hook is a pre @-@ chorus backed by syncopated synths , with influences of techno music . The chorus of the song , in which Gaga includes the word " Scheiße " , is backed by " dueling screechy " synths . It is broken up by Gaga repeatedly singing in @-@ between lines " oh oh oh oh oh " in an electronically altered voice . The next verses , containing lyrics of Gaga being a strong woman , are all backed by " growling , guttural " synths , and are mixed with German and English . According to the sheet music published by Hal Leonard Corporation , " Scheiße " is written in the time signature of common time , with a tempo of 131 beats per minute . It is composed on the key of C minor , with Gaga 's voice spanning from F3 to C ♯ 5 . The song follows in the sequence of Cm – Cm / Cm – Eb / Gm as its chord progression .
= = Reception = =
" Scheiße " received positive reviews from critics , with some calling it a highlight of the album . NME 's Dan Martin also found " Scheiße " comparable to a Madonna song , saying it " channels Miss Kittin doing a rave take on Madonna ’ s ' Erotica ' , " making it a " commanding pop song " and a " triumph " . The Village Voice called " Scheiße " a " highlight " of the album , but questioned the sincerity of the feminist lyrics . BBC Music called the song a " monster tune begging for a sex dungeon @-@ themed video event " . Kerri Manson of Billboard found the song to be " dated " , but strongly praised the chorus . Tim Jonze of The Guardian also found the chorus of the song " ridiculously catchy " and felt it was the most important aspect of the song . He also noticed Berlin techno influences in the song , which were described as "
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
7 – 4 loss to the Toronto Blue Jays . On July 4 , he was placed on the disabled list with a strained rib cage , but he was reactivated on July 18 .
Sánchez was sent back to Fresno on August 11 to make room for Brian Wilson on the roster . He returned in September , and he replaced Lowry ( who was injured ) in the rotation . He made four starts , but he lost three of them and had a 7 @.@ 16 ERA in all four of them . After straining his left oblique muscle in his fourth start , he was shut down for the rest of the season and replaced in the rotation by Travis Blackley . He finished the year 1 – 5 with a 5 @.@ 88 ERA in thirty @-@ three games ( four starts ) .
= = = = 2008 = = = =
In 2008 , Sánchez made the Giants ' starting rotation out of spring training as the fifth starter . In only his second start of the season , he struck out a career high ten batters against the San Diego Padres in a game the Giants eventually won 1 – 0 . Sánchez struck out ten batters again in a 3 – 1 victory against the Cincinnati Reds on April 25 , becoming the first Giants left @-@ handed pitcher since Shawn Estes to strike out at least ten batters in a game more than once in a season . From May 28 through June 12 , Sánchez won a career best four straight starts . On June 12 , in a 10 – 7 victory over the Colorado Rockies , he became the first Giants ' starter to allow seven runs and win a game since Russ Ortiz did it in 2000 . In his next start , on June 17 against the Detroit Tigers , Sánchez took a no @-@ hitter into the sixth inning , but he was ultimately the losing pitcher in a 5 – 1 loss . Sánchez finished the first half with an 8 – 5 record and 115 strikeouts , which were the most ever in the first half of a season by a Giants ' left @-@ hander during the Giants ' tenure in San Francisco .
The second half did not go well for Sánchez . He lost five straight decisions starting on July 9 before getting placed on the disabled list on August 16 . In his last start before going on the disabled list , he no @-@ hit the Houston Astros through five innings . However , he was the losing pitcher in a 3 – 1 loss . Sánchez returned on September 1 , but lost his sixth straight game as the Colorado Rockies prevailed by a score of 4 – 0 . He finally ended his losing streak on September 12 , when he was the winning pitcher in a 5 – 2 win over the San Diego Padres . Sánchez did not win another game all year , though , and he finished the second half of the season with a 1 – 7 record . Sánchez still finished with a 9 – 12 record , and he struck out 157 batters in 158 innings .
= = = = 2009 = = = =
Sánchez was again the fifth starter in the Giants ' rotation in 2009 . The season did not start well for him , though , as he had a 2 – 8 record in the first part of the year . On June 28 , Ryan Sadowski replaced him in the rotation .
Sánchez did not stay in the bullpen very long though . After Randy Johnson strained his shoulder , Sánchez was chosen to start against the San Diego Padres on July 10 . In that game , Sánchez not only threw the first complete game and the first shutout of his career ; he threw a no @-@ hitter , becoming the first Giants ' pitcher to do so since John Montefusco no @-@ hit the Atlanta Braves in 1976 . In the process , Sánchez struck out a new career high of eleven batters . Sánchez had a perfect game going into the eighth inning , but an error by Juan Uribe allowed the only baserunner of the night . Sánchez almost lost the no @-@ hitter during the ninth inning when Edgar Gonzalez hit a ball deep to centerfield . However , Aaron Rowand made a spectacular catch , and Sánchez got his no @-@ hitter . Sánchez 's no @-@ hitter was also special because his father Sigfredo , who had never seen his son start a major league game , was in attendance .
The no @-@ hitter proved to be a turning point in Sánchez 's season , as he went 6 – 4 the rest of the way to finish with an 8 – 12 record . He remained in the rotation for the entire time . Sánchez also struck out 177 batters in 163 @.@ 1 innings for a 9 @.@ 75 average per nine innings . This was good for fourth in the National League , behind only Tim Lincecum , Yovani Gallardo , and Javier Vázquez .
= = = = 2010 = = = =
Sánchez was arbitration eligible to begin 2010 , but he avoided arbitration by signing a one @-@ year contract with the Giants . He was named the fourth starter out of spring training this time . Sánchez began started strong in 2010 , as he was 7 – 6 by the All @-@ Star break . Because of injuries to the Giants ' left @-@ handed relief pitchers , Sánchez made his only relief appearance of the year on July 30 in a 6 – 5 win over the Los Angeles Dodgers . On August 3 , Sánchez tied Juan Marichal 's record when he struck out seven straight batters in a 10 – 0 win over the Colorado Rockies . Two months later , on the last day of the season , Sánchez started against the San Diego Padres . Sánchez pitched five shutout innings , scored the first run after hitting a triple in the third inning , and was the winning pitcher in a 3 – 0 win . The win sent the Giants to the playoffs for the first time since 2003 .
In Game three of the 2010 NLDS against the Atlanta Braves , Sánchez struck out eleven batters in a game the Giants won 3 – 2 . Sánchez gave up three runs over six innings in Game two of the 2010 NLCS , but he was the losing pitcher in a 6 – 1 loss . Sánchez also started Game six . He only lasted two innings , giving up two runs and getting pulled from the game after an argument with Chase Utley . However , the Giants won the game 3 – 2 and returned to the World Series . Sánchez 's only World Series game was unsuccessful , as he gave up all four runs in 4 @.@ 2 innings in the Giants ' 4 – 2 loss to the Texas Rangers in Game three . However , the Giants ultimately won the World Series for the first time in fifty @-@ six years .
Sánchez was arbitration @-@ eligible following the season , but the Giants avoided arbitration with him by signing him to a one @-@ year contract .
= = = = 2011 = = = =
Sánchez started the season 2nd in the Giants ' rotation , as to split the righties Lincecum and Cain , as well as to split the lefites Sánchez , Zito , and Bumgarner . He did not fare well early in the season , and was placed on the DL shortly before Barry Zito was activated in June . When Sánchez returned from the DL , he was still experiencing the control problems that had plagued him before he was injured . Sánchez sprained his foot in August while on the road in Atlanta , and remained on the DL until the end of the season , ending with a line of 4 – 7 W / L ; 4 @.@ 26 ERA ; 101 @.@ 1 IP ; 102 Ks ; 66 BBs ; .220 Opp AVG ; and a WHIP of 1 @.@ 44 .
= = = Kansas City Royals ( 2012 ) = = =
On November 7 , 2011 , Sánchez was traded to the Kansas City Royals with prospect Ryan Verdugo for outfielder Melky Cabrera . He struggled with the Royals , pitching to a 1 @-@ 6 record and 7 @.@ 76 ERA in 53 1 ⁄ 3 innings , while allowing 65 hits , including eight home runs , and 44 walks . After allowing seven runs on seven hits and one walk in 1 1 ⁄ 3 innings in a start against the Seattle Mariners , the Royals designated Sánchez for assignment on July 17 , 2012 .
= = = Colorado Rockies ( 2012 ) = = =
The Royals traded Sánchez to the Colorado Rockies for Jeremy Guthrie on July 20 . He only made 3 starts for the Rockies and was 0 @-@ 3 with a 9 @.@ 53 ERA .
= = = Pittsburgh Pirates ( 2013 ) = = =
The Pirates signed Sánchez to a minor @-@ league deal on February 6 , 2013 . The deal included an invitation to spring training . Sanchez made the team and was in the starting rotation to begin the season . On April 26 , 2013 , he was ejected for the first time in his MLB career by umpire Tim Timmons after intentionally pitching at St. Louis Cardinals batter Allen Craig following back @-@ to @-@ back home runs by Matt Carpenter and Carlos Beltrán and a single by Matt Holliday . After posting an 11 @.@ 85 ERA with the Pirates , he was designated for assignment on April 30 , and was later released on May 8 .
= = = Los Angeles Dodgers = = =
On May 13 , 2013 , Sánchez signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers . After spending a month at the Dodgers extended spring training location in Arizona , Sánchez joined the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes on June 24 . He made 14 starts and was 7 @-@ 3 with a 5 @.@ 13 ERA .
= = = Chicago Cubs = = =
On December 18 , 2013 , Sánchez signed a minor league deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was released on July 2 , 2014 .
= = = Cincinnati Reds = = =
On January 29 , 2016 , Sánchez signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds . He was released on March 18 .
= = International play = =
Sánchez was chosen to pitch for Puerto Rico in the 2009 World Baseball Classic . He made two starts in the Classic . He won the first one on March 11 by pitching four scoreless innings in a 5 – 0 victory over the Netherlands . Although he only pitched 22 ⁄ 3 innings and gave up three runs in his next start against the United States , he was in line for the win going into the ninth inning . However , J. C. Romero and Fernando Cabrera blew the lead , and the United States knocked Puerto Rico out of the Classic with a 6 – 5 victory .
= = Pitch repertoire = =
Sánchez throws a fastball that travels about ninety @-@ one mph for his main pitch , though it sometimes can go up to ninety @-@ five mph . His other pitches ( slurve and change @-@ up ) travel in the low eighties . Wildness has been a problem for Sánchez ; he has walked 10 % – 15 % of major @-@ league batters faced each season . However , he also strikes out a lot of batters ; he struck out two hundred for the first time in his career in 2010 . That year , he led all qualifying MLB starting pitchers in limiting hits per innings pitched ( 6 @.@ 61 H / 9 ) , and his career swinging @-@ strike percentage is among the best in the majors .
= Devil May Care ( Faulks novel ) =
Devil May Care is a James Bond continuation novel written by Sebastian Faulks . It was published in the UK by Penguin Books on 28 May 2008 , the 100th anniversary of the birth of Ian Fleming , the creator of Bond . The story centres on Bond 's investigation into Dr Julius Gorner , a megalomaniac chemist with a deep @-@ seated hatred of England .
Faulks wrote the book in the style of Fleming , and the novel carried the credit " Sebastian Faulks writing as Ian Fleming " ; he also took the same timeframe as Fleming , setting the novel in 1967 , following the events in Fleming 's last novel The Man with the Golden Gun . He ignored the influences of the other Bond continuation authors and the films , producing a characterisation of Bond in the style of Fleming 's .
The novel was broadly well received by critics and went into the best @-@ seller lists by the end of the first week of sales , selling 44 @,@ 093 copies in four days to become the fastest @-@ selling fiction book after the Harry Potter titles . Faulks stated that although he enjoyed writing the book , he would write no more Bond novels .
= = Plot = =
The story is set in the 1960s . Bond is instructed by his superior , M , to investigate a man named Dr Julius Gorner , and his bodyguard , Chagrin . Bond is warned that his performance will be monitored and that a new 00 agent is waiting in the wings if his actions go awry .
Bond flies to Imperial Iran ( Persia ) to investigate . Gorner owns factories and produces legitimate pharmaceuticals , however MI6 suspects he has other motives . During Bond 's investigation he identifies Gorner due to a deformity of his hand , and establishes Gorner 's complicity in a scheme to not only flood Europe with cheap drugs but also to launch a two @-@ pronged terrorist attack on the Soviet Union , whose retaliation will subsequently devastate the UK . The attack is to be made using a stolen British airliner , earlier hijacked over Iraqi airspace , and an ekranoplan . Bond is assisted in his investigation by Scarlett Papava ( whose twin sister Poppy is under Gorner 's emotional spell ) , Darius Alizadeh ( the local head of station ) , JD Silver ( an in @-@ situ agent ) , and Felix Leiter .
Bond is eventually captured by Gorner in the heroin plant , who explains that Bond is to be used as bait during a drugs delivery across the Afghan desert , and should he survive an expected ambush , is to fly the captured airliner into the Russian heartland . Bond would be identified as British upon its destruction , increasing the evidence against the British Government . Bond survives the predicted Afghan attack and plots an escape attempt , which sees Scarlett get away due to Bond surrendering himself as a diversion . In the morning he is taken aboard the aeroplane . Before the airliner can bomb the Soviets , with the aid of the airliner 's pilot and Scarlett ( who had been hiding on board ) , Bond regains control of the aeroplane and crashes it into a mountainside after parachuting to safety .
Meanwhile , Felix Leiter and Darius inform agent Silver of the second method of attack . Silver shows himself to be a double agent by failing to call in an airstrike against the Ekranoplan and by attempting to kill Leiter and Darius . In the shoot @-@ out Darius successfully calls in the airstrike at the cost of his own life and Leiter survives only thanks to the timely arrival of Hamid , his taxi driver . The Ekranoplan is destroyed by RAF Vulcan bombers before it reaches its target . Bond and Scarlett escape through Russia but are pursued by Chagrin , who Bond finally kills on a train . Later Gorner meets him on a boat and tries to shoot him , but Bond pushes him off , where he is torn to pieces by a propeller . With the subsequent elimination of both Chagrin and Gorner , Bond considers his mission a success , and on condition that the agent M has waiting in the wings will not take his place Bond is sent to assess the new agent , designated 004 . She turns out to be Scarlett Papava . Scarlett discloses that the story of her twin sister was a ploy to convince Bond to enable her to join the mission . Papava feared that if Bond knew she was a potential 00 agent , he would not have worked with her . With Bond returning to active duty , Scarlett moves off to her own operations as a full 00 agent .
= = Characters and themes = =
The central character of the novel is James Bond , the fictional MI6 agent created by Ian Fleming . Faulks modelled his version of the character on Fleming 's version , ignoring the other continuation authors and the films ; when interviewed , Faulks said that " My Bond is Fleming 's Bond — not Connery , or Moore or Craig , for all their charms " , going on to say that " my Bond drinks and smokes as much as ever " . Faulks saw Bond as a man in constant peril : " This Bond , this solitary hero with his soft shoes and single under @-@ powered weapon , was a man in dreadful danger . You feared for him . " On another occasion he returned to the theme , describing the character as " a very vulnerable man , with his nice suit and soft shoes and ludicrously underpowered gun . He finds himself in terrible situations , and he 's all on his own — you just worry for his safety . "
With the novel following the fictional timeframe of The Man with the Golden Gun , Bond is still in a state of decline following the death of his wife , and has been forced to take a sabbatical on medical grounds . His mind and body were feeling the effects of his previous missions and lifestyle and he was considering M 's offer of a desk job ; before he can make the decision , M sends him out on another mission .
For the main female character in the book , Faulks created Scarlett Papava , a fellow MI6 agent who is promoted to the 00 section at the end of the novel . Academic Tony Garland draws a similarity between Papava and the John Gardner character Fredericka von Grüsse , as they both create " a tension between mission and desire . " Faulks himself considered that : " My female lead — the ' Bond girl ' — has a little more depth than Fleming 's women , but not at the expense of glamour " , although Christopher Hitchens complained that " there is almost no sex until the very last pages . "
The primary antagonist of the novel is Dr Julius Gorner , a chemist with main de singe , monkey 's paw : a left hand resembling that of a monkey , covered with hair and without an opposed thumb . Writer Ian Thomson sees Gorner as being " a villain to rival the half @-@ Chinese Dr Julius No " , describing him as " a megalomaniac in the cruel lineage of Tamburlaine " . When mocked as a student at Oxford because of his hand , he became obsessed with destroying England . Gorner was Lithuanian by birth , which was a nod by Faulks to Auric Goldfinger 's Baltic background , whilst his cheating in a game of tennis against Bond was " a deliberate twin to golf with Auric Goldfinger ; there is even a sinister Asian manservant — Chagrin , nodding across literary time to Oddjob — who helps his boss to cheat . " Academic Marc DiPaolo also noted a similarity between Gorner 's plans to take over the media and destroy British culture from within and the actions of Rupert Murdoch .
The main theme of the novel is drugs , which Faulks said came partly from the timeframe of the novel and partly from Fleming not using it as a major theme : " 1967 , the summer of love ... Drugs were first coming to public notice . The Stones were busted , and there was that famous leader in The Times . And , you know , what are we talking about now all the time ? Drugs . It 's still very resonant . And there 's little about drug @-@ dealing in Fleming . It 's not something he did in any depth . " Faulks also wanted to broaden the aspect of the story compared to Fleming : " The book is set during the Cold War and I wanted it to not just be a crime story but to also have a political background . I was also determined that although the book is set in 1967 , I wanted the issues that it touches on to still be alive to us today " .
= = Background = =
During May 2006 Sebastian Faulks was approached by Ian Fleming Publications and asked to write a Bond book for Ian Fleming 's centenary . Although he initially refused , he was persuaded after he re @-@ read Fleming 's novels and the company gave him an article by Fleming in 1962 — How to Write a Thriller — which revealed that he wrote each Bond book in only six weeks . Faulks copied elements of Fleming 's routine , joking that " In his house in Jamaica , Ian Fleming used to write 1000 words in the morning , then go snorkelling , have a cocktail , lunch on the terrace , more diving , another 1000 words in the late afternoon , then more martinis and glamorous women . In my house in London , I followed this routine exactly , apart from the cocktails , the lunch and the snorkelling . "
The novel carried the unusual credit of " Sebastian Faulks writing as Ian Fleming " and Faulks described how — using Fleming 's article — he had employed the same style as Fleming did in his novels : " it 's standard journalistic : no semicolons , few adverbs , few adjectives , short sentences , a lot of verbs , a lot of concrete nouns . These are the tools , and that 's literally the style . " Faulks also commented that " some people find it perplexing but I think the way that the book has been presented ... is a clever way of showing that it is not my book , although , of course , it is my book . " A large part of Devil May Care is set in Persia ( now Iran ) ; it was an area Fleming had not previously dealt with in his Bond novels , describing it as " full of thieves and crooks " . Faulks said of his choice of location that Fleming " didn 't set any of his books there , which is surprising in some ways because Lebanon in the 60s would have made a great setting for a Bond story . But his loss is my gain . " .
Faulks was known for his previous best @-@ selling works Charlotte Gray , Birdsong and On Green Dolphin Street . He was the fifth author to produce an original Bond novel for Ian Fleming Publications ( formerly Glidrose ) , after Fleming himself . Kingsley Amis ( writing as " Robert Markham " ) produced Colonel Sun , John Gardner wrote fourteen original novels and two novelizations , and Raymond Benson produced six original novels and three novelizations . Additionally , Christopher Wood had produced two novelizations of the Eon films , while Charlie Higson and Samantha Weinberg ( as " Kate Westbrook " ) had also published Bond @-@ related novels .
Faulks stated that Devil May Care would be his only Bond book , saying : " One tribute , one centenary , one book " , adding " My contract did offer me a second go , but definitely not ... ' Once funny , twice silly , three times a slap ' , as the nanny saying goes . But I think it would be a good gig for someone to do . " He saw his novel as a continuation of the Fleming books , saying " I tried to put the films out of mind " , adding that " I prepared in a rather pedantic way by reading all of the books in chronological order and when I got to the end I wrote mine . "
= = Release and reception = =
Devil May Care was published in the UK on Wednesday , 28 May 2008 , to mark the centenary of Ian Fleming 's birth . The hardcover published by Penguin Books was 295 pages long and cost £ 18 @.@ 99 . It was released through Doubleday in the United States . 400 @,@ 000 hardcover copies were printed for the launch for the UK and US markets . The jacket artwork featured the model Tuuli Shipster , muse of the British photographer , Rankin . Shipster said : " I was thrilled that Penguin chose me to be their Bond girl . It ’ s fantastic to be involved with something so iconic . " The cover picture was taken by British photographer and commercials director , Kevin Summers . The jacket was created by the design agency The Partners .
In the UK , Devil May Care went to the top of the best @-@ seller lists by the end of the first week 's sales , having sold 44 @,@ 093 copies in four days ; this made it the fastest @-@ selling fiction book after the Harry Potter titles . Waterstones reported selling 19 @,@ 000 in the first four days of sales . The book was released in paperback version in the UK on 28 May 2009 .
On 27 May 2008 , the day before Devil May Care was launched , the press party to publicise the launch of the book included Tuuli Shipster bringing copies up the Thames on a speedboat for a party on HMS Exeter , while two Lynx helicopters circled the ship . The ship , together with its 205 @-@ strong crew , had been loaned by the Royal Navy for the occasion .
= = = Reviews = = =
Writing in The Times , Peter Millar thought that " This is vintage Bond , in a very real sense " ; he went on to observe that the central figure was " Bond as Fleming abandoned him , shortly before his own death " . Millar summarised his critique by saying that the novel was a " ripping yarn , but don 't take it seriously " . Sam Leith , reviewing the novel for The Daily Telegraph thought that Faulks managed to avoid pastiche in his writing of the book , but had some fun , with " crass stuff ... being played , of course , for laughs " . Leith noted that aside from the more camp elements to the book — of which he approved — " when [ Faulks ] throttles down and lets the Bond schtick do its own work he soon hits a comfortable cruising speed . Plot Bristol fashion : violent pre @-@ credit sequence ; flirtatious exchange with Moneypenny ; apprehension mid @-@ snoop ; transportation to secret base ; villain confessing plans ; thwarting of plans ; coitus . "
Reviewing the novel for The Guardian , Mark Lawson wrote that Faulks had made a good job of imitating Fleming , as the plot " persistently picks up whispers from the books Fleming left behind " , and using a style and turn of phrase that " read as if they were directly borrowed from Fleming . " The main difference Lawson identified between Fleming and Faulks was that Faulks " misses the chilling indifference of tone which Bond 's creator brought to both kissing and killing " . Overall , Lawson considered that Devil May Care " is a smart and enjoyable act of literary resurrection . Among the now 33 post @-@ Fleming Bonds , this must surely compete only with Kingsley Amis 's for the title of the best . " Nicola Barr , writing for The Guardian 's Saturday edition , was broadly supportive of Faulks , commenting that " No one expects or wants subtlety from Bond , and Faulks delivers a thriller that manages to feel reassuringly familiar rather than predictable . "
Euan Ferguson , writing in The Guardian 's sister paper , The Observer , stated that " It 's good . Which is to say it 's better than it could have been . It is not , however , that good . " He noted that Faulks " evokes scenes with deft skill : recreates a time and a world with great brio , and manages it with the block script of Fleming 's journalistic nature rather than his own more cursive style . " Ferguson remained unsatisfied by the book , although he absolves the author of the blame , saying " the problem isn 't Faulks , it 's Bond . With Fleming 's untimely death , the link was broken " . Ferguson is pessimistic about Bond 's future and predicted that " Bond 's tux now flaps in the wind and despite Faulks having made such a well @-@ finessed fist of this , it is , I suspect , a last hurrah for 007 , destined to die on the page , if not the screen " .
The critic for the London Evening Standard observed that " for once , the claim on the cover , Sebastian Faulks writing as Ian Fleming is more than just publishers effrontery , it 's a genuine strategy " . The critic went on to note that Faulks had " not attempted to modernise Bond one whit " and that he had " delivered in convincing fashion too , in plain prose . " Writing in the Financial Times , Christopher Hitchens complained that although Faulks claimed to be writing ' as Fleming ' , it fell short of doing so : " This pot @-@ boiler takes several times as long as most Bond classics . There is almost no sex until the very last pages . There is almost no torture – an absolute staple of a Bond narrative – until the very last pages . " Hitchens admitted that Faulks had referred to elements of Fleming 's novels , so that " those who have a canonical attitude to Fleming will be able to collect their share of in @-@ jokes and cross @-@ references " ; similarly , " wispy fragments of Vesper Lynd and Honey Ryder drift in and out of shot and memory in much the same way " . Hitchens concluded his review of the novel by considering that Bond had been " cheapened " in the novel .
Janet Maslin , reviewing Devil May Care for the International Herald Tribune , remarked that Faulks did not " tinker with the series ' surefire recipe for success " , which resulted in " a serviceable madeleine for Bond nostalgists and a decent replica of past Bond escapades " . Patrick Anderson , writing in The Washington Post , admitted that he " was never a great fan of the Bond books " and considered that " Devil May Care has its amusing and entertaining moments , but there were other moments when I thought it would never end " .
The New York Times critic , Charles McGrath , felt that Faulks " improbably injects new life into the formula " , which meant that Devil May Care was " a stronger novel than any that Fleming wrote " . Fritz Lanham , writing for the Houston Chronicle declared that " so satisfying was Sebastian Faulks ' new James Bond novel that I felt obliged to celebrate by making myself a vodka martini , very dry , shaken , not stirred . " Lanham considered that Faulks had " produced a book true to the spirit of the originals " , whilst also producing a novel that " works as a thriller " .
= Jerome , Arizona =
Jerome is a town in the Black Hills of Yavapai County in the State of Arizona . Founded in the late 19th century on Cleopatra Hill overlooking the Verde Valley , it is more than 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) above sea level . It is about 100 miles ( 160 km ) north of Phoenix along State Route 89A between Sedona and Prescott . Supported in its heyday by rich copper mines , it was home to more than 10 @,@ 000 people in the 1920s . As of the 2010 census , its population was 444 .
The town owes its existence mainly to two ore bodies that formed about 1 @.@ 75 billion years ago along a ring fault in the caldera of an undersea volcano . Tectonic plate movements , plate collisions , uplift , deposition , erosion , and other geologic processes eventually exposed the tip of one of the ore bodies and pushed the other close to the surface , both near Jerome . In the late 19th century , the United Verde Mine , developed by William A. Clark , extracted ore bearing copper , gold , silver , and other metals from the larger of the two . The United Verde Extension ( UVX ) Mine , owned by James Douglas , Jr . , depended on the other huge deposit . In total , the copper deposits discovered in the vicinity of Jerome were among the richest ever found in any time or place .
Jerome made news in 1917 , when strikes involving the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) led to the expulsion at gunpoint of about 60 IWW members , who were loaded on a cattle car and shipped west . Production at the mines , always subject to fluctuations for various reasons , boomed during World War I , fell thereafter , rose again , then fell again during and after the Great Depression . As the ore deposits became exhausted , the mines closed , and the population dwindled to fewer than 100 by the mid @-@ 1950s . Efforts to save the town from oblivion succeeded when residents turned to tourism and retail sales . Jerome became a National Historic Landmark in 1967 . In the early 21st century , Jerome has art galleries , coffee houses , restaurants , wineries , and a state park and local museum devoted to mining history .
= = Geography = =
Jerome is about 100 miles ( 160 km ) north of Phoenix and 45 miles ( 72 km ) southwest of Flagstaff along Arizona State Route 89A between Sedona and Prescott . Other nearby communities include Clarkdale , Cottonwood , and Prescott Valley , all along Route 89A .
Jerome is in Arizona 's Black Hills and within the Prescott National Forest at an elevation of more than 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) . Woodchute Wilderness is about 3 miles ( 5 km ) west of Jerome , and Mingus Mountain , at 7 @,@ 726 feet ( 2 @,@ 355 m ) above sea level , is about 4 miles ( 6 km ) south of town . Jerome State Historic Park is in the town itself . Bitter Creek , a tributary of the Verde River , flows intermittently through Jerome .
= = Geology = =
Most of Cleopatra Hill , the rock formation upon which Jerome was built , is 1 @.@ 75 billion ( 1 @,@ 750 million ) years old . Created by a massive caldera eruption in Precambrian seas south of what later became northern Arizona , the Cleopatra tuff was then part of a small tectonic plate that was moving toward the proto @-@ North American continent . After the eruption , cold sea water entered Earth 's crust through cracks caused by the eruption . Heated by rising magma to perhaps 660 ° F ( 349 ° C ) , the water was forced upward again , chemically altering the rocks it encountered and becoming rich in dissolved minerals . When the hot solution emerged from a hydrothermal vent at the bottom of the ocean , its dissolved minerals solidified and fell to the sea floor . The accumulating sulfide deposits from two such vents formed the ore bodies , the United Verde and the UVX , most important to Jerome 1 @.@ 75 billion years later .
These ore bodies formed in different places along a ring fault in the caldera . About 50 million years after they were deposited , the tectonic plate of which they were a part collided with another small plate and then with the proto @-@ North American continent . The collisions , which welded the plates to the continent , folded the Cleopatra tuff in such a way that the two ore bodies ended up on opposite sides of a fold called the Jerome anticline .
No record exists for the next 1 @,@ 200 million years of Jerome 's geologic history . Evidence from the Grand Canyon , further north in Arizona , suggests that thick layers of sediment may have been laid down atop the ore bodies and later eroded away . The gap in the rock record has been called The Great Unconformity .
About 525 million years ago , when northern Arizona was at the bottom of a shallow sea , a thin layer of sediment called the Tapeats Sandstone was deposited over the Cleopatra formation . Limestones and other sediments accumulated above the sandstone until about 70 million years ago when the Laramide Orogeny created new mountains and new faults in the region . One of these faults , the Verde Fault , runs directly under Jerome along the Jerome anticline . Crustal stretching beginning about 15 million years ago created Basin and Range topography in central and southern Arizona , caused volcanic activity near Jerome , and induced movement along the Verde Fault . This movement exposed the tip of the United Verde ore body at one place on Cleopatra Hill and moved the UVX ore body to 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) below the surface . Hickey Formation basalts , laid down between 15 and 10 million years ago , cover the surface beneath the UVX headframes and Jerome State Historic Park .
In the 21st century , the natural rock features in and around Jerome have been greatly altered by mining . The town is underlain by 88 miles ( 142 km ) of mine shafts , which may have contributed to the subsidence that destroyed the downtown Jerome structures that slid slowly downhill during decades of active mining . The United Verde open pit , about 300 feet ( 91 m ) deep , is on the edge of town next to Cleopatra Hill , which is marked with a large " J " . The side of the pit consists of Precambrian gabbro . Mine shafts beneath the pit extend to 4 @,@ 200 feet ( 1 @,@ 300 m ) below the surface .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
Since the United Verde ore body at Jerome was partly visible on the surface , it is likely that native peoples had long mined it for the colorful copper @-@ bearing minerals malachite and azurite . Later , in 1585 , a Spanish exploring expedition made note of the ore . In 1598 , Captain Marcos Farfán de los Godos , hired by Juan de Oñate to explore the land , staked out claims of copper mines in modern @-@ day Jerome .
= = = 19th century = = =
The first mining claims in the Verde District were filed in 1876 . In 1880 , Frederick Augustus Tritle , a governor of the Arizona Territory , and Frederick F. Thomas , a mining engineer from San Francisco , bought these claims from the original owners . In 1883 , with the aid of eastern financiers including James A. MacDonald and Eugene Jerome of New York City , they created the United Verde Copper Company . The small adjacent mining camp on Cleopatra Hill was named Jerome in honor of Eugene Jerome , who became the company secretary . United Verde built a small smelter at Jerome and constructed wagon roads from it to Prescott , the Verde Valley , and the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad depot at Ash Fork . However , transport by wagon was expensive , and in late 1884 after the price of copper had fallen by 50 percent , the company ceased operations .
William A. Clark , who had made a fortune in mining and commercial ventures in Montana , bought the United Verde properties and , among other improvements , enlarged the smelter . He also ordered construction of a narrow gauge railway , the United Verde & Pacific , to Jerome Junction , a railway transfer point 27 miles ( 43 km ) to the west . As mining of the ore expanded , Jerome 's population grew from 250 in 1890 to more than 2 @,@ 500 by 1900 . By then the United Verde Mine had become the leading copper producer in the Arizona Territory , employing about 800 men . Over its 77 @-@ year life ( 1876 to 1953 ) , this mine produced nearly 33 million tons of copper , gold , silver , lead and zinc ore . The metals produced by United Verde and UVX , the other big mine in Jerome , were said to be worth more than $ 1 billion . Taken together , the copper deposits of Jerome amounted to " some of the richest ever found on Earth " .
Jerome had a post office by 1883 . It added a schoolhouse in 1884 and a public library in 1889 . After four major fires between 1894 and 1898 destroyed much of the business district and , in 1898 , half of the community 's homes , Jerome was incorporated as a town in 1899 . Incorporation made it possible to collect taxes to build a formal fire @-@ fighting system and to establish building codes that prohibited tents and other fire hazards within the town limits . Local merchant and rancher William Munds was the first mayor .
By 1900 , Jerome had churches , fraternal organizations , and a downtown with brick buildings , telephone service , and electric lights . In addition to banks , hotels , and stores , among the thriving businesses were many associated with alcohol , gambling , and prostitution , serving a population that was 78 percent male in 1900 . In 1903 , the New York Sun proclaimed Jerome to be " the wickedest town in the West " .
= = = Early 20th century = = =
Jerome , which was legally separate from United Verde and supported many independent businesses , did not meet the definition of a company town even though it depended for decades largely on this one company . In 1914 , a separate company , the United Verde Extension Mining Company ( UVX ) , led by James S. Douglas , Jr . ( Rawhide Jimmy ) , discovered a second ore body near Jerome that produced a bonanza . The UVX Mine , also known as the Little Daisy Mine , became spectacularly profitable : during 1916 alone , it produced $ 10 million worth of copper , silver and gold , of which $ 7 @.@ 4 million was profit . This mine eventually produced more than $ 125 million worth of ore and paid more than $ 50 million in dividends . Total production amounted to four million tons , much less than the United Verde total , but uncommonly rich , averaging more than 10 percent copper and in places rising to 45 percent .
Starting in 1914 , World War I greatly increased the demand for copper , and by 1916 the number of companies involved in mining near Jerome reached 22 . These companies employed about 3 @,@ 000 miners in the district , and Jerome 's population rose to an estimated 10 @,@ 000 by 1917 . Meanwhile , United Verde was building a large smelter complex and company town , Clarkdale , and a standard gauge railway , the Verde Tunnel and Smelter Railroad , to haul ore from its mine to the new smelter . After the new railway opened in 1915 , the company dismantled the Jerome smelter and converted the mine to an open @-@ pit operation . The switch from underground to open @-@ pit mining stemmed from a series of fires , some burning for decades , in the mine 's high @-@ sulfur ores . Removing the overburden and pouring a mixture of water , waste ore , and sand into rock fissures helped control the fires . By 1918 , UVX also had its own smelter in its own company town , Clemenceau , a part of Cottonwood .
= = = Jerome Deportation = = =
In 1917 , two miners ' strikes involving the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) , which had been organizing strikes elsewhere in Arizona and other states , took place in Jerome . Seen as a threat by business interests as well as other labor unions , the Wobblies , as they were called , were subject nationally to sometimes violent harassment . The labor situation in Jerome was complicated at the time by the existence of three separate labor unions — the International Union of Mine , Mill , and Smelter Workers ( MMSW ) ; the Liga Protectora Latina , which represented about 500 Mexican miners in Jerome ; and the IWW . The MMSW , which in May called a strike against United Verde , regarded the rival IWW with animosity and would not recognize it as legitimate . In response , the IWW members threatened to break the strike . Under pressure , the MMSW voted 467 to 431 to settle for less than they wanted .
In July , the IWW called for a strike against all the mines in the district . In this case , the MMSW voted 470 to 194 against striking . Three days later , about 250 armed vigilantes rounded up at least 60 suspected IWW members , loaded them onto a railroad cattle car , and shipped them out of town . Nine were arrested and jailed temporarily in Prescott though never charged with a crime ; others were taken to Needles , California , then to Kingman , Arizona , where they were released after promising to desist from labor agitation .
= = = 1920 – 53 = = =
Following a brief post @-@ war downturn , boom times returned to Jerome in the 1920s . Copper prices rose to 24 cents a pound in 1929 , and United Verde and UVX operated at near capacity . Wages rose , consumers spent , and the town 's businesses — including five automobile dealerships — prospered . United Verde , seeking stable labor relations , added disability and life insurance benefits for its workers and built a baseball field , tennis courts , swimming pools , and a public park in Jerome . Both companies donated to the Jerome Public Library and helped finance projects for the town 's schools , churches , and hospitals .
In 1930 , after the start of the Great Depression , the price of copper fell to 14 cents a pound . In response , United Verde began reducing its work force ; UVX operated at a loss , and a third big mine , Verde Central , closed completely . The price of copper fell further in 1932 to 5 cents a pound , leading to layoffs , temporary shut @-@ downs , and wage reductions in the Verde District . In 1935 , the Clark family sold United Verde to Phelps Dodge , and in 1938 UVX went out of business .
Meanwhile , a subsidence problem that had irreparably damaged at least 10 downtown buildings by 1928 worsened through the 1930s . Dozens of buildings , including the post office and jail , were lost as the earth beneath them sank away . Contributing causes were geologic faulting in the area , blast vibrations from the mines , and erosion that may have been exacerbated by vegetation @-@ killing smelter smoke .
Mining continued at a reduced level in the Verde District until 1953 , when Phelps Dodge shut down the United Verde Mine and related operations . Jerome 's population subsequently fell below 100 . To prevent the town from disappearing completely , its remaining residents turned to tourism and retail sales . They organized the Jerome Historical Society in 1953 and opened a museum and gift shop .
= = = After 1953 = = =
To encourage tourism , the town 's leaders sought National Historic Landmark status for Jerome ; it was granted by the federal government in 1967 . In 1962 , the heirs of Jimmy Douglas donated the Douglas mansion , above the UVX mine site , to the State of Arizona , which used it to create Jerome State Historic Park . By sponsoring music festivals , historic @-@ homes tours , celebrations , and races , the community succeeded in attracting visitors and new businesses , which in the 21st century include art galleries , craft stores , wineries , coffee houses , and restaurants .
= = Climate = =
July is typically the warmest month in Jerome , when highs average 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and lows average 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) . January is coldest , when the high temperatures average 49 ° F ( 9 ° C ) and the lows average 33 ° F ( 1 ° C ) . The highest recorded temperature was 108 ° F ( 42 ° C ) in 2003 , and the lowest was 5 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) in 1963 . August , averaging 3 @.@ 03 inches ( 77 mm ) of rain , is the wettest month , while as is typical for Arizona the spring months of April to June generally do not have significant rainfall .
Although most precipitation arrives as rain in Jerome , snow and fog sometimes occur . On average , about 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 6 @.@ 4 cm ) of snow falls in Jerome in January and lesser amounts in February , March , April , November , and December . Even so , the average depth of snow on the ground in Jerome between 1897 and 2005 was so close to zero that it is reported as zero . Jerome is often windy , especially in spring and fall . Summer thunderstorms can be violent .
= = Demographics = =
The makeup of early Jerome differed greatly from the 21st @-@ century version of the town . The original mining claims were filed by Whites , but as the mines were developed , workers of many nationalities arrived . Among these were people of Irish , Chinese , Italian , and Slavic origin who came to Jerome in the late 19th century . By the time of World War I , Mexican nationals were arriving in large numbers , and census figures suggest that in 1930 about 60 percent of the town 's residents were Latino . This statistic is supported by mining company records showing that about 57 percent of the UVX workers were Mexican nationals in 1931 and that foreign @-@ born and Spanish @-@ surnamed workers accounted for about 77 percent of the UVX work force .
The ratio of females to males also varied greatly over time in Jerome . Census data from 1900 through 1950 show a gradual rise in the percentage of female residents , who accounted for only 22 percent of the population at the turn of the century but about 50 percent by mid @-@ century .
As of the census of 2000 , there were 329 people , 182 households , and 84 families residing in the town . The population density was 462 people per square mile ( 179 / km2 ) . There were 215 housing units at an average density of about 302 per square mile ( 117 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the town was about 92 % White , 0 @.@ 30 % Black or African American , about 2 @.@ 5 % Native American , 0 @.@ 30 % Asian , about 2 % from other races , and 3 % from two or more races . About 8 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . At the 2010 census , the population of the town was 444 .
In 2000 , there were 182 households out of which 17 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 29 % were married couples living together , 10 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 54 % were non @-@ families . About 42 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 1 @.@ 81 and the average family size was 2 @.@ 37 .
In the town the population was spread out with about 13 % under the age of 18 , 7 % from 18 to 24 , 27 % from 25 to 44 , 41 % from 45 to 64 , and 12 @.@ 5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 46 years . For every 100 females there were 103 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 98 males .
As of 2014 , the median income for a household in the town was about $ 32 @,@ 000 . About 10 % of families in Jerome were below the poverty line in 2014 .
= = Education and government = =
Children from Jerome in kindergarten through eighth grade attend the Clarkdale – Jerome School in Clarkdale . Older students from Jerome are enrolled at Mingus Union High School in Cottonwood . Each of these communities had its own schools during the first half of the 20th century , but declining populations and shrinking tax revenues led to consolidation .
Jerome has a mayor @-@ council government . The five seats on the council are filled by public election once every two years . Traditionally , the council member receiving the most votes in that election becomes the mayor . Nikki Check , who got the most votes in the 2012 election , is the mayor through 2014 .
The town is in the Verde Valley Precinct of the Yavapai County Justice Court system . Along with Clarkdale and Cottonwood , it is in Sector Two of the Eastern Area Command of the Yavapai County Sheriff 's Office .
= = In popular culture = =
Jerome is referred to in the Barenaked Ladies album , All In Good Time , released in 2010 . It is the title of Track 9 with references to Mingus Mountain , from which Jerome can be seen . Folksinger Kate Wolf wrote and recorded a song , " Old Jerome " , first released on a posthumous album , The Wind Blows Wild , in 1988 .
John Olson 's model railroad , the Jerome & Southwestern , was originally developed as a series of articles in Model Railroader magazine and later released in book form . The railroad was set in and around Jerome , and referred to other local sites such as Clarkdale , Cleopatra Hill , and Mingus Mountain .
The novel Muckers ( 2013 ) by Sandra Neil Wallace , a former sportscaster for ESPN , is a historical novel for young adults that is based on the Jerome High School football team of 1950 . The team went undefeated that year , shortly before the copper mine closed and Jerome 's population dwindled .
= = Notable residents = =
Maynard James Keenan , lead singer of the band Tool , A Perfect Circle , and Puscifer .
Katie Lee , folk singer
Fred Rico , major league baseball player
= = = Fiction = = =
Molloy , Terry ( 2008 ) " Jerome Times : Ghosts Upon The Page " . Jerome Times Publishing Co . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 615 @-@ 21864 @-@ 9
Rabago , Roberto ( 2011 ) . Rich Town Poor Town : Ghosts of Copper 's Past . Jerome , Arizona : MultiCultural Educational Publishing Company . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 9703721 @-@ 9 @-@ 2 .
= = = Non @-@ fiction = = =
Alenius , E. M. J. ( 1968 ) . United Verde Copper Company : A Brief History of the United Verde Open Pit , Jerome , Arizona . Tucson , Arizona : The Arizona Bureau of Mines ( Bulletin 178 ) . OCLC 105511
Brewer , Jr . , James W. ( 1993 ) . Jerome : Story of Mines , Men , and Money ( pamphlet ) . Tucson , Arizona : Western National Parks Association . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 877856 @-@ 31 @-@ 0 .
Rodda , Jeanette , and Nancy R. Smith ( 1990 ) . Experience Jerome : The Mogules , Miners and Mistresses of Cleopatra Hill . Sedona , Arizona : Thorne Enterprises . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 935810 @-@ 77 @-@ 6 .
= The Boat Race 1906 =
The 63rd Boat Race took place on 7 April 1906 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race , and their crew was slightly heavier than their opponents . In a race umpired by Frederick I. Pitman , Cambridge won by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 25 seconds , the fastest winning time for four years . The win took the overall record to 34 – 28 in Oxford 's favour .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2015 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1905 race by three lengths , and led overall with 34 victories to Cambridge 's 27 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Cambridge were coached by Francis Escombe ( for the third consecutive year ) , Stanley Muttlebury , five @-@ time Blue between 1886 and 1890 , and David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) . Oxford 's coaches were William Fletcher , who rowed for them in the 1890 , 1891 , 1892 and 1893 races and Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four @-@ time Blue ) . The umpire for the fourth year was old Etonian and former Cambridge rower Frederick I. Pitman who rowed in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races .
= = Crews = =
The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 3 @.@ 5 lb ( 77 @.@ 6 kg ) , 4 @.@ 125 pounds ( 1 @.@ 9 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . The Cambridge crew included two rowers with Boat Race experience , in Banner Johnstone and Ronald Powell , both of whom were rowing in their third consecutive event . Powell was rowing alongside his brother Eric . Oxford 's crew contained four who had represented their university in the event , including E. P. Evans who was making his third appearance . All of the participants in the race were registered as British .
= = Race = =
Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . According to former Oxford rower and author George Drinkwater , the Light Blues went into the race as " firm favourites " . Conditions were described as " very fast , a strong tide and no wind " . Umpire Pitman started the race at noon , and Cambridge led from the first stroke .
Going clear within two minutes , the Light Blues held an advantage of at least four lengths by the time they passed below Barnes Bridge . The victory secured , they paddled to the finish , winning by three and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 25 seconds . It was their fourth win in five years in the fastest winning time since the 1902 race , and took the overall record in the event to 34 – 28 in Oxford 's favour .
= Villanelle =
A villanelle ( also known as villanesque ) is a nineteen @-@ line poetic form consisting of five tercets followed by a quatrain . There are two refrains and two repeating rhymes , with the first and third line of the first tercet repeated alternately until the last stanza , which includes both repeated lines . The villanelle is an example of a fixed verse form . The word derives from Latin , then Italian , and is related to the initial subject of the form being the pastoral .
The form started as a simple ballad @-@ like song with no fixed form ; this fixed quality would only come much later , from the poem " Villanelle ( J 'ay perdu ma Tourterelle ) " ( 1606 ) by Jean Passerat . From this point , its evolution into the " fixed form " used in the present day is debated . Despite its French origins , the majority of villanelles have been written in English , a trend which began in the late nineteenth century . The villanelle has been noted as a form that frequently treats the subject of obsessions , and one which appeals to outsiders ; its defining feature of repetition prevents it from having a conventional tone .
= = Etymology = =
The word villanelle derives from the Italian villanella , referring to a rustic song or dance , and which comes from villano , meaning peasant or villein . Villano derives from the Medieval Latin villanus , meaning a " farmhand " . The etymology of the word relates to the fact that the form 's initial distinguishing feature was the pastoral subject .
= = History = =
The villanelle originated as a simple ballad @-@ like song — in imitation of peasant songs of an oral tradition — with no fixed poetic form . These poems were often of a rustic or pastoral subject matter and contained refrains . Prior to the nineteenth century , the term would have simply meant country song , with no particular form implied — a meaning it retains in the vocabulary of early music . According to Julie Kane , the refrain in each stanza indicates that the form descended from a " choral dance song " wherein a vocal soloist — frequently female — semi @-@ improvised the " unique " lyrics of each stanza , while a ring of dancers — all female , or male and female mixed — chimed in with the repetitive words of the refrain as they danced around her in a circle . "
The fixed @-@ form villanelle , containing the nineteen @-@ line dual @-@ refrain , derives from Jean Passerat 's poem " Villanelle ( J 'ay perdu ma Tourterelle ) " , published in 1606 . The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics ( 1993 ) suggests that this became the standard " villanelle " when prosodists such as César @-@ Pierre Richelet based their definitions of the form on that poem . This conclusion is refuted by Kane , however , who argues that it was instead Pierre @-@ Charles Berthelin 's additions to Richelet 's Dictionnaire de rimes that first fixed the form , followed a century later by the poet Théodore de Banville ; his creation of a parody to Passerat 's " J 'ay perdu ... " would lead Wilhelm Ténint and others to think that the villanelle was an antique form .
Despite its classification and origin as a French poetic form , by far the majority of villanelles have been written in English . Subsequent to the publication of Théodore de Banville 's treatise on prosody " Petit traité de poésie française " ( 1872 ) , the form became popularised in England through Edmund Gosse and Austin Dobson . Gosse , Dobson , Oscar Wilde , Andrew Lang and John Payne were among the first English practitioners — theirs and other works were published in Gleeson White 's Ballades and Rondeaus , Chants Royal , Sestinas , Villanelles , & c . Selected ( 1887 ) , which contained thirty @-@ two English @-@ language villanelles composed by nineteen poets .
Most modernists disdained the villanelle , which became associated with the overwrought formal aestheticism of the 1890s , i.e. , the decadent movement in England . In his 1914 novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man , James Joyce includes a villanelle written by his protagonist Stephen Dedalus . William Empson revived the villanelle more seriously in the 1930s , and his contemporaries and friends W. H. Auden and Dylan Thomas also picked up the form . Dylan Thomas 's " Do not go gentle into that good night " is perhaps the most renowned villanelle of all . Theodore Roethke and Sylvia Plath wrote villanelles in the 1950s and 1960s , and Elizabeth Bishop wrote a particularly famous and influential villanelle , " One Art , " in 1976 . The villanelle reached an unprecedented level of popularity in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of the New Formalism . Since then , many contemporary poets have written villanelles , and they have often varied the form in innovative ways ; in their anthology of villanelles ( Villanelles ) , Annie Finch and Marie @-@ Elizabeth Mali devote a section entitled " Variations on the Villanelle " to such innovations .
= = Form = =
The villanelle consists of five stanzas of three lines ( tercets ) followed by a single stanza of four lines ( a quatrain ) for a total of nineteen lines . It is structured by two repeating rhymes and two refrains : the first line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the second and fourth stanzas , and the third line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the third and fifth stanzas . The rhyme @-@ and @-@ refrain pattern of the villanelle can be schematized as A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2 abA1A2 where letters ( " a " and " b " ) indicate the two rhyme sounds , upper case indicates a refrain ( " A " ) , and superscript numerals ( 1 and 2 ) indicate Refrain 1 and Refrain 2 .
The pattern is below set against " Do not go gentle into that good night " by Dylan Thomas :
The villanelle has no established meter , although most 19th @-@ century villanelles have used trimeter or tetrameter and most 20th @-@ century villanelles have used pentameter . Slight alteration of the refrain line is permissible .
= = Effect = =
With reference to the form 's repetition of lines , Philip K. Jason suggests that the " villanelle is often used , and properly used , to deal with one or another degree of obsession " citing Sylvia Plath 's " Mad Girl 's Love Song " amongst other examples . He notes the possibility for the form to evoke , through the relationship between the repeated lines , a feeling of dislocation and a " paradigm for schizophrenia " . This repetition of lines has been considered to prevent villanelles from possessing a " conventional tone " and that instead they are closer in form to a song or lyric poetry . Stephen Fry opines that the villanelle " is a form that seems to appeal to outsiders , or those who might have cause to consider themselves as such " , having a " playful artifice " which suits " rueful , ironic reiteration of pain or fatalism " . ( In spite of this , the villanelle has also often been used for light verse , as for instance Louis Untermeyer 's " Lugubrious Villanelle of Platitudes " . )
On the relationship between form and content , Anne Ridler notes in an introduction to her own poem " Villanelle for the Middle of the Way " a point made by T. S. Eliot , that " to use very strict form is a help , because you concentrate on the technical difficulties of mastering the form , and allow the content of the poem a more unconscious and freer release " . In an introduction to his own take on the form , entitled " Missing Dates " , William Empson suggests that while the villanelle is a " very rigid form " , nonetheless W. H. Auden — in his long poem The Sea and the Mirror — had " made it sound absolutely natural like the innocent girl talking " .
= = Examples = =
" Do not go gentle into that good night " by Dylan Thomas . Probably the best @-@ known villanelle in English .
" The Waking " by Theodore Roethke .
" Mad Girl 's Love Song " by Sylvia Plath .
" One Art " by Elizabeth Bishop .
" If I Could Tell You ( poem ) " by W.H. Auden
Edwin Arlington Robinson 's villanelle " The House on the Hill " was first published in The Globe in September 1894 .
The villanelle written by Stephen Dedalus , the protagonist of James Joyce 's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . It has been the subject of several critical analyses .
" Hate the Villanelle , " a song by They Might Be Giants , first performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music Howard Gilman Opera House in June 2014 .
= Hurricane Bertha ( 2014 ) =
Hurricane Bertha was an unusual tropical cyclone in early August 2014 that attained minimal hurricane status , despite having a disheveled appearance and a relatively high atmospheric pressure . On July 26 , a tropical wave south of the Cape Verde Islands was monitored for possible tropical cyclogenesis . Over the following days , it slowly developed and acquired gale @-@ force winds and enough convection to be designated as Tropical Storm Bertha early on August 1 . A mostly disorganized cyclone , Bertha quickly moved across the Lesser Antilles , clipping the northern end of Martinique , later that day . During its trek across the eastern Caribbean Sea , its circulation became severely disrupted and it may have degenerated into a tropical wave . On August 3 , it traversed the Mona Passage and moved over the Southeastern Bahamas where conditions favored development . Despite an overall ragged appearance on satellite imagery , data from Hurricane Hunters indicated it intensified to a hurricane on August 4 ; it acquired peak winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) that day . Turning north , and later northeast , Bertha soon weakened as it began to merge with an approaching trough to the west . This merger ultimately took place on August 6 , at which time Bertha was declared extratropical well to the south of Nova Scotia . The remnant system raced eastward across the Atlantic and later struck the United Kingdom on August 10 . Once over the North Sea , the storm stalled for a few days before resuming its eastward track . It was last noted around the Baltic Sea on August 16 .
As a tropical cyclone , Bertha 's impact was relatively minor . Widespread power outages occurred along its path but no major damage or loss of life took place . Enhanced swells and rip currents associated with the hurricane resulted in three fatalities and dozens of rescues along the East Coast of the United States . After becoming an extratropical system , it had significant effects in Western Europe . Particularly hard hit was the United Kingdom , where wind gusts reached 108 mph ( 174 km / h ) . Unseasonably heavy rains triggered widespread flooding which shut down roads and prompted evacuations . One fatality took place offshore . On mainland Europe , a small tornado outbreak resulted in scattered structural damage in Belgium , France , and Germany .
= = Meteorological history = =
On July 24 , 2014 , a westward moving tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa near the Cape Verde Islands . Following the development of convective activity — showers and thunderstorms — on July 26 , National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring the system for potential tropical cyclogenesis . A disorganized system , development was forecast to be slow due to unfavorable environmental conditions . Organization and coverage of convection began improving by July 28 , due in part to the passage of a Kelvin wave . An area of low pressure subsequently consolidated within the disturbance on July 29 and the NHC assessed the system as having imminent potential of becoming a tropical depression . Convection soon diminished over the system , though its circulation remained well @-@ defined . Moving west @-@ northwest around the periphery of a strong subtropical ridge , the low acquired tropical storm @-@ force winds early on July 31 but continued to lack convection . A hurricane hunter aircraft investigated the system that afternoon and found winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) north and northeast of the center . In the hours following the weather reconnaissance mission , a band of deep convection blossomed near the center , prompting the NHC to designate the system as Tropical Storm Bertha at 00 : 00 UTC on August 1 . Upon its classification , Bertha was situated roughly 345 mi ( 555 km ) east @-@ southeast of Barbados in the Lesser Antilles .
Within hours of Bertha 's designation on August 1 , wind shear stemming from a trough over the central Atlantic displaced convection from the circulation center . Satellite imagery depicted a well @-@ defined and vigorous circulation ; however , observations from the hurricane hunters indicated a wind field more akin to a tropical wave . Around 21 : 00 UTC , Bertha clipped the northern end of Martinique with sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Persistent shear continued to take its toll on the cyclone as it entered the Caribbean Sea with aircraft data indicating no closed circulation at 5 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) elevation . Despite this , observations from Martinique and Dominica indicated that there was some semblance of a surface circulation , and the NHC continued to monitor Bertha as a tropical storm . Throughout August 2 , convection steadily increased in coverage and organization though the center of Bertha remained displaced from the strongest thunderstorms to the southwest . NEXRAD weather radar imagery from San Juan , Puerto Rico depicted a disorganized , possibly open circulation throughout the day . In light of this , NHC forecaster John Beven noted that the system could degenerate into an open wave around the time in reached Hispaniola later on August 2 .
Continued effects of dry air entrainment , shear , and land interaction further degraded Bertha 's structure and late on August 2 , " the system barely [ qualified ] as a tropical cyclone " . Various data sources indicated no closed circulation by 21 : 00 UTC and it was noted that advisories could be discontinued , at least temporarily . Early on August 3 , the disheveled storm moved through the Mona Passage and brushed the eastern coast of the Dominican Republic before emerging over the Atlantic Ocean . As the storm moved away from Hispaniola its movement became more northwesterly , following the edge of the subtropical ridge . Moving near the Turks and Caicos Islands , Bertha 's circulation finally became better organized and banding features developing over its eastern periphery . Subsequent strengthening of upper @-@ level outflow , decreased shear , increased mid @-@ level humidity , and high sea surface temperatures enabled rapid intensification . Deep convection wrapped cyclonically into the storm and winds reached 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) by 03 : 00 UTC on August 4 . During the early part of August 4 , structural organization began to degrade with convection becoming more limited in extent and banding features dissipating . The only factor aiding the storm was its well @-@ defined outflow . However , despite the storm 's ragged and weak appearance observations from hurricane hunters indicated that it had intensified into a hurricane by 12 : 00 UTC . Bertha is estimated to have reached its peak intensity around this time with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 998 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 47 inHg ) . Additionally , by this time its movement had shifted to due north and with increased forward momentum .
Through the remainder of August 4 and into the early hours of August 5 , Bertha maintained hurricane status with its atypical structure . At times , its circulation became exposed due to increasing shear . Acceleration to the north @-@ northeast ahead of a trough off the East Coast of the United States ensued as the system weakened below hurricane intensity during the overnight of August 4 – 5 . Steadily increasing shear kept the circulation center mostly devoid of thunderstorms , with periodic bursts of convection being quickly pushed away . The storm 's motion became more northeasterly early on August 6 as it began to undergo an extratropical transition . An upper @-@ level jet streak coupled with the system that morning , prompting convection to develop away from the storm 's center . Bertha soon merged with the trough steering it northeast as it moved into the cold sector of the front , which extended from Nova Scotia to The Bahamas . The merger of these systems marked Bertha 's transition into an extratropical system , at which time it was located 290 mi ( 470 km ) south @-@ southeast of Halifax , Nova Scotia . Slight intensification took place shortly thereafter with winds increasing to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) before weakening resumed . The system raced eastward across the Atlantic and ultimately degraded into a trough several hundred miles southwest of Ireland on August 9 . Bertha 's remnants struck the United Kingdom the following day and later moved over the North Sea . There , the storm stalled for a few days before resuming its eastward track . The decaying cyclone moved over Scandinavia on August 14 and was last noted on August 16 near the Baltic Sea .
= = Warnings and watches = =
= = Preparations and impact = =
= = = Caribbean = = =
Late on August 1 , Bertha crossed the Lesser Antilles , bringing strong winds and heavy rain to many islands . Across Martinique , the storm produced sustained winds of 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) with gusts to 54 mph ( 87 km / h ) . Numerous lightning strikes caused widespread surges in the electrical grid and left 150 @,@ 000 residences without electricity . Power was restored to all customers by the evening of August 2 . Rainfall was relatively light and less than anticipated with 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 4 in ( 30 to 60 mm ) falling across northern areas of the island and 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 79 in ( 10 to 20 mm ) over southern areas . Similar effects were felt in Guadeloupe where gusts reached 57 mph ( 92 km / h ) on La Désirade . A general 3 @.@ 9 to 5 @.@ 9 in ( 100 to 150 mm ) fell across Basse @-@ Terre Island . Few reports of downed trees and power lines were received and overall damage was negligible . Some rain and wind also affected Barbados .
Dominica Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit declared a public holiday for the afternoon of August 1 in order for all workers to return home in advance of the storm . Several LIAT flights for the island and St. Lucia were canceled . Wind gusts on Dominica reached 43 mph ( 69 km / h ) and hundreds of people lost power .
Coincidentally , Bertha threatened the United States Virgin Islands 18 years after a hurricane in 1996 of the same name , with both affecting the primary elections . Turnout was low as expected due to the storm , with 9 @,@ 217 people ( 26 @.@ 05 percent ) of voters showing up to polls . In response to the storm , the Virgin Islands Territorial Emergency Management Agency was activated , leave for all police officers was suspended , and officers began operating on 12 ‑ hour shifts on August 1 . The Public Works Department appropriated sandbags and cleared storm drains in anticipation of heavy rain . The outer edges of Bertha produced near @-@ hurricane @-@ force around the United States Virgin Islands , with an offshore buoy near St. Thomas measuring a gust of 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) . Gale @-@ force winds on St. Croix snapped many tree limbs .
Across Puerto Rico , the outer bands of Bertha dropped a general 3 to 5 in ( 76 to 127 mm ) of rain , with isolated areas reaching 10 in ( 250 mm ) , over areas suffering from a drought . Accumulations peaked at 11 @.@ 11 in ( 282 mm ) in Adjuntas . Some flooding occurred on the island , resulting in the partial collapse of two roads . The Río Grande de Arecibo topped its banks between highways 10 and 123 within the Utuado Municipality . Landslides blocked a few roads around Aceitunas . Tropical storm @-@ force wind gusts , peaking at 52 mph ( 84 km / h ) , downed some trees and power lines . Prolific lightning accompanied the storm and resulted in 29 @,@ 000 residences losing power . In Arroyo , 239 people , mostly athletes , sought refuge in public shelters .
Following the designation of Tropical Storm Bertha on August 1 , the Ministry of Public Works and Communications in the Dominican Republic activated emergency operations to prepare for the storm . Several flights to and from Las Américas International Airport near Santo Domingo were canceled on August 2 . Heavy rains in the country , peaking at 4 @.@ 7 in ( 120 mm ) in Bayaguana , caused significant flooding , especially along the Soco River which overflowed its banks . The communities of Atilano , Cabeza de Toro , Campiña , Concho Primo , and Lima , were temporarily isolated by the rising waters . Less substantial flooding occurred elsewhere in the country , with seven homes inundated in Moscú . Additionally , strong winds downed many trees in the region .
Across the Southeastern Bahamas , residents were warned of the approaching storm ; however , many were preoccupied with a local regatta and ignored warnings . In the Turks and Caicos , locals brought their boats closer to shore and anchored them . Hotels were reportedly " taking seriously the threat of the storm . " Increased surf and sporadic heavy rains associated with Bertha affected portions of Cuba .
= = = United States East Coast = = =
Though Bertha remained hundreds of miles offshore , long @-@ period swells resulted in dangerous rip currents across the East Coast of the United States .
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Two people required rescue off the coast of Jacksonville , Florida due to rip currents . Lingering swells resulted in the drowning of a man at Mickler 's Landing in Ponte Vedra Beach . Further north near Cape Hatteras , North Carolina , a man was pulled out to sea by rip currents and rescued by the Hatteras Island Rescue Squad ; however , after being hospitalized he later succumbed to his injuries and died . Tropical storm warnings were raised for offshore zones ; waves of 15 to 25 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 to 7 @.@ 6 m ) were forecast for areas off the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey . Several people were injured in rough seas at Rehoboth Beach , Delaware while lifeguards performed multiple rescues . In Ocean City , New Jersey , 25 rescues took place on August 5 . That same day , a woman nearly drowned near Atlantic City after being pulled out by rip currents .
= = = Western Europe = = =
Heavy rains from the remnant of Bertha caused widespread flooding across the United Kingdom . Flood warnings were issued for 6 regions across the nation while alerts were raised for a further 47 areas during the storm 's passage . In London , a water main burst and inundated surrounding streets . Thirty shops were affected and nearby stations of the London Underground were swamped . The Prudential RideLondon race was shortened by 14 mi ( 23 km ) due to the storm . The River Dee rose to its highest level since 1990 and flooded surrounding areas . Footbridges and paths along its banks were washed away , though no structures were affected . Lossiemouth , Scotland , received a month 's worth of rain in roughly 12 hours . Flooding in Elgin prompted the evacuation of 200 homes . Numerous roads were washed out across Scotland and First ScotRail reported widespread service disruption . High winds and flooding also damaged crops across the region , namely in Scotland .
Offshore , a man suffered a fatal head injury on his yacht amid rough seas and high winds . The Solent Coastguards flew out to rescue the man , but he was declared dead on the scene . Twenty vessels competing in the 2014 EXE Sails GP14 World Championships were caught in high winds produced by the storm and capsized in the Strangford Lough . A nearby hospital declared a major incident and the coast guard rushed to rescue the 97 sailors stranded in the water . Only one person suffered injuries , but all were treated for hypothermia .
The outer bands of Bertha 's remnants produced a prolonged period of severe weather over mainland Europe , extending from France to Sweden . In southwest Germany , gusts reached 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . On August 10 , a small tornado outbreak occurred with touchdowns taking place in Belgium , France , and Germany . The strongest of these , rated F2 on the Fujita Scale , affected Bad Schwalbach , Germany ; 50 homes were damaged in the area and a swath of forest was heavily damaged . An F1 tornado struck an outdoor event in Luxembourg , Belgium , resulting in four serious injuries . Additionally , an EF1 storm traveled for 25 mi ( 41 km ) through the Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais region of France . Another tornado , rated F0 , touched down in Kingston upon Hull , United Kingdom , on the same day .
Alerts were raised across Norway for the potential of flooding and damaging winds .
= Free as a Bird =
" Free as a Bird " is a song originally composed and recorded in 1977 as a home demo by John Lennon . In 1995 a studio version of the recording , incorporating contributions from Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , was released as a single by The Beatles . It was released 25 years after the break @-@ up of the band and 15 years after the death of Lennon .
The single was released as part of the promotion for The Beatles Anthology video documentary and the band 's Anthology 1 compilation album . For the Anthology project , McCartney asked Lennon 's widow Yoko Ono for unreleased material by Lennon to which the three remaining ex @-@ Beatles could contribute . " Free as a Bird " was one of two such songs ( along with " Real Love " ) for which McCartney , Harrison , and Starr contributed additional instrumentation , vocals , and arrangements . Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra , who had worked with Harrison on Harrison 's album Cloud Nine and as part of the Traveling Wilburys , was asked to co @-@ produce the record .
The music video for " Free as a Bird " was produced by Vincent Joliet and directed by Joe Pytka ; from the point of view of a bird in flight , it depicts many references to Beatles songs , such as " Strawberry Fields Forever , " " Penny Lane " , " Paperback Writer " , " A Day in the Life " , " Eleanor Rigby " , " Revolution " , and " Helter Skelter " . " Free as a Bird " won the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and was The Beatles ' 34th Top 10 single in the United States . The song secured the group at least one Top 40 hit in four different decades ( 1960s , 1970s , 1980s and 1990s ) .
= = Origins = =
McCartney , Harrison and Starr originally intended to record some incidental background music , as a trio , for the Anthology project , but later realised , according to Starr , that they wanted to record " new music " . According to Harrison , they had always agreed that if one of them was not in the band , the others would never replace them and , " ... go out as the Beatles " , and that the " only other person that could be in it was John . "
McCartney then asked Ono if she had any unreleased recordings by Lennon , so she sent him cassette tapes of four songs . " Free as a Bird " was recorded by Lennon in 1977 , in his and Ono 's Dakota building apartment in New York City , but was not complete . Lennon introduced the song on the cassette by imitating a New York accent and saying , " Free — as a boid " ( bird ) . The other songs were " Grow Old With Me " , " Real Love " , and " Now and Then " . Ono says that it was Harrison and former Beatles road manager Neil Aspinall who initially asked her about the concept of adding vocals and instrumentation to Lennon 's demo tapes . Ono stated : " People have said it was all agreed when Paul came over to New York to induct John into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , but it was all settled before then . I just used that occasion to hand over the tapes personally to Paul . "
McCartney went to Ono 's home after the induction ceremony at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame to listen to , and receive , the Lennon demo tapes ; he recalls the meeting with Ono :
She was there with Sean ... and she played us a couple of tracks . There were two newies on mono cassettes which he did at home ... [ s ] o I checked it out with Sean , because I didn 't want him to have a problem with it . He said , " Well , it 'll be weird hearing a dead guy on lead vocal . But give it a try . " I said to them both , " If it doesn 't work out , you can veto it . " When I told George and Ringo I 'd agreed to that they were going , " What ? What if we love it ? " It didn 't come to that , luckily . I said to Yoko , " Don 't impose too many conditions on us , it 's really difficult to do this , spiritually . We don 't know , we may hate each other after two hours in the studio and just walk out . So don 't put any conditions , it 's tough enough . "
During an interview for the Anthology project , McCartney revealed that he was surprised to learn that Lennon 's demos of " Free as a Bird " and " Real Love " had already been released and were well known by Lennon fans . Starr admitted that when he first listened to the recording he found it very emotional .
= = = Recording = = =
George Martin , who had produced most of the Beatles ' 1960s recordings , turned down an invitation to produce " Free as a Bird " due to hearing problems ( though he subsequently managed to produce and direct the Anthology series ) . Harrison , in turn , suggested Lynne as producer , and work commenced at McCartney 's studio in February 1994 . Geoff Emerick and Jon Jacobs were chosen to engineer the new tracks .
The original tape of Lennon singing the song was recorded on a mono cassette , with vocals and piano on the same track . They were impossible to separate , so Lynne had to produce the track with voice and piano together , but commented that it was good for the integrity of the project , as Lennon was not only singing occasional lines , but also playing on the song .
Although Lennon had died in 1980 , Starr said that the three remaining Beatles agreed they would pretend that Lennon had " gone for lunch " , or had gone for a " cup of tea " . The remaining Beatles recorded a track around Lennon 's basic song idea , but which had gaps they had to fill in musically . Some chords were changed , and the arrangement was expanded to include breaks for McCartney and Harrison to sing extra lines . Harrison played slide guitar in the solo .
The Beatles ' overdubs and production were recorded between February and March 1994 in Sussex , England , at McCartney 's home studio . It ends with a slight coda including a strummed ukulele by Harrison ( an instrument he was known to have played often ) and the voice of John Lennon played backwards . The message , when played in reverse , is " Turned out nice again " , which was the catchphrase of George Formby . The final result sounds like " made by John Lennon " , which , according to McCartney , was unintentional and was only discovered after the surviving Beatles reviewed the final mix . When Starr heard McCartney and Harrison singing the harmonies , and later the finished song , he said that it sounded just like them [ The Beatles ] . He explained his comment by saying that he looked at the project as " an outsider " . Lynne fully expected the finished track to sound like The Beatles , as that was his premise for the project , but Harrison added : " It 's gonna sound like them [ The Beatles ] if it is them ... It sounds like them now " [ in the present ] .
McCartney , Harrison and Starr all agreed that the recording process was more pleasurable than when they later recorded " Real Love " ( the second song chosen for release ) ; as it was almost finished , they had very little input , and felt like sidemen for Lennon .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Free as a Bird " was produced by Vincent Joliet and directed by Joe Pytka and depicts , from the point of view of a bird in flight , many references to Beatles songs , such as " Penny Lane " , " Paperback Writer " , " A Day in the Life " , " Eleanor Rigby " , " Helter Skelter " , " Piggies " , " The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill " , " Strawberry Fields Forever " , " Doctor Robert " , and " The Fool on The Hill " . Between 80 and 100 allusions to the Beatles ' story , music and lyrics in the video have been estimated . Although the bird can be heard at the beginning of the video , it is never seen . Neil Aspinall ( Apple Records executive at the time ) said that this was because no @-@ one could agree on what kind of bird it should be . Pytka had to send his ideas to McCartney , Harrison and Starr , as well as Ono , to make sure they all agreed before he could proceed with the filming of the video . Derek Taylor ( ex @-@ Apple Records executive ) sent a two @-@ page letter to Pytka confirming that he could proceed , and personally encouraged and supported Pytka 's ideas . The video was filmed in as many authentic locations as possible : Penny Lane was made by Pytka 's art department to look as it was in the 1950s , and other locations filmed were The Liver Building , and Liverpool Docks ( as a reference to Lennon 's father Alfred Lennon ) .
Although Pytka fixed the ideas on a storyboard , he abandoned it as soon as filming began , and followed ideas based on what angles and perspectives the steadycam camera produced . One instance was the filming of the car crash , which Pytka filmed for hours from above , but realised that a steadycam shot on the ground was a much better idea . Archive footage was used by imposing it on scenes shot by Pytka , who utilised a greenscreen stage to digitally blend it into the finished film , such as Paul 's Old English Sheepdog in the graveyard , and the elephant in the ballroom procession scene . The elephant was put in last , as Aspinall phoned Pytka and said that Starr liked the scene , but insisted an elephant be put in it , which Pytka later did , as he had already put a sitar in at the request of Harrison . Apart from the steadycam shots , Pytka used a Russian @-@ made Akil @-@ crane for sweeping overhead shots , such as the Abbey Road zebra crossing shot at the end , as well as a remote @-@ controlled toy helicopter with a camera added to it for intricate aerial shots . To make it more interesting , two Blue Meanies make cameos .
Harrison played the ukulele in the studio for the song , and asked to appear as the ukulele player seen only from behind at the very end of the video . Pytka resisted this , as he felt it would be wrong for any contemporary members of the Beatles to appear on screen . Pytka later stated that it was " heartbreaking " that Harrison had not played the role , particularly after Harrison 's death in 2001 and upon discovering that the ukulele was not a sample of an old song as Pytka had assumed . The video won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video in 1997 .
On 6 November 2015 , Apple Records released a new deluxe version of the 1 album in different editions and variations ( known as 1 + ) . Most of the tracks on 1 have been remixed from the original multi @-@ track masters by Giles Martin . Giles Martin , with Jeff Lynne also remixed " Free as a Bird " to accompany the music video for the DVD and Blu @-@ ray releases . The remix of " Free as a Bird " cleans up Lennon 's vocal further , and uses a different take of Harrison 's vocal phrase , replacing the lyric " whatever happened to the life that we once knew " with " whatever happened to the love that we once knew " . Towards the end of the track , this version also contains a clip of Lennon stating the phrase " turned out nice again " played forward - which was played backwards in the original mix of the song . McCartney 's lead vocal , buried in the original mix to serve as a double track for Lennon 's own vocal , can now be heard more prominently in the second verse .
= = Chart performance = =
" Free as a Bird " was premiered on BBC Radio 1 in the early hours of 20 November 1995 . It was released as a single in the UK on 4 December 1995 , two weeks after its appearance on the Anthology 1 album . The single sold 120 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , entering the UK Singles Chart at No. 2 . It remained on the chart for eight weeks . In the US , the song reached No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming The Beatles ' 34th Top 10 single in America . It was the group 's first Top 10 song in the U.S. in nineteen and a half years , the longest span for the group between Top 10 hits since first charting in America in 1964 .
= = Critical reception = =
" Free as a Bird " marked the first time a single containing new material had been released under The Beatles ' name since " The Long and Winding Road " in the United States in 1970 . The promotional video was broadcast during episode one of The Beatles Anthology that aired on ITV in the UK and ABC in the US .
" Free as a Bird " was greeted with mixed reviews . Its release was criticised by Caroline Sullivan in The Guardian as a publicity gimmick , exploiting the Beatles brand , and owing less to the Beatles than to Lynne . Andy Gill in The Independent called the song " disappointingly low @-@ key . ... George 's guitar weeps gently enough when required , but the overall effect is of a dirge . " Chris Carter , now the host of Breakfast with the Beatles , commented : " I would value any song ( especially if it was great ) performed by John , Paul , George and Ringo , no matter how ( or when ) it was recorded . " " Free as a Bird " later won the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal .
= = Personnel = =
According to Ian MacDonald :
John Lennon – lead vocal , piano
Paul McCartney – lead vocal , harmony vocal , bass , acoustic guitar , piano , synthesizer
George Harrison – lead vocal , harmony vocal , electric slide guitar , acoustic guitar , ukulele
Ringo Starr – drums , harmony vocal
= = Track listings = =
All songs written by John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , except where noted .
7 " UK : R6422 / USA : NR @-@ 58497
" Free as a Bird " – 2 : 42
" Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) " – 3 : 02
Music recorded 28 November 1967 at EMI Studios , London ; Christmas greetings recorded 6 December 1967 at EMI Studios , London
CD UK : CDR6422 / USA : CDP 58497
" Free as a Bird " – 4 : 26
" I Saw Her Standing There " ( Lennon – McCartney ) – 2 : 51
Recorded 11 February 1963 at EMI Studios , London
Produced by George Martin
This version ( take 9 ) was recorded after the version released on the album Please Please Me ( take 1 ) . The introductory count @-@ in from take 9 was edited onto the start of take 1 for the album .
" This Boy " ( Lennon – McCartney ) – 3 : 17
Recorded 17 October 1963 at EMI Studios , London
Produced by George Martin
Two incomplete versions ( takes 12 and 13 ) , which both break down into laughter .
" Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) " – 3 : 02
= = Charts and certifications = =
= Aboriginal title in the Taney Court =
The Supreme Court of the United States , under Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ( 1836 – 1864 ) , issued several important decisions on the status of aboriginal title in the United States , building on the opinions of aboriginal title in the Marshall Court .
The Taney Court heard Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) and New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) , the first two aboriginal title cases involving indigenous plaintiffs to reach the Supreme Court since Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1830 ) , and the first two cases won by indigenous parties in the Supreme Court . In Marsh v. Brooks ( 1850 ) , in dicta , the Court declared : " That an action of ejectment could be maintained on an Indian right to occupancy and use , is not open to question . "
The remaining cases involved no indigenous parties . In United States v. Brooks ( 1850 ) , the Court refused to inquire into allegations of fraud on the part of Commissioner Jehiel Brooks in negotiating a treaty with the Caddo . Following the Marshall Court 's precedent , the Taney Court continued to uphold the validity of state land grants issued before the extinguishment of aboriginal title . Depending on the applicable law , the Taney Court held that aboriginal title could sometimes be asserted as a defense in trespass , ejectment , and writ of right actions , even by those with no claim to title themselves .
= = United States v. Brooks ( 1850 ) = =
In 1835 , a treaty negotiated by Commissioner Jehiel Brooks provided for the Caddos to cede certain lands to Franois Grappe and his three sons , Jacques , Dominique , and Balthazar Grappe . The Grappes sold the land to Col. Brooks . On February 24 , 1846 , the United States attorney for the District of Louisiana filed suit against Col. Brooks , alleging that he had fraudulently included the lands within those ceded by the Caddos to the United States . At trial , the judge refused to allow the federal government to read various documents into evidence ; the jury returned a verdict for Brooks .
The Court affirmed , holding that " Brooks being the alienee of the Grappes for the entire reservation , he may hold it against any claim of the United States , as his alienors would have done . " The court refused to consider " conjectural intimations , which were made in the argument of it , concerning the influences which were used to secure the reservation , or the designs of the commissioner in having it done . "
= = The Seneca cases ( 1857 – 1858 ) = =
The two aboriginal title cases involving indigenous litigants to reach the Taney Court both involved the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians and the Tonawanda Reservation , both argued by John H. Martindale ( first as the district attorney of Genesee County , New York , then in private practice ) , and both originated in the New York state courts .
= = = Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) = = =
Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) was the first litigation of aboriginal title in the U.S. Supreme Court by an indigenous plaintiff since Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , and the first Supreme Court case won by an indigenous plaintiff . According to a contemporary New York Times article : " The questions involved are of great magnitude , and affect more or less the title to a large portion of the State of New York . "
The Court affirmed a judgement for the plaintiff on a cause of action of trespass . Moreover , the Court held that Indian removal treaties could not be enforced by private parties , either through self @-@ help or through the courts . Fellows also underscored the importance of the trust relationship between the federal government and the tribes in holding that the federal government retained the sole discretion to enforce , or not enforce , such treaties against the tribes .
= = = New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) = = =
New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) was a companion case to Fellows . An individual Seneca party of interest , prevailed in a suit brought under a New York statute authorizing state district attorneys to remove non @-@ Indian trespassers from Indian lands in county courts . At the time Fellows was decided , this case had reached the U.S. Supreme Court but had not yet been argued . The defendant @-@ appellants , before the Court , unsuccessfully challenged the state statute under the Indian Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution , the federal Nonintercourse Act and the Treaty of Buffalo Creek between the federal government and the Senecas . Because the Senecas relied on state law , and the defendants relied on federal law , the case is essentially the inverse of Nonintercourse Act litigation of over the next 150 years .
= = Dicta in disputes between non @-@ Indians = =
Several decisions note the extinguishment of aboriginal title as a condition of land grants . More than once , in dicta , the Court cited the purchase of aboriginal title in New Jersey .
= = = Sac and Fox Half @-@ Breed Tract cases ( 1850 – 1854 ) = = =
An 1824 federal treaty with the Sac and Fox tribes set aside a 119 @,@ 000 acre Half @-@ Breed Tract in Iowa between the Mississippi River and the Des Moines River . The treaty declared the lands inalienable . In 1834 , Congress transferred the fee title to the lands to the Half @-@ Breeds , rendering the land transferable . By 1841 , the Tract was owned in fee almost entirely by non @-@ Indians . The Taney Court heard for land disputes involving the Iowa Half @-@ Breed Tract : the first two from the Supreme Court of the Iowa Territory ; the second two from the United States District Court for the District of Iowa .
Marsh v. Brooks I ( 1850 )
Marsh v. Brooks ( 1850 ) , a writ of right action , involved a plaintiff holding an 1839 federal land patent ( issued under an 1836 statute ) and a trespasser defendant asserting that the plaintiff 's title was invalid because of the Half @-@ Breed Tract treaty and legislation . The Iowa Supreme Court refused to let the defendants raise this defense ; Justice John Catron , for a unanimous Court , reversed and remanded . The Court provided the following dicta on aboriginal title :
This Indian title consisted of the usufruct and right of occupancy and enjoyment ; and , so long as it continued , was superior to and excluded those claiming the reserved lands by patents made subsequent to the ratification of the treaty ; they could not disturb the occupants under the Indian title . That an action of ejectment could be maintained on an Indian right to occupancy and use , is not open to question . This is the result of the decision in [ Johnson v. McIntosh and Cornet v. Winton , written by Justice Catron while he was on the Tennessee high court ] . . . .
The Supreme Court held that an ejectment defendant could assert the defense of aboriginal title , even if the defendant did not even claim to hold the aboriginal title :
It was also insisted on the argument here , that , as it did not appear that any half @-@ breeds , or their heirs or assigns , were in existence when the trial below took place , the outstanding title relied on could not be set up by the defendants . To which it may be answered , that it was necessary for the plaintiffs to show themselves to be owners of the land . . . ; and if the land had been previously granted , nothing was left to pass by the second patent . . . . The general rule is , that , where the same land has been twice granted , the elder patent may be set up in defence by a trespasser , when sued by a claimant under the younger grant , without inquiring as to who is the actual owner of the land at the time of the trial .
Webster v. Reid ( 1850 )
In Webster v. Reid ( 1850 ) , the Court declared unconstitutional an Iowa territorial statute that authorized bench trials against " ‘ the Owners of the Half @-@ breed Lands lying in Lee County , " with notice by publication .
Marsh v. Brooks II ( 1852 )
Marsh v. Brooks ( 1852 ) involved the same parties that had been before the Court in 1850 . Having re @-@ filed in federal court , the plaintiffs again prevailed , and this time , the Court ( again , the opinion authored by Justice Catron ) affirmed . In dicta , the Court offered the following interpretation of the status of aboriginal title in the Spanish Louisiana territory :
That the Sacs and Foxes did claim the country generally , where this land lies , is not controverted ; nor was their claim ceded to the United States till 1824 . And this raises the question whether , according to Spanish usage , whilst that power governed Louisiana , an existing Indian claim to territory precluded inhabitation and cultivation under a permit to inhabit and cultivate a particular place designated in the permit , and which was in the Indian country . Spain had no treaties with any of the Indian tribes in Louisiana , fixing limits to their claims , so far as we are informed . The Indians were kept quiet , and at peace with Spanish subjects , by kind treatment and due precautions , which did not allow obtrusion on lands claimed by them , without written permits from the Governor ; but that such permits were usual , cannot be doubted .
Again in dicta , the Court seemed to apply the concept of adverse possession to aboriginal lands :
[ The plaintiff 's tract ] was held and improved by authority of the Spanish government , and claimed as individual property , to which the Indian right of possession did not extend ; of this the Indians never complained , nor do they now complain ; no half @-@ breed owner and Indian descendant is defending this suit ; it is defended by trespassers , showing no color of claim under the half @-@ breeds , or any one else ; shelter is sought under the assumption that Honoré 's permit and inhabitation were neither known or recognized by the Sacs and Foxes , and that therefore , the additional article of the treaty of 1804 , cannot protect the title of Reddick . . . . [ I ] t must be presumed that the Indians both had knowledge and assented to Honoreé 's claim ; and we are furthermore of opinion , that the Indian tribes , and the half @-@ breeds , who claim under them , must be held to knowledge , and to consent , that Honoré took and held , rightful possessions , from the fact of his open and notorious actual occupancy , and holding for himself , in their midst .
Coy v. Mason ( 1854 )
Coy v. Mason ( 1854 ) , another dispute between non @-@ Indians , remarked in dicta that the Half @-@ Breed Tract had been held " by the same title , and in the same manner , that other Indian titles are held . "
= = = Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) = = =
In dicta , Dred Scott v. Sandford made several comments regarding aboriginal title . Chief Justice Taney was not present at the opinion announcement for Fellows because he was at home working on the Dred Scott opinion , which was announced the next day . Dred Scott , in dicta , opined the following on aboriginal title :
The situation of [ blacks ] was altogether unlike that of the Indian race . The latter . . . were situated in territories to which the white race claimed the ultimate right of dominion . But that claim was acknowledged to be subject to the right of the Indians to occupy it as long as they thought proper , and neither the English nor colonial Governments claimed or exercised any dominion over the tribe or nation by whom it was occupied , nor claimed the right to the possession of the territory , until the tribe or nation consented to cede it .
Justice John Catron , concurring in Dred Scott , also noted in dicta that :
[ B ] ecause Congress has express power to regulate commerce among the Indian tribes and to prohibit intercourse with the Indians , that therefore Dr. Emerson 's title might be defeated within the country ceded by the Indians to the United States as early as 1805 . . . .
= = = State land grants = = =
Lattimer 's Lessee v. Poteet ( 1840 )
Lattimer 's Lessee v. Poteet ( 1840 ) was an appeal from a judgment for the defendant in an ejectment action in the United States circuit court of North Carolina . It was undisputed that the plaintiff 's title arose from a North Carolina state land grant to Cherokee lands within the boundaries demarcated by the federal Cherokee treaties . The sole defense was that the state grant was void because of the federal Cherokee treaties .
Before the Supreme Court , the plaintiffs argued that it was " not in the power of the United States and the Cherokee nation , by the treaty of Tellico in 1798 , to vary in any degree the treaty line of Holston ; so as to affect private rights , or the rights of North Carolina . " The Court responded that , as a matter of fact , the Tellico treaty had merely confirmed the Holston treaty boundaries , both of which were to be interpreted by the parties to the treaty .
The Court held that , as a matter of federal law , the state grants were not void merely because they were granted before the Cherokee 's title was extinguished : " The Indian title being only a right of occupancy , the state of North Carolina had the power to grant the fee in the lands , subject to this right . " But , under the North Carolina surveying statute as interpreted by the North Carolina courts , such grants were invalid . Thus , the Court affirmed .
Chief Justice Taney concurred in the judgment , but disagreed that the political branches had interpreted the Tellico treaty to demarcate the relevant boundary . Justice Catron also concurred . He " admit [ ted ] . . . that the contracting parties had the power afterwards to settle its position " but argued that " they never saw proper to do [ so ] . " Catron argued that " [ t ] he land in controversy was granted before this line was run " and thus that the treaty of Holston " will manifestly tend to disturb titles made in reference to another line . " Catron concurred only because " the bill of exceptions sets forth not a single fact ; and the correctness of the instructions of the Court below cannot therefore be tested by the evidence given on the trial ; whether they are right or wrong , it is impossible for me to say " ; thus , he defaulted to a " presumption that the instructions were proper . "
Justice Wayne dissented without opinion .
Kinney v. Clark ( 1844 )
Kinney v. Clark ( 1844 ) involved a Virginia land grant given before the Cherokee aboriginal title to the lands had been extinguished . The Court opined that : " If Clark 's entry was made , however , on lands reserved [ for the Cherokees ] from location by the act of 1779 , then it is void , because the act did not open the land office for such purpose , nor extend to the excepted lands . " The Court quoted at length from the Long Island treaty ( 1777 ) and noted : " This treaty fully explains why the Cherokee country was excepted from the land @-@ law of 1779 , and locations on it prohibited ; no reasons could add force to its stipulations . "
However , the Court determined that : " The opinion of the [ Virginia ] Court of Appeals in 1791 is conclusive to the point @-@ that if the land in dispute was not Cherokee country , it was not within the exception of the land @-@ law of 1779 ; and that Clark 's title is good , as all the lands in the commonwealth not excepted , were subject to appropriation on Treasury warrants , although claimed by Indians whose lands were not protected from location by statute . " Finally , the decision of the United State circuit court of Kentucky was affirmed on the basis of Kentucky 's statute of limitations .
= = = Spanish Florida and Louisiana = = =
Mitchel v. United States ( 1841 )
The plaintiff in Mitchel v. United States ( 1841 ) sued the federal government in the Florida state courts , basing his claim on a grant from the Creek and Seminole Indians , ratified by the Spanish during their rule of Florida . The plaintiff 's claim was allowed only in part , and he appealed .
Justice Wayne , noted that the case involved the same plaintiff as in Mitchel v. United States ( 1835 ) , a decision of the Marshall Court . Therefore , Wayne opined , " [ t ] he case before us does not require any discussion upon the nature and extent of the property held by the Florida Indians in these lands , under Spain . That was satisfactorily done in the decision given by this court in the original case . " The Court further noted : " We will not enter into the question , how far the appropriation of the land for a fortress , by order of the government , extinguished the Indian title . It might be done successfully , upon the positions taken by this court in respect to the rights of European monarchs to Indian lands in North America , in Johnson v. McIntosh .
Chouteau v. Molony ( 1853 )
In Chouteau v. Molony ( 1853 ) , Justice Wayne , for a unanimous Court , interpreted a grant from the Fox tribe to be a mere right to mine lead , rather than a grant of land because it was not confirmed by the Spanish authorities as required by Spanish law and because it included a Fox village which the tribe would have been unlikely to cede .
= = = Others = = =
Maney v. Porter ( 1846 )
Chief Justice Taney held in Maney v. Porter ( 1846 ) that the Court had no jurisdiction to review state court actions claiming money damages from fraudulent land sales where :
[ T ] he suit was not brought to uphold any title or right which the complainant claimed under the Choctaw treaty , or under the law of Congress which he states to have been passed upon the subject . For he does not ask for a conveyance of the reservations , nor of the Indian title to them . And he does not even aver that these claims are valid , or that he has any title to them ; but , on the contrary , charges that none of the claims had been secured , and states that he did not think it probable that they would be obtained by the assignees of the Indians . And as the case has been removed here from the decision of a state court , we have no right to review it unless the complainant claimed some right under the treaty with the Choctaws or the act of Congress . . . . In the case before us , no such title , right , or privilege was claimed by the bill , and of course no decision was made against it in the state court . We therefore can exercise no jurisdiction . . . and are not authorized to examine any questions of fraud or failure of consideration , or breach of contract . . . .
Gaines v. Nicholson ( 1850 )
In Gaines v. Nicholson ( 1850 ) , Justice Nelson wrote the following in dicta :
There is no doubt but that all persons in whose behalf reservations were made under [ an Indian ] treaty . . . and had made improvements thereon . . . were entitled to the section , including their improvements , in preference to any other right that could have been previously acquired under the government ; because the land embraced within the section was so much excepted from the cession . No previous grant of Congress could be paramount , according to the right of occupancy which this government has always conceded to the Indian tribes within her jurisdiction .
It was so much carved out of the Territory ceded , and remained to the Indian occupant , as he had never parted with it . He holds , strictly speaking , not under the treaty of cession , but under his original title , confirmed by the government in the act of agreeing to the reservation .
Doe v. Wilson ( 1859 )
In Doe v. Wilson ( 1859 ) , Justice Catron , for the Court , held that a treaty with the Pottawatomie created individual , alienable allotments ; thus , the grantee of an individual Pottowatomie had good title .
= Early Founders Memorial Stone =
The Foundation Stone of the Monument to the Early Founders of Singapore , usually called the Early Founders Memorial Stone is a national memorial that is dedicated to the early founders ( " Unknown Immigrants " ) of Singapore . The original idea was raised by a graduates ' association and an open design competition was held for the memorial project . The foundation stone was initially erected along Collyer Quay Street outside the Fullerton Hotel in 1970 . After a series of setbacks and delays , the project was finally scrapped after no worthy design was accepted , which resulted the foundation stone becoming the memorial afterwards . In 2000 , the memorial was relocated to the National Archives of Singapore at Canning Rise before moving back to the grounds of The Fullerton Hotel in 2010 .
= = History = =
The original idea of erecting a keynote memorial at the Singapore waterfront as a dedication to Singapore 's early founders was mooted in 1969 by the Alumni International Singapore ( AIS ) , a body set up to represent Singaporean graduates from 11 countries who had gathered locally for Singapore 's 150th anniversary . AIS announced that a proposed memorial on Queen Elizabeth Walk by the Padang would required some S $ 250 @,@ 000 ( US $ 163 @,@ 000 ) to be raised . An open design competition was held and sculptors were asked to come up with a design to celebrate the Singaporean for " his courage , his adventurous and enterprising spirit and his indomitable will , not only to survive but to make good . "
= = = Foundation stone = = =
On 18 January 1970 , President Yusof bin Ishak laid the memorial 's foundation stone along Collyer Quay Street , on what was supposed to be a temporary site . Before an audience of some 500 people , including members of the diplomatic corps , President Yusof gave a speech :
It carries no great names . In fact it has no names at all . It is for all men . It is not for the Chinese , the Indian , the Eurasian or any other single race . It is for all who in one way or another helped to create a modern multiracial , multicultural and multilingual Singapore .
The foundation stone consists of a rectangular granite stone topping off a pyramid @-@ shaped brick pedestal with inscriptions in the four official languages ( English , Malay , Mandarin , and Tamil ) :
This foundation stone of the monument in tribute to the early founders of Singapore was laid by Inche Yusof Bin Ishak , the President of the Republic of Singapore on the 18th day of January 1970 .
= = = Competition = = =
In July 1973 , designs for the memorial had been received from 38 sculptors but the top two prizes were not awarded ; it was found that no entry being deemed worthy of the honour by AIS panel of judges earlier . Instead , five sculptors received merit awards from AIS , together with a token S $ 250 .
One of the merit awards recipients , Ng Eng Teng , who was to receive Singapore 's Cultural Medallion in 1981 and who now has his critically acclaimed works all over Singapore , commented unhappily : " We have never been so embarrassed or insulted in all our professional lives . No professional artist of our standing would condescend to receive such an amount . We felt we had been taken for a ride . "
In response , AIS expressed regret that the aggrieved sculptors had publicly stated their dissatisfaction . The alumni further rejected a complaint that the results were 10 months overdue , and repeated that no suitable entry had been received . Subsequently , three of the five sculptors banded together to produce a design they described as " four pieces of cuboid leaning towards each other and pivoted on four corners " which was referred by AIS as resembling " four chopsticks " . Ironically , this was the nickname and roughly the design concept of the Civilian War Memorial , which was adopted in another separate open competition in 1966 .
In September 1975 , the alumni announced in public again that the Early Founders Project was at " a very advanced stage and will be launched as soon as Government approval has been obtained . The site of the monument has already been earmarked on the reclaimed land off the Esplanade . "
Despite the announcement , the ambitious project became inactive and was finally scrapped after no worthy design was accepted and not nearly enough of the S $ 250 @,@ 000 funds had been raised . In 1985 , the alumni announced that the funds collected earlier would be rediverted to other projects , such as providing scholarships .
= = = Roles switched = = =
As a result , the memorial stone became the memorial itself . The monument was later moved by the authorities to make way for the gentrification of the Fullerton Building , and was relocated to the National Archives of Singapore , where it stands almost forgotten today . The authorities hope that when Singapore 's community of values had evolved to the point that a common language of art could be used to complete the task of building such a monument again .
On 9 July 2010 , the foundation stone was moved back to the corner of Fullerton Building where it now sits overlooking the Singapore River following a ceremony and speech by The Minister for Information , Communication and the Arts .
= Operation Sandstone =
Operation Sandstone was a series of nuclear weapon tests in 1948 . It was the third series of American tests , following Trinity in 1945 and Crossroads in 1946 , and preceding Ranger . Like the Crossroads tests , the Sandstone tests were carried out at the Pacific Proving Grounds , although at Enewetak Atoll rather than Bikini Atoll . They differed from Crossroads in that they were conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission , with the armed forces having only a supporting role . The purpose of the Sandstone tests was also different : they were primarily tests of new bomb designs rather than of the effects of nuclear weapons . Three tests were carried out in April and May 1948 by Joint Task Force 7 , with a work force of 10 @,@ 366 personnel , of whom 9 @,@ 890 were military .
The successful testing of the new cores in the Operation Sandstone tests rendered every component of the old weapons obsolete . Even before the third test had been carried out , production of the old cores was halted , and all effort concentrated on the new Mark 4 nuclear bomb , which would become the first mass @-@ produced nuclear weapon . More efficient use of fissionable material as a result of Operation Sandstone would increase the U.S. nuclear stockpile from 56 bombs in June 1948 to 169 in June 1949 .
= = Origins = =
Nuclear weapons were developed during World War II by the Manhattan Project , which created a network of production facilities , and the weapons research and design laboratory at the Los Alamos National Laboratory . Two types of bombs were developed : the Mark 1 Little Boy , a gun @-@ type fission weapon using uranium @-@ 235 , and the Mark 3 Fat Man , an implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon using plutonium .
These weapons were not far removed from their laboratory origins . A great deal of work remained to improve ease of assembly , safety , reliability and storage before they were ready for production . There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended during the war that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development . Norris Bradbury , who replaced Robert Oppenheimer as director at Los Alamos , felt that " we had , to put it bluntly , lousy bombs . "
Plutonium was produced by irradiating uranium @-@ 238 in three 250 MW nuclear reactors at the Hanford site . In theory they could produce 0 @.@ 91 grams ( 0 @.@ 032 oz ) of plutonium per megawatt @-@ day , or about 20 kilograms ( 44 lb ) per month . In practice , production never approached such a level in 1945 , when only between 4 and 6 kilograms ( 8 @.@ 8 and 13 @.@ 2 lb ) was produced per month . A Fat Man core required about 6 @.@ 2 kilograms ( 14 lb ) of plutonium , of which 21 % fissioned . Plutonium production fell off during 1946 due to swelling of the reactors ' graphite neutron moderators . This is known as the Wigner effect , after its discoverer , the Manhattan Project scientist Eugene Wigner .
These reactors were also required for the production ( by irradiation of bismuth @-@ 209 ) of polonium @-@ 210 , which was used in the initiators , a critical component of the nuclear weapons . Some 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) of bismuth @-@ 209 had to be irradiated for 100 days to produce 600 curies of polonium @-@ 210 , a little over 132 milligrams ( 2 @.@ 04 gr ) . Because polonium @-@ 210 has a half @-@ life of only 138 days , at least one reactor had to be kept running . The oldest unit , B pile , was therefore closed down so that it would be available in the future . Investigation of the problem would take most of 1946 before a fix was found .
Uranium @-@ 235 was derived from enrichment of natural uranium at the Y @-@ 12 plant and K @-@ 25 site in Oak Ridge , Tennessee . Improvements in the processes and procedures of the electromagnetic and gaseous isotope separation between October 1945 and June 1946 led to an increase in production to around 69 kilograms ( 152 lb ) of uranium @-@ 235 per month , which was only enough for one of the very wasteful Little Boys . A Fat Man was 17 @.@ 5 times as efficient as a Little Boy , but a ton of uranium ore could yield eight times as much uranium @-@ 235 as plutonium , and on a per @-@ gram basis , plutonium cost somewhere between four and eight times as much to produce as uranium @-@ 235 , which at this time cost around $ 26 per gram .
= = Weapon development 1945 – 48 = =
The objectives of the Sandstone series of tests were to :
test nuclear cores and initiators ;
improve the theory and knowledge of implosion type weapons ;
test levitated cores ;
test composite cores ; and
determine the most economic designs in terms of efficient use of fissionable material .
Levitation meant that instead of being immediately inside the tamper , there would be an air gap between the tamper and the core , which would be suspended inside on wires . This would allow the tamper to gain more momentum before striking the core . The principle was similar to swinging a hammer at a nail . In order for this to work outside the laboratory , the wires had to be strong enough to withstand being dropped from an aircraft , but thin enough to not disturb the spherical symmetry of the implosion . The Theoretical Division at Los Alamos , known as T Division , had run computer calculations on the levitated core as early March 1945 . The use of the levitated core had been proposed during the planning for Operation Crossroads , but it had been decided instead to use the existing solid core " Christy " design . This was named after its designer , Robert Christy . For Sandstone , however , it was decided that at least two of the three tests would use levitated cores .
The motivation behind the composite core was to make better use of the available fissionable material . The use of uranium @-@ 235 in an implosion weapon instead of the inefficient gun type Little Boy was an obvious development . However , while plutonium was more expensive and harder to produce than uranium @-@ 235 , it fissions faster , because it makes better use of the neutrons its fission produces . On the other hand , the slower reaction of uranium @-@ 235 permits the assembly of super @-@ critical masses , making it theoretically possible to produce weapons with high yields . By July 1945 , Oppenheimer and Groves were considering using both materials in a composite core containing 3 @.@ 25 kilograms ( 7 @.@ 2 lb ) of plutonium and 6 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 14 lb ) of uranium @-@ 235 . The composite cores became available in 1946 . Los Alamos ' priority then became the development of an all @-@ uranium @-@ 235 core . By January 1948 the national stockpile contained 50 cores , of which 36 were composite Christy cores , nine were plutonium Christy cores , and five were composite levitated cores . Testing the new levitated , composite and uranium @-@ 235 cores would require at least three test firings .
More efficient weapons would require less efficient initiators . This meant that less polonium would be required . At the time of Sandstone , the national stockpile of polonium @-@ beryllium initiators consisted of 50 A @-@ Class initiators , with more than 25 curies of polonium , and 13 B @-@ Class initiators with 12 to 25 curies . During Sandstone , at least one test would be conducted with a B @-@ Class initiator .
= = Preparations = =
= = = Organization = = =
The tests were authorized by President Harry S. Truman on 27 June 1947 . The Atomic Energy Commission 's Director of Military Applications , Brigadier General James McCormack and his deputy , Captain James S. Russell , met with Bradbury and John Manley at Los Alamos on 9 July to make arrangements for the tests . They readily agreed that they would be scientific in nature , with Los Alamos supplying the technical direction and the armed forces providing supplies and logistical support . The cost of the tests , around $ 20 million , was divided between the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy Commission . Lieutenant General John E. Hull was designated as test commander . Rear Admiral William S. Parsons and Major General William E. Kepner reprised their Operation Crossroads roles as deputy commanders . Joint Task Force 7 was formally activated on 18 October 1947 . As its commander , Hull was answerable to both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Atomic Energy Commission .
Joint Task Force 7 consisted of 10 @,@ 366 personnel , 9 @,@ 890 of them military . Its headquarters consisted of about 175 men , of whom 96 were on board the USS Mount McKinley . The rest were accommodated on the USS Albemarle , Curtiss and Bairoko . A special division of the Los Alamos National Laboratory , known as J Division , was created specifically to manage nuclear testing . An Atomic Energy Commission group ( Task Group 7 @.@ 1 ) was responsible for preparing and detonating the nuclear weapons , and conducting the experiments . It consisted of some 283 scientists and technicians responsible for nuclear tests from J Division , the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project , the Naval Research Laboratory , the Naval Ordnance Laboratory , Argonne National Laboratory , the Aberdeen Proving Ground , the Atomic Energy Commission , Edgerton , Germeshausen & Grier , and other agencies .
Each dealt with a different aspect of the tests . The Naval Ordnance Laboratory handled the blast measurement tests , while the Naval Research Laboratory conducted the radiation measurement experiments , and Argonne National Laboratory did gamma ray measurements . Edgerton , Germeshausen , and Grier were contractors hired to design and install the timing and firing systems . Seven experimental weapon assemblies and six cores were delivered to San Pedro , California , and loaded on the weapon assembly ship USS Curtiss , in February 1948 , but the Atomic Energy Commission only gave permission for the expenditure of three cores in the tests .
= = = Ships = = =
The naval forces were organized as Task Group 7 @.@ 3 . It consisted of :
= = = Civil affairs = = =
In September 1947 , Hull , Russell , who was designated test director on 14 October , and Joint Task Force 7 's scientific director , Darol K. Froman from the Los Alamos Laboratories , set out with a group of scientists and military officers to examine various proposed test sites in the Pacific . Enewetak Atoll was chosen as the test site on 11 October . The island was remote , but with a good harbor and an airstrip . It also had ocean currents and trade winds that would carry fallout out to sea , an important consideration in view of what had happened at Bikini Atoll during Operation Crossroads .
As the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was a United Nations trust territory administered by the United States , the United Nations Security Council was notified of the upcoming tests on 2 December . The atoll was inhabited by the dri @-@ Enewetak , who lived on Aomon , and the dri @-@ Enjebi , who lived on Bijire . Their original homes had been on Enewetak and Enjebi , but they had been moved during the war to make way for military bases . The population , about 140 in number , had been temporarily relocated to Meck Island during Operation Crossroads . This time , Ujelang Atoll , an uninhabited atoll 124 nautical miles ( 230 km ; 143 mi ) southwest of Enewetak , was selected as a relocation site . A Naval Construction Battalion group arrived there on 22 November to build accommodation and amenities . The military authorities met with the local chiefs on 3 December , and they agreed to the relocation , which was carried out by USS King County by 20 December . An LST and four Douglas C @-@ 54 Skymaster aircraft were placed on standby to evacuate Ujelan in case it was affected by fallout , but were not required .
Unlike the Crossroads tests , which were conducted in the media spotlight , the Sandstone tests were carried out with minimal publicity . On 15 April , there was still discussion in Washington about whether or not there should be any public announcement of the tests at all . Hull opposed making any announcement until after the series was completed , but the AEC commissioners felt that the news would leak out , and the United States would look secretive . It was therefore decided to make a last minute announcement . There was no announcement of the purpose of the tests , and only cursory press releases . On 18 May , after the series was over , Hull held a press conference in Hawaii , but only permitted the media to quote from written statements .
= = = Construction = = =
Enjebi , Aomon , and Runit Islands were cleared of vegetation and graded level to make it easier to install the required instrumentation , and a causeway was built between Aomon and Bijire so the instrument cables could be run from the test tower on Aomon to the control station on Bijire . The detonations were ordered so that later test areas would suffer minimal fallout from the earlier shots . The Army component , Task Group 7 @.@ 2 , was responsible for construction work . It consisted of the 1220th Provisional Engineer Battalion , with the 1217th and 1218th Composite Service Platoons , the 18th Engineer Construction Company and 1219th Signal Service Platoon ; Companies D and E of the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade 's 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment ; the 461st Transportation Amphibious Truck Company ; 854th Transportation Port Company ; 401st CIC Detachment ; and the Naval Shore Base Detachment .
= = Operations = =
As in Operation Crossroads , each detonation was given its own code name , taken from the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet . All used modified Mark III assemblies , and were detonated from 200 @-@ foot ( 61 m ) towers . The timing of the detonations was a matter of compromise . The gamma ray measurement experiments required darkness , but the Boeing B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress drones that would sample the clouds needed daylight to control them . As a compromise , the Sandstone detonations all took place shortly before dawn .
The detonations in the United States ' Sandstone series are listed below :
= = = X @-@ Ray = = =
The X @-@ Ray nuclear device used a levitated composite core . It was detonated on Enjebi just before sunrise at 06 : 17 on 15 April 1948 , with a yield of 37 kilotons . The efficiency of utilization of the plutonium was about 35 % ; that of the uranium @-@ 235 was 25 % or more . This was somewhat higher than Los Alamos ' prediction . Observers watching from ships in the lagoon saw a brilliant flash and felt the radiant heat . A condensation cloud 5 nautical miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km ; 5 @.@ 8 mi ) in diameter quickly enveloped the fireball , which glowed within the cloud . It took 45 to 50 seconds for the thunderous roar of the explosion to reach the observers .
About 20 minutes later , Bariko launched a helicopter to check on the cable winch which was to collect samples . It also lowered boats to test radioactivity levels in the lagoon . B @-@ 17 pilotless drone aircraft were flown through the clouds , and a drone light tank was used to recover soil samples from the crater . Unfortunately , it became bogged and had to be towed out ten days later .
= = = Yoke = = =
The Yoke nuclear device used a levitated all @-@ uranium @-@ 235 core . It was detonated on Aomon just before sunrise on 1 May 1948 at 06 : 09 , a day late due to unfavorable winds . The observers saw a similar flash and felt the same heat as the X @-@ Ray blast , but the 6 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 11 km ; 6 @.@ 9 mi ) wide condensation cloud was larger , and the sound of the explosion more forceful . One observer likened it to the sound of " a paper bag which is forcefully burst in a small room " . They were correct : its yield of 49 kilotons made it the largest nuclear detonation up to that time , but it was considered inefficient and wasteful of the fissile material .
= = = Zebra = = =
Zebra , the third test , and the last of the Sandstone series , was detonated on Runit just before sunrise at 06 : 04 on 15 May 1948 . This test was characterized by AEC Chairman David Lilienthal as the " hardest and most important " test of the three . By using one of the B @-@ class initiators , it demonstrated that these could still be used with confidence . The observers perceived the flash and blast as similar to the previous two tests , but this time the base of the condensation cloud was at 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) , which gave the observers an unobstructed view of the fireball , which therefore appeared to be brighter and last longer than the other two . Looks were deceiving : its levitated uranium @-@ 235 core produced a yield of 18 kilotons .
The procedures used in the previous tests were repeated , but this time the winch cable snagged , and the test samples had to be retrieved by a jeep , exposing its crew to more radiation . The Los Alamos personnel assigned to remove the filters from the B @-@ 17 drones had apparently carried out the procedure on X @-@ Ray and Yoke without problems , but this time three of them suffered radiation burns on their hands serious enough to be hospitalized and need skin grafting . One of the men who had carried out the procedure for Yoke was then also found to have burns on his hands and was hospitalized too , but was discharged on 28 May . Once again the drone tank gave trouble , and bogged in the crater , but the soil samples were retrieved by the backup drone tank . Both tanks were subsequently dumped in the ocean .
= = Outcome = =
The successful testing of the new cores in the Sandstone tests had a profound effect . Practically every component of the old weapons was rendered obsolete . Even before the third test had been carried out , Bradbury had halted production of the old cores , and ordered that all effort was to be concentrated on the Mark 4 nuclear bomb , which would become the first mass @-@ produced nuclear weapon . The more efficient use of fissionable material would increase the nuclear stockpile from 56 bombs in June 1948 to 169 in June 1949 . The Mark III bombs were withdrawn from service in 1950 . At the same time , new production plants were coming online and the Wigner effect problem had been solved . By May 1951 , plutonium production was twelve times that of 1947 , while uranium @-@ 235 production had increased eight @-@ fold . The Chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project , Major General Kenneth D. Nichols , saw clearly that the era of scarcity was over . He now " recommended that we should be thinking in terms of thousands of weapons rather than hundreds . "
= Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World =
Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World is a non @-@ fiction compilation book about targeted killing edited by Claire Finkelstein , Jens David Ohlin , and Andrew Altman . It was published by Oxford University Press in 2012 . The book grew out of contributions by the authors to a conference in April 2011 at the University of Pennsylvania Law School . Targeted Killings features eighteen essays in five sections arranged by topic . The work argues that after the 11 September attacks by Al @-@ Qaeda in 2001 , the United States and other countries began to see the tactic of targeted killing differently . The practice of targeted killing had previously been accepted in situations of self @-@ defence in military settings ; after 11 September 2001 it was used to kill non @-@ combatants and those not directly involved in a particular armed force .
The book begins with a discussion of targeted killing of non @-@ combatants , followed by discussions of legalities , the rationale of self @-@ defence , the choice of targets , and when and whether the ends can be used to justify the means . Several contributors defend targeting of non @-@ combatants , while Jeremy Waldron discusses the morality associated with the tactic and argues against its use . Jeff McMahan identifies the problematic nature of targeted killing and emphasizes regulations for law enforcement to avoid abuse of process . Richard V. Meyer writes that any entity wishing to carry out targeted killing should first have to declare war on the targeted parties . Kevin H. Govern examines the elimination of Osama Bin Laden and identifies this killing as justified and the product of a rational decision @-@ making process . In the final portion of the book , Fernando Tesón says that targeted killing is particularly justified against terrorists because they use tactics specifically designed to kill civilians .
The book was well received in law reviews and by academics across multiple disciplines . Robin Geiß and Steven J. Barela praised its coverage of the legal , moral , political , and strategic aspects of targeted killings . Steven R. Ratner welcomed its addition to the academic literature , and Madeline E. Cohen wrote that it would be a useful reference for additional research . Abraham David Sofaer praised its treatment of the subject and tables , though he argued the book could have given more weight to the law enforcement model of the use of deadly force against individuals .
= = Background = =
Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World developed as an outgrowth from a conference in April 2011 that focused on philosophy and law . The conference took place at the Institute for Law and Philosophy of the University of Pennsylvania . Experts in the fields of public policy , politics , military regulations , battlefield knowledge , law , ethics , and philosophy discussed contemporaneous issues surrounding targeted killing in society . The conference was titled " Using Targeted Killing to Fight the War on Terror : Philosophical , Moral , and Legal Challenges " and was organized by the University of Pennsylvania Law School .
At the time of the book 's initial print publication date , its editor Andrew Altman worked as Professor of Philosophy at Georgia State University and concurrently as Director of Research at the Jean Beer Blumenfeld Center for Ethics . Claire Finkelstein was the Algernon Biddle Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania and concurrently as co @-@ director of the University of Pennsylvania Institute of Law and Philosophy . Jens David Ohlin was employed as an Associate Professor of Law at Cornell Law School . Ohlin 's work had been published in academic journals , including the American Journal of International Law , the Columbia Law Review , and the Harvard International Law Journal . He wrote the 2008 book Defending Humanity : When Force is Justified and Why with George Fletcher , which was also published by Oxford University Press .
Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World was published in hardcover format by Oxford University Press on 30 April 2012 . A paperback version was published at the same time . It was also published as an e @-@ book for the Amazon Kindle by Amazon.com on 1 March 2012 . In September 2012 , the work was published at Oxford Scholarship Online .
= = Content summary = =
Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World begins with an introduction by Andrew Altman . This is followed by eighteen essays broken into five sections arranged by topic . The work says that after the Al @-@ Qaeda attacks in the United States on 11 September 2001 , the US and other countries began to see the tactic of targeted killing differently . The practice of targeted killing had previously been accepted in situations of self @-@ defense in military settings ; after the attacks it was used to kill non @-@ combatants and those not directly involved in a particular armed force .
The first section of the book is a discussion of targeted killing of non @-@ combatants . In an essay titled " Rebutting the Civilian Presumption : Playing Whack @-@ a @-@ Mole Without a Mallet ? " , Colonel Mark Maxwell criticizes the opposition of the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) to targeted killing . Maxwell writes that individuals may indeed serve a combat task without being a member of a particular state force . He argues for an extension of the definition of combatant to include those who arm themselves and engage in combat roles . " Targeting Co @-@ Belligerents " by professor Jens David Ohlin supports Maxwell 's opinion and describes an analytical viewpoint called " linkage " in which he states armed terrorists and members of organizations can be killed . Ohlin interprets the guidelines of the ICRC to include reliance upon a military system of identification of combatants . " Can Just War Theory Justify Targeted Killing " by professor Daniel Statman is an analysis of three thought processes used to discuss targeted killing rules : " contractualist " , " collectivist " , and " individualist " . Statman writes that the tactic of targeted killing is a just form of combat in each of these analyses . New York University and Oxford University professor Jeremy Waldron deconstructs the morality associated with the tactic and argues against its use . He says that similar rationalizations could be used by the enemy against those conducting the targeted killings , there may be an inherent selection bias of targets , and warns of a slippery slope when defending an actor that uses the methodology .
In the second portion of the book , a group of articles discuss which sets of laws should be used to regulate targeted killing . Philosophy professor Jeff McMahan of Rutgers University asks , " Targeted Killing : Murder , Combat or Law Enforcement ? " . He says that eliminating enemies for purposes of self @-@ defense is justified . McMahan writes about the problematic nature of targeted killing and emphasizes regulations for law enforcement to avoid abuses of process . University of Pennsylvania law and philosophy professor Claire Finkelstein writes in " Targeted Killing as Preemptive Action " about the difficulties of rationalizing targeted killing outside of the realm of typical combat between state actors . Finkelstein characterizes people as noncombatants unless they are a member of a group that includes identification through standardized attire and criminal behaviour patterns . Mississippi College School of Law professor Richard V. Meyer writes that current regulations and standards for targeted killing are inadequate . He says that any entity wishing to carry out targeted killing should first have to declare war on the targeted parties involved .
The book 's third group of essays analyzes the rationale of self @-@ defence as a justification for targeted killing . Washburn University School of Law professor Craig Martin writes in " Going Medieval : Targeted Killing , Self @-@ Defense and the Jus ad Bellum Regime " that self @-@ defence is not an appropriate rationale for targeted killing because such a justification is restricted to conflicts between state actors . University of Tulsa School of Law professor Russell Christopher writes in " Imminence in Justified Targeted Killing " that self @-@ defence should be ruled out as a suitable position in several examples of potential conflict . He critiques arguments by governments including the United Kingdom and the United States that self @-@ defense can be used as a rationalization of action against imminent danger . Western Washington University emeritus philosophy professor Phillip Montague says in an essay titled " Defending Defensive Targeted Killings " that use of this tactic against combatants can be seen as defensible and justified acts against terrorism or those who assist terrorist organizations .
The fourth portion of the book discusses how to make specific choices in targeted killing situations prior to state actors carrying out actions against individuals . University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law professor Amos N. Guiora discusses " The Importance of Criteria @-@ Based Reasoning in Targeted Killing Decisions " and concludes that instead of combatant commanders in the field , lawyers in consultation with decision algorithms must make decisions on targets . Pepperdine University School of Law professor Gregory S. McNeal critiques the arguments of those against targeted killing in his essay , " Are Targeted Killings Unlawful ? A Case Study in Empirical Claims Without Empirical Evidence " . He differentiates between decision @-@ making processes of the United States military and those of the Central Intelligence Agency , emphasizing the U.S. military tactic of attempting to avoid collateral damage . Ave Maria School of Law associate professor Kevin H. Govern examines the killing of Osama Bin Laden in his piece " Operation Neptune Spear : Was Killing Bin Laden a Legitimate Military Objective ? " . He says this particular killing was justified and borne out of a rational decision @-@ making process . American University Washington College of Law professor Kenneth Anderson distinguishes the use of military drones from targeted killing in his article " Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum : Making the Use of Force Too Easy ? " . He says targeted killing as response to threats and to prevent potential terrorist attacks is justified .
The final portion of the book analyzes consequentialism within the scope of normative ethics and deontological ethics . Florida State University Tobias Simon Eminent Scholar Fernando Tesón writes in his essay " Targeted Killing in War and Peace : A Philosophical Analysis " that targeted killing is particularly justified against terrorists because they use tactics specifically designed to kill civilians . University of Illinois law and philosophy professor Michael Moore says in " Targeted Killings and the Morality of Hard Choices " that targeted killing can be seen as justified through both deontological and consequentialist models . University of Pennsylvania School of Law professor Leo Katz writes in " Targeted Killing and the Strategic Use of Self @-@ Defense " that there is a danger of a state government artificially generating instances in which it asserts it must use targeted killing in self @-@ defense . He warns against situations in which governments find it easier to kill terrorists than to put them through due process of law . Katz concludes that current regulations support targeted killing because existing law does not consider his argument and justifies the tactical elimination of terrorists .
= = Reception = =
Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World was reviewed in the European Journal of International Law by University of Potsdam international and European law professor Robin Geiß . The reviewer wrote that the book " is a thought @-@ provoking contribution that takes a refreshingly broad and timely approach in addressing the legal , ethical , and strategic @-@ political dimension of the contemporary debate over targeted killings " . Geiß concluded , " There is some overlap between the chapters , their relationship is not always evident , and as much as the interdisciplinary approach of this volume is to be appreciated , assembling and interlinking the different legal , ethical , and political findings in an overarching , concluding chapter would have been particularly useful . Nevertheless , the book reflects the entire spectrum of diverging views on the matter , and adds an important impetus to move the current debate forward . "
Assistant Professor and Head of Reference at Leonard Lief Library , Lehman College , City University of New York , Madeline E. Cohen wrote in an article for the International Journal of Legal Information , " Within the context of moral and legal principles , and military strategy , the subject of targeted killings is analyzed in great detail . These essays are interdisciplinary in their approach , and give various sides of arguments on this rich subject . " She concluded , " An excellent introduction by Andrew Altman provides an overview of ' Our Asymmetric World ' and models used to combat terrorism . References , tables of cases and legal instruments are included making this an excellent reference for further research . "
Abraham David Sofaer reviewed the book for the Texas Law Review . Sofaer wrote , " It is a beautiful book : large , with print size that is easy on the eyes , and with sufficient space between lines of text to make the complex material at least visually digestible . It has useful tables of cases , instruments , legislation , and abbreviations , as well as an index . " He commented , " it should be clear that a reader seeking a single , nonredundant and objective account of targeted killing should find another book . On the other hand , this collection of essays provides several original and useful treatments of various aspects of the subject . " Sofaer said that the book could have given more weight to the law enforcement model of how and when to use deadly force against individuals .
The collection also received a review from University of Geneva postdoctoral research fellow in the faculty of law , Steven J. Barela , in the Journal of International Criminal Justice . Barela described the book as " a constructive work with a wide purview onto one of the most pressing and difficult policy questions of our time " . He stated , " this volume provides a valuable entry point for investigating this kaleidoscope of legal and moral issues " . Steven R. Ratner of the University of Michigan Law School reviewed the book for the American Journal of International Law , writing , " In light of the complexity of the legal and moral issues , Targeted Killings is a welcome addition to the academic literature . It aims to combine in one volume perspectives from legal experts , moral philosophers , and military planners . " University of Reading law lecturer Robert P. Barnidge , Jr. wrote in the Boston University International Law Journal , " Targeted Killings also provides some clarity as to the threshold between armed conflict and situations falling short of armed conflict " . He concluded , " [ the book 's ] main contribution to the discussion lies in its focus on the willing use of violence on a significant scale by an organized group " .
= 2007 Toyota / Save Mart 350 =
The 2007 Toyota / Save Mart 350 was the sixteenth stock car race of the 2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series and the first of the season 's two road course events . It was held on June 24 , 2007 at Infineon Raceway in Sonoma , California before a crowd of 102 @,@ 000 . The 90 @-@ lap race was won by Juan Pablo Montoya of the Chip Ganassi Racing team who started from thirty @-@ second position . Kevin Harvick finished second and his Richard Childress Racing teammate Jeff Burton came in third .
Although Jamie McMurray won the pole position , he was passed by Robby Gordon on the first lap . Gordon held the position until the first round of green @-@ flag pit stops , and Carl Edwards took over the first position . He held it for twelve laps until Gordon got ahead of Edwards . At the race 's final restart on lap 70 , Tony Stewart took over the lead when he passed Gordon , but ceded it to McMurray after Stewart made a pit stop . McMurray slowed on lap 97 as he attempted to conserve fuel which allowed Montoya to close the gap . Montoya got ahead of McMurray for the lead after a seven @-@ lap battle and held it to win the race . There were seven cautions and eleven lead changes by eight drivers .
It was Montoya 's first win in the Nextel Cup Series , and became the first foreign driver since 1974 to win in the series . After the race Jeff Gordon 's lead in the Drivers ' Championship was reduced because he , along with his teammate Jimmie Johnson , were penalized for a car infringement . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , 49 points ahead of their nearest rival Ford with twenty races remaining in the season . The race attracted 6 @.@ 5 million television viewers .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
The course , Infineon Raceway , now called Sonoma Raceway , is one of two road courses to hold NASCAR races , the other is Watkins Glen International . The standard road course at Infineon Raceway is a twelve @-@ turn course that is 2 @.@ 52 miles ( 4 @.@ 06 km ) long ; the track was modified in 1998 , adding the Chute , which bypassed turns five and six , shortening the course to 1 @.@ 95 miles ( 3 @.@ 14 km ) . The Chute was only used for NASCAR events such as this race , and was criticized by many drivers , who preferred the full layout . In 2001 , it was replaced with a 70 @-@ degree turn , 4A , bringing the track to its current dimensions of 1 @.@ 99 miles ( 3 @.@ 20 km ) .
Before the race , Jeff Gordon led the Drivers ' Championship with 2 @,@ 392 points , with Denny Hamlin in second and Jimmie Johnson third . Matt Kenseth and Jeff Burton were fourth and fifth , and Carl Edwards , Tony Stewart , Kevin Harvick , Clint Bowyer , Martin Truex , Jr . , Kyle Busch and Dale Earnhardt , Jr. rounded out the top twelve . Chevrolet led the Manufacturers ' Championship with 129 points , 47 ahead of their nearest rival Ford in second . Dodge was third on 73 points , and Toyota was fourth on 47 . Jeff Gordon was the race 's defending champion .
Several teams chose to temporarily replace their regular drivers with road course ringers . Michael Waltrip Racing replaced Michael Waltrip and David Reutimann with two @-@ time NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Terry Labonte and the 1993 24 Hours of Daytona winner P. J. Jones . BAM Racing chose to replace Mike Bliss ( who was competing at The Milwaukee Mile ) with the 2005 Trans @-@ Am Series champion Klaus Graf , while Hall of Fame Racing replaced Tony Raines with endurance driver Ron Fellows . Former SCCA Trans @-@ Am champion Brian Simo was selected by Front Row Motorsports to drive the No. 37 Dodge , while American Le Mans Series and Busch Series East race winner Butch Leitzinger was selected to replace Bill Davis Racing driver Jeremy Mayfield . Brandon Ash attempted to qualify in his self @-@ owned No. 02 car , and endurance racing driver Marc Goossens was entered in the No. 91 Riley @-@ D 'Hondt Motorsports Toyota . Scott Pruett announced he would not participate for the Chip Ganassi Racing team due to a scheduling conflict ; Former V8 Supercars champion Marcos Ambrose , who was scheduled to drive the No. 47 JTG Daugherty Racing car withdrew .
Rookie of the Year competitor Juan Pablo Montoya made his NASCAR début on a road course after leaving Formula One in 2006 , and was considered by several drivers to be a contender to win the race despite no previous experience of Infineon Raceway . Montoya said he hoped to have a chance of winning , and expected his main rival to be Jeff Gordon . After he finished with a top @-@ ten at the previous round ( the Citizen Bank 400 ) Jamie McMurray hoped to continue his momentum into Sonona , and move up in the Drivers ' Championship standings .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race : one on Friday and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes , the second 50 minutes and the third 60 minutes . Gordon and Johnson were prohibited from competing in the first practice session and Friday 's qualifier because their right @-@ front fenders were deemed too wide by race officials during an pre @-@ event inspection , and both drivers were required to start at the rear of the field for the race . Bobby Labonte was fastest in the first practice session with a time of 77 @.@ 539 seconds ; Robby Gordon was second and Kurt Busch third . Stewart took fourth position , and McMurray placed fifth . Fellows , Edwards , Ryan Newman , Harvick and Kasey Kahne rounded out the session 's top @-@ ten fastest drivers . Said , Dave Blaney and Stewart went off the track but continued .
Although fifty @-@ two drivers were entered in the qualifier ; according to NASCAR 's qualifying procedure only forty @-@ three could race . McMurray clinched the third pole position of his career , and his first since the 2005 Pennsylvania 500 , with a time of 77 @.@ 521 seconds . He had an advantage because he recorded his lap when weather conditions were cooler . McMurray was joined on the grid 's front row by Robby Gordon and had the pole position until McMurray 's lap . Earnhardt qualified third , Said fourth and Stewart started fifth . Burton , Bill Elliott , Kahne , Newman and Bowyer rounded out the top ten qualifiers . The nine drivers who failed to qualify were Ward Burton , Scott Riggs , Ash , Paul Menard , Brian Vickers , A. J. Allmendinger , Simo , Kenny Wallace and Graf . After the qualifier McMurray said that he was slightly nervous and felt another driver could record a faster lap time , " I definitely felt with Juan and Ryan going out later , I would definitely get beat . I kept telling everybody that . My heart was definitely beating faster this morning when I got up , looking forward to this . "
On Saturday afternoon in cool weather conditions Montoya was fastest in the second practice session with a lap of 77 @.@ 591 seconds , ahead of Harvick and Jeff Gordon . Stewart was fourth @-@ fastest ; Fellows was fifth and Kyle Busch sixth . Kahne , Elliott Sadler , Bobby Labonte and Edwards followed in the top ten . David Ragan stalled after he spun . Afterward , Edwards and Ragan left the track and flew to Milwaukee Mile to participate in the AT & T 250 Busch Series race ; both drivers returned to Sonoma after the race 's completion . Later that day , Hamlin paced the final practice session with a time of 78 @.@ 219 ; Stewart was second and Robby Gordon third . Harvick was fourth @-@ fastest , ahead of Sadler and Newman . Fellows was seventh @-@ fastest , McMurray eighth , Johnson ninth and Jeff Gordon tenth . Hamlin was afflicted with an electrical issue which was corrected after his team installed an new distributor . J. J. Yeley damaged his car 's sheet metal structure in an accident at turn ten , while Jeff Gordon spun and hit the turn eleven tire barrier and sustained minor damage . Dale Jarrett and Kyle Busch both went off track but did not damage their cars .
= = = Race = = =
Live television coverage of the race , the sixteenth of thirty @-@ six of the 2007 season , began at 3 : 30 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time live in the United States on TNT . Around the start of the race , weather conditions were sunny , clear , and breezy . Tina Coleman began pre @-@ race ceremonies with an invocation . Actress and singer @-@ songwriter Emmy Rossum performed the national anthem , and retired football wide receiver Jerry Rice along with Mike Wells of the Northern California Toyota Dealers commanded the drivers to start their engines . No drivers moved to the rear of the field .
The race started at 5 : 22 p.m. McMurray maintained his pole position advantage heading into the first corner , while Stewart fell down the field after he ran wide at the second turn but did not damage his car . Robby Gordon and Earnahrdt moved into the first and second positions , as McMurray dropped to third . The race 's first caution was prompted on lap two when Goossens , Kenseth and Kyle Petty made contact in the eleventh turn ; Goossens was unable to restart his car . Some drivers made pit stops for fuel and tires under caution . Kenseth and Petty had damage to their cars repaired . Robby Gordon maintained his lead at the lap @-@ five restart , ahead of Earnhardt and McMurray . Three laps later , Earnhardt attempted to pass Robby Gordon at the esses but was unable to complete the manoeuvre . After starting from 32nd , Montoya had moved up into 20th by the 13th lap . Sterling Marlin 's engine failed on lap 14 , and the race 's second caution was issued one lap later because he stopped in turn eight . Some drivers elected to make pit stops during the caution .
Robby Gordon remained the leader for the lap @-@ 17 restart , followed by Earnhardt and McMurray . Kyle Busch attempted to pass Montoya in turn eleven but locked his brakes and spun ; he avoided contacting the wall but fell to the rear of the field . McMurray passed Earnhardt for second on the following lap . Eight laps later , a brake duct was located in turn four , which triggered the third caution . Robby Gordon led the field back up to speed at the lap @-@ 30 restart . Montoya and Johnson made contact on the 32nd lap . Green @-@ flag pit stops began on the next lap when Earnhardt made a pit stop for tires and fuel . McMurray reclaimed the first position when Robby Gordon made his pit stop on lap 35 ; McMurray held it for the next lap and succeeded it to Johnson as other lead lap drivers made similar pit stops . Hamlin took over the lead when he out @-@ braked Johnson in turn eleven on lap 37 . Stewart took over the lead on the 41st lap when Hamlin made his pit stop . Fellows took over the position on the next lap , before the fourth caution was displayed on lap 44 when a large piece of metal was located at the start @-@ finish line .
Fellows chose to pit under caution , and Edwards led the field at the lap @-@ 46 restart ; he was followed by Kyle Busch , Reed Sorenson , Jones and David Stremme . On lap 49 , Kahne and Bobby Labonte made contact which resulted in Labonte spinning ; similarly , Joe Nemechek spun at turn eleven and his rear @-@ end hit the tire barriers , all three drivers continued . Robby Gordon moved back up into second when he passed Kyle Busch three laps later . Jarrett battled with Johnny Sauter for position on lap 53 , and both drivers made contact ; Jarrett spun in turn four and subsequently stalled . The incident prompted the race 's fifth caution . Edwards led the field at the lap @-@ 56 restart , followed by Robby Gordon . On the same lap , Robby Gordon passed Edwards to retake the lead . The sixth caution was triggered on the next lap when Ragan spun on the chute before entering turn ten ; he went through the grass , and was unable to restart his engine . Robby Gordon led the field back to racing speed on the lap @-@ 59 restart , followed by Edwards , Kyle Busch , McMurray and Said . McMurray moved up into second position by lap 62 after he passed Kyle Busch and Edwards .
Leitzinger spun into the grass on lap 61 , but rejoined the track . On the following lap , Kurt Busch spun sideways in turn eleven after Montoya got into his rear @-@ end and managed to restart his engine despite falling down the order . Sorenson spun off the track , and hit the wall . He continued but spun a second time in turn seven after he clipped a curb which caused the race 's seventh ( and final ) caution . Several drivers chose to pit under caution . McMurray and Edwards made pit stops for fuel and tires , while Said stalled which required his pit crew to push @-@ start his car . Jeff Green collided with teammate Sauter on pit road and damaged his right @-@ front fender . Green was observed speeding , but his race ended after his right @-@ front tire caught fire . Robby Gordon elected not to make a pit stop and remained the leader at the lap @-@ 70 restart . Stewart out @-@ braked Robby Gordon to take over the lead on the same lap , while Gordon lost a further position to Earnhardt when he was passed in turn eleven . Earnhardt ceded second position when he made a scheduled pit stop for four tires and fuel two laps later . Robby Gordon made a similar stop on the 75th lap , and Stewart did the same which allowed McMurray to reclaim the lead .
Kenseth spun off into the grass on lap 75 ; he recovered after correcting his car and continued . Nemechek spun a second time at turn eleven but restarted his car on the following lap . By the 86th lap , McMurray led Harvick , Montoya , Kyle Busch and Burton , and the gap between the top three drivers was at 1 @.@ 3 seconds five laps later . Harvick was passed by Montoya around the inside at turn eleven on lap 92 . Five laps later , McMurray reported his car 's engine was cutting out at several points around the track . Montoya made contact with McMurray while attempting to pass him , but McMurray held the first position . Montoya tried again on lap 102 by taking the inside line into turn eleven and momentarily moved in front of McMurray , but ran deep into the corner which allowed McMurray to retain the lead . Two laps later , Montoya passed McMurray around the inside entering turn four to take over the lead . Stewart moved ahead of Jeff Gordon but slid and made contact with Gordon on the 106th lap . Fourth @-@ place runner Edwards ran out of fuel two laps later and drove to pit road ; McMurray slowed after running low on fuel . Montoya conserved fuel for the remaining two laps to win his first career victory in the Nextel Cup Series . He became the first foreign @-@ born driver to win in the series since Earl Ross won the 1974 Old Dominion 500 , as well as the first Hispanic , and was Chip Ganassi Racing 's first victory since October 2002 . Harvick finished second , ahead of Richard Childress Racing teammate Jeff Burton in third , Bowyer in fourth and Greg Biffle fifth . Stewart , Jeff Gordon , Kyle Busch , Said and Hamlin rounded out the top ten finishers . The race had seven cautions and eleven lead changes by eight different drivers during the race .
= = = Post @-@ race comments = = =
Montoya appeared in victory lane to celebrate his first career victory in the Nextel Cup Series in front of the crowd ; earning $ 310 @,@ 600 for the victory . He said that he was " more relieved than excited " as he was given high expectations that he would perform well in NASCAR . He also stated : " It 's huge . I would say right now it 's the biggest thing I 've done . In open @-@ wheel , that 's what I was meant to be winning in . In stock cars , I wasn 't . To get our first win in our first year is huge . We know we 're a little bit behind on some of the ovals , but I think this is a big boost for everybody working in the shop . " Harvick , who finished in second , felt Montoya did not have sufficient fuel to reach the race 's conclusion : " I 've been a big fan of Montoya 's since he came over . He 's a great road racer , but he wasn 't the fastest . The strategy won it for him today . " Third @-@ place finisher Burton was happy with his finishing position : " Obviously we worked really hard all last year and this year on fuel mileage and it paid off for us today . It was a good run for us . We ran competitive all race long . "
Jeff Gordon was happy with the way his race was run : " I thought ( crew chief ) Steve Letarte and everyone on our team just called this race perfectly to come from that far back to a top 10 . We played the ( pit ) strategy the best way we possibly could and we had some cautions fall our way , which was some good fortune for us to gain some spots . " Fourth @-@ place finisher Biffle said his car felt good but felt it was difficult to overtake other drivers . Robby Gordon , who led 48 laps ( the most laps of any driver ) was disappointed by finishing in 16th position : " Not to make excuses , but we were gonna run out of fuel . It ’ s disappointing that we had a car as fast as we had , started on the front row , and not just get beat but finish 16th . " He said he hoped any problems with his fuel mileage would be resolved by the season 's second road course event at Watkins Glen .
Two days after the race , Hendrick Motorsports were given penalties for Jeff Gordon 's and Johnson 's cars . The penalties , for actions determinal to stock car racing , car , car parts , components and / or equipment used that did not conform to NASCAR rules , parts or car components not previously approved by NASCAR that were installed or modified to enhance aerodynamic performance , and unauthorized alterations to the car 's fender , included a $ 100 @,@ 000 fine for crew chiefs Steve Letarte and Chad Knaus who were placed on probation until December 31 , 2007 , and were suspended from the next six races , and the loss of 100 drivers and owners points for Rick Hendrick , Gordon and Johnson . Nextel Cup Series director John Darby said there was flaring on Johnson 's and Gordon 's front fenders that increased their width by one inch longer than the regulations allowed . On June 28 , Hendrick Motorsports announced they would not appeal the penalties , and Johnson and Gordon later stated that they accepted the decision although they felt the penalties were harsh .
The result kept Gordon in the lead of the Drivers ' Championship with 2 @,@ 438 points , ahead of Hamlin in second . Kenseth and Burton moved up one positions into third and fourth , while Johnson fell to fifth position . Stewart moved in front of Edwards for sixth , while Harvick and Bowyer remained in eighth and ninth positions . Kyle Busch , Truex and Earnhardt rounded out the top twelve . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship 135 points ; Ford remained in second with 86 points . Dodge maintained third position , and Toyota remained in fourth . The race attracted a television audience of 6 @.@ 5 million people . It took two hours , fifty @-@ six minutes , and eleven seconds to complete the event , and the margin of victory was 4 @.@ 097 seconds .
= = Results = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
= = = Race results = = =
= = Standings after the race = =
= Sega Channel =
Sega Channel was an online game service developed by Sega for the Genesis video game console , serving as a content delivery system . Launching in December 1994 , Sega Channel was provided to the public by TCI and Time Warner Cable through cable television services by way of coaxial cable . It was a pay to play service , through which customers could access Genesis games online , play game demos , and get cheat codes . Lasting until July 31 , 1998 , Sega Channel operated three years after the release of Sega 's next generation console , the Sega Saturn . Though criticized for its poorly timed launch and high subscription fee , Sega Channel has been praised for its innovations in downloadable content and impact on online services for video games .
= = History = =
Released in Japan as the Mega Drive in 1988 , North America in 1989 , and Europe and other regions as the Mega Drive in 1990 , the Sega Genesis was Sega 's entry into the 16 @-@ bit era of video game consoles . In 1990 , Sega started their first Internet @-@ based service for the console , Sega Meganet , in Japan . Operating through a cartridge and a peripheral called the " Mega Modem " , this system allowed Mega Drive owners to play seventeen games online . A North American version of this system , dubbed " Tele @-@ Genesis " , was announced but never released . Another phone @-@ based system , the Mega Anser , turned the Japanese Mega Drive into an online banking terminal . Due to Meganet 's low number of titles , prohibitively high price , and the Mega Drive 's lack of success in Japan , the system proved to be a commercial failure . By 1992 , the Mega Modem peripheral could be found in bargain bins at a reduced price , and a remodeled version of the console released in 1993 removed the EXT 9 @-@ pin port altogether , preventing the newer model from being connected to the Meganet service .
In April 1993 , Sega announced the Sega Channel service , which would utilize cable television services to deliver content . National testing in the United States for the service began in June , and deployment across the United States began in December , with a complete release in North America in 1994 . By June 1994 , Sega Channel had gained a total of 21 cable companies signed up to carry the service . Fees in the United States for the service varied depending on location , but were approximately US $ 15 monthly , plus a $ 25 activation fee , which included the adapter . During the planning stages of the service , Sega looked to capitalize on the rental market , which had seen some success with the Sega CD being rented through Blockbuster , Inc . , and was looking to base the service 's offering of games and demos to help sell more cartridges .
In early 1995 , Sega CEO Hayao Nakayama decided to end development on the Sega Genesis and its add @-@ ons , the Sega CD and Sega 32X . This decision was made to support the Sega Saturn , which had been released in Japan already . This placed the release of the Sega Channel right at the height of the Genesis ' decline from the market . At its peak , Sega Channel had over 250 @,@ 000 subscribers , but by 1997 , the number of subscribers had dropped to 230 @,@ 000 , two years after Nakayama made the decision to shift focus from the Genesis to the Saturn . Though Sega looked at options to bring the service to PCs , the service was eventually discontinued by July 31 , 1998 .
= = Technical aspects and specifications = =
After making the initial purchase and paying the activation fee , Genesis owners would receive an adapter that would be inserted into the cartridge slot of the console . The adapter connected the console to a cable television wire , doing so by the use of a coaxial cable output in the rear of the cartridge . Starting up a Genesis console with an active Sega Channel adapter installed would prompt for the service 's main menu to be loaded , which was a process that took approximately 30 seconds . From there , gamers could access the content they wished to play and download it into their system , which could take up to a few minutes per game . This data would be downloaded into the adaptor 's on @-@ board 4 MB RAM , and would be erased when the system was powered off .
Programming and transmission of the Sega Channel 's monthly services started with a production team at Sega , which would put together content every month and load it onto a CD @-@ ROM . It was then sent to a satellite station , located in Denver , Colorado . From the station , the signal was transmitted via a Galaxy 7 satellite , which uploaded at 1 @.@ 435 GHz and downloaded at 1 @.@ 1 GHz , to the local cable providers . In Canada and across South America and Europe , however , the satellite transmission stage was bypassed altogether in favor of direct uploads of the Sega Channel CD @-@ ROM via a cable television headend . In order for the signal to function properly , it had to be clear of noise in order to prevent download interruptions . To ensure no issues , cable providers had to " clean " their broadcast signal .
= = Game library = =
The Sega Channel service ( also known as " Sega On The Line " ) hosted up to 50 Genesis games at any one time . Titles would rotate monthly ; however , some updates happened on a weekly basis . Games for the service included titles developed by Sega , such as Sonic & Knuckles , Eternal Champions , and Space Harrier II ; as well as titles developed by licensees of Sega , such as Bubsy 2 and Aladdin . Some of these games had reduced content compared to their cartridge release so that they could fit the adapter 's memory , such as Super Street Fighter II . Sega Channel also hosted games in some regions that would not receive a cartridge release , such as Pulseman , Mega Man : The Wily Wars , and Alien Soldier , which were hosted on the service in North America . The service also offered demos of upcoming games , such as Primal Rage . Though games and demos rotated on a regular basis , categories into which games were placed remained static and did not change . With parental controls in mind , all games for the service received a rating from the Videogame Rating Council . The service also contained a lockout system which would allow parents to set a passcode in order to access mature rated content .
In addition to games and demos , Sega Channel also hosted other features . Cheat codes were directly accessible from the network , as well as game hints . The service also hosted contests , such as a promotion with Electronic Arts ' Triple Play ' 96 , and a 1995 event where players who completed Primal Rage during a brief 24 @-@ hour period where the full game was accessible were given a phone number to call , making them eligible to win prizes .
= = Reception and legacy = =
During its lifetime , Sega Channel won one of Popular Science 's " Best of What 's New " award for the year 1994 . Likewise , in August 1995 , a survey conducted by Sports Illustrated found that children between 9 and 13 years old were five times more likely to subscribe to Sega Channel than to purchase a Sega Saturn or the upcoming Nintendo 64 or PlayStation . The service would go on to garner as many as 250 @,@ 000 subscribers ; however , Sega had anticipated having over one million subscribers by the end of its first year , and had made the service available to over 20 million households .
Retrospective reception of Sega Channel praises its innovation and role in the development of online gaming , but criticizes its high subscription fees and timing into the market . IGN writer Adam Redsell notes how Sega Channel caused many cable companies to clean their broadcast signal and its role in the development of high @-@ speed internet , stating " ... the very fact that you ’ re enjoying broadband internet right now could well be thanks to SEGA . " Levi Buchanan , also writing for IGN , credits Sega Channel with its role in the development of modern gaming and content delivery services , such as Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network , stating " SEGA and the entire industry learned important lessons from the SEGA Channel . SEGA was still committed to the idea of downloads and online , as evidenced by the Dreamcast 's SegaNet ... You can also see the DNA of early services like the SEGA Channel in modern portals like XBLA and PSN , where demos are now a staple . " The staff of UGO Networks also credits Sega Channel with being an important step in the development of both services .
Ken Horowitz of Sega @-@ 16 criticizes Sega 's poor timing of the launch of Sega Channel and the subscription 's high price . According to Horowitz , " Who would spend $ 13 a month to play games for a dying system ? This horrendous blunder ( one of many by [ Sega Enterprises ] ) caused retailers to dump their inventory of systems , thereby sealing the fate of the Sega Channel once and for all . " Buchanan echoes the same sentiments , stating , " Perhaps if the SEGA Channel had been released earlier in the console 's lifecycle — the Genesis launched in 1989 in America — things might have turned out differently . After all , the service did gain notice for its advancement of gaming and technology . " UGO also notes the potential Sega Channel could have had with some more development time in the field of competitive multiplayer , stating , " If the Sega Channel had come a little earlier in the life of the Genesis it would have seen much more exposure , and maybe online play would have been feasible for games that could have been developed directly for the service . "
= Half @-@ Life 2 : Lost Coast =
Half @-@ Life 2 : Lost Coast is an additional level for the 2004 first @-@ person shooter video game Half @-@ Life 2 . Developed by Valve Corporation , it was released on October 27 , 2005 , through the Steam content delivery service as a free download to owners of the Microsoft Windows version of Half @-@ Life 2 . Lost Coast serves as a technology demonstration , specifically showcasing the high @-@ dynamic @-@ range rendering implemented in the Source engine . The level was designed with a variety of appropriate environments to emphasize these effects . In addition , Lost Coast was the first video game developed by Valve to allow developers to explain various elements of design as the player progresses through the level .
Lost Coast follows Half @-@ Life protagonist Gordon Freeman as he travels up a coastal cliff to destroy a Combine artillery launcher in a monastery , which is firing on a nearby town . The Lost Coast level was originally created for Half @-@ Life 2 , but was ultimately removed from the game . As a result , it has several minor story details that were not included in Half @-@ Life 2 . The level received a generally positive reception , and there was consensus among reviewers that the new features included in Lost Coast should be integrated into future games released by Valve .
= = Gameplay = =
Lost Coast uses the same first @-@ person shooter gameplay mechanics as Half @-@ Life 2 . The game is viewed from the perspective of the player character , and plot information is imparted through scripted sequences rather than cutscenes . A heads @-@ up display at the bottom of the screen shows the player 's health , energy gauge , and ammunition status , while available weapons are shown at the top . Health and armor energy can be replenished by picking up medical supplies and energy cells respectively , or by using wall @-@ mounted charging devices . The player character is equipped with a small armory of weapons from Half @-@ Life 2 at the beginning of the level , including a pistol , shotgun , crossbow , and gravity gun . The gravity gun allows the player to manipulate physical objects in the world ; it can be used to pick up nearby objects and throw them at enemies or create cover from enemy fire . The gravity gun can also be used to perform several non @-@ combat functions , such as grabbing out @-@ of @-@ reach supply crates .
= = Story = =
Half @-@ Life 2 : Lost Coast opens with the protagonist , Gordon Freeman , finding himself near a group of decaying piers , underneath a monastery set up on rocks and overlooking the small town of St. Olga . A fisherman recognizes Gordon and directs him to the monastery , which the enemy Combine are using as a platform to launch artillery shells filled with headcrabs into the town . The fisherman opens a gate , allowing the player to proceed , and awaits Gordon 's return .
As Gordon proceeds up the cliffside to the Byzantine Christian monastery , he encounters heavy resistance from Combine soldiers who rappel down the cliff to try to stop him . Gordon fights his way up , enters the church 's nave , and disables the artillery launcher . This alerts nearby soldiers , who assault the sanctuary in force , while a Combine attack helicopter arrives to support the soldiers . After defeating the soldiers in the courtyard , Gordon moves to scaffolding over the side of the cliff and destroys the helicopter with RPGs . The helicopter crashes into the scaffolding , freeing up a path to a crude elevator which lowers Gordon back down to the pier . The fisherman congratulates Freeman on his success , invites him to a feast in St. Olga , and the screen fades out . As the level ends , the fisherman exclaims that Gordon is " getting all fuzzy ' round the edges " .
= = Development = =
= = = Level design = = =
Lost Coast was originally conceived as a part of the Highway 17 chapter in Half @-@ Life 2 ( Highway 17 's development name was " Coast " , hence the name " Lost Coast " ) , but was later discarded during development . As a result , Lost Coast features minor storyline details that were removed from Half @-@ Life 2 , such as the headcrab artillery launchers . Each area of the level was designed with a specific purpose . An Eastern Orthodox architectural style was deliberately chosen for the monastery , as buildings of this type " are very colorful and have a large variety of materials " and are " often lit naturally , with extremes of darkness and brightness , " providing an ideal showcase for the HDR lighting effects . Valve also thought that the use of a monastery would help provide a starker contrast between old human architecture and futuristic Combine technology found within it . The cliffside that leads to the monastery had a gameplay @-@ oriented purpose , and was meant to emulate a similar cliffside combat scene in Half @-@ Life . The cliffside also forces the player to be observant of threats from above and below , breaking from normal horizontal combat . The monastery 's courtyard was designed as an area where the player recovers from the cliffside combat , while also presenting a contained combat arena later in the level in which the player must hold their ground while they are attacked from multiple directions .
= = = High @-@ dynamic @-@ range rendering = = =
The goal of Lost Coast was to demonstrate the new high @-@ dynamic @-@ range rendering implemented into the Source game engine . Valve first attempted to implement high @-@ dynamic @-@ range rendering in Source in late 2003 . The first method stored textures in RGBA color space , allowing for multisample anti @-@ aliasing and pixel shaders to be used , but this prevented alpha mapping and fog effects from working properly , as well as making textures appear sharp and jagged . The second method involved saving two versions of a texture : one with regular data , and the other with overbrightening data . However , this technique did not allow for multisample anti @-@ aliasing and consumed twice as much video card memory , making it infeasible . The third method , shown at the E3 convention in 2005 , used floating point data to define the RGB color space , allowing for reasonably efficient storage of the high @-@ dynamic @-@ range data . However , this method also did not allow for multisample anti @-@ aliasing , and was only compatible with Nvidia video cards , leaving ATI cards unable to run high dynamic range . The fourth and final method compromised between the second and third methods , using overbrightening textures sparingly and allowing ATI cards to render HDR in a different way to the Nvidia ones while nearly producing the same end result .
The final version of Valve 's high @-@ dynamic @-@ range technology adds a significant number of lighting effects to the engine , aimed at making the game appear more realistic . Bloom shading was introduced , blurring bright edges in the game world and emulating a camera 's overexposure to light . This is combined with exposure control to tailor the effect to represent the human eye . For example , as the player exits a dark area into a light area , the new area is initially glaringly bright , but quickly darkens , representing the adjustment of the player character 's eyes to the light . New cube mapping techniques allow the reflection cast by an object to correspond with the brightness of the light source , and lightmaps enable light bouncing and global illumination to be taken into account in the rendering . Refraction effects were added to make light account for the physical attributes of an object and to emulate the way light is reflected by water . The Lost Coast level is specifically designed to showcase these effects . It uses the sea and beach as opportunities to demonstrate water @-@ based effects , the monastery to demonstrate bloom from its whitewash walls , and the sanctuary to provide the means to show refraction through stained glass windows and cube maps on golden urns and candlesticks .
As a technology showcase , Valve considered Lost Coast to have very demanding system requirements . The game runs on computers with specifications lower than what is recommended , albeit without some key features such as high dynamic range . If a non @-@ high @-@ dynamic @-@ range @-@ capable card is used , the developer commentary is changed slightly to reflect this . For example , Gabe Newell would describe the effects that are seen in a different manner .
= = = Commentary system = = =
In addition to a showcase for visual improvements , Lost Coast acted as a testbed for Valve 's commentary system . When the feature is enabled , additional items appear in the game that can be interacted with to play an audio commentary . Each audio piece ranges from ten seconds to a minute of commentary . Players hear the developers talk about what the player is seeing , what is happening , why they made certain decisions , and what kinds of challenges they faced . Commentary tracks are represented by floating speech bubbles called commentary nodes . Valve intended for players to first play the level with commentary disabled , and after completing the level , play it again with commentary enabled , learning about each new stage as they progress . The company has since made the commentary system standard in all of its later video games .
= = Release and reception = =
Lost Coast was released on October 27 , 2005 , as a free download from Valve 's Steam content delivery service to anyone who purchased Half @-@ Life 2 . People who received Half @-@ Life 2 as a gift from Valve 's online store were not eligible to download the level . Valve announced on May 30 , 2007 that Lost Coast , along with Half @-@ Life 2 : Deathmatch , would be made available for free to owners of ATI Radeon cards . It was later released without charge to Nvidia graphics card owners along with Half @-@ Life 2 : Deathmatch , Peggle Extreme , and the first eleven levels of Portal .
Lost Coast was generally well received by video game critics . 1UP.com enjoyed the amount of detail , including the graphics , puzzles , and intelligent enemies , saying , " Valve just packed more atmosphere into a tiny snippet than most shooters muster , period . " The review also praised the level 's commentary system , calling it an informative addition , and enjoyed the interesting and insightful comments made by some of its creators . The level satisfied UGO because " it would be harder not to enjoy this level in all its beautifully rendered glory — even after you 've broken all the windows and spattered the walls with Combine blood , " and GameSpot commented that " the textures in Lost Coast are noticeably more detailed and numerous than in the retail game . " The review concluded hoping that the features introduced in Lost Coast would be included in Valve 's future releases .
Negative reaction to the game focused on its length and gameplay . 1UP.com and UGO both considered it short ; Shawn Elliott of 1UP.com described it as " a lickety @-@ split run through postcard @-@ pretty tide pools , up cliffs , and into a church turned Combine outpost " . UGO 's Nigel Grammer stated that Lost Coast 's gameplay seemed to be secondary to the level 's graphics . Lost Coast 's gameplay disappointed Brad Shoemaker of GameSpot , who compared it to that of Half @-@ Life 2 and considered them to be very similar , saying that it " isn 't going to set the world on fire " .
= Accelerated Evolution =
Accelerated Evolution is the sixth studio album by Canadian musician Devin Townsend , released in 2003 . The album , written and produced by Townsend , was a mix of musical styles from alternative and hard rock to progressive metal . Townsend , the lead vocalist and guitarist , assembled a group of Vancouver musicians to perform with him on the album : guitarist Brian Waddell , drummer Ryan Van Poederooyen , bassist Mike Young , and keyboardist Dave Young . This lineup , the Devin Townsend Band , was Townsend 's first dedicated lineup for his solo material , and was created as a counterpart to Townsend 's extreme metal project Strapping Young Lad .
Accelerated Evolution was written and recorded at the same time as Strapping Young Lad 's self @-@ titled album , with Townsend dividing his energy between the two . Accelerated Evolution was recorded in Vancouver , British Columbia from September to November 2002 , and was released on Townsend 's independent label , HevyDevy Records , in March 2003 . The album was well received by critics for its blend of genres and influences , its musical accessibility , and its large @-@ scale rock production style .
= = Background = =
During the creation of his early solo albums Infinity ( 1998 ) and Physicist ( 2000 ) , Devin Townsend went through personal struggles that affected his writing ability . These struggles were resolved on Terria ( 2001 ) , which Townsend described as " a really healing record " . After Terria , Townsend felt a newfound enthusiasm for his music , saying , " Bring it on . I 'm going to be so fucking sensitive but so intense , and be unafraid to be either . " In 2002 , Townsend began work on his next two albums . He reunited his extreme metal project Strapping Young Lad , which had been on hiatus for four years , and began writing the band 's new release , Strapping Young Lad ( SYL ) .
At the same time , Townsend formed a new , permanent band " on par with Strapping " to record and tour for his solo releases . The Devin Townsend Band consisted of Brian Waddell on guitar , Ryan Van Poederooyen on drums , and brothers Mike Young and Dave Young on bass and keyboards , respectively . Townsend performed guitar , vocals , and production , as he did in Strapping Young Lad . Townsend chose members of local bands who " hadn 't had the same experiences " and could give a fresh perspective on " all those emotions " that were present in his solo material . He found it " refreshing " to play with people who appreciated his solo material more than Strapping Young Lad 's . Notable was the absence of drummer Gene Hoglan of Strapping Young Lad , who had played on Townsend 's previous three solo albums .
Townsend wrote and produced the band 's first album at the same time he was working on SYL , spending half the week on one and half on the other . The album was engineered and mixed by Townsend and Shaun Thingvold , who has worked on many of Townsend 's and Strapping Young Lad 's albums . It had the working title Relationships , but was renamed Accelerated Evolution , a nod to the frantic pace of putting a new band together in under a year .
= = Music = =
Accelerated Evolution was written as " the polar opposite " of SYL . The album blended aspects of different genres , including alternative rock , hard rock , and progressive metal , with elements of " heaviness , ambience , humor , and experimentalism " . The album has been described as more melodic and more rock @-@ based than SYL or Physicist , yet " more song @-@ oriented " than Terria , with influences by John Lennon , Jimi Hendrix , and Rush . Songs such as " Storm " , " Suicide " , and " Sunday Afternoon " were compared to Townsend 's Infinity , but were noted as " less frantic and more mature " . Townsend wrote the album to be " commercially viable " , making his existing style more concise and accessible but without going so far as to
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
is to be a Christian . " Because Christian themes play such a large role in Uncle Tom 's Cabin — and because of Stowe 's frequent use of direct authorial interjections on religion and faith — the novel often takes the " form of a sermon . "
= = Style = =
Uncle Tom 's Cabin is written in the sentimental and melodramatic style common to 19th century sentimental novels and domestic fiction ( also called women 's fiction ) . These genres were the most popular novels of Stowe 's time and tended to feature female main characters and a writing style which evoked a reader 's sympathy and emotion . Even though Stowe 's novel differs from other sentimental novels by focusing on a large theme like slavery and by having a man as the main character , she still set out to elicit certain strong feelings from her readers . The power in this type of writing can be seen in the reaction of contemporary readers . Georgiana May , a friend of Stowe 's , wrote a letter to the author , saying : " I was up last night long after one o 'clock , reading and finishing Uncle Tom 's Cabin . I could not leave it any more than I could have left a dying child . " Another reader is described as obsessing on the book at all hours and having considered renaming her daughter Eva . Evidently the death of Little Eva affected a lot of people at that time , because in 1852 , 300 baby girls in Boston alone were given that name .
Despite this positive reaction from readers , for decades literary critics dismissed the style found in Uncle Tom 's Cabin and other sentimental novels because these books were written by women and so prominently featured " women 's sloppy emotions . " One literary critic said that had the novel not been about slavery , " it would be just another sentimental novel , " while another described the book as " primarily a derivative piece of hack work . " In The Literary History of the United States , George F. Whicher called Uncle Tom 's Cabin " Sunday @-@ school fiction " , full of " broadly conceived melodrama , humor , and pathos . "
However , in 1985 Jane Tompkins expressed a different view of Uncle Tom 's Cabin with her book In Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction . Tompkins praised the style so many other critics had dismissed , writing that sentimental novels showed how women 's emotions had the power to change the world for the better . She also said that the popular domestic novels of the 19th century , including Uncle Tom 's Cabin , were remarkable for their " intellectual complexity , ambition , and resourcefulness " ; and that Uncle Tom 's Cabin offers a " critique of American society far more devastating than any delivered by better @-@ known critics such as Hawthorne and Melville . "
This view remains the subject of dispute . Writing in 2001 , legal scholar Richard Posner described Uncle Tom 's Cabin as part of the mediocre list of canonical works that emerges when political criteria are imposed on literature .
= = Reactions to the novel = =
Uncle Tom 's Cabin has exerted an influence equaled by few other novels in history . Upon publication , Uncle Tom 's Cabin ignited a firestorm of protest from defenders of slavery ( who created a number of books in response to the novel ) while the book elicited praise from abolitionists . As a best @-@ seller , the novel heavily influenced later protest literature .
= = = Contemporary and world reaction = = =
Uncle Tom 's Cabin outraged people in the American South . The novel was also roundly criticized by slavery supporters .
Acclaimed Southern novelist William Gilmore Simms declared the work utterly false , while others called the novel criminal and slanderous . Reactions ranged from a bookseller in Mobile , Alabama , being forced to leave town for selling the novel to threatening letters sent to Stowe ( including a package containing a slave 's severed ear ) . Many Southern writers , like Simms , soon wrote their own books in opposition to Stowe 's novel .
Some critics highlighted Stowe 's paucity of life @-@ experience relating to Southern life , saying that it led her to create inaccurate descriptions of the region . For instance , she had never been to a Southern plantation . However , Stowe always said she based the characters of her book on stories she was told by runaway slaves in Cincinnati . It is reported that " She observed firsthand several incidents which galvanized her to write [ the ] famous anti @-@ slavery novel . Scenes she observed on the Ohio River , including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart , as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews , contributed material to the emerging plot . "
In response to these criticisms , in 1853 Stowe published A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , an attempt to document the veracity of the novel 's depiction of slavery . In the book , Stowe discusses each of the major characters in Uncle Tom 's Cabin and cites " real life equivalents " to them while also mounting a more " aggressive attack on slavery in the South than the novel itself had . " Like the novel , A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin was also a best @-@ seller . However , while Stowe claimed A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin documented her previously consulted sources , she actually read many of the cited works only after the publication of her novel . A major part of the Key was Stowe 's critique of how the legal system supported slavery and licensed owners ' mistreatment of slaves . Thus , Stowe put more than slavery on trial ; she put the law on trial . This continued an important theme of Uncle Tom 's Cabin — that the shadow of law brooded over the institution of slavery and allowed owners to mistreat slaves and then avoid punishment for their mistreatment . In some cases , as Stowe pointed out , it even prevented kind owners from freeing their slaves .
Despite these criticisms , the novel still captured the imagination of many Americans . According to Stowe 's son , when Abraham Lincoln met her in 1862 Lincoln commented , " So this is the little lady who started this great war . " Historians are undecided if Lincoln actually said this line , and in a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln no mention of this comment was made . Since then , many writers have credited this novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law and helping to fuel the abolitionist movement . Union general and politician James Baird Weaver said that the book convinced him to become active in the abolitionist movement .
Uncle Tom 's Cabin also created great interest in the United Kingdom . The first London edition appeared in May 1852 and sold 200 @,@ 000 copies . Some of this interest was because of British antipathy to America . As one prominent writer explained , " The evil passions which Uncle Tom gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance [ of slavery ] , but national jealousy and national vanity . We have long been smarting under the conceit of America — we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen . Our clergy hate her voluntary system — our Tories hate her democrats — our Whigs hate her parvenus — our Radicals hate her litigiousness , her insolence , and her ambition . All parties hailed Mrs. Stowe as a revolter from the enemy . " Charles Francis Adams , the American minister to Britain during the war , argued later that " Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or Life among the Lowly , published in 1852 , exercised , largely from fortuitous circumstances , a more immediate , considerable and dramatic world @-@ influence than any other book ever printed . "
A French edition , translated by M. L. Carion ( or by [ Anne- ] Louise Swanton @-@ Belloc ? ( 1796 – 1881 ) ) , appeared by 1853 published in Cambrai and in Paris . By 1857 , the novel had been translated into 20 languages , including two independent translations into Slovene just one year after its original publication , which started the since @-@ then uninterrupted dialogue between American authors and Slovene translators and readers . Later , it was translated into almost every major language , including Chinese ( with translator Lin Shu creating the first Chinese translation of an American novel in 1901 ) and Amharic ( with the 1930 translation created in support of Ethiopian efforts to end the suffering of blacks in that nation ) . The book was so widely read that Sigmund Freud reported a number of patients with sado @-@ masochistic tendencies who he believed had been influenced by reading about the whipping of slaves in Uncle Tom 's Cabin .
= = = Literary significance and criticism = = =
As the first widely read political novel in the United States , Uncle Tom 's Cabin greatly influenced development of not only American literature but also protest literature in general . Later books which owe a large debt to Uncle Tom 's Cabin include The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and Silent Spring by Rachel Carson .
Despite this undisputed significance , Uncle Tom 's Cabin has been called " a blend of children 's fable and propaganda . " The novel has also been dismissed by a number of literary critics as " merely a sentimental novel , " while critic George Whicher stated in his Literary History of the United States that " Nothing attributable to Mrs. Stowe or her handiwork can account for the novel 's enormous vogue ; its author 's resources as a purveyor of Sunday @-@ school fiction were not remarkable . She had at most a ready command of broadly conceived melodrama , humor , and pathos , and of these popular sentiments she compounded her book . "
Other critics , though , have praised the novel . Edmund Wilson stated that " To expose oneself in maturity to Uncle Tom 's Cabin may ... prove a startling experience . " Jane Tompkins states that the novel is one of the classics of American literature and wonders if many literary critics aren 't dismissing the book because it was simply too popular during its day .
Over the years scholars have postulated a number of theories about what Stowe was trying to say with the novel ( aside from the obvious themes , such as condemning slavery ) . For example , as an ardent Christian and active abolitionist , Stowe placed many of her religious beliefs into the novel . Some scholars have stated that Stowe saw her novel as offering a solution to the moral and political dilemma that troubled many slavery opponents : whether engaging in prohibited behavior was justified in opposing evil . Was the use of violence to oppose the violence of slavery and the breaking of proslavery laws morally defensible ? Which of Stowe 's characters should be emulated , the passive Uncle Tom or the defiant George Harris ? Stowe 's solution was similar to Ralph Waldo Emerson 's : God 's will would be followed if each person sincerely examined his principles and acted on them .
Scholars have also seen the novel as expressing the values and ideas of the Free Will Movement . In this view , the character of George Harris embodies the principles of free labor , while the complex character of Ophelia represents those Northerners who condoned compromise with slavery . In contrast to Ophelia is Dinah , who operates on passion . During the course of the novel Ophelia is transformed , just as the Republican Party ( three years later ) proclaimed that the North must transform itself and stand up for its antislavery principles .
Feminist theory can also be seen at play in Stowe 's book , with the novel as a critique of the patriarchal nature of slavery . For Stowe , blood relations rather than paternalistic relations between masters and slaves formed the basis of families . Moreover , Stowe viewed national solidarity as an extension of a person 's family , thus feelings of nationality stemmed from possessing a shared race . Consequently , she advocated African colonization for freed slaves and not amalgamation into American society .
The book has also been seen as an attempt to redefine masculinity as a necessary step toward the abolition of slavery . In this view , abolitionists had begun to resist the vision of aggressive and dominant men that the conquest and colonization of the early 19th century had fostered . In order to change the notion of manhood so that men could oppose slavery without jeopardizing their self @-@ image or their standing in society , some abolitionists drew on principles of women 's suffrage and Christianity as well as passivism , and praised men for cooperation , compassion , and civic spirit . Others within the abolitionist movement argued for conventional , aggressive masculine action . All the men in Stowe 's novel are representations of either one kind of man or the other .
= = Creation and popularization of stereotypes = =
Modern scholars and readers have criticized the book for what are seen as condescending racist descriptions of the book 's black characters , especially with regard to the characters ' appearances , speech , and behavior , as well as the passive nature of Uncle Tom in accepting his fate . The novel 's creation and use of common stereotypes about African Americans is significant because Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best @-@ selling novel in the world during the 19th century . As a result , the book ( along with illustrations from the book and associated stage productions ) played a major role in permanently ingraining these stereotypes into the American psyche .
Among the stereotypes of blacks in Uncle Tom 's Cabin are the " happy darky " ( in the lazy , carefree character of Sam ) ; the light @-@ skinned tragic mulatto as a sex object ( in the characters of Eliza , Cassy , and Emmeline ) ; the affectionate , dark @-@ skinned female mammy ( through several characters , including Mammy , a cook at the St. Clare plantation ) ; the pickaninny stereotype of black children ( in the character of Topsy ) ; the Uncle Tom , an African American who is too eager to please white people . Stowe intended Tom to be a " noble hero " . The stereotype of him as a " subservient fool who bows down to the white man " evidently resulted from staged " Tom Shows " , over which Stowe had no control .
These negative associations have to a large degree overshadowed the historical impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin as a " vital antislavery tool " . The beginning of this change in the novel 's perception had its roots in an essay by James Baldwin titled " Everybody 's Protest Novel " . In the essay , Baldwin called Uncle Tom 's Cabin a " very bad novel " which was also racially obtuse and aesthetically crude . In the 1960s and 1970s , the Black Power and Black Arts Movements attacked the novel , saying that the character of Uncle Tom engaged in " race betrayal " , and that Tom made slaves out to be worse than slave owners . Criticisms of the other stereotypes in the book also increased during this time . In recent years , however , scholars such as Henry Louis Gates Jr. have begun to re @-@ examine Uncle Tom 's Cabin , stating that the book is a " central document in American race relations and a significant moral and political exploration of the character of those relations " .
= = Anti @-@ Tom literature = =
In response to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , writers in the Southern United States produced a number of books to rebut Stowe 's novel . This so @-@ called Anti @-@ Tom literature generally took a pro @-@ slavery viewpoint , arguing that the issues of slavery as depicted in Stowe 's book were overblown and incorrect . The novels in this genre tended to feature a benign white patriarchal master and a pure wife , both of whom presided over childlike slaves in a benevolent extended family style plantation . The novels either implied or directly stated that African Americans were a childlike people unable to live their lives without being directly overseen by white people .
Among the most famous anti @-@ Tom books are The Sword and the Distaff by William Gilmore Simms , Aunt Phillis 's Cabin by Mary Henderson Eastman , and The Planter 's Northern Bride by Caroline Lee Hentz , with the last author having been a close personal friend of Stowe 's when the two lived in Cincinnati . Simms ' book was published a few months after Stowe 's novel , and it contains a number of sections and discussions disputing Stowe 's book and her view of slavery . Hentz 's 1854 novel , widely read at the time but now largely forgotten , offers a defense of slavery as seen through the eyes of a northern woman — the daughter of an abolitionist , no less — who marries a southern slave owner .
In the decade between the publication of Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the start of the American Civil War , between twenty and thirty anti @-@ Tom books were published . Among these novels are two books titled Uncle Tom 's Cabin As It Is ( one by W. L. Smith and the other by C. H. Wiley ) and a book by John Pendleton Kennedy . More than half of these anti @-@ Tom books were written by white women , with Simms commenting at one point about the " Seemingly poetic justice of having the Northern woman ( Stowe ) answered by a Southern woman . "
= = Dramatic adaptations = =
= = = Tom shows = = =
Even though Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best @-@ selling novel of the 19th century , far more Americans of that time saw the story as a stage play or musical than read the book . Eric Lott , in his book Uncle Tomitudes : Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production , estimates that at least three million people saw these plays , ten times the book 's first @-@ year sales .
Given the lax copyright laws of the time , stage plays based on Uncle Tom 's Cabin — " Tom shows " — began to appear while the novel was still being serialized . Stowe refused to authorize dramatization of her work because of her distrust of drama ( although she did eventually go to see George L. Aiken 's version and , according to Francis Underwood , was " delighted " by Caroline Howard 's portrayal of Topsy ) . Aiken 's stage production continued as " the most popular play in England and America for seventy @-@ five years . " Stowe 's refusal to authorize a particular dramatic version left the field clear for any number of adaptations , some launched for ( various ) political reasons and others as simply commercial theatrical ventures .
No international copyright laws existed at the time . The book and plays were translated into several languages ; Stowe received no money , which could have meant as much as " three fourths of her just and legitimate wages . "
= = = On the plays = = =
All Tom shows appear to have incorporated elements of melodrama and blackface minstrelsy . These plays varied tremendously in their politics — some faithfully reflected Stowe 's sentimentalized antislavery politics , while others were more moderate , or even pro @-@ slavery . Many of the productions featured demeaning racial caricatures of Black people , while a number of productions also featured songs by Stephen Foster ( including " My Old Kentucky Home " , " Old Folks at Home " , and " Massa 's in the Cold Ground " ) . The best @-@ known Tom Shows were those of George Aiken and H.J. Conway .
The version by Aiken is perhaps the best known stage adaptation , released just a few months after the novel was published . This six @-@ act behemoth also set an important precedent by being the first show on Broadway to stand on its own , without the performance of other entertainments or any afterpiece . Most of Aiken 's dialogue is lifted verbatim from Stowe 's novel and it included four full musical numbers written by the producer , George C. Howard . Another legacy of this adaptation is its reliance upon very different locations all portrayed on the same stage . This reliance led to large sets and set a precedent for the future days of film . By focusing on the stark and desperate situations of his characters , Aiken appealed to the emotions of his audiences . By combining this melodramatic approach with the content of Stowe 's novel , Aiken helped to create a powerful visual indictment against the institution of slavery .
The many stage variants of Uncle Tom 's Cabin " dominated northern popular culture ... for several years " during the 19th century , and the plays were still being performed in the early 20th century .
One of the unique and controversial variants of the Tom Shows was Walt Disney 's 1933 Mickey 's Mellerdrammer . Mickey 's Mellerdrammer is a United Artists film released in 1933 . The title is a corruption of " melodrama " , thought to harken back to the earliest minstrel shows , as a film short based on a production of Uncle Tom 's Cabin by the Disney characters . In that film , Mickey Mouse and friends stage their own production of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Mickey Mouse was already black @-@ colored , but the advertising poster for the film shows Mickey dressed in blackface with exaggerated , orange lips ; bushy , white sidewhiskers made out of cotton ; and his trademark white gloves .
= = = Film adaptations = = =
Uncle Tom 's Cabin has been adapted several times as a film . Most of these movies were created during the silent film era ( Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the most @-@ filmed book of that time period ) . Because of the continuing popularity of both the book and " Tom " shows , audiences were already familiar with the characters and the plot , making it easier for the film to be understood without spoken words . There has been no Hollywood treatment since the end of the silent era .
The first film version of Uncle Tom 's Cabin was one of the earliest full @-@ length movies ( although full @-@ length at that time meant between 10 and 14 minutes ) . This 1903 film , directed by Edwin S. Porter , used white actors in blackface in the major roles and black performers only as extras . This version was evidently similar to many of the " Tom Shows " of earlier decades and featured numerous stereotypes about blacks ( such as having the slaves dance in almost any context , including at a slave auction ) .
In 1910 , a three @-@ reel Vitagraph Company of America production was directed by J. Stuart Blackton and adapted by Eugene Mullin . According to The Dramatic Mirror , this film was " a decided innovation " in motion pictures and " the first time an American company " released a dramatic film in three reels . Until then , full @-@ length movies of the time were 15 minutes long and contained only one reel of film . The movie starred Florence Turner , Mary Fuller , Edwin R. Phillips , Flora Finch , Genevieve Tobin and Carlyle Blackwell , Sr.
At least four more movie adaptations were created in the next two decades . The last silent film version was released in 1927 . Directed by Harry A. Pollard ( who played Uncle Tom in a 1913 release of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ) , this two @-@ hour movie was more than a year in production and was the third most expensive picture of the silent era ( at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 8 million ) . The black actor Charles Gilpin was originally cast in the title role , but he was fired after the studio decided his " portrayal was too aggressive . " James B. Lowe took over the character of Tom . The screenplay takes many liberties with the original book , including altering the Eliza and George subplot , introducing the Civil War and Emancipation , and combining the characters of Eliza and Emmeline . Another difference occurs after Tom dies : Simon Legree is haunted by an apparitional vision of the late Tom and falls to his death in a futile effort to attack the ghostly image .
Black media outlets of the time praised the film , but the studio — fearful of a backlash from Southern and white film audiences — ended up cutting out controversial scenes , including the film 's opening sequence at a slave auction ( in which a mother is torn away from her baby ) . The story was adapted by Harvey F. Pollard , Thew and A. P. Younger , with titles by Walter Anthony . It starred James B. Lowe , Virginia Grey , George Siegmann , Margarita Fischer , Mona Ray and Madame Sul @-@ Te @-@ Wan .
For several decades after the end of the silent film era , the subject matter of Stowe 's novel was judged too sensitive for further film interpretation . In 1946 , Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer considered filming the story but ceased production after protests led by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People .
A German @-@ language version , Onkel Toms Hütte , directed by Géza von Radványi , was released in 1965 and was presented in the United States by exploitation film presenter Kroger Babb .
The most recent film version was a television broadcast in 1987 , directed by Stan Lathan and adapted by John Gay . It starred Avery Brooks , Phylicia Rashad , Edward Woodward , Jenny Lewis , Samuel L. Jackson and Endyia Kinney .
In addition to film adaptations , versions of Uncle Tom 's Cabin have been produced in other formats . In Brazil , the adapted version A Cabana do Pai Tomás was produced as a TV soap opera by Rede Globo ; with 205 episodes , it was aired from July 1969 to March 1970 .
A number of animated cartoons were produced , including the Bugs Bunny cartoon Southern Fried Rabbit ( 1953 ) , in which Bugs disguises himself as Uncle Tom and sings My Old Kentucky Home in order to cross the Mason @-@ Dixon line ; Uncle Tom 's Bungalow ( 1937 ) , a Warner Brothers cartoon supervised by Tex Avery ; Eliza on Ice ( 1944 ) , one of the earliest Mighty Mouse cartoons produced by Paul Terry ; and Uncle Tom 's Cabaña ( 1947 ) , an eight @-@ minute cartoon directed by Tex Avery .
Uncle Tom 's Cabin has influenced numerous movies , including Birth of a Nation . This controversial 1915 film set the dramatic climax in a slave cabin similar to that of Uncle Tom , where several white Southerners unite with their former enemy ( Yankee soldiers ) to defend , according to the film 's caption , their " Aryan birthright . " According to scholars , this reuse of such a familiar image of a slave cabin would have resonated with , and been understood by , audiences of the time .
Other movies influenced by or making use of Uncle Tom 's Cabin include Dimples ( a 1936 Shirley Temple film ) , Uncle Tom 's Uncle , ( a 1926 Our Gang episode ) , its 1932 remake Spanky , the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I ( in which a ballet called " Small House of Uncle Thomas " is performed in traditional Siamese style ) , and Gangs of New York ( in which Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day @-@ Lewis 's characters attend an imagined wartime adaptation of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ) .
= = Collections = =
Major collections of Uncle Tom 's Cabin books , ephemera , and artifacts reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia and the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin .
= Avonmouth ( BPRP ) railway station =
Avonmouth railway station was the terminus of the Bristol Port Railway and Pier , a self @-@ contained railway which ran along the River Avon in Bristol , England . The station , which opened in 1865 , was adjacent to a pier on the River Severn at Avonmouth . It had two platforms and an adjacent hotel , as well as an engine shed and water tank . The station was closed in 1902 as the land was required for the expansion of Avonmouth Docks , although it remained in use for workers ' trains until 1903 . The hotel continued in operation until 1926 , when it too was demolished to make way for the docks . The station site is now in the middle of Avonmouth Docks .
= = History = =
= = = Construction = = =
The station was opened on 6 March 1865 when services began on the Bristol Port Railway and Pier ( BPRP ) , a self @-@ contained railway owned by the Bristol Corporation . The line ran along the north bank of the River Avon in Bristol , England , to a deep water pier on the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth . The route was 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge and mostly single track , with Avonmouth being the line 's northern terminus , 6 miles 74 chains ( 11 @.@ 1 km ) from the southern terminus at Hotwells . Avonmouth had two tracks , aligned roughly north / south , with a platform on either side . The western platform was 265 feet ( 81 m ) long , the eastern one 200 feet ( 61 m ) . The eastern platform had a booking office , and was connected by a path to the neighbouring Avonmouth Hotel . A gate led to a pontoon and floating bridge across to a 300 feet ( 91 m ) -long pier , which opened on 3 June 1865 . The western platform fell out of use early in the station 's operation . The station also had an engine shed and water tank .
= = = Operation and closure = = =
The BPRP ran in to trouble by 1871 when the terminal pier at Avonmouth became difficult to use due to a build @-@ up of silt . With no prospect of a proper dock being funded without a connection to the national rail network , the Clifton Extension Railway ( CER ) was approved . This was a joint venture by the BPRP , Great Western Railway and Midland Railway . It ran from Sneyd Park Junction , south of Sea Mills , via Clifton Down , to join up with the national network at Narroways Hill Junction . The new line opened in 1877 , but passenger trains from the national network terminated at Clifton Down as the link from Clifton to Sneyd Park Junction was not cleared for passenger use until 3 August 1878 . Even after services were allowed to run , the Midland and Great Western Railways did not think the BPRP track was in a suitable condition and so refused to run any passenger trains beyond Clifton Down . When through services finally began operation in 1885 , they did not reach the original Avonmouth terminus , instead running to Avonmouth Dock ( the modern day Avonmouth station ) , 1 mile 62 chains ( 2 @.@ 9 km ) back down the line towards Bristol . Despite the increased traffic the BPRP suffered financially , and was taken over by the CER in 1890 . A single @-@ track , freight @-@ only line was built past the Avonmouth railway station in 1900 , linking to the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway at Pilning .
The expansion of Avonmouth Docks , and particularly the construction of Royal Edward Dock , led to the closure of Avonmouth station , as the land was required for construction . Services for the general public were withdrawn on 1 October 1902 , but the station was used for unadvertised workers ' trains until 15 May 1903 , with the official closure the following day . After the closure of the station , all trains terminated at Avonmouth Dock . The station site is now in the middle of Avonmouth Docks .
= = = The Avonmouth Hotel = = =
When the station opened , the surrounding area was almost entirely rural , and would remain so throughout the station 's existence . Indeed , in 1902 , John L Dunk wrote in The Railway Magazine that he could not think why trains ran only to an inn and a few cottages . The area did however see some development , as the Avonmouth Hotel was built adjacent to the station , as well as 10 acres ( 40 @,@ 000 m2 ) of pleasure gardens . The gardens boasted a concert hall , as well as an ornamental lake , and hosted fêtes at Easter and Whitsun . Despite excursion trains to the gardens , they were not viable financially .
The hotel remained in business after the station 's closure , albeit isolated from public transport . It provided accommodation for many Europeans emigrating to the Americas via Avonmouth , and during the First World War it housed the Women 's Army Auxiliary Corps . It was finally demolished in 1926 when the Royal Edward Dock was expanded .
= Fucking Machines =
Fucking Machines ( also known as Fuckingmachines.com and fuckingmachines ) is a pornographic website founded in 2000 that features video and photographs of women engaged in autoerotic sexual stimulation with penetrative sex @-@ machines and sex toys . Based in San Francisco , California , the site is operated by Kink.com. Web entrepreneur Peter Acworth launched Fucking Machines on September 25 , 2000 , as his company 's second website after Kink.com. Devices shown on the site were created with the intent to bring women authentic orgasms . Performers were instructed to allow themselves to be recorded experiencing pleasure .
After the site applied in 2005 to trademark the phrase " fuckingmachines " , the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) denied the application and ruled that the mark was obscene . Free speech lawyer Marc Randazza represented the site and appealed the decision . Orlando Weekly called his legal brief , " one of the most entertaining legal documents you 're likely to come across . " The appeal was denied in April 2008 and the case was terminated . Randazza 's argument in the case became known as The Fuck Brief .
The website has been the subject of attention from journalists and academics studying sexuality . Writer Regina Lynn highlighted the site 's emphasis on communication , and Annalee Newitz of AlterNet classed it as part of Porn 2 @.@ 0 . Violet Blue wrote in The Adventurous Couple 's Guide to Sex Toys that it helped popularize the idea of machines aiding in sex acts . The 2008 edition of The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History described the aesthetic of the devices as disturbing . Jessica Roy wrote for The New York Observer that Fucking Machines ' examples of orgasms were a form of transhumanism . Sarah Schaschek devoted a chapter to the phenomenon in Screening the Dark Side of Love : From Euro @-@ Horror to American Cinema , titled " Fucking Machines : High @-@ Tech Bodies in Pornography " . She observed , " Strictly speaking , the women in these videos are both the controllers and the controlled . "
= = History = =
= = = Film production = = =
Peter Acworth founded Fucking Machines as the second website within his company Cybernet Entertainment , Inc . , and it launched on September 25 , 2000 . Cybernet Entertainment subsequently began to use the name Kink.com for business purposes . The director and webmaster of the site , who uses the professional name Tomcat , received a university degree in film and media , and had experience with filmmaking and operating the sex @-@ machines . He began work at Kink.com as a production assistant . He focused his direction style on filming the female participants experiencing sincere pleasure from the machines .
The site features machines designed to bring women orgasms . Sarah Schaschek noted in Screening the Dark Side of Love that the majority of the film production crew members were female . Across its websites , Kink.com formed a values statement and set of guidelines for directors and performers , taking preventative measures against victimization . The site production staff developed a practice of interviewing performers both before and after the film sessions . Models appearing on Fucking Machines film shoots are instructed to be authentic and experience pleasure from the machines without acting .
In 2007 , Fucking Machines relocated with the other Kink.com sites to the San Francisco Armory . Film shoots take place in the basement of the Armory . Fucking Machines was featured at the 2007 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas , Nevada , with a marketing tagline , " Sex at 350 rpm " . They published a book that demonstrated inventions including " The Drilldo " and " The Double Crane " . A device called the " Cunnilingus Machine " , which incorporated rubber tongues on a moving chain apparatus , was featured in 2007 as part of the Adult Treasure Expo in Japan at the Makuhari Messe convention center . The Arse Elektronika sex and technology seminar , held in October 2007 in San Francisco , California , featured a robot from Fucking Machines called " Fuckzilla " in a live performance with one of the expo attendees . Kink.com signed a deal in 2007 with Pulse Distribution to sell material from Fucking Machines and its other sites to consumers in a DVD format . The first DVD distributed by the site in 2008 was titled Fucking Machines Volume 1 and featured 211 minutes of material with performers Aliana Love , Michah Moore , Lexi Love , and Sasha Grey .
By 2009 the website included 50 devices in its films . A 2009 article in SF Weekly was critical of the California state government for directing tax revenue towards classes on film production which were attended by Fucking Machines video editors . This article , in turn , was criticized by TheSword.com and characterized as " prudishness " by SFist and the San Francisco Bay Guardian .
The website asserts to its visitors that all performers engaged in sexual activities depicted in the videos appear of their own volition and feel bliss and gratification from the experience . The majority of new entrants to the adult film industry enjoyed their work with Fucking Machines because they discovered it was more socially acceptable to perform with a sexual device , rather than a human partner . Public relations manager for Kink.com Thomas Roche observed in a 2009 interview that Fucking Machines did not have a focus on BDSM material . In September 2010 the site had a live filming with an audience of 40 spectators , followed by the introduction in November 2010 of an interactive format in which viewers could watch shoots and recommend devices for the participants . By 2012 the site had 500 hours of archival footage with adult film performers , including Alexis Texas , Flower Tucci , and Sasha Grey .
= = = Trademark appeal = = =
Fucking Machines filed a request in July 2005 to the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) to secure its intellectual property rights for the mark " fuckingmachines " , having met the first standard that the word was not in use by any other entity . The site became involved in a trademark dispute when the USPTO refused to grant a trademark for the name of the site , asserting that it was obscene . The case for Fucking Machines ' use of the mark was handled by free speech attorney Marc Randazza .
The decision of the U.S. government was determined by lawyer Michael Engel , who ruled : " Registration is refused because the proposed mark consists of or comprises immoral or scandalous matter . The term ' fucking ' is an offensive and vulgar reference to the act of sex . ... A mark that is deemed scandalous ... is not registrable . " The USPTO based its rejection on a 1905 statute . It had previously refused the applications of 39 marks for using the word " fuck " and five marks for using the word " fucking " . Requests to trademark terms including " shit " had been turned down by the USPTO 50 times , and a mark using " cunt " was rejected . Trademarks including the word " ass " had been accepted 135 times , and the word " bitch " was approved in several trademarks as well .
In response to the USPTO decision in the case , Randazza stated , " The trademark office has gone off the deep end with 2 ( a ) rejections . " Section 2 ( a ) , 15 USC § 1052 ( a ) disallows requests for marks that have " immoral , deceptive , or scandalous matter " .
Cybernet Entertainment , LLC , filed an " amendment and response to office action " of the USPTO decision in August 2006 . Randazza introduced his brief with : " The Applicant respectfully challenges this characterization of the word ' fucking ' and its allegedly ' offensive and vulgar ' root : ' fuck ' . " Orlando Weekly commented on Randazza 's brief in the case : " Randazza ... is frequently involved in free @-@ speech cases – is fighting the federal government for your right to trademark any dirty word you please . And his filing in the case is one of the most entertaining legal documents you 're likely to come across . " Randazza 's argument in the case came to be known as The Fuck Brief .
Randazza argued :
[ T ] his much maligned four @-@ letter word has no intrinsic meaning . Fuck [ can ] play a role as a figurative term , for example , " to fuck " can also mean " to deceive . " It is a word of force that can assist us in our expressions of joy when used as an infix , as in " abso @-@ fucking @-@ lutely " . " Fuck " helps us express rage when we scream " fuck you " at a football referee , or at a motorist who has just cut us off in traffic . " Fuck " can help us express pain , as it is quite frequently the first thing out of most men 's mouths when they strike their thumb ( accidentally ) with a hammer . " Fuck " is a vehicle for our disappointment , when we see that our report card is not as good as we had hoped , or when our significant other is late for dinner , or leaves us altogether . " Fuck " is an old friend , who can always make us laugh .
Randazza explained to Orlando Weekly that he used the word " fuck " routinely throughout his brief as part of his argument that the term is used in a variety of ways . He cited related terms , including " fuck @-@ me boots " , and frequent use of the word " fuck " in films including Wedding Crashers , Casino , and Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back .
The reply by Engel for the USPTO acknowledged the routine use of the word , and simultaneously asserted its scandalous nature : " Although the word is frequently used , it still is considered shocking in most formal or polite situations . For example , the word is bleeped out on basic cable , and broadcasters can be fined by the FCC for letting the word go out on the airwaves . " He argued that the word was restricted in the workplace and by government regulations .
Randazza filed an appeal on June 5 , 2007 , and the matter was scheduled for a hearing before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board . Acworth told Orlando Weekly he considered ceasing appeals when the mark had initially been rejected by the USPTO . He said he was not intending to be the adult industry 's representative for First Amendment rights . Acworth stated to Orlando Weekly , " Marc talked me into it . I 'm not normally this sort of person . Marc thought he had a pretty good shot at it . I 'm really going on his advice . ... I have no real agenda with it . "
Adult entertainment attorney Robert Apgood stated he agreed with the actions of Acworth and Randazza . Apgood pointed out he had observed a significant increase in applications to the USPTO that were rejected because their potential trademarks were deemed " scandalous " by the government . He stated , " It 's really quite unfortunate that the executive branch is now reaching deep into the machinations of government to further its ' legislation of morality ' agenda . It is truly encouraging to see the likes of Acworth and Randazza take up this sorely needed fight . " The appeal was denied in April 2008 and the case was terminated . The application status was last listed as " abandoned " for failure to respond by the appealing party .
= = Analysis = =
Advice columnist Dan Savage recommended the site in 2004 for readers interested in learning more about sex @-@ machines . In the 2005 book edited by Carly Milne Naked Ambition , writer Regina Lynn commented on the site 's emphasis on communication . Author Timothy Archibald consulted the operators behind Fucking Machines for research on his book Sex Machines : Photographs and Interviews .
Annalee Newitz of AlterNet visited the set of Fucking Machines in 2006 and classed the production as part of the phenomenon of Porn 2 @.@ 0 . Author Violet Blue wrote in her 2006 book The Adventurous Couple 's Guide to Sex Toys , " Fucking Machines put machine sex on the map and into the popular consciousness , paving the way for a few individual companies to mass produce somewhat affordable sex @-@ machines that couples and individuals can purchase and use at home . "
In her 2007 book Naked on the Internet , author Audacia Ray wrote of the fucking machines : " In the fusion of female sexuality and technology , the curious and enthralling thing about these toys is the way in which they cast sexuality and technology together in a near miasma of technophobia and technofetishism . " Jon Mooallem of The New York Times Magazine described the website as " dedicated entirely to women having sex with large and distressingly elaborate machines . " In an article for Wired News , Regina Lynn noted that the presence of Fucking Machines at the 2007 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo was a move to the mainstream for the website : " The website has been around for years , in that grey area of ' indie internet kink ' the Industry doesn 't quite understand . Yet this year it is smack dab in the middle of the mainstream porn . "
Bonnie Ruberg of The Village Voice wrote in a 2008 article that Fucking Machines replaces the insecurity men feel about vibrators and transform it into a turn @-@ on . The 2008 edition of The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History described the aesthetic of the devices on the site as harrowing . In his 2009 book From Aches to Ecstasy , author Arnold P. Abbott commented of the devices used by the site : " Fucking Machines are mechanical marvels which had to be invented by the Marquis De Sade himself . " He observed that some of the machines , " would seem to be replicas to those used during the Inquisition to extract false confessions " .
In a 2012 article for The New York Observer , journalist Jessica Roy characterized Fucking Machines ' examples of orgasms as a form of transhumanism . In the book Screening the Dark Side of Love : From Euro @-@ Horror to American Cinema ( 2012 ) , Sarah Schaschek devoted a chapter to the phenomenon , titled " Fucking Machines : High @-@ Tech Bodies in Pornography " . Schaschek concluded , " While antipornography feminists usually criticize that female performers are visually and practically degraded by men in heterosexual pornography , it is hard to uphold such an impression in the FuckingMachines videos . Given that all pornography eroticizes difference , and given that sexual fantasies usually require clearly drawn roles of dominance and submission , the women of FuckingMachines seem to resist at least a few of these categories . ... Strictly speaking , the women in these videos are both the controllers and the controlled . "
= Krulak Mendenhall mission =
The Krulak Mendenhall mission was a fact @-@ finding expedition dispatched by the Kennedy administration to South Vietnam in early September 1963 . The stated purpose of the expedition was to investigate the progress of the war by the South Vietnamese regime and their US military advisers against the Viet Cong insurgency . The mission was led by Victor Krulak and Joseph Mendenhall . Krulak was a major general in the United States Marine Corps , while Mendenhall was a senior Foreign Service Officer experienced in dealing with Vietnamese affairs .
The four @-@ day whirlwind trip was launched on September 6 , 1963 , the same day as a National Security Council ( NSC ) meeting , and came in the wake of increasingly strained relations between the United States and South Vietnam . Civil unrest gripped South Vietnam as Buddhist demonstrations against the religious discrimination of President Ngô Đình Diệm 's Catholic regime escalated . Following the raids on Buddhist pagodas on August 21 that left a death toll ranging up to a few hundred , the US authorized investigations into a possible coup through a cable to US Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr ..
In their submissions to the NSC , Krulak presented an extremely optimistic report on the progress of the war , while Mendenhall presented an extremely bleak picture of military failure and public discontent . Krulak disregarded the effects of popular support for the Viet Cong . The general felt that the Vietnamese soldiers ' efforts in the field would not be affected by the public 's unease with Diệm 's policies . Mendenhall focused on gauging the sentiment of urban @-@ based Vietnamese and concluded that Diệm 's policies increased the possibility of religious civil war . Mendenhall said that Diệm 's policies were causing the South Vietnamese to believe that life under the Viet Cong would improve the quality of their lives .
The divergent reports led US President John F. Kennedy to famously ask his two advisers :
The two of you did visit the same country , didn 't you ?
The inconclusive report was the subject of bitter and personal debate among Kennedy 's senior advisers . Various courses of action towards Vietnam were discussed , such as fostering a regime change or taking a series of selective measures designed to cripple the influence of Ngô Đình Nhu , Diệm 's brother and chief political adviser . Nhu and his wife Madame Ngô Đình Nhu were seen as the major causes of the political problems in South Vietnam . The inconclusive result of Krulak and Mendenhall 's expedition resulted in a follow @-@ up mission , the McNamara Taylor mission .
= = Background = =
After the Huế Phật Đản shootings on May 8 , civil unrest broke out in South Vietnam . Nine Buddhists were gunned down by the Roman Catholic regime of President Ngô Đình Diệm after defying a government ban on the flying of Buddhist flags on Vesak , the birthday of Gautama Buddha , and marching in an anti @-@ government protest . Following the shootings , Buddhist leaders began to lobby Diệm for religious equality and compensation and justice for the families of the victims . With Diệm remaining recalcitrant , the protests escalated . The self @-@ immolation of Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức at a busy Saigon intersection became a public relations disaster for the Diệm regime , as photos of the event made front @-@ page headlines worldwide and became a symbol of Diệm 's policies . As protests continued , the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) Special Forces loyal to Diệm 's brother Ngô Đình Nhu raided pagodas across the country on August 21 , leaving a death toll estimated to be up to a few hundred , and causing extensive damage under the declaration of martial law . Universities and high schools were closed amid mass pro @-@ Buddhist protests . In the meantime , the fight against the Viet Cong insurgency had begun to lose intensity amid rumours of sectarian infighting amongst ARVN troops . This was compounded by the plotting of a coup by various ARVN officers , which distracted attention from the fight against the Viet Cong insurgency . In the aftermath of the pagoda raids , the Kennedy administration sent Cable 243 to the US Embassy , Saigon , ordering an exploration of alternative leadership possibilities .
= = Initiation and expedition = =
At the end of the National Security Council ( NSC ) meeting on September 6 , it was agreed that the first priority was to obtain more information on the ground situation in Vietnam . US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara proposed sending Marine Corps Major General Victor Krulak on an immediate fact @-@ finding trip . The NSC agreed that Joseph Mendenhall — a Foreign Service Officer with Vietnam experience — would accompany him . The pair began the mission later the same day .
On their return trip to Washington , D.C. , Krulak and Mendenhall were to bring John Mecklin and Rufus Phillips back from Saigon to report . Mecklin was the United States Information Service ( USIS ) director , while Phillips served as the director of rural programs for United States Operations Mission ( USOM ) and as an advisor for the Strategic Hamlet Program . The State Department sent the Saigon embassy a detailed cable containing questions about Vietnamese public opinion across all strata of society . In Krulak 's own words , the objective was to observe " the effect of recent events upon the attitudes of the Vietnamese in general , and upon the war effort against the Viet Cong " .
In a fast paced four @-@ day trip , the two men traveled throughout Vietnam before returning to Washington to file their reports . Krulak visited 10 locations in all four Corps zones of the ARVN and spoke with US Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . , the head of US forces in Vietnam General Paul Harkins and his staff , 87 US advisors , and 22 ARVN officers . Mendenhall went to Saigon , Huế , Da Nang , and several other provincial cities , talking primarily to Vietnamese friends . Their estimates of the situation were almost completely opposite . Mecklin wrote afterwards that it " was a remarkable assignment , to travel twenty @-@ four thousand miles and assess a situation as complex as Vietnam and return in just four days . It was a symptom of the state the US Government was in . " The mission was marked by the tension between its leaders . Mendenhall and Krulak intensely disliked one another , speaking to each other only when necessary . Mecklin and Krulak became embroiled in a dispute during the return flight . Krulak disapproved of Mecklin 's decision to bring television footage that had been censored by the Diệm regime back to the US , believing the action was a violation of sovereignty . After a long and bitter argument aboard the aircraft , Krulak called upon Mecklin to leave the film in Alaska during a refueling stop at Elmendorf Air Force Base , further suggesting that the USIS director remain with the film in Alaska .
= = Report and debriefing = =
The NSC reconvened on the morning of September 10 to hear the delegation 's reports immediately after its return from Vietnam . Mendenhall had previous experience in Vietnamese affairs , having served under the previous US Ambassador Elbridge Durbrow . Durbrow had urged Diệm on a number of occasions to implement political reform . Krulak was a marine known for his belief in using military action to achieve foreign affairs objectives . His temperament earned him the nickname " Brute " , which originated from his wrestling career at the Naval Academy . The Deputy Secretary of Defense Roswell Gilpatric noted that Mendenhall was regarded " with great suspicion on the Virginia side of the river [ the Pentagon , headquarters of the Defense Department ] " , whereas Krulak was " universally liked and trusted in the Pentagon , both on the civilian and military side " .
The backgrounds of Krulak and Mendenhall were reflected in their diametrically opposite analyses of the war . Krulak gave a highly optimistic analysis of the military progress and discounted the effect of the Buddhist crisis on the ARVN 's fight against the Viet Cong . His general conclusion was that " [ t ] he shooting war is still going ahead at an impressive pace . It has been affected adversely by the political crisis , but the impact is not great . "
Krulak asserted that a substantial amount of fighting was still required , particularly in the Mekong Delta , which was regarded as the Viet Cong 's strongest region . Krulak asserted that all levels of the ARVN officer corps were very conscious of the Buddhist crisis , but he believed that most had not allowed religious beliefs to negatively affect their internal military relationships to a substantial degree . He believed that the ARVN officers at all levels were obedient and could be expected to carry out any order they regarded as being lawful . Krulak further asserted that the political crisis had not significantly damaged bilateral military ties . Moving along to the Vietnamese view of their leaders , Krulak predicted that there was dissatisfaction among the officers , which he believed was mainly directed at Ngô Đình Nhu , the younger brother of Diệm who was widely seen as the power behind the regime . Krulak believed that most officers wanted to see the back of Nhu , but that few were willing to resort to a coup . Krulak reported that three US advisers strongly criticized the Nhus and advocated the pair 's departure from South Vietnam in order to avoid a public relations disaster at the United Nations . However , Krulak felt that these problems were outweighed by what he believed to be a successful military effort . Krulak felt that the war would be won irrespective of the political leadership . He predicted that the ARVN had little ability to facilitate an improvement in governance and felt that they would not flex whatever muscle they had . Krulak optimistically concluded :
Excluding the very serious political and military factors external to Vietnam , the Viet Cong war will be won if the current US military and sociological programs are pursued , irrespective of the grave defects in the ruling regime .
Mendenhall strongly disputed Krulak 's assessments . He argued that the anti @-@ Diệm sentiment had reached a level where the collapse of civilian rule was possible . He reported a " reign of terror " in Saigon , Huế and Da Nang , observing that the popular hatred usually reserved for the Nhus had spread to the generally respected Diệm . Mendenhall asserted that many Vietnamese had come to believe that life under Diệm worse than being ruled by the Viet Cong . Mendenhall thought that a civil war on religious grounds was possible . He predicted that the war could only be won with a regime change , otherwise South Vietnam would collapse under sectarian infighting or a massive communist offensive . The diametrically opposite nature of the two reports prompted Kennedy 's famous query , " You two did visit the same country , didn 't you ? "
= = = Debate = = =
Krulak attempted to explain the contrasting assessments by pointing out that Mendenhall had surveyed urban areas , while he ventured into the countryside " where the war is " . Krulak asserted that political issues in Saigon would not hamper military progress , stating " We can stagger through to win the war with Nhu remaining in control . " Assistant Secretary of State Roger Hilsman asserted that the contrasting reports " was the difference between a military and a political view " . During the debate over the differences in outlook , Mendenhall asserted that Saigon had suffered " a virtually complete breakdown " following the pagoda raids . Mendenhall reported that Vietnamese public servants feared being seen with Americans . He recalled one visit when he had to remain quiet while his Vietnamese host crept around the room , searching for hidden microphones . Mendenhall asserted that " Saigon was heavy with an atmosphere of fear and hate " and that the people feared Diệm more than the Viet Cong . He reported many public servants no longer slept at home due to a fear of midnight arrests by Nhu 's secret police . Many officials had recently spent the bulk of their day negotiating the release of their children , who had been incarcerated for participating in pro @-@ Buddhist protests . Mendenhall asserted that internal turmoil was now a higher priority than the war against the communists .
Mendenhall denounced Saigon 's reconciliation and goodwill gestures towards the Buddhists as a public relations stunt . He reported that monks from provincial areas who had been arrested in Saigon for demonstrating were not returned to their places of origin as promised . Mendenhall noted that when the monks were released , Diệm 's officials retained their identification papers . This resulted in their re @-@ arrest upon attempting to leave the capital . The monks were then branded as Viet Cong because they did not have government identification papers . As news of such tactics spread across the capital , some monks sought refuge in the Saigon homes of ARVN officers . Mendenhall insisted that the United States was responsible for the situation because it had helped the Ngo family gain power , armed and funded it . He reasoned that as Diệm used the arms against his own people , Washington also shared responsibility . He stated that " a refusal to act would be just as much interference in Vietnam 's affairs as acting " .
According to the Pentagon Papers , " the critical failure of both reports was to understand the fundamental political role that the army was coming to play in Vietnam " . The papers concluded the ARVN was the only institution capable of deposing and replacing Diệm . Diệm and Nhu fully realized the potential threat , responding with the divide and conquer paradigm . They usurped the prerogative of senior officer promotion and appointed generals based on loyalty to the palace , giving orders directly to officers . This action caused deep distrust among the senior officers and fragmented their power . Krulak failed to realize that if the situation deteriorated to the point where discontent with Diệm posed the possibility of a communist victory , the generals would intervene in politics because of what would happen to them under communist rule . Neither Krulak nor Mendenhall seemed to anticipate that if a military junta came to power , the divisive effect of Diệm 's promotion politics would manifest itself as the generals vied for power . Neither of the pair put any emphasis on the detrimental effects that would have been caused by political infighting among the generals .
During the NSC meeting , Frederick Nolting – who preceded Lodge as US Ambassador to South Vietnam – took issue with Mendenhall 's analysis . Regarded as a Diệm apologist , Nolting pointed out that Mendenhall had been pessimistic about South Vietnam for several years . Mecklin , reinforced and pushed Mendenhall 's view further , calling on the administration to apply direct pressure on Saigon by suspending non @-@ military aid , in an attempt to cause a regime change . In Mecklin 's words :
This would unavoidably be dangerous . There was no way to be sure how events would develop . It was possible , for example , that the Vietnamese forces might fragment into warring factions , or that the new government would be so incompetent and / or unstable that the effort against the Viet Cong would collapse . The US should therefore resolve now to introduce American combat forces if necessary to prevent a Communist triumph midst the debris of the Diệm regime .
The Pentagon Papers opined that Mecklin understood the pitfalls of a military junta that Krulak and Mendenhall had overlooked . Regardless , Mecklin concluded that the US should proceed in fostering a regime change , accept the consequences , and contemplate the introduction of US combat troops to stop a possible Viet Cong victory .
The NSC meeting then heard Phillips ' bleak prognosis of the situation in the Mekong Delta . He claimed that the Strategic Hamlet Program was a shambles in the delta , stating that they were " being chewed to pieces by the Viet Cong " . When it was noted that Phillips had recently witnessed a battle in the delta , Kennedy asked Phillips for his assessment . Phillips replied : " Well , I don 't like to contradict General Krulak , but I have to tell you , Mr. President , that we 're not winning the war , particularly in the delta . The troops are paralysed , they 're in the barracks , and this is what is actually going on in one province that 's right next to Saigon . " Phillips asserted that removing Nhu was the only way to improve the situation . Phillips asserted that the only means of removing Nhu was to bring in Colonel Edward Lansdale , the CIA operative who had consolidated Diệm 's position a decade earlier , a proposal that Kennedy dismissed . Phillips recommended three measures :
Terminate aid to the ARVN Special Forces of Colonel Le Quang Tung , who took his orders directly from the palace and not the army command . Tung had led the raids on Buddhist pagodas on August 21 in which hundreds were killed and widespread physical destruction occurred . The Special Forces were used mainly for repressing dissidents rather than fighting communists .
Cut funds to the Motion Picture Center , which produced hagiographic films about the Nhus .
Pursue covert actions aimed at diving and discrediting Tung and Major General Tôn Thất Đính . Dinh was the military governor of Saigon and the Commander of the ARVN III Corps . Dinh was the youngest general in the history of the ARVN , primarily due to his loyalty to the Ngo family .
In the ensuing debate , Kennedy asked Phillips what would happen if Nhu responded to the cuts by diverting money away from the army to prop up his personal schemes . When Kennedy asked if Nhu would blame the US for any resulting military deterioration , Phillips replied that the ARVN would revolt , because the ARVN officers were on Viet Cong hit lists would not allow the communists to run loose . Phillips said that if Nhu tried to divert military aid away from the troops to prop up his personal schemes , the Americans could deliver the money straight to the countryside in suitcases .
= = = Robust disagreement = = =
The meeting became confrontational when Krulak interrupted Phillips , asserting that American military advisers on the ground rejected the USOM officer 's assessments . Phillips conceded that although the overall military situation had improved , this was not the case in the crucial delta areas . Phillips noted that the provincial military adviser in Long An Province adjacent to Saigon , had reported that the Viet Cong had overrun 200 Strategic Hamlets in the previous week , forcing the villagers to dismantle the settlement . McNamara shook his head at the radically divergent reports . When Krulak derided Phillips , Assistant Secretary of State W. Averell Harriman could no longer restrain himself and called the general " a damn fool " . Phillips diplomatically took over from Harriman and asserted that it was a battle for hearts and minds rather than pure military metrics .
Mecklin generated more disquiet by advocating the use of American combat troops to unseat the Diệm regime and win the war . He asserted that " the time had come for the US to apply direct pressure to bring about a change of government , however distasteful " . Mecklin asserted that there would be a backlash if aid was simply cut , so US troops would have to directly fix the problem . Mecklin later wrote to USIS head Edward R. Murrow to insist that US troops would welcome combat in the case of a communist escalation . On the journey back to the United States , he had asserted that the use of American combat forces would encourage the coup and lift morale against the Viet Cong . He also called for the engineering of a coup . He called for the US to show more intent .
The pessimism expressed by Phillips and Mecklin surprised Frederick Nolting , who preceded Lodge as the US ambassador in Saigon . Nolting said that Phillips ' account " surprised the hell out of me . I couldn 't believe my ears . " Nolting asserted that Mecklin was psychologically vulnerable to being brainwashed because he had recently split with his wife . At the time , Mecklin was living with journalists David Halberstam and Neil Sheehan of The New York Times and UPI respectively . Halberstam and Sheehan both won Pulitzer Prizes and were strident critics of Diệm .
= = Aftermath = =
One strategy that received increasing consideration in NSC meetings — as well as at the US Embassy , Saigon and in Congress — was a suspension of non @-@ military aid to Diệm . After the erroneous Voice of America broadcast on August 26 , which announced an aid suspension , Lodge was given the discretion on August 29 to suspend aid if it would facilitate a coup . In the meantime , the US Senate began to pressure the administration to take action against Diệm . Hilsman was lobbied by the Senate Subcommittee on the Far East . Senator Frank Church informed the administration of his intention to introduce a resolution condemning Diệm 's anti @-@ Buddhist repression and calling for the termination of aid unless religious equality was instituted . This resulted in Church agreeing to temporarily delay the introduction of the bill to avoid embarrassing the administration .
While the delegation was in Vietnam , the strategy of using a selective aid suspension to pressure Diệm into ending religious discrimination was actively discussed at the State Department . In a television interview on September 8 , AID Director David Bell warned that Congress might cut aid to South Vietnam if Diệm did not change his policies . On September 9 , Kennedy backed away from Bell 's comments , stating " I don 't think we think that [ a reduction in aid to Saigon ] would be helpful at this time . " On September 11 , the day after Krulak and Mendenhall tabled their reports , Lodge reversed his position . In a long cable to Washington , he advocated the consideration of using non @-@ military aid suspension to spark the toppling of Diệm . Lodge concluded that the US could not get what it wanted from Diệm , and had to force events to come to a head . After another White House meeting on the same day , Senator Church was informed that his bill was acceptable , so he introduced the legislation into the Senate .
The National Security Council re @-@ convened on September 17 to consider two of Hilsman 's proposals for dealing with Diệm . The plan favored by Hilsman and his State Department colleagues was the " pressures and persuasion track " . This involved an escalating series of measures at both public and private level , including selective aid suspension and pressuring Diệm to remove Nhu from power . The alternative was the " reconciliation with a rehabilitated GVN track " , which involved the public appearance of acquiescence to Diệm 's recent actions and an attempt to salvage as much as possible from the situation . Both proposals assumed that an ARVN coup was not forthcoming . The inconclusive report saw a follow @-@ up mission sent to Vietnam , the McNamara Taylor mission , led by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Maxwell D. Taylor .
= Living in the Material World =
Living in the Material World is the fourth studio album by English musician George Harrison , released in 1973 on Apple Records . As the follow @-@ up to 1970 's critically acclaimed All Things Must Pass and his pioneering charity project , the Concert for Bangladesh , it was among the most highly anticipated releases of that year . The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America two days after release , on its way to becoming Harrison 's second number 1 album in the United States , and produced the international hit " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " . It also topped albums charts in Canada and Australia , and reached number 2 in Britain .
Living in the Material World is notable for the uncompromising lyrical content of its songs , reflecting Harrison 's struggle for spiritual enlightenment against his status as a superstar , as well as for what many commentators consider to be the finest guitar and vocal performances of his career . In contrast with All Things Must Pass , Harrison scaled down the production for Material World , using a core group of musicians comprising Nicky Hopkins , Gary Wright , Klaus Voormann and Jim Keltner . Ringo Starr , John Barham and Indian musician Zakir Hussain were among the album 's other contributors .
Upon release , Rolling Stone described it as a " pop classic " , a work that " stands alone as an article of faith , miraculous in its radiance " . Most contemporary reviewers consider Living in the Material World to be a worthy successor to All Things Must Pass , even if it inevitably falls short of Harrison 's grand opus . Author Simon Leng refers to the album as a " forgotten blockbuster " , representing " the close of an age , the last offering of the Beatles ' London era " . EMI reissued the album in 2006 , in remastered form with bonus tracks , and released a deluxe @-@ edition CD / DVD set that included film clips of four songs .
= = Background = =
George Harrison 's 1971 – 72 humanitarian aid project for the new nation of Bangladesh had left him an international hero , but also exhausted and frustrated in his efforts to ensure that the money raised would find its way to those in need . Rather than record a follow @-@ up to his acclaimed 1970 triple album , All Things Must Pass , Harrison put his solo career on hold for over a year following the two Concert for Bangladesh shows , held at Madison Square Garden , New York , in August 1971 . In an interview with Disc and Music Echo magazine in December that year , pianist Nicky Hopkins spoke of having just attended the New York sessions for John Lennon 's " Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) " single , where Harrison had played them " about two or three hours " worth of new songs , adding : " They were really incredible . " Hopkins suggested that work on Harrison 's next solo album was to begin in January or February at his new home studio at Friar Park , but any such plan was undone by Harrison 's commitment to the Bangladesh relief project . While he found time during the last few months of 1971 to produce singles for Ringo Starr and Apple Records protégés Lon & Derrek Van Eaton , and to help promote the Ravi Shankar documentary Raga , Harrison 's next project in the role of music producer was not until August 1972 , when Cilla Black recorded his composition " When Every Song Is Sung " .
Throughout this period , Harrison 's devotion to Hindu spirituality – particularly to Krishna consciousness via his friendship with A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada – reached new heights . As Harrison admitted , his adherence to his spiritual path was not necessarily consistent . His wife , Pattie Boyd , and their friend Chris O 'Dell would joke that it was hard to tell whether he was dipping into his ever @-@ present Japa Yoga prayer bag or " the coke bag " . This duality has been noted by Harrison biographers Simon Leng and Alan Clayson : on one hand , Harrison earned himself the nickname " His Lectureship " during his prolonged periods of fervid devotion ; on the other , he participated in bawdy London sessions for the likes of Bobby Keys ' eponymous solo album and what Leng terms Harry Nilsson 's " thoroughly nasty " " You 're Breakin ' My Heart " , both recorded in the first half of 1972 . Similarly , Harrison 's passion for high @-@ performance cars saw him lose his driver 's licence for the second time in a year after crashing his Mercedes into a roundabout at 90 miles an hour , on 28 February , with Boyd in the passenger seat .
In August 1972 , with the Concert for Bangladesh documentary film having finally been released worldwide , Harrison set off alone for a driving holiday in Europe , during which he chanted the Hare Krishna mantra nonstop for a whole day , he later claimed . Religious academic Joshua Greene , a Hare Krishna devotee , has described this trip as Harrison 's " preparation " for recording the Living in the Material World album .
= = Songs = =
Rather than revisit compositions left over from the All Things Must Pass sessions , Harrison 's material for Living in the Material World was drawn from the 1971 – 72 period , with the exception of " Try Some , Buy Some " , which he wrote in 1970 and recorded with former Ronette Ronnie Spector in February 1971 . The songs reflected his spiritual devotion – in the case of " The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) " , " Living in the Material World " , " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " and " Try Some , Buy Some " – as well as his feelings before and after the Bangladesh benefit concerts , with " Miss O 'Dell " and " The Day the World Gets ' Round " .
Both " The Lord Loves the One " and the album 's title track were directly inspired by Prabhupada 's teachings . Greene writes of Harrison adapting a passage from the Bhagavad Gita into his lyrics for " Living in the Material World " and adds : " Some of the songs distilled spiritual concepts into phrases so elegant they resembled Vedic sutras : short codes that contain volumes of meaning . " On " Give Me Love " , Harrison blended the Hindu bhajan style ( or devotional song ) with Western gospel music , repeating the formula of his 1970 – 71 international hit " My Sweet Lord " . In his 1980 autobiography , I Me Mine , he describes the song as " a prayer and personal statement between me , the Lord , and whoever likes it " .
Whereas Harrison 's Krishna devotionals on All Things Must Pass had been uplifting celebrations of faith , his latest compositions betrayed a more austere quality , partly as a result of the Bangladesh experience . His musical arranger , John Barham , would later suggest that a spiritual " crisis " might have been the cause ; other observers have pointed to Harrison 's failing marriage to Boyd . Leng writes of his frame of mind at this time : " while George Harrison was bursting with musical confidence , Living in the Material World found him in roughly the same place that John Lennon was when he wrote ' Help ! ' – shocked by the rush of overwhelming success and desperately wondering where it left him . "
Other song themes addressed the Beatles ' legacy , either in direct references to the band 's history – in the case of " Living in the Material World " and " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " – or in Harrison 's stated desire to live in the present , free of his former identity , in the case of " The Light That Has Lighted the World " , " Who Can See It " and " Be Here Now " . The lyrics to " Who Can See It " reflect Harrison 's disenchantment with his previous , junior status to former bandmates Lennon and Paul McCartney , while " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " was his comment on McCartney 's 1971 High Court action to dissolve the band as a business entity . In line with Prabhupada 's teachings , all such pursuits of fame , wealth or position meant nothing in Harrison 's 1972 world @-@ view . Author Gary Tillery writes of Material World 's lyrical content : " The album expresses his impressions of the mundane and the spiritual worlds and the importance of ignoring the lures of the everyday world and remaining focused on the eternal verities . " Even in seemingly conventional love songs such as " That Is All " and " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " , Harrison appeared to be addressing his deity as much as any human partner . Musically , the latter composition reflects the influence of Brill Building songwriters of the early 1960s , while Harrison sings of a love delivered " like it came from above " .
Harrison donated his copyright for nine of the eleven songs on Living in the Material World , together with the non @-@ album B @-@ side " Miss O 'Dell " , to his Material World Charitable Foundation . The latter initiative was set up in reaction to the tax issues that had hindered his relief effort for the Bangladeshi refugees , and ensured a perpetual stream of income , through ongoing publishing royalties , for dispersal to the charities of his choice .
= = Production = =
After the grand , Wall of Sound production of All Things Must Pass , Harrison wanted a more understated sound this time around , to " liberate " the songs , as he later put it . He had intended to co @-@ produce with Phil Spector as before , although the latter 's erratic behaviour and alcohol consumption ensured that , once sessions were under way in October 1972 , Harrison was the project 's sole producer . Spector received a credit for " Try Some , Buy Some " , however , since Harrison used the same 1971 recording , featuring musicians such as Leon Russell , Jim Gordon , Pete Ham and Barham , that they had made for Ronnie Spector 's abandoned solo album .
A release date was planned for January or February 1973 , with the album title rumoured to be The Light That Has Lighted the World . Within a month , the title was announced as The Magic Is Here Again , with an erroneous report in Rolling Stone magazine claiming that Eric Clapton was co @-@ producing and that the album was set for release on 20 December 1972 .
= = = Recording = = =
In another contrast with his 1970 triple album , Harrison engaged a small core group of musicians to support him on Living in the Material World . Gary Wright and Klaus Voormann returned , on keyboards and bass , respectively , and John Barham again provided orchestral arrangements . They were joined by Jim Keltner , who had impressed at the 1971 Bangladesh concerts , and Nicky Hopkins , whose musical link to Harrison went back to the 1968 Jackie Lomax single " Sour Milk Sea " . Ringo Starr also contributed to the album , when his burgeoning film career allowed , and Jim Horn , another musician from the Concert for Bangladesh band , supplied horns and flutes . The recording engineer was Phil McDonald , who had worked in the same role on All Things Must Pass .
All the rhythm and lead guitar parts were performed by Harrison alone – the ex @-@ Beatle stepping out from the " looming shadow " of Clapton for the first time , Leng has noted . Most of the basic tracks were recorded with Harrison on acoustic guitar ; only " Living in the Material World " , " Who Can See It " and " That Is All " featured electric rhythm parts , those for the latter two songs adopting the same Leslie @-@ toned sound found on much of the Beatles ' Abbey Road ( 1969 ) . Ham and his Badfinger bandmate Tom Evans augmented the line @-@ up on 4 and 11 October , although their playing would not find its way onto the released album .
The sessions took place partly at Apple Studio in London , but mostly at Harrison 's home studio , FPSHOT , according to Voormann . Apple Studio , together with its Savile Row , London W1 address , would receive a prominent credit on the Living in the Material World record sleeve , as a further sign of Harrison 's championing of the Beatles @-@ owned recording facility . At the weekends during these autumn months , Hopkins recorded his own solo album , The Tin Man Was a Dreamer ( 1973 ) , at Apple , with contributions from Harrison , Voormann and Horn . Voormann has described the mood at the Friar Park sessions as " intimate , quiet , friendly " and in stark contrast to the sessions he , Harrison and Hopkins had attended at Lennon 's home in 1971 , for the Imagine album . Keltner recalls Harrison as having been focused and " at his peak physically " throughout the recording of Living in the Material World , having given up smoking and taken to using Hindu prayer beads .
The sessions continued until the end of November , when Hopkins left for Jamaica to work on the Rolling Stones ' new album . During this period , Harrison co @-@ produced a new live album for Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan for a January release on Apple Records , the highly regarded In Concert 1972 .
= = = Overdubbing and mixing = = =
After hosting a visit by Bob Dylan and his wife Sara at Friar Park , Harrison resumed work on the album in January 1973 , at Apple . " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " , which he had originally given to Jesse Ed Davis to record in 1971 , was taped at this point . The lyrics ' courtroom theme had a new relevance in early 1973 , as he , Lennon and Starr looked to sever all legal ties with manager Allen Klein , who had been the prime cause for McCartney 's earlier litigation .
For the rest of January and through February , extensive overdubs were carried out on the album 's basic tracks – comprising vocals , percussion , Harrison 's slide guitar parts and Horn 's contributions . " Living in the Material World " received significant attention during this last phase of the album production , with sitar , flute and Zakir Hussain 's tabla being added to fill the song 's two " spiritual sky " sections . The resulting contrast between the main , Western rock portion and the Indian @-@ style middle eights emphasised Harrison 's struggle between physical @-@ world temptations and his spiritual goals . The Indian instrumentation overdubbed on this track and " Be Here Now " also marked a rare return to the genre for Harrison , recalling his work with the Beatles over 1966 – 68 and his first solo album , Wonderwall Music ( 1968 ) .
Barham 's orchestra and choir were the final items to be recorded , on " The Day the World Gets ' Round " , " Who Can See It " and " That Is All " , in early March . With production on the album completed , Harrison flew to Los Angeles for Beatles @-@ related business meetings and to begin work on Shankar and Starr 's respective albums , Shankar Family & Friends ( 1974 ) and Ringo ( 1973 ) .
= = Album artwork = =
As he had done with All Things Must Pass and The Concert for Bangladesh , Harrison entrusted the album 's art design to Tom Wilkes , and the latter 's new business partner , Craig Baun . The gatefold and lyric insert sleeves for Living in the Material World were much commented @-@ on at the time of release , Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone describing the record as " beautifully @-@ packaged with symbolic hand @-@ print covers and the dedication , ' All Glories to Sri Krsna ' " , while author Nicholas Schaffner likewise admired the " color representations of the Hindu scriptures " , in the form of a painting from a Prabhupada @-@ published edition of the Bhagavad Gita . Reproduced on the lyric insert sheet ( on the back of which was a red Om symbol with yellow surround , on a black background ) , this painting features Krishna with Arjuna , the legendary archer and warrior , in a chariot , being pulled by the enchanted seven @-@ headed horse Uchchaihshravas . With the album arriving at the height of the glam or glitter rock musical trend , Clayson writes of this image : " a British teenager might have still dug the gear worn by Krishna in his chariot … Androgynous in beaded kaftan , jewelled fez and peacock feather , and strikingly pretty , the Supreme Personality of Godhead was not unlike some of the new breed of theatrical British chartbusters . "
For the album 's striking front @-@ cover image , Wilkes used a Kirlian photograph of Harrison 's hand holding a Hindu medallion . The photo was taken at UCLA 's parapsychology department , as was the shot used on the back cover , where Harrison instead holds three US coins : a couple of quarters and a silver dollar .
The gatefold 's inner left panel , opposite the album 's production credits , showed Harrison and his fellow musicians – Starr , Horn , Voormann , Hopkins , Keltner and Wright – at a long table , laden with food and wine . A deliberate parody of da Vinci 's The Last Supper , the picture was taken in California at the mock @-@ Tudor home of entertainment lawyer Abe Somers , by Hollywood glamour photographer Ken Marcus . As with the US coinage used on the back cover , various details in the photo represent what Harrison termed the " gross " aspects of life in the material world . Clayson has speculated about the symbolism and hidden messages within the photo : whether the nurse with a pram , set back from and to the left of the table , was a reference to Boyd 's inability to conceive a child ; and the empty , distant wheelchair in memory of Harrison 's late mother . Theologian Dale Allison observes the anti @-@ Catholic sentiment within this inner @-@ gatefold photo , following on from Harrison 's lyrics to his 1970 song " Awaiting on You All " . Harrison is dressed as a priest , all in black , sporting an Old West six @-@ shooter – " a slam at the perceived materialism and violence of the Roman church " , Allison writes .
On the back cover , underneath the second hand @-@ print design , text provides details of the fictitious Jim Keltner Fan Club , information on which was available by sending a " stamped undressed elephant " – for : self @-@ addressed envelope – to a Los Angeles postal address . This detail was an affectionate thank @-@ you to the popular drummer ( Starr would repeat the gesture on his album later in the year ) , as well as a light @-@ hearted dig – in its use of " wing " symbols , like those in Wings ' logo – at McCartney , who had recently launched a fan club for his new band .
= = Release = =
Due to the extended recording period , Living in the Material World was issued at the end of a busy Apple release schedule , with April and May 1973 having already been set aside for the Beatles compilations 1962 – 1966 and 1967 – 1970 and for Paul McCartney & Wings ' second album , Red Rose Speedway . Schaffner recorded in his book The Beatles Forever : " For a while there ... album charts were reminiscent of the golden age of Beatlemania . " Preceding Harrison 's long @-@ awaited release was the acoustic single " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " , which became his second number 1 hit in the United States . This was accompanied by a billboard and print advertising campaign , including a three @-@ panel poster combining the album 's front and back covers , and an Apple publicity photo showing Harrison , now free of the heavy beard familiar from the All Things Must Pass – Concert for Bangladesh era , with his hand outstretched , mirroring Wilkes ' album cover image .
Living in the Material World was issued on 30 May 1973 in America ( with Apple catalogue number SMAS 3410 ) and on 22 June in Britain ( as Apple PAS 10006 ) . It enjoyed immediate commercial success , entering the Billboard 200 at number 11 and hitting number 1 in its second week , on 23 June , demoting Wings ' album in the process . Material World spent five weeks atop the US charts , having been awarded a gold disc by the RIAA within two days of release , for advance orders . In the UK , the album peaked at number 2 , held from the top position by the soundtrack to Starr 's movie That 'll Be the Day . Despite high sales initially , its follow @-@ on success was limited by what Leng terms the " anomalous " decision to cancel the release of a second US single , " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " .
With Living in the Material World , Harrison achieved the Billboard double for a second time when " Give Me Love " hit the top position during the album 's stay at number 1 – the only one of his former bandmates to have done it even once being McCartney , with the recent " My Love " and Red Rose Speedway . Harrison carried out no supporting promotion for Material World ; " pre @-@ recorded tapes " were issued to BBC Radio 1 and played repeatedly on the show Radio One Club , but his only public appearance in Britain was to accompany Prabhupada on a religious procession through central London , on 8 July . According to author Bill Harry , the album sold over 3 million copies worldwide .
= = Critical reception = =
= = = Contemporary reviews = = =
Leng describes Living the Material World as " one of the most keenly anticipated discs of the decade " and its unveiling " a major event " . Among expectant music critics , Stephen Holden began his highly favourable review in Rolling Stone with the words " At last it 's here " , before hailing the new Harrison album as a " pop classic " and a " profoundly seductive record " . " Happily , the album is not just a commercial event , " he wrote , " it is the most concise , universally conceived work by a former Beatle since John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band . " Billboard magazine noted the twin themes found throughout the album – " the Beatles and their mish @-@ mash " versus a " spiritual undercoat " – and described Harrison 's vocals as " first @-@ rate " .
Two weeks ahead of the UK release date , Melody Maker published a full @-@ page " exclusive preview " of Material World by its New York correspondent , Michael Watts . The latter wrote that " the most strikingly immediate impression left by the album " concerned its lyrics , which , although " solemn and pious " at times , were " more interesting " thematically than those on All Things Must Pass , such that Material World was " as personal , in its own way , as anything that Lennon has done " . While describing the pared @-@ down production as " good artistic judgement in view of the nature of the lyrics " , Watts concluded : " Harrison has always struck me before as simply a writer of very classy pop songs ; now he stands as something more than an entertainer . Now he 's being honest . "
While Holden had opined that , of all the four Beatles , Harrison had inherited " the most precious " legacy – namely , " the spiritual aura that the group accumulated , beginning with the White Album " – other reviewers objected to the overt religiosity of Living in the Material World . This was particularly so in Britain , where by summer 1973 , author Bob Woffinden later wrote , " the Beatle bubble had undoubtedly burst " and for each of the former bandmates , his individual " pedestal " was now " an exposed , rather than a comfortable , place to be " .
In the NME , Tony Tyler began his review by stating that he had long idolised Harrison as " the finest packaged object since frozen pizza " , but he had changed his opinion dramatically in recent years ; after the " dire , ennui @-@ making " All Things Must Pass , Tyler continued , " the unworthiness of my heretical thoughts smote home around the time of the Bangla Desh concerts . " Tyler dismissed Material World with the description : " [ It 's ] pleasant , competent , vaguely dull and inoffensive . It ’ s also breathtakingly unoriginal and – lyrically at least – turgid , repetitive and so damn holy I could scream . " The reviewer concluded : " I have no doubt whatever it 'll sell like hot tracts and that George 'll donate all the profits to starving Bengalis and make me feel like the cynical heel I undoubtedly am . " In their 1975 book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , Tyler and co @-@ author Roy Carr bemoaned Harrison 's " didactically imposing [ of ] said Holy Memoirs upon innocent record @-@ collectors " and declared the album 's spiritual theme " almost as offensive in its own way " as Lennon and Yoko Ono 's political radicalism on Some Time in New York City ( 1972 ) .
According to New Zealand music critic Graham Reid , a contemporary Australian review remarked on the album 's religiosity : " oftentimes the music is a more truthful guide to the sense of the lyrics than the words themselves . Harrison is not a great wordsmith but he is a superb musician . Everything flows , everything interweaves . His melodies are so superb they take care of everything … " Like Holden , Nicholas Schaffner approved of the singer 's gesture in donating his publishing royalties to the Material World Charitable Foundation and praised the album 's " exquisite musical underpinnings " . Although the " transcendent dogma " was not always to his taste , Schaffner recognised that in Living in the Material World , Harrison had " devised a luxuriant rock devotional designed to transform his fans ' stereo equipment into a temple " .
Aside from the album 's lyrical themes , its production and musicianship were widely praised , Schaffner noting : " Surely Phil Spector never had a more attentive pupil . " Carr and Tyler lauded Harrison 's " superb and accomplished slide @-@ guitar breaks " , and the solos on " Give Me Love " , " The Lord Loves the One " , " The Light That Has Lighted the World " and " Living in the Material World " have each been identified as exemplary and among the finest of Harrison 's career . In his book The Beatles Apart ( 1981 ) , Woffinden wrote : " Those who carped at the lyrics , or at Harrison himself , missed a great deal of the music , much of which was exceptionally fine . " Woffinden described the album as " a very good one " , Harrison 's " only mistake " being that he had waited so long before following up his successes over 1970 – 71 .
= = = Retrospective assessment = = =
In the decades following its release , Living in the Material World gained a reputation as " a forgotten blockbuster " – a term used by Simon Leng and echoed by commentators such as Robert Rodriguez and AllMusic 's Bruce Eder . The latter describes Harrison 's 1973 album as " an underrated minor masterpiece " that " represent [ s ] his solo playing and songwriting at something of a peak " . John Metzger of The Music Box refers to Material World as " the most underrated and overlooked album of [ Harrison ] ' s career " , adding that it " coalesces around its songs … and the Zen @-@ like beauty that emanates from Harrison 's hymns to a higher power inevitably becomes subtly affecting . "
Writing in Rolling Stone in 2002 , Greg Kot found the album " drearily monochromatic " compared to its predecessor , and to PopMatters ' Zeth Lundy , it suffers from " a more anonymous tract " next to the " cathedral @-@ grade significance " of All Things Must Pass . Reviewing Harrison 's solo career for Goldmine magazine in 2002 , Dave Thompson considered the 1973 album to be the equal of All Things Must Pass , reasoning : " While history insists that Living in the Material World could not help but be eclipsed by its gargantuan forebear , with the two albums in the CD player and the ' shuffle ' function mixing them up , it 's difficult to play favourites . "
In his review of the 2006 remastered release , for Q magazine , Tom Doyle praised the album 's ballads , such as " The Light That Has Lighted the World " and " Be Here Now " , and suggested that " the distance of time helps to reveal its varied charms " . Mojo 's Mat Snow wrote of " this long overdue reissue " being " worth it alone for four wonderful songs " , including " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " and " The Day the World Gets ' Round " , and concluded : " The rest is Hari Georgeson at his most preachy , but it 's never less than musical and often light on its feet . " In another 2006 review , for the Vintage Rock website , Shawn Perry wrote of Material World being " more restrained and immediate without the wall of sound whitewash of its predecessor , but its flow and elegance are unmistakable " . Perry admired Harrison 's slide guitar playing and rated the album an " underrated , classic record " . Writing for Uncut in 2008 , David Cavanagh described Material World as " a bit full @-@ on , religion @-@ wise " but " the album to play if you want musicianship at its best " .
= = = 2014 appraisal and legacy = = =
Reviewing the 2014 reissue , Blogcritics ' Chaz Lipp writes that " this chart @-@ topping classic is , in terms of production , arguably preferable to its predecessor " , adding : " The sinewy ' Sue Me , Sue You Blues , ' galloping title track , and soaring ' Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long ' rank right alongside Harrison 's best work . " Alex Franquelli of PopMatters refers to it as " a worthy successor " to All Things Must Pass and an album that " raises the bar of social awareness that had only been touched on lightly in the previous release " . Franquelli concludes : " It is a work that enjoys a more elaborate dynamic development , where layers are kept together by Harrison ’ s clever work behind the mixing desk . " In another 2014 review , for Classic Rock , Paul Trynka writes : " All these years on , it 's his most overtly spiritual album that sparkles today … The well @-@ known songs , such as ' Sue Me , Sue You Blues ' ( dedicated to the rapacious Allen Klein ) , stand up well , but it 's the more restrained tracks – ' Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long ' , ' Who Can See It ' – that entrance : gorgeous pop songs , all the more forceful for their restraint . " Trynka goes on to describe " Be Here Now " as the album 's " towering achievement " and " a masterpiece " .
Among Beatles biographers , Alan Clayson approves of Material World 's " self @-@ production criterion closer to the style of George Martin " , after the " looser abundance " of All Things Must Pass . Within the more restrained surroundings , Clayson adds , Harrison laid claim to the title " king of rock ' n ' roll slide guitar " , in addition to giving perhaps his " most magnificent [ vocal ] performance on record " on " Who Can See It " . Rodriguez also approves of a production aesthetic that allows instruments to " sparkle " and " breathing space " for his melodies , and rates Harrison 's guitar playing as " stellar " throughout . Peter Lavezzoli describes the album as " a soulful collection of songs that feature some of Harrison 's finest singing , particularly the gorgeous Roy Orbison @-@ esque ballad ' Who Can See It ' " .
Leng has named Living in the Material World as his personal favourite of all of Harrison 's solo albums . According to Leng , with its combination of a defiant " protest " song in " The Day the World Gets ' Round " , the anti @-@ stardom " The Lord Loves the One " , and " perfect pop confections " in " Give Me Love " and " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " , Living in the Material World was the last album to capture the same clear @-@ sighted , utopian spirit that characterised the 1960s . Eder likewise welcomes Material World 's bold idealism , saying : " Even in the summer of 1973 , after years of war and strife and disillusionment , some of us were still sort of looking – to borrow a phrase from a Lennon – McCartney song – or hoping to get from them something like ' the word ' that would make us free . And George , God love him , had the temerity to actually oblige ... "
= = Reissues = =
= = = 2006 = = =
While solo works by Lennon , McCartney and Starr had all been remastered as part of repackaging campaigns during the 1990s and early 21st century , Harrison 's Living in the Material World was " neglected over the years " , author Bruce Spizer wrote in 2005 , an " unfortunate " situation considering the quality of its songs . On 25 September 2006 , EMI reissued the album in the UK , on CD and in a deluxe CD / DVD package , with Capitol Records ' US release following the next day . The remastered Material World featured two additional tracks , neither of which had previously been available on an album : " Deep Blue " and " Miss O 'Dell " , popular B @-@ sides , respectively , to the 1971 non @-@ album single " Bangla Desh " and " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " . The CD / DVD edition contained a 40 @-@ page full colour booklet that included extra photos from the inner @-@ gatefold shoot ( taken by Mal Evans and Barry Feinstein ) , liner notes by Kevin Howlett , and Harrison 's handwritten lyrics and comments on the songs , reproduced from I Me Mine .
The DVD featured a concert performance of " Give Me Love " , recorded during Harrison 's 1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton , and previously unreleased versions of " Miss O 'Dell " and " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " set to a slideshow of archival film . The final selection consisted of the album 's title track playing over 1973 footage of the LP being audio @-@ tested and packaged prior to shipment . While Zeth Lundy found that the deluxe edition " bestows lavish attention upon a record that may not exactly deserve it " , with the DVD " an unnecessary bonus " , Shawn Perry considered the supplementary disc to be possibly the " pièce de résistance " of the 2006 reissue , and concluded : " this package is a beautiful tribute to the late and great guitarist any Beatles and Harrison fan will cherish . "
= = = 2014 = = =
Living in the Material World was remastered again for inclusion in the Harrison box set The Apple Years 1968 – 75 , issued in September 2014 . Also available as a separate CD , the reissue reproduces Howlett 's 2006 essay and adds " Bangla Desh " as a third bonus track , after " Deep Blue " and " Miss O 'Dell " . In his preview of the 2014 reissues , for Rolling Stone , David Fricke pairs Material World with All Things Must Pass as representing " the heart of the [ box ] set " . Disc eight of The Apple Years includes the four items featured on the 2006 deluxe edition DVD .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written by George Harrison .
= = = Original release = = =
Side one
" Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " – 3 : 36
" Sue Me , Sue You Blues " – 4 : 48
" The Light That Has Lighted the World " – 3 : 31
" Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " – 2 : 57
" Who Can See It " – 3 : 52
" Living in the Material World " – 5 : 31
Side two
" The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) " – 4 : 34
" Be Here Now " – 4 : 09
" Try Some , Buy Some " – 4 : 08
" The Day the World Gets ' Round " – 2 : 53
" That Is All " – 3 : 43
= = = 2006 remaster = = =
Bonus tracks
" Deep Blue " – 3 : 47
" Miss O 'Dell " – 2 : 33
Deluxe edition DVD
" Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " ( recorded live at Tokyo Dome on 15 December 1991 )
" Miss O 'Dell " ( alternative version )
" Sue Me , Sue You Blues " ( acoustic demo version )
" Living in the Material World "
= = = 2014 remaster = = =
Bonus tracks
" Deep Blue " – 3 : 47
" Miss O 'Dell " – 2 : 33
" Bangla Desh " – 3 : 57
= = Personnel = =
George Harrison – vocals , electric and acoustic guitars , dobro , sitar , backing vocals
Nicky Hopkins – piano , electric piano
Gary Wright – organ , harmonium , electric piano , harpsichord
Klaus Voormann – bass , standup bass , tenor saxophone
Jim Keltner – drums , percussion
Ringo Starr – drums , percussion
Jim Horn – saxophones , flute , horn arrangement
Zakir Hussain – tabla
John Barham – orchestral and choral arrangements
Leon Russell – piano ( on " Try Some , Buy Some " )
Jim Gordon – drums , tambourine ( on " Try Some , Buy Some " )
Pete Ham – acoustic guitar ( on " Try Some , Buy Some " )
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
= Nature fakers controversy =
The nature fakers controversy was an early 20th @-@ century American literary debate highlighting the conflict between science and sentiment in popular nature writing . The debate involved important American literary , environmental and political figures . Dubbed the " War of the Naturalists " by The New York Times , it revealed seemingly irreconcilable contemporary views of the natural world : while some nature writers of the day argued as to the veracity of their examples of anthropomorphic wild animals , others questioned an animal 's ability to adapt , learn , teach , and reason .
The controversy arose from a new literary movement , which followed a growth of interest in the natural world beginning in the late 19th century , and in which the natural world was depicted in a compassionate rather than realistic light . Works such as Ernest Thompson Seton 's Wild Animals I Have Known ( 1898 ) and William J. Long 's School of the Woods ( 1902 ) popularized this new genre and emphasized sympathetic and individualistic animal characters . In March 1903 , naturalist and writer John Burroughs published an article entitled " Real and Sham Natural History " in the Atlantic Monthly . Lambasting writers such as Seton , Long , and Charles G. D. Roberts for their seemingly fantastical representations of wildlife , he also denounced the booming genre of realistic animal fiction as " yellow journalism of the woods " . Burroughs ' targets responded in defense of their work in various publications , as did their supporters , and the resulting controversy raged in the public press for nearly six years .
The constant publicity given to the debate contributed to a growing distrust of the truthfulness of popular nature writing of the day , and often pitted scientist against writer . The controversy effectively ended when President Theodore Roosevelt publicly sided with Burroughs , publishing his article " Nature Fakers " in the September 1907 issue of Everybody 's Magazine . Roosevelt popularized the negative colloquialism by which the controversy would later be known to describe one who purposefully fabricates details about the natural world . The definition of the term later expanded to include those who depicted nature with excessive sentimentality .
= = Background = =
= = = Nature boom = = =
A renewed public interest in nature and its promise of aesthetic and recreational enjoyment began in the United States during the late 19th century . The country 's first national park , Yellowstone , was established in 1872 , and by 1900 it had been followed by half a dozen more . Railroads made it easy to get to the parks , and their advertising promoted the wonders of nature that could be seen courtesy of their trains . Tourists frequented the parks regularly , but there were also numerous opportunities for people to enjoy nature and outdoor recreation closer to home . City parks , such as New York City 's Central Park , became popular destinations because of their accessibility , and camps like the ones owned by the YMCA were frequented by boys and girls of all ages .
Wilderness protection and the conservation movement , led by figures such as John Muir , founder of the Sierra Club , also began to appear at this time . By the turn of the century , those in favor of recreational ideals of nature began to clash with conservationists such as Muir . Likewise , critics and natural scientists became skeptical of what they saw as a growing cult of nature , which was thought to wrongly champion sentimentality and aesthetics rather than scientific facts . Sympathy for animals and their survival also became a developing thought in the 19th century , due in part to wide acceptance of theories pertaining to organic evolution . In 1837 , Charles Darwin wrote in his diary that " If we choose to let conjecture run wild , then animals , our fellow brethren in pain , disease , death , suffering and famine — our slaves in the most laborious works , our companions in our amusements — they may partake of our origin in one common ancestor — we may be all melted together . "
= = = Literature = = =
As the popularity and marketability of the natural world rose during the late 19th century , books dedicated to nature came to be in great demand . One reviewer noted in 1901 that " It is a part of the progress of the day that the Nature study is coming into prominence in our schemes of education , and , beyond these , is entering into our plans for coveted diversion , yet it is a real surprise that so large and increasing a number of each season 's publications are devoted to the purpose . " Such literature was regularly published in a wide variety of subjects : children 's animal books , wilderness novels , nature guides , and travelogues were all immensely popular . The study of nature quickly became part of the public school curriculum , making nature writing increasingly profitable . As the public 's hunger for such imaginative works grew , a new genre in which nature was depicted in a compassionate , rather than realistic , light began to take form .
The tendency to portray animals as having human traits was not new ; Aesop 's moralistic animal tales were still popular with readers of the day , and inspired such works as Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) . However , one of the features separating the turn @-@ of @-@ the @-@ century animal writers from those before them was the desire to have their animals set an example through their noble , sympathetic characteristics . Anna Sewell 's Black Beauty , for example , told the story of a gentle horse seemingly from the animal 's own point of view ; after being published in the United States by the American Humane Education Society in 1890 , Sewell 's book helped further the cause against animal cruelty . The budding animal welfare movement helped establish a climate for wider public support of wildlife conservation , and soon nature writers similarly sought to gain sympathy for wild animals — specifically those who seemingly displayed honorable human traits — by depicting them in a positive light . One popular nature writer of the day , Mabel Osgood Wright , told of wolves nobly taking their own lives after losing their mates .
Author and illustrator Ernest Thompson Seton published his first book , the bestselling Wild Animals I Have Known , in 1898 . The first entry in a new genre of realistic wild @-@ animal stories , Seton 's collection of short stories quickly became one of the most popular books of its day . Although he had considered himself " a naturalist of the usual type , trying merely to accumulate specimens and facts " during his early career , he later began to write factual material " in the form of romantic stories — fiction in the form of presentation , but solid in fact in their basis and their message . " The first story in the collection , " Lobo , The King of Currumpaw " was based upon Seton 's experience hunting wolves in the Southwest . It became a classic , setting the tone for his future works that would similarly depict animals — especially predators who were often demonized in literature — as compassionate , individualistic beings . Seton was reportedly denounced by readers for having killed Lobo , only to write about the experience ; however , as biographer Brian Morris stated , the readers ' sympathies " are directed , as Seton meant them to be , toward the wild animal , rather than against the teller of the tale " .
Seton 's intention in writing his stories was to " freely translate " the animals ' language into English , as they " have no speech as we understand it " . The stories were typically prefaced by the author 's strong assertion of their accuracy , and Wild Animals I Have Known marked the nature writer 's first emphasis on the perspective of a wild animal . As Canadian poet and author Charles G.D. Roberts described it , the genre focused on " the personality , individuality , mentality , of an animal , as well as its purely physical characteristics . "
= = Beginning of controversy ( 1903 ) = =
= = = " Real and Sham Natural History " = = =
Naturalist and writer John Burroughs ( 1837 – 1921 ) was respected for his numerous nature essays . Known as an outspoken advocate for the conservation movement in the United States , he was later described by his biographer Edward Renehan as " a literary naturalist with a duty to record his own unique perceptions of the natural world " . Burroughs believed that the nature writer must remain faithful to nature as well as the personal responses to what they witness ; he wrote in the introduction to his 1895 book Wake @-@ Robin that the " literary naturalist does not take liberties with facts ; facts are the flora upon which he lives . The more and the fresher the facts the better . "
When the Atlantic Monthly published a glowing review of the Reverend William J. Long 's 1902 work School of the Woods : Some Life Studies of Animal Instinct and Animal Training , Burroughs became incensed . Long had previously published six books , and while Burroughs was not pleased with the clergyman 's previous efforts , he believed this particular work was an unacceptable example of nature writing . Long insisted not only that animals demonstrated unique and individualistic behavior , unpredictable to science , but he also wrote that there was " absolutely no limit to the variety and adaptiveness of Nature , even in a single species . " Burroughs was not the first to take issue with the growing genre that blurred the line between fact and fiction , or the liberties it often took with the natural world ; Ernest Ingersoll also found fault with School of the Woods , stating it " would be an epoch @-@ making book in both zoology and psychology could its statements be established . " Believing that authors such as Long were deliberately misleading the public for financial gain , Burroughs decided to prove that their fantastical depictions of wild animals were not only impossible , but ultimately damaging to the general public 's understanding of nature .
In March 1903 , Burroughs submitted a scathing essay to the Atlantic Monthly entitled " Real and Sham Natural History " ; the editor , Bliss Perry , reportedly found the piece so " ill @-@ natured " and " peevish " that he sent it back to Burroughs for revisions . Burroughs began his article with praise for authors such as Ingersoll , Frank M. Chapman and Florence Merriam Bailey , all of whom he believed exemplified good nature writing . Championing his own strict adherence to observed fact , Burroughs singled out four books for criticism : Seton 's Wild Animals I have Known , Roberts ' The Kindred of the Wild , William Davenport Hulbert 's Forest Neighbours , and Long 's School of the Woods . In particular he blamed Seton 's collection of stories for founding the sentimental animal story genre ; he even amended the title of the collection to Wild Animals I Alone Have Known . Further denouncing Seton 's claims that his stories featured events and behaviors he had personally witnessed , Burroughs wrote :
Mr. Thompson Seton says in capital letters that his stories are true , and it is this emphatic assertion that makes the judicious grieve . True as romance , true in their artistic effects , true in their power to entertain the young reader , they certainly are but true as natural history they as certainly are not ... There are no stories of animal intelligence and cunning on record , that I am aware of , that match his .
Chief among Burroughs ' complaints was Long 's questioning of the role of instinct in animal learning , something that Burroughs and many scientists of the day accepted without doubt . Long had written that after many years of studying wild animals , he was " convinced that instinct plays a much smaller part than we have supposed ; that an animal 's success or failure in the ceaseless struggle for life depends , not upon instinct , but upon the kind of training which the animal learns from its mother . " In reply to this assertion , Burroughs wrote in " Real and Sham Natural History " : " The crows do not train their young . They have no fortresses , or schools , or colleges , or examining boards , or diplomas , or medals of honor , or hospitals , or churches , or telephones , or postal deliveries , or anything of the sort . Indeed , the poorest backwoods hamlet has more of the appurtenances of civilization than the best organized crow or other wild animal community in the land ! " Burroughs summed up by deeming Long a fraud , stating that his " book reads like that of a man who has really never been to the woods , but who sits in his study and cooks up these yarns from things he has read in Forest and Stream , or in other sporting journals . Of real observation there is hardly a vestige in his book ; of deliberate trifling with natural history there is no end " .
Soon after the publication of Burroughs ' article , the Atlantic Monthly began receiving responses from readers . Among the many letters written in support for Burroughs ' assertions was an article published in the Boston Evening Transcript in defense of Long 's reputation as both a writer and a respected man of the cloth . Written by fellow clergyman Charles Prescott Daniels , the article , which was titled " Discord in the Forest : John Burroughs vs. William J. Long " , suggested that Burroughs left " the reader with a kinder feeling for Mr. Long than for Mr. Burroughs , and [ left ] him , too , with a suspicion that , after all , the beasts and birds will forgive Mr. Long for having so amiably misrepresented them . "
= = = Long 's response = = =
Many of the authors Burroughs criticized in his essays chose not to issue direct rebuttals . As Jack London would later write , they chose to simply " climb a tree and let the cataclysm go by " . Seton , who had previously met Burroughs and had a great deal of respect for the elder naturalist , was confident enough in his own reputation so as not to stage a public reply . Other authors wrote to both him and Burroughs in Seton 's defense , however ; author and editor Hamlin Garland both wrote to Burroughs and spoke to him personally in this regard , saying that Seton 's " stories are based on careful observation . " Three weeks after Burroughs ' article appeared in the Atlantic Monthly he and Seton met at a literary dinner given by Andrew Carnegie ; while accounts of the meeting vary , the two men seemed to make amends .
William J. Long , on the other hand , readily became a publicly vocal enemy of the naturalist after receiving much of Burroughs ' initial criticism . A Congregationalist minister from Massachusetts , Long was an amateur naturalist and avid camper who spent summers hiking in Canada . Shortly
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
from other men who had witnessed as much ; an Ohio man , for example , reportedly found upon shooting a similar bird that it " had evidently broken its leg above the knee joint . There was a bandage around it , composed of a hard clay @-@ like substance , interwoven with grass or a woody fiber of some kind . The bone seemed to have been set properly and had knit perfectly . " None of Long 's witnesses were able to provide specimens for study , however , and Science followed Long 's essay with the note , " We Hope that this discussion will not be carried further . "
= = = Animal psychology = = =
Ruminating on his previous clashes with Long in regard to an animal 's ability to learn behaviors , Burroughs began to focus the ire of his essay @-@ writing on those who upheld the idea of animal psychology . In a series of articles published in Century Magazine , he steadfastly argued that animals functioned on little more than instinct and a very limited ability to learn from experience . He wrote that creatures , unlike humans , are " rational without reason , and wise without understanding . " Although mainly repeating his earlier points , one of Burroughs ' essays was accompanied by a cartoon parodying Long 's School of the Woods ; dubbed " A Lesson in Wisdom " , it showed Mother Nature sitting in a field surrounded by five foxes who look on as she reads from a book titled The Fox Who Lost His Tail in the Trap .
The belief that animals were intelligent enough to learn and reason , much like a human , was largely born from Darwin 's assertion of the evolutionary link between humans and animals . Beginning in the late 19th century and into the early 20th century , the progression from the cause of animal welfare — due to the budding belief that animals could feel pain and suffering — to that of an animal 's mental capacity was readily made in popular nature writing . Therefore , Long was not the first to write of the learned intelligence of animals . Seton often stressed in his stories the wit of the animals he witnessed , as well as the fact that most of them had been " taught " survival skills by either their mothers or their pack leaders . Other writers supported the idea of animal education : Ernest Ingersoll wrote of " morning lessons " in hunting for nuts , and respected bird watcher Olive Thorne Miller described several different teaching endeavors , such as a music lesson taught from one mother bird to her chicks . Miller would also suggest , although part in jest , that even some of the flowers were intelligent .
= = Controversy dies down ( 1904 – 1905 ) = =
Largely silent until then , in 1904 both Seton and Roberts made small efforts to defend their brand of nature writing from its critics , mainly Burroughs . In the preface to his new book The Watchers of the Trails , Roberts specifically responded to Burroughs ' criticism by carefully pointing out that his stories were " avowedly fiction " . However , he continued : " They are , at the same time , true , in that the material of which they are moulded consists of facts " . Later that year , Century Magazine published Seton 's only public response to Burroughs ' criticisms , especially those made in the previous year 's Atlantic Monthly article in which the naturalist branded Seton the originator of the faulty genre . Seton 's response was in the form of a lighthearted tale about a critic named Little Mucky — obviously meant to parody Burroughs himself — who climbs a hill called Big Periodic , only to throw mud at a newcomer who attracts attention away from him . The moral of the story , Seton wrote , was that " Notoriety is a poisonous substitute for fame . "
Despite the best efforts of the press , the debate began to die down in late 1904 . In December that year , after suffering from ailing eyesight for several years , Long went temporarily blind at the age of 47 . Despite this setback , he continued to write ; in early 1905 he began publishing a series of essays in Harper 's Monthly under the pseudonym Peter Rabbit ; told from the point of view of the " author " , the essays commented upon the human condition , animal intelligence , and the controversy first begun by Burroughs two years prior . The essays were published a year later in a collection titled Brier @-@ Patch Philosophy . This book included the dedication : " To those who have found Their Own World to be something of a Brier @-@ Patch the Rabbit Dedicates his little book of Cheerful Philosophy . "
Burroughs continued to publicly disagree with Long and his allies , and a number of his essays dedicated to " sham nature history " were collected in the volume Ways of Nature , published in late 1905 . Admitting that his authorial tone had changed since 1903 , he wrote in the preface that " My readers will find this volume quite a departure in certain ways from the tone and spirit of my previous books , especially in regard to the subject of animal intelligence . Heretofore I have made the most of every gleam of intelligence of bird or four @-@ footed beast that came under my observation , often , I fancy , making too much of it , and giving the wild creatures credit for more ' sense ' than they really possessed . " Mabel Osgood Wright weighed in on the debate in a 1905 essay titled " Nature as a Field for Fiction " , in which she criticized both sides . Believing that nature writing could imbue animal characters with human qualities in order to better connect with the reader on an emotional level , Wright argued that nature writing should nonetheless strive to be factual and not fantastical .
Although Roberts had largely escaped criticism for his previous work , his novel Red Fox attracted attention from Burroughs and his allies after its publication in 1906 . The work contains stories relating to a single animal , the eponymous Red Fox who was described by the author as " fairly typical , both in his characteristics and in the experiences that befall him , in spite of the fact that he is stronger and cleverer than the average run of foxes . " Burroughs ' critique of the book began by expressing his admiration for Roberts ' " genius " , but again stressed his belief that animals were governed by instinct , rather than instruction or intuition . He pointed to particular passages , such as when the fox escaped a group of hounds by running across the backs of sheep on a field , as disingenuous and misleading .
= = Roosevelt 's involvement = =
= = = Pre @-@ 1907 = = =
President Theodore Roosevelt was a well @-@ publicized nature @-@ enthusiast , known for his grand hunting expeditions . While he admired the natural world , and the animals who inhabited it , he believed that animals served a singular purpose : to satisfy human needs , especially in the name of progress . Roosevelt had been following the debate in newspaper articles and magazines with great interest , and as a result he became a friend and confidant of John Burroughs ; shortly after Burroughs ' first article condemning popular nature writers as sham naturalists , Roosevelt sent him a letter of support as well as an invitation to travel west in each other 's company . In April 1903 , Roosevelt and Burroughs explored Yellowstone National Park and its surrounding areas together .
In late 1905 , Roosevelt received a copy of Long 's book Northern Trails from the publisher . Based upon the author 's travels in Canada , most of the stories involved a noble , white wolf named Wayeeses . As in other works , Long asserted that " every incident in this wolf 's life , from his grasshopper hunting to the cunning caribou chase , and from the den in the rocks to the meeting of wolf and children on the storm @-@ swept barrens , is minutely true in fact , and is based squarely upon my own observations and that of my Indians . " While Roosevelt reportedly enjoyed a majority of the book — he even read it aloud to his children — he found fault with Long 's dramatic description of how a wolf killed caribou by piercing the animal 's heart with its teeth . " A terrific rush , " Long wrote in Northern Trails , " a quick snap under the stag 's chest just behind the fore legs , where the heart lay " . Drawing upon his own extensive hunting experience , Roosevelt wrote confidentially to the book 's publisher about Long 's description being " sheer nonsense " , concluding that it " is so very unusual " and anatomically impossible that it could not be true . In his letter , of which he also sent a copy to Burroughs , Roosevelt pointed out the physical difficulty a wolf would have if attempting to kill its prey in such a manner , while also commenting upon the unlikeliness of other wolf stories written by Long .
Burroughs agreed with the President 's assertions , and urged him to comment publicly on the subject , although the other man demurred . When Roosevelt published Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter in October 1905 , however , he not only dedicated it to the elder naturalist , but he also made his first public foray in what would become known as the nature fakers controversy : " I wish to express my hearty appreciation of your warfare against the sham nature @-@ writers — those whom you have called ' the yellow journalists of the woods ' ... You in your own person have illustrated what can be done by the lover of nature who has trained himself to keen observation , who describes accurately what is thus observed , and who , finally , possesses the additional gift of writing with charm and interest . "
= = = " Nature Fakers " = = =
After four years of privately denouncing the popular nature writers in letters and conversation , Roosevelt decided to weigh in publicly ; while alerting Burroughs that he had finally broken his silence , he wrote : " I know that as President I ought not to do this " . He had given an interview to journalist Edward B. Clark , who quoted Roosevelt in the article " Roosevelt on the Nature Fakirs " in the June 1907 issue of Everybody 's Magazine . Roosevelt not only spoke out against Long , but other authors like Jack London and Roberts , who wrote what he called " ' unnatural ' history " . Roosevelt popularized the term " nature faker " over Clark 's original spelling , and defined it in his essay as " an object of derision to every scientist worthy of the name , to every real lover of the wilderness , to every faunal naturalist , to every true hunter or nature lover . But it is evident that [ the nature faker ] completely deceives many good people who are wholly ignorant of wild life . Sometimes he draws on his own imagination for his fictions ; sometimes he gets them second @-@ hand from irresponsible guides or trappers or Indians . " He voiced displeasure with and disbelief of London 's descriptions of dog fighting in White Fang , as well as Long 's stories about Wayeeses the wolf taking down prey ; Roosevelt was so specific as to debate the depicted outcome of the fights based on the size of the animals involved . Long 's books in particular were deemed a " genuine crime " , especially against the country 's children . Fearing that a curriculum including sentimental nature stories would corrupt young children , Roosevelt wrote : " As for the matter of giving these books to children for the purpose of teaching them the facts of natural history — why , it 's an outrage . "
Not long after Roosevelt 's views were made public , Long responded with vigor , and the resulting publicity started the controversy anew . He began by sending a private letter to the President , which he later released to the press , informing Roosevelt that he would soon regret his " foolish words ... With all my soul I regret this necessity and shrink from it , but you have brought it upon yourself . " In an interview with The New York Times , Long called Roosevelt " cowardly " and the article " venomous " , but his main criticism stemmed from the President 's status as a " gamekiller " ; Roosevelt , Long claimed , " has no sympathy with any brand of nature study except his own . " While a number of scientists wrote in support of Roosevelt and his position , Long produced several witnesses to prove his claims ; to combat one of Roosevelt 's specific complaints , Long provided a statement from " a full @-@ blooded Sioux Indian " who declared that wolves in the area where Wayeeses was said to live were known to attack prey in the chest . Long also insisted that he himself had come upon the remains of a deer slain in a similar way .
Long 's most effective tactic against Roosevelt , however , was not to argue biological matters , but to attack the President 's motives in becoming involved in such a debate . In reference to Roosevelt 's published works describing his hunting expeditions , Long wrote : " I find after carefully reading two of his big books that every time he gets near the heart of a wild thing he invariably puts a bullet through it . " The Boston Globe published an article titled " President a Slayer Not Lover of Animals " , while the same missive was called " Long Will Combat Roosevelt Until Latter is Whipped " in Philadelphia 's Public Ledger ; in it , Long wrote : " Roosevelt is a man who takes savage delight in whooping through the woods killing everything in sight . " He continued , " The idea of Mr. Roosevelt assuming the part of a naturalist is absurd . He is a hunter " .
Not everyone took the President 's involvement in the controversy seriously ; he was often included in satirical cartoons of the day , pointing to the superficial and tedious disagreements for which the writers lambasted one another . Writing in the June 8 , 1907 issue of the Outlook , editor Lyman Abbot stated that Roosevelt 's desire to become embroiled in such a debate stemmed from his " extraordinary vitality , coupled with his unusual interest in all that concerns human welfare " making " it very difficult for him to keep silence in the presence of anything which he thinks injurious to his fellow @-@ men . " The President 's participation in the controversy attested to its magnitude , however ; as one observer wrote , " From an insignificant smudge [ the issue ] has become a roaring blaze and its sparks are kindling throughout the land . "
Roosevelt did not at first respond to Long 's claims , allegedly considering the author " too small game to shoot twice . " He did , however , write to Burroughs that he had " no quarrel with Mr. Long for the conclusions he draws from the facts . Our quarrel with him is because he invents the facts . " Burroughs proceeded to publicly defend the President against Long 's attacks , condemning him and the expert witnesses Long produced to support his claims about the events and behaviors he depicted in his works . Newspapers around the country continuously published interviews with the two naturalists , while comedic depictions of the controversy and its participants were becoming popular with readers . One such parody referred to a non @-@ existent book called How to Tell the Animals from the Wild Flowers , including an illustration which depicted an anthropomorphic " Dandy Lion " with a cane , top hat and monocle . This joke inspired a similarly satirical book , which was published under the title How to Tell the Birds from the Flowers ; a collection of humorous illustrations and poems by physicist and children 's author Robert Williams Wood , the work included pairings of birds and their corresponding flowers , emphasizing their visual similarities . Making a thinly veiled reference to the much publicized controversy surrounding those authors who were now called " nature fakers " , the book concludes : " I have freely drawn upon / The works of Gray and Audubon , / Avoiding though the frequent blunders / Of those who study Nature 's wonders . "
= = End of controversy and aftermath = =
Seeing that his initial pronouncement did nothing to quell the controversy surrounding the faults of popular nature writing , Roosevelt finally responded to Long 's ongoing criticism in the fall of 1907 . His article , which was written under his own name and simply titled " Nature Fakers " , was published in the September issue of Everybody 's Magazine . Beginning with a list of nature writers that the President admired and felt best represented the genre ( Burroughs , Muir , and Olive Thorne Miller , among others ) , he soon fell into criticizing the " yellow journalists of the woods " who " can easily believe three impossible things before breakfast ; and they do not mind in the least if the impossibilities are mutually contradictory " . While he focused on the " nature fakers " , especially Long , he shifted the focus of his attack to place responsibility not on the authors , but on their publishers and the school boards who regularly accepted their works for reading material . He wrote :
Our quarrel is not with these men , but with those who give them their chance . We who believe in the study of nature feel that a real knowledge and appreciation of wild things , of trees , flowers , birds , and of the grim and crafty creatures of the wilderness , give an added beauty and health to life . Therefore we abhor deliberate or reckless untruth in this study as much as in any other ; and therefore we feel that a grave wrong is committed by all who , holding a position that entitles them to respect , yet condone and encourage such untruth .
With Roosevelt 's final public word on the matter , the controversy began to die down in earnest , although its key players continued to comment on the debate 's major points for the next few years . The New York Times favored the President 's position in an editorial titled " The War of the Naturalists " , while some still supported Long and his literary efforts . Long was traveling in Maine when Roosevelt 's " Nature Fakers " article was published , and did not respond to the criticisms against him with his past vigor . He later wrote that " the only fakir in the whole controversy , in my judgment , is the big fakir at Washington " . Long 's literary reputation steadily declined , although he continued to write and publish well into the early 1950s . For his remaining life , Burroughs continued to write disparagingly about the effect of sentimental animal stories . In his 1908 book Leaf And Tendril , he wrote :
A great many intelligent persons tolerate or encourage our fake natural history on the ground that they find it entertaining , and that it interests the school @-@ children in the wild life about them . Is the truth , then , without value for its own sake ? What would these good people think of a United States school history that took the same liberties with facts that some of our nature writers do : that , for instance , made Washington take his army over the Delaware in balloons , or in sleighs on the solid ice with bands playing ; or that made Lincoln a victim of the Evil Eye ; or that portrayed his slayer as a self @-@ sacrificing hero ; or that represented the little Monitor that eventful day on Hampton Roads as diving under the Merrimac and tossing it ashore on its beak ?
The nature fakers take just this kind of liberties with the facts of our natural history . The young reader finds it entertaining , no doubt , but is this sufficient justification ?
Also in 1908 , Jack London broke his silence on his condemnation during the controversy by publishing an essay in Collier 's Weekly entitled " The Other Animals " . Directly addressing Roosevelt 's past criticism of his novels , London called the President " homocentric " and " amateur " . He further wrote : " I have been guilty of writing two animal — two books about dogs . The writing of these two stories , on my part , was in truth a protest against the ' humanizing ' of animals , of which it seemed to me several ' animal writers ' had been profoundly guilty . Time and again , and many times , in my narratives , I wrote , speaking of my dog @-@ heroes : ' He did not think these things ; he merely did them , ' etc . And I did this repeatedly , to the clogging of my narrative and in violation of my artistic canons ; and I did it in order to hammer into the average human understanding that these dog @-@ heroes of mine were not directed by abstract reasoning , but by instinct , sensation , and emotion , and by simple reasoning . Also , I endeavored to make my stories in line with the facts of evolution ; I hewed them to the mark set by scientific research , and awoke , one day , to find myself bundled neck and crop into the camp of the nature @-@ fakers . "
Hoping to establish his credentials once and for all as an expert field naturalist , Ernest Thompson Seton spent several years of the controversy working diligently on his two @-@ volume work Life @-@ Histories of Northern Animals , which was published in 1909 . After an enlarged edition of the book was published as Lives of Game Animals , Seton was ironically awarded the Burroughs Medal in 1927 , a prize named after the venerable naturalist who had once so criticized Seton 's work .
Over time , the term " nature faker " began to take on a new meaning ; rather than describing someone who purposefully told false stories about animals , it became synonymous with those who overly sentimentalized the natural world . In 1910 , journalist and writer Richard Harding Davis published a short story titled " The Nature Faker " in Collier 's Weekly , which used the negative colloquialism to refer to the lead character , Herrick , a hapless nature sentimentalist . Animation pioneer John R. Bray also showcased this new definition of " nature faker " while satirizing Roosevelt in two silent cartoons called " Colonel Heeza Liar , Nature Faker " ( 1915 and 1924 ) .
The controversy had far @-@ reaching effects in literary and scientific circles , and marked the only time that a President of the United States weighed in as a " literary and cultural critic — specifically , as an ecocritic . " Though blind naturalist and author Clarence Hawkes deemed the literary debate " a veritable tempest in the teapot " , after the controversy had died down , he came to believe " if I ever make a bad break in regard to my natural history statements that I was doomed . " The author Ralph H. Lutts wrote in his 1990 work The Nature Fakers : Wildlife , Science & Sentiment , the nature fakers controversy " was far more than a clash over the accuracy of animal stories or the question of whether animals can reason " ; rather , the debate signified the changing sensibilities of writers and readers at the turn of the 20th century .
= We Can 't Stop =
" We Can 't Stop " is a song by American recording artist Miley Cyrus , taken from her fourth studio album Bangerz ( 2013 ) . It was released on June 3 , 2013 by RCA Records as the lead single from the album . The song was written and produced by Mike Will Made It , P @-@ Nasty , and Rock City , with additional songwriting provided by Cyrus , Doug E. Fresh , and Slick Rick . " We Can 't Stop " is a pop and R & B song that talks of a house party and recreational drug use .
" We Can 't Stop " received mixed reviews from music critics , who appreciated its overall production but were scathing towards its lyrical content . It peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , and tied her earlier track " Party in the U.S.A. " ( 2009 ) as her highest @-@ peaking single in the country at the time . As of January 2014 , it had sold over two million copies in the United States . The song experienced varying success internationally ; it reached the peak position in countries including New Zealand and the United Kingdom , and peaked moderately in several national record charts in Europe .
An accompanying music video for " We Can 't Stop " was released on June 19 , 2013 . It received generally mixed reviews from critics , who were divided in their opinions regarding Cyrus ' increasingly provocative image . With 10 @.@ 7 million views in the first twenty @-@ four hours of its release , the clip held the record for having the most views in that time @-@ frame across Vevo platforms ; after reaching 100 million views within thirty @-@ seven days , it also set the record for being the fastest music video to attain a Vevo certification . ( Both records were eventually broken by the music video for Cyrus ' follow @-@ up single " Wrecking Ball " in September 2013 . ) " We Can 't Stop " was additionally promoted with a highly controversial performance during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards .
= = Background = =
In 2012 , Cyrus announced plans to focus on her film career , effectively putting her musical endeavors on hiatus . That year , she appeared in the films LOL and So Undercover . She was also confirmed as a primary voice actress in the feature film Hotel Transylvania , but dropped out of the project to coordinate a musical comeback . In January 2013 , Cyrus ended her recording contract with Hollywood Records , under which she released the studio albums Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) , Breakout ( 2008 ) , Can 't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) , and the extended play ( EP ) The Time of Our Lives ( 2009 ) . Later that month , she signed a recording contract with RCA Records . In March , she confirmed that her fourth studio album would be released by the end of 2013 .
Production duo Rock City stated that " We Can 't Stop " was originally written with recording artist Rihanna in mind before offering it to record producer Mike Will Made It , who ultimately offered it to Cyrus . They felt that " this could be somebody ’ s first single " , and decided against Rihanna because of the commercial success of her track " Diamonds " in 2012 . Cyrus commented that " it really just turned out to be perfect and exactly what I wanted , and exactly what I wanted my first sound to be , and my first look to be " .
During the 2013 Billboard Music Awards on May 19 , 2013 , Cyrus announced that the track would be released on June 3 . The cover artwork for " We Can 't Stop " was unveiled in a billboard in Times Square on May 28 . It shows the arms of two people holding Solo Cups , with several people in the background ; Cyrus is notably absent from the image . Cyrus herself appeared on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on June 3 to premiere the track on the radio program , hosted by Ryan Seacrest .
Lena Horowitz 's novel Dancing with Molly , about a girl 's experiences with MDMA and the short @-@ term and long @-@ term effects it has on her life , takes its title from a lyric of Cyrus 's song .
= = Composition = =
" We Can 't Stop " is a mid @-@ tempo pop and R & B song . It is written in the key of E major and Cyrus ' vocals span two octaves , from the low note of B2 to a high F # 5 , and follows the chord progression E — G # m — C # m — A. The track also includes a sample of the track " La Di Da Di " by Doug E. Fresh and MC Ricky D. John Kennedy of Vibe compared the track to the works of Rihanna .
Cyrus has stated that " We Can 't Stop " represents " where I 'm at in my life now " . Lyrically , the track describes a house party , as mentioned in the opening lines " It 's our party , we can do what we want / It 's our party , we can say what we want / It 's our party , we can love who we want / We can kiss who we want / We can live how we want " . It also makes several references to recreational drug use , including " dancing with molly " , using a slang term for ecstasy , and " trying to get a line [ of cocaine ] in the bathroom " . After initial confusion whether the former lyric was " dancing with molly " or " dancing with Miley " , Cyrus clarified that she was referring to ecstasy , commenting that " if you ’ re aged ten it ’ s ' Miley ' , if you know what I 'm talking about then you know . I just wanted it to be played on the radio and they ’ ve already had to edit it so much . "
= = Critical reception = =
" We Can 't Stop " received mixed reviews from music critics , who appreciated its overall production but were negative towards its lyrical content . Adam Carlson of Entertainment Weekly provided a favorable review , writing that the lyrics were questionable but " infectious " , adding that it reminded him of " Kesha on Benadryl . " Sam Lansky from Idolator noted that stands apart from other songs recently played on mainstream radio , adding that it " just feels strange , and kind of wonderful " , while Los Angeles Times ' Mikael Woods labeled it " the calmest , most clear @-@ eyed rebel yell since Janet Jackson 's " Control . " Sean Daly of Tampa Bay Times and Wall Street Journal staff both appreciated the catchy melody , while Lyndsey Parker from Yahoo ! Music felt that " We Can 't Stop " acted as a sequel to Cyrus ' earlier single " Party in the U.S.A. " , with the difference that " she 's just partying a little harder now . "
However , in a more mixed review , Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times felt that the song " seems as if it were written by an ninth @-@ grader imagining her rebellious college sister ’ s lifestyle " and felt that it lacked creativity within Cyrus ' catalog . Writing for Rolling Stone , Jon Dolan was skeptical of Cyrus ' increasingly provocative image , stating that the lyrics in the chorus would be " an odd fit for any singer " and opining that " there 's still a bit too much Disney in her voice to fill the track . " Naomi Zeichner of The Fader praised the song , writing , " Cyrus said in her recent MTV doc ( Miley : The Movement ) , that she chose it to be her album 's first single : ' Not everyone came to me and said okay , you 've got the first single . I had to say no , I know this is it and I 'll go to battle if I have to , against anyone who doesn 't believe in it . Now I have this freedom to do whatever I want , because people trust me . ' She was right about this one . The song 's straightforward party is now tied to a sordid universe of visuals- the official video and the VMA performance . " Common Sense Media gave the song two stars out of five saying that " After listening to the weird intro to " We Can 't Stop " you 'll kind of wish the song did just stop right there . "
" We Can 't Stop " won the award for " Choice Summer Song " and was nominated for " Choice Single : Female Artist " at the 2013 Teen Choice Awards in August . In December , Billboard critics listed it as the best song of 2013 for being " one of the bolder musical choices in recent memory , and that risk paid off tremendously . " The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll ranked " We Can 't Stop " at number nine on their poll to find the best music of 2013 .
= = Commercial performance = =
In the United States , " We Can 't Stop " debuted at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 with first @-@ week sales of 214 @,@ 000 downloads . In its seventh week on the chart , the track reached number two , a spot it would maintain for three weeks . ( Stuck behind Robin Thicke 's Blurred Lines for the entire duration . ) This peak allowed " We Can 't Stop " to tie with " Party in the U.S.A. " as Cyrus ' highest @-@ peaking single in the country at the time . As of December 2014 , the song has sold 3 @,@ 280 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . " We Can 't Stop " peaked at number 3 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and has been certified platinum by Music Canada .
" We Can 't Stop " experienced varying commercial success throughout Europe . In the United Kingdom , it debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart on August 11 , 2013 ― for the week ending date August 17 , 2013 ― becoming her first top @-@ ten success and number @-@ one hit in Britain . She also became the first Disney star to top the charts in that country . It has since been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry . In Austria , " We Can 't Stop " peaked at number eight on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 ; it also peaked at numbers 11 and 20 on the Belgian Ultratop in Wallonia and Flanders , respectively . " We Can 't Stop " charted at number 11 on the Danish Tracklisten , where it was also recognized with a platinum certification . The song charted at number three on the Norwegian VG @-@ lista , and number five on both the Spanish Singles Chart and the Swedish Sverigetopplistan , number seven on the Irish Singles Chart , and number nine in the Czech Republic . The track also reached number ten on The Official Lebanese Top 20 .
In other parts of the continent , " We Can 't Stop " charted in the lower ends of national record charts . The track reached number 15 on The Official Finnish Charts , number 16 on the German Media Control Charts , and number 19 in both Slovakia and on the Swiss Hitparade . It peaked at numbers 26 , 33 , and 48 on the French SNEP , Italian FIMI , and Dutch Single Top 100 , respectively . In Oceania , " We Can 't Stop " peaked at numbers one and four on the Australian ARIA Charts and The Official New Zealand Music Chart , respectively . It was certified triple @-@ platinum in the former territory , and platinum in the latter . In Asia , the song reached number 7 on the Japan Hot 100 and number 23 on the South Korean Gaon Chart .
= = Music video = =
= = = Summary = = =
An accompanying music video for " We Can 't Stop " was directed by Diane Martel , and was premiered through Vevo on June 19 , 2013 . The clip depicts an ongoing house party , where guests are engaging in numerous bizarre actions . Among the activities taking place are the creation of a mountain made of white bread , the kicking of a skull made of french fries , and the simulated slicing of a woman 's fingers . Product placement is also commonplace as Cyrus amplifies her Beats Pill speaker and applies her EOS lip balm . A director 's cut of the music video was released on July 29 , which Carl Williott of Idolator noted featured " more simulated sex , one oral sex gesture near the end and actually less Miley tongue overall . "
= = = Reception = = =
The clip received generally mixed reviews from critics , who were divided in their opinions regarding Cyrus ' increasingly provocative image . Jeremy Cabalona from Mashable compared its concept to that of " Just Dance " by Lady Gaga , while James Montgomery of MTV News noted similarities to the music videos for " Dirrty " by Christina Aguilera and " Criminal " by Fiona Apple . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard provided a favorable review , calling it " fantastically unhinged and purposefully button @-@ pushing " , while Bonnie Fuller from The Huffington Post praised the " high @-@ spirited celebration of the freedom that young women are blessed with today to fully explore and celebrate their sexuality . " On their list of the ten best music videos of 2013 , Rolling Stone placed " We Can 't Stop " at number one , describing it as a " masterpiece for the ages " .
Writing for The Washington Post , Cara Kelly provided a mixed review , feeling that the video recalled " episodes of Girls mashed with Rita Ora and Chanel West Coast . " Patrick Ryan from USA Today called the clip a " bizarre , entertaining but arguably desperate effort " , while Haley Dodd from RyanSeacrest.com thought that the video presented " maybe a little too much " of Cyrus ' " edgier side " . It was later nominated for Best Pop Video , Best Female Video , Best Editing , and Best Song of the Summer for the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards .
With 10 @.@ 7 million views in the first twenty @-@ four hours of its release , the clip held the record for having the most views in that time @-@ frame across Vevo platforms . However , she was later surpassed by " Best Song Ever " by One Direction , with generated 10 @.@ 9 million views in July . After reaching 100 million views in thirty @-@ seven days , it also set the record for being the fastest music video to attain a Vevo certification . Both records were eventually broken by the music video for Cyrus ' follow @-@ up single " Wrecking Ball " in September ; it reached 19 @.@ 3 million first @-@ day views and passed 100 million views in six days .
= = Live performances = =
Cyrus first performed " We Can 't Stop " at Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on June 26 , 2013 and at Good Morning America the following day . In September 2013 , Cyrus sang " We Can 't Stop " on Schlag den Raab in Germany , Le Grand Journal in France , and Alan Carr : Chatty Man in England . On September 21 , she sang twice at iHeartRadio Music Festival in Las Vegas , in the afternoon at festival village and in the evening at MGM Grand Garden Arena . Despite generating media attention for a provocative wardrobe , the performance was considered to be " fairly tame considering the VMAs . "
On October 5 , Cyrus served as the host and musical guest during an episode of Saturday Night Live , and performed an acoustic version of " We Can 't Stop " . The following Monday , Cyrus performed " We Can 't Stop " on Today as part of their Toyota Concert Series . She appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and The Ellen DeGeneres Show later that month , and sang the track during both programs . In November , Cyrus traveled to Europe again to sing " We Can 't Stop " at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards in Amsterdam on November 10 ; she garnered media attention for smoking a joint of marijuana on @-@ stage . In December , she performed at Jingle Ball concerts in Los Angeles ( KIIS @-@ FM Jingle Ball ) , Saint Paul , Atlanta , New York City , Washington , D.C. , Tampa and Sunrise . An episode of MTV Unplugged starring Cyrus premiered through MTV on January 29 , 2014 ; Madonna appeared as a surprise guest that evening to sing an acoustic medley of " We Can 't Stop " and her own " Don 't Tell Me " . Later that year , Cyrus performed " We Can 't Stop " during her headlining Bangerz Tour . A critic from the Nashville Scene praised Cyrus ' performance , writing , " We Can ’ t Stop was sung by Miley and hilariously lip @-@ synced by a kitten on screen . " Blake Hannon provided a positive review , writing , " The crowd erupted for the opening notes of We Can 't Stop . " Cyrus returned to perform the song during the musical festival on June 21 , 2014 , Summertime Ball at Wembley Stadium of London , in front of 80 @,@ 000 people .
= = = MTV Video Music Awards = = =
In August 2013 , Cyrus became the subject of widespread media attention and public scrutiny following a controversial performance and duet with Robin Thicke at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards at Barclays Center in New York City . The performance began with Cyrus performing " We Can 't Stop " in bear @-@ themed attire . Following this , Thicke entered the stage and Cyrus stripped down to a skin @-@ colored two @-@ piece outfit . Cyrus subsequently touched Thicke 's crotch area with a giant foam finger and twerked against his crotch . An article published in The Hollywood Reporter described the performance as " crass " and " reminiscent of a bad acid trip " . The performance was described by XXL critic B. J. Steiner as a " trainwreck in the classic sense of the word as the audience reaction seemed to be a mix of confusion , dismay and horror in a cocktail of embarrassment " , while the BBC said Cyrus stole the show with a " raunchy performance " . The performance generated 306 @,@ 100 tweets per minute on Twitter , breaking the record for the most tweeted @-@ about event in the history of the social network ; the previous record , held by the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show featuring Beyoncé , generated 268 @,@ 000 tweets per minute . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone magazine recognized published a criticism of the presentation of Cyrus at the MTV Video Music Awards 2013 , “ It 's Miley , Bitch : The Tongue That Licked the World ” . The article praises the performance of the singer said : " Miley was the one star in the room who truly understood what the MTV Video Music Awards are all about — waggling your tongue , grabbing your crotch , rocking a foam finger , going to third with the Care Bears , twerking and shrieking and acting out America 's goriest pop @-@ psycho nightmares . She showed up Robin Thicke as one uptight douche , though he helped by dressing as the world 's edgiest Foot Locker manager . Miley stole the night , which is why the nation is still in recovery today . Thanks , Miley . " According to Forbes , Cyrus ' performance resulted in a gain of over 213 @,@ 000 Twitter followers , 226 @,@ 000 likes on Facebook , and 90 @,@ 000 downloads of her new promotional single , " Wrecking Ball " , within days of the controversial performance . This amounted to a total 112 % increase in Cyrus ' social media activity .
= = Cover versions = =
In July 2013 , Rebecca Black released an acoustic cover of " We Can 't Stop " , for which there were lyrical changes made . In September 2013 , Scott Bradlee 's band Postmodern Jukebox made a doo @-@ wop cover of the song . Currently the video has been viewed over 12 million times . Later in September , British band Bastille performed a rock version of the song at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge , using portions of " Lose Yourself " by Eminem in the introduction , " I Just Can 't Wait to Be King " from the 1994 film The Lion King at the end of each chorus , and referencing " Achy Breaky Heart " by Cyrus ' father Billy Ray . Mike Wass from Idolator commented that they brought " emotional depth and a previously absent musicality " and that they turned the song into " an eerily pretty mid @-@ tempo ballad " . Later that month , indie musician Logan Lynn released a cover version of the track , which Lindsey Weber of New York Magazine called " dreamy [ and ] guitar @-@ heavy " and an editor from The Huffington Post called " bold " and " warmer " than the original . British singer Neon Hitch released a cover of " We Can 't Stop " with lyrical adjustments , which Jenna Hally Rubenstein from MTV Buzzworthy called a " kinda @-@ reggae @-@ kinda @-@ jazz @-@ kinda ska @-@ definitely @-@ awesome cover " . The track was also performed by Avery , The Vamps , and Tay Zonday . In 2014 , The Electrical Fire released a cover version of the song , as well as an alternate version which combined it with Kanye West 's " Runaway " , pointing out the similarity between the two songs . Later in 2014 Bastille won Best Cover Woodie award in the mtvU Woodie Awards for covering the track .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Bangerz .
Recording
Recorded at Nightbird Studios ( West Hollywood , California ) ; Conway Recording Studios ( Los Angeles , California ) ; Glenwood Studios , ( Burbank , California )
Mixed at The Penua Project / Innersound Management at Larrabee Sound Studios ( North Hollywood , California )
Personnel
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
There are literary , archaeological , epigraphic and numismatic sources of ancient Tamil history . The foremost among these sources is the Sangam literature , generally dated to the last centuries BCE to early centuries CE . The poems in Sangam literature contain vivid descriptions of the different aspects of life and society in Tamilakam during this age ; scholars agree that , for the most part , these are reliable accounts . Greek and Roman literature , around the dawn of the Christian era , give details of the maritime trade between Tamilakam and the Roman empire , including the names and locations of many ports on both coasts of the Tamil country .
Archaeological excavations of several sites in Tamil Nadu and Kerala have yielded remnants from the Sangam era , such as different kinds of pottery , pottery with inscriptions , imported ceramic ware , industrial objects , brick structures and spinning whorls . Techniques such as stratigraphy and paleography have helped establish the date of these items to the Sangam era . The excavated artifacts have provided evidence for existence of different economic activities mentioned in Sangam literature such as agriculture , weaving , smithy , gem cutting , building construction , pearl fishing and painting .
Inscriptions found on caves and pottery are another source for studying the history of Tamilakam . Writings in Tamil @-@ Brahmi script have been found in many locations in Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Sri Lanka and also in Egypt and Thailand. mostly recording grants made by the kings and chieftains . References are also made to other aspects of the Sangam society . Coins issued by the Tamil kings of this age have been recovered from river beds and urban centers of their kingdoms . Most of the coins carry the emblem of the corresponding dynasty on their reverse , such as the bow and arrow of the Cheras ; some of them contain portraits and written legends helping numismatists assign them to a certain period .
= = Literary sources in Tamil = =
By far , the most important source of ancient Tamil history is the corpus of Tamil poems , referred to as Sangam literature , generally dated from the last centuries of the pre @-@ Christian era to the early centuries of the Christian era . It consists of 2 @,@ 381 known poems , with a total of over 50 @,@ 000 lines , written by 473 poets . Each poem belongs to one of two types : Akam ( inside ) and Puram ( outside ) . The akam poems deal with inner human emotions such as love and the puram poems deal with outer experiences such as society , culture and warfare . They contain descriptions of various aspects of life in the ancient Tamil country . The Maduraikkanci by Mankudi Maruthanaar contains a full @-@ length description of Madurai and the Pandyan country under the rule of Nedunj Cheliyan III . The Netunalvatai by Nakkirar contains a description of the king ’ s palace . The Purananuru and Akanaṉūṟu collections contain poems sung in praise of various kings and also poems that were composed by the kings themselves . The Sangam age anthology Pathirruppaththu provides the genealogy of two collateral lines for three or four generations of the Cheras , along with describing the Chera country , in general . The poems in Ainkurnuru , written by numerous authors , were compiled by Kudalur Kizhar at the instance of Chera King Yanaikkatcey Mantaran Ceral Irumporai.The Chera kings are also mentioned in other works such as Akanaṉūṟu , Kuruntokai , Natṟiṇai and Purananuru . The Pattinappaalai describes the Chola port city of Kaveripumpattinam in great detail . It mentions Eelattu @-@ unavu – food from Eelam – arriving at the port . One of the prominent Sangam Tamil poets is known as Eelattu Poothanthevanar meaning Poothan @-@ thevan ( proper name ) hailing from Eelam mentioned in Akanaṉūṟu : 88 , 231 , 307 ; Kurunthokai : 189 , 360 , 343 and Naṟṟiṇai : 88 , 366 .
The historical value of the Sangam poems has been critically analysed by scholars in the 19th and 20th centuries . Sivaraja Pillay , a 20th @-@ century historian , while constructing the genealogy of ancient Tamil kings from Sangam literature , insists that the Sangam poems show no similarities with ancient Puranic literature and medieval Tamil literature , both of which contain , according to him , fanciful myths and impossible legends . He feels that the Sangam literature is , for the most part , a plain unvarnished tale of the happenings of a by @-@ gone age . Scholars like Dr. Venkata Subramanian , Dr. N. Subrahmanian , Dr. Sundararajan and J.K. Pillay concur with this view . Noted historian K.A.N. Sastri dates the presently available Sangam corpus to the early centuries of the Christian Era . He asserts that the picture drawn by the poets is in obedience to literary tradition and must have been based on solid foundation in the facts of contemporary life ; he proceeds to use the Sangam literature to describe the government , culture and society of the early Pandyan kingdom . Kanakalatha Mukund , while describing the mercantile history of Tamilakam , points out that the heroic poetry in Sangam literature often described an ideal world rather than reality , but the basic facts are reliable and an important source of Tamil history . Her reasoning is that they have been supported by archaeological and numismatic evidence and the fact that similar vivid descriptions are found in works by different poets . Dr. Husaini relies on Sangam literature to describe the early Pandyan society and justifies his source by saying that some of the poetical works contain really trustworthy accounts of early Pandyan kings and present facts as they occurred , though they never throw much light about the chronology of their rule .
Among the critics of using Sangam literature for historical studies is Herman Tieken , who maintains that the Sangam poems were composed in the 8th or 9th century and that they attempt to describe a period much earlier than when they were written . Tieken 's methodology of dating Sangam works has been criticized by Hart , Ferro @-@ Luzzi , and Monius . Robert Caldwell , a 19th @-@ century liguist , dates the Sangam works to a period that he calls the Jaina cycle which was not earlier than the 8th century ; he does not offer an opinion on the historical value of the poems . Kamil Zvelebil , a Czech indologist , considers this date quite impossible and says that Caldwell 's choice of works are whimsical . Champakalakshmi states that since the Sangam period is often stretched from 300 BCE to 300 CE and beyond , it would be hazardous to use the Sangam works as a single corpus of source for the entire period .
According to Encyclopædia Britannica , the Sangam poems were created between 1st century and 4th century and many of them are free from literary conceits . The Macropaedia mentions that the historical authenticity of sections of Sangam literature has been confirmed by archaeological evidence .
= = Literary sources in other languages = =
Kautilya ( c . 370 – 283 BCE ) , in his Sanskrit work Arthashastra , mentions the “ easy to travel " trade route to the South and the products of the Pandya kingdom , including some special varieties of pearls . He refers to the city of Madurai and the river Tamaraparani in the Pandya kingdom . The Sinhalese chronicle Mahawamsa claims that King Vijaya ( c . 543 BCE ) married a daughter of the Pandyan king Kulasekaran , to whom he was sending rich presents every year . Using the references to king Gajabahu I in the Mahawamsa and the Uraiperu katturai of the Tamil epic Cilappatikaram , historians have arrived at a literary chronological device referred to as the Gajabahu synchronism to date the events mentioned in the Tamil epic to the 2nd century CE . The famous Greek traveler Megasthenes ( c . 302 BCE ) mentions the “ Pandae " kingdom and refers to it as “ that portion of India which lies to the southward and extends to the sea " . The Roman historian Strabo ( c . 1st century BCE ) mentions the embassies sent by the Pandyas to the court of Augustus , along with a description of the ambassadors from Dramira . He also gives various details about the trading relationship between the Tamil kingdoms and Rome . Pliny the Elder ( c . 77 CE ) refers to many Tamil ports in his work The Natural History . The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( c . 60 – 100 CE ) gives an elaborate description of the Tamil country and describes the riches of a ' Pandian Kingdom ' :
" " Then come Naura and Tyndis , the first markets of Damirica ( Limyrike ) , and then Muziris and Nelcynda , which are now of leading importance . Tyndisis of the Kingdom of Cerobothra ; it is a village in plain sight by the sea . Muziris , of the same Kingdom , abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Ariake , and by the Greeks ; it is located on a river , distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia , and up the river from the shore twenty stadia ... Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia , and is of another Kingdom , the Pandian . This place also is situated on a river , about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea .... "
One such port , Kudiramalai is mentioned in Greek as Hippuros , a famous port of the Malabar country in Ceylon to the ancient Greeks . Pliny states that in the reign of the Emperor Claudius in 47 CE :
" Annius Plocamus , a freedman , having farmed the customs of the Red Sea , was , while sailing along the coast of Arabia over fifteen days , driven by contrary winds into Hippuros , a port of Taprobane , where he was entertained with kindly hospitality by the king . In six months ' time he acquired a thorough knowledge of the Tamil language . "
An embassy of four envoys were sent from the island to Rome , including ambassador @-@ in @-@ chief Rasaiah from the King of Kudiramalai . To the Romans , the Kudiramalai envoys related particulars about their kingdom 's inhabitants , including their common life expectancy of 100 years , their government , a council of thirty persons , free civil liberties and laws pertaining to abuse of sovereign power , their trade with the Seres ( Chinese ) , their festivals surrounding " the chase " , and their delights in the elephant and the tiger . The ambassadors felt their kingdom to be richer than Rome 's , although in their eyes Rome put its wealth to much better use . The Peutingerian tables which speak of a temple of Augustus in the west coast of Tamilakam were composed in 222 CE . The Roman emperor Julian received an embassy from a Pandya about 361 . A Roman trading centre was located on the Pandyan coast ( Alagankulam — at the mouth of the Vaigai river , southeast of Madurai ) . The Pandyas also had trade contacts with Ptolemaic Egypt and , through Egypt , with Rome by the 1st century , and with China by the 3rd century . The 1st century Greek historian Nicolaus of Damascus met , at Damascus , the ambassador sent by an Indian King " named Pandion or , according to others , Porus " to Caesar Augustus around 13 CE ( Strabo XV.1 – 4 , and Strabo XV.1 – 73 ) .
The Buddhist Jataka story known as Akiti Jataka refers to the Damila @-@ rattha ( Tamil country ) including the region of Kaveripattinam . In the Petavatthu commentary , the Damila country encompasses the Dakhinapátha .
The Chinese writer Pan Kou , who lived before 1st century CE , refers to the city of Kanchipuram in his work Tsien han chou . The Chinese historian Yu Huan in his 3rd century text , the Weilüe , mentions The Kingdom of Panyue :
" ... The kingdom of Panyue is also called Hanyuewang . It is several thousand li to the southeast of Tianzhu ( Northern India ) ... The inhabitants are small ; they are the same height as the Chinese ... "
= = Archeological sources = =
According to Abraham , the Sangam era corresponds roughly to the period 300 BCE – 300 CE , based on archaeology . Many historical sites have been excavated in Tamil Nadu and Kerala , many of them in the second half of the 20th century . One of the most important archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu is Arikamedu , located 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) south of Pondicherry . According to Wheeler , it was an Indo @-@ Roman trading station that flourished during the first two centuries CE . It has been suggested that Arikamedu was first established as a settlement c . 250 BCE and lasted until 200 CE . Kodumanal and Perur , villages on the banks of the Noyyal river in Coimbatore district , were situated on the ancient trade route between Karur and the west coast , across the Palghat gap on the Western Ghats . Both sites have yielded remains belonging to the Sangam age . Kaveripumpattinam , also known as Puhar or Poompuhar , is located near the Kaveri delta and played a vital role in the brisk maritime history of ancient Tamilakam . Excavations have been carried out both on @-@ shore and off @-@ shore at Puhar and the findings have brought to light the historicity of the region . The artefacts excavated date between 300 BCE and early centuries CE . Some of the off @-@ shore findings indicate that parts of the ancient city may have submerged under the advancing sea , as alluded to by the Sangam literature . Korkai , a port of the early Pandyas at the Tamraparani basin , is now located 7 km inland due to the retreating shoreline caused by sediment deposition . Alagankulam , near the Vaigai delta , was another port city of the Pandyas and an archaeological site that has been excavated in the recent years . Both the Pandyan ports have provided clues about local occupations , such as pearl fishing . Other sites that have yielded remnants from the Sangam age include Kanchipuram , Kunnattur , Malayampattu and Vasavasamudram along the Palar river ; Sengamedu and Karaikadu along the Pennar river ; Perur , Tirukkampuliyur , Alagarai and Urayur along the Kaveri river . These excavations have yielded different varieties of ceramics such as black and red ware , rouletted ware and Russet coated ware , both locally made and imported kinds . Many of the pottery sherds contain Tamil @-@ Brahmi inscriptions on them , which have provided additional evidence for the archaeologist to date them . Other artifacts such as brick walls , ring wells , pits , industrial items , remains of seeds and shells provide clues about the nature of the settlements and the other aspects of life during the Sangam age . Archaeologists agree that activities best illustrated in the material records of Tamilakam are trade , hunting , agriculture and crafts .
= = = Evidence for economic activities = = =
Archeological evidence for agriculture in the Sangam age has been retrieved from sites such as Mangudi , Kodumanal and Perur , which have yielded charred remains of seeds of crops like rice , millets including pearl millets , pulses and cotton . It has been deduced that agriculture most likely involved dry farming , with additional irrigation for cotton and rice ; mixed cropping seems to have been undertaken to replenish the nitrogen in the soil — this also suggests a spread of labour and knowledge of different sowing and harvesting techniques . The presence of cotton seeds indicates the production of a crop aimed at craft production , which is also attested by finds of cotton and spindle whorls at Kodumanal . Remains of structures that resemble an artificial water reservoir have been located at different sites . In Arikamedu , a few terracotta ring @-@ wells were found at the bottom of the reservoir ; it has been suggested that the ring wells were to assure the supply of water during the dry season .
A research survey at Kodumanal has unearthed the remains of an ancient blast furnace , its circular base distinguishable by its white colour , probably the result of high temperature . Around the base , many iron slags , some with embedded burnt clay , vitrified brick @-@ bats , many terracotta pipes with vitrified mouths and a granite slab , which may have been the anvil , have been recovered . Absence of potsherds and other antiquities has suggested that the smelting place was located outside the boundary of habitation . More furnaces were discovered at the same site with burnt clay pieces with rectangular holes . The pieces were part of the furnace wall , the holes designed to allow a natural draught of air to pass through evenly into the furnace . Many vitrified crucibles were also recovered from this site ; one of them notable because it was found in an in situ position . Evidence of steel making is also found in the crucibles excavated at this site . In addition to iron and steel , the metallurgy seems to have possibly extended to copper , bronze , lead , silver and gold objects . At Arikamedu , there were indications of small @-@ scale workshops containing the remains of working in metal , glass , semiprecious stones , ivory and shell . Kodumanal has yielded evidence for the practice of weaving , in the form of a number of intact terracotta spindle whorls pierced at the centre by means of an iron rod , indicating the knowledge of cotton spinning and weaving . To further strengthen this theory , a well preserved piece of woven cotton cloth was also recovered from this site . Dyeing vats were spotted at Arikamedu .
Many brick structures have been located at Kaveripumpattinam during on @-@ shore , near shore and off @-@ shore explorations ; these provide proof for building construction during Sangam age . The on @-@ shore structure include an I @-@ shaped wharf and a structure that looks like a reservoir . The wharf has a number of wooden poles planted in its structure to enable anchorage of boats and to facilitate the handling of cargo . Among other structures , there is a Buddhist vihara with parts of it decorated using moulded bricks and stucco . Near shore excavations yielded a brick structure and a few terracotta ring wells . Off @-@ shore explorations located a fifteen course brick structure , three courses of dressed stone blocks , brick bats and pottery . At Arikamedu , there were indications of a structure built substantially of timber , possibly a wharf . Conical jars that could have been used for storing wine and oil have been found near structures that could have been shops or storage areas . Evidence of continued building activity are present at this site , with the most distinctive structures being those of a possible warehouse , dyeing tanks and lined pits .
Kodumanal was popular for the gem @-@ cutting industry and manufacture of jewels . Sites bearing natural reserves of semi @-@ precious stones such as beryls , sapphire and quartz are located in the vicinity of Kodumanal . Beads of sapphire , beryl , agate , carnelian , amethyst , lapis lazulli , jasper , garnet , soapstone and quartz were unearthed from here . The samples were in different manufacturing stages – finished , semi @-@ finished , drilled and undrilled , polished and unpolished and in the form of raw material . Chips and stone slabs , one with a few grooved beads , clearly demonstrate that these were manufactured locally at Kodumanal . Excavations at Korkai have yielded a large number of pearl oyesters at different levels , indicating the practice of the trade in this region . Some of the objects excavated from Kodumanal show a lot of artistic features such as paintings on the pottery , engravings on the beads , hexagonal designs on beads , inlay work in a tiger figurine and engraved shell bangles . More than ten designs are noticed in the paintings and bead etchings .
There are remnants of many of the items imported from and exported to the Roman empire , at Arikamedu . Imported items recovered from here include ceramics such as amphorae and sherds of Arretine ware , glass bowls , Roman lamps , a crystal gem and an object resembling a stylus . Artifacts that may have been meant for export include jewellery , worked ivory , textiles and perhaps leather or leather @-@ related products . Similar looking ornaments have been recovered from Arikamedu and Palatine Hill in Rome , further confirming that this site was a leading trade center . The Pandyan port city Alagankulam has yielded a rouletted pottery ware that bears the figure of a ship on the shoulder portion . This figure is very similar to a finding reported from Ostia , an ancient port of the Romans . Wharf @-@ like structures found at many port cities indicate that they might have been used as docks . Based on marine explorations of various port @-@ sites , it has been suggested that stone anchors may have been used since as early as 3rd century BCE .
= = Epigraphical sources = =
During the later half of the 20th century , several inscriptions of the Sangam age have been discovered in Tamil Nadu and Kerala . Most of them are written in Tamil @-@ Brahmi script and are found in rocks or on pottery . The information obtained from such inscriptions have been used to corroborate some of the details provided by the Sangam literature .
= = = Cave inscriptions = = =
The 2nd and 13th rock edicts of Ashoka ( 273 – 232 BCE ) refers to the Pandyas , Cholas , Cheras and the Satiyaputras . According to the edicts , these kingdoms lay outside the southern boundary of the Mauryan Empire . The Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga King , Kharavela , ( c . 150 BCE ) refers to the arrival of a tribute of jewels and elephants from the Pandyan king . It also talks about a league of Tamil kingdoms that had been in existence 113 years before then . The earliest epigraphic records of the Tamil country in Tamil Nadu were found in Mangulam village near Madurai . The cave inscriptions , deciphered in 1966 , have been dated to 2nd century BC and record the gift of a monastery by Pandyan king Nedunj Cheliyan to a Jain monk . These inscriptions are also the oldest Jain inscriptions in South India and among the oldest in all of India . References to Sangam age Chera dynasty are found in Tamil @-@ Brahmi inscriptions of 3rd century CE found on rocks in Edakal hill in Wynad district of Kerala . The ancient port city of Thondi is mentioned in inscriptions found in Kilavalavu village near Madurai . The early part of the 20th century saw the discovery of about 39 inscriptions in a dozen locations , all near Madurai . The most significant of these were the ones at Alagarmalai and Sittannavasal . The Alagarmalai inscriptions , dated to the 1st century BCE , record the endowments made by a group of merchants from Madurai . Another set of inscriptions from the 2nd century CE , found at Pugalur village near Karur , document the construction of a rock shelter by a Chera king of the Irumporai line for a Jain monk , Cenkayapan . Cave inscriptions at Arachalur , dated to the 4th century , provide evidence for the cultivation of music and dance in the Tamil country . One of the earliest inscriptional evidence of the chieftains of the Sangam age was found at Jambai , a village near the town of Tirukkoyilur in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu . These inscriptions belonging to the 1st century CE record the grants made by the chieftain Atiyaman Netuman Anci who ruled from Takatur . According to epigraphist I. Mahadevan , there were some reservations initially , about the linguistic details in the inscriptions , but further investigations have confirmed their authenticity . Inscriptions from the 2nd century CE found at Mannarkoil village in Tirunelveli district contain a reference to a katikai , which could mean an assembly of learned persons or an institution of higher learning . An inscription belonging to the early Cholas has been discovered near Tiruchirappalli and has been dated between the 2nd and 4th century . An analysis of the geographical sites of these cave inscriptions points to the possibility of the Tamil @-@ Brahmi script having been created at Madurai around the 3rd century BCE and its disseminations to other parts of Tamil country thereafter .
= = = Pottery inscriptions = = =
Inscriptions on pottery , written in Tamil @-@ Brahmi , have been found from about 20 archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu . Using methods such as stratigraphy and palaeography , these have been dated between 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE . Also found in present @-@ day Andhra Pradesh and Sri Lanka , similar inscriptions in Tamil @-@ Brahmi have been found outside the ancient Tamil country in Thailand and the Red Sea coast in Egypt . Arikamedu , the ancient port city of the Cholas , and Urayur and Puhar , their early capitals , have yielded several fragmentary pottery inscriptions , all dated to the Sangam age . Kodumanal , a major industrial center known for the manufacture of gems during this period , had remains of pottery with inscriptions in Tamil , Prakrit and Sinhala @-@ Prakrit . Alagankulam , a thriving sea port of the early Pandyas , has yielded pottery inscriptions that mention several personal names including the name of a Chera prince . One of the pottery sherds contained the depiction of a large Roman ship . Many other ancient sites such as Kanchipuram , Karur , Korkai and Puhar have all yielded pottery with inscriptions on them . Outside of Tamil Nadu and Kerala , inscriptions in Tamil @-@ Brahmi have been found in Srikakulam district in Andhra Pradesh , Jaffna in modern Sri Lanka , ancient Roman ports of Qusier al @-@ Qadim and Berenike in Egypt . The 2nd century BCE potsherds found in excavations in Poonagari , Jaffna , bear Tamil inscriptions of a clan name – vēḷāṉ , related to velirs of the ancient Tamil country . The inscriptions at Berenike refer to a Tamil chieftain Korran .
= = = Other inscriptions = = =
The Thiruparankundram inscription found near Madurai in Tamil Nadu and dated on palaeographical grounds to the 1st century BCE , refers to a person as a householder from Eelam ( Eela @-@ kudumpikan ) . It reads : erukatur eelakutumpikan polalaiyan - " Polalaiyan , ( resident of ) Erukatur , the husbandman ( householder ) from Eelam . Apart from caverns and pottery , Tamil @-@ Brahmi writings are also found in coins , seals and rings of the Sangam age . Many of them have been picked up from the Amaravathi river bed near Karur . A smaller number of inscribed objects have been picked up from the beds of other rivers like South Pennar and Vaigai . An oblong piece of polished stone with Tamil @-@ Brahmi inscription has been located in a museum in the ancient port city of Khuan Luk Pat in southern Thailand . Based on the inscription , the object has been identified as a touchstone ( uraikal ) used for testing the fitness of gold . The inscription is dated to 3rd or 4th century .
= = = Polity from inscriptions = = =
Epigraphy provides an account of various aspects of Sangam polity and has been used to verify some of the information provided by sources such as literature and numismatics . The names of various kings and chieftains occurring in the inscriptions include Nedunj Cheliyan , Peruvaluthi , Cheras of the Irumporai family , Tittan , Nedunkilli , Adiyaman , Pittan and Korrantai . References to administration includes the chiefs , superintendents , titles of ministers , palace of merchants and the village assembly . Religious references to Buddhist and Jain monks are found frequently , which have provided valuable information explaining the spread of those religions in Tamilakam . Brief mentions of various aspects of the Sangam society such as agriculture , trade , commodities , occupations , the social stratification , flora , fauna , music and dance , names of cities and names of individuals are also found in the inscriptions .
= = Numismatic sources = =
Another important source of studying ancient Tamil history are the coins that have been found in recent years in the excavations , megaliths , hoards and surface . The coins belonging to the Sangam age , found in Tamil Nadu are generally classified into three categories . The first category consists of punch @-@ marked coins from Magadha ( 400 BCE – 187 BCE ) and the Satavahanas ( 200 BCE – 200 CE ) . The second category is made up of coins from the Roman Empire dated from 31 BCE to 217 CE , coins of Phoenicians and Seleucids and coins from the Mediterranean region ( c . 300 BCE ) . The third category of Sangam age Tamil coins are the punch @-@ marked silver , copper and lead coins dated 200 BCE – 200 CE and assigned to the Sangam age Tamil kings . The coins belonging to the first two categories mostly attest to the trading relationships that the Tamil people had with the kingdoms of northern India and the outside world . But they do not offer much information regarding the Sangam age Tamil polity . The third category of coins , however , have provided direct testimony to the existence of ancient Tamil kingdoms and have been used to establish their period to coincide with that of the Sangam literature .
= = = Pandyan coins = = =
Among the many coins attributed to the early Pandyas , are a series of punch @-@ marked coins made of silver and copper , that are considered to belong to the earliest period . Six groups of silver punch @-@ marked coins and one group of copper coins have been analysed so far . All of these punch @-@ marked coins have a stylised fish symbol on their reverse , which is considered the royal emblem of the Pandyas . On the obverse of these coins are a variety symbols such as the sun , the sadarachakra , the trishul , a dog , stupa etc . The first group of silver coins was found at Bodinayakanur , in a hoard containing 1124 coins all belonging to the same type . The remaining coins in the five silver group and the copper group were all found in the Vaigai river bed near Madurai . Four of the six silver groups have been assigned a date close to the end of the Mauryan rule , c . 187 BCE . Since Tamilakam was deficient in metallic silver and since Roman silver did not become available in abundance until later , around 44 BCE , it has been postulated that the Pandyan kings melted silver from the coins brought in by trade with Magadha or some foreign location other than Rome . The names of the Pandyan kings who issued this series of coins is not clear . Another series of coins , all made of copper and found near Madurai , have the fish symbol on the reverse and among other symbols on the obverse , have the legend Peruvaluthi written in the Tamil @-@ Brahmi script . They have been assigned a date of around 200 BCE and are considered to have been issued by the Pandyan king Peruvaluthi . These coins are represent some of the few instances where the names of Sangam kings appear in non @-@ literary sources . Sangam literature mentions the importance attached to Vedic sacrifices by Tamil kings including the Pandyan Mudukudumi Peruvaludhi . This fact is also corroborated by the discovery of several Pandyan coins that are referred to as the Vedic sacrifice series . These coins have symbols on their obverse that depict the sacrifices , such as a horse tied to the yuba @-@ stambha , a yagna kunta and a nandhipada . More coins with animal symbols such as the tortoise , the elephant and the bull have been found and assigned to the Pandyan kings . Some of them even have a human portrait , possibly of the king who issued those coins , on their obverse . There are also Pandyan coins belonging to the 1st century BCE that have symbols depicting pearls , signifying the importance of pearl fishery to the Pandyan kingdom . The excavations at Algankulam , near Madurai , recovered two copper coins of the early Pandyas along with Northern Black Polished Ware . These coins have been assigned a broad time period ranging from 200 BCE to 200 CE .
= = = Chera coins = = =
Many of the coins assigned to the Chera kings of Sangam age with a portrait and the legends " Makkotai " or " Kuttuvan Kotai " have been found near the Amaravathi river bed in Karur and elsewhere in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu state . They depict the royal emblem of the Cheras , the bow and arrow symbol , on the reverse . It was generally believed that the Satavahanas were the first indigenous monarchs to issue silver portrait coins . That has been disproved by the discovery of Makkotai and Kuttuvan Kotai coins belonging to the 1st century AD or a little later . Silver coins issued by Augustus and Tiberius have over a period of time been discovered in large numbers from the Coimbatore @-@ Karur region .
Among the Chera coins , the " Makkotai series " bears a unique pattern not found in other Tamil coins of its age . They contain both the portrait of a king ( facing right ) and a written legend , in this case the word " Makkotai " written in Tamil @-@ Brahmi script . These coins exhibit similarities with the Roman coins of emperors Augustus and Tiberius ; like the Roman coins , the portraits on the Makkotai series do not show any jewellery on the king . They are thought to be made of two separate pieces joined by lead , a practice prevalent elsewhere in India at that time . Official seals of the bearing the name " Makkotai " have also been recovered from the river bed ; these seals contain the portrait facing left and the legend " Makkotai " written backwards ( right @-@ to @-@ left ) . The reverse of the seals is blank . The Makkotai coins and the seals have been assigned a date range of 100 BC to end of 100 AD .
Another aspect of the portraits on the Makkotai coins are that they do not have identical head sizes and some facial features also vary from one coin to another , even though they all have the same written legend . Such an observation has been made of coins assigned to the Western Kshatrapas of Gujarat , which are thought to be another inspiration for the Chera coins . Scholars who analyzed the varying portraiture on the Kshatrapa coins have advanced several theories to explain the phenomenon : that the coins could be of different kings who chose to keep the name of an ancestor on their coins or the coins all belong to one king with portraits depicting him at his different ages . Based on such theories , the Chera coins could either belong to a series of rulers or to a single king called Cheraman Makkotai .
Another series of Chera coins depicts various animals along with symbols on its obverse and the Chera emblem on its reverse . Elephant , horse , bull , tortoise and lion are the animals depicted in this series , along with snake and fish . Symbols of inanimate objects include arched hills , battle axe , conch , river , swastika , trident , flowers and the sun .
A few other coins that contain a portrait and a legend have been unearthed ; a coin assigned to certain Kuttuvan Kotai with his portrait and the legend " Kuttuvan Kotai " is notable for the occurrence of the " pulli " in the legend . Based on paleography of the script , it has been assigned a date of late 1st century to early 2nd century AD . A coin belonging to 100 AD with the legend " Kollipurai " and a full @-@ body portrait of a warrior has been assigned to the king Kopperum Cheral Irumporai , as he was known as the victor of Kolli in literature . Another coin of roughly the same period of 100 AD with the legend " Kolirumporaiy " and a warrior portrait has been found ; it has not been assigned to a single king , but based on the legend , there are at least six Chera kings who could be associated with it .
A Chera coin with the portrait of a king wearing a Roman helmet was discovered from Karur . The obverse side of the silver coin has the portrait of a king , facing left , wearing a Roman @-@ type bristled @-@ crown helmet . This coin maybelong to the 1st century BC and may be earlier to Makkotai and Kuttuvan Kotai coins . With a flat nose and protruding lips , he has a wide and thick ear lobe but wears no ear @-@ ring . The person depicted appears to be elderly . Unlike other Chera silver portrait coins , the king 's portrait on this coin faces left . The coin points to Romans having had trade contacts with the Chera kings and establishes that the Roman soldiers had landed in the Chera country to give protection to the Roman traders who had come there to buy materials .
Archaeological investigations conducted unearthed square or circular Chera coins made of copper from near Cochin . This was for the first time , from a stratographic context , coins of Sangam Chera period have been found in Kerala . The coin , which is almost a square in shape , has an elephant facing to the right and some symbols towards the top of the coin . The symbols could not be identified as the upper part of the coin was partially corroded . A drawn bow and arrow was visible on the other side . Below the arrow is an elephant goad ( a prod used to control elephants ) . These coins bear a striking resemblance to the ones excavated from Karur in Tamil Nadu , said the archaeologists .
= = = Chola coins = = =
The number of Chola coins discovered so far are not as many as those of Pandyas ; most of them have been found from archeological excavations at Puhar and Arikamedu , and also beds of rivers Amaravathi near Karur and South Pennar near Tirukkoilur . An early Chola coin has also been found in Thailand . The Chola coins do not contain a portrait or a legend and all of them depict symbols of animals and other inanimate objects like the animal series of the Cheras . But , all of them carry the symbol of a tiger , the Chola emblem , on their reverse . One of the coins has been assigned a date earlier than 200 BCE and some others to about the time of Roman influence , which is around the dawn of the Christian era .
= = = Coins of Chieftains = = =
Parts of the Sangam age Tamil country were ruled over by several independent chieftains , alongside the three crowned monarchs . Among them , coins belonging to the chieftains of the Malayaman clan have been found in Tamil Nadu . Many of them contain a written legend on the obverse and all of them have the image of a flowing river on their obverse . Based on the legends some of these coins have been assigned to specific rulers such as Tirukkannan , also known as Malaiyan Choliya Enadi Tirukkannan , and Tirumudi Kari . A series of coins without a legend but with a horse as the principal motif on the obverse have been assigned to the Malayaman chieftains , because of the river symbol on the obverse . Numismatist R. Krishnamurthy , dates these coins to the period between 100 BCE and 100 CE .
= = = Eelam Tamil coins = = =
Excavations in the area of Tissamaharama in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins produced between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE , some of which carry Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters , which suggest that Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka .
= Dellingr =
Dellingr ( Old Norse possibly " the dayspring " or " shining one " ) is a god in Norse mythology . Dellingr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and in the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In both sources , Dellingr is described as the father of Dagr , the personified day . The Prose Edda adds that , depending on manuscript variation , he is either the third husband of Nótt , the personified night , or the husband of Jörð , the personified earth . Dellingr is also attested in the legendary saga Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks . Scholars have proposed that Dellingr is the personified dawn , and his name may appear both in an English surname and place name as well as German surnames .
= = Attestations = =
= = = Poetic Edda = = =
Dellingr is referenced in the Poetic Edda poems Vafþrúðnismál and Hávamál . In stanza 24 of Vafþrúðnismá , the god Odin ( disguised as " Gagnráðr " ) asks the jötunn Vafþrúðnir from where the day comes , and the night and its tides . In stanza 25 , Vafþrúðnir responds :
Delling hight he who the day 's father is , but
night was of Nörvi born ; the new and waning moons the
beneficent powers created , to count the years for men .
In Hávamál , the dwarf Þjóðrœrir is stated as having recited an unnamed spell " before Delling 's doors " :
For the fifteenth I know what the dwarf Thiodreyrir
sang before Delling 's doors .
Strength he sang to the Æsir , and to the Alfar prosperity ,
wisdom to Hroptatyr .
In the poem Fjölsvinnsmál , Svipdagr asks " What one of the gods has made so great the hall I behold within ? " Fjölsviðr responds with a list of names , including Dellingr . In a stanza of the poem Hrafnagaldr Óðins , the appearance of Dagr , horse , and chariot are described , and Dagr himself is referred to as " the son of Delling . "
= = = Prose Edda = = =
In chapter 10 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , the enthroned figure of High states that Dellingr is a god and the third husband of Nótt . The couple have Dagr , who carries the features of his " father 's people " , which are described as " bright and beautiful " . Odin placed both Dellingr 's son , Dagr , and Dellingr 's wife , Nótt , in the sky , so that they may ride across it with their horses and chariots every 24 hours .
However , scholar Haukur Thorgeirsson points out that the four manuscripts of Gylfaginning vary in their descriptions of the family relations between Nótt , Jörð , Dagr , and Dellingr . In other words , depending on the manuscript , either Jörð or Nótt is the mother of Dagr and partner of Dellingr . Haukur details that " the oldest manuscript , U , offers a version where Jǫrð is the wife of Dellingr and the mother of Dagr while the other manuscripts , R , W and T , cast Nótt in the role of Dellingr 's wife and Dagr 's mother " , and argues that " the version in U came about accidentally when the writer of U or its antecedent shortened a text similar to that in RWT . The results of this accident made their way into the Icelandic poetic tradition " .
= = = Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks = = =
Five riddles found in the poem Heiðreks gátur contained in the legendary saga Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks employ the phrase " Delling 's doors " ( Old Norse Dellings durum ) once each . As an example , in one stanza where the phrase is used Gestumblindi ( Odin in disguise ) poses the following riddle :
What strange marvel
did I see without ,
in front of Delling 's door ;
its head turning
to Hel downward ,
but its feet ever seek the sun ?
This riddle ponder ,
O prince Heidrek !
'Your riddle is good , Gestumblindi , ' said the king ; ' I have guessed it . It is the leek ; its head is fast in the ground , but it forks as it grows up.'
= = Theories = =
Jacob Grimm states that Dellingr is the assimilated form of Deglingr , which includes the name of Dellingr 's son Dagr . Grimm adds that if the -ling likely refers to descent , and that due to this Dellingr may have been the " progenitor Dagr before him " or that the succession order has been reversed , which Grimm states often occurs in old genealogies . Benjamin Thorpe says that Dellingr may be dawn personified , similarly to his son Dagr , the personified day .
Regarding the references to " Delling 's door " as used in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks , Christopher Tolkien says that :
What this phrase meant to the maker of these riddles is impossible to say . In Hávamál 160 it is said that the dwarf Thjódrørir sang before Delling 's doors , which ( in view of the fact that Delling is the father of Dag ( Day ) in Vafþrúðnismál 25 ) may mean that he gave warning to his people that the sun was coming up , and they must return to their dark houses ; the phrase would then virtually mean ' at sunrise . ' As regarding dǫglings for Dellings in H , and Dǫglingar were the descendants of Dagr ( according to SnE . 183 ) .
John Lindow says that some confusion exists about the reference to Dellingr in Hávamál . Lindow says that " Dellingr 's doors " may either be a metaphor for sunrise or the reference may refer to the dwarf of the same name .
The English family name Dallinger has been theorized as deriving from Dellingr . The English place name Dalbury ( south of Derbyshire ) derives from Dellingeberie , which itself derives from Dellingr . In Germany , the family names Dehlinger and Dellinger have also been theorized as deriving from Dellingr .
= The Stag Convergence =
" The Stag Convergence " is the twenty @-@ second episode of the fifth season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory . The episode premiered on April 26 , 2012 on CBS . In it , the main characters go to the bachelor party to celebrate Howard ( Simon Helberg ) and Bernadette 's ( Melissa Rauch ) upcoming marriage . At the party , a drunk Raj ( Kunal Nayyar ) reveals some information about Howard 's past sexual encounters . When Bernadette picks them up from the party , Howard and Rajesh find out that Bernadette learned about Howard 's sexual history from a video posted on the internet .
The story and concept of the episode was written by series co @-@ creator Bill Prady , and writers Steve Holland and Eric Kaplan . The teleplay was written by co @-@ creator Chuck Lorre , and writers Steven Molaro and Jim Reynolds . Peter Chakos served as director . Upon airing , " The Stag Convergence " garnered 12 @.@ 65 million viewers in the United States and 4 @.@ 1 Nielsen rating in the 18 – 49 demographic . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics , noting that it was not as heavy on jokes compared to other episodes in the series .
= = Plot = =
Sheldon , Raj , Leonard and Howard discuss Howard 's bachelor party , with Howard reaffirming to Raj that strippers are banned from the party . Raj then suggests a wine tasting train trip through Napa Valley but , despite Sheldon 's approval , this idea is rejected as well . Meanwhile , Amy is filming Bernadette and Penny making wedding party gifts . She begins to ask a question about consummation but Penny tells her to ask something normal , such as what Bernadette 's married name will be .
The bachelor party proves to be a failure , with Sheldon 's jokes falling flat and Barry Kripke complaining about the lack of strippers . A drunk Raj then begins his speech by saying that he was lonely when he first moved to America until he met Howard . He then tells embarrassing stories about Howard 's sexual history , including how Howard lost his virginity to his second cousin , had a threesome with Raj and a Sailor Moon cosplayer at ComicCon and slept with a prostitute .
Later , Bernadette comes to drives Howard and Raj home and reveals that Wil Wheaton put a video of Raj 's speech on YouTube . Howard had previously claimed that he told her about every girl he had been with , but had not done so . Back at her apartment , she questions whether she can marry him . She is also upset at Penny , who originally set her up with Howard .
Howard shows up at Bernadette 's apartment and gives Penny a heartfelt and genuine apology to give to her , which reduces Penny to tears . Bernadette overhears this and forgives him . Amy is relieved that she is still a maid of honor and the four hug . Leonard later meets Penny in the laundry room and wants to have sex , but Penny declines .
= = Production = =
The story and concept for " The Stag Convergence " were written by series co @-@ creator Bill Prady , and writers Steve Holland and Eric Kaplan . The teleplay for the episode was written by series co @-@ creator Chuck Lorre and writers Steven Molaro and Jim Reynolds . It was directed by Peter Chakos and filmed on March 27 , 2012 . Guest stars included Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom , John Ross Bowie as Barry Kripke , and Wil Wheaton as himself . Ian Scott Rudolph returns as Captain Sweatpants along with actors Jesse Heiman and Zack Sonnenberg at the bachelor party as guests in non @-@ speaking roles .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
The episode was originally broadcast on April 26 , 2012 , followed by Rules of Engagement . Upon airing , " The Stag Convergence " garnered 12 @.@ 65 million viewers while airing simultaneously with American Idol on Fox , Community on NBC , Missing on ABC and The Vampire Diaries on The CW . With the exception of American Idol , which had 14 @.@ 87 million viewers , it beat all other programs in its timeslot . Under the Nielsen rating system , the episode received a 4 @.@ 1 rating and a 13 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 .
In Canada , the episode aired on the same date on CTV Total and 3 @.@ 17 million households watched it ; the episode was the most watched TV show that week . In the United Kingdom , it aired on May 24 , 2012 and garnered 1 @.@ 444 million E4 viewers . On E4 + 1 , the show was watched by 0 @.@ 403 million viewers , giving the episode a total of 1 @.@ 847 million viewers on the night of its first broadcast and making it most watched that night on both channels . In Australia , it aired on Nine Network on May 22 , 2012 and 1 @.@ 27 million viewed the show ; the episode was ranked second on the network and second overall that night .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode received mixed critical reception . Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club graded it a C , claiming that Amy " gets some of the episode 's best lines " . Sava noted that it " has a lot of Jew humor , and Mayim Bialik and Simon Helberg are the perfect people to deliver it " , although disliked Barry and Wil and said that " their jokes wore thin fairly quickly " . R.L. Shaffer of IGN also gave the episode a mixed review , saying that The Big Bang Theory has become more " cynical and chauvinistic " towards female characters . Shaffer also noted he was more frustrated about " the revelation that Bernadette wouldn 't allow strippers at Wolowitz 's bachelor party " , as it is never explained why . Shaffer claimed that there were " only a few laughs here and there " and scored the episode 5 @.@ 5 out of 10 , classifying it as " mediocre " .
Carla Day of TV Fanatic gave a more positive review , rating the episode 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 , and praising Penny 's response to Howard 's apology and claiming that it " provided a nice chuckle . " Jill Mader of Inside Pulse also gave the episode a more positive review , praising " that the episode ended with a really sweet moment for Howard as , after all , he is a character who doesn 't often get to be sweet " and claimed that it was " definitely about people changing and moving forward , and The Big Bang Theory has done a great job of emotionally maturing many of their characters over the past couple seasons " . Despite this , she said that " the episode wasn 't as funny as [ she had ] hoped it would be " and " felt like there was more potential in Howard 's bachelor party than just revealing some unflattering secrets to Bernadette . " Robin Pierson of The TV Critic rated the episode as 56 out of 100 , describing Howard 's " little speech " as " very well written and performed " . However , he considered most of the comedy " generic " , especially in regards to the jokes about Jewish stereotypes and Penny 's dismissal of Leonard . Overall , Pierson said it " wasn 't the strongest episode of comedy " and " wasn 't a particularly interesting episode until the end " .
= Dinner by Heston Blumenthal =
Dinner by Heston Blumenthal is a restaurant in London , England . Opened in January 2011 , it gained a Michelin star within a year , and in April 2014 was listed fifth on The World 's 50 Best Restaurants in Restaurant magazine . It received a second Michelin Star in the 2014 Guide . The restaurant is headed by former Fat Duck head chef Ashley Palmer @-@ Watts . Menu options are based on historical British dishes , which were researched by food historians and through the British Library . The restaurant 's opening drew interest within the industry , and reviews have been positive . Particular dishes have received praise , including the meat fruit , a chicken liver mousse created to look like a mandarin orange .
= = Description = =
The opening of Dinner was announced in August 2010 , to open in early 2011 to replace the Michelin starred restaurant Foliage at the Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park . The opening was originally planned for 1 December , but delays occurred , which would have resulted in the restaurant being ready to open during Christmas week . The decision was made to push back the opening until after the Christmas period was over . Reservations began to be accepted on 1 December 2010 for the restaurant 's opening on 31 January 2011 . There were 42 phone lines set up on the opening day of reservations , which received over 600 telephone bookings . Prior to opening , the first three months were solidly booked . A Valentine 's day booking was sold on auction site eBay , which went for £ 250 .
While overseen by Heston Blumenthal , the head chef in the kitchen is Ashley Palmer @-@ Watts . Palmer @-@ Watts has previously worked with Blumenthal since 1999 , and for five years was head chef at Blumenthal 's other restaurant , the three Michelin starred The Fat Duck . The two chefs researched historical menu choices with help from the British Library and food historians . Blumenthal 's first experience of historical cuisine was in 2000 when he discovered a recipe for roast chicken which required the bird to be plucked alive , and then cooked with a small volume of mercury . This was further enhanced as he filmed Heston 's Feasts for Channel 4 , in which he created a variety of feasts from different historical eras including Tudor , Medieval and Victorian . Despite being called Dinner , the restaurant is also open for lunch as the meaning of the name is intended to be the main meal of the day , regardless of the time at which it is eaten .
The interior of the restaurant was designed by Adam Tihany , and features full length windows allowing diners to see straight into the kitchen . It features a pulley system based on a 16th @-@ century design used for the British Royal Court . The brand identity items such as the logo and the menus were designed by design agency Seymourpowell . A £ 70 @,@ 000 clockwork spitroast cooks pineapples for one of the restaurant 's desserts .
= = = Menu = = =
The restaurant intends to change the menu every three months , each menu containing historical dishes ranging from the 14th to 19th centuries . Prior to opening , rumours were abound regarding the dishes to be served at Dinner , including one report from The Guardian which claimed that an ice @-@ cream meat pie was to appear on the menu . Dishes that do appear include scallops and peas with cucumber ketchup and bergamot cured mackerel salad . Each item has been based on a historical recipe , such as the scallop dish which dates from 1826 and was published in The Cook and Housewife 's Manual Mistress by Meg Dodds . One item which was reported in multiple reviews was the meat fruit , a chicken liver mousse made to look like a textured mandarin orange . The meat fruit was proving so popular that by November 2011 , some 900 were being sold per week and the restaurant was aiming to increase production to be able to supply up to 1200 a week . During the Christmas period , the Meat Fruit is decorated to appear like a plum rather than a mandarine to accord with the holiday season .
The ice cream trolley holds a contraption created by Blumenthal and his team , and constructed from Corian by Mike Smith Studio at a cost of £ 25 @,@ 000 . Powered by a hand crank , it mixes custard and liquid nitrogen to create instant ice cream at the tableside and to top off the ice cream are a variety of sprinkles , popping candy , apple jelly etc . The menus themselves include details such as the year from which the menu item originates .
= = Melbourne = =
A branch of the restaurant has been announced in Melbourne 's Crown Casino , the first Blumenthal restaurant outside of the UK . Former head chef of The Fat Duck in Bray , Ashley Palmer @-@ Watts announced that he would remain in Melbourne following The Fat Duck Melbourne 's closure on August 16th 2015 and continue running Dinner by Heston in the same location .
= = Reception = =
Mark Hix in The Independent described the
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
restaurant as producing the best food he 'd had in two years . He described the meat fruit starter as " astonishing " , and said it could have been seen as gimmicky , but " when it tastes that good , it 's difficult to complain " . Tracey Macloed dined with Mark Hix , and also praised the restaurant describing it as " no @-@ fuss " and " direct " . She also wrote that Hix remarked that the restaurant " could change the face of poncey dining " .
Zoe Williams for The Daily Telegraph gave the restaurant a rating of nine out of ten , saying that the meat fruit made her want to " stand up and cheer " , but again said that although everything served was of the highest quality , the meal did not have a surprise like courses can sometimes have at The Fat Duck . For the same newspaper , Matthew Norman described it as a " theatrical tour de force " . He described the restaurant 's opening as flawless and described it as the " hottest ticket in town for a very long time to come " with a rating of ten out of ten .
Former Blur musician Alex James reviewed the restaurant for British tabloid The Sun . He said that , " His food was the best I 've ever had . It made the second @-@ best restaurant I 've been to seem old @-@ fashioned . " Chef Jason Atherton said that he could not recall a comparable buzz raised by a restaurant , and that he was relieved that the opening of his Pollen Street Social restaurant was not going to take place until late March 2011 , a reasonable gap after the opening of Dinner .
Richard Vines , whilst writing for Bloomberg , advised readers to not be put off the hype ; and while the courses are not as life changing as those served at The Fat Duck , there are stand out dishes such as the meat fruit and the tipsy cake . He also noted that the meat fruit was a favourite of Pierre Koffmann . Marina O 'Loughlin visited the restaurant twice for the Metro newspaper , once just after opening and again several months later to compare how it had settled in . She thought it was a well @-@ oiled operation , but a little too much so , and questioned the originality of it as a version of the meat fruit had previously been available at the restaurant Amber in another Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Hong Kong and little touches as the years of origin which appear next to the menu items have been used before by Marco Pierre White . Jan Moir for The Daily Mail thought that the ice cream trolley was a sensation , along with the meat fruit , but could not understand the reason behind recreating the salamagundy dish .
Jay Rayner for The Guardian described the food as " seriously good " , and summed up the review by saying " Dinner by Heston Blumenthal may be expensive , but it 's also bloody lovely . Save up . "
In the 2012 Michelin guide , the restaurant was awarded its first Michelin star some nine months after opening , becoming one of only four restaurants in London to gain a star in 2012 . It has also been awarded the Restaurant of the Year title by Tatler in 2011 , and won the BMW Square Meal Award for Best New Restaurant . The Zagat guide awarded the restaurant the title of Best Newcomer in 2011 . In 2012 at number 9 it was the highest new entry in The World 's 50 Best Restaurants list by UK @-@ based Restaurant Magazine , also the highest in the UK . The restaurant received a second Michelin Star in the 2014 Michelin guide , becoming Blumenthal 's sixth star .
= Hurricane Rosa ( 1994 ) =
Hurricane Rosa was the only Pacific hurricane to make landfall during the above @-@ average 1994 Pacific hurricane season . It killed at least 4 people in Mexico . Moisture from the hurricane was a factor in widespread flooding in the U.S. state of Texas that killed 22 people and caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage in October 1994 . The pre @-@ Rosa tropical depression formed on October 8 before degenerating the next day . It reformed on October 10 and steadily strengthened as it approached Mexico . Ultimately peaking as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale right before landfall , Rosa was the final hurricane , nineteenth tropical storm , and second @-@ last tropical cyclone of the 1994 Pacific hurricane season .
= = Meteorological history = =
On October 8 , a circulation associated with an area of disturbed weather acquired convection and was designated Tropical Depression Nineteen @-@ E. Upon formation , the depression was forecast to dissipate because of strong wind shear . Moving little , its development was constantly hindered by wind shear . The depression had difficulty organizing , and on October 9 , it became so disorganized that advisories were discontinued .
The depression 's remnants moved eastward and interacted with an area of disturbed weather . This regenerated the convection , and the depression regenerated on October 10 , possibly with a new center of circulation . However , the National Hurricane Center 's preliminary report does not indicate that the depression ever dissipated or regenerated . Moving little in a favorable environment , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Rosa on October 11 , and to hurricane status a day later . At the time it was about 345 miles ( 555 km ) south of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . Rosa continued drifting slowly for another day and a half . Then , a trough caused Rosa to begin moving and accelerate north @-@ northeastward . On October 14 , Rosa peaked in intensity as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale with winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) and a central pressure of 974 mb ( 974 hPa ) . A few hours later , Rosa made landfall near La Concepción about 70 mi ( 110 km ) south @-@ southeast of Mazatlán . Rosa 's circulation weakened over the mountains , and it dissipated on October 15 .
= = Preparations , impact , and aftermath = =
On October 12 , a hurricane watch was issued for the coast from Culiacán to Manzanillo and the Baja California Peninsula south of latitude 24 ° N. At the same time , a tropical storm warning was issued from Manzanillo to Tepic . On October 14 , a hurricane warning was issued for the coast between Culiacán and Cabo Corrientes , and a tropical storm warning south of Cabo Corrientes to Manzanillo . All watches and warnings were lifted later that day .
On October 13 and 14 , two ships , the London Spirit and the Marie Maersk , encountered winds of tropical storm or hurricane force . The Marie Maersk was located especially close to the eye , and its observations were useful to forecasters .
In Nayarit and Durango , two people drowned , while in Sinaloa , four people were pronounced missing . More than 100 @,@ 000 people in Nayarit had their homes damaged . Rosa 's winds damaged many telephone poles , power lines , and houses in Sinaloa . Rainfall between 3 to 5 inches ( 76 to 127 mm ) caused many landslides in mountainous areas . Mudslides forced the evacuation of 400 people from two coastal villages in Jalisco . Rosa dumped rain over parts of coastal and inland Mexico ; the highest rainfall total was 14 @.@ 09 in ( 358 mm ) at Mesa de Pedro Pablo .
Rosa sent moisture into the United States , which , in combination with humidity drawn north from the Gulf of Mexico , caused heavy thunderstorms and flooding in parts of thirty eight Texas counties on October 15 to 19 . The flooding was worst around the San Jacinto and Trinity River basins , and in coastal areas . Rainfall totals ranged from 8 in ( 200 mm ) to more than 28 in ( 710 mm ) . The rain levels caused 100 @-@ year floods at nineteen stations . Several records were broken , some of which had stood since 1940 . In the case of the Lavaca River near Edna , it broke a record set in 1936 . The flooding destroyed 3069 homes , heavily damaged 6560 , and damaged 6148 others . Railbeds and roads sustained damage , while broken gas and oil pipelines caused spills and environmental damage in the Lower San Jacinto River and Galveston Bay . Twenty @-@ two people died due to effects from the storm . In total , the flooding in southeastern Texas caused 700 million ( 1995 USD ) in damage . On October 18 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) declared the worst @-@ affected areas a disaster area . After the declaration , FEMA received 26 @,@ 000 applications for disaster assistance and approved 54 million ( 1995 USD ) in aid .
= Bremen @-@ class cruiser =
The Bremen class was a group of seven light cruisers built for the Imperial German Navy in the early 1900s . The seven ships , Bremen , Hamburg , Berlin , Lübeck , München , Leipzig , and Danzig , were an improvement upon the previous Gazelle class . They were significantly larger than the earlier class , and were faster and better armored . Like the Gazelles , they were armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns and a pair of torpedo tubes .
The ships of the Bremen class served in a variety of roles , from overseas cruiser to fleet scout to training ship . Bremen and Leipzig were deployed to the American and Asian stations , respectively , while the other five ships remained in German waters with the High Seas Fleet . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Leipzig was in the Pacific Ocean in the East Asia Squadron ; she saw action at the Battle of Coronel in November and was sunk a month later at the Battle of the Falkland Islands . Bremen was sunk by a Russian mine in December 1915 , but the other five ships of the class survived the war .
Three of the surviving ships , Lübeck , München , and Danzig , were seized by Britain as war prizes after the end of the war and sold for scrapping . The other two ships , Hamburg and Berlin , were used as training cruisers through the 1920s . They were converted into barracks ships in the mid @-@ 1930s , a role they filled for a decade ; in 1944 , Hamburg was sunk by British bombers and later broken up for scrap , while Berlin was scuttled in deep water after the end of World War II to dispose of a load of chemical weapons .
= = Design = =
The 1898 Naval Law authorized the construction of 30 new light cruisers by 1904 ; the Gazelle @-@ class cruiser filled the requirements for the first ten vessels.The design for the Bremen class was an improved version of the preceding Gazelle class , the improvements chiefly being in size and speed . To accommodate the more powerful propulsion system , a third funnel was added . The armored deck was also thickened significantly . The fourth ship of the class , Lübeck , was fitted with steam turbines , so the quality of turbine engines could be compared with otherwise identical vessels . The Bremen class was followed by the Königsberg class , which was very similar to the Bremens , including the same armament . And like the Bremens , one ship of the class , Stettin , was equipped with turbine engines while the rest had traditional triple @-@ expansion engine .
= = = General characteristics = = =
The Bremen @-@ class ships were 110 @.@ 6 meters ( 362 ft 10 in ) long at the waterline and 111 @.@ 1 m ( 364 ft 6 in ) long overall . They had a beam of 13 @.@ 3 m ( 44 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 28 to 5 @.@ 68 m ( 17 @.@ 3 to 18 @.@ 6 ft ) forward . They displaced 3 @,@ 278 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 226 long tons ) as designed and between 3 @,@ 652 to 3 @,@ 816 t ( 3 @,@ 594 to 3 @,@ 756 long tons ; 4 @,@ 026 to 4 @,@ 206 short tons ) at full combat load . The ships ' hulls were constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames , and incorporated twelve watertight compartments . The hulls also had a double bottom that ran for 56 percent of the length of the hull .
All seven ships were good sea boats , but they were crank and rolled up to twenty degrees . They were also very wet at high speeds and suffered from a slight weather helm . Nevertheless , the ships turned tightly and were very maneuverable . In a hard turn , their speed fell up to 35 percent . They had a transverse metacentric height of .58 to .61 m ( 1 ft 11 in to 2 ft 0 in ) . The ships had a standard crew of fourteen officers and between 274 and 287 enlisted men , though later in their careers , these figures increased to 19 and 330 , respectively . The Bremen @-@ class ships carried a number of smaller boats , including one picket boat , one pinnace , two cutters , two yawls , and one dinghy .
= = = Machinery = = =
With the exception of Lübeck , the ships ' propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines , designed to give 9 @,@ 863 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 355 kW ) for a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) . Lübeck was instead fitted with a pair of Parsons steam turbines , rated at 11 @,@ 343 shaft horsepower ( 8 @,@ 458 kW ) and a top speed of 22 @.@ 5 knots ( 41 @.@ 7 km / h ; 25 @.@ 9 mph ) , though all seven ships exceeded these speeds on trials . All seven ships had ten coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers , which were trunked into three funnels amidships . The ships carried up to 860 tonnes ( 850 long tons ) of coal , which gave the first three ships a range of 4 @,@ 270 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 910 km ; 4 @,@ 910 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) ; Lübeck 's less efficient turbine engines cut her cruising radius to 3 @,@ 800 nmi ( 7 @,@ 000 km ; 4 @,@ 400 mi ) , while the last three ships of the class had a longer range , at 4 @,@ 690 nmi ( 8 @,@ 690 km ; 5 @,@ 400 mi ) . Bremen and Hamburg had three generators that produced a total output of 111 kilowatts at 110 volts ; the rest of the ships had two generators rated at 90 kilowatts at the same voltage .
= = = Armament and armor = = =
The ships of the class were armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . Later in their careers , Bremen and Lübeck had two 15 cm SK L / 45 guns installed in place of the two forward and two rear 10 @.@ 5 cm guns . They retained the six broadside 10 @.@ 5 cm guns . All seven ships were also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . These tubes were submerged in the hull on the broadside . Lübeck later had a pair of 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tubes installed in deck mounts , with four torpedoes .
Armor protection for the members of the class consisted of two layers of steel with one layer of Krupp armor . The ships were protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick . Sloped armor 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick gave some measure of vertical protection , coupled with the coal bunkers . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides and a 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) thick roof . The ships ' guns were protected by 50 mm thick shields .
= = Construction = =
The seven ships of the Bremen class were built between 1902 and 1907 , at various German dockyards , including private firms and government shipyards .
= = Service history = =
The ships of the Bremen class served in a variety of roles throughout their careers . Bremen and Leipzig served abroad from 1905 to 1914 ; the former returned to Germany shortly before the outbreak of World War I , and the latter remained with the East Asia Squadron . Hamburg , Berlin , Lübeck , and Danzig served in the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet after they entered service . München meanwhile was used as a torpedo test ship during her pre @-@ war service . All seven of the ships saw action during the First World War , though only Bremen and Leipzig was lost during the conflict .
Danzig was present during the Battle of Heligoland Bight in August 1914 , but did not directly engage the British ships . She did , however , rescue survivors from the sinking cruiser Ariadne . Hamburg was present for the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby in December 1914 , where she briefly encountered — but did not engage — British light forces . Only one ship , München , saw action at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May and 1 June 1916 , where she was hit by five medium @-@ caliber shells and moderately damaged . Three of the ships , Bremen , Lübeck , and Danzig , saw action against Imperial Russian forces in the Baltic Sea during the war , including during the assault on Libau and the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in 1915 and during Operation Albion in 1917 . Bremen struck Russian mines in December 1915 and sank with the majority of her crew going down with her . Leipzig , still overseas at the start of the war , saw action at the Battles of Coronel and Falkland Islands in late 1914 . At the former , she engaged the British cruiser HMS Glasgow , and at the latter , was sunk by Glasgow and HMS Cornwall .
Berlin was withdrawn from service in 1916 and disarmed . München was badly damaged by a British mine in October 1916 , and thereafter decommissioned for use as a barracks ship . Hamburg was also used as barracks ship later in the war , and Leipzig became a training ship in 1917 . Danzig was the last ship to leave active service , in late 1917 . Of the five surviving ships , Berlin and Hamburg were retained by the newly reorganized Reichsmarine as training ships . The remaining three , Lübeck , München , and Danzig , were surrendered as war prizes to the United Kingdom , which sold them for scrapping in the early 1920s . Hamburg and Berlin soldiered on as training cruisers into the late 1920s and early 1930s ; by the mid @-@ 1930s , they had again been converted into floating barracks . Hamburg was sunk by British bombers in 1944 , and later raised and broken up for scrap in 1949 . Berlin survived World War II and was loaded with chemical weapons and scuttled in the Skaggerak after the war to dispose of the munitions .
= Illinois Route 103 =
Illinois Route 103 is a 9 @.@ 18 @-@ mile ( 14 @.@ 77 km ) state route in west @-@ central Illinois , United States . The route , entirely in Schuyler County , runs from U.S. Route 24 near Ripley east to the intersection of U.S. Route 67 and Illinois Route 100 across the Illinois River from Beardstown . In addition to connecting Ripley and Beardstown , Route 103 also serves the community of Sugar Grove . The highway is part of both the National Highway System and the Lincoln Heritage Trail . Route 103 is maintained by the Illinois Department of Transportation . The route was established in 1924 between Ripley and its current eastern terminus ; its western terminus was moved north to its current location in 1932 .
= = Route description = =
Route 103 begins at a junction with U.S. Route 24 in Woodstock Township in southern Schuyler County , northeast of Ripley . The route initially runs eastward along the LaMoine River , passing through a forested area . After the river turns southward , the highway continues east through farmland . Route 103 intersects County Route 9 before entering the unincorporated community of Sugar Grove , where it meets County Route 1 . After passing through Sugar Grove , the highway enters Bainbridge Township . The road makes a small southward dip through a tree @-@ lined area , passing a small group of buildings and crossing a creek , before returning to its eastward trajectory . The route passes to the north of the community of Cottonwood . Route 103 runs through open farmland at the eastern end of its route , crossing two creeks and passing several farm buildings . The highway terminates at a junction with U.S. Route 67 and Illinois Route 100 , across the Illinois River from Beardstown .
Route 103 is an undivided two @-@ lane road for its entire length . The entire route is part of the National Highway System , a network of roads deemed significant to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . Route 103 is also part of the Lincoln Heritage Trail , a series of highways connecting places with historic connections to Abraham Lincoln . According to the Illinois Department of Transportation , the annual average daily traffic on Route 103 in 2009 ranged from 1300 vehicles near the western terminus to 1400 near Sugar Grove ; 200 to 225 of those vehicles were trucks .
= = History = =
Route 103 was designated in 1924 between Ripley and Beardstown . A road between Ripley and the route 's current eastern terminus was first marked on state highway maps in 1924 ; this route began at Ripley and ran parallel to and south of the current route on its western half , before turning north and following the current alignment east at Layton . Route 103 was first numbered on the 1929 Illinois highway map . The western terminus of Route 103 was moved from Ripley to its current location in 1932 , and the western half of the highway moved northward to its present alignment . The community of Layton , which was near the present location of Sugar Grove , was marked along the route until 1951 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Schuyler County .
= Telephone ( song ) =
" Telephone " is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga featuring Beyoncé , for Gaga 's third EP , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) . The song was written by Gaga , Rodney Jerkins , LaShawn Daniels , Lazonate Franklin and Beyoncé . Inspired by her fear of suffocation , Gaga explained that the lyrics preferring relaxing on the dance floor to answering her lover 's phone call are a metaphor , the phone calling her representing the fear of not having worked hard enough to succeed . Originally , Gaga wrote the song for Britney Spears , who recorded a demo . Musically , " Telephone " consists of an expanded bridge , verse @-@ rap and a sampled voice of an operator announcing that the phone line is unreachable . Beyoncé appears in the middle of the song , singing the verses in a rapid @-@ fire way , accompanied by double beats .
The song received positive reviews from critics who frequently noted " Telephone " as a stand @-@ out track from The Fame Monster . It was Grammy @-@ nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2011 . " Telephone " charted in a number of countries due to digital sales following the album 's release , namely in the United States , Australia , Canada , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden and Hungary . The song was particularly successful in Europe where it reached the top of the charts in Belgium , Denmark , Hungary , Ireland , Netherlands , Norway and the United Kingdom . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , the single sold 7 @.@ 4 million digital copies worldwide in 2010 , making it one of Gaga 's best @-@ selling singles .
The accompanying music video is a continuation of the video for her 2009 song , " Paparazzi " , and is also shot as a short film . After Gaga gets bailed out of prison by Beyoncé , they go to a diner and poison the guests having breakfast . After the homicide they escape and end up in a high speed police chase . The video referenced Quentin Tarantino and his films Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) and Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) . The video received generally positive reviews was nominated for three awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , including one for Video of the Year . In January 2015 Billboard named it the best video of the first half of the decade . In memory of Alexander McQueen , Gaga performed an acoustic rendition of " Telephone " mixed with " Dance in the Dark " at the 2010 BRIT Awards . It was also added to the set list of The Monster Ball Tour in 2010 , the Born This Way Ball in 2012 and ArtRave : The Artpop Ball in 2014 .
= = Background = =
" Telephone " was originally written by Gaga for singer Britney Spears 's sixth studio album , Circus , but Spears rejected it . Later , Gaga recorded the song as a collaboration with Beyoncé for The Fame Monster . Gaga said , " I wrote it for her [ Spears ] a long time ago and she just didn 't use it for her album . It 's fine because I love the song and I get to perform it now . " Spears ' demo for the song leaked in May 2010 . Additionally , the guest vocalist was originally going to be Spears , but ultimately Gaga made Beyoncé the featured vocalist instead . The main inspiration behind the song was Gaga 's fear of suffocation as she felt that she seldom found time to just let loose and have fun .
Fear of suffocation — something that I have or fear is never being able to enjoy myself , ... ' Cause I love my work so much , I find it really hard to go out and have a good time . ... I don 't go to nightclubs , ... You don 't see pictures of me falling out of a club drunk . I don 't go — and that 's because I usually go and then , you know , a whiskey and a half into it , I got to get back to work .
In May 2011 , Gaga said her " emotional connection " with the song was difficult . When she was asked if it was because the song was originally written for Britney Spears , she answered : " Well that ’ s not exactly what happened , but I don ’ t want to delve into that . I could delve into it if you turn that ( motions to recorder ) off ... But ultimately the mix and the process of getting the production finished was very stressful for me . So when I say it ’ s my worst song it has nothing to do with the song , just my emotional connection to it . "
= = Composition = =
" Telephone " was written by Lady Gaga , Rodney Jerkins , LaShawn Daniels , Lazonate Franklin and Beyoncé . Musically , the song has been described as dance @-@ pop . Although constructed as a duet , Beyoncé 's first appearance is in the middle verse . She sings her lyrics through a brief interlude , and later backs the chorus during the rest of the song . The song starts off unassumingly , with Gaga singing in a solemn voice over a harp melody , which changes immediately to a pounding beat . Essentially , Gaga is in a club and her boyfriend keeps calling , but she cannot talk as she was drinking and dancing to her favorite song . The chorus runs as follows : " Stop calling , stop calling , I don 't want to talk anymore . " " Telephone " consists of an expanded bridge , verse @-@ rap and an epilogue where a voice announces that the telephone line is not reachable at that moment . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is set in the time signature of common time , with a tempo of 122 beats per minute . Gaga 's vocals range from the low @-@ note of F3 to the high @-@ note of C5 . It is set in the key of F minor , specifically , F Dorian mode , and has a basic sequence of Fm – A ♭ – B ♭ – Fm as its chord progression .
" Telephone " ' s lyrics relate to the singer preferring the dance floor to answering someone 's call . She further tells her lover that she left her head and her heart on the dance floor . The verses are sung in a rapid @-@ fire way , accompanied by double beats . According to Gaga , the phone addressed in the lyrics of the song is not just a physical phone , but also a person in her head telling her to keep working harder and harder . Gaga explained , " That 's my fear — that the phone 's ringing and my head 's ringing , ... Whether it 's a telephone or it 's just the thoughts in your head , that 's another fear . "
= = Critical reception = =
The song has garnered positive reviews from music critics . Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH said that the song was " probably the best thing here [ on The Fame Monster ] . " He also complimented the " brilliant bridge " and the ending of the song where the caller gets through to her voicemail . Popjustice gave the song a positive review : " It 's a little bit like Gwen 's ' What You Waiting For ? ' meets Timbaland 's ' The Way I Are ' meets about fifty other things ... The structure 's quite exciting ... there is something tumultuously brilliant about Beyoncé 's contribution that makes everything seem fine and as if it was the plan all along . " Evan Sawdey from PopMatters said that " The much talked @-@ about Beyoncé collaboration ' Telephone ' , which — with its double @-@ time beat and rapid @-@ fire verses — proves to be one of the most adrenaline @-@ pumped songs that Gaga has yet crafted , the whole thing feeling like it 's about to veer of [ sic ] the tracks at any moment simply due to the giddy excitement shared between the two divas , easily turning it into the unquestioned highlight of The Fame Monster " . Mikael Woods from Los Angeles Times felt that " Telephone " is " a carefully considered meditation on how annoying it is when a dude keeps calling you while you 're throwing down at the club . " The New York Times ' Jon Caramanica commented that " Video Phone " and " Telephone " , " promised a new direction , but all Beyoncé did was show up to prove she could out @-@ Gaga Gaga , then return to her comfort zone . "
Nicki Escuerdo from Phoenix New Times listed " Telephone " as a stand @-@ out track from the album . Sarah Hajibagheri from The Times and Armond White , music and film critic for the New York Press , were not impressed with the song . Hajibagheri said " The appearance of Beyoncé 's vocal alongside ringtones on Telephone adds to the sense of utter chaos . " White elaborated that " [ The song ] celebrates a heedless refusal to communicate ; to mindlessly , heartlessly indulge pop culture — Tarantino style . " Melanie Bertoldi from Billboard gave the song a positive review , stating " Much like Kesha 's ' Blah Blah Blah ' , ' Telephone ' sets out to silence bugaboos , with whom featured artist Beyoncé is all too familiar . ... By the time " Telephone " surges through a wall of cellular bleeps to return to its simple introduction , Gaga and Beyoncé have left the listener with just one option : surrender to the dancefloor . "
= = Accolades = =
In the annual Pazz and Jop mass critics poll of the year 's best in music , " Telephone " was ranked number 16 in 2010 . It was placed at number three by Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone on his Top 25 Singles of the 2010 list . Sheffield further stated that " Telephone " was a " communication breakdown on the dance floor " and added , " Beyonce , the most egregiously non @-@ crazy pop star of our time , gets to pretend she 's as nuts as Gaga for a few minutes . " Amy Phillips from Pitchfork Media placed " Telephone " at number 55 in her list " Top Tracks of 2010 " saying it was " one of the less weird tracks " on The Fame Monster . The same year , the song was also included on year @-@ end lists of best songs compiled by MTV News and PopMatters at numbers ten and 29 respectively . On April 26 , 2011 , Gary Trust of Billboard listed " Telephone " at the fourth position on his list of the 10 All @-@ Female Hit Collaborations .
In 2010 , " Telephone " was nominated in the category for Favorite Song at the Australian Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards and the 37th People 's Choice Awards . The following year , the song was nominated in the category for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards . It was recognized as one of the Most Performed Songs in 2011 at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards . The same year , BMI listed " Telephone " as one of the Award @-@ Winning Songs at their awards ceremony . It also received nominations for Best Single and Best Collaboration at the 2011 Virgin Media Music Awards winning the latter .
= = Chart performance = =
In November 2009 due to strong digital sales , the song charted in Ireland , Australia , and the United Kingdom , debuting at numbers twenty @-@ six , twenty @-@ nine , and thirty respectively . The song became the top debut on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 issue dated December 12 , 2009 , at number thirty , due to digital sales . After weeks of fluctuating up the charts , " Telephone " reached a peak of three , becoming Gaga 's sixth consecutive top ten hit in the United States . The song peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart on the issue dated February 27 , 2010 . On March 15 , 2010 , Billboard announced that the song reached number one on the Pop Songs chart , thus becoming Gaga 's sixth consecutive number @-@ one on the chart , making her the only artist in history to do this . It also became Beyoncé 's sixth number @-@ one on Pop Songs . With this , Gaga and Beyoncé tied with Mariah Carey for most number @-@ ones since the Nielsen BDS @-@ based Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . As of April 2016 , " Telephone " has sold 3 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States .
In Australia , the song has reached a peak of three , and was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 210 @,@ 000 copies of the single . In New Zealand , the song debuted at thirty @-@ one , becoming the highest debut of that week . It ultimately reached a peak of three on the chart . " Telephone " debuted at number fourteen on the Canadian Hot 100 and moved to a peak of three , making it Gaga 's sixth consecutive top three single there . The song has been certified triple platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for sales of 240 @,@ 000 digital downloads .
In the United Kingdom , " Telephone " reached number twelve on the UK Singles Chart on March 14 , 2010 . It climbed to number one the chart the following week , becoming Gaga 's fourth number @-@ one single ― and Beyoncé 's fifth ― in Britain . It has sold 757 @,@ 000 copies in the UK as of April 2016 , and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . According to the Official Charts Company , " Telephone " is the third best @-@ selling vinyl single in the UK for the 2010s decade . In Ireland , the song debuted at number twenty @-@ six , and moved up to number two , before reaching the summit of the chart the following week . " Telephone " debuted at thirty @-@ three on the Swedish charts , and in the top @-@ ten at number three on the Hungarian charts . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , the song has sold 7 @.@ 4 million copies across the world in 2010 .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and development = = =
The music video was filmed on January 28 , 2010 , and directed by Jonas Åkerlund . New York magazine reported that the concept of the video involved Beyoncé as she bails Gaga out of jail . In published photos from the set , Gaga and Beyoncé were seen shooting in a car called the " Pussy Wagon " , which Uma Thurman 's character drove in Quentin Tarantino 's 2003 film Kill Bill : Vol . 1 . Other concepts of the video involve scenes at a diner , a cameo from singer Tyrese Gibson , and a prison shower scene . Gaga and Beyoncé wore " destroyed denim pieces " , designed by Frank Fernández and Oscar Olima . In an interview with E ! Online , Gaga explained the deeper meaning behind the video .
There was this really amazing quality in ' Paparazzi ' , where it kind of had this pure pop music quality but at the same time it was a commentary on fame culture ... I wanted to do the same thing with this video ... There certainly is a Tarantino @-@ inspired quality in the [ ' Telephone ' ] video ... His direct involvement in [ it ] came from him lending me the Pussy Wagon . We were having lunch one day in Los Angeles and I was telling him about my concept for the video and he loved it so much he said , " You gotta use the Pussy Wagon . "
On February 5 , 2010 , Gaga was interviewed by Ryan Seacrest on KIIS @-@ FM . She commented on the video , saying , " What I like about it is it 's a real true pop event , and when I was younger , I was always excited when there was a big giant event happening in pop music and that 's what I wanted this to be . " Gaga also said that her intent was to take " the idea that America is full of young people that are inundated with information and technology and turn it into something that was more of a commentary on the kind of country that we are . "
Rock band Semi Precious Weapons confirmed to MTV News that they would have a cameo role in the music video . On February 15 , 2010 , three film stills from the music video were posted on Gaga 's website . The stills depicted Gaga in three separate scenes : a kitchen scene where she wears a plastic chef 's hat and a telephone made entirely of hair on her head , a scene in a diner with her dancers , where she is seen wearing an American flag patterned bikini and bandana , and a black @-@ and @-@ white photo of Gaga wearing a hat made from multiple triangles and corded telephones . The video was originally slated to premiere in February 2010 but was pushed back to March 2010 instead . On March 9 , 2010 , more stills of the video were posted online . The video premiered on E ! News and Vevo on March 11 , 2010 .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The music video is over nine minutes long and begins where " Paparazzi " left off after Gaga was arrested for killing her boyfriend by poisoning his drink . Gaga is taken to a women 's prison , where she is led to her cell by two prison guards , who strip her of shoulder @-@ padded dress and left lying nude , while she is mocked by the other women prison inmates . One of the guards comments : " I told you she didn 't have a dick " , referring to the rumors that Gaga is intersex . For the video 's first three minutes , it shows Gaga 's activities in the prison — including kissing a lesbian prisoner ( Heather Cassils ) in the exercise yard , wearing sunglasses made out of half @-@ smoked cigarettes , and watching catfights in the commissary . Gaga 's sister , Natali Germanotta , makes a cameo in the commissary scene . After that , Gaga answers a call from Beyoncé , and begins to sing the song . She performs the first verse and chorus with other scantily clad inmates , followed by a bridge featuring Gaga wearing a yellow caution tape outfit designed by Brian Lichtenberg .
Gaga is bailed out and exits to find Beyoncé waiting for her in the " Pussy Wagon " . Beyoncé is nicknamed Honey Bee , a reference to the character Honey Bunny in Tarantino 's 1994 crime film Pulp Fiction . After an exchange of dialogues , Gaga and Beyoncé travel through the desert and pull over at a diner . Beyoncé sits opposite to her boyfriend , Gibson , but becomes tired of his stupidity and poisons him , but it does not kill him like she had hoped . The video later shifts to an intermediate sequence called " Let 's Make a Sandwich " , where Gaga stands in a kitchen , wearing a folded @-@ up telephone on her head , while dancers cavort behind her , holding salad tongs and assorted cutlery . Ultimately , Gaga prepares a sandwich and eats it , after a dance sequence . In the meantime , Gaga mixes poison into all of the dishes she is preparing for the unsuspecting customers causing Gibson and everybody else , including characters played by Semi Precious Weapons and her Great Dane , Lava , to die . Gaga and Beyoncé perform another dance sequence , wearing American flag inspired garments and shredded denims , while strutting around the dead bodies . Gaga and Beyoncé leave the diner in the " Pussy Wagon " and travel on a highway as a news reporter ( played by Jai Rodriguez ) reports the murders at the diner . The final shots shows Gaga and Beyoncé travelling through the desert with police sirens wailing in the background . The video ends with the line " To Be Continued ... " followed by end credits .
= = = Reception = = =
James Montogomery from MTV commented : " With ' Telephone ' , Gaga has entered the rarest of pop stratospheres , up there with the Madonnas and the Michael Jacksons . " Matt Donnelly from Los Angeles Times wrote that the " Telephone " music video is a " visual feast , packed with fantastic fashion , girl fights , poisoned diner food , an army of headpieces and lots of Gaga goodness . " Amy Odell from New York magazine felt that " This is Gaga 's video , but Beyoncé is the best part : she actually shows the angry , crazy side that we just knew lurked beneath her too @-@ perfect facade . " Monica Herrera from Billboard wrote : " [ The video ] more than measures up to the hype . ... ' Telephone ' clip is chock full of intrigue , prison fights , makeout scenes , mass poisoning and plenty of skin @-@ baring versions of what you might call ' outfits ' . " Tanner Stransky from Entertainment Weekly commented : " Is it as good as her epic ' Bad Romance ' video ? Sadly , I don 't think so . But it 's better than anything else out there . " Jennifer Cady of the website E ! Online praised Beyoncé 's " always fierce " look during the video . A writer of The Huffington Post wrote , " As usual there is murder , masturbation , product placement , Tarantino referencing and lots of impractical headwear . " In January 2015 , Billboard named the video as the best music video of the first half of the 2010s ( decade ) .
Sandy Rios , president of the Culture Campaign criticized the video on Fox News in an interview with Megyn Kelly , calling it " disgusting ... poison for the minds of our kids " . Critic Armond White , of the New York Press , described the video as " cruel and ugly " also stating that it " epitomizes the insanity of the contemporary pop mainstream " and pays " homage to Tarantino 's influence " in distorting " pop culture pleasure into nonsense " . William Goodman of Spin called the video a " Whitman 's sampler of pop nuggets " and found a " boom @-@ pow effect of brightly @-@ colored Japanese television . " He finished his review by concluding that the " video must have cost a fortune " and described it as a " big @-@ budget , pop masterwork " . Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone called the video a " mash @-@ up of lesbian prison porn , campy sexploitation flicks and insidery winks at the two divas ' public personas . " He noted that " If Quentin Tarantino and Russ Meyer remade Thelma & Louise as an orgy of product placement with fiercely choreographed interludes , this would be the result . " Ganz finished his review by saying that " The clip is certainly cinematic and oddly feminist , and gasps at a larger statement about consumer culture . "
In May 2011 , Gaga expressed some dissatisfaction with the video in an interview with Time Out , saying : " I can 't even watch the Telephone video , I hate it so much . Beyoncé and I are great together . But there are so many ideas in that video and all I see in that video is my brain throbbing with ideas and I wish I had edited myself a little bit more . "
= = = Recognition and accolades = = =
The video was placed at number three on NME 's list of " 50 Best Music Videos of 2010 " along with the comment that it 's " nearly ten minutes of product placements , a Thelma and Louise storyline , bizarre outfits and some uniquely Gaga @-@ esque dance moves . " It was also placed at number 17 on NME 's list of " 100 Greatest Music Videos " and the writer concluded , " ' Telephone ' eschews all the overreaching cosmic weirdness of her recent clips and settles for a nine @-@ minute lesbo action @-@ filled Tarantino rip @-@ off . " On Spin 's list of " The 20 Best Music Videos of 2010 " , the video was put at number seven along with the comment that " the decision to enlist the normally buttoned @-@ up Beyoncé in Gaga 's lezzie jailbird fantasia was genius . " The writers of Pitchfork Media also put the video on their list of " The Top Music Videos of 2010 " . On August 3 , 2010 , the video received three nominations at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , in the categories of Best Choreography , Video of the Year and Best Collaboration , winning the latter and losing the former to Gaga 's own " Bad Romance " video .
= = Live performances = =
Gaga performed " Telephone " at the BRIT Awards on February 16 , 2010 , at Earls Court Exhibition Centre . The performance was inspired by the recent death of her friend , fashion designer Alexander McQueen . Initially she had planned a different version of the performance , but changed the concept at the last minute , since she wanted to pay tribute to McQueen . Hence she chose an acoustic version of " Telephone " and a remix of " Dance in the Dark " . Before the show , she posted a message on her Twitter account : " Tonight 's performance is inspired by our friend . Mask by Phillip Treacy , Sculpture by Nick Knight , Music by Lady Gaga . We miss you . " She started the performance by announcing " This is for Alexander McQueen . " Gaga was dressed in a complete white outfit with a huge Marie @-@ Antoinette style wig . The whole performance was low @-@ key in comparison to her previous ones .
Gaga added the song to The Monster Ball Tour 's setlist , for the European leg . It was performed in the second act , titled " Subway " . She was dressed in black and played a keytar . " Telephone " , as well as " Brown Eyes " ( from The Fame ) , was also performed on the British comedy chat show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross , on March 3 , 2010 , for an episode that aired two days later . Gaga performed " Telephone " on the Japanese television show Music Station on April 16 , 2010 . She wore a lace cat suit and a pair of plastic batwing shoulders , designed by Somarta and Yuima Nakazato respectively . In May 2011 , Gaga performed the song during Radio 1 's Big Weekend in Carlisle , Cumbria . On June 26 , 2011 , Beyoncé performed the song during the Glastonbury Festival in front of more than 175 @,@ 000 fans . The song was also performed on Gaga 's 2012 Born This Way Ball Tour with the same dance choreography . During the tour ArtRave : The Artpop Ball in 2014 , the song was performed again with the same melody as " Poker Face " .
= = Other versions = =
On May 2 , 2010 , a demo of " Telephone " featuring vocals by Britney Spears leaked onto the web . After suggestions that the demo may be fake , the producer of the song , Rodney Jerkins , confirmed the authenticity of the song , via Twitter . He added that the leaked version was an early , unmixed demo recording and , moreover , denied leaking the song , arguing that , despite the fact that he has been asked to leak the full song , he did not do it . The musical style of the demo was compared with Spears ' 2007 single " Piece of Me " , and the song itself generated comparisons with Spears ' sound in her fifth studio album Blackout . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone praised Spears ' version including it at number twenty @-@ five on his Top 25 Singles of the 2010 list .
Little Mix blended " Telephone " with Queen 's " Radio Ga Ga " ( 1984 ) during the eighth series of the British The X Factor and later released this version as a single . " Telephone " was covered by Lea Michele as Rachel Berry and Charice Pempengco as Sunshine Corazon for the American TV show Glee episode " Audition " , which aired on September 21 , 2010 . This version was released as a single , and reached number seventeen in Canada , eighteen in Ireland , twenty @-@ three in the US , and thirty in Australia .
= = Track listing and formats = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording and management
Gaga 's vocals recorded at Darkchild Studios ( Los Angeles , California )
Knowles ' vocals recorded at Studio Groove ( Osaka , Japan )
Mixed at Chalice Studios ( Los Angeles , California )
Mastered at Oasis Mastering ( Burbank , California ) , AfterMaster Recording and Mastering Studios ( Hollywood , California )
Knowles appears courtesy of Music World Entertainment and Columbia Records
Published by Stefani Germanotta P / K / A Lady Gaga ( BMI ) , Sony / ATV Songs LLC , House Of Gaga Publishing Inc . , Glojoe Music Inc . ( BMI ) Rodney Jerkins / EMI Blackwood Music Publishing ( BMI ) , EMI April Music ( ASCAP ) , EMI Blackwood / RJ Productions LLC , B @-@ Day Publishing and EMI April Music , Inc . ( ASCAP )
Personnel
Credits adapted from The Fame Monster album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications and sales = =
= = Release history = =
= Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough =
Sarah Churchill ( née Jenyns , spelt Jennings in most modern references ) , Duchess of Marlborough ( 5 June 1660 ( old style ) – 18 October 1744 ) rose to be one of the most influential women of her time through her close friendship with Queen Anne of Great Britain . Sarah 's friendship and influence with Princess Anne was widely known , and leading public figures often turned their attentions to her in the hope that she would influence Anne to comply with requests . As a result , by the time Anne became queen , Sarah ’ s knowledge of government , and intimacy with the Queen , had made her a powerful friend and a dangerous enemy .
Sarah enjoyed a " long and devoted " relationship with her husband of more than 40 years , John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough . She acted as Anne 's agent after Anne 's father , James II , was deposed during the Glorious Revolution ; and she promoted her interests during the rule of James 's successors , William III and Mary II . When Anne came to the throne after William 's death in 1702 , the Duke of Marlborough , together with Sidney Godolphin , the first Earl of Godolphin , rose to head the government , partly owing to his wife 's friendship with the Queen . While the Duke was out of the country commanding troops in the War of the Spanish Succession , Sarah kept him informed of court intrigue , while he sent her requests and political advice , which she would then convey to the Queen . Sarah tirelessly campaigned on behalf of the Whigs , while also devoting much of her time to building projects such as Blenheim Palace . She died in 1744 at the age of eighty @-@ four .
A strong @-@ willed woman who liked to get her own way , Sarah tried the Queen 's patience whenever she disagreed with her on political , court or church appointments . After her final break with Anne in 1711 , Sarah and her husband were dismissed from the court , but she returned to favour under the Hanoverians following Anne 's death . She had famous subsequent disagreements with many important people , including her daughter the second Duchess of Marlborough ; the architect of Blenheim Palace , John Vanbrugh ; prime minister Robert Walpole ; King George II ; and his wife , Queen Caroline . The money she inherited from the Marlborough trust left her one of the richest women in Europe .
= = Early life = =
Sarah Jennings was born on 5 June 1660 , probably at Holywell House , St Albans , Hertfordshire . She was the daughter of Richard Jennings ( or Jenyns ) , a Member of Parliament , and Frances Thornhurst ; her paternal grandfather was Sir John Jennings , father , by his wife Alice Spencer , of an extraordinarily large family . Her uncle ( Martin Lister ) was a prominent naturalist . Richard Jennings came into contact with James , Duke of York ( the future James II , brother of King Charles II ) , in 1663 , during negotiations for the recovery of an estate in Kent ( Agney Court ) that had been the property of his mother @-@ in @-@ law , Susan Lister ( nee Temple ) . James 's first impressions were favourable , and in 1664 Sarah ’ s sister , Frances , was appointed maid of honour to the Duchess of York , Anne Hyde .
Although James forced Frances to give up the post because of her marriage to a Catholic , James did not forget the family . In 1673 , Sarah entered court as maid of honour to James ’ s second wife , Mary of Modena .
Sarah became close to the young Princess Anne in about 1675 , and the friendship grew stronger as the two grew older . In late 1675 , when she was still only fifteen , she met John Churchill , 10 years her senior , who fell in love with her . Churchill , who had previously been a lover of Charles II ’ s mistress , Barbara Palmer , Duchess of Cleveland , had little to offer financially , as his estates were deeply in debt . Sarah had a rival for Churchill in Catherine Sedley , a wealthy mistress of James II and the choice of Churchill 's father , Sir Winston Churchill , who was anxious to restore the family 's fortune . John may have hoped to take Sarah as a mistress in place of the Duchess of Cleveland , who had recently departed for France , but surviving letters from Sarah to John show her unwillingness to assume that role .
= = = Marriage = = =
In 1677 , Sarah 's brother Ralph died , and she and her sister , Frances , became co @-@ heirs of the Jennings estates in Hertfordshire and Kent . John chose Sarah over Catherine Sedley , but both John 's and Sarah 's families disapproved of the match , therefore they married secretly in the winter of 1677 – 78 .
John and Sarah were both Protestants in a predominantly Catholic court , a circumstance that would influence their political allegiances . Although no date was recorded , the marriage was announced only to the Duchess of York , and a small circle of friends , so that Sarah could keep her court position as Maid of Honour .
When Sarah became pregnant , her marriage was announced publicly ( on 1 October 1678 ) , and she retired from the court to give birth to her first child , Harriet , who died in infancy . When the Duke of York went into self @-@ imposed exile to Scotland as a result of the furore surrounding the Popish Plot , John and Sarah accompanied him , and Charles II rewarded John 's loyalty by creating him Baron Churchill of Eyemouth in Scotland , Sarah thus becoming Lady Churchill . The Duke of York returned to England after the religious tension had eased , and Sarah was appointed a Lady of the Bedchamber to Anne after the latter 's marriage in 1683 .
= = = Reign of James II ( 1685 – 1688 ) = = =
The early reign of James II was relatively successful ; it was not expected that a Catholic king could assert control in a fiercely Protestant , anti @-@ Catholic country . In addition , his daughter and heir was a Protestant . However , when James attempted to reform the national religion , popular discontent against him and his government became widespread . The level of alarm increased when Queen Mary gave birth to a Roman Catholic son and heir , Prince James Francis Edward , on 10 June 1688 . A group of politicians known as the Immortal Seven invited Prince William of Orange , husband of James 's Protestant daughter Mary , to invade England and remove James from power , though the plan became public knowledge very quickly . James still retained some influence , and he ordered that both Lady Churchill and Princess Anne be placed under house arrest at Anne 's residence ( the Cockpit ) in the Palace of Whitehall ; both their husbands , though previously loyal to James , had switched their allegiances to William of Orange . Sarah , however , describes in her memoirs how the two easily escaped and fled to Nottingham :
The Princess went to Bed at the usual time to prevent suspicion . I came to her soon after ; and by the backstairs which went down from her closet , her Royal Highness [ Princess Anne ] , my Lady Fitzharding [ one of Sarah 's closest friends ] and I , with one servant , walked to the coach where we found the Bishop [ of London ] , and the Earl of Dorset . They conducted us that night to the Bishop 's house in the city , and the next day to my Lord Dorset 's at Copt @-@ Hall . From there we went to the Earl of Northampton 's , and thence to Nottingham , where the country gathered about the Princess ; nor did she think herself safe till she saw that she was surrounded by the Prince of Orange 's friends .
Although Sarah implied that she had encouraged the escape for the safety of Princess Anne , it is more likely that she was protecting herself and her husband . If James succeeded in defeating Prince William of Orange in battle he might imprison and even execute Lord and Lady Churchill for treason , whereas it was unlikely he would condemn his daughter to a similar fate . But James fled to France in December 1688 rather than confront the invading army , allowing William to take over his throne .
= = = Unwanted servant : William III and Mary II = = =
Life for Sarah during the reign of William and Mary was difficult . Although the new King and Queen had awarded Sarah ’ s husband the title Earl of Marlborough , Sarah and John enjoyed considerably less favour than they had during the reign of James II . The new Earl of Marlborough had supported the now exiled James ; and by this time Sarah ’ s influence on Anne , and her cultivation of high members of the government to promote Anne ’ s interests , was widely known . Mary II responded to this by demanding that Anne dismiss Sarah . However , Anne refused . This created a rift between Mary and Anne that never healed .
Other problems also emerged . In 1689 , Anne 's supporters ( including the Marlboroughs and the Duke of Somerset ) demanded that she be granted a parliamentary annuity of £ 50 @,@ 000 , a sum that would end her dependence on William and Mary . Sarah was seen as the driving force behind this bill , creating further ill @-@ feeling towards her at court . William responded to the demand by offering the same sum from the Privy Purse , to keep Anne dependent on his generosity . However , Anne , through Sarah , refused , pointing out that a parliamentary grant would be more secure than charity from the Privy Purse . Eventually Anne received the grant from Parliament , and felt she owed this to Sarah 's efforts .
Sarah 's success as a leader of the opposition only intensified the Queen 's animosity towards the Marlboroughs . Although she could not dismiss Sarah from Anne 's service , Mary responded by evicting Sarah from her court lodgings at the Palace of Whitehall . Anne responded by leaving the court as well , and Sarah and she went to stay with their friends Charles Seymour , the sixth Duke of Somerset , and Elizabeth , the Duchess of Somerset at Syon House . Anne continued to defy the Queen ’ s demand for Sarah ’ s dismissal , even though an incriminating document signed by the Earl of Marlborough supporting the recently exiled James II and his supporters had been discovered . This document is likely to have been forged by Robert Young , a known forger and disciple of Titus Oates ; Oates was famous for stirring a strongly anti @-@ Catholic atmosphere in England between 1679 and the early 1680s . The Earl was imprisoned in the Tower of London . The loneliness Sarah suffered during these events drew her and Anne closer together .
Following the death of Mary II from smallpox in 1694 , William III restored Anne ’ s honours , as she was then become next in line to the throne , and provided her with apartments at St. James 's Palace . He also restored the Earl of Marlborough to all his offices and honours , and exonerated him from any past accusations . However , fearing Sarah ’ s powerful influence , William kept Anne out of government affairs , and he did not make her regent in his absences though she was now his heir apparent .
= = Power behind the throne : Queen Anne = =
In 1702 , King William III died , and Anne became Queen . Anne immediately offered John Churchill a dukedom , which Sarah initially refused . Sarah was concerned that a dukedom would strain the family 's finances ; a ducal family at the time was expected to show off its rank through lavish entertainments . Anne countered by offering the Marlboroughs a pension of £ 5000 a year , for life , from Parliament , as well as an extra £ 2000 a year from the Privy Purse , and they accepted the Dukedom . Sarah was promptly created Mistress of the Robes ( the highest office in the royal court that could be held by a woman ) , Groom of the Stole , Keeper of the Privy Purse , and Ranger of Windsor Great Park . The Duke accepted the Order of the Garter , as well as the office of Captain @-@ General of the army .
During much of Anne ’ s reign , the Duke of Marlborough was abroad fighting the War of the Spanish Succession , while Sarah remained in England . Despite being the most powerful woman in England besides the Queen , she appeared at court only rarely , preferring to oversee the construction of her new estate , Woodstock Manor ( the site of the later Blenheim Palace ) , a gift from Queen Anne after the duke 's victory at the Battle of Blenheim . Nevertheless , Anne sent her news of political developments in letters and consulted Sarah 's advice in most matters .
Sarah was famous for telling the Queen exactly what she thought , and did not offer her flattery . Anne and Sarah had invented petnames for themselves during their youths which they continued to use after Anne became queen : Mrs Freeman ( Sarah ) and Mrs Morley ( Anne ) . Effectively a business manager , Sarah had control over the Queen 's position , from her finances to people admitted to the royal presence .
= = = Wavering influence = = =
Anne , however , expected kindness and compassion from her closest friend . Sarah was not forthcoming in this regard and frequently overpowered and dominated Anne . One major political disagreement occurred when Sarah insisted that her son @-@ in @-@ law , Charles Spencer , the third Earl of Sunderland , be admitted into the Privy Council . Sarah allied herself more strongly with the Whigs , who supported the Duke of Marlborough in the war ; and the Whigs hoped to utilise Sarah 's position as royal favourite . Anne refused to appoint Sunderland : she disliked the radical Whigs , whom she saw as a threat to her royal prerogative . Sarah used her close friendship with the Earl of Godolphin , whom Anne trusted , to eventually secure such appointments , but continued to lobby Anne herself . She sent Whig reading materials to Anne in an attempt to win her over to her own preferred political party . In 1704 , Anne confided to Lord Godolphin that she did not think she and Sarah could ever be true friends again .
= = = Clash of personalities = = =
Sarah 's frankness and indifference for rank , so admired by Anne earlier in their friendship , was now seen to be intrusive . Unlike most women of the time — many of whom did not have influence with their own husbands — Sarah had a powerful intimacy with the two most powerful men in the country , Marlborough and Godolphin . Godolphin , though a great friend of Sarah 's , had even considered refusing high office after Anne 's accession , preferring to live quietly and away from the political side of Sarah , who was bossy , interfering , and presumed to tell him what to do when Marlborough was away . Sarah , although a woman in a man 's world of national and international politics , was always ready to give her advice ; express her opinions ; antagonize with outspoken censure ; and insist on having her say on every possible occasion . However , she had a charm and vivaciousness which was admired by many ; and she could easily delight those she met with her wit .
Anne 's apparent withdrawal of genuine affection occurred for a number of reasons . She was frustrated by Sarah 's long absences from Court and despite numerous letters from Anne to Sarah on this subject , Sarah rarely attended , and wrote her excuses in letters to Anne . There was also a political difference between them : Anne was a Tory ( the party known as the " Church party " , religion being one of Anne 's chief concerns ) , and Sarah was a Whig ( the party known to support Marlborough 's wars ) . Sarah did not share Anne 's deep interest in religion , a subject she rarely mentioned , although at their last fraught interview she did warn Anne that she risked God 's vengeance for her unreasoning cruelty to Sarah . The Queen did not want this difference to come between them ; but Sarah , always thinking of her husband , wanted Anne to give more support to the Whigs , which she was not prepared to do .
Sarah was called to Cambridge in 1703 , where her only surviving son , John , Marquess of Blandford , was taken ill with smallpox . The Duke of Marlborough was recalled from the war and was at his bedside when he died on 20 February 1703 . Sarah was heartbroken over the loss of her son and became reclusive for a period , expressing her grief by closing herself off from Anne and either not answering her letters or doing so in a cold and formal manner . However , Sarah did not allow Anne to shut her out when Anne suffered bereavement . After the death of Anne 's husband , Prince George of Denmark in 1708 , Sarah arrived uninvited at Kensington Palace to find Anne with the prince 's body . She pressed the heartbroken Queen to move from Kensington to St James 's Palace in London , which Anne bluntly refused , and instead commanded Sarah to call Abigail Masham to attend her . Aware that Abigail was gaining more influence with Anne , Sarah disobeyed her , and instead scolded her for grieving over Prince George 's death . Although Anne eventually submitted and allowed herself to be taken to St James 's Palace , Sarah 's insensitivity greatly offended her and added to the already significant strain on the relationship .
= = Fall from grace = =
= = = Abigail Masham : political rival = = =
Sarah had previously introduced her impoverished cousin , then known as Abigail Hill , to court , with the intention of finding a role for her . Abigail , the eldest daughter of Sarah 's aunt , Elizabeth Hill ( Jennings ) , was working as a servant to Sir John Rivers of Kent when Sarah first learned of her existence . As Sarah 's grandfather Sir John Jennings had had two and twenty children , she had a multitude of cousins and could not know them all . She gave Abigail employment within her own household at St Albans , and after a tenure of satisfactory service , Abigail was made a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Anne in 1704 . Sarah later claimed in her memoirs that she had raised Abigail " in all regards as a sister " .
Abigail was also the second cousin of the Tory leader , Robert Harley , later first Earl of Oxford and Mortimer . Flattering , subtle and retiring , Abigail was the complete opposite of Sarah , who was dominating , blunt and scathing . During Sarah ’ s frequent absences from court , Abigail and Anne grew close ; Abigail was not only happy to give the Queen the kindness and compassion that Anne had longed for from Sarah , but she also never pressured the Queen about politics ; Anne responded with pathos to her flattery and charm . She was present at Abigail ’ s secret wedding to Samuel Masham , groom of the bedchamber to Prince George , in 1707 , without Sarah ’ s knowledge .
Sarah was completely oblivious to any friendship between Anne and Abigail , and was therefore surprised when she discovered that Abigail frequently saw the Queen in private . Sarah found out about Abigail 's marriage several months after it had occurred , and immediately went to see Anne – with the intention of informing her of the event . It was at this interview that Anne let slip that she had begged Abigail to tell Sarah of the marriage ; Sarah became suspicious about what had really happened . After questioning servants and Royal Household for a week about Abigail 's marriage , Sarah discovered that Anne had been present and had given Abigail a dowry of £ 2000 from the Privy Purse . This proved Anne 's duplicity to Sarah : as Keeper of the Privy Purse , Sarah had been unaware of any such payment .
= = = Strained relationship = = =
In July 1708 , the Duke of Marlborough , with his ally Prince Eugene of Savoy , won a great victory at the Battle of Oudenarde . On the way to the thanksgiving service at St Paul 's Cathedral , Sarah engaged in a furious argument with Anne about the jewels Anne wore to the service , and showed her a letter from the Duke of Marlborough which expressed hope that the Queen would make good political use of the victory . The implication that she should publicly express her support for the Whigs offended Anne ; at the service Sarah told the Queen to " be quiet " after Anne continued the argument , thus offending the Queen still further . Anne 's next letter to Sarah was an exercise in chilling hostility , referring sarcastically to the " command " Sarah had given her to be silent . As a result Sarah , who rarely admitted that she was in the wrong , realised that she had gone too far and apologised for her rudeness , but her apology had little effect . Anne wrote to Marlborough , encouraging him not to let her rift with Sarah become public knowledge ; but he could not prevent his wife 's indiscretion . Sarah continued vehemently supporting the Whigs in writing and speaking to Anne , with the support of Godolphin and the other Whig ministers . The news of the public 's support for the Whigs reached Marlborough in letters from Sarah and Godolphin , which influenced his political advice to the Queen . Anne , already in ill health , felt used and harassed and was desperate for escape . She found refuge in the gentle and quiet comfort of Abigail Masham .
Anne had explained before that she did not wish the public to know that her relationship with Sarah was failing , because any sign that Sarah was out of favour would have a damaging impact on the Duke of Marlborough 's authority as Captain @-@ General . Sarah was kept in all of her offices – purely for the sake of her husband 's position as Captain @-@ General of the army – and the tension between the two women lingered on until early in 1711 . This year was to see the end of their relationship for good .
Sarah had always been jealous of Anne 's affection for Abigail Masham . Together with the Duke of Marlborough and most of the Whig party , she had tried to force Anne to dismiss her . All these attempts failed , even when Anne was threatened with an official parliamentary demand from the Whigs , who were suspicious of Abigail 's Tory influence with Anne , for Abigail 's dismissal . The whole scenario echoed Anne 's refusal to give up Sarah during the reign of William and Mary ; but the threat of Parliamentary interference exceeded anything tried against Anne in the 1690s . Anne was ultimately triumphant ; she conducted interviews with high @-@ ranking politicians of both political parties and begged them " with tears in her eyes " to oppose the motion . The general view was that the Marlboroughs had made themselves look ridiculous over a trivial matter- since when , it was asked , did Parliament address the Queen on whom she should employ in her bedchamber ?
The passion she showed for Abigail , and the stubborn refusal to dismiss her , angered Sarah to the point that she implied that a lesbian affair was taking place between the two women . During the mourning period for Anne 's husband , Sarah was the only one who refused to wear suitable mourning clothes . This gave the impression that she did not consider Anne 's grief over his death to be genuine . Eventually , because of the mass support for peace in the War of the Spanish Succession , Anne decided she no longer needed the Duke of Marlborough and took the opportunity to dismiss him on trumped @-@ up charges of embezzlement .
= = = Final dismissal = = =
Sarah 's last attempt to re @-@ establish her friendship with Anne came in 1710 , when they had their final meeting . An account written by Sarah shortly afterwards shows that she pleaded to be given an explanation of why their friendship was at an end , but Anne was unmoved , coldly repeating a few set phrases , " I shall make no answer " and " you may put it in writing " . Sarah was so appalled by the Queen 's " inhuman " conduct that she was reduced to tears , and , most unusually for a woman who rarely spoke of religion , ended by threatening the Queen with the judgement of God . Anne replied that God 's judgment on her concerned herself only , but later admitted that this was the one remark from Sarah at this interview which had deeply hurt her .
After hearing this , the Duke of Marlborough , realising that Anne intended to dismiss them , begged her to keep them in their offices for nine months , until the campaign was over , so that they could retire honourably . However , Anne told Marlborough that " for her [ Anne 's ] honour " Sarah was to resign immediately and return her gold key – the symbol of her authority within the Royal household – within two days . Years of trying the Queen 's patience had finally resulted in her dismissal . When told the news , Sarah , in a fit of pride , told Marlborough to return the key to the Queen immediately .
In January 1711 , Sarah was stripped of the offices of Mistress of the Robes and Groom of the Stole and replaced by Elizabeth Seymour , Duchess of Somerset . Abigail was made Keeper of the Privy Purse . This broke a promise Anne had made to distribute these court offices to Sarah 's children .
The Marlboroughs also lost state funding for Blenheim Palace , and the building came to a halt for the first time since it was begun in 1705 . Now in disgrace , they left England and travelled in Europe . As a result of his success in the War of the Spanish Succession , the Duke of Marlborough was a favourite among the German courts and with the Holy Roman Empire , and the family was received in those places with full honours .
Sarah , however , did not like being away from England , and often complained that they were received with full honours in Europe , but were in disgrace at home . Sarah found life travelling the royal courts difficult , remarking that they were full of dull company . She took the waters at Aachen in Germany on account of her ill health , corresponded with those in England who could supply her with political gossip , and indulged in her fascination with Catholicism .
= = Revival of favour = =
Sarah and Queen Anne never made up their differences , although one eyewitness claimed to have heard Anne asking whether the Marlboroughs had reached the shore , leading to rumours that she had called them home herself . Queen Anne died on 1 August 1714 at Kensington Palace ; the Protestant Whig Privy Councillors had insisted on their right to be present , preventing Henry St. John , the first Viscount Bolingbroke from declaring for the Pretender , James Francis Edward Stuart . The Marlboroughs returned home on the afternoon of Anne 's death . The Act of Settlement of 1701 ensured a Protestant succession by passing over more than fifty stronger Roman Catholic claimants and proclaiming Georg Ludwig , Elector of Hanover ( the great grandson of James I through Georg 's mother Sophia of Hanover ) , King George I of Great Britain .
The new reign was supported by the Whigs , who were mostly staunch Protestants . The Tories were suspected of supporting the Catholic Pretender James Francis Edward Stuart . George I rewarded the Whigs by forming a Whig government ; at his welcome in Queen 's House at Greenwich , he conversed with the Whigs but not with the Tories . Sarah approved of his choice of Whig ministers .
King George also had a personal friendship with the Marlboroughs ; the Duke of Marlborough had fought with him in the War of the Spanish Succession , and John and Sarah made frequent visits to the Hanoverian court during their effective exile from England . George 's first words to Marlborough as King of Great Britain were , " My lord Duke , I hope your troubles are now over ; " Marlborough was restored to his old office of Captain @-@ General of the Army .
Sarah was relieved to move back to England . The Duke of Marlborough became one of the king 's close advisers , and Sarah moved back into Marlborough House , where she flaunted her eldest granddaughter , Lady Henrietta Godolphin , in the hope of finding a suitable marriage partner . Henrietta eventually married Thomas Pelham @-@ Holles , first Duke of Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne , in April 1717 , and the rest of Sarah 's grandchildren went on to make successful marriages .
Sarah 's concern for her grandchildren briefly came to a halt , however , when in 1716 her husband had two strokes , the second of which left him without the ability to speak . Sarah spent much of her time with him , accompanying him to Tunbridge Wells and Bath , and he recovered shortly afterwards . Even after his recovery , Sarah opened his correspondence and filtered the letters Marlborough received , lest their contents precipitate another stroke .
Sarah 's relationship with her children was strained . Although she had a good relationship with her daughter , Anne Spencer , she became estranged from her daughters Henrietta , Elizabeth and Mary . Similarly heartbroken when her favourite daughter Anne died in 1716 , Sarah kept her favourite cup , a lock of her hair , and adopted the Sunderlands ' youngest child , Lady Diana , who would later become her favourite granddaughter .
= = Later years = =
John Churchill died at Windsor in 1722 , and Sarah arranged a large funeral for him . Their daughter , Henrietta , became duchess in her own right . Sarah became one of the trustees of the Marlborough estate , and she used her business sense to distribute the family fortune , including the income for her daughter Henrietta .
Sarah ’ s personal income was now considerable , and she used the money to invest in land ; she believed this would protect her from currency devaluation . The dowager duchess purchased Wimbledon manor in 1723 , and rebuilt the manor house . Her wealth was so considerable that Sarah hoped to marry her granddaughter , Lady Diana Spencer , to Frederick , Prince of Wales , for which she would pay a massive dowry of £ 100 @,@ 000 . However , Robert Walpole , the First Lord of the Treasury ( effectively the same as today 's Prime Minister ) vetoed the plan . Walpole , although a Whig , had alienated Sarah by supporting peace in Europe ; she was also suspicious of his financial probity ; and Walpole , in turn , mistrusted Sarah . Despite this , good relations with the royal family continued , and Sarah was occasionally invited to court by Queen Caroline , who attempted to cultivate her friendship .
The Duchess of Marlborough was a capable business manager , unusual in a period when women were excluded from most things outside the management of their household . Her friend Arthur Maynwaring wrote that she was more capable of business than any man . Although she never came to like Blenheim Palace – describing it as " that great heap of stones " – she became more enthusiastic about its construction and wrote to the Duke of Somerset about the new waterworks : " I believe it will be beautiful . The Canal and Bason ( which is already don [ e ] ) look very fine . There is to be a lake & a cascade ... which I think will bee [ sic ] a great addition to the place " .
The Duchess of Marlborough fought against anything she thought was undue extravagance . She wrote to the Duke of Somerset , " I have reduced the stables to one third of what was intended by Sir John [ Vanbrugh ] yet I have room for fourty [ sic ] fine horses . " She allowed only two features of extravagance : the Marlboroughs ' tomb in the Blenheim chapel , designed by William Kent ; and the Doric Column of Victory in the park designed by Henry Herbert , 9th Earl of Pembroke , and finished by Roger Morris . The latter rose to a height of 130 feet ( 40 m ) , complete with fine embellishments . The Duchess carefully monitored the construction of all Blenheim 's features , and she fell out with anyone who did not do exactly what she wanted .
These detailed inspections extended to her smaller land purchases . After buying the Wimbledon estate ( which she described as " upon clay , an ill sod , very damp and ... an unhealthy place " ) , and Holdenby House near Althorp , she kept detailed accounts of her finances and expenditure , as well as a sharp look @-@ out for any dishonesty in her agents .
Her friendship with Queen Caroline ended when Sarah refused the Queen access through her Wimbledon estate , which resulted in the loss of her £ 500 income as Ranger of Windsor Great Park . Sarah was also rude to King George II – making it clear that he was " too much of a German " – which further alienated her from the court . Her persona non grata status at the Walpole @-@ controlled court prevented her from suppressing the rise of the Tories ; Walpole 's taxes and peace with Spain were deeply unpopular with ruling class English society , and the Tories were gaining much more support as a result .
Sarah never lost her good looks and , despite failing popularity , received many offers of marriage after the death of her husband , including one from her old enemy , Charles Seymour , the sixth Duke of Somerset . Ultimately , she decided against remarriage , preferring to keep her independence .
Sarah continued to appeal against court decisions which ruled that funding for Blenheim should come from the Marlboroughs ' personal estate , and not the government . This made her unpopular ; she could easily afford the payments herself . She was surprised by the grief she felt following the death of her eldest living daughter in 1733 . Sarah lived to see her enemy Robert Walpole fall in 1742 , and in the same year attempted to improve her reputation by approving a biographical publication titled An Account of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough from her first coming to Court to the year 1710 . She died of old age , at the age of eighty @-@ four , on 18 October 1744 , at Marlborough House ; she was buried at Blenheim . Her husband ’ s body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and buried beside her .
= = Assessment = =
Although the Duchess of Marlborough ’ s downfall is chiefly attributed to her selfish and self @-@ serving relationship with Queen Anne , she was a vibrant and intelligent woman , who loyally promoted Anne 's interests when she was princess . Anne was a dull conversationalist and Sarah did not find her company stimulating . Sarah believed that she had a right to enforce her political advice , whether Anne personally liked it or not , and became angry if she stubbornly refused to take it . She seems to have underestimated Anne 's strength of character , continuing to believe she could dominate a woman whom foreign Ambassadors noted had become " very determined and quite ferocious " . Apart from her notorious bad temper , Sarah 's main weakness has been described as " an almost pathological inability to admit the validity of anyone else 's point of view " .
Abigail Masham also played a key role in Sarah ’ s downfall . Modest and retiring , she promoted the Tory policies of her cousin Robert Harley . Despite owing her position at court to the Duchess of Marlborough , Abigail soon became Sarah ’ s enemy , and supplanted her in Anne ’ s affections .
During her lifetime , Sarah drafted twenty @-@ six wills , the last of which was only written a few months before her death ; and had purchased twenty @-@ seven estates . With a wealth of over £ 4 million in land ; £ 17 @,@ 000 in rent rolls ; and a further £ 12 @,@ 500 in annuities , she made financial bequests to rising Whig ministers such as William Pitt , later the first Earl of Chatham , and Philip Stanhope , the fourth Earl of Chesterfield . Although she left little to the poor and even less to charity , she left her servants annuities far above the average for the time : her favourite , Grace Ridley , received £ 16 @,@ 000 , equivalent to approximately £ 1 @.@ 32 million in today 's money .
Much of the money left after Sarah 's numerous bequests was inherited by her grandson , John Spencer , with the condition that he could not accept a political office under the government . He also inherited the remainder of Sarah 's numerous estates , including Wimbledon . Marlborough House remained empty for fourteen years , with the exception of James Stephens , one of her executors , before it became the property of the Dukes of Marlborough upon Stephens 's death . In 1817 , it became a royal residence , and passed through members of the British royal family until it became the Commonwealth Secretariat in 1959 . Wimbledon Park House succumbed to fire in 1785 ; and Holywell House , Sarah 's birthplace in St Albans , was demolished in 1827 . Today , much of St Albans is named after the Marlboroughs because of Sarah 's influence .
Sarah died , in the words of Tobias Smollett , " immensely rich and very little regretted , either by her own family or the world in general " , but her efforts to continue the Marlborough legacy cannot be ignored . Because of her influence , Sarah managed to marry off members of her family to England ’ s greatest aristocratic dynasties . Among the more famous descendants of the Marlboroughs are Winston Churchill and Diana , Princess of Wales .
= = Titles = =
5 June 1660 – [ exact date unknown ] 1677 : Miss Sarah Jennings
[ Exact date unknown ] 1677 – 21 December 1682 : Mrs John Churchill
21 December 1682 – 14 May 1685 : The Right Honourable The Lady Churchill of Eyemouth
14 May 1685 – 9 April 1689 : The Right Honourable The Lady Churchill of Sandridge and Eyemouth
9 April 1689 – 14 December 1702 : The Right Honourable The Countess of Marlborough
14 December 1702 – 27 June 1722 : Her Grace The Duchess of Marlborough
27 June 1722 – 18 October 1744 : Her Grace The Dowager Duchess of Marlborough
= = Children = =
The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough 's children who survived childhood married into the most important families in Great Britain :
= Descent 3 =
Descent 3 ( stylized as Descent ³ ) is a first @-@ person shooter video game developed by Outrage Entertainment and published by Interplay Productions . It was originally released for Microsoft Windows in North America on June 17 , 1999 . Descent 3 is the third game in the Descent video game series and a sequel to Descent II . The game takes place in a science fiction setting of the Solar System where the player is cast as Material Defender , a mercenary who must help an organization known as the Red Acropolis Research Team to stop robots infected by an alien virus .
Unlike in standard first @-@ person shooters , the player must control a flying ship that has a six degrees of freedom movement scheme , allowing the player to move and rotate in any 3D direction . In addition to a single @-@ player campaign mode , Descent 3 features an online multiplayer mode where numerous players can compete against each other in eight different game types . The game features both indoor and outdoor environments , made possible with the use of a hybrid engine that combines the capabilities of a portal rendering engine with those of a flight simulator @-@ like terrain engine .
Descent 3 received positive reviews from critics , holding a score of 89 out of 100 at review aggregate website Metacritic . The most praised aspects of the game were its graphics , artificial intelligence of enemies , and outdoor environments . An official expansion pack , Descent 3 : Mercenary , was released on December 3 , 1999 . The expansion pack includes a new series of missions , multiplayer maps , and a level editor . After its release on Microsoft Windows , the game was subsequently ported to Mac OS and Linux platforms .
= = Gameplay = =
Like its predecessors Descent and Descent II , Descent 3 is a six degrees of freedom shooter where the player controls a flying ship from a first @-@ person perspective in zero @-@ gravity . It is differentiated from standard first @-@ person shooters in that it allows the player to move and rotate in any 3D direction . Specifically , the player is free to move forward / backward , up / down , left / right , and rotate in three perpendicular axes , often termed pitch , yaw , and roll . Aboard the ship , the player can shoot enemies , turn on the ship 's afterburners to temporarily increase its acceleration and speed , and fire flares or turn on the ship 's headlight to explore darkened areas .
In the game 's single @-@ player mode , the player must complete a series of levels where different types of AI @-@ controlled enemies will try to hinder the player 's progress . The game primarily takes place inside labyrinthine underground facilities , but the player can occasionally travel over the surface of the planets where the facilities are buried to reach other nearby areas . The underground facilities are composed of a set of tunnels and rooms separated by doors . Most of them can be opened by either firing weapons at them or bumping into them , but others require special actions to be performed first before entry is allowed . For instance , some doors require special keys to open them . To finish a level and proceed to the next one , the player must complete a certain set of objectives , ranging from collecting items to activating switches , defeating enemies , and destroying objects , among others . Some levels also feature optional objectives that are not critical but add to the player 's overall completion score .
As the player progresses throughout the game , two additional ships become available for use . Each of the game 's three ships offers a different balance of speed , weapons , and maneuverability . Within the levels , the player may collect power @-@ ups that enhance the ship 's weaponry . Weapons are categorized into three different types : primary weapons , secondary weapons , and countermeasures . Primary weapons range from a variety of laser weapons to the Plasma Cannon and the Napalm Cannon , which projects a stream of burning fuel . Secondary weapons include different types of missiles , while countermeasures range from proximity mines to portable turrets . Most primary weapons consume energy in different rate , but some , such as the Napalm Cannon , use their own type of ammunition . In contrast , all secondary weapons and countermeasures require their own ammunition suppliers .
The player 's ship is protected by a shield which decreases when attacked by enemies . If the shield is fully depleted , the player dies and must start the game again from a previous section of the fight without any collected power @-@ ups . Nevertheless , the player can reclaim the missing power @-@ ups from the ruins of the destroyed ship . Shield , energy , and ammunition suppliers are dispersed among the levels to help players increase their resources . The player can also collect equipment items which grant special powers . For example , the Quad Laser modifies the laser weapons to fire four shots at once instead of the standard two , while the Cloaking Device renders the player invisible to enemies for 30 seconds . During the game , the player may also deploy the Guide @-@ Bot , an assistant that keeps track of the next objective and shows the player the way to a specific target .
= = = Multiplayer = = =
In addition to the single @-@ player campaign mode , Descent 3 features an online multiplayer mode where numerous players can compete against each other in eight different game types . Notable game types include Anarchy , where the objective is to kill as many opponents as possible , Capture the Flag , where two to four teams compete against each other to capture opposing flags , and Monsterball , in which players must shoot and guide a ball into their opponents ' goal . Aspects such as time limit , number of players , map to play on , and selection of what weapons are allowed , among others , can be customized to match player preference . The game also features an observer mode which allows players to watch a multiplayer game as a spectator and a co @-@ operative mode that allows players to work together to complete campaign missions . Multiplayer games support the DirectPlay , IPX , and TCP / IP protocols . Online gameplay was also possible over Parallax Online , an online gaming service which kept track of players ' statistics and rankings .
= = Plot = =
Descent 3 takes place in a science fiction setting of the Solar System where the player is cast as Material Defender MD1032 , a mercenary working for a corporation called the Post Terran Mining Corporation ( PTMC ) . The game begins moments after the events of Descent II , with the Material Defender escaping the destruction of a planetoid where he was clearing PTMC 's robots infected by an alien virus . He was about to return to Earth to collect his reward , but a malfunction occurred with the prototype warp drive in the ship he was piloting , making it drift towards the Sun 's atmosphere . At the very last moment , the Material Defender is rescued via a tractor beam by an organization known as the Red Acropolis Research Team .
While the Material Defender recovers in the Red Acropolis station on Mars , the director of the team informs him that they have been investigating PTMC , and have uncovered a conspiracy : one of her acquaintances in the PTMC was killed by a robot , and when she contacted PTMC about it , they denied having ever employed such acquaintance , even though he had worked with them for years . The Red Acropolis had tried to notify the Collective Earth Defense ( CED ) , a large police group , of the PTMC 's actions , but they took no action , not daring to interfere with such a powerful corporation . The director also tells the Material Defender that , while he was clearing the mines during the events of Descent II , PTMC executive Samuel Dravis was actually testing and modifying the virus and deliberately tried to kill him by overloading the warp drive on his ship . After some persuasion and offers from the director , including a new ship and an AI assistant known as the Guide @-@ Bot , the Material Defender accepts to help the Red Acropolis stop the virus .
The Material Defender is first sent to Deimos to obtain information about the location of a scientist named Dr. Sweitzer who has evidence of the PTMC 's actions . He is then rescued in the Novak Corporate Prison on Phobos . After recovering the evidence , the Material Defender delivers it to PTMC President Suzuki in Seoul before leaving with his reward . When the Material Defender arrives at the Red Acropolis Research Station , the director tells him that the PTMC president has been killed and that the Red Acropolis Research Team are now accused of being terrorists , resulting in the destruction of the then @-@ abandoned station . After a series of missions , the Material Defender and the Red Acropolis Research Team manage to develop an antivirus and convince the CED that they are not terrorists . The CED suggest to broadcast the antivirus through their strategic platform orbiting Earth , but the results are unsuccessful . The Material Defender is then sent to Venus , where Dravis has been tracked by the Red Acropolis . In the ensuing confrontation in his stronghold , Dravis is mortally wounded by the Guide @-@ Bot 's flares and the Material Defender deactivates the virus , which disables all of the PTMC 's robots . The game ends with the CED destroying the PTMC 's orbital headquarters while the Material Defender returns to Earth .
= = Development = =
Descent 3 is the first project developed by Outrage Entertainment . The company was founded when Parallax Software , creators of previous Descent games , decided to split in two : Outrage Entertainment and Volition . Volition would focus on creating the combat space simulator FreeSpace games , while Outrage would continue with the Descent series . Development on Descent 3 began in November 1996 with a team of eight people . According to programmer Jason Leighton , one of the major problems during the game 's development cycle was a lack of direction and control . He explained that the team had " No code reviews , no art reviews , [ and ] no way of saying , ' This is bad and we should be going in a different direction ' " . This " anarchistic " development environment worked for Descent and Descent II because they were developed by small groups that worked closely together and often in the same room . However , as Outrage started to grow from eight people to almost 20 by the end of the project , the developers did not introduce enough management to control the process . As Leighton recalls , " we literally had to build the team and company at the same time we started production on the game " .
Originally , Descent 3 was intended to support both a software and a hardware renderer , implying that the rendering process of the game could take place either in the CPU or dedicated hardware like a video card . However , about six months after starting development , the team decided to go with a hardware @-@ only renderer because it allowed them to create " visually stunning " graphics and maintain a solid frame rate without worrying about the limitations imposed by the software renderer . This was a difficult decision since the team had to scrap many tools and software rendering technology that were already developed . In addition , computers with hardware acceleration were not common at the time the decision was made . As the developers noted , " We knew just by looking at our progress on the game under acceleration that we had a beautiful looking game with all the latest technologies — but would anyone actually be able to play it ? " Fortunately , as development progressed , hardware acceleration became more popular with each passing year . The game natively supports the Direct3D , Glide and OpenGL rendering APIs for graphics , and the A3D and DirectSound3D technologies for sound .
The new technology also allowed the developers to create both indoor and outdoor environments ; one of the biggest complaints of Descent II was the fact that it was considered too " tunnely " . To this end , the developers created a new technology which featured an indoor portal rendering engine " hooked to a flight @-@ sim @-@ like terrain " engine , collectively called the Fusion Engine . The portal engine permitted designers to create small rooms with complex geometry . These rooms would later be linked together via shared dividing polygons called portals to create a portalized world for the player to fly through . In contrast , the terrain engine , which was initially planned for another game and whose function is to create more polygonal detail as players get closer to the ground and decrease polygons when they are farther away , gave designers the ability to create expansive outdoor terrains . Transitions between both engines were achieved using an external room ( with its normal vectors inverted ) that could be placed anywhere on the terrain map . With this technique , developers could create hybrid levels where the player could transit from indoor to outdoor areas in real @-@ time and without loading screens . Leighton commented that whenever one of these transitions occurs , " the game code [ switches ] collision detection , rendering , and so on , to use the terrain engine " .
The company had no standardization of level design tools . Leighton said , " Some people used 3D Studio Max , some used Lightwave , and one designer even wrote his own custom modeler from scratch " . This practice led to an inconsistent quality across the game 's levels . For example , one designer would create structures with great geometry but bad texturing , while another would create the opposite . Once the structures were modeled individually , they were all imported into a custom editor , called D3Edit , so that the designers could " glue everything together " . The D3Edit editor received constant updates because it initially did not feature an intuitive interface for designers . It was not until the last third of the
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
development period that the editor improved significantly . As Leighton notes , " Even in the shipped game you can tell which levels were made early on and which were made near the end of the production cycle . The later levels are much better looking , have better frame rates , and generally have better scripts " . Developers also considered the idea of shipping the game with a level editor based on the one they used to create the game 's levels . However , due to the constant changes the developers made to their own editor , it was hard for them to design a more user @-@ friendly one from the start .
In addition to the changes in the game 's engine , the developers decided to improve the artificial intelligence to give each enemy a distinct behavior . According to Matt Toschlog , president of Outrage Entertainment and lead programmer of Descent 3 , " It 's very rewarding for the player to meet a new enemy , get to know him , learn his quirks , and figure out the best way to kill him . It 's great when a game requires both thinking and quick reactions " . Originally , the developers planned to add weather effects that would disorient the player 's ship during gameplay , but this feature was ultimately not implemented due to time and technology constraints . Multiplayer games were heavily tested to ensure their network stability and support IPX , TCP , and DirectPlay . The actual development of the game took 31 months to complete , with the developers describing it as both a joyful and painful process due to in part of the almost nonexistent management and the rapidly evolving technology at the time .
= = Marketing and release = =
Descent 3 was presented at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in 1998 , where developers showed off a demonstration of the game . In the months leading to the game 's release , the game 's publisher , Interplay Productions , ran a program that allowed Descent fans to submit a digital photo of themselves along with a pilot name to the company . These photos would later be included in the game so that players could use them as their multiplayer profiles . Outrage also released two game demos that allowed customers to try the game before purchasing it . The second demo included a single @-@ player level and several multiplayer matches which could be played through a matchmaking service provided by Outrage . From March to August 1999 , Interplay also held a Descent 3 tournament in the U.S. consisting of three phases where numerous players could compete against each other in multiplayer matches . The winner was awarded a prize of US $ 50 @,@ 000 .
Descent 3 was initially released for Microsoft Windows on June 17 , 1999 . A level editor was eventually released shortly afterwards and allows users to create both single and multiplayer maps for the game . A Mac OS version of the game was also released in November 1999 . The Mac OS version was ported by programmer Duane Johnson , who previously worked on the 3dfx versions of the original Descent and Descent II . Descent 3 was also ported to Linux platforms by Loki Entertainment Software after an agreement with the game 's publisher . The port , which features a multiplayer mode optimized for 16 players , was released in July 2000 . In 2014 , the game was made available on the Steam digital distribution service .
= = Reception = =
Descent 3 received positive reviews from video game critics . Erik Wolpaw , writing for GameSpot , felt that the game " improves in almost every conceivable way on its predecessors and reestablishes the series as the premier example of the play style it single @-@ handedly pioneered " . The most praised aspects of the game were its graphics , artificial intelligence of enemies , and outdoor environments . IGN reviewer Jay Boor lauded the game 's new engine , noting that the transition between indoor and outdoor environments is seamless . Game Revolution remarked that the addition of outdoor environments " allows for an even greater use of the maneuvering capabilities , adds variety to the levels , and ensures that the game never gets dull or boring " . The reviewer also acknowledged that the game 's six degrees of freedom movement scheme may be difficult to master for some players , stating that the game " can be confusing , dizzying , and even nauseating . This is a game for the pro 's " .
The music and sound effects received similar praise . GameSpot pointed out that " explosions erupt with lots of satisfying , floor @-@ rattling bass , lasers ping nicely , flamethrowers emit appropriate rumbling whooshes , and there 's plenty of ambient beeping , hissing , and mechanical humming " . Game Revolution praised the graphics for their " modeling , colored lighting , incredible special effects , wonderful animation , [ and ] sheer overall feel " . Victor Lucas of Electric Playground stated similar pros , but also admitted that the game 's hardware requirements were relatively high . Criticism was leveled at the game 's story . GameSpot considered it not compelling , while Jason Cross , writing for Computer Games Magazine , felt that it " really doesn 't have much to do with actual gameplay " . PC Gamer reviewer Stephen Poole also criticized the Guide @-@ Bot 's efficiency , remarking that sometimes it can get lost or trapped while leading the player to a destination .
The gameplay was praised for its variety of weapons and enemies . Game Revolution said that each enemy is " unique both in ability , structure , and behavior so that each requires a specific combat approach " . Maximum PC reviewer Josh Norem praised the levels for their interesting objectives , stating that the missions " vary widely , ranging from finding lost colleagues to defending strategic structures against enemy assaults " . Computer Games Magazine praised the fact that the developers replaced the wire @-@ frame automaps of previous Descent games with flat @-@ shaded polygons because they " provide more detail and make it easier to recognize where you are and how to get where you want to go " . The multiplayer was highlighted positively due to its replay value and variety of game types . Computer Games Magazine also credited its " rock @-@ solid performance on standard dialup modems and easy connectivity " , while GameSpot praised it for being " fun and stable " . The game was a runner @-@ up for GameSpy 's Action Game of the Year and a nominee for GameSpot 's PC Action Game of the Year . Despite the positive reviews , the game did not perform well in sales . As a result , Daily Radar awarded the game a " System Shock Award " , named after the Looking Glass Studios 1994 game of the same name , implying that Descent 3 is a " game that the critics loved but is over @-@ shadowed by lesser or greater games " .
= = Expansion pack = =
Descent 3 features an official expansion pack developed by Outrage and released for Microsoft Windows on December 3 , 1999 . The expansion , entitled Descent 3 : Mercenary , introduces new features , a seven @-@ level campaign , a fourth ship , and several multiplayer maps . It also includes the game 's level editor . The expansion received mixed to positive reviews from critics . IGN reviewer Rich Rouse gave Mercenary a rating of 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 and praised it for its lasting appeal , stating : " With hordes of new missions and battlefields on the CD , as well as the included level creation package , you won 't be uninstalling for a long time " . In contrast , GameSpot editor Erik Wolpaw , giving the expansion a rating of 6 out of 10 , criticized the expansion for its bland level design and lack of new features . A compilation that includes both Descent 3 and its expansion pack was released on June 14 , 2001 .
= Ronald Skirth =
John Ronald Skirth ( 11 December 1897 – 1977 ) was a British soldier who served in the Royal Garrison Artillery during the First World War . His experiences during the Battle of Messines and the Battle of Passchendaele , both in 1917 , led him to resolve not to take human life , and for the rest of his army service he made deliberate errors in targeting calculations to try to ensure the guns of his battery missed their aiming point on the first attempt , giving the enemy a chance to evacuate . Many years later , after retiring from a career as a teacher , he wrote a memoir of his years in the army , describing his disillusionment with the conduct of the war and his conversion to pacifism . In 2010 the memoir was published as The Reluctant Tommy , edited by Duncan Barrett .
= = Early life and war service = =
Skirth was born in Chelmsford and grew up in Bexhill @-@ on @-@ Sea . In the First World War , having volunteered for the British Army under the Derby Scheme , and having requested that the process be expedited , he was called up in October 1916 , two months before his 19th birthday . He became a Battery Commander 's Assistant in the Royal Garrison Artillery , responsible for making the calculations necessary to target the large guns of a field battery . When he argued with a superior officer over whether to use a French church for target practice he was demoted in rank from Corporal to Bombardier .
Skirth saw action in the Battle of Messines , in which two of his closest friends , Bill and Geordie , were killed . On the same day he had an " epiphany " when he stumbled across the body of a dead German of about his own age , and realised that one of the shells he had targeted might well have killed him . This was to mark a turning point in his thinking about the war as he determined that he was morally responsible for his actions and for their consequences , despite the chain of command .
During the Battle of Passchendaele , Skirth and another friend , Jock Shiels , left their post when they discovered that their commanding officer had ignored an order to withdraw from the front line . Skirth was knocked out by a shell which killed Shiels , and subsequently suffered from shell @-@ shock and amnesia . Following a period of convalescence in hospital in France , he was sent to the Italian Front in December 1917 , where his battery was being reorganised . There , following a relapse of shell @-@ shock , he was treated in hospital in Schio and at the mud spa at Montegrotto .
In Italy , Skirth made a resolution that he would do everything within his power to avoid further loss of human life . He felt that the " just war " he had signed up for was anything but just , and was disillusioned with the army and the conduct of the war . In a church in the Italian village of San Martino , near Vicenza , he made a private pact with God that he would never again help to take a human life . He wrote to his future wife , Ella Christian , claiming that he had become a pacifist and a conscientious objector . He also began a campaign of small acts of sabotage , introducing minor errors into his trajectory calculations so as to mistarget the guns , such that they " never once hit an inhabited target " on the first attempt , giving the enemy a chance to evacuate . His actions were never discovered by his superiors .
Apparently he carried out this sabotage while still in Italy where he remained until February 1919 , aside from a fortnight of leave back in England in November and December 1918 . He received the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his war service but declined the Military Medal , which he felt was offered as part of an attempt to whitewash a fatal accident he had tried to prevent .
= = Later life = =
In September 1919 Skirth returned to England , to commence teacher training , for which he had signed up before leaving to serve in the army . He trained in London , and after graduating taught briefly at a school in Bexhill @-@ on @-@ Sea , before transferring in 1922 to a post at a school in Uxbridge .
In 1923 he and Ella Christian became engaged and the following year , after Skirth secured a job at the Little Ealing Senior Boys ' School and found a flat they could share in Ealing , they married , on 29 December 1924 , at the Church of St Barnabus in Bexhill . In September 1929 their only child was born , a daughter whom they named Jean . ( They had expected a boy , who would have been called John . )
During the Second World War , the family was evacuated to South Wales with Skirth ’ s school . In his forties by this point and suffering from ill health , he was not expected to fight , but his anti @-@ war views earned him the labels " crank , visionary , communistic and impractical " .
After the war , the family returned to Ealing , where Skirth and his wife Ella lived , in various homes , throughout their life together , and where he continued to work as a teacher until he took early retirement in 1958 . He died there in 1977 .
= = Character and beliefs = =
A self @-@ confessed ' dreamer ' with a romantic sensibility , Skirth was very fond of literature , and in particular poetry ; he took with him to the Western Front a much @-@ annotated copy of Francis Turner Palgrave 's Golden Treasury . His favourite poets were John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron . He had an intense love of beauty , which he found all around him in music , architecture and the natural world . On the Western Front , he wrote , he was " deprived of the one thing that to me was as precious as life itself , my love of beauty " .
Although Skirth had volunteered for the Army in 1915 , as an idealistic patriot , convinced that " King and Country " were causes worth fighting for , it was not long before he became disillusioned with the war and the army . He attributed this to a combination of his sensitive character , his Christian upbringing and sense of right and wrong , and , most significantly , the horror of his war experiences .
After the war , Skirth remained a convinced pacifist for the rest of his life . He believed that Britain should not have declared war on Germany in 1939 and claimed that he would rather surrender and face occupation than take up arms against a hostile force . Writing in the early 1970s , he expressed hope that the next generation of political leaders would not make the same mistakes as their forebears .
= = Memoir = =
In January 1971 , having retired from his teaching career , Skirth began work on a handwritten memoir which described his conduct and experiences during the First World War , and in particular his experience of disillusionment . Although he initially intended to focus on his relationship with his wife Ella , touching on the war only briefly , he soon felt under a " compulsion " to write more about his war experiences . He worked on the memoir for over a year , eventually filling five green ring binders with many hundreds of pages , and over the next few years , despite suffering two strokes , he repeatedly went back to the material , editing , amending and adding to what he had written .
Skirth gave the memoir to his daughter Jean in 1975 , two years before his death in 1977 Although for many years she found it too upsetting to read in full , she felt that it was a story that should be shared with others , and in 1999 she donated four of the five ring binders , containing the bulk of the memoir but excluding its more personal sections , to the Imperial War Museum in London , where they remain to this day .
Once it was made available to researchers and academics , Skirth 's memoir began to attract attention , and his story was featured in Richard Schweitzer 's The Cross and the Trenches ( 2003 ) , Michele Barrett 's Casualty Figures ( 2007 ) , and in Ian Hislop 's documentary Not Forgotten : The Men Who Wouldn 't Fight ( 2008 ) , in which Hislop interviewed Jean Skirth about her father 's war experiences .
= = = Publication = = =
In 2010 the memoir was published in book form by Macmillan , as The Reluctant Tommy : Ronald Skirth 's Extraordinary Memoir of the First World War , edited by Duncan Barrett . Barrett wrote in an introduction that he felt that Skirth 's story " deserved as wide an audience as possible — and to be read in its protagonist 's own words " . Skirth 's daughter Jean , who had given permission for the memoir to be published remained uncertain whether publishing the memoir was what her father would have wanted , but believed that it was important that his story should be widely known . The book carried a foreword by Channel 4 News anchor Jon Snow , in which he wrote about his grandfather Lieutenant @-@ General Sir Thomas D 'Oyly Snow . Referring to the popular description of the lower ranks as " lions led by donkeys " , Snow acknowledged that " If Ronald Skirth was a ' lion ' , Thom Snow was ultimately a ' donkey ' . "
= = = Critical reaction = = =
The Reluctant Tommy received largely favourable reviews by Richard Holmes in the Evening Standard and Jonathan Gibbs in the Financial Times , as well as coverage in the Daily Mail , Socialist Worker and the Sunday Express .
[ An ] important contribution to the literature of the war ... a remorseless condemnation of war and support for the stance of the absolute pacifist ... I would certainly buy this book even if I had not been sent a review copy , and whenever I get too misty @-@ eyed about officer @-@ man relationships I shall reread it to remind me of how badly things could go wrong . And of just how vital it is , for any democratic society seeking to use war as an instrument of policy , to ensure that the connection between war 's means and its political ends is crystal clear .
Skirth ’ s writing may be uneven but it carries the unmistakable tenor of honesty and true belief , not least in his disgust at the behaviour of many of his superiors . His descriptions of seeing his friends gassed and blown to bits are moving as much for what he can ’ t bring himself to write , as for what he can . The book began as the story of his marriage to the girl who waited for him back home , and that sense of a happy ending shines through even the bleakest moments .
Not all criticism has been favourable . A review in the BBC 's Who Do You Think You Are magazine remarks on the disparities between official war records and Skirth 's version of events :
He movingly describes two friends and an officer being killed on Messines Ridge on 8th June 1917 — though the unit war diary notes no casualties and the named officer isn 't on the Commonwealth War Graves Register . In November 1917 he says his battery was so far forward they were ordered to withdraw and his insane CO refused to leave — Skirth claims to have disobeyed his direct order and fled with his pal Jock Shiels — yet according to the CWG Register John Shiels of 293 Battery RGA was killed on 18th July 1917 . When the battery is later sent to Italy Skirth is quite clear that it was without guns as late as April 1918 yet the war diary records them firing numerous bombardments . [ ... ] The overall impression he gives of the tiny scale of one man caught up in a huge and apparently indifferent military machine in a war like none previous is impressive – but should be treated with great caution as factual history .
= Feedback ( song ) =
" Feedback " is a song by American recording artist Janet Jackson , released as the lead single from her tenth studio album , Discipline . It was written and produced by Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins and D 'Mile , with additional writing from Tasleema Yasin and LaShawn Daniels . " Feedback " fuses electropop and dance , while also incorporating elements of Eurodance and hip hop . Its lyrical composition is based on Jackson 's sexual bravado ; questioning the listener while responding with a chant of " sexy , sexy . " Its chorus compares her body to instruments such as a guitar and amplifier , using metaphors to demonstrate sexual climax . The songs official remix features vocals from fellow American entertainer Ciara .
" Feedback " received acclaim from critics , who praised its sonic innovation and contrast from her prior release , commending Jackson as " back in the form that made her a pop superstar . " It reached number nineteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked atop the Hot Dance Club Play chart , becoming her biggest hit since " Someone to Call My Lover . " Internationally , it topped the charts in South Korea and reached the top ten in Canada , Greece , Slovakia and South Africa .
Its music video , directed by Saam Farahmand , portrays Jackson jumping from various planets before dancing among an unidentified white liquid . The video received positive reception from critics , who praised its galactic visuals and choreography . Jackson performed " Feedback " on Good Morning America , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , and TRL , the latter being Jackson 's first admittance to MTV since her Super Bowl performance incident . " Feedback " received three nominations at the International Dance Music Awards .
= = Background = =
" Feedback " was written and produced by Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins and D 'Mile , with additional writing from Tasleema Yasin and LaShawn Daniels . It saw Jackson returning to an experimental dance @-@ pop sound in contrast to the subdued rhythmic feel of prior album 20 Y.O. The song was her first single released via the Island label after departing with Virgin Records . Island 's A & R director likened its drum pattern to " Rhythm Nation " , though clarified , " it doesn 't sound like it . It 's a 2008 version . " The song leaked on December 12 , 2007 and was premiered by New York radio station Z100 the same day .
= = Composition = =
" Feedback " is an electropop and R & B song with slight elements of Eurodance and hip @-@ hop . It features varied instrumentation , such as guitars , synthesizers and drums . It uses a " digitized " robotic effect on Jackson 's vocals to heighten its futuristic aura and sensual tone , likened to a sex gynoid by Rolling Stone . Erotic Revolutionaries author Shayne Lee wrote " In " Feedback , " she puts her body on display for a peep show in which her partner is free to explore her erotic zones . "
The line within the song , " My swag is serious , something heavy like a first day period , " in which Jackson compares her dominant presence to the initial side effects of a woman 's menstrual cycle , drew media attention . Digital Spy remarked the song deserved heightened notoriety due to the lyrical boast , praising her return to " brilliantly filthy form " . Louis Virtel of Movieline highlighted the line as he called " Feedback " Jackson 's " biggest feat " in several years . In 2013 , Thought Catalog declared Jackson among " 23 Essential Role Models " for young women , saying despite the line , " somehow the song is still sexy and hot and amazing . [ ... ] Her witchcraft is something to be studied for years to come . "
= = Critical reception = =
" Feedback " received general acclaim upon its release . Chuck Taylor of Billboard declared it a " bona fide smash , " equipped with " the goods for a meaningful return to pop . " Taylor noted the song " features a gracious dance groove , but more so , supplies a sing along hook and distinctive melody , " likening it to " a funked @-@ up ' All for You ' , " concluding " Welcome back , Janet . Missed you much . " Glenn Gamboa of Newsweek called it " enjoyable fluff , " with a " robo @-@ dance " sound highlighting " Jackson 's playful phrasing and ability to mine the electro @-@ groove . " Blender called it " her most distinctive track in years , " and MTV News cited Jackson as " bringing back the dance sound " to the mainstream . Nick Levine of Digital Spy deemed it a " libidinous strut " that contains " everything you want from a Jackson single " , including " hard @-@ edged beats , plenty of hooks and enough attitude to compensate for her flimsy @-@ as @-@ cling @-@ film voice . " Levine went on to call the track " a Shoulda Been Smash , if only for Janet 's boast that she 's " something heavy like a first @-@ day period . " Keith Harris of Rolling Stone called the song a " high @-@ voltage money shot , " likening Jackson 's vocals to a " sex droid , " complete with " crass " beats and " heavy breathing . " Harris added , " When Janet brags she 's heavy like a first @-@ day period [ ... ] all the amateur competition should just pack up their Webcams and go home . "
Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack analyzed it as " breathy with a propulsive beat " and " exactly how I like my Jsquared , " calling Jackson " the comeback story of 2008 . " Andy Battaglia of The A.V. Club considered it " a slight digital jam " which masks Jackson among " uncertain vocal tones and incongruous lines about guitars . " IGN called Jackson 's vocals a " metallic mess " but goes on to say that the song is saved by a " mediocre hook " and a " fuzzy dance beat . " The New York Times referred to the track as " blippy and propulsive , " stating that it offers " more proof that for Ms. Jackson , sex really doesn ’ t sell . " PopMatters called it " energetic " and a " club @-@ ready track perfect for both Janet 's celebrated choreography and flirty vocal stylings , " adding " she opts to forgo any shock and awe moments , " repeating the lines , " sexy , sexy , sexy " to grab your interests , versus a full onslaught of visceral come on 's . " The Boston Globe called it " droid @-@ like , " built on " metaphors and analogies . "
Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine said the track " shows Janet the 4 / 4 we assumed she lost , though the beat whomps so relentlessly here it 's hard to know how she could 've ever misplaced it . " The song 's " octane , " composition , and bridge were also praised , with Henderson adding she 's " accidentally discovered the essence of hip @-@ hop for good measure . " Slant Magazine ranked it the eighth best single of 2008 and fifty @-@ ninth best song of the decade , declaring it " infectiously bizarre " and commending its advanced production and lyrical content . NRJ France commended its " sexy chorus " and " fat electro bass " , saying it " remains easily in your head . " The Los Angeles Times noted its " top @-@ notch " and " glossed @-@ over " production , praising the " tech @-@ savvy groove " while adding " It 'll sound great in a club . " The Daily Star heralded the " buzzy hook fest " as Jackson 's " best single in a decade , " while Australia 's Daily Telegraph called it a " cracking pop track . " Elsewhere , it was called " crisp " , " danceable " , and " ridiculously good " , also " lavished with Janet 's trademark velvet harmonies . " MuuMuse ranked it the nineteenth best single of the year , while MuchMusic praised the single as a return to form , saying " People want to dance . You like to dance . Together , the world can dance once again . " Bob Burke of FMQB described the song as " a whole new groove for Jackson " that " fits like a glove , " adding " the early ' feedback ' indicates another multi @-@ format hit in the making . "
= = Chart performance = =
" Feedback " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number eighty @-@ four . Several weeks later it rose to its peak position of number nineteen , becoming Jackson 's twenty @-@ ninth top twenty hit on the chart and her first top twenty hit since 2001 's " Someone to Call My Lover " . " Feedback " reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart , number two on Hot Singles Sales and three on Hot Dance Airplay , number seven on Hot Digital Songs , number thirty on Pop Songs , and number twenty @-@ three on the Pop 100 . It also peaked within the top twenty @-@ five of rhythmic and urban airplay formats . It was the year 's fifth most successful song on Hot Dance Club Play and Jackson 's eighteenth number one on the chart . It has sold 822 @,@ 000 in digital sales as of 2010 . It peaked at number three in Canada and number two on Hot Canadian Digital Singles .
Internationally , " Feedback " reached number one on South Korea 's Hanteo chart , number five in Belgium and Greece , and number eight in South Africa and Slovakia , where it charted for forty @-@ one weeks . In Japan , it peaked at number fourteen on the Japan Hot 100 , peaking at number seven on the Japan Hot 100 airplay chart . It peaked within the top twenty in Norway and New Zealand ; also reaching number twenty @-@ one in Finland , twenty @-@ two in Brazil , twenty @-@ five in Croatia , thirty @-@ two in Ireland , and the top forty in France , Denmark , and Germany . In Australia and the United Kingdom it was not as successful , Peaking at 50 and 114 respectively , However did manage to chart at 14 on the UK R & B Chart . It was the year 's thirty @-@ third most played song on Lebanon 's NRJ radio .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and concept = = =
The music video for " Feedback , " directed by Saam Farahmand , was filmed over two days in December 2007 , on a sound @-@ stage located in New York City . Jackson approached Farahmand with a " futuristic " galactic concept , which he created based on Jackson 's vision . Jackson was the first pop artist to work with Farahmand , resulting in a " far more " successful attempt at mainstream recognition than his prior works . A second version of the video , with several scenes lightened and edited to appear more clearly , was released to iTunes two months after the original . Rolling Stone later announced it the third most expensive music video of 2008 .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The music video begins with a purple liquid forming the word ' JANET ' . Jackson is then shown sitting on top of a planet in outer space , wearing a bodysuit adorned with jewelry , long ponytail , and mask . Various asteroids and dancers mounting planets in black latex attire and helmets are shown . Jackson flips her ponytail , revealing her face as cosmic dust is tossed about . Several dancers leap to other planets as Jackson descends to a cratered surface , performing abstract choreography with two dancers . Jackson jumps to another setting , shown in slow motion as the audio is filtered , landing on a white liquid surface with a crimson atmosphere . Backed by eight dancers , Jackson performs the song 's choreography as various objects crash into the liquid . Jackson and the dancers fall into the liquid , with Jackson reemerging in a red catsuit . Jackson then performs a dance routine with six glowing spheres . The final sphere ascends upward as fourteen white liquid objects explode .
= = = Release and reception = = =
The video premiered on January 7 , 2008 and debuted on Yahoo ! Music the next day . Upon mending her relationship with MTV , the video premiered on MTV 's TRL on January 14 , 2008 . The video and behind the scenes footage is featured on a DVD included with the deluxe edition of Jackson 's Discipline album . Yahoo ! Music declared " Feedback " the tenth most streamed video of 2008 .
Billboard favorably called it " pretty insane " . MTV News regarded Jackson as being " big @-@ time back , " citing the clip as an " indication of her new look and feel . " MTV added , " Janet looks amazing , and the track bumps , " regarding it " hot enough to undo the damage of Nipplegate , of course , but , more recently , 20 Y.O. " MuchMusic declared it " awesome " , adding " the dance sequence is classic Jackson fabulousness and the ending is super cool . " The Los Angeles Times praised the science fiction aura among its " planetary effects " . NRJ France praised its " magnificent " choreography , adding that the video closes with " a squirt of milk . " Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine thought it was " a minor revelation " in comparison to the song itself , though credited Jackson for " juggling CGI in a skin @-@ tight red jumpsuit during what appeared to be the middle ground of her yo @-@ yo weight swings " and " whipping up cosmic dust with that ponytail ( how 's that for an entrance ? ! ) . "
= = Live performances = =
Jackson performed " Feedback " on Good Morning America , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , and MTV 's TRL . " Feedback " and several other songs were scheduled to be performed on Saturday Night Live , but Jackson was required to cancel due to illness . Performances on Jimmy Kimmel Live and London nightclub G @-@ A @-@ Y were also initially planned . Jackson taught the video 's choreography to Larry King during an appearance on Larry King Live . It was later performed on the Rock Witchu Tour , Number Ones , Up Close and Personal , and the Unbreakable World Tour .
The performance on TRL became Jackson 's first appearance on MTV in six years , following a lengthy period in which the network blacklisted Jackson and her music videos after they were fined regarding her controversial Super Bowl performance incident . MTV News called the performance " fantastique " , with the audience " completely losing their cot @-@ damn marbles . " Jackson 's rendition on Number Ones , Up Close and Personal was called " throbbing " by The Courant , noting its " explicit dance moves " .
= = Legacy = =
Musician Justin West recorded an acoustic version of " Feedback . " Miley Cyrus performed a dance routine to the song on the premiere episode of YouTube series " The Miley and Mandy Show " . So You Think You Dance winner Jeanine Mason performed a dance routine to the song on the show 's fifth season . It was also used in an episode of MTV 's The Hills . In 2013 , it was mentioned in the novel Cruising : Gay Erotic Stories . Fitness magazine included it among their list of Best Songs for Running .
= = Awards and accolades = =
= = Track listings = =
= = Official remixes = =
= = Personnel = =
Vocals : Janet Jackson
Writers : Rodney Jerkins , D 'Mile , Tasleema Yasin , LaShawn Daniels
Producers : Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins , D 'Mile
Mixing : Roberto " Tito " Vazquez , Rodney Jerkins
Engineer : Josh Houghkirk , Carlos Oyanedel
Pro Tools editing : Mike " Handz " Donaldson
= = Charts = =
= No. 71 Wing RAAF =
No. 71 Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) wing of World War II . It was formed in February 1943 at Milne Bay , Papua New Guinea , as part of No. 9 Operational Group . The wing initially comprised two squadrons of P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks , one of Lockheed Hudsons , and one of Bristol Beauforts . The wing 's mainstay soon became the Beaufort , which eventually equipped five squadrons attached to the formation . No. 71 Wing took part in the New Guinea campaign under the auspices of No. 9 Group , before transferring to No. 10 Operational Group for the Western New Guinea campaign during 1944 . It then returned to the control of Northern Command ( formerly No. 9 Group ) to support Australian ground forces in the Aitape – Wewak campaign , and completed its final combat mission only hours before the Japanese surrender in August 1945 . No. 71 Wing remained in New Guinea following the war and was disbanded in January 1946 .
= = History = =
= = = New Guinea campaign = = =
Formed in February 1943 , No. 71 Wing consisted of No. 6 Squadron ( flying Lockheed Hudsons ) , No. 75 Squadron ( P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks ) , No. 77 Squadron ( P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks ) , and No. 100 Squadron ( Bristol Beauforts ) . Based at Milne Bay , Papua New Guinea , the wing was led by Wing Commander Ian McLachlan , and came under the aegis of No. 9 Operational Group , the RAAF 's " premier fighting unit " in the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , whose purpose was to act as a mobile strike force in support of advancing Allied troops . In March the Beauforts took part in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea , " the decisive aerial engagement " in the SWPA according to General Douglas MacArthur , but was unable to score any hits against Japanese ships .
Between July and October 1943 , No. 71 Wing 's squadrons carried out operations against enemy bases , shipping and lines of communication along the coast of New Britain . In August , it was given responsibility for Goodenough Island , where it was joined the following month by No. 8 Squadron , flying Beauforts . No. 6 Squadron had meanwhile converted to Beauforts from Hudsons ; it remained at Milne Bay along with No. 100 Squadron , until both transferred to Goodenough in November . Between October 1943 and February 1944 , the three Beaufort squadrons took part in a series of major attacks on Rabaul , bombing and strafing airfields , infrastructure and shipping ; the Japanese withdrew their aircraft from Rabaul the following month . The wing 's commanders during this period included Wing Commander Blake Pelly in 1943 , and Group Captain Colin Hannah , former leader of No. 6 Squadron , in early 1944 , before he was repatriated to Australia due to illness .
= = = Western New Guinea campaign = = =
By early 1944 , No. 9 Operational Group had become a static garrison force for the New Guinea area , and was renamed Northern Command in April to better reflect its new role . The following month No. 71 Wing , now led by Wing Commander Ralph Moran , advanced to Nadzab , where it came under the auspices of No. 10 Operational Group ( later the Australian First Tactical Air Force ) . There Nos. 8 and 100 Squadrons engaged in attacks on Japanese positions in Wewak , each flying over 140 sorties during the month .
In June , the wing went forward to Aitape , where its Beaufort complement was augmented by No. 30 Squadron flying Bristol Beaufighters , and No. 110 Squadron USAAF flying P @-@ 39 Airacobras . These four squadrons undertook 1 @,@ 510 sorties during the Battle of Aitape in July , delivering 670 tons of bombs . On 7 August , No. 8 Squadron flew 64 missions , a record for a Beaufort unit . US General Charles P. Hall praised the wing for contributing " in a large measure ... to the success of the operation by continuous interruption of enemy lines of communication and bombing and strafing of enemy concentrations and supplies " . Commodore John Collins , who during the battle led a Royal Australian Navy task force that included the cruisers HMAS Australia and HMAS Shropshire , also paid tribute : " The accuracy of these bombardments was ensured by excellent air spotting . Beauforts of 71 Wing RAAF gave this spotting and deserve much credit for the efficient manner in which it was undertaken , particularly since the airmen were not trained spotters and a Beaufort is hardly a suitable plane for the work . "
= = = Aitape – Wewak campaign = = =
With the decision in September 1944 that No. 71 Wing would not advance to Morotai with No. 10 Operational Group , but rather support the Australian 6th Division in the Aitape – Wewak campaign , overall control of the wing returned to Northern Command . The same month , the first Beauforts of No. 7 Squadron arrived in Aitape to augment Nos. 8 and 100 Squadrons ; the wing was further strengthened in November with a flight of CAC Boomerangs from No. 4 ( Army Cooperation ) Squadron . Wing Commander Eric Cooper , previously in charge of No. 7 Squadron , became No. 71 Wing 's new Officer Commanding in October . The Beaufort units flew around 500 sorties per month from November 1944 to January 1945 , but thereafter had to reduce their rate of effort due to aircrew , ordnance and fuel shortages . During a three @-@ day period in March , two Beauforts blew up in mid @-@ air while releasing their bombs ; the aircraft were pulled from strike missions for ten days until the problem was traced to a faulty tail unit in the 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) bombs .
Cooper handed over to Group Captain Val Hancock , former commander of No. 100 Squadron , in April 1945 . To maximize support to Australian ground troops in the lead @-@ up to the final assault on Wewak , No. 71 Wing 's three extant Beaufort squadrons were joined by two more , Nos. 6 and 15 . Approximately sixty Beauforts and Boomerangs struck Japanese positions behind Dove Bay prior to amphibious landings on 11 May to cut off retreating enemy troops . Over the entire month , the wing dropped more than 1 @,@ 200 tons of bombs and flew in excess of 1 @,@ 400 sorties . By mid @-@ year , however , the wing was again acutely short of fuel and ordnance , so much so that the squadrons took to arming their Beauforts with captured Japanese bombs . On 9 July , enough supplies arrived to enable the wing to continue operating at nominal strength . No. 71 Wing was active to the last day of the Pacific War , flying its final combat mission involving thirty Beauforts only hours before news arrived of victory on 15 August 1945 . Thereafter its squadrons dropped leaflets to remaining pockets of Japanese resistance , making them aware of the surrender . The last entry in No. 71 Wing 's operations book was for 21 January 1946 at Tadji , New Guinea . The headquarters was disbanded six days later .
= SMS Grosser Kurfürst ( 1875 ) =
For the battleship of the same name , see SMS Grosser Kurfürst
SMS Grosser Kurfürst ( or Großer ) was an ironclad turret ship of the German Kaiserliche Marine . She was laid down at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven in 1870 and completed in 1878 ; her long construction time was in part due to a redesign that was completed after work on the ship had begun . Her main battery of four 26 cm ( 10 in ) guns was initially to be placed in a central armored battery , but during the redesign this was altered to a pair of twin gun turrets amidships .
Grosser Kurfürst was sunk on her maiden voyage in an accidental collision with the ironclad SMS König Wilhelm . The two ships , along with SMS Preussen were steaming in the English Channel on 31 May 1878 . The three ships encountered a group of fishing boats , and in turning to avoid them , Grosser Kurfürst inadvertently crossed too closely to König Wilhelm . The latter rammed Grosser Kurfürst , which sank in the span of about eight minutes , taking between 269 and 276 of her crew with her . Her loss spurred a series of investigations into the circumstances of the collision , which ultimately resulted in the acquittal of both Rear Admiral Carl Ferdinand Batsch , the squadron commander , and Count Alexander von Monts , the captain of Grosser Kurfürst . Political infighting over the affair led to the ousting of Rear Admiral Reinhold von Werner from the navy .
= = Construction = =
Grosser Kurfürst was ordered by the Imperial Navy from the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven ; her keel was laid in 1869 under construction number 2 . The ship was launched on 17 September 1875 and commissioned into the German fleet on 6 May 1878 . Grosser Kurfürst cost the German government 7 @,@ 303 @,@ 000 gold marks . As designed , Grosser Kurfürst was to have had her primary armament arranged in a central battery ; after she was laid down , she was altered to mount her main guns in a pair of twin turrets . Although she was the first ship in her class of three vessels to be laid down , she was the last to be launched and commissioned . This was because she was redesigned after work had begun , and she was built by the newly established Imperial Dockyard . Her sister Preussen was built by an experienced commercial ship builder , and Friedrich der Grosse was laid down after the redesign was completed .
The ship was 96 @.@ 59 meters ( 316 @.@ 9 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 16 @.@ 30 m ( 53 @.@ 5 ft ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 12 m ( 23 @.@ 4 ft ) forward . Grosser Kurfürst was powered by one 3 @-@ cylinder single expansion steam engine , which was supplied with steam by six coal @-@ fired transverse trunk boilers . The ship 's top speed was 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) , at 5 @,@ 468 indicated horsepower ( 4 @,@ 077 kW ) . She was also equipped with a full ship rig . Her standard complement consisted of 46 officers and 454 enlisted men .
She was armed with four 26 cm ( 10 in ) L / 22 guns mounted in a pair of gun turrets placed amidships . As built , the ship was also equipped with two 17 cm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) L / 25 guns . Grosser Kurfürst 's armor was made of wrought iron and backed with teak . The armored belt was arrayed in two strakes . The upper strake was 203 mm ( 8 @.@ 0 in ) thick ; the lower strake ranged in thickness from 102 to 229 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 to 9 @.@ 0 in ) . Both were backed with 234 to 260 mm ( 9 @.@ 2 to 10 @.@ 2 in ) of teak . The gun turrets were protected by 203 to 254 mm ( 8 @.@ 0 to 10 @.@ 0 in ) armor on the sides , backed by 260 mm of teak .
= = Service history = =
= = = Collision and loss = = =
In April 1878 , the armored squadron was reactivated for the annual summer training cycle , under the command of Rear Admiral Carl Ferdinand Batsch . Grosser Kurfürst joined the unit , which included her sisters Preussen and Friedrich der Grosse and the large ironclad König Wilhelm , after her commissioning on 6 May . A grounding by Friedrich der Grosse caused serious damage to her hull and prevented her from taking part in the upcoming training cruise . The three ships left Wilhelmshaven on the 29th . König Wilhelm and Preussen steamed in a line , with Grosser Kurfürst off to starboard . On the morning of the 31st , the three ships encountered a pair of sailing vessels off Folkestone . Grosser Kurfürst turned to port to avoid the boats while König Wilhelm sought to pass the two boats , but there was not enough distance between her and Grosser Kurfürst . She therefore turned hard to port to avoid Grosser Kurfürst , but the action was not taken quickly enough , and König Wilhelm found herself pointed directly at Grosser Kurfürst . König Wilhelm 's ram bow tore a hole in Grosser Kurfürst .
A failure to adequately seal the watertight bulkheads aboard Grosser Kurfürst caused the ship to sink rapidly , in the span of about eight minutes . Figures for the number of fatalities vary . Erich Gröner reports that out of a crew of 500 men , 269 died in the accident , while Lawrence Sondhaus states that 276 men were killed . Many of the bodies ended up in Cheriton Road Cemetery , where there is a substantial memorial . Arthur Sullivan , on his way to Paris , witnessed the incident , writing , " I saw it all – saw the unfortunate vessel slowly go over and disappear under the water in clear , bright sunshine , and the water like a calm lake . It was too horrible – and then we saw all the boats moving about picking up the survivors , some so exhausted they had to be lifted on to the ships . " Among those rescued was the ship 's captain , Count Alexander von Monts .
König Wilhelm was also badly damaged in the collision , with severe flooding forward . König Wilhelm 's captain initially planned on beaching the ship to prevent it from sinking , but determined that the ship 's pumps could hold the flooding to an acceptable level . The ship made for Portsmouth , where temporary repairs could be effected to allow the ship to return to Germany . In the aftermath of the collision , the German navy held a court martial for Rear Admiral Batsch , the squadron commander , and Captains Monts and Kuehne , the commanders of the two ships , along with Lieutenant Clausa , the first officer aboard Grosser Kurfürst , to investigate the sinking .
= = = Inquiry = = =
In the ensuing inquiry , chaired by Rear Admiral Reinhold von Werner , Monts testified that he had not been given sufficient time to familiarize himself with the ship and its crew , who were themselves unfamiliar with the vessel . Monts argued that the mobilization process for the newly commissioned ship should have lasted four to six weeks , rather than the three he had been given . The day before the squadron left Wilhelmshaven , Batsch complained to General Albrecht von Stosch , the chief of the Kaiserliche Marine , that a significant number of dockyard workers were still finishing work on Grosser Kurfürst . Werner and the board determined that Admiral Batsch was at fault and exonerated Monts .
Stosch was infuriated that the proceedings had been allowed to become a forum for criticism of his policies , for which he blamed Werner . He appealed to Kaiser Wilhelm I , stating that the inquiry had unfairly blamed Admiral Batsch , and requested a new court martial for the involved officers . Simultaneously , Stosch began a campaign to force Werner out of the navy . This was in part to ensure that Batsch , his protégé , would be next in line after Stosch retired . Despite his popularity , particularly with Kaiser Wilhelm I and his son , Werner was unable to resist Stosch 's efforts to force his ouster . On 15 October 1878 , he requested retirement .
The second court martial again found Batsch guilty and Monts innocent of negligence . A third investigation , held in January 1879 , reversed the decision of the previous verdicts and sentenced Monts to a prison term of one month and two days , though the Kaiser refused to implement the punishment . This necessitated another trial , which returned to the initial verdict and sentenced Batsch to six months in prison . The Kaiser commuted Batsch 's sentence after he had served two months ' time . Disappointed that his protégé had taken the blame for the sinking , Stosch requested another court martial for Monts , who was found not guilty . The Kaiser officially approved the verdict , which put an end to the series of trials over the sinking of Grosser Kurfürst .
= Joan of Arc ( poem ) =
Joan of Arc is a 1796 epic poem composed by Robert Southey . The idea for the story came from a discussion between Southey and Grosvenor Bedford , when Southey realised that the story would be suitable for an epic . The subject further appealed to Southey because the events of the French Revolution were concurrent to the writing of the poem and would serve as a parallel to current events . Eventually , Samuel Taylor Coleridge helped rewrite parts of the poem for a 1798 edition . Later editions removed Coleridge 's additions along with other changes .
The poem is divided into two @-@ halves with the first describing Joan 's quest to meet Charles , the Dauphin of France . Eventually , she is capable of gaining the Dauphin 's support and begins to lead the French military . The secondary half describes the French defeat of the British army at Orléans . After many victories , the poem ends with Charles crowned King of France . Joan of Arc serves as a way for Southey to express his views on history and on politics ; these include his republican ideals , his claims that political tyranny was a common element in Europe , and his opposition to Christian practices that he thought were superstitious . Later editions of the poem shifted from a promotion of a deistic view of religion to a more traditional view . Critics gave the work mixed reviews , with some emphasising the quality of the images and themes of the poem . However , others believed that the poem lacked merit and some believed that the subject matter was inappropriate to the time . Many critics felt that Southey rushed in composing the work and did not devote enough time to it .
= = Background = =
In July 1793 , Southey discussed the story of Joan of Arc with Grosvenor Bedford , his friend . The conversation led to him believe that Joan of Arc would serve as a good basis for an epic so he began to work a plan for the poem and started composing lines . The subject of the poem appealed to Southey because it reflected incidents surrounding the French Revolution that started in early 1793 . By 8 August , he had around 300 lines of the poem written . On 13 August , he devoted his time to writing a 12 @-@ book poem that he hoped to complete by the end of September . After admitting this desire for haste in the preface to the poem 's first edition , critics accused Southey of not spending enough time on composing the poem . During Summer 1794 , Southey attempted to find a publisher for John of Arc while taking up The Fall of Robespierre , a poetic drama about the French Revolution , with Samuel Taylor Coleridge .
During 1794 , Southey began to plan with Coleridge and others about a political system that they would start in America called Pantisocracy . He needed to get money for the project and he contacted Richard Cruttwell on 19 July 1794 to publish Joan of Arc for that end . After notifying Bedford about the plan , Bedford advised Southey to contact William Nicol , a London publisher , to publish the work and raise more money . Southey did find a publisher , Joseph Cottle , to print his poem . A notification for the publication of Joan of Arc was included in a publication of Southey 's poems later in 1794 , but the edition was stopped from being printed since it lacked the minimum of 50 subscribers to pay for the cost . The poem was finally published by Cottle in 1796 ( see 1796 in poetry ) after changes to the text including a section added by Coleridge . The second edition would later be printed without Coleridge 's lines and they were instead published on their own . For the second edition , Southey revised many lines and added more research to the work . It was printed in May 1798 . Later editions were published in 1806 , 1812 , and 1837 , with the final one further toning down Southey 's republican sentiment .
= = Poem = =
Of the various versions and changes , the 1798 version is the most regular of the editions . The story describes Joan from her first appearance at Vaucouleurs until the Dauphin Charles VII is crowned at Rheims . The rest of the events are described in flashbacks throughout the first half . As the story begins , an 18 @-@ year @-@ old Joan travels to Vaucouleurs , home of Robert de Baudricourt , with her uncle Claude . She arrives searching for the Dauphin and meets Charles Dunois as the general tries to raise troops for France 's defence . He helps her through Lorraine to Chinon while explaining her background and life 's story to the general . She tells of her family , her natural living , and the effects of the soldiers who brought war to France told to her by a French soldier named Conrade . Of these various incidents , the English 's massacring French prisoners at the Battle of Agincourt and the starvation of the people of Rouen during a siege are mentioned . They finally arrive at Chinon where they are able to find the French court .
When Joan comes to speak with Charles , the Dauphin pretends to be a common member of the court while someone else pretends to be him . Joan is able to see through the ruse and immediately proclaims that she is sent to restore the French crown to him at Rheims . Charles has her examined by priests and scholars to determine that she is free of black magic . While questioned , Joan describes how God came to her with visions and describes her faith in a similar manner to deism . This causes the examiners to believe that she is a heretic until a blue flame appears along with a sound , which is enough to silence any doubts about her faith . The flame reveals a suit of armour for her , but one individual interrupts her immediate donning of the armour to claim that France is cursed and that she would be a victim . The individual , as it turns out , is Conrade , who blames himself that Joan left her peaceful life to help a French court that was corrupt . He also warns her that he experienced a vision of her burning at the stake .
Following this , Joan begins to gather troops and she takes her army to the forests around Orleans . While they camp there , a girl named Isabel comes and begins to describe the events surrounding siege of the city . Joan sends a messenger to offer the English peace , but the English decline . The French attack the English and , as soon as they start , a storm starts up and lightning flashes about them . This scares the English and Joan is able to win and enter the city . Soon after , Joan is able to lift the siege . The story continues with various French victories and the English are pushed back from fort after fort . Eventually , the English are pushed back to Tourelles . While the English fight their way there , one of the generals , Salisbury , is able to wound Joan . Her companion , Theodore , is able to kill Salisbury in return but he is brought down by the general Talbot . The French soon lay siege to Tourelles and begin a bloody fight to take the fort . During the battle , the French take many captives and the generals wish to execute them . However , Joan intervenes and ensures the safety of the captives ' lives .
In sparing the lives , the French are awarded by God with the collapse of a bridge that leads to many of the English soldiers drowning and a quick victory . The English , after losing Tourelles , fall back to the coast to await for reinforcements . Word comes that the Burgundian troops are coming to help the English . Joan meets with the Duke of Burgundy to warn him against a battle before she returns to her men to help bury the dead . Talbot 's son comes with reinforcements from England , and the English army attacks the French at Patay . During the battle , Joan is able to kill the son and Conrade is able to kill the father . This causes the English to flee and , in turn , allows the French to retake Rheims . Once Rheims is free , Charles comes and is crowned the King of France . The story ends with Joan telling him to be a good king .
= = Themes = =
In terms of subject matter , the story of Joan of Arc was not well known outside of a legend . A history dealing with Joan written by Clement L 'Averdy was written in 1790 but it was probably unknown to Southey . This would serve as the major historical source of information on her until Jules Quicherat 's history published during the mid @-@ 19th century . Of non @-@ historical works , Voltaire 's La Pucelle was well known but the work attacks Joan . Joan 's reputation was polemical , and Joan would later be turned into a French hero with Napoleon 's encouragement . Friedrich Schiller would also deal with the legend the same way in Die Jungfrau von Orleans . In terms of works relying on the general idea of a warrior woman , many such figures exited in epics : Virgil and Camilla , Tasso has Clorinda , and Spenser had Britomart . However , such females were not the central figure as a woman was unique to Southey at the time .
The poem 's focus on France served as a way for Southey to discuss his feelings about the French Revolution . In particular , Southey was upset that the British were calling men from their farms to serve as a militia during the time . In terms of the French , Southey did not support Robespierre and the others who followed him in France . However , he did support the idea of the French Republic . When he heard of Marie Antoinette 's execution in October 1793 , Southey told his friend Bedford that he condemned the action although he held to his Republican beliefs . However , he was further upset when word came that Brissot , the Girondin leader , was executed . This caused him to believe that all of the countries were equally bad , except the Republican United States , which he hoped to make his home . In 1794 , many of Southey 's feelings on Robespierre 's involvement in these actions were included in both Joan of Arc and the Fall of Robbespierre , which followed after Robespierre 's own execution . However , Southey had by then become very radical and believed that Robespierre was a great man who only helped mankind in his actions .
The poem also contains many of Southey 's views on the Catholic Church and how it influenced his political views . Part of this comes from Southey 's trip to Lisbon and Madrid in 1795 where he was exposed to what he believed as Catholic superstition . He believed that the church and the Catholic leaders kept the people ignorant , and he believed that the Muslims that were cast out of Spain were more tolerant . Many of these ideas are repeated in a speech within the work by Henry V , and the character attributes ignorance and vice to oppression . Southey believed that the only way to escape from these problems was for people to believe they were part of one universal family . His enemies later described Southey 's as holding Jacobin belief and claimed he supported the extremism of Robbespierre , when his sympathies laid to a larger extent with the Girondins that were replaced by the Jacobins . However , the poem is still subversive since it described a French patriot fighting against the English that parallels the strife during Southey 's time .
The figure of Joan of Arc represents both a common person and a child that was free from society 's corruption . Between the editions , however , Southey 's understanding of politics and religion began to change , and this is reflected in the changes of Joan of Arc for the second edition . Joan was originally a character that had a natural understanding of religion that was connected to a Socinian form of Christianity . She , as a child , was ignorant of Church and of theology except what was revealed to her directly . However , this was replaced in the second edition with Joan having a more traditional form of religion that was provided to her during her youth .
= = Critical reception = =
Regarding Joan of Arc , William Wordsworth wrote to William Matthews , 21 March 1796 , claiming : " You were right about Southey , he is certainly a coxcomb , and has proved it completely by the preface to his Joan of Arc , an epic poem which he has just published . This preface is indeed a very conceited performance and the poem though in some passages of first @-@ rate excellence is on the whole of very inferior execution . " Charles Lamb , in a 10 June 1796 letter to Coleridge , stated , " With Joan of Arc I have been delighted , amazed . I had not presumed to expect of any thing of such excellence from Southey. why the poem is alone sufficient to redeem the character of the age we live in from the imputation of degenerating in Poetry [ ... ] The subject is well chosen . It opens well [ ... ] On the whole , I expect Southey one day to rival Milton . " Coleridge , in a 31 December 1796 letter to John Thelwall , admitted , " I entirely according with your opinion of Southey 's Joan [ ... ] the poem tho ' it frequently reached the sentimental , does not display , the poetical , Sublime . In language at once natural , perspicuous , & dignified , in manly pathos , in sooth & sonnet @-@ like description , and above all , in character , & dramatic dialogue , Southey is unrivalled ; but as certainly he does not possess opulence of Imagination , lofty @-@ paced Harmony , or that toil of thinking , which is necessary in order to plan a Whole . "
John Aikin , in a review for the April 1796 Monthly Review , claimed , " We were sorry to observer , in the preface to this work , certain facts stated in order to display the extreme rapidity with which it was written . An epic poem in 12 books finished in six weeks , and , on its improved plan in 10 books , almost entirely recomposed during the time of printing ! Is it possible that a person of classical education have so slight an opinion of ( perhaps ) the most arduous effort of human invention , as to suffer the fervour and confidence of youth to hurry him in such a manner through a design which may fix the reputation of a whole life ? " The review continued : " To proceed to the execution of the design : we do not hesitate to declare our opinion that the poetical powers displayed in it are of a very superior kind , and such as , if not wasted in premature and negligent exertions , promise a rich harvest of future excellence . Conceptions more lofty and daring , sentiments more commanding , and language more energetic than some of the best passages in this poem afford , will not easily be found : — nor does scarcely any part of it sink to languor ; as the glow of feeling and genius animates the whole . "
An anonymous review in the June 1796 Critical Review argued , " When the character of the Maid of Orleans , and the part taken by her against the English , are considered , together with the manner in which the history has been treated by other writers , some suspicion may at first arise , that Mr. Southey has chosen a subject scarcely suited to the dignity of epic poetry . His prudence at least may be called into question. how can he expect to interest the English nation in the fortunes of a heroine who was an active champion against his own countrymen , or be hardly enough to felicitate those successes that involved the English in disgrace ? " In regard to the effort put into writing the poem , the review concluded : " The poetical powers of Mr. Southey are indisputable very superior , and capable , we doubt not , of producing a poem that will place him in the first class of English poets . He is at present , he tells his readers , engaged in the execution of Madoc [ ... ] We cannot , therefore , help expressing our wish , that he would not put his future poem to so hazardous an experiment as he has this , by assigning himself so little time for its completion . "
Following this was an anonymous review for the 1796 Analytical Review that stated , " we learn with astonishment , that Joan of Arc , in its first form , in twelve books , was [ ... ] finished in six weeks [ ... ] We thought it right to mention a fact on which the author , by detailing it in the beginning of his preface , appears to lay some stress ; but we wish entirely to forget it in our examination of the poem , and request our readers to do the same . The story , upon which this poem is founded , is one of the most interesting in the history of France , and is , in several respects , happily adapted to epic representation . " The review concluded : " The general result of the impression which the perusal of this poem has made upon our minds is this : that , although the poem has some redundancies , which the chastised taste of maturer years would have struck out ; though a manifest incongruity runs through the piece , in ascribing to characters of the fifteenth century the politics and metaphysics of an enlightened philosopher of the eighteenth ; and though allegorical personages [ ... ] but ill supply the place of that grand machinery [ ... ] which have obtained the glorious meed of immortality ; we , nevertheless , admire , the noble spirit of freedom , which is evidently the poet 's inspiring muse " .
= Roa – Hønefoss Line =
The Roa – Hønefoss Line ( Norwegian : Roa – Hønefossbanen , formerly Roa – Hønefosslinjen ) is a 32 @-@ kilometer ( 20 mi ) long , single track railway line between Roa and Hønefoss in Norway . At Roa Station , the line connects to the Gjøvik Line , while at Hønefoss Station , it connects to the Randsfjorden Line and the Bergen Line . The line runs through Buskerud and Oppland and allowed the Bergen Line access to Oslo at Oslo East Station .
The Line was built by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) and opened on 1 December 1909 , along with the last part of the Bergen Line . The line was electrified in 1961 . Until 1989 , nearly all Oslo – Bergen trains used the line to terminate at Oslo East Station . It was also possible to reach Oslo from Hønefoss via the Randsfjord Line , albeit terminating at Oslo West Station . NSB also ran a local service between Hønefoss and Oslo along the Roa – Hønefoss Line . Oslo – Bergen trains ran via the Randsfjord Line after 1989 and local train services have been terminated . However , the line remains in use for freight trains along the Oslo – Bergen route .
= = Route = =
The line starts at Roa Station , which is also located on the Gjøvik Line and is 57 @.@ 54 kilometers ( 35 @.@ 75 mi ) from Oslo Central Station ( Oslo S ) . Located at 313 @.@ 2 meters ( 1 @,@ 028 ft ) above mean sea level , Roa has the highest elevation on the whole line . The line runs first west , then south to Jevnaker Station , passing Kalvsjø Station , Grindvoll Station , Gunstad Station , Bjellum Tunnel and Kvellsrud Station , before reaching Jevnaker , which is 19 kilometers ( 12 mi ) from Roa . For a long time , Jevnaker had two separate stations located at each end of the town , with the other station serving as the terminus of the Randsfjord Line .
The line then runs south @-@ west , past Bergerfoss and Kistefoss , before reaching Viul . There , there is a branch to a lumber mill . After Viul , the line runs through two tunnels , 95 and 185 meters ( 312 and 607 ft ) long . At Hval , located 27 kilometers ( 17 mi ) from Roa , there was formerly a spur to a military camp . The line then runs over a 55 @-@ meter ( 180 ft ) long bridge over Randselva before passing Hønen and a spur at Hønen and to a Goman bakery . Just before reaching Hønefoss Station , the line runs on a 216 meters ( 709 ft ) long bridge over Begna . At Hønefoss , the Roa – Hønefoss Line and the Randsfjord Line come in from the east while the Randsfjord Line and the Bergen Line continue to the west . Hønefoss is 89 @.@ 57 kilometers ( 55 @.@ 66 mi ) from Oslo via Roa and 124 @.@ 21 kilometers ( 77 @.@ 18 mi ) via Drammen .
= = History = =
Hønefoss Station opened on 13 October 1868 as an intermediate station on the Randsfjord Line which connects Randsfjorden to Drammen . The initial proposals for the Bergen Line route went from Hønefoss via Sandvika to Oslo West Station ( Oslo V ) . However , this was met with a combination of political opposition and technical restrictions . During the 1880s and 1890s , all lines that did not connect to Sweden were to be built with 1 @,@ 067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge . The Drammen Line , which connected Sandvika to Oslo , was narrow gauge , as were the rest of the lines west of Oslo . During the planning of the Gjøvik Line ( at the time known as the North Line ) , military considerations eventually led to the decision to build it with standard gauge . Eventually it was decided that the Bergen Line would also be built with standard gauge . However , to reach Oslo from Hønefoss , a longer route to connect to the Gjøvik Line would have to be built , allowing the line to connect to the more important Oslo East Station . The construction of the Roa – Hønefoss Line and the Bergen Line from Hønefoss to Taugevatn was passed by the Parliament of Norway on 2 June 1898 .
The line was built by NSB as part of the Bergen Line project , for which construction across the mountain had commenced in 1895 . Construction of the Roa – Hønefoss Line started in 1903 . This section is relatively flat and was the easiest part of the project to build . The line was officially opened along with the section of the Bergen Line from Gulsvik to Hønefoss , by King Haakon VII on 27 November 1909 . It was taken into ordinary use on 1 December . At the time the line opened , there were stations at Roa , Grindvoll , Jevnaker , Hval and Hønefoss .
To begin with , the line had a single through train from Oslo to Bergen , with an additional summer express — with a limited number of stops . In addition , there were two additional trains from Hønefoss to Oslo . From 1 May 1912 , a night train was also introduced and the same year mixed passenger and freight trains were introduced from Ål on the Bergen Line to Oslo . A station was opened at Viul on 16 August 1915 , and another at Kistefoss on 1 October . Because of economic impact of World War I , the night train services was reduced to only twice a week from 20 May 1917 until 7 June 1919 . In 1930 , new stations were established at Kalvsjø , Gunstad , Bergerfoss and Hønen . During World War II from 1940 to 1945 , the frequency was reduced to no more than one train per day . During parts of 1940 , the Oslo – Bergen line was instead run via the Drammen and Randsfjord Lines . However , two local trains were kept on the route from Hønefoss to Roa .
From 18 November 1945 , the daily Oslo – Bergen trains again ran via Roa , while the local trains from Oslo to Hønefoss increased to three daily round trips . Three weekly night trains were introduced from 1946 . From 2 January to 1 May 1947 , there was four weekly express services from Oslo to Geilo on the Bergen Line . By 1950 , the situation had normalized and there were daily day and night trains and three weekly express trains — the latter with no stops between Hønefoss and Oslo . Kvellsrud Station opened on 18 August 1952 .
In the 1930s , it was decided that the Bergen Line was to be electrified . After the first section , from Bergen to Voss , was completed in 1954 , the Gjøvik Line and the Roa – Hønefoss Line were the next to be electrified . The sections Oslo – Jaren and Roa – Hønefoss opened with 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC electric traction on 1 February 1961 . Automatic signaling was put into service on 10 December 1973 and automatic train stop was put into operation on 27 October 1987 .
From 3 June 1984 , the day train was moved to run via Drammen . Until 1989 , the Roa – Hønefoss Line had four daily round trips with a local train from Hønefoss via Roa to Oslo , normally a Class 65 or Class 67 unit . From 1989 , this was reduced to a single round trip , with a morning train from Hønefoss to Oslo and a return in the afternoon . Eventually this was taken over by a Class 69 unit and by the late 1990s taken out of service . The Roa – Hønefoss Line remains a pure freight track for long @-@ haul freight trains on the Bergen Line . After the opening of the Oslo Tunnel and Oslo Central Station in 1989 , passenger trains run via Drammen ; however , the Roa – Hønefoss Line is used as a reserve line for passenger trains when the Drammen Line or Randsfjord Line is out of service .
= Vipera berus =
Vipera berus , the common European adder or common European viper , is a venomous snake that is extremely widespread and can be found throughout most of Western Europe and as far as East Asia . Known by a host of common names including common adder and common viper , adders have been the subject of much folklore in Britain and other European countries . They are not regarded as especially dangerous ; the snake is not aggressive and usually bites only when alarmed or disturbed . Bites can be very painful , but are seldom fatal . The specific name , berus , is New Latin and was at one time used to refer to a snake , possibly the grass snake , Natrix natrix .
The common adder is found in different terrains , habitat complexity being essential for different aspects of its behaviour . It feeds on small mammals , birds , lizards , and amphibians , and in some cases on spiders , worms , and insects . The common adder , like most other vipers , is ovoviviparous . Females breed once every two or three years , with litters usually being born in late summer to early autumn in the Northern Hemisphere . Litters range in size from three to 20 with young staying with their mothers for a few days . Adults grow to a total length ( including tail ) of 60 to 90 cm ( 24 to 35 in ) and a mass of 50 to 180 g ( 1 @.@ 8 to 6 @.@ 3 oz ) . Three subspecies are recognized , including the nominate subspecies , Vipera berus berus described here . The snake is not considered to be threatened , though it is protected in some countries .
= = Etymologies = =
The name " adder " is derived from nædre an Old English word that had the generic meaning of serpent in the older forms of many Germanic languages . It was commonly used in the Old English version of the Christian Scriptures for the devil and the serpent in the Book of Genesis . In the 14th century , " a nadder " in Middle English was rebracketed to " an adder " ( just as " a napron " became " an apron " and " a nompere " changed into " an umpire " ) .
In keeping with its wide distribution and familiarity through the ages , Vipera berus has a large number of common names in English , which include :
Common European adder , common European viper , European viper , northern viper , adder , common adder , crossed viper , European adder , common viper , European common viper , cross adder , or common cross adder .
In Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , the snake is known as huggorm or hoggorm , roughly translated as " striking serpent " or " cutting serpent " . In Finland , it is known as kyykäärme or simply kyy , in Estonia it is known as rästik , while in Lithuania it is known as angis .
= = Description = =
Relatively thick @-@ bodied , adults usually grow to 60 cm ( 24 in ) in total length ( including tail ) , with an average of 55 cm ( 22 in ) . Maximum size varies by region . The largest , at over 90 cm ( 35 in ) , are found in Scandinavia ; specimens of 104 cm ( 41 in ) have been observed there on two occasions . In France and Great Britain , the maximum size is 80 – 87 cm ( 31 – 34 in ) . Mass ranges from 50 g ( 1 @.@ 8 oz ) to about 180 grams ( 6 @.@ 3 oz ) .
The head is fairly large and distinct and its sides are almost flat and vertical . The edge of the snout is usually raised into a low ridge . Seen from above , the rostral scale is not visible , or only just . Immediately behind the rostral , there are two ( rarely one ) small scales . Dorsally , there are usually five large plates : a squarish frontal ( longer than wide , sometimes rectangular ) , two parietals ( sometimes with a tiny scale between the frontal and the parietals ) , and two long and narrow supraoculars . The latter are large and distinct , each separated from the frontal by one to four small scales . The nostril is situated in a shallow depression within a large nasal scale . The eye is relatively large — equal in size or slightly larger than the nasal scale — but often smaller in females . Below the supraoculars are six to 13 ( usually eight to 10 ) small circumorbital scales . The temporal scales are smooth ( rarely weakly keeled ) . There are 10 – 12 sublabials and six to 10 ( usually eight or 9 ) supralabials . Of the latter , the numbers 3 and 4 are the largest , while 4 and 5 ( rarely 3 and 4 ) are separated from the eye by a single row of small scales ( sometimes two rows in alpine specimens ) .
Midbody there are 21 dorsal scales rows ( rarely 19 , 20 , 22 , or 23 ) . These are strongly keeled scales , except for those bordering the ventral scales . These scales seem loosely attached to the skin and lower rows become increasingly wide ; those closest to the ventral scales are twice as wide as the ones along the midline . The ventral scales number 132 @-@ 150 in males and 132 – 158 in females . The anal plate is single . The subcaudals are paired , numbering 32 – 46 in males and 23 – 38 in females .
The colour pattern varies , ranging from very light @-@ coloured specimens with small , incomplete , dark dorsal crossbars to entirely brown ones with faint or clear , darker brown markings , and on to melanistic individuals that are entirely dark and lack any apparent dorsal pattern . However , most have some kind of zigzag dorsal pattern down the entire length of their bodies and tails . The head usually has a distinctive dark V or X on the back . A dark streak runs from the eye to the neck and continues as a longitudinal series of spots along the flanks . Unusual for snakes , the sexes are possible to tell apart by the colour . Females are usually brownish in hue with dark @-@ brown markings , the males are pure grey with black markings . The basal colour of males will often be slightly lighter than that of the females , making the black zigzag pattern stand out . The melanistic individuals are often females .
= = Geographic range = =
Vipera berus has a wide range . It can be found across the Eurasian land @-@ mass ; from northwestern Europe ( Great Britain , Scandinavia , Germany , France ) across southern Europe ( Italy , Serbia , Albania , Croatia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Republic of Macedonia , Bulgaria , and northern Greece ) and eastern Europe to north of the Arctic Circle , and Russia to the Pacific Ocean , Sakhalin Island , North Korea , northern Mongolia and northern China . It is found further north than any other snake species . The type locality was originally listed as " Europa " . Mertens and Müller ( 1940 ) proposed restricting the type locality to " Upsala , Schweden " ( Uppsala , Sweden ) and it was eventually restricted to Berthåga , Uppsala by designation of a neotype by Krecsák & Wahlgren ( 2008 ) .
In several European countries , it is notable as being the only native venomous snake . It is one of only three snake species native to Britain . The other two , the Grass snake and the Smooth snake are non @-@ venomous .
= = Conservation status = =
In the United Kingdom , it is illegal to kill , injure , harm , or sell adders under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 . The common viper is categorised as " endangered " in Switzerland , and is also protected in some other countries in its range . It is also found in many protected areas . This species is listed as protected ( Appendix III ) under the Berne Convention .
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species describes the conservation status as of " least concern " in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , broad range of habitats , and likely slow rate of decline though it acknowledges the population to be decreasing . Reduction in habitat for a variety of reasons , fragmentation of populations in Europe due to intense agriculture practices , and collection for the pet trade or for venom extraction have been recorded as major contributing factors for its decline .
= = Habitat = =
Sufficient habitat complexity is a crucial requirement for the presence of this species , in order to support its various behaviors — basking , foraging , and hibernation — as well as to offer some protection from predators and human harassment . It is found in a variety of habitats , including : chalky downs , rocky hillsides , moors , sandy heaths , meadows , rough commons , edges of woods , sunny glades and clearings , bushy slopes and hedgerows , dumps , coastal dunes , and stone quarries . It will venture into wetlands if dry ground is available nearby and thus may be found on the banks of streams , lakes , and ponds .
In much of southern Europe , such as southern France and northern Italy , it is found in either low lying wetlands or at high altitudes . In the Swiss Alps , it may ascend to about 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) . In Hungary and Russia , it avoids open steppeland ; a habitat in which V. ursinii is more likely to occur . In Russia , however , it does occur in the forest steppe zone .
= = Behaviour = =
This species is mainly diurnal , especially in the north of its range . Further south it is said to be active in the evening , and it may even be active at night during the summer months . It is predominantly a terrestrial species , although it has been known to climb up banks and into low bushes in order to bask or search for prey .
Adders are not usually aggressive , tending to be rather timid and biting only when cornered or alarmed . People are generally bitten only after stepping on them or attempting to pick them up . They will usually disappear into the undergrowth at a hint of any danger , but will return once all is quiet , often to the same spot . Occasionally , individual snakes will reveal their presence with a loud and sustained hissing , hoping to warn off potential aggressors . Often , these turn out to be pregnant females . When the adder is threatened , the front part of the body is drawn into an S @-@ shape to prepare for a strike .
The species is cold @-@ adapted and hibernates in the winter . In Great Britain , males and females hibernate for about 150 and 180 days respectively . In northern Sweden hibernation lasts 8 – 9 months . On mild winter days , they may emerge to bask where the snow has melted and will often travel across snow . About 15 % of adults and 30 – 40 % of juveniles die during hibernation .
= = Feeding = =
Diet consists mainly of small mammals , such as mice , voles , and shrews , as well as lizards . Sometimes , slow worms are taken , and even weasels and moles . They feed on amphibians , such as frogs , newts , and salamanders . Birds are also reported to be consumed , especially nestlings and even eggs , for which they will climb into shrubbery and bushes . Generally , diet varies depending on locality . Juveniles will eat nestling mammals , small lizards and frogs as well as worms and spiders . Once they reach about 30 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 ft ) in length , their diet begins to resemble that of the adults .
= = Reproduction = =
In Hungary , mating takes place in the last week of April , while in the north it happens later in the second week of May . Matings have also been observed in June and even early October , but it is not known if the autumn matings result in any young . Females often breed once every two years , or even once every three years if the seasons are short and the climate is severe .
Males find females by following their scent trails , sometimes tracking them for hundreds of meters a day . If a female is found and flees , the male follows . Courtship involves side @-@ by @-@ side parallel " flowing " behavior , tongue flicking along the back and excited lashing of the tail . Pairs stay together for one or two days after mating . Males chase away their rivals and engage in combat . Often , this also starts with the aforementioned flowing behavior before culminating in the dramatic " adder dance . " In this act , the males confront each other , raise up the front part of the body vertically , make swaying movements and attempt to push each other to the ground . This is repeated until one of the two becomes exhausted and crawls off to find another mate . Interestingly , Appleby ( 1971 ) notes that he has never seen an intruder win one of these contests , as if the frustrated defender is so aroused by courtship that he refuses to lose his chance to mate . There are no records of any biting taking place during these bouts .
Females usually give birth in August or September , but sometimes as early as July , or as late as early October . Litters range in size from 3 to 20 . The young are usually born encased in a transparent sac from which they must free themselves . Sometimes , they succeed in freeing themselves from this membrane while still inside the female . The neonates measure 14 to 23 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 5 to 9 @.@ 1 in ) in total length ( including tail ) , with an average total length of 17 cm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) . They are born with a fully functional venom apparatus and a reserve supply of yolk within their bodies . They shed their skins for the first time within a day or two . Females do not appear to take much interest in their offspring , but the young have been observed to remain near their mothers for several days after birth .
= = Venom = =
Because of the rapid rate of human expansion throughout the range of this species , bites are relatively common . Domestic animals and livestock are frequent victims . In Great Britain , most instances occur in March – October . In Sweden , there are about 1 @,@ 300 bites a year , with an estimated 12 % that require hospitalisation . At least eight different antivenoms are available against bites from this species .
Mallow et al . ( 2003 ) describe the venom toxicity as being relatively low compared to other viper species . They cite Minton ( 1974 ) who reported the LD50 values for mice to be 0 @.@ 55 mg / kg IV , 0 @.@ 80 mg / kg IP and 6 @.@ 45 mg / kg SC . As a comparison , in one test the minimum lethal dose of for a guinea pig was 40 – 67 mg , but only 1 @.@ 7 mg was necessary when Daboia russelii venom was used . Brown ( 1973 ) gives a higher subcutaneous LD50 range of 1 @.@ 0 – 4 @.@ 0 mg / kg . All agree that the venom yield is low : Minton ( 1974 ) mentions 10 – 18 mg for specimens 48 – 62 cm ( 19 – 24 @.@ 5 in ) in length , while Brown ( 1973 ) lists only 6 mg .
Relatively speaking , bites from this species are not highly dangerous . In Britain there have been only 14 known fatalities since 1876 — the last a 5 @-@ year @-@ old child in 1975 — and one near fatal bite of a 39 @-@ year @-@ old woman in Essex in 1998 . An 82 @-@ year @-@ old woman died following a bite in Germany in 2004 , although it is not clear whether her death was due to the effect of the venom . Even so , professional medical help should always be sought as soon as possible after any bite . Very occasionally bites can be life @-@ threatening , particularly in small children , while adults may experience discomfort and disability long after the bite . The length of recovery varies , but may take up to a year .
Local symptoms include immediate and intense pain , followed after a few minutes ( but perhaps by as much as 30 minutes ) by swelling and a tingling sensation . Blisters containing blood are not common . The pain may spread within a few hours , along with tenderness and inflammation . Reddish lymphangitic lines and bruising may appear , and the whole limb can become swollen and bruised within 24 hours . Swelling may also spread to the trunk , and with children , throughout the entire body . Necrosis and intracompartmental syndromes are very rare .
Systemic symptoms resulting from anaphylaxis can be dramatic . These may appear within 5 minutes post bite , or can be delayed for many hours . Such symptoms include nausea , retching and vomiting , abdominal colic and diarrhoea , incontinence of urine and faeces , sweating , fever , vasoconstriction , tachycardia , lightheadedness , loss of consciousness , blindness , shock , angioedema of the face , lips , gums , tongue , throat and epiglottis , urticaria and bronchospam . If left untreated , these symptoms may persist or fluctuate for up to 48 hours . In severe cases , cardiovascular failure may occur .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species has three recognised subspecies :
The subspecies V. b. bosniensis and V. b. sachalinensis have been regarded as full species in some recent publications .
= Joey Santiago =
Joseph Alberto " Joey " Santiago ( born June 10 , 1965 ) is a Filipino @-@ American guitarist and composer . Active since 1986 , Santiago is best known as the lead guitarist for the American alternative rock band the Pixies . After the band 's breakup in 1993 , Santiago produced musical scores for film and television documentaries , and he formed The Martinis with his wife , Linda Mallari . He also contributed to albums by Charles Douglas and former Pixies band @-@ mate Frank Black . Santiago resumed his role as the Pixies ' lead guitarist when they reunited in 2004 .
Santiago has described his guitar technique as " angular and bent " , and he cites Les Paul , George Harrison , Chet Atkins , Wes Montgomery , Joe Pass and Jimi Hendrix as major influences on his style . His guitar playing , as part of the Pixies ' sound , was held in high regard by critics : MTV 's Laurel Bowman commented that Santiago 's " sonic plow was the key element in the Pixies ' monstrous presence " .
= = Early life and education = =
Santiago was born in Manila , Philippines , on June 10 , 1965 , the third of six sons of an anesthesiologist . In 1972 , when President Marcos declared martial law , the family emigrated to the United States . After two years in Yonkers , New York , the family moved to Longmeadow , Massachusetts , where Santiago attended Longmeadow High School and graduated from Wilbraham & Monson Academy in 1983 . His first experience with a musical instrument was playing a Hammond organ at the age of eight , but he never took on the instrument seriously because he had to share it with five brothers . Santiago first played a guitar at the age of nine after he noticed a classical guitar hanging on his oldest brother 's wall for decoration . The first song he learned to play was The Velvet Underground 's " Rock and Roll " .
As a teenager , Santiago became interested in computer programming , naming his first program " Iggy " and his second " Pop " after punk rocker Iggy Pop . He participated in a cycle ride across the United States in aid of charity , but on completing it did not bother to collect the sponsor 's money .
After graduating from high school in 1983 , Santiago studied at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . He remained without a major as long as the university would permit him to , but eventually chose economics . He met Charles Thompson , an anthropology student and the future Pixies frontman , after he heard Thompson and his roommate playing their guitars . Santiago rushed home to collect his guitar , and was soon playing " non @-@ blues @-@ scale , non @-@ cover @-@ song rock " with Thompson .
Santiago and Thompson shared a room at the start of the second semester . Santiago soon introduced his new roommate to 1970s punk and the music of David Bowie . He later recalled their time together in college : " Charles and I had a suite at the college dorm . We 'd go to shows , I remember seeing Black Flag and Angst . Initially , I think we just liked each other . I did notice right away that he was playing music ... He 'd write ' em [ the songs ] , and I 'd throw my ideas on the guitar . " In their second year of college , Thompson traveled to Puerto Rico as an exchange student . After six months there living with a " weird , psycho roommate , " Thompson sent Santiago a letter with the words " We gotta do it , now is the time , Joe , we gotta chase our dreams " ; Santiago replied , saying " Yes , now 's the time . " Upon receiving this reply , Thompson decided to return to Amherst to start a rock band with Santiago .
= = Pixies = =
Upon Thompson 's return to Massachusetts , the pair dropped out of college and moved to Boston . They both took temporary jobs in warehouses , with Santiago working for a butcher block company . In January 1986 , Thompson formed the Pixies with Santiago . Thompson gave Santiago the choice of bass or lead guitar ; Santiago chose to play lead . The pair arrived at a name after Santiago selected the word randomly from a dictionary and liked the definition , " mischievous little elves . " They recruited Kim Deal a week later after placing a classified ad in a Boston paper for a bassist " into Hüsker Dü and Peter , Paul and Mary . " Drummer David Lovering was later hired on recommendation from Deal 's husband .
The Pixies rehearsed throughout 1986 , and began performing around Boston in late 1986 and during 1987 . Santiago met his future wife , Linda Mallari , when he sat beside her after a 1987 Pixies show at The Rat . Mallari noted their shared Filipino ancestry and suggested they write music together . She then offered to join the Pixies , but Santiago replied , " We already have a chick in the band . " Throughout Santiago 's time with the Pixies , the two often met up to write songs and drink martinis , but they did not release any material . According to Santiago , they " broke up a couple of times " early in their relationship .
The Pixies signed to the English independent record label 4AD in 1987 . On meeting the head of the label , Ivo Watts @-@ Russell , Santiago remarked : " All I care about is that you make me famous in the Philippines because all the chicks are really pretty " . Watts @-@ Russell later said " that 's probably all I ever heard Joey really say , " and by that time , Santiago 's quietness had been noted by those close to the band . The Pixies ' first release , Come On Pilgrim , featured his trademark angular lead guitar on tracks such as " The Holiday Song " and " Vamos " .
After the band 's next two albums , 1988 's Surfer Rosa and 1989 's Doolittle , the relationship between the band members became strained ; the Pixies were constantly touring and had released three albums in two years . During their homecoming Boston concert , on the post @-@ Doolittle " Fuck or Fight " tour , Santiago smashed up his instrument and stormed offstage . The band announced a break soon afterwards . During this time , Santiago visited the Grand Canyon to " find himself . " After the band reconvened in 1990 , Santiago contributed to the band 's later releases , 1990 's Bossanova and 1991 's Trompe le Monde , adopting a surf guitar style in the former . The Pixies eventually broke up in 1992 , mostly due to tensions between Francis and Deal , although the breakup was not publicly announced until 1993 .
= = The Martinis and composing = =
After the breakup of the Pixies , Santiago went into a depression for the first couple of years but remained on good terms with bandmate Black Francis ( who soon adopted the name Frank Black ) . Black , who was recording his 1993 debut album , Frank Black , contacted Santiago to ask whether he would contribute lead guitar . Santiago agreed , and he and Mallari drove from their home in Florida to Los Angeles . The couple ended up moving into Black 's old apartment in L.A. on a whim . Santiago played lead guitar on a number of Frank Black 's solo albums , including 1994 's Teenager of the Year , and contributed lead guitar to Steve Westfield 's 1994 album Mangled . He also formed The Martinis a year later with Mallari . Their recorded output by the end of the 1990s comprised a single song , the self @-@ recorded " Free " ( 1995 ) , which appeared on the film soundtrack of Empire Records . The band played live only occasionally until 2001 .
In the mid @-@ 1990s , Santiago began to explore audio editing software . After composing for several independent films , including Crime and Punishment in Suburbia in 2000 ( where he collaborated again with Black ) , Santiago co @-@ scored the Fox Network TV series Undeclared with Michael Andrews . He continued to contribute lead guitar to albums , collaborating with Charles Douglas on his 2004 album Statecraft . He scored the 2003 film The Low Budget Time Machine and wrote two songs , " Birthday Video " and " Fake Purse , " for the Showtime television series Weeds in 2005 .
Mallari and Santiago continued to write new material as part of the Martinis , but no longer played live . Their debut album , Smitten , took two years to write and was released in 2004 ; the pair collaborated with a number of musicians , including drummer Josh Freese , during the recording . Santiago described the album as " a lot poppier and quirkier " than the band 's previous material . The band simultaneously released The Smitten Sessions , a limited edition EP .
= = Pixies reunion and future projects = =
After the Pixies broke up in 1993 , Santiago had stayed in touch with every band member . In the summer of 2003 , Black decided to begin reuniting the Pixies and called Santiago first . Santiago later explained : " He called me on my cellphone and I was in Cape Cod visiting family . He said in this coy voice , ' Hey Joey , uh , you been hearin ' these rumors that we 're getting back together ? Gee , I wonder who started it ? ' I go , ' Charles , did you do that ? ' and he goes , ' Yeah . ' " Santiago then contacted Lovering and Deal to inform them of Black 's decision and by the summer of 2004 the band had reunited . DreamWorks asked the Pixies in early 2004 to compose a song for the Shrek 2 soundtrack . They agreed , and early versions of this new song were recorded in Santiago 's basement . With his soundtrack experience , the band , in the words of Deal , " worked it up a bit in Joey 's Pro Tools thing " , before submitting it to the studio . DreamWorks rejected the song , so the band released it as a single , " Bam Thwok " .
Aside from the Pixies and The Martinis , Santiago scored the soundtrack of the documentary Radiant City in 2006 . He signed with the commercial sound agency Elias Arts in the same year , and focused on composing music for television commercials . In a March 2006 Billboard.com interview , he dismissed the possibility of a new Pixies album for the time being : " I 'd only be interested if it happens in an organic manner ; if all our schedules are aligned and we 're all feeling it . That 's the only reason to do it . " Santiago also played a benefit concert for drummer Wally Ingram in February 2007 as part of The Martinis ; the band 's first gig for six years .
= = Musical style = =
Santiago describes his guitar playing as " angular and bent , " " all derived from guitar moments that perk my ears up " . Notable in his style is how he uses distortion and feedback to leave spaces open . A good example is the intro of There Goes My Gun . He attributes much of his style to songs he enjoyed when first learning the guitar , such as The Beatles ' " Savoy Truffle " , where " George Harrison played that bent note that I fell in love with and later milked it for all it was worth . " He used such techniques with the Pixies : Doolittle 's " Dead " begins with Santiago 's guitar " squawking " on an E @-@ flat like " a wounded animal " . As Santiago was learning the guitar , he saw himself as a self @-@ conscious amateur , and still speaks of a lack of confidence in his playing .
Santiago , rather than listening to popular radio , borrowed rock and roll records from the public library as he was growing up ; he first discovered Les Paul and Jimi Hendrix , who led to jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery . Santiago later commented on Montgomery 's influence : " And that 's when I said , ' Ah , that 's a hook . That 's some hooky stuff in the jazz world ' " . He discovered jazz and country artists such as Joe Pass and Chet Atkins after studying the liner notes of albums . Santiago was directly influenced by the " Hendrix chord " , the sharp 9th dominant chord which , in the words of author Ben Sisario , " tapped a hidden rage that matched the horror of Thompson 's scream " . As a teenager , Santiago also listened to classic rock and protopunk artists such as The Who , The Rolling Stones , The Velvet Underground and Iggy Pop .
The stage antics of Santiago often contrasted with his generally quiet demeanor ; he often experimented with his guitar and equipment during songs . Deal 's husband , John Murphy , said that during performances of " Vamos " , which features guitar feedback throughout , Santiago used to " whack the crap out of his amp " , often picking up the amplifier and moving it around . During some solos , Santiago would often pull the guitar up to his mouth and break guitar strings with his teeth .
= = Discography = =
Pixies
Come On Pilgrim ( 1987 )
Surfer Rosa ( 1988 )
Doolittle ( 1989 )
Bossanova ( 1990 )
Trompe le Monde ( 1991 )
Indie Cindy ( 2014 )
Frank Black
Frank Black ( 1993 )
Teenager of the Year ( 1994 )
Dog in the Sand ( 2001 )
Devil 's Workshop ( 2002 )
Show Me Your Tears ( 2003 )
Frank Black Francis ( additional editing , 2004 )
The Martinis
Smitten ( 2004 )
The Smitten Sessions ( 2004 )
The Everybody
Avatar ( 2009 )
Other appearances
Santiago is credited as guitar unless otherwise specified :
Mangled ( Steve Westfield , 1994 )
Stuff ( Holly McNarland , 1997 )
It Came from the Barn ( producer ) ( Pajama Slave Dancers , 1997 )
Home Is Where My Feet Are ( Holly McNarland , 2002 )
Statecraft ( Charles Douglas , 2004 )
Weeds : Music from the Original Series ( composed and performed " Birthday Video " and " Fake Purse " ) ( Weeds , 2005 )
In Pursuit Of Your Happiness ( Mark Mulcahy , 2005 )
Songs About Time ( The Rentals , 2009 )
Twistable , Turnable Man : A Musical Tribute To The Songs Of Shel Silverstein ( Various Artists , 2010 )
= SMS Karlsruhe ( 1916 ) =
SMS Karlsruhe was a light cruiser of the Königsberg class , built for the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) during World War I. She was named after the earlier Karlsruhe , which had sunk in November 1914 , from an accidental explosion . The new cruiser was laid down in 1914 at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel , launched in January 1916 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in November 1916 . Armed with eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns , the ship had a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 kn ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) .
She saw relatively limited service during the war , due to her commissioning late in the conflict . She was present during a brief engagement with British light forces in August 1917 , though she did not actively participate in the battle . She joined the large task force assigned to Operation Albion in October 1917 , but did not see significant action during that operation either . She was assigned to what was to have been the final sortie of the High Seas Fleet in the closing days of the war , but a large @-@ scale mutiny in significant parts of the fleet forced the cancellation of the plan . Karlsruhe was interned in Scapa Flow after the end of the war , and scuttled there on 21 June 1919 . Unlike most of the other ships sunk there , her wreck was never raised .
= = Construction = =
Karlsruhe was ordered under the contract name " Ersatz Niobe " and was laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel in 1915 . She was launched on 31 January 1916 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 15 November 1916 . The ship was 151 @.@ 4 meters ( 496 ft 9 in ) long overall and had a beam of 14 @.@ 2 m ( 46 ft 7 in ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 96 m ( 19 ft 7 in ) forward . She displaced 7 @,@ 125 t ( 7 @,@ 012 long tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of steam turbines powered by ten coal @-@ fired and two oil @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . These provided a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) and a range of 4 @,@ 850 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 980 km ; 5 @,@ 580 mi ) at 12 kn ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) .
The ship was armed with eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , four were located amidships , two on either side , and two were arranged in a super @-@ firing pair aft . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 040 rounds of ammunition , for 130 shells per gun . Karlsruhe also carried two 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns mounted on the centerline astern of the funnels . She was also equipped with a pair of 60 cm ( 24 in ) torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes in deck @-@ mounted swivel launchers amidships . She also carried 200 mines . The ship was protected by a waterline armored belt that was 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) thick amidships . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the deck was covered with 60 mm thick armor plate .
= = Service history = =
On 16 August 1917 , Karlsruhe participated in a mine @-@ sweeping operation in the North Sea . The minesweepers were clearing Route Yellow , one of the channels in the minefields used by U @-@ boats to leave and return to port . Karlsruhe was joined by the cruiser SMS Frankfurt and three torpedo boats . At 12 : 55 , lookouts on one of the minesweepers spotted a British squadron of three light cruisers and sixteen destroyers approaching . The minesweepers fled south under cover of smoke screens , after which the British broke off the attack . Karlsruhe and the rest of the escort failed to come to their aid , however , and the commander of the operation was subsequently relieved of command .
In early September 1917 , following the German conquest of the Russian port of Riga , the German navy decided to eliminate the Russian naval forces that still held the Gulf of Riga . The Admiralstab ( Navy High Command ) planned Operation Albion to seize the Baltic island of Ösel , and specifically the Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula . On 18 September , the order was issued for a joint operation with the army to capture Ösel and Moon Islands ; the primary naval component comprised the flagship , the battlecruiser Moltke , along with the III and IV Battle Squadrons of the High Seas Fleet . The invasion force amounted to approximately 24 @,@ 600 officers and enlisted men . Karlsruhe and the rest of the II Scouting Group provided the cruiser screen for the task force .
The operation began on the morning of 12 October , when Moltke and the III Squadron ships engaged Russian positions in Tagga Bay while the IV Squadron shelled Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula on Ösel . On 18 – 19 October , Karlsruhe and the rest of the II Scouting Group covered minesweepers operating off the island of Dagö , but due to an insufficient number of minesweepers and bad weather , the operation was postponed . By 20 October , the islands were under German control and the Russian naval forces had either been destroyed or forced to withdraw . The Admiralstab then ordered the naval component to return to the North Sea .
In October 1918 , Karlsruhe and the rest of the II Scouting Group were to lead a final attack on the British navy . Karlsruhe , Nürnberg , and Graudenz were to bombard targets in Flanders while Pillau , Cöln , Dresden , and Königsberg were to attack merchant shipping in the Thames estuary , to draw out the British Grand Fleet . Admirals Reinhard Scheer and Franz von Hipper intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , to secure a better bargaining position for Germany , whatever the cost to the fleet . On the morning of 29 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on Thüringen and then on several other battleships mutinied . The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation .
Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918 , most of the High Seas Fleet 's ships , under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter , were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow . Karlsruhe was among the ships interned . The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty . Von Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919 , which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty . Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd , Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity . On the morning of 21 June , the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers , and at 11 : 20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships ; Karlsruhe sank at 15 : 50 . She was never raised for scrapping . The rights to her wreck were sold in 1962 .
= New York State Route 129 =
New York State Route 129 ( NY 129 ) is a 7 @.@ 75 @-@ mile ( 12 @.@ 47 km ) long state highway in the western part of Westchester County , New York . The route begins at New York State Route 9A ( South Riverside Avenue ) in the village of Croton on Hudson at the Hudson River . NY 129 then travels through the towns of Cortlandt and Yorktown , running along the northern edge of the New Croton Reservoir . It passes under ( southbound ) and over ( northbound ) the Taconic State Parkway in Yorktown with no direct interchange . NY 129 ends in Yorktown at an intersection with NY 118 .
NY 129 was designated in 1908 as a section of Route 2 , a legislative route designated by the New York State Legislature . However , in 1921 , the route was realigned off the route that would become NY 129 in favor of NY 9A . Nine years later , the state designated the route as NY 129 during the state highway renumbering . The route originally followed a route used by NY 131 once the routes were swapped in the 1940s , with NY 131 being decommissioned soon after . NY 129 was extended to end at a traffic circle with NY 100 in the hamlet of Pines Bridge . This lasted up to at least 1969 , when the designation was truncated back to NY 118 , which was extended to the traffic circle instead . The traffic circle in Pines Bridge was removed by 1991 . Originally , NY 129 had an interchange with the Taconic , but the ramps were removed in 1969 and a new interchange was built on nearby Underhill Road .
= = Route description = =
NY 129 begins at an intersection with NY 9A ( South Riverside Avenue ) in the village of Croton @-@ on @-@ Hudson , next to U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) . NY 129 proceeds northward from NY 9A along Maple Street , a two @-@ lane commercial street through the village . At Van Cortlandt Park , NY 129 becomes residential , passing Croton @-@ Harmon High School as it bends to the northeast . At the junction with Grand Street , NY 129 continues northeast on Grand Street , which is a two @-@ lane residential street . The route continues northeast through the village , crossing an intersection with Quaker Bridge Road before becoming a wooded lane in the town of Cortlandt . In Cortlandt , NY 129 continues north as Grand Street , paralleling a local creek and entering Croton Dam Plaza .
Running along the western edge of the plaza , NY 129 bends north at a view of the New Croton Dam , continuing its way north alongside the New Croton Reservoir . NY 129 soon changes names to Croton Dam Road , passing east of the Croton Harman School District headquarters . At an intersection with East Mount Airy Road , NY 129 runs eastward along the reservoir , changing names to Yorktown Road . On a short stint away from the reservoir , NY 129 intersects with Croton Road before crossing over the Hunters Brook Bridge , where it crosses into the historic community of Huntersville . Continuing northeast from Huntersville , NY 129 , now known as Croton Lake Road , bends through the town of Yorktown .
Through Yorktown , NY 129 is a two @-@ lane residential street alongside the reservoir , soon making a gradual bend to the southeast into an intersection with County Route 131 ( CR 131 ; Underhill Avenue ) , a former alignment of NY 131 . At the junction with CR 131 , NY 129 turns southward , soon winding its way southeast under the lanes of the Taconic State Parkway , and back alongside the New Croton Reservoir . After crossing under the Taconic , the route then drops back down to the reservoir and passing a house reported to have been moved from Huntersville before it was flooded . Making several winds to the southeast , NY 129 connects to the Gate House Bridge , soon running eastward through Yorktown . NY 129 intersects with NY 118 ( Saw Mill River Road ) . This intersection serves as the eastern terminus of NY 129 , as NY 118 continues east along the reservoir .
= = History = =
What is now NY 129 was developed in the early 20th century as part of a general project to improve access and transportation across the reservoirs . In 1908 , the New York State Legislature created Route 2 , an unsigned legislative route ( an unsigned internal route ) extending from the New York City line at Yonkers to the Columbia County village of Valatie . Route 2 initially followed modern NY 129 , Croton Avenue , and NY 35 between Croton @-@ on @-@ Hudson and Peekskill ; however , it was realigned on March 1 , 1921 , to use what is now NY 9A instead . NY 129 was designated to most of its current alignment as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It originally followed Croton Dam Road , the southern perimeter road around the New Croton Reservoir , while Croton Lake Road , the northern route , was designated as NY 131 by the following year . The alignments of NY 129 and NY 131 in the vicinity of the reservoir were swapped c . 1941 and the NY 131 designation ceased to exist by the mid @-@ 1940s . With the route changes , NY 129 was extended to terminate at NY 100 at a traffic circle in Pines Bridge while NY 118 terminated near Croton Lake . This extension lasted for over two decades until NY 118 was extended over the alignment of NY 129 to the traffic circle by 1969 .
Ramps from NY 129 to the Taconic State Parkway were removed by the East Hudson Parkway Authority in November 1969 , to be replaced with a bridge . This required a shutdown of NY 129 and required drivers going north to Underhill Road . In fall 1988 , the original Hunter Brook Bridge ( less than 19 feet ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) wide ) was replaced , as it was never designed to take heavy traffic such as concrete @-@ mixing trucks . Between 1988 and 1991 , the traffic circle between NY 118 and NY 100 was removed in favor of a three @-@ way intersection between the two highways .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Westchester County .
= 2000 Japanese Grand Prix =
The 2000 Japanese Grand Prix ( formally the XXVI Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 8 October 2000 at the Suzuka Circuit in Suzuka , Japan . It was the 16th and penultimate round of the 2000 Formula One season , as well as , the 26th Japanese Grand Prix . The 53 @-@ lap race was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher after starting from pole position . Mika Häkkinen finished second in a McLaren with teammate David Coulthard finishing third . Schumacher 's win confirmed him as 2000 Drivers ' Champion , as Häkkinen could not surpass Schumacher 's points total with only one race remaining .
Häkkinen started the race alongside Michael Schumacher on the front row of the grid . Michael Schumacher attempted to defend his lead off the line by moving into Häkkinen 's path , but Häkkinen passed Michael Schumacher heading into the first corner , with Coulthard withstanding Williams driver Ralf Schumacher attempts to pass him to maintain third position . Michael Schumacher managed to close the gap to his title rival by lap 31 and passed Häkkinen during the second round of pit stops . This allowed him to maintain a 1 @.@ 9 second gap between himself and Häkkinen towards the end of the race to secure his eighth victory of the season .
Michael Schumacher received praise from many within the Formula One community , including former Champion Jody Scheckter and Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo , though he was criticised by former Italian president Francesco Cossiga for his conduct when the Italian National Anthem was played on the podium . The Ferrari driver also received predominant congratulations from the European press . Häkkinen 's second @-@ place finish secured him second position in the Drivers ' Championship , while Ferrari extended the gap to McLaren in the Constructors ' Championship to thirteen points , with one race remaining in the season .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
The Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams , each of two drivers . The teams , also known as constructors , were McLaren , Ferrari , Jordan , Jaguar , Williams , Benetton , Prost , Sauber , Arrows , Minardi and BAR . Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought three different tyre types to the race : the Medium dry compound and two wet @-@ weather compounds , the intermediate and full wet . The Suzuka Circuit underwent a minor circuit change ahead of the Grand Prix . The pit lane entry was moved from the end of the 130R left @-@ hand corner to the exit of the Casio chicane in an effort to improve safety .
Going into the race , Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers ' Championship with 88 points , ahead of Mika Häkkinen on 80 points and David Coulthard on 63 . Rubens Barrichello was fourth on 55 points , with Ralf Schumacher fifth on 24 points . A maximum of 20 points were available for the final two races , which meant Häkkinen could still win the title . Michael Schumacher only needed to clinch victory in the race , regardless of where Häkkinen finished , Schumacher would be more than ten points ahead of Häkkinen with one race remaining . Otherwise , Häkkinen could win the Championship in the final race of the season in Malaysia by out @-@ scoring his rival . In the event of a points tie , Michael Schumacher would win the Championship on count @-@ back , having more wins . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari were leading on 143 points , McLaren and Williams were second and third on 133 and 34 points respectively , while Benetton with 20 and Jordan with 17 contended for fourth place . Championship drivers Barrichello and Giancarlo Fisichella had each gained second @-@ place finishes while Ralf Schumacher and Heinz @-@ Harald Frentzen had both
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
designed by kaos design .
= = Later life = =
During 1994 and 1995 , Prost worked as TV pundit for the French TV channel TF1 . He also worked for Renault as a PR man . Prost went back to his old team McLaren , working as a technical advisor ; he also completed L 'Etape du Tour , an annual mass @-@ participation bike ride that takes place on a stage of the Tour de France . Although not an official race , riders fight hard for places ; Prost finished 12th in his category , 42nd overall out of over 5000 riders .
= = = Prost Grand Prix = = =
During 1989 Prost began to contemplate starting his own team , as his relationship with his McLaren teammate , Ayrton Senna , had turned sour . Prost and John Barnard , formerly chief designer at McLaren , came close to founding a team in 1990 ; but a lack of sponsorship meant that this was not possible , so Prost moved to Ferrari and Barnard left Ferrari to join Benetton . After falling out with the Italian team at the end of 1991 , Prost found himself without a drive for 1992 ; after the failure of extensive negotiations with Guy Ligier about buying his Ligier team , Prost decided to join Williams for 1993 . In 1995 , when Prost was working for Renault , people began to assume that a Prost @-@ Renault team would be formed in the near future . Renault refused Prost 's request to supply engines for his team , ending the speculation .
On 13 February 1997 , Prost bought the Ligier team from Flavio Briatore and renamed it " Prost Grand Prix " . The day after he bought the team , Prost signed a three @-@ year deal with French car manufacturer Peugeot , who would supply the team with engines from 1998 until 2000 . For the team 's first season , Prost kept one of Ligier 's 1996 drivers , Olivier Panis , who had won the Monaco Grand Prix the previous year ; Japanese driver Shinji Nakano was signed to partner Panis . The team raced with the Mugen @-@ Honda engines used by Ligier the previous season , while the car was actually the originally intended Ligier JS45 , but was renamed the Prost JS45 . Things looked promising at the start of the season , as the team picked up two points on its Grand Prix debut in Australia when Olivier Panis finished fifth . The team scored a further 13 points before Panis broke his leg in an accident during the Canadian Grand Prix . He was replaced by Minardi 's Jarno Trulli . From there , things started to go downhill slightly , the team scored only five points during Panis ' recovery . The Frenchman came back at the end of the season to race the final three Grand Prix . Prost GP finished sixth in the constructors ' championship in its first season , with 21 points .
Prost became the president of Prost Grand Prix at the start of 1998 . With Peugeot supplying the engines for Prost GP , Mugen @-@ Honda decided to supply the Jordan team . Prost GP scored a single point during the season , Jarno Trulli finishing sixth in Belgium .
1999 was a crucial year for Prost GP . Prost hired John Barnard as a technical consultant , Barnard 's B3 Technologies company helping Loic Bigois and the design of the Prost AP02 . Panis and Trulli agreed to stay on with the team for the season . While the car did not prove to be a major concern , the Peugeot V10 engine proved to be heavy and unreliable .
Peugeot 's final year as Prost 's engine supplier in 2000 saw some optimism , Prost hiring his 1991 Ferrari team mate Jean Alesi to drive the lead car and German Nick Heidfeld , who had won the 1999 Formula 3000 championship , to partner him . The season proved to be yet another disastrous one , with the AP03 proving to be unreliable and ill handling . Things weren 't helped when both drivers collided with each other in the Austrian Grand Prix . Newly hired technical director Alan Jenkins was fired midway through the year . Prost restructured the team , hiring Joan Villadelprat as the managing director and replacing Jenkins with Henri Durand as the team 's new technical director .
2001 saw some much needed optimism for the team as Ferrari agreed to be the team 's engine supplier for the season , the team now moving in the right direction . But the money ran out at the start of the 2002 season and Prost was out of business , leaving debts of around $ 30 million .
= = = After Prost Grand Prix = = =
During 2002 , Prost spent time with his family and competed in eight bicycle races , finishing third in the Granite – Mont Lozère . The Frenchman raced in the Andros ice race series in 2003 , finishing second in the championship behind Yvan Muller ; he also became an Ambassador for Uniroyal , a position he would keep until May 2006 .
Prost continued to compete in the Andros Trophy , winning the title with Toyota in 2006 / 07 , 2007 / 08 and with Dacia in 2011 / 2012 .
For the 2010 Formula One season , the Sporting Regulations were changed so that a former driver sits on the stewards ' panel . Prost was the first such driver to take on this role , at the 2010 Bahrain Grand Prix . Prost also took part in the Race of Champions in 2010 , a race organised for legends of motor sport to compete in equal machinery .
In February 2012 , Prost was named as Renault 's new international ambassador , representing the company in sports demonstrations and at events organized or attended by Renault .
Prost has finished the Absa Cape Epic , an eight @-@ day 700 km mountain bike race in South Africa , twice . He first completed the race in 2012 with partner Sebastien di Pasqua and then again in 2013 , and started but did not finish the race in 2014 .
In October 2013 it was announced that Prost would join forces with Jean @-@ Paul Driot 's DAMS racing team to form e.dams , a team which would compete in the FIA Formula E Championship for electric racing cars from its commencement in September 2014 . In June 2014 the team announced that its initial driver line @-@ up would consist of Nicolas Prost and Sébastien Buemi . The team went on to win the inaugural Formula E teams championship .
= = Racing record = =
= = = Complete Formula One World Championship results = = =
( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position , races in italics indicate fastest lap )
‡ Race was stopped with less than 75 % of laps completed , half points awarded .
= = = Formula One non @-@ championship results = = =
( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position ) ( Races in italics indicate fastest lap )
= Pony Express =
The Pony Express was a mail service delivering messages , newspapers , mail , and small packages from St. Joseph , Missouri , across the Great Plains , over the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada to Sacramento , California , by horseback , using a series of relay stations .
Officially operating as the Leavenworth and Pike 's Peak Express Company of 1859 , in 1860 it became the Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company ; this firm was founded by William H. Russell , Alexander Majors , and William B. Waddell , all of whom were notable in the freighting business .
During its 19 months of operation , it reduced the time for messages to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts to about 10 days . From April 3 , 1860 to October 1861 , it became the West 's most direct means of east – west communication before the telegraph was established and was vital for tying the new state of California with the rest of the United States .
= = Inception and founding = =
The idea of a fast mail route to the Pacific coast was prompted largely by California 's newfound prominence and its rapidly growing population . After gold was discovered there in 1848 , thousands of prospectors , investors and businessmen made their way to California , at that time a new territory of the U.S. By 1850 , California entered the Union as a free state . By 1860 , the population had grown to 380 @,@ 000 . The demand for a faster way to get mail and other communications to and from this westernmost state became even greater as the American Civil War approached .
In the late 1850s , William Russell , Alexander Majors , and William Waddell were the three founders of the Pony Express . They were already in the freighting and drayage business . At the peak of the operations , they employed 6 @,@ 000 men , owned 75 @,@ 000 oxen , thousands of wagons and warehouses plus a sawmill , a meatpacking plant , a bank and an insurance company .
Russell was a prominent businessman , well respected among his peers and the community . Waddell was co @-@ owner of the firm Morehead , Waddell & Co . After Morehead was bought out and retired , Waddell merged his company with Russell 's , changing the name to Waddell & Russell . In 1855 they took on a new partner , Alexander Majors , and founded the company of Russell , Majors & Waddell . They held government contracts for delivering army supplies to the western frontier , and Russell had a similar idea for contracts with the U.S. Government for fast mail delivery .
By utilizing a short route and using mounted riders rather than traditional stagecoaches , they proposed to establish a fast mail service between St. Joseph , Missouri , and Sacramento , California , with letters delivered in 10 days , a duration many said was impossible . The initial price was set at $ 5 per 1 ⁄ 2 ounce ( 14 g ) , then $ 2 @.@ 50 , and by July 1861 to $ 1 . The founders of the Pony Express hoped to win an exclusive government mail contract , but that did not come about .
Russell , Majors , and Waddell organized and put together the Pony Express in two months in the winter of 1860 . The undertaking assembled 120 riders , 184 stations , 400 horses , and several hundred personnel during January and February 1861 .
Alexander Majors was a religious man and resolved " by the help of God " to overcome all difficulties . He presented each rider with a special edition Bible and required this oath , which they were also required to sign .
" I , ... , do hereby swear , before the Great and Living God , that during my engagement , and while I am an employee of Russell , Majors , and Waddell , I will , under no circumstances , use profane language , that I will drink no intoxicating liquors , that I will not quarrel or fight with any other employee of the firm , and that in every respect I will conduct myself honestly , be faithful to my duties , and so direct all my acts as to win the confidence of my employers , so help me God . "
The Pony Express demonstrated that a unified transcontinental system of communications could be established and operated year round . When replaced by the telegraph , the Pony Express quickly became romanticized and became part of the lore of the American West . Its reliance on the ability and endurance of individual young , hardy riders and fast horses was seen as evidence of rugged American individualism of the Frontier times .
From 1866 until 1889 , the Pony Express logo was used by stagecoach and freight company Wells Fargo , which provided secure mail service . The United States Postal Service ( USPS ) used " Pony Express " as a trademark for postal services in the US . Freight Link international courier services , based in Russia , adopted the Pony Express trademark and a logo similar to that of the USPS .
= = Operation = =
In 1860 , there were about 157 Pony Express stations that were about 10 miles ( 16 km ) apart along the Pony Express route . This was roughly the distance a horse could travel at a gallop before tiring . At each station stop the express rider would change to a fresh horse , taking only the mail pouch called a mochila ( from the Spanish for pouch or backpack ) with him .
The employers stressed the importance of the pouch . They often said that , if it came to be , the horse and rider should perish before the mochila did . The mochila was thrown over the saddle and held in place by the weight of the rider sitting on it . Each corner had a cantina , or pocket . Bundles of mail were placed in these cantinas , which were padlocked for safety . The mochila could hold 20 pounds ( 9 kg ) of mail along with the 20 pounds ( 9 kg ) of material carried on the horse . Included in that 20 pounds ( 9 kg ) were a water sack , a Bible , a horn for alerting the relay station master to prepare the next horse , and a revolver . Eventually , everything except one revolver and a water sack was removed , allowing for a total of 165 pounds ( 75 kg ) on the horse 's back . Riders , who could not weigh over 125 pounds ( 57 kg ) , changed about every 75 – 100 miles ( 120 – 160 km ) , and rode day and night . In emergencies , a given rider might ride two stages back to back , over 20 hours on a quickly moving horse .
It is unknown if riders tried crossing the Sierra Nevada in winter , but they certainly crossed central Nevada . By 1860 there was a telegraph station in Carson City , Nevada . The riders received $ 100 a month as pay . A comparable wage for unskilled labor at the time was about $ 0 @.@ 43 – $ 1 per day .
Alexander Majors , one of the founders of the Pony Express , had acquired more than 400 horses for the project . He selected horses from around the west , paying an average of $ 200 . These averaged about 14 1 ⁄ 2 hands ( 4 feet 10 inches or 1 @.@ 47 meters ) high and averaged 900 pounds ( 410 kg ) each ; thus , the name pony was appropriate , even if not strictly correct in all cases .
= = Pony Express route = =
The approximately 1 @,@ 900 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 3 @,@ 100 km ) route roughly followed the Oregon and California Trails to Fort Bridger in Wyoming , and then the Mormon Trail ( known as the Hastings Cutoff ) to Salt Lake City , Utah . From there it followed the Central Nevada Route to Carson City , Nevada before passing over the Sierra into Sacramento , California .
The route started at St. Joseph , Missouri on the Missouri River , it then followed what is modern @-@ day U.S. Highway 36 ( US 36 the Pony Express Highway ) to Marysville , Kansas , where it turned northwest following Little Blue River to Fort Kearny in Nebraska . Through Nebraska it followed the Great Platte River Road , cutting through Gothenburg , Nebraska , clipping the edge of Colorado at Julesburg , Colorado , and passing Courthouse Rock , Chimney Rock , and Scotts Bluff , before arriving at Fort Laramie in Wyoming . From there it followed the Sweetwater River , passing Independence Rock , Devil 's Gate , and Split Rock , to Fort Caspar , through South Pass to Fort Bridger and then down to Salt Lake City . From Salt Lake City it generally followed the Central Nevada Route blazed by Captain James H. Simpson of the Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1859 . This route roughly follows today 's US 50 across Nevada and Utah . It crossed the Great Basin , the Utah @-@ Nevada Desert , and the Sierra Nevada near Lake Tahoe before arriving in Sacramento . Mail was then sent via steamer down the Sacramento River to San Francisco . On a few instances when the steamer was missed , riders took the mail via horseback to Oakland , California .
= = = Stations = = =
There were 184 stations along the long and arduous route used by the Pony Express . The stations and station keepers were essential to the successful , timely and smooth operation of the Pony Express mail system . The stations were often fashioned out of existing structures , several of them located in military forts , while others were built anew in remote areas where living conditions were very basic . The route was divided up into five divisions . To maintain the rigid schedule , 157 relay stations were located from 5 to 25 miles ( 8 to 40 km ) apart as the terrain would allow for . At each swing station , riders would exchange their tired mounts for fresh ones , while " home stations " provided room and board for the riders between runs . This technique allowed the mail to be whisked across the continent in record time . Each rider rode about 75 miles ( 120 km ) per day .
= = First journeys = =
= = = Westbound = = =
The first Westbound Pony Express trip left St. Joseph on April 3 , 1860 and arrived ten days later in San Francisco , California , on April 14 . These letters were sent under cover from the East to St. Joseph , and never directly entered the U.S. mail system . Today there is only a single letter known to exist from the inaugural westbound trip from St. Joseph , Missouri to San Francisco , California . The mailing depicted below is on a pre @-@ stamped ( embossed ) envelope , first issued by the U.S. Post Office in 1855 , used five years later here .
The messenger delivering the mochila from New York and Washington , DC , missed a connection in Detroit and arrived in Hannibal , Missouri , two hours late . The railroad cleared the track and dispatched a special locomotive called Missouri with a one @-@ car train to make the 206 @-@ mile ( 332 km ) trek across the state in a record 4 hours 51 minutes , an average of 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) . It arrived at Olive and 8th Street , a few blocks from the company 's new headquarters in a hotel at Patee House at 12th and Penn Street and the company 's nearby stables on Penn Street . The first pouch contained 49 letters , five private telegrams , and some papers for San Francisco and intermediate points .
St. Joseph Mayor M. Jeff Thompson , William H. Russell , and Alexander Majors gave speeches before the mochila was handed off . The ride began at about 7 : 15 p.m. The St. Joseph Gazette was the only newspaper included in the bag .
The identity of the first rider has long been in dispute . The St. Joseph Weekly West ( April 4 , 1860 ) reported Johnson William Richardson was the first rider . Johnny Fry is credited in some sources as the rider . Nonetheless , the first westbound rider carried the pouch across the Missouri River ferry to Elwood , Kansas . The first horse @-@ ridden leg of the Express was only about 1 ⁄ 2 mile ( 800 m ) from the Express stables / railroad area to the Missouri River ferry at the foot of Jules Street . Reports indicated that horse and rider crossed the river . In later rides , the courier crossed the river without a horse and picked up his mount at a stable on the other side .
The first westbound mochila reached its destination , San Francisco , on April 14 , at 1 : 00 a.m.
= = = Eastbound = = =
The first eastbound Pony Express trip left San Francisco , California , on April 3 , 1860 and arrived at its destination ten days later in St. Joseph , Missouri . From St. Joseph , letters were placed in the U.S. mails for delivery to eastern destinations . There are only two letters known to exist from the inaugural eastbound trip from San Francisco to St. Joseph .
= = Mail = =
As the Pony Express Mail service existed only briefly in 1860 and 1861 there are consequently very few surviving examples of Pony Express mail . Also , contributing to the scarcity of surviving Pony Express mail is that the cost to send a 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ ounce ( 14 g ) letter was $ 5 @.@ 00 at the beginning , ( about $ 130 @.@ 00 to today 's standards ) . By the end period of the Pony Express , the price had dropped to $ 1 @.@ 00 per 1 ⁄ 2 ounce but even that was considered expensive ( equivalent to $ 26 in 2015 ) just to mail one letter . As this mail service was also a frontier enterprise , removed from the general population in the east , along with the largely unaffordable rates , there are consequently few pieces of surviving Pony Express mail in the hands of collectors and museums . There are only 250 known examples of Pony Express mail .
= = = Postmarks = = =
Various postmarks were added to mail to be carried by the Pony Express at the point of departure .
= = Fastest mail service = =
William Russell , senior partner of ' Russell , Majors , and Waddell ' and one of the biggest investors in the Pony Express , used the 1860 presidential election as a way to promote the Pony Express and how fast it could deliver the U.S. Mail . Prior to the election , Russell hired extra riders to ensure that fresh riders and relay horses were available along the route . On November 7 , 1860 , a Pony Express rider departed Fort Kearny , Nebraska Territory ( the end of the eastern telegraph line ) with the election results . Riders sped along the route , over snow @-@ covered trails and into Fort Churchill , Nevada Territory ( the end of the western telegraph line ) . California 's newspapers received word of Lincoln 's election only seven days and 17 hours after the East Coast papers , an unrivaled feat at the time .
= = Attacks = =
The Paiute War was a minor series of raids and ambushes initiated by the Paiute Indian tribe in Nevada , which resulted in the disruption of mail services of the Pony Express . It took place from May through June 1860 , though sporadic violence continued for a period afterward . In the brief history that the Pony Express operated only once did the mail not go through . After completing eight weekly trips from both Sacramento and Saint Joseph , the Pony Express was forced to suspend mail services because of the outbreak of the Paiute Indian War in May 1860 .
Approximately 6 @,@ 000 Paiutes in Nevada had suffered during a winter of fierce blizzards that year . By spring , the whole tribe was ready to embark on a war , except for the Paiute chief named Numaga . For three days Numaga fasted and argued for peace . Meanwhile , a raiding party attacked Williams Station , a Pony Express station located on the Carson River near present @-@ day Lake Lahontan . One account says the raid was a deliberate attempt to provoke war . Another says the raiders had heard that men at the station had kidnapped two Paiute women , and fighting broke out when they went to investigate and free the women . Either way , the war party killed five men and the station was burned .
During the following weeks , other isolated incidents occurred when whites in Paiute country were ambushed and killed . The Pony Express was a special target . Seven other express stations were also attacked ; some 16 employees were killed and approximately 150 express horses were either stolen or driven off . The Paiute war cost the Pony Express company about $ 75 @,@ 000 in livestock and station equipment , not to mention the loss of life . In June of that year , the Paiute uprising had been ended through the intervention of U.S. government troops , after which four delayed mail shipments from the East were finally brought to San Francisco on June 25 , 1860 .
During this brief war , one Pony Express mailing , which left San Francisco on July 21 , 1860 , did not immediately reach its destination . That mail pouch ( mochila ) did not reach St. Joseph and subsequently New York until almost two years later .
= = Famous riders = =
In 1860 , riding for the Pony Express was difficult work — riders had to be tough and lightweight . A famous advertisement allegedly read :
Wanted : Young , skinny , wiry fellows not over eighteen . Must be expert riders , willing to risk death daily . Orphans preferred
The Pony Express had an estimated 80 riders who were traveling east or west along various points of the route at any given time . In addition , there were also about 400 other employees , including station keepers , stock tenders and route superintendents . Many young men applied for jobs with the Pony Express , all eager to face the dangers and the challenges that sometimes lay along the delivery route . Waddell and Majors could have easily hired them at a much lesser rate , but instead paid them a handsome sum for that time of one hundred dollars a month . Famous American author Mark Twain , who saw the Pony Express in action first hand , described the riders in his travel memoir Roughing It as : " ... usually a little bit of a man " . Though the riders were small , lightweight , generally teenage boys , their untarnished record proved them to be heroes of the American West for the much needed and dangerous service they provided for the nation . Establishing a complete list of riders is virtually impossible . There was no official list of riders kept by the express company and the scarcity of newspapers along the route contributed to the absence of this information . When the American Civil War broke out in 1861 , the Pony Express was forgotten about almost entirely , and consequently there was not much interest in pursuing and searching out this information for many years following , by which time much of it had simply vanished in the course of everyday affairs . A partial list of riders has been compiled in Raymond and Nancy Settle 's 1972 book Saddles & Spurs .
= = = First riders = = =
The identity of the first westbound rider to depart St. Joseph has been disputed , but currently most historians have narrowed it down to either Johnny Fry or Billy Richardson . Both Expressmen were hired at St. Joseph for A. E. Lewis ' Division which ran from St. Joseph to Seneca , Kansas , a distance of 80 miles ( 130 km ) . They covered at an average speed of 12 1 ⁄ 2 miles per hour ( 20 km / h ) , including all stops . Before the mail pouch was delivered to the first rider on April 3 , 1860 , time was taken out for ceremonies and several speeches . First , Mayor M. Jeff Thompson gave a brief speech on the significance of the event for St. Joseph . Then William H. Russell and Alexander Majors addressed the gala crowd about how the Pony Express was just a " precursor " to the construction of a transcontinental railroad . At the conclusion of all the speeches , approximately 7 : 15 p.m. , Russell turned the mail pouch over to the first rider . A cannon fired , the large assembled crowd cheered , and the rider dashed to the landing at the foot of Jules Street where the ferry boat Denver , under a full head of steam , alerted by the signal cannon , waited to carry the horse and rider across the Missouri River to Elwood , Kansas Territory . On April 9 at 6 : 45 p.m. , the first rider from the east reached Salt Lake City , Utah . Then , on April 12 , the mail pouch reached Carson City , Nevada at 2 : 30 p.m. The riders raced over the Sierra Nevada Mountains , through Placerville , California and on to Sacramento . Around midnight on April 14 , 1860 , the first mail pouch was delivered via the Pony Express to San Francisco . Bringing with it was a letter of congratulations from President Buchanan to California Governor Downey along with other official government communications , newspapers from New York , Chicago , and St. Louis , along with other important mail to banks and commercial houses in San Francisco . In all , 85 pieces of mail were delivered on this first trip .
James Randall is credited as the first eastbound rider from the San Francisco Alta telegraph office since he was on the steamship Antelope to go to Sacramento . Mail for the Pony Express left San Francisco at 4 : 00 pm , carried by horse and rider to the waterfront , and then on by steamboat to Sacramento where it was picked up by the Pony Express rider . At 2 : 45 a.m. , William ( Sam ) Hamilton was the first Pony Express rider to begin the journey from Sacramento . He rode all the way to Sportsman Hall Station where he gave his mochila filled with mail to Warren Upson . A California Registered Historical Landmark plaque at the site reads :
This was the site of Sportsman 's Hall , also known as the Twelve @-@ Mile House . The hotel operated in the late 1850 's and 1860 's by John and James Blair . A stopping place for stages and teams of the Comstock , it became a relay station of the central overland Pony Express . Here , at 7 : 40 a.m. , April 4 , 1860 , Pony rider William ( Sam ) Hamilton , riding in from Placerville , handed the Express mail to Warren Upson who , two minutes later , sped on his way eastward .
= = = William Cody = = =
Probably more than any other rider in the Pony Express , William Cody ( better known as Buffalo Bill ) epitomizes the legend and the folklore , be it fact or fiction , of the Pony Express . Numerous stories have been told of young Cody 's adventures as a Pony Express rider . At the age of 15 Cody was on his way west to California when he met Pony Express agents along the way and signed on with the company . Cody helped in the construction of several way @-@ stations . Thereafter , he was employed as a rider and was given a short 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) delivery run from the township of Julesburg which lay to the west . After some months he was transferred to Slade 's Division in Wyoming where he made the longest non @-@ stop ride from Red Buttes Station to Rocky Ridge Station and back when he found that his relief rider had been killed . The distance of 322 miles ( 518 km ) over one of the most dangerous sections of the entire trail was completed in 21 hours and 40 minutes , and 21 horses were required to complete this section . Cody was present for many significant chapters in early western history , including the gold rush , the building of the railroads and cattle herding on the Great Plains . A career as a scout for the Army under General Phillip Sheridan following the Civil War earned him his nickname and established his notoriety as a frontiersman .
= = = Robert Haslam = = =
Robert Haslam ( Pony Bob ) was among the most brave , resourceful , and best @-@ known riders of the Pony Express . He was born January 1840 in London , England , and came to the United States as a teenager . Haslam was hired by Bolivar Roberts , helped build the stations , and was given the mail run from Friday 's Station at Lake Tahoe to Buckland 's Station near Fort Churchill , 75 miles ( 121 km ) to the east .
His greatest ride , 120 miles ( 190 km ) in 8 hours and 20 minutes while wounded , was an important contribution to the fastest trip ever made by the Pony Express . The mail carried Lincoln 's inaugural address . Indian problems in 1860 led to Pony Bob Haslam 's record @-@ breaking ride . He had received the eastbound mail ( probably the May 10 mail from San Francisco ) at Friday 's Station . When he reached Buckland 's Station his relief rider was so badly frightened over the Indian threat that he refused to take the mail . Haslam agreed to take the mail all the way to Smith 's Creek for a total distance of 190 miles ( 310 km ) without a rest . After a rest of nine hours , he retraced his route with the westbound mail where , at Cold Springs , he found that Indians had raided the place , killing the station keeper and running off all of the stock . On the ride he was shot through the jaw with an Indian arrow , losing three teeth . Finally , he reached Buckland 's Station , making the 380 @-@ mile ( 610 km ) round trip the longest on record .
Pony Bob continued to work as a rider for Wells Fargo and Company after the Civil War , scouted for the U.S. Army well into his fifties , and later accompanied his good friend Buffalo Bill Cody on a diplomatic mission to negotiate the surrender of Chief Sitting Bull in December 1890 . He drifted in and out of public mention but eventually died in Chicago during the winter of 1912 ( age 72 ) in deep poverty after suffering a stroke . Buffalo Bill paid for his friend 's headstone at Mount Greewood Cemetery ( 111 Street and Sacramento ) on Chicago 's far south side .
= = = Jack Keetley = = =
Jack Keetley was hired by A. E. Lewis for his Division at the age of nineteen , and put on the run from Marysville to Big Sandy . He was one of those who rode for the Pony Express during the entire nineteen months of its existence .
Jack Keetley 's longest ride , upon which he doubled back for another rider , ended at Seneca where he was taken from the saddle sound asleep . He had ridden 340 miles ( 550 km ) in thirty @-@ one hours without stopping to rest or eat . After the Pony Express was disbanded , Keetley went to Salt Lake City where he engaged in mining . He died there on October 12 , 1912 where he was also buried .
In 1907 , Keetley wrote the following letter ( excerpt ) :
Alex Carlyle was the first man to ride the Pony Express out of St. Joe . He was a nephew of the superintendent of the stage line to Denver , called the " Pike 's Peak Express . " The superintendent 's name was Ben Ficklin . Carlyle was a consumptive , and could not stand the hardships , and retired after about two months trial , and died within about six months after retiring . John Frye was the second rider , and I was the third , and Gus Cliff was the fourth .
I made the longest ride without a stop , only to change horses . It was said to be 300 miles and was done a few minutes inside of twenty @-@ four hours . I do not vouch for the distance being correct , as I only have it from the division superintendent , A.E. Lewis , who said that the distance given was taken by his English roadometer which was attached to the front wheel of his buggy which he used to travel over his division with , and which was from St. Joe to Fort Kearney .
= = = Billy Tate = = =
Billy Tate was a 14 @-@ year @-@ old Pony Express rider who rode the express trail in Nevada near Ruby Valley . During the Paiute uprising of 1860 he was chased by a band of Paiute Indians on horseback and was forced to retreat into the hills behind some rocks where he killed seven of his assailants in a shoot @-@ out before being killed himself . His body was found riddled with arrows but was not scalped , a sign that the Paiutes honored their enemy .
= = Horses = =
An estimated 400 horses in total were used by the Pony Express to deliver the mail . Horses were selected for swiftness and endurance . On the east end of Pony Express route the horses were usually selected from U.S. Cavalry units . At the west end of the Pony Express route in California , W.W. Finney purchased 100 head of short coupled stock called " California Horses " ' while A.B. Miller purchased another 200 native ponies in and around the Great Salt Lake Valley . The horses were ridden quickly between stations , an average distance of 15 miles ( 24 km ) , and then were relieved and a fresh horse would be exchanged for the one that just arrived from its strenuous run .
During his route of 80 to 100 miles ( 130 to 160 km ) , a Pony Express rider would change horses 8 to 10 times . The horses were ridden at a fast trot , canter or gallop , around 10 to 15 miles per hour ( 16 to 24 km / h ) and at times they were driven to full gallop at speeds up to 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) . Horses of the Pony Express were purchased in Missouri , Iowa , California , and some western U.S. territories .
The various types of horse ridden by riders of the Pony Express included Morgans and thoroughbreds which were often used on the eastern end of the trail . Mustangs were often used on the western ( more rugged ) end of the mail route .
= = Saddle = =
In 1844 , years before the Pony Express came to St. Joseph , Israel Landis opened a small saddle and harness shop there . His business expanded as the town grew , and when the Pony Express came to town Landis was the ideal candidate to produce saddles for the newly founded Pony Express . Because Pony Express riders rode their horses at a quick pace over a distance of 10 miles ( 16 km ) or more between stations , every consideration was made to reduce the overall weight the horse had to carry . To help reduce this load , special lightweight saddles were designed and crafted . Using less leather and fewer metallic and wood components they fashioned a saddle that was similar in design to the regular stock saddle generally in use in the West at that time .
The mail pouch was a separate component to the saddle that made the Pony Express unique . Standard mail pouches for horses were never employed because of their size and shape , as it was time consuming detaching and attaching it from one saddle to the other , causing undue delay in changing mounts . With many stops to make , the delayed time at each station would accumulate to appreciable proportions . To get around this difficulty , a mochila , or covering of leather , was thrown over the saddle . The saddle horn and cantle projected through holes which were specially cut to size in the mochila . Attached to the broad leather skirt of the mochila were four cantinas , or box @-@ shaped hard leather compartments , where letters were carried on the journey .
= = Closing = =
During its brief time in operation , the Pony Express delivered approximately 35 @,@ 000 letters between St. Joseph , Missouri , and Sacramento , California . Although the Pony Express proved that the central / northern mail route was viable , Russell , Majors and Waddell did not get the contract to deliver mail over the route . The contract was instead awarded to Jeremy Dehut in March 1861 , who had taken over the southern Congressionally favored Butterfield Overland Mail Stage Line . The so @-@ called ' Stagecoach King ' , Ben Holladay , acquired the Russell , Majors and Waddell stations for his stagecoaches .
Shortly after the contract was awarded , the start of the American Civil War caused the stage line to cease operation . From March 1861 , the Pony Express ran mail only between Salt Lake City and Sacramento . The Pony Express announced its closure on October 26 , 1861 , two days after the transcontinental telegraph reached Salt Lake City and connected Omaha , Nebraska , and Sacramento , California . Other telegraph lines connected points along the line and other cities on the east and west coasts .
The Pony Express grossed $ 90 @,@ 000 and lost $ 200 @,@ 000 .
In 1866 , after the Civil War was over , Holladay sold the Pony Express assets along with the remnants of the Butterfield Stage to Wells Fargo for $ 1 @.@ 5 million .
= = Commemorations = =
In 1869 the United States Post Office issued the first U.S. Postage stamp to depict an actual historic event , and the subject that was chosen was the Pony Express . Until then only the faces of George Washington , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson were found on the face of U.S. Postage . Sometimes mistaken for an actual stamp used by the Pony Express , the ' Pony Express Stamp ' issue was released in 1869 ( 8 years after the Pony Express service had ended ) to honor the men who rode the long and sometimes dangerous journeys and to commemorate the service they provided for the nation . In 1940 and 1960 commemorative stamps were issued for the 80th and 100th anniversaries of the Pony Express respectively .
National Pony Express Association ( NPEA ) is a non @-@ profit , volunteer @-@ led historical organization . Its purpose is to preserve the original Pony Express trail and to continue the memory and importance of Pony Express in American history in partnership with the National Park Service , Pony Express Trail Association , and the Oregon @-@ California Trails Association .
April 3 , 2010 was the Pony Express ' 150th anniversary . Located in St. Joseph , Missouri , the Patee House Museum , which was the Pony Express ' headquarters , hosted events celebrating the anniversary .
= = = Historical research = = =
The foundation of accountable Pony Express history rests in the few tangible areas where records , papers , letters and mailings have yielded the most historical evidence . Until the 1950s most of what was known about the short @-@ lived Pony Express was the product of a few accounts , hearsay and folklore , generally true in their overall aspects , but lacking in verification in many areas for those who wanted to explore the history surrounding the founders , the various riders and station keepers or who were interested in stations or Forts along the Pony Express route .
The most complete books on the Pony Express are The Story of the Pony Express and Saddles and Spurs by Raymond & Mary Settle and Roy Bloss . Settle 's account is unique as he was the first writer and historical researcher to make use of Pony Express founder William B. Waddell 's papers , now in a collection at the Huntington Library in San Marino , California . Mr. Settle wrote in the mid @-@ 1950s . Mr. Bloss was a writer for the Pony Express Centennial . While Settle 's work was published generally without his annotations and notes , the writer 's background here is unique and Settle does have an excellent bibliography . When Settle prepared to publish his well @-@ researched account he had a good volume of footnotes , citations prepared , but the editors chose not to use most of them . Instead , they opted for a less expensive approach to print and publish and released an accurate , but simplified account . Settle was not pleased with this new and sudden development , as he put much time and effort into the annotations . Yet , the account Settle wrote was and is a definitive one and is considered the best account on the history of the Pony Express amongst many historians .
= = Legacy = =
Wells Fargo used the Pony Express logo for its guard and armored car service . The logo continued to be used when other companies took over the security business into the 1990s . From 2001 , the Pony Express logo is no longer used for security businesses since the business has been sold .
The United States Postal Service has trademarked " Pony Express " along with " Air Mail " .
The Pony Express route has been designated the Pony Express National Historic Trail . Approximately 120 historic sites along the trail may eventually be open to the public , including 50 stations or station ruins .
= = In popular culture = =
The continued remembrance and popularity of the Pony Express can be linked to Buffalo Bill Cody , his autobiographies , and his Wild West Show . The first book dedicated solely to the Pony Express was not published until 1900 . However , in his first autobiography , published in 1879 , Cody claims to have been an Express rider . While this claim has recently come under dispute , his show became the " primary keeper of the pony legend " when it premiered as a scene in the Wild West Show .
= = = Film = = =
The Pony Express ( 1925 )
Frontier Pony Express ( 1939 )
Pony Post ( 1940 )
Plainsman and the Lady ( 1946 )
Pony Express ( 1953 )
Last of the Pony Riders ( 1953 )
The Pony Express Rider ( 1976 )
Days of the Pony Express ( 2008 )
Spirit of the Pony Express ( 2012 )
= = = Television = = =
The Range Rider ( 1951 – 1953 ) season 1 episode " The Last of the Pony Express "
Pony Express ( 1959 – 1960 )
Bonanza ( 1959 – 1973 ) season 7 two @-@ part episode " Ride the Wind "
The Young Riders ( 1989 – 1992 )
Into the West ( 2005 )
= = Gallery = =
= Tea & Sympathy ( Bernard Fanning album ) =
Tea & Sympathy is the debut solo album by Australian musician Bernard Fanning . It was released on 31 October 2005 by Dew Process records while Powderfinger — Fanning 's main band — were on hiatus . Contrary to Powderfinger 's usual alternative style , the album blends alternative and country @-@ folk music . Most of the record was written after the cancer related death of his brother in 2002 . His brother 's death coincided with the end of Fanning 's twelve @-@ year relationship with his partner and both events were instrumental in his move away from his typically political and socially lyrical subject matter .
Fanning recorded four songs at his home studio in Brisbane and the rest at Real World Studios near Bath , England . Fanning worked with producer Tchad Blake in both sessions . To support the album 's release Fanning toured Australia twice and performed across North America and the UK .
" Tea & Sympathy " topped the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) albums chart and won three awards at the 2006 ARIA Awards , as well as an APRA Award and a J Award .
= = Background and production = =
After the 2004 release of Fingerprints : The Best of Powderfinger , 1994 @-@ 2000 , Powderfinger took a hiatus , and several members played in the side projects Drag and The Predators . Fanning decided to work independently and acted on direction he felt unable to explore as a member of Powderfinger . Some of his inspiration was derived from a will to see if he was capable of recording a solo album , considering what he viewed as his limited guitar playing abilities ; compared to bandmates Darren Middleton and Ian Haug . The distance from the band , coupled with the more relaxed writing process for Tea & Sympathy helped Fanning to unwind from the stress leftover from 10 years working recording and touring with Powderfinger .
Fanning wanted to create a politically oriented album with which he could attack then Prime Minister of Australia John Howard , following Howard 's 2004 election victory over Mark Latham . However , the death of Fanning 's brother from cancer in 2002 , coupled with the end of a twelve @-@ year relationship saw him steer the album in a different direction . Fanning explained that after going through " a pretty weird time in the past twelve months " , he did not intend to talk about his experiences , but to express them through music . The motivation for some songs came from the 2005 Big Day Out ; disappointment with the antisocial nature of the event and the heavy metal music played spurred him to " make music that was the opposite of that " .
Fanning worked with producer Tchad Blake and was funded by record label Dew Process . Sessions for the album began in February 2005 when Fanning and several other musicians recorded tracks at Blake 's Brisbane studio . Four of these — " Not Finished Just Yet " , " Believe " , " Wash Me Clean " , and " Hope & Validation " — appeared on the album after being mixed by Blake . The other tracks were recorded and mixed at Real World Studios near Bath , England . In Bath , Fanning worked with musicians including Jerry Marotta , Keith Duffy , and John Bedggood . While writing Fanning listened to music of guitarists Lightning Hopkins , Tom Petty , and singer @-@ songwriter Gillian Welch , who all influenced his work . " I 'd love to play guitar like that , but I simply don 't have the skill to do it " , said Fanning of Hopkins ' work .
The album 's title comes from a saying which Fanning explained to The Age as " you offer someone tea and sympathy , you sit down with them , have a cup of tea and you just talk . " He noted that there is a credit on an album by The Rolling Stones for the provision of " tea and sympathy " . The album cover photography and album inlay photography is by Ami Barwell
= = Touring and promotion = =
Fanning toured much of Australia to support Tea & Sympathy . Prior to the launch of two major tours , Fanning held a number of low @-@ key album launch shows . These drew praise from critics — Time Off 's Ben Preece reported , " The chemistry between the Powderfinger frontman and his band ( nicknamed The Gap Jazz School Choir ) is excellent and their constant in @-@ between song banter is hilarious . Then , of course , there ’ s the music . " He commended the multiple genre changes during the 90 @-@ minute performance , as well as Fanning 's vocal showcase .
The Which Way Home ? tour , named after the album 's sixth track , was announced on 2 December 2005 , and lasted from through February to March 2006 . Fanning performed in Sydney , Canberra , Adelaide , Melbourne , Hobart , Perth and Brisbane . He was joined on tour by Perth band The Panics and Brisbane singer Andrew Morris . On 11 August , Fanning announced that tours across the United States and Canada would follow the album 's 8 August North American release . An 11 September UK release was also announced with Dew Process revealing that numerous London shows had already been sold out .
Performances in London attracted much expatriate support ; Fanning joked , " I think I have about 14 English fans " . The performances were received positively ; musicOMH 's Barnaby Smith rated his 4 September showing at London 's Arts Theatre four stars , commenting on Powderfinger @-@ esque " loud , anthemic , guitar @-@ driven rock in a ' 70s vein " , and praising Fanning 's utilisation of the piano and guitar as part of his performance , as well as his dedicating the song " Give It All Up " to the recently deceased Steve Irwin .
= = Album and single releases = =
Tea & Sympathy was released in Australia on 31 October 2005 , in North America on 11 August 2006 , and in the United Kingdom on 18 September 2006 . The album peaked at number one on Australia 's ARIA Albums Chart and number 11 on New Zealand 's RIANZ Albums Chart . The Australian Record Industry Association has since certified Tea & Sympathy platinum five times over for sales in excess of 350 @,@ 000 units .
" Wish You Well " was the first single released from the album . Although it did not chart in Australia , it peaked at number 24 in New Zealand , and topped the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2005 . The inspiration for the song came to Fanning when he woke one morning , " and ' Wish You Well ' just arrived in a splurge . There were swallows flying around . I was in an unusually positive frame of mind . " musicOMH 's Barnaby Smith described " Wish You Well " as reminiscent of Daryl Braithwaite and a " basic song with [ a ] catchy chorus you might sing round a campfire " . The online release " Songbird " was the album 's second single . The song was broadly popular , and contributed to Fanning 's winning " Songwriter of the Year " at the 2006 APRA Awards . " Songbird " won " Most Performed Blues and Roots Work " at the 2007 ceremony and was nominated for " Most Performed Australian Work " . The single did not appear on the ARIA Singles Chart , but peaked at number 11 on the Australian national airplay charts . It also reached number 14 on the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2005 .
" Watch Over Me " was released as the final single on 24 June 2006 . All proceeds from the single were passed on to Australian charity Youngcare . Fanning also toured with Kasey Chambers , again giving proceeds to the charity . Fanning said that " the aim of this show and the single release is to raise money for Youngcare but also to raise awareness of the terrible situation that these young people face " , referring to children forced to live in aged facilities . " Watch Over Me " spent eight weeks on the ARIA Singles Chart , where it peaked at number 16 . The song was performed by Fanning , Chambers , and Clare Bowditch at the 2006 ARIA Awards .
= = Music and lyrics = =
I realised about three songs into writing it how insulting that was to people who write country music ... someone like me trying to make a country record .
— Bernard FanningOn why he abandoned his plan to make a purely country record .
The country @-@ folk @-@ alternative blend on Tea & Sympathy formed a stark contrast to Powderfinger 's last work , Vulture Street — the band 's heaviest work yet . Initially intended to be a purely country album , Fanning abandoned the prospect shortly into the writing phase because he did not think he was able to make music of the quality he had expected . He thus turned to an amalgamation of country , rock , and folk elements . Fanning considered Powderfinger music to " always [ have ] a song that just kind of grabs you " but doubted his album had similar elements ; instead he focused on an album that as a whole would move the listener . The album is primarily acoustic — " Which Way Home ? " a notable exception — and features fiddles and mandolins for backing music . The album centres on themes of love , in the context of the recent end to Fanning 's relationship . Only three songs on the album exceed four minutes , while four are less than three minutes long ; Fanning was critical of the " convention that a song should go on for 3 [ and a half ] , four minutes " .
Opening track " Thrill is Gone " was written by Fanning as a joke about a hypothetical ending in his relation with rock music . The song is reminiscent of 70s country / folk Led Zeppelin , setting the mood for the rest of the album . Numerous songs on the album are influenced by Neil and Tim Finn ; " Believe " , " Sleeping Rough " , " The Strangest Thing " , and " Wish You Well " all have comparisons drawn to the brothers . " Not Finished Just Yet " and " Songbird " , meanwhile , are reminiscent of Neil Young — a long @-@ term Powderfinger influence . " Wish You Well " , " Not Finished Just Yet " , and " Yesterday 's Gone " were noted as examples of " Fanning frankly prodding and probing matters of the heart " by dB .
On " Wash Me Clean " , Fanning aimed to imitate Nick Drake ; songs that " you to sleep because they 've got so much air and space in them " . This came as a contrast to the louder , more vocal Powderfinger work he was accustomed to . " Watch Over Me " , released and promoted in support of Australian charity Youngcare , was one of the slowest and most emotional songs on the album — The Age 's Daniel Ziffer described it as " emotionally wrenching " . It was written alongside " Believe " following the 2005 Big Day Out . Sometimes construed as a relationships @-@ based song , " Watch Over Me " was written by Fanning after watching Pope John Paul II 's funeral . " Down To The River " was equally slow in portions , mixed in with sections of " searing , heart @-@ rending pleading " — praised as the best song Fanning had written by musicOMH 's Barnaby Smith .
= = Reception = =
Tea & Sympathy was awarded " Best Cover Art " and " Album of the Year " at the 2006 ARIA Music Awards ; it was also nominated for " Best Blues & Roots Album " and " Highest Selling Album " . " Wish You Well " won " Best Video " , while " Watch Over Me " was nominated for " Single of the Year " . " Wish You Well " topped the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2005 , and was the most broadcast song on Australian radio in 2006 . Fanning won " Best Male Artist " for his work on the album , and as part of his acceptance speech challenged fellow Australian musicians to write protest songs — something they had been criticised for a lack of by ARIA Hall of Fame inductee Rob Hirst . Tea & Sympathy was nominated for the inaugural J Award in 2005 , and Fanning won " Songwriter of the Year " at the 2006 APRA Awards . MTV Australia named Tea & Sympathy " Album of the Year " at its 2006 Video Music Awards .
Tea & Sympathy 's critical reception was moderate . It was generally seen as being less entertaining than Fanning 's Powderfinger work — The Age said Powderfinger were a " rock band ingrained in the national psyche " like Cold Chisel , but that Tea & Sympathy showed little resemblance to Cold Chisel frontman Jimmy Barnes 's groundbreaking debut album , Bodyswerve . Barnaby Smith of musicOMH said the album was not " a work to suggest [ Fanning 's ] solo career might better Powderfinger " . The BBC 's Jenna Bachelor wrote that the album is " pleasant enough without pulling up any trees " .
Despite Fanning 's claims he could not write a country song , the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) and BBC drew comparisons to Neil Young and supergroup Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young . The ABC said Tea & Sympathy resembled the band 's work , " though without the hippy , drippy lyrics " , while the BBC observed a " harmony porch style sound " highly similar to that of Young . Allmusic wrote that " Fanning 's influences are strictly old school " , noting Manassas ' self @-@ titled album and Elton John 's Tumbleweed Connection as similar .
Fanning 's vocals drew praise ; Allmusic 's Andy Whitman said he was a " fine , soulful singer " whose " vocal presence alone merits attention " . Other aspects of the album , though , were seen in a more negative light. musicOMH said songs like " Wash Me Clean " " simply lack a strong enough melody " , while the BBC wrote that Fanning " might have to be happy with ' straight in at 101 , ' in the UK " despite topping the ARIA Albums Chart . The Age concluded its review by calling Tea & Sympathy " a low @-@ key but worthy personal offering " .
In October 2010 , Tea & Sympathy ( 2005 ) was listed in the book , 100 Best Australian Albums .
= = Track listing = =
" Thrill Is Gone " – 3 : 11
" Wish You Well " – 2 : 31
" Not Finished Just Yet " – 3 : 17
" Songbird " – 2 : 36
" Believe " – 3 : 07
" Which Way Home ? " – 3 : 21
" Wash Me Clean " – 2 : 37
" Hope & Validation " – 3 : 09
" Sleeping Rough " – 4 : 34
" The Strangest Thing " – 3 : 14
" Further Down the Road " – 4 : 41
" Down to the River " – 4 : 13
" Yesterday 's Gone " – 2 : 34
" Watch Over Me " – 3 : 31
" Weekend of Mystery " ( iTunes bonus release ) – 3 : 26
= = Personnel = =
= = Chart performance = =
= = Chart procession and succession = =
= Your Love Is My Drug =
" Your Love Is My Drug " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter Kesha , taken from her debut studio album , Animal ( 2010 ) . It was released as the album 's third single on May 14 , 2010 . The song was written by Kesha and Pebe Sebert , with Ammo , who co @-@ produced the song with Dr. Luke and Benny Blanco . " Your Love Is My Drug " ' s initial writing took place during a plane ride . Kesha stated the song had a carefree message and was not meant to be taken too seriously . The song 's inspiration came from Kesha and her ex @-@ boyfriend ; it is about their psychotic relationship with their love for one another being compared to a drug . According to Kesha , the song sounds happy but also contains a dark undertone , of an obsession for someone and is about being heartbroken .
Prior to the release of Animal , the song charted in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Canada . After being released as a single the song reached the top five in Australia and the United States , as well as reaching the top ten in Canada . It has gone on to sell over three million copies in the US alone .
Kesha performed the song alongside " Tik Tok " on the 35th season of Saturday Night Live where she was covered in glow in the dark tribal @-@ like make @-@ up . In the music video , Kesha is portrayed in the desert while being chased around by her love interest . The main idea behind the video is being so in love with someone that you lose your head , comparable to love being a drug . The video features a digital animation sequence which was inspired by The Beatles ' Yellow Submarine .
= = Writing and inspiration = =
" Your Love Is My Drug " was written by Kesha , alongside her mother Pebe Sebert and Joshua Coleman . The song was produced by Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco and Ammo . In an interview with MTV , Kesha stated the song was " written on an airplane , in like 10 minutes " and that the song had a carefree message ; it is " stupid and fun " and not to be taken too seriously . When asked about the final line of the song ( " I like your beard " ) and where it came from , Kesha explained , " I 've always been into bearded dudes . Hello , I 'm from Nashville , I 'm into hillbillies [ ... ] the redneck look is hot right now , and that 's great for me . I 'm over dudes trying to look like they 're in boy bands . " Kesha later elaborated explaining the song 's inspiration ,
" It ’ s about me and my ex @-@ boyfriend , and our tumultuous , psychotic relationship . We ’ d act weird , like drug addicts with each other , calling and seeing each other all the time . I was in love at the time , and ( the song ) sounds pretty happy , but it ’ s a little bit of a dark song . You ’ re so obsessed with somebody you start acting like a weirdo . … I write about falling in love , being in love , breaking up because he ’ s a loser , being heartbroken . I not only sing about getting rowdy , but love . "
= = Composition = =
" Your Love Is My Drug " is a midtempo song drawing from the electropop and dance @-@ pop genres . The song combines heavy Auto @-@ Tune that is layered with a heavy electronic backdrop . Kesha opens the track singing " Maybe I need some rehab / Or maybe just need some sleep / I 've got a sick obsession , I 'm seeing it in my dreams " while she depicts the tale of a teen love obsession . Her vocals throughout the song have been described as a shouty sing @-@ speak style . Sara Anderson of AOL Radio called the song a " bubblegum track " that fuses elements of " ’ 80s glam rock " , with " Kesha 's signature auto @-@ tuned vocals and casual chatty ad @-@ libs " . Kesha ends the song saying " Your love is my drug ... I like your beard , " which was inspired by her ideal man . According to sheet music published at Musicnotes , the song is written in common time with a moderate beat rate of 120 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of F ♯ major and Kesha 's vocal range in the song spans from the note of C ♯ 4 to the note of Eb5 .
= = Critical reception = =
Fraser McAlpine from BBC complimented the song and Kesha for knowing her way around a strong pop chorus , giving the single four out of five stars . McAlpine noted that " some evidence of range would be welcomed at this point , [ ... ] [ since ] there 's a whole other side to her that you 'd never know if you just listened to the singles " commenting that her persona was the " boozy floozy card " and that the power ballads on her album could have been better for a release . He went on to conclude " even though her ' act ' is to be far too revealing about her dirty habits , she has still managed to create something of a mystique cloud around herself " . Billboard magazine 's Monica Herrera was impressed with the song , calling it " blissful " . She went on to compliment the song for its strong chorus that has the ability to " stick with the listener for days " . Sara Anderson of AOL Radio called the song " a playful take on a teen love obsession " , complimenting " Kesha 's signature auto @-@ tuned vocals and casual chatty ad @-@ libs " . Anderson commented on the chorus of the song calling it " a modern Cyndi Lauper @-@ inspired chorus " . Nate Adams of No Ripcord was positive in his review of the song , calling it " a fun little disco tune " , and wrote that the singer " isn 't reinventing the wheel by any stretch of the imagination , but she has her share of catchy would @-@ be hits . "
Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song four out of five stars , commenting that although she sings through the verses in her " usual speak @-@ sing fashion " , the chorus is " joyously irresistible " . He also brands the song a " bubblegum electro stomper " adding that the song distinguishes itself from her previous singles writing that it manages to " put some distance between the singer and the novelty sound of her previous hits , while still being the fun , trashy and frankly quite filthy " .
= = Chart performance = =
In January 2010 , due to strong digital sales , the song charted in Canada , the United States , and the United Kingdom , debuting at numbers 48 , 27 , and 63 respectively . In the United States the song was listed for six weeks before dropping off to re @-@ enter at 91 on the week of April 3 , 2010 . After weeks of steadily ascending the charts the single reached a peak of four where it was listed for two weeks . The charting gave her her third straight top @-@ ten hit in the country . On June 9 , 2010 , " Your Love Is My Drug " reached the number one position on the Billboards Pop Songs chart , making Kesha the fifth female artist since the beginning of 2000 , and the third in the last two years , to earn at least two number ones from a debut album . " Your Love Is My Drug " also peaked at number one on Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Songs where it stayed for one week . The song has received 2 × Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 units . As of August 2012 , the song has sold 3 @,@ 110 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
In Canada , the song spent a total of six weeks on the chart before dropping off to re @-@ enter at 98 . After steadily ascending the charts , the song moved up to reach a peak of six . The single fell the following week to the number seven position where it stayed for two weeks . In the succeeding week the song rose to the number six position where it stayed for an additional three weeks . The song entered at number 63 on the UK Singles Chart , dropping off the chart the following week . The single re @-@ entered the chart on the week of May 16 , 2010 , at 60 . On June 19 , 2010 after four weeks of the single climbing the chart , it reached a new peak of 13 . " Your Love Is My Drug " has spent more weeks in the UK top 20 than its higher charting predecessor " Blah Blah Blah " . In New Zealand the song debuted at number 29 and as of the May 17 , 2010 issue it has gone to 15 . The single entered the ARIA Charts at number 25 . The following week , the single moved up to 17 . As of the June 6 , 2010 edition the song has reached a peak of three . It has since been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70 @,@ 000 units .
= = Music video = =
The music video for the song was directed by Honey and it was shot on April 6 and April 7 , 2010 , in the Lancaster , California desert . It premiered on Vevo at 12 : 01 a.m. on May 13 , 2010 . Kesha described the concept behind the video in an interview with MTV , stating , " I wanted it to be like a psychedelic trip of the mind , comparable with being so disgustingly in love with someone that you lose your head . " She chose to also incorporate an animal aspect to the video explaining that she was " a huge animal lover " . Kesha elaborated on the experience , " I also ride an elephant — no big deal ! — and , um , I dance around a cave with black @-@ light body paint and a python . I was in a cave , in the desert , and it was really fun . " When asked about the inspiration for the video , she said " This video was inspired by the Beatles ' Yellow Submarine movie , the animation aspect . There 's a little bit of [ that ] in there too " . Her love interest in the clip was portrayed by Marc @-@ Edouard Leon , a member of the directing team Skinny .
The video begins with Kesha waking up next to her love interest ; she then proceeds to run away while being chased by the man . Kesha walks through the desert while split scenes of her are shown where she is riding an elephant and wearing a tiger mask while crawling around in the sand . They are later seen on a boat singing and pretending to row while digitally animated water is added . It then cuts to a scene of all animation in which Kesha is portrayed as a mermaid . The mermaid and the man share a kiss ; the video then jumps to a scene on a rocky hillside with Kesha walking around the sand with the man standing above on a rock . The video then cuts to another scene where Kesha is covered in glow in the dark body paint while dancing around in a cave with a python around her neck . The video ends with Kesha and her lover sitting around a campfire while still in the desert .
James Montgomery from MTV said that " Your Love Is My Drug " was a " supremely catchy pop tune " and that the video was " the perfectly blissed @-@ out accompaniment . " Montgomery chided the video for " not making much sense " but noted " that hardly matters " as " Kesha has stumbled on a perfect formula for pop success : Don 't think too big , or too much . Sometimes an elephant ride is just an elephant ride " . His conclusion of the video and of Kesha herself was , " It 's a lot harder than you 'd think to make something seem this effortless . Like I said , you can accuse Kesha of many things — but don 't ever say she 's not smart . "
= = Live performances = =
This song was performed on Saturday Night Live on April 17 , 2010 . During the performance , Kesha was covered in tribal @-@ like make @-@ up and performed in the dark with only black light lighting , making the make @-@ up glow in the dark . On May 29 , 2010 , Kesha performed " Your Love Is My Drug " alongside previous single " Tik Tok " at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan . She also performed the song in a set for BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend . On August 13 , 2010 , Kesha performed " Your Love Is My Drug " on NBC 's Today Show .
= = Popular culture = =
" Your Love Is My Drug " was featured in one episode of Degrassi : The Next Generation . In Chile , the song was used the promo Chilean TV channel La Red in 2010 Mujeres primero .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting – Kesha Sebert , Pebe Serbert , Joshua Coleman
Production – Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco , Ammo
Instruments and programming – Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco , Ammo
Vocal Editing – Emily Wright
Recording – Vanessa Silberman , Megan Dennis , Becky Scott
Engineering – Emily Wright , Matt Beckley
Source
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Certifications = = =
= = Radio date and release history = =
= Pilot ( Fringe ) =
The pilot episode of the television series Fringe premiered on the Fox network on September 9 , 2008 . The pilot was written by series creators J.J. Abrams , Alex Kurtzman , and Roberto Orci , and directed by Alex Graves . The episode introduces the character Olivia Dunham , portrayed by Anna Torv , an FBI special agent drawn into the world of applied fringe science . John Noble portrays Dr. Walter Bishop , a scientist formerly incarcerated in a mental institution for over seventeen years . Joshua Jackson plays his son , Peter , who is hired by Olivia to assist with Walter 's work .
Although the pilot was set in and around Boston , filming occurred in Toronto , Canada . The episode cost $ 10 million to produce , making it one of the most expensive pilots in television history . The pilot was leaked online three months prior to its broadcast on television . There was speculation that it was leaked deliberately to increase interest in the program ; however , this was denied by executive producer Bryan Burk . The episode was generally well received by critics , and was watched by 9 @.@ 13 million American viewers on its premiere . It is noted that the pilot is actually two episodes , running together for 81 minutes and counted as only one ( episode ) by the creators and fans .
= = Plot = =
A man on an international flight injects himself with an insulin pen , which releases a biological agent that quickly kills everyone aboard by causing their flesh to crystallize . The airplane 's autopilot system lands the plane at Boston 's Logan Airport , where various federal agencies create a task force to investigate what occurred during the flight . F.B.I. Special Agent Olivia Dunham ( Torv ) and her partner , Agent Scott ( Mark Valley ) , are together in bed at a motel , where Scott says that he loves her . Dunham receives a call from her boss Charlie Francis ( Kirk Acevedo ) , who tells her to head to the airport . Dunham is added to the interagency task force headed by Phillip Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) .
Following a tip , Dunham and Scott are sent to a storage facility where they uncover a biochemical laboratory , which explodes when detonated by a suspect they are chasing . Scott is affected by the chemicals released in the explosion , and is placed into an artificial coma to slow the progression of the chemical reaction . While investigating a possible cure to Scott 's condition , Dunham blackmails Peter Bishop ( Jackson ) to gain access to his father Dr. Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) , whose top @-@ secret work at Harvard in " fringe science " resulted in him being sent to a mental institution . Dunham manages to release Walter from the institution ; however , he becomes enraged when he discovers his laboratory in Harvard has been shut down . Broyles reopens the laboratory , where Dunham transfers Scott 's body . To identify the man from the storage facility , Walter synchronizes Dunham 's brainwaves with the comatose Scott 's so that she can read his mind . Walter claims that syncing brainwaves , and even reanimating the dead , can be accomplished up to six hours after death . With the help of Dunham 's assistant , federal agent Astrid Farnsworth ( Jasika Nicole ) , the experiment succeeds . Dunham identifies the man in Scott 's memory , Morgan Steig , as a passenger on the plane . The team learns Steig 's twin brother , Richard Steig , was an employee of Massive Dynamic , a company founded by William Bell , Walter 's old lab partner .
Dunham goes to Massive Dynamic headquarters and meets with executive director Nina Sharp ( Blair Brown ) , who agrees to give her all the information on Steig . The suspect is arrested and initially refuses to provide a list of the ingredients present in the toxin , but Peter 's threat of exposing him to the chemicals causes him to reveal the ingredients . The information provides a cure for Scott . The suspect reveals that he did not sell his chemicals , but was forced into what he did by someone from Dunham 's office . The suspect leads Dunham to a buried tape recording of his phone conversations about the chemicals and the attack , where Dunham realizes that Scott was involved with the attack from the beginning . While she races back to the hospital , Scott awakens and kills the suspect . He is chased by Dunham , but crashes his car and is mortally wounded . Before he dies , Scott asks Dunham why Broyles would send her to investigate the storage units in the first place . Dunham convinces the Bishops to stay and help her with her new work , which Broyles describes as a task force to investigate events related to " the pattern " . Elsewhere , Scott 's dead body is brought to a Massive Dynamic high @-@ tech lab , where Sharp orders that Scott be interrogated , since he has only been dead for five hours .
= = Production = =
Co @-@ creator J.J. Abrams ' inspiration for Fringe came from a range of sources , including the writings of Michael Crichton , the Ken Russell film Altered States , and the television series The X @-@ Files and The Twilight Zone . The specific story for Fringe was developed during long conversations between series creators Abrams , Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman . The team was discussing several different options , and the idea behind Fringe appealed to them most because it contained a long @-@ term story and characters ' backstories which were not " evident but alluded to in the pilot " . The team spent a lot of time thinking about the " trifecta of characters " that they needed to have in the series , and why there were uniquely interesting . The creators decided on the idea of a father @-@ son story because it was compelling and accessible , " you don 't necessarily have to know anything about science , because everyone has a parent and everyone has issues with a parent . And I think for us it 's always about coming into it through character " . Orci stated that the series is a combination of a procedural and an " extremely serialized and very culty " series , quoting as examples of each , Law & Order and Lost .
The first actors cast in the pilot were Kirk Acevedo and Mark Valley in mid January 2008 . John Noble and Lance Reddick were next to be cast , although it was incorrectly believed that Tomas Arana had been cast in Reddick 's role . This was followed by the casting of Anna Torv , Blair Brown and Jasika Nicole . Abrams said that Torv was cast because she was a combination of " sophistication , great talent , amazing looks and a complexity that is the key to the character being an interesting central character " . Kurtzman felt that she was someone " you want to spend time with " , which was critical to a series about science . Joshua Jackson was the last series regular to be cast . Jackson auditioned for the role of James T. Kirk in Abrams ' Star Trek and believed this is what impressed the producer to cast him in his television project . According to Abrams , Jackson 's casting was " very last minute " .
While the pilot was set in and around Boston , production was set in Toronto , Canada . The episode cost $ 10 million to produce , making it one of the most expensive pilots in television history . Following the pilot 's filming , production for the series moved to New York . The producers were forced to hire a new cow for the remainder of the season because they were not allowed to travel the original cow from Canada to New York . Production team members noted that they were prepared to paint new cows if viewers noted the differences in spots .
Three months prior to its broadcast , an incomplete version of the pilot was released through BitTorrent clients , fueling speculation that it was leaked deliberately to increase interest in the program . Executive producer Burk denied the claims , saying that " we hate putting anything out there until it 's done , and that 's really the reason why you guys didn 't get any advance copies " . Abrams said that while the production crew " freaked out " about the leak , he was pleased that the " response has been much more positive than not , especially for something that wasn 't completed yet " . The broadcast version of the pilot had new scenes added while other scenes were removed ; Abrams also said that there was " tightening and moving some moments here and there " , and the ending was entirely different . Burk also stated that the composer , Michael Giacchino , had not finished his score at the time of the leak , and the most of the featured music was temp music . A variation of a piece of Giacchino 's music called " Hollywood and Vines " used in the pilot was originally featured on Lost , as it was created for that show , also created by Abrams .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Pilot " was watched by 9 @.@ 13 million American viewers , with ratings improving over the course of the episode . The episode garnered a 3 @.@ 2 / 9 Nielsen ratings in the key 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic , and was the 12th most watched series of the week . The 3 @.@ 2 refers to 3 @.@ 2 % of all people of ages 18 – 49 years old in the U.S. , and the 9 refers to 9 % of all people of ages 18 – 49 years old watching television at the time of the broadcast in the U.S. The pilot officially premiered at the 2008 Television Critics Association tour , where it received mixed to positive reviews from critics .
= = = Reviews = = =
Metacritic gave the episode a Metascore — a weighted average based on the impressions of a select 25 critical reviews — of 67 , signifying generally favorable reviews . Barry Garron of Hollywood Reporter found it promising because " it is reminiscent of better @-@ of @-@ the @-@ sexes charm " . USA Today 's Robert Bianco said , " what Abrams brings to Fringe is a director 's eye for plot and pace , a fan 's love of sci @-@ fi excitement , and a story @-@ teller 's gift for investing absurd events with real emotions and relatable characters . " Travis Fickett of IGN gave the pilot 7 @.@ 6 out of 10 , calling it " a lackluster pilot that promises to be a pretty good series " . Tim Goodman of San Francisco Chronicle remarked that despite " some flaws in it — mostly from a clash of tones — it still overdelivers on creativity , creepiness , fine acting and burgeoning character development " . Chicago Sun @-@ Times ' Misha Davenport called it an " update of The X @-@ Files with the addition of terrorism and the office of Homeland Security .
John Doyle of The Globe and Mail called the pilot " splendidly made " . However , Doyle considered the instance of Torv stripping to a bikini " indulgent " , and questioned the wisdom of making " her body an object of scrutiny " in the first episode . Matthew Gilbert of Boston Globe wrote that " after the electrifying start , Fringe unfolds as an uneven , unwieldy piece of work that provides very few chills and thrills " . LA Weekly 's Robert Abele found Fringe is " a smorgasbord of a show , but one a little too synthetically engineered to allow you the chance to discover what it is " . John Leonard of New York was skeptical of the premise and storyline , but found Torv " wonderfully played " her character . Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com felt the plot was too over @-@ the @-@ top , and described Abrams as " the ultimate boyish idiot @-@ savant imaginator ... He can 't exercise a little self @-@ restraint " .
The pilot episode was negatively received by the conservative " family values " advocacy group Parents Television Council , who named the show the worst of the week and denounced the " excessive violence and gore " .
= Tennis Court ( song ) =
" Tennis Court " is a song by New Zealand singer Lorde , taken from her debut album Pure Heroine ( 2013 ) . On 7 June 2013 , the song was released as the album 's second single by Universal Music Group , following " Royals " . Tennis Court EP was also released , comprising three additional tracks . " Tennis Court " served as the fourth single from Pure Heroine in the United States . Written by Lorde and Joel Little and produced by Little , " Tennis Court " combines alternative pop , art pop and electropop genres with elements from downtempo , hip hop and EDM . It features synthesisers and electronic pulses in its composition . The lyrics address Lorde 's new @-@ found fame and criticise the " high life . "
" Tennis Court " was well received by critics , who complimented the song 's production and musical style . The single garnered success in Oceania , peaking at number one on the New Zealand singles chart and entering the top thirty chart in Australia . In Europe , it charted in Belgium ( in both Flanders and Wallonia ) , France , the UK and Germany ; the song also appeared on multiple US charts . " Tennis Court " was certified platinum by both the Australian Recording Industry Association and Recorded Music NZ . A music video for the song was directed by Joel Kefali and features Lorde staring into the camera during one continuous shot . To promote Pure Heroine and the song , Lorde performed " Tennis Court " several times , including on Live on Letterman .
= = Background and writing = =
Lorde was spotted by Universal Music Group ( UMG ) after performing at her school . She signed with UMG at age 13 , and was later paired up with Joel Little .
Lorde detailed the writing process for " Tennis Court " was different from that of her other tracks . By and large , Lorde would have a lyric forming before going into the studio to record . Nonetheless , Little and Lorde first wrote the music and the beat , and the lyrics were built on the instant music . According to Little , Lorde developed her songwriting skills on " Tennis Court " , for which she wrote the melody and the whole chorus :
" That song was one where we had everything except the chorus . She was sitting in the back of the room while I was working on the music and she was saying , " I think I 've got a chorus idea . " I asked , " Can I hear it ? " and she said , " No , no , no . " She wouldn 't sing it to me and then once she had it , she basically sang the entire chorus as you hear it now . I was like , " Holy shit , this is seriously good . " This was the first time she had this fully formed , amazing idea for a chorus . This is , I don 't know how long into the process , but it was when I was like , " This girl is going to be an amazing songwriter , or has turned into one in a really short amount of time . " Then I just added the " yeahs " and we tweaked a couple things here and there . "
= = Distribution = =
On 7 June 2013 , " Tennis Court " was released as Pure Heroine 's second single in Australia and New Zealand . On the same day , an extended play — Tennis Court EP — was released digitally in some European countries and physically ( as a 10 @-@ inch vinyl ) on 22 July . The single was released for digital download in Scandinavia on 12 August 2013 , and a 7 @-@ inch vinyl was released in the US on 27 August 2013 . Lava and Republic Records were going to send " Tennis Court " to US modern rock radio on 11 March 2014 and to US contemporary hit radio on 8 April 2014 as the third US radio single , following " Royals " and " Team " . However , its release was cancelled in favour of " Glory and Gore " . Nevertheless , the label later decided to cancel the contemporary hit radio ( CHR ) release of " Glory and Gore " and send " Tennis Court " as originally planned . " Tennis Court " impacted US hot adult contemporary radio and CHR on 21 and 22 April 2014 , respectively . " Tennis Court " was released in the United Kingdom on 12 May 2014 .
= = Production and composition = =
" Tennis Court " was produced by Joel Little , who recorded it at his Golden Age Studios in Morningside , Auckland . The song was produced using the software Pro Tools ; it is characterised as a downtempo hip hop and EDM @-@ influenced alternative pop , art pop and electropop song . It utilises synthesisers and electronic pulses in its arrangement . The track lasts for a duration of 3 : 18 ( three minutes and eighteen seconds ) . Written in the key of A minor , it has a moderate tempo of 92 beats per minute . Lorde 's vocal range spans one octave , from the low @-@ note of G3 to the high @-@ note of G4 . Billboard editor Jason Lipshutz commented that " Tennis Court " showcases Lorde 's " darker edges of pop music " style . Nick Messtite from Forbes wrote that the track is reminiscent of The Postal Service 's song " The District Sleeps Alone Tonight " , while Siân Rowe from NME compared it to works by Lana Del Rey . An editor from Clash , Joe Zadeh , noted the similarities between " Tennis Court " and The xx 's song " Together . "
The lyrics of " Tennis Court " address Lorde 's newly established fame and criticise the " high life . " Lorde said she wrote the song " after having had a glimpse into the music industry , and I was just thinking about how superficial people can be and how we put up all these fronts . " She found the idea of a tennis court " very visually beautiful " and " something I kept coming back to on Tumblr and all that sort of thing " , saying it was " kind of a symbol of nostalgia for me . It was something which was familiar and safe to me . " She also described the song as being " about the town where she grew up and the friends [ with whom ] she would ... hang out all summer . " Paul Lester , writing for The Guardian , compared the song 's lyrical theme to that of two other songs by Lorde : " Royals " and " Million Dollar Bills " ( from The Love Club EP ) .
" Tennis Court " opens with Lorde questioning " Don 't you think that is boring how people talk ? " featuring her , in the words of Lester , " sweet , sultry and sour " voice , which suggests " a frictional relationship with the high life . " A critic from Digital Spy , Robert Cospey , wrote that the track " finds [ Lorde ] caught between fame and a more innocent time " with the lines " My head 's filling up fast with wicked games / How can I fuck with fun again when I 'm known ? " The tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek word " Yeah ! " is repeated after each verse . Another lyric , " It 's a new art form showing people how little we care " is described as " perfectly damning the wave of banal hedonism most recently celebrated by the MTV Video Music Awards " , according to Kevin Liedel from Slant Magazine . At the bridge , Lorde sings " I fall apart , with all my heart / And you can watch from your window " , which was described as a " perfect " commentary on the breakdowns of teenage celebrities in an article published by The Huffington Post .
= = Reception = =
" Tennis Court " received critical acclaim from music critics and media outlets . Siân Rowe from NME ranked the EP a seven out of ten , complimenting the song for its " forward @-@ looking genres " and Lorde 's " strong pop vocals . " Emily Yoshida from Grantland labelled it a " murkily winsome , ever @-@ so @-@ slightly chopped ballad " , while writer Kyle Jaeger for The Hollywood Reporter praised the track 's lyrical content and its catchy melody . " Tennis Court " was picked as one of the standout tracks of Pure Heroine by Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic , Jon Hadusek from Consequence of Sound , and Time Out editor Nick Levine . In an interview with USA Today , English singer @-@ songwriter Elton John praised " Tennis Court " , describing it as " one of the most touching , beautiful things on earth . "
" Tennis Court " debuted at number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart during the week of 17 June 2013 , becoming Lorde 's second number one on the chart ; " Royals " was her first . Spending a total of 21 weeks on the chart , the single was certified double platinum by the Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) for exceeding sales of 30 @,@ 000 copies there . " Tennis Court " became the 19th best selling single of 2013 in New Zealand . In Australia , the track peaked at number 20 on the ARIA Singles Chart , remaining to chart for 22 weeks . It was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for 70 @,@ 000 copies shipped in the region . In the United States , it peaked at number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and has sold 355 @,@ 000 copies there , as of April 2014 . It also reached number nine on the US Hot Rock Songs .
= = Music video = =
The official music video for " Tennis Court " was directed by Joel Kefali , who previously worked with Lorde on the accompanying video for her debut single " Royals " . The video was filmed as a one @-@ shot . Lorde appears in " black clothing , braided hair , and dark lipstick . " It features Lorde staring into the camera as the song plays ; she does not lip sync the lyrics except for the word " Yeah ! " after each verse and during the chorus . The set lighting fades in and out throughout the video .
Writing for The Washington Post , Bethonie Butler observed a discrepancy between Lorde 's statement that " In a perfect world , [ she ] would never do any interviews , and probably there would be one photo out there of [ her ] " , and the fact that , in the music video , Lorde is " front and center . " Butler viewed the video as " a metaphor for celebrity . " Writing for Ryan Seacrest 's website , Kathleen Perricone complimented the " super simple " clip , which allowed Lorde 's " voice and lyrics [ to ] really shine . " Lindsay Zoladz , of Pitchfork Media , compared the video to that for The Replacements ' " Bastards of Young . " MTV Buzzworthy blogger Luke O 'Neil wrote that the " Tennis Court " video is " a bit unsettling at first , but eventually it starts to make sense . [ Lorde is ] trying to do things a bit differently , and so far it seems like it 's working . "
= = Live performances = =
To promote " Tennis Court " , Lorde held a concert at Le Poisson Rouge in New York and performed the song among others on 6 August 2013 . This was her first US show . On 24 September 2013 , she performed the track at The Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles , California . On 3 October 2013 , Lorde held a concert at the Warsaw Venue in Brooklyn and performed the song among other tracks from the album . On 13 November 2013 , Lorde performed several songs from Pure Heroine during the Live on Letterman to promote the album , including " Tennis Court . " Lorde held a concert at Soho , England and performed a series of songs from her album on 19 November , including " Tennis Court " . The song was also performed by Lorde during the " Almost Acoustic Christmas " event on KROQ @-@ FM radio station on 9 December .
Lorde performed " Tennis Court " at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards in May . The following month , she performed a Goth @-@ influenced medley of " Tennis Court " and " Team " at the 2014 MuchMusic Video Awards . Lorde also performed the song during several music festivals . In April , Lorde performed " Tennis Court " at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival . Around 2014 , she also performed the single live during the Laneway Festival in Sydney , and Lollapalooza Brazil in Sao Paulo . At the Lollapalooza Festival in Grant Park on 1 August 2014 , she performed the track among other songs from Pure Heroine . The performance of Lorde was well received by media outlets , with Billboard picked it as the fifth best performance of the festival , while Rolling Stone deemed it the best part of Lollapalooza in Chicago , writing , " She danced like she was trying to fling her arms off her body , but just as with her voice , the sense that she was in absolute possession of her abilities never waned . She nailed every stomp and every note — but it was clearly fueled by passion , not perfection . "
= = Usage and remixes = =
" Tennis Court " was played during the 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Women 's Singles Final by British Broadcasting Company ( BBC ) . " Tennis Court " was remixed by Australian musician Flume in 2014 . In July 2014 American producer Diplo released his version , titled the Diplo 's Andre Agassi Reebok Pump Mix . In 2014 , " Tennis Court " was featured in the soundtrack of the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Microsoft Windows versions of Grand Theft Auto V.
= = Track listings = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= = = Single = = =
= = = Tennis Court EP = = =
= Lady Bouvier 's Lover =
" Lady Bouvier 's Lover " is the twenty @-@ first episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 12 , 1994 . In the episode , Abe Simpson falls in love with Marge 's mother , Jacqueline Bouvier , and they start dating . However , on a night out in town , Mr. Burns takes her away from him . Abe is broken hearted when he learns that Jackie is going to marry Mr. Burns .
The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Wes Archer . It was recorded in October 1993 at the Darryl F. Zanuck Building on the 20th Century Fox lot in West Los Angeles . The episode features cultural references to films such as The Gold Rush and The Graduate , and songs such as " Moonlight Serenade " and " Sing , Sing , Sing " . Since airing , the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 0 , and was the third highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired .
= = Plot = =
The Simpson family gathers to celebrate Maggie 's birthday . After the party , Abe feels depressed , so Marge sets him up for a date with her mother , Jacqueline Bouvier . Eventually , the couple falls in love , which enrages Homer ; his argument is that if the pair married , he and Marge would be brother and sister and the children would look like freaks . To impress Jackie , Abe takes her out on the town , but when he does , Mr. Burns steals her from him . Abe is heartbroken . Mr. Burns declares that he is in love with Jackie , and they are going to get married , against both Marge 's interest . Meanwhile , Bart buys a $ 350 Itchy & Scratchy animation cel with one of Homer 's credit cards . In order to pay Homer back , Bart blackmails Mr. Burns for $ 350 .
On the day of the wedding , Mr. Burns and Jackie attempt to marry . However , Abe crashes the ceremony and asks that Jackie marry him instead of Mr. Burns . Partly due to Mr. Burns 's boorish behavior , she decides not to marry either man . Deciding that Jackie 's decision is good enough for him , Abe grabs her and they hop on a bus , leaving Mr. Burns lonely . As the bus pulls away from the stop , " The Sound of Grampa " plays on the bus driver 's radio . Abe shouts to the driver to turn off the noise , but the driver ignores the request . They both take their seats at the back of the bus to view the departing crowd at the church . The screen fades to black as the ballad of " The Sound of Grampa " continues to play in the background .
= = Production = =
" Lady Bouvier 's Lover " was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Wes Archer . The episode was inspired by the fact that The Simpsons has many elderly characters , which the writers felt was unique for network television , so they sought to highlight those characters . Originally , the episode was supposed to be about Misery . One of the ideas was that Grampa would get injured on Mr. Burns 's property and get stuck there , leading Grampa to think that Mr. Burns would kill him when he was discovered there . However , this idea was cut out in production because the script was over 85 pages long .
The episode was recorded at the Darryl F. Zanuck Building on the 20th Century Fox lot in West Los Angeles , where the cast and crew of The Simpsons gathered on a Monday morning in October 1993 . Before the recording session took part , the main voice actors of the show ( Dan Castellaneta , Harry Shearer , Julie Kavner , Yeardley Smith , Nancy Cartwright , and Hank Azaria ) sat down with executive producer David Mirkin and a crew of writers at a table reading to determine what shape the script was in . There was " genuine hearty laughter at various points " during the script run @-@ through , said Ray Richmond , a reporter for the Los Angeles Daily News . Immediately after the reading , the crew of writers hurried to make script changes based on what got laughs and what did not , while the actors waited impatiently . Mirkin told Richmond that the script would require the equivalent of ten rewrites : " At every step , there are amendments and additions and refinements . " Richmond commented that as the recording session started , the " astounding versatility " of the actors became clear ; " Castellaneta bounces from being Homer to Grampa to Barney without taking a breath and minus any evident vocal similarities . " Mirkin said the episode was also a tour de force for Kavner , who in one scene voices Marge , Marge 's two sisters , and Marge 's mother . He added that even though she enjoyed the process , it was tough on Kavner 's voice because those characters talk with " gravelly voices " .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode 's title is a play on the 1928 D. H. Lawrence novel Lady Chatterley 's Lover . Grampa is hassled twice by lawyers representing the estates of deceased entertainers : the first time representing Charlie Chaplin , for his " unauthorized imitation " of the bread roll dancing scene from the 1925 silent film The Gold Rush , and the second time he is approached by them is after imitating Jimmy Durante . Grampa banging on the church window while shouting " Mrs. Bouvier ! " , and the subsequent getaway on the bus , are references to the film The Graduate , as is the closing song , a parody of " The Sound of Silence " by Simon and Garfunkel . Mrs. Bouvier says her friends , Zelda Fitzgerald , Frances Farmer and Sylvia Plath , were jealous of her good looks and it drove them crazy . All three women were known for having been institutionalized , Fitzgerald and Farmer for schizophrenia and Plath for a breakdown that resulted in suicide . Mrs. Bouvier 's favorite tune — played during the dance at the Springfield Community Center and later by Grampa at the wedding — is Glenn Miller 's song " Moonlight Serenade " . The swing tune played during Mrs. Bouvier and Mr. Burns 's dance is the 1936 song " Sing , Sing , Sing " , written by Louis Prima and performed by Benny Goodman . Bart and Lisa sing the 1980s advertising jingle used for Armour and Company 's brand of hot dogs . Everyone then sings the advertising jingle for Chicken Tonight , complete with chicken dance moves .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Lady Bouvier 's Lover " finished 50th in the ratings for the week of May 9 to May 15 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 0 . The episode was the third highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following Beverly Hills , 90210 and Melrose Place .
Since airing , the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson called the episode a " generally good program , though not one of the year ’ s best " . Jacobson said he dislikes Marge 's mother ; " she ’ s one of the series ’ less interesting characters , which is probably why she appears so rarely . " However , he thinks Grampa is " always fun " , and " it ’ s nice to see him in an ebullient mood , at least for a while . " Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a B − grade and said he is " never terribly interested in episodes that revolve around [ Grampa ] Simpson " . He believes Grampa is " great as a background character , but less so when he takes center stage " . He added : " I 'm also especially uninterested in episodes revolving around Marge 's mother . Having said that , this episode does have a number of inspired moments — notably the subplot involving Bart 's pursuit of an Itchy & Scratchy cel , as well as one of the series ' many homages to The Graduate . " Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave the episode a score of 4 out of 5 . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote : " Homer 's nightmare vision of Bart , Lisa and Maggie as ordinary kids is a highlight of this especially crazy — surreal jokes , flashbacks and dream sequences whizz by at an alarming rate — installment . "
= Fearless ( Taylor Swift song ) =
" Fearless " is a country pop song performed by American singer @-@ songwriter Taylor Swift . The song was co @-@ written by Swift in collaboration with Liz Rose and Hillary Lindsey and produced by Nathan Chapman and Swift . " Fearless " was released on January 3 , 2010 by Big Machine Records as the fifth and final single from Swift 's second studio album of the same name ( 2008 ) . Swift composed the song while traveling on tour to promote her eponymous debut album , Taylor Swift ( 2006 ) . She wrote " Fearless " in regard to the fearlessness of falling in love and eventually titled her second studio album after the song . Musically , it contains qualities commonly found in pop rock music and , lyrically , is about a perfect first date .
" Fearless " received acclaim from contemporary critics , many of whom complimented it for appealing to different age groups . In the United States , " Fearless " debuted and peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , becoming the first single released after being certified gold by the RIAA . " Fearless " also entered charts in Canada and Spain . Swift performed the song in various venues , some of which were included on the Fearless Tour ( 2009 – 10 ) . Footage from the Fearless Tour performances were used to comprise a music video for " Fearless " , directed by Todd Cassetty . The video features both footage of the tour itself and backstage .
= = Background = =
" Fearless " was written by Swift in collaboration with Liz Rose and Hillary Lindsey and produced by Nathan Chapman alongside Swift . Swift conceived the song while touring as opening act in order to promote her eponymous debut album , Taylor Swift ( 2006 ) . While writing the song , she was not dating anyone or " even in the beginning stages of dating anybody . " She wrote the song after she analyzed the ideology of what was the best first date . While developing " Fearless " , Swift explained the writing process , stating , " I think sometimes when you ’ re writing love songs , you don ’ t write them about what you ’ re going through at the moment , you write about what you wish you had . " The song was composed with two concepts in mind . Swift described the song 's primary concept to be about " the fearlessness of falling in love " , and " no matter how many times you get hurt , you will always fall in love again . " The second , is about the best first date , which Swift stated she hadn 't experienced at the time of writing " Fearless " . After completing the song , Swift deeply deliberated her personal definition of the word " fearless " . To her , " fearless doesn 't mean you 're completely unafraid and it doesn 't mean that you 're bulletproof . It means that you have a lot of fears , but you jump anyway . " That influenced her to title the album Fearless . The song was first released as a promotional single from the album on October 14 , 2008 as part of Countdown to Fearless an exclusive campaign by the iTunes Store ; it was later released as the fifth and final single from Fearless on January 4 , 2010 .
= = Composition = =
" Fearless " is four minutes and one second in length . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian described the song 's genre as a " kind of orthodontically perfect pop rock " . He said the most country part of the song was a lyric that referenced a " one horse town " . The song is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute . It is written in the key of F major and Swift 's vocals span two octaves , from F3 to C5 . It follows the chord progression F – C – Gm – B ♭ -C . Tom Ronald of Great American Country interpreted the song 's message to be about " taking courage on the dating circuit . " In a different perspective , Rob Sheffield of Blender magazine said the lyrics " And I don 't know why but with you / I 'd dance in a storm in my best dress , fearless " demonstrated how Swift enjoyed making a scene . He added that she would not wear " anything else to go ride around in a storm " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Fearless " received critical acclaim for its ability to relate to different age groups . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly said Swift 's vocals fit the song 's melody and instrumentation , which , according to her , is " slick " and " radio @-@ friendly " . Heather Phares of Allmusic selected the track as one of the best songs on Fearless . Alice Fisher of the United Kingdom magazine The Observer congratulated " Fearless " for being one of Swift 's " great songs with perceptive lyrics about universal truths that can be enjoyed at any age . " Jim Harrington of The San Jose Mercury News believed " Fearless " contained appeal to different age groups : " Moms and daughters , as well as groups of teens and couples out for a date night , [ can sing ] along with equal gusto . "
= = Chart performance = =
Upon its release as a promotional single , on the week ending November 1 , 2008 , " Fearless " debuted and peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 with sales of 162 @,@ 000 digital downloads , becoming Swift 's third consecutive top ten song on the chart . In the succeeding week , the song fell to number 38 and after four weeks of roaming the Billboard Hot 100 it fell off the charts . Following its single release , the song re @-@ entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 94 on the week ending March 13 , 2010 . Its highest position on the chart while being released as a single was number 76 on the week ending April 10 , 2010 . The song is one of 13 songs from Fearless charted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 , breaking the record for the most top 40 entries from a single album . " Fearless " spent a total of 15 weeks ascending and descending the Billboard Hot 100 . " Fearless " also peaked at number ten on the Hot Country Songs , making this her tenth consecutive top ten hit but also her lowest @-@ charting single , and number 18 on the now @-@ defunct Pop 100 . The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for the purchase of over 500 @,@ 000 digital downloads . It therefore became the first single released after being certified gold by the RIAA , as a result of digital downloads . As of
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Cardiff City 's favour . Several charities benefited from the proceeds of the match , including the King Edward VII 's Hospital for Officers and the National Institute for the Blind .
= = Background = =
The FA Charity Shield was founded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield . It was a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and Southern League , and then by 1913 teams of amateur and professional players . At a Football Association Council meeting on 22 April 1927 , it was decided that the following season 's Charity Shield match should be played between the winner of the 1926 – 27 FA Cup and the amateur team Corinthians . This would mark the first occasion Corinthians would play in the competition , they had previously won the Sheriff of London Charity Shield on four occasions .
Cardiff City qualified for the 1927 FA Charity Shield as winners of the 1926 – 27 FA Cup . They defeated Arsenal by one goal to nil , with the only goal of the game coming from Hughie Ferguson . It was the club 's first FA Cup victory , and the only time that the trophy had been won by a club outside of England . A few months after Cardiff 's victory , the match between them and Corinthians for the FA Charity Shield was set to take place at Stamford Bridge on 12 October . Corinthian announced their team a few days prior to the game , though goalkeeper Benjamin Howard Baker was subsequently replaced by A.M. Russell , who normally played for Cambridge University A.F.C .. Due to an injury to Tom Watson , Billy Hardy was switched to the other wing in defence for Cardiff City .
= = Match = =
= = = Summary = = =
The Corinthians gained a corner kick early on , and Cardiff cleared . This was followed up by a further attack by the amateurs , but R.G. Jenkins ' shot went straight to Tom Farquharson in the Cardiff goal . Cardiff attacked twice in quick succession ; both chances were squandered . A.H. Chadder , Frank Hartley and Jenkins moved up @-@ field for Corinthian with some passing movement and played the ball through for Claude Ashton , but he shot wide of the post . Three corners followed for Cardiff , which were each stopped by Russell in goal for Corinthian stopped each chance . A few minutes later Len Davies headed the ball down to the feet of Ferguson , but the Cardiff player fired the ball wide of the goal despite being only a few feet away from the goal line . Just before half time , Cardiff won a direct free kick ; Fred Keenor hammered the ball into a wall of Corinthian players .
The second half began with a speedy Cardiff attack . Corinthian countered , resulting in shots from both Claude and Gilbert Ashton within 15 seconds of each other . Another Cardiff attack resulted in Ferguson missing the goal from a few feet out once again . After four minutes in the second half , Corinthians attacked once more . Fred Ewer played it down the left wing to Kenneth Hegan , who passed it into the centre towards Gilbert Ashton , who fired it past Farquharson . Shortly after the restart , Billy Thirlaway appeared to be about to score a certain goal for Cardiff , but was charged down by Russell . Further chances came in rapid succession ; for Cardiff , Ferguson struck the crossbar with one shot ; then for Corinthian , Claude Ashton passed forward to Jenkins , who struck it wide of an open goal mouth . Hegan sent the ball over the bar , and then a further shot by Claude Ashton was charged down .
In the 77th minute , Keenor , Ferguson and Davies passed the ball among themselves before playing it wide to Thirlaway . Ferguson ran to the centre and the ball was crossed towards him . Ferguson leapt and headed the ball into the net to equalise for Cardiff . It looked like Cardiff were about to go ahead , however , a last minute tackle by Alfred Bower prevented Ernie Curtis from scoring , giving the Welsh team another corner . The ball was fired towards the goal mouth , and was shot into the goal from close range by Davies putting Cardiff ahead . The final two attacks of the game were both by Cardiff , with Russell saving a header by Ferguson and then Curtis firing the ball over the crossbar .
= = = Details = = =
Source :
= = Post @-@ match = =
The match raised money for several charities . King Edward VII 's Hospital for Officers received £ 210 ; National Institute for the Blind , £ 52 10s ; Newspaper Press Fund , £ 52 10s ; National Institute of Journalist 's Orphans , £ 52 10s ; London Lock Hospital , £ 52 10s ; Prince of Wales General Hospital , £ 52 10s ; Sheffield Royal Infirmary , £ 52 10s ; Railway Benevolent Institution , £ 25 ; and the Surgical Aid Society received £ 25 . A further sum of £ 210 was given to several Welsh based charities .
Corinthian never played in another FA Charity Shield , although they would later be runner @-@ up in a resurrected Sheriff of London 's Charity Shield , first to Arsenal in 1931 and in 1932 , and then to Tottenham Hotspur in 1934 . The club ceased to exist in 1939 , when they merged with fellow amateur team Casuals to form the Corinthian @-@ Casuals , which still plays today . The format of the FA Charity Shield changed several further times over the following decades , and in 1974 it was moved to August to become the opening match of each year 's Football League season , and played between the winner of the FA Cup and the most senior league , now the Premier League .
Cardiff City is yet to return to the FA Charity Shield , which was renamed the FA Community Shield in 2002 . However , between 2001 and 2006 , the match was held at Cardiff 's Millennium Stadium while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction . The closest Cardiff City has come so far to returning to the match was in 2008 when they reached the FA Cup Final once more , but lost by a goal to nil against Portsmouth .
= Lev Chernyi =
Lev Chernyi ( Russian : Лев Чёрный ; IPA : [ ˈlʲɛf ˈtɕɵrnɨj ] ; died September 21 , 1921 ) was a Russian individualist anarchist theorist , activist and poet , and a leading figure of the Third Russian Revolution . In 1917 , Chernyi was released from his political imprisonment by the Imperial Russian regime , and swiftly became one of the leading figures in Russian anarchism . After strongly denouncing the new Bolshevik government in various anarchist publications and joining several underground resistance movements , Chernyi was arrested by the Cheka on a charge of counterfeiting and in 1921 was executed without trial .
= = Early life , philosophy and imprisonment = =
Chernyi was born Pavel Dimitrievich Turchaninov ( Russian : Па ́ вел Дми ́ триевич Турчани ́ нов ; IPA : [ ˈpavʲɪl ˈdmʲitrʲɪjɪvʲɪt ͡ ɕ tʊrt ͡ ɕɐˈnʲinəf ] ) to an army colonel father . A " déclassé intellectual " whom anarchist historian Paul Avrich compares with Volin , Chernyi advocated a Nietzschean overthrow of the values of bourgeois Russian society , and rejected the voluntary communes of anarcho @-@ communist Peter Kropotkin as a threat to the freedom of the individual . Chernyi advocated the " free association of independent individuals " in a book titled Associational Anarchism and published in 1907 . Scholars including Avrich and Allan Antliff have interpreted this vision of society to have been greatly influenced by the individualist anarchists Max Stirner , and Benjamin Tucker . Subsequent to the book 's publication , Chernyi was imprisoned in Siberia under the Russian Czarist regime for his revolutionary activities .
= = Return to Moscow and opposition to the Bolsheviks = =
On his return from Siberia in 1917 , Chernyi enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers as a lecturer , and was at this time one of Russia 's leading individualist anarchists and one of anarchism 's main ideologues . He was the Secretary and leading theorist of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups , which was formed in March 1917 after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and was primarily concerned with disseminating propaganda to Moscow 's poorer classes .
A personal acquaintance of Lev Kamenev and other leading Bolsheviks , Chernyi denounced the nascent Russian Soviet Republic at a rally on March 5 , 1918 , declaring that for anarchists , the socialist state was as much an enemy as its bourgeois predecessor and promising to " paralyze the governmental mechanism " . A vociferous advocate of seizing private homes , Chernyi agitated against the state in the pages of Anarkhiia , the anarchist weekly newspaper , proposing increasingly detailed means of decentralized production and " complete absence of internal power structures " . In the spring of 1918 , the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed detachments in reaction to the growing repression of all resistance and free expression . These were the Black Guards , precursors to the anarchist Black Army which fought the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War . On the night of April 11 , the Cheka ( Soviet secret police ) raided a building occupied by the Moscow Federation , with the official aim of arresting and charging " robber bands " in the anarchist ranks . They were met with armed resistance by the Black Guards and in the ensuing battle , approximately forty anarchists were killed or wounded and about five hundred were imprisoned .
= = Arrest and execution = =
Having helped establish an underground group in 1918 , Chernyi joined another group called the Underground Anarchists the following year . The organization , which had been founded by Kazimir Kovalevich and Piotr Sobalev , published two issues of an incendiary broadsheet denouncing the Communist dictatorship as the worst tyranny in human history . On September 25 , 1919 , together with a number of leftist social revolutionaries , the Underground Anarchists bombed the headquarters of the Moscow Committee of the Communist Party during a plenary meeting . Twelve Communists were killed and fifty @-@ five others were wounded , including eminent Bolshevik theorist and Pravda editor Nikolai Bukharin . Chernyi was detained along with Fanya Baron on a counterfeiting charge . In August 1921 , the Moscow Izvestia published an official report announcing that ten " anarchist bandits " , among them Chernyi , had been shot without hearing or trial . However , historian of anarchism Paul Avrich contends that Chernyi was executed in September of that year rather than August . Although he was not personally involved in the bombing of the Communist Party headquarters , Chernyi was , because of his association with the Underground Anarchists , a likely candidate for a frameup . The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial , and rumors persisted that he had in fact died of torture .
= = Related pages = =
Individualist anarchism in Europe
List of anarchist poets
One of the people who visited his lectures was Gerard Shelley
= Bass Maltings , Sleaford =
The Bass Maltings in Sleaford , England are a large group of eight disused malt houses originally owned by the Bass Brewery of Burton upon Trent . Constructed between 1901 and 1907 to Herbert A. Couchman 's design , the maltings are the largest group of malt houses in England ; they have been designated Grade II * on the National Heritage List for England , recognising them as " particularly important ... of more than special interest . "
Part of the predominantly agricultural county of Lincolnshire , the Sleaford area was a major producer of barley in the 1880s . When germinated and dried to form malt , barley forms a key ingredient in the production of beer . Along with the town 's railway links , this attracted the Bass brewery company to the town . The use of more efficient techniques at Bass 's other plant led to the closure of Sleaford 's maltings in 1959 . Despite being used to rear poultry in the late 20th century , the buildings have not been fully occupied since Bass left and a fire in 1976 caused severe damage to three of the malthouses . Derelict since the 1990s , proposals to convert the buildings into office , retail and residential space were put on hold in early 2015 after lengthy delays over planning permission and the withdrawal of a major investor .
= = History = =
= = = Industry and vacancy = = =
In the late @-@ 19th century , the Sleaford area was a major barley producer and by the 1880s , Sleaford was a stop on railway lines connecting the town to Boston , Grantham , Bourne , Spalding and Lincoln . These qualities made the town desirable for the production of malt , a crucial ingredient in beer production . The brewers Bass , Ratcliffe and Gretton Ltd were attracted to the town and in 1880 proposed a new malting complex there , which would consolidate malting closer to the barley source and reduce costs by up @-@ scaling production . Drilling in 1892 revealed suitable artesian water sources under Sleaford ; plans were submitted nine years later and over 13 acres of land off Mareham Lane was purchased ; work started in 1901 and was complete by 1907 .
The company ran the complex at full capacity until after the Second World War ; however , in the 1950s , Bass installed new and more efficient pneumatic malting systems at their original Burton @-@ on @-@ Trent plant , making the Sleaford complex redundant and paving the way for its closure in 1959 . Vacant space was let to businesses , but the enormous complex was only ever partially occupied after Bass left . Vulnerable to damage and poorly maintained , fires started in 1969 and 1976 , the latter resulting major damage to three of the malthouses . Some of the space was used for chicken @-@ rearing by G. W. Padley ( Property ) Ltd. from 1973 into the 1990s .
= = = Regeneration = = =
A regeneration scheme was announced in 2004 ; supported by the Phoenix Trust , the maltings would be converted into residential , retail and business space . Public consultation took place in 2005 and 2006 , with around 90 % of participants supporting regeneration and three @-@ quarters asking for a cinema and entertainment complex . Lincolnshire Enterprise granted £ 200 @,@ 000 towards the regeneration scheme and the Gladedale Group came forward to develop the project . Over the next three years , they worked with the Prince 's Regeneration Trust to draw up plans for the site 's regeneration which protected the historic exterior . In 2009 , their proposals were submitted for planning permission . North Kesteven District Council approved the £ 50 million development in 2011 ; Tesco was also granted permission to build a £ 20 million supermarket as part of the redevelopment . The maltings would be converted into retail and office space , alongside 220 apartments .
However , in 2012 , Sleaford Town Council refused to grant permission for a link road connecting Boston Road to the site because of " concerns about closing a level crossing and the loss of trees " at the Boston Road Recreation Ground . After a lengthy stalemate , the District Council served a compulsory purchase order on the site in 2014 , but Tesco announced early the following year that it would no longer be investing in the maltings complex following a series of financial setbacks to the company . Although Gladedale ( by then known as Avant Homes ) announced its commitment to converting parts of the site to residential use , the leader of North Kesteven District Council , Marion Brighton , stated that the plans were " effectively on hold " following the withdrawal of Tesco .
= = Architecture = =
The maltings were constructed to designs by Herbert A. Couchman , Bass & Co . ' s chief engineer . Built in red brick with Welsh slate roofing , the complex follows a rectangular plan along an east @-@ west orientation : a central four @-@ storey water tower is flanked by four malthouses . Behind the tower is a tall , octagonal chimney . The malthouses are identical in design and layout ; barley was fed into a granary section , before being moved onto the germination floors and eventually transported to one of the twin kilns , where malting took place . Their southern fronts consisted of a six @-@ storey building of five bays with a gable spanning three windows that faces the other ranges . Projecting northwards is a ten @-@ bay section of four @-@ storeys which formed the germination floors .
With a frontage of nearly 1 @,@ 000 ft and a total area of 50 @,@ 000 sq ft , the maltings complex is believed to be largest of its type in England ; the architectural historians Sir Nikolaus Pevsner and John Harris commented that " for sheer impressiveness little in English industrial architecture can equal the scale of this building . In 1974 , it was recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II * listed building in recognition of its importance as an example of a large @-@ scale industrial malting complex in which " considerations of form , massing , symmetry and scale have produced a design of high aesthetic quality combined with clear functional expression " ; it also represents the importance of the English brewing industry in the late @-@ 19th and early 20th centuries and large @-@ scale malting at its peak . Owing to its derelict state , the building was also placed on English Heritage 's " at risk " register in 2011 .
There are five workers ' cottages along the path from Mareham Lane to the industrial site ; each are Grade II listed . The complex 's offices , storage depot , weigh offices , cartsheds , gateways , walls and mess rooms are also listed at the same grade .
= Blakeney Chapel =
Blakeney Chapel is a ruined building on the Norfolk coast of England . Despite its name , it is in the parish of Cley next the Sea , not the adjoining village of Blakeney , and was probably not a chapel . The building stood on a raised mound or " eye " on the seaward end of the coastal marshes , less than 200 m ( 220 yd ) from the sea and just to the north of the current channel of the River Glaven where it turns to run parallel to the shoreline . It consisted of two rectangular rooms of unequal size , and appears to be intact in a 1586 map , but is shown as ruins in later charts . Only the foundations and part of a wall still remain . Three archaeological investigations between 1998 and 2005 provided more detail of the construction , and showed two distinct periods of active use . Although it is described as a chapel on several maps , there is no documentary or archaeological evidence to suggest that it had any religious function . A small hearth , probably used for smelting iron , is the only evidence of a specific activity on the site .
Much of the structural material was long ago carried off for reuse in buildings in Cley and Blakeney . The surviving ruins are protected as a scheduled monument and Grade II listed building because of their historical importance , but there is no active management . The ever @-@ present threat from the encroaching sea is likely to accelerate following a realignment of the Glaven 's course through the marshes , and lead to the loss of the ruins .
= = Description = =
The Blakeney Chapel ruins consist of an east @-@ west rectangular structure ( S1 ) 18 m × 7 m ( 59 ft × 23 ft ) in size with a smaller rectangular building ( S2 ) , 13 m × 5 m ( 43 ft × 16 ft ) built onto the southern side of the main room . Most of the structure is buried , only a 6 m ( 20 ft ) length of a flint and mortar wall being exposed to a height of 0 @.@ 3 m ( 1 ft ) prior to the excavation of 2004 – 05 . The ruins stand on the highest point of Blakeney Eye at about 2 m ( 7 ft ) above sea level . The Eye is a sandy mound in the marshes that is located inside the sea wall at the point where the River Glaven turns westward towards the sheltered inlet of Blakeney Haven . Cley Eye is a similar raised area on the east bank of the river . Despite the name , Blakeney Eye , like most of the northern part of the marshes in this area , is actually part of the parish of Cley next the Sea .
The land on which the building stands was in the possession of the Calthorpe family until its purchase by banker Charles Rothschild in 1912 . Rothschild gave the property to the National Trust , which has managed it since . There is no public access to the site .
The ruins are protected as a scheduled monument and Grade II listed building because of their historical importance . These listings do not cover the land around them , but the whole of the marsh forms part of the 7 @,@ 700 @-@ hectare ( 19 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ) North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) because of its internationally important wildlife value . The SSSI is now additionally protected through Natura 2000 , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) and RAMSAR listings , and is part of the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) .
= = Documented history = =
The building was first shown on a 1586 map of the Blakeney and Cley area , apparently drawn to be used in evidence in a legal case regarding the rights to " wreck and salvage " , the outcome of which is unknown . The original map disappeared in the 19th century , but a number of copies still exist . In this map , the building on the Eye is shown as intact and roofed , but it has no name . A map by the Cranefields from 1769 has the building as " Eye House " , but by 1797 cartographer William Faden 's map of Norfolk shows the " chapel ruins " , a description that was then consistently used from the 19th century onwards . Some maps , including Faden 's , show a second ruined chapel across the Glaven on Cley Eye , but no other documentation exists for that building .
The medieval churches of St Nicholas , Blakeney and St Margaret 's , Cley , and the now ruined Blakeney friary , were not the first religious buildings in the area . An early church was recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book at Esnuterle ( " Snitterley " was a former name for Blakeney , the current name first appearing in 1340 ) , but the 11th @-@ century church 's location is unknown , and there is no reason to think that it is on the site of the ' chapel ' .
An anonymous booklet on Blakeney published in 1929 states that there was a " chapel of ease " on the marshes , served by a friar from the Convent , but the document on which this seems to be based , a Calendar of Patent Rolls dated 20 April 1343 , simply notes that a local hermit was given permission to seek alms in " divers parts of the realms " . There is no evidence of a dedication of any religious building on the marshes , and no mention of a chapel in any surviving medieval documents .
= = Investigations = =
The first investigation of the chapel ruins , supported by the National Trust , was conducted by the local history group in the winter of 1998 – 99 . This survey was conducted under a licence from English Heritage that allowed access but did not permit excavation , so it relied on height measurements , geophysics ( resistivity , and magnetometry ) and molehill sampling . The area surveyed was 100 m long and 40 m wide ( 109 yd by 44 yd ) . The magnetometry failed to detect the subterranean features of the chapel , but did show an unexpected linear anomaly , related to buried ironwork from wartime defences . The resistivity survey clearly showed the larger room , but barely detected the smaller , suggesting that it had less substantial foundations , was probably less well @-@ constructed , and possibly later in date .
Plans for a realignment of the Glaven channel meant that the Eye would be left unprotected to the north of the river , and would eventually be destroyed by coastal change . It was decided that the only practical course of action was to investigate the site while it still existed , and a preliminary evaluation was carried out in 2003 as preparation for a full survey in 2004 – 05 . The surveyed area covered 10 ha ( 25 acre ) , significantly more than the 0 @.@ 4 ha ( 1 acre ) of the 1998 investigations . 50 trenches were excavated in a herringbone pattern outside the buildings , each 50 m long and 1 @.@ 80 m wide ( 194 by 5 @.@ 9 ft ) , and six trenches of varying dimensions were created inside the chapel . The latter equated in total area to two of the standard trenches . The geology was investigated with eight boreholes , and geophysics ( magnetometry and metal detection ) were used to locate subsurface anomalies .
The major excavation of the site in the winter of 2004 – 05 concentrated on the building and a 10 m ( 33 ft ) zone surrounding it . The results indicated that there were a number of phases of occupation . The remains of the building were reburied after excavation , so nothing is now visible at the surface .
= = Archaeology = =
= = = Early occupation = = =
The earliest evidence of permanent occupation is a series of ditches of 11th or 12th century date which are believed to have formed an enclosure , the south east corner of which lies below the " chapel " . Evidence for any buildings within the enclosure has either been lost to the Glaven or is buried outside the survey area . Few finds were associated with the ditches , although some fragments of Roman or earlier pottery and three Henry III pennies were found nearby . As elsewhere on the site , there is little evidence to link the old pottery to its location when found . By the time of the construction of the main building , some time in the 14th century , the ditches had filled with sand . A small hearth was built at ground level , shortly before or during the erection of S1 . It appears to have had fairly light use , but the presence of slag suggests that it was intended for smelting iron , perhaps by a smith . There was evidence for a number of small fires elsewhere in S1 at a similar date to the hearth , but whether they were related to the smelting is unknown . At this time , hearths could not melt metallic iron , but produced a ' bloom ' ( a mixture of iron and slag ) which could be converted to wrought iron by repeated heating and hammering . Another , even earlier , smelting hearth is known from West Runton , 17 km ( 10 mi ) further east on the Norfolk coast . The main ore in this area is the iron @-@ rich local carrstone .
= = = Medieval = = =
The larger north building was built without deep foundation trenches , but was nevertheless a solid , well @-@ built flint and mortar construction . The building had " substantial time and money spent on it " in the opinion of the principal archaeologist . The flints were selected to decrease in size as the walls rose , and the internal corners were decorated with limestone blocks set as quoins . Seashells were recovered , with a distribution suggesting that they were once part of the fabric of the building as galleting ( strengthening for the mortar ) . There were entrances in the west and northeast walls , and some evidence that there were once windows in the northwest and south walls . The floor was compacted soil , and the original roof material is unknown , but the presence of a few glazed floor tiles and Flemish pantiles of a somewhat later date is consistent with a higher @-@ status appearance . There was no internal wall at this date , but there may have been an external wooden extension to the southwest corner .
The medieval building was eventually abandoned , and much of the structural material was taken for reuse in Blakeney and Cley villages . A stone archway in Cley is traditionally believed to have come from the chapel , and would fit the western entrance , although it could have been brought from elsewhere such as the ruined Blakeney friary . The ' chapel ' building was deserted around 1600 , but whether the collapse of its east end was the cause or a consequence of its disuse is unknown . The main building seems to have suffered a major fire at some stage , and no wooden structures have been found . The site was flooded at least three times , subsequent to the building 's collapse . At some stage , part of the western wall was lost , the steep slope where it stood suggesting that it may have been taken by the sea .
Most of the pottery found within the larger room was 14th to 16th century , nearly a third of which was imported from the continent , reflecting the Glaven ports ' importance in international trade at this time . The pottery appeared to be mainly domestic in nature , including jugs and cooking vessels .
= = = Post @-@ medieval = = =
The 17th @-@ century room , S2 , used the south wall of the existing structure as its own north wall , and was largely built using materials salvaged from S1 , although the standard of the work was poorer . The new room had a double fireplace , but there was no evidence of a dividing wall between the two hearths . Limestone blocks , identical to the quoins in S1 , were used as structural and decorative features in the fireplace . In addition to the pantiles taken from S1 , there were Cornish slate roof tiles . Whether they formed part of the roof of S2 or were associated with the possible wooden extension is unclear .
At the same time that S2 was built , a dividing wall , again of inferior quality , was built across S1 to create a western room . There were no molehills within the smaller building , which had suggested that , unlike its neighbour , it has a buried solid floor , and this was confirmed by excavation . This had a floor originally made of mortar , relaid at least once , but then covered with a layer of flint cobbles , suggesting that it was a working area . The old hearth was not covered , so it may have still been used . A new fireplace was also added , apparently of a domestic design , although the context makes that function improbable . A well @-@ marked track led southwest down the slope from S1 , and a large midden was close to the path . It has been suggested that a " clean " pit north of S1 was a well , with fresh water floating above the saltwater below , a phenomenon known from Blakeney Point and elsewhere on the Norfolk coast .
There is only limited evidence for use after the 17th @-@ century desertion , including a 19th @-@ century tobacco pipe and some Victorian glassware . A wartime barbed wire fence ran through the ruins , and was detected by excavation and magnetometry . Other modern finds included a gin trap , bullets and other small metal objects .
= = Purpose = =
Blakeney Eye has a long history of occupation , with many finds from the Neolithic , but few from Roman or Anglo @-@ Saxon dates , although a gold bracteate was a rare and significant 6th @-@ century find . Animal and plant finds showed that both domesticated species , such as goats , and locally available prey such as curlews were eaten ; rabbit and canid remains may reflect the use of fur from these mammals . Evidence of cereal processing and storage is difficult to date , but may be medieval .
The buildings were abandoned during the 17th century , and their uses , which may have been varied over the long period of occupation , remain unknown . The east – west orientation and superior workmanship of S1 would not preclude religious use , but there is no other evidence , archaeological or documentary , to support that possibility . The limited number of finds , even of material which could not have been reused , have suggested that any medieval habitation must have been very limited in numbers of people and time . Other plausible uses have been suggested , such as a custom house or a warrener 's house , but again there is nothing to support these speculations .
= = Threats = =
Realignment of the River Glaven means the ruins are now to the north of the river embankment , and essentially unprotected from coastal erosion , since the advancing shingle will no longer be swept away by the stream . The chapel will be buried by a ridge of shingle as the spit continues to move south , and then lost to the sea , perhaps within 20 – 30 years .
The ridge of shingle runs west from Weybourne along the Norfolk coast , before becoming a spit extending into the sea at Blakeney . Saltmarshes can develop behind the ridge , but the sea attacks the spit through tidal and storm action . The amount of shingle moved by a single storm can be " spectacular " ; the spit has sometimes been breached , becoming an island for a time , and this may happen again . The northernmost part of Snitterley village was lost to the sea in the early Middle Ages , probably due to a storm .
In the last two hundred years , the maps have been accurate enough for the distance from the ruins to the sea to be measured . The 400 m ( 440 yd ) in 1817 had become 320 m ( 350 yd ) by 1835 , 275 m ( 300 yd ) in 1907 , and 195 m ( 215 yd ) by the end of the 20th century . The spit is moving towards the mainland at about 1 m ( 1 yd ) per year ; and several raised islands or " eyes " have already been lost to the sea as the beach has rolled over the saltmarsh . Landward movement of the shingle meant that the channel of the Glaven , itself excavated in 1922 because an earlier , more northerly course was overwhelmed between Blakeney and Cley , was becoming blocked increasingly often . This led to flooding of Cley village and the environmentally important freshwater marshes . The Environment Agency considered a number of remedial options . Attempting to hold back the shingle or breaching the spit to create a new outlet for the Glaven would be expensive and probably ineffective , and doing nothing would be environmentally damaging . The Agency decided to create a new route for the river to the south of its original line , and work to realign a 550 m ( 600 yd ) stretch of river 200 m ( 220 yd ) further south was completed in 2007 at a cost of about £ 1 @.@ 5 million .
Managed retreat is likely to be the long @-@ term solution to rising sea levels along much of the North Norfolk coast . It has already been implemented at other important sites like Titchwell Marsh .
= Blood on the Dance Floor ( song ) =
" Blood on the Dance Floor " is a song by Michael Jackson . The song was released as the first single from the remix album , Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix . Jackson and Teddy Riley created the track in time for the 1991 release of Dangerous . However , it did not appear on that record and was minimally altered before commercial release in 1997 . The song is about a predatory woman by the name of Susie , who seduces Jackson before plotting to stab him with a knife . The composition explores a variety of genres ranging from rock to funk and Hi @-@ NRG .
Commentators compared " Blood on the Dance Floor " to music from Dangerous . Others commented on the song 's perceived aggressive tone and the vocal style , the broad genres heard and possible lyrical interpretations of the song . Reviews at the time of release were largely mixed , but contemporary reviews have been favorable . The song was promoted with a music video that premiered on Top of the Pops . It centered on Susie seducing Jackson in a courtship dance , before opening a switchblade . " Blood on the Dance Floor " was the only track from the remix album performed on the HIStory World Tour . The lead single peaked at number one in several countries , including the UK .
= = Production and music = =
Teddy Riley came up with the song 's title while Michael recorded the piece for his Dangerous album in 1991 — it failed to make the final track listing . Teddy was reportedly upset that Jackson did not call him to " vacuum clean this old master " upon realizing it would be included on Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix . Riley wanted to update the musical composition before it appeared on the remix album .
Instruments played in the song include a guitar and piano , the latter of which has an F2 @-@ Eb5 range in scientific pitch notation . Jackson 's vocal range on the track is C3 @-@ Bb5 and aspects of the song are performed in the key A @-@ flat major . Genres that have been attributed to the song are rock , pop , house , dance , R & B , funk and new jack swing . Jackson incorporates many of the vocal traits associated with his work , such as hiccups and gasps . Neil Strauss of The New York Times suggests that the predatory woman in the title track , " Susie " , is a metaphor for AIDS . However , in an interview with Adrian Grant , Jackson denied that the song was about AIDS .
= = Commentary = =
The Dallas Morning News described " Blood on the Dance Floor " as an angry tale of a back @-@ stabbing woman and Michael Saunders of The Boston Globe described it as " a middling dance @-@ funk cut " . Anthony Violenti of The Buffalo News said of the single , " [ it is ] laced with Teddy Riley 's new jack swing sound and a pounding techno beat " , whereas The Cincinnati Post characterized the song as a " lackluster first release ... dated , played @-@ out dance track " , but gave the album an overall favorable review . Jim Farber of New York Daily News , noted of the vocals and musical style , " [ Jackson ] coughs up a series of strangulated mutters and munchkin hiccups in lieu of a vocal , while its chilly , faux @-@ industrial music proves as appealing as a migraine " .
William Ruhlman of Allmusic observed , " ' Blood on the Dance Floor ' is an uptempo Jackson song in the increasingly hysterical tradition of ' Billie Jean ' and ' Smooth Criminal ' with Jackson huffing , puffing , and yelping through some nonsense about a stabbing ... over a fairly generic electronic dance track " . He was not complimentary of the B @-@ sides that accompanied it . Stephen Thomas Erlewine , also of Allmusic , had a negative reaction to the record . He described " Blood on the Dance Floor " as a " bleak reworking of ' Jam ' and ' Scream ' " .
Music commentator Nelson George , compared the song to material from Dangerous , notably the critically acclaimed tracks " Jam " and " Dangerous " . He described it as a " pile driving " song that " explodes from radio speakers " . A longtime commentator on Jackson 's public life , J. Randy Taraborrelli , gave a retrospective analysis of the album in the biography , The Magic & the Madness . Taraborrelli thought that " Blood on the Dance Floor " was one of Jackson 's best songs , a song that US fans " don 't even know exists " . In 2005 , J T Griffith , of Allmusic , believed that in hindsight , " Blood on the Dance Floor " was actually a good song . He explained , " [ it is ] a second @-@ rate mixture of ' Beat It ' and ' Thriller ' but Jackson 's missteps are better than most pop music out there . This track showcases all the artist 's trademarks : the ooohing , the grunts , and funky basslines . It is hard to hear ' Blood on the Dance Floor ' and not want to moonwalk or dance like a ghoul " .
= = Promotion = =
" Blood on the Dance Floor " was the only track from Blood on the Dance Floor : History in the Mix to appear on the set list of the HIStory World Tour . The music video for " Blood on the Dance Floor " was directed by Jackson and Vincent Paterson . It premiered on Top of the Pops in the UK on March 28 , 1997 , several weeks ahead of its release as a single . The video opens with a thrown switchblade impaling a spray painted image . The impaled image is that of a blood dripping love heart with " SUSIE + ME " scrawled across it . Jackson and a group of dancers then enter a salsa dance hall and he begins to dance with a woman , " Susie " , while shaking a piece of percussion . The singer then appears seated while the woman dances seductively above him on a table top .
After the 1st verse and chorus , there is an a cappella moment , in which Jackson breathes to the drums and the bass , then the strings , then spins , drops down and claps , then he main song starts with the 2nd verse .
Throughout the video , Jackson shows a sexual attraction towards the dancing woman — played by Sybil Azur . Jackson caresses her ankle , calf , knee and thigh , and at one stage looks up her dress . The woman is then seen opening a flick knife as the pair engage in a final courtship dance . The video closes in the same manner it began , with the switchblade impaling the spray painted image . The music video won the Brazilian TVZ Video Award : Best International Music Video of the Year . Interviewed on her experience during the video one of the dancers , Carmit Bachar ( of [ The Pussycat Dolls ] ) noted , " I was called in by Vincent Paterson for ' Blood on the Dance Floor ' . It was to have a Latin feel , some sort of mambo . I arrived wearing a little salsa dress , fish nets , heels , and my hair was up in a kind of bun with a flower . I was ' camera ready ' . I showed up with the whole outfit . It 's not that producers can 't see what they like , or the potential in somebody , but what I do helps them to see their vision more " .
A " Refugee Camp Mix " of " Blood on the Dance Floor " appeared on Jackson 's video collection , HIStory on Film , Volume II and Michael Jackson 's Vision . The original song would later appear on the Number Ones DVD , which contained previously unreleased scenes . Furthermore , Paterson recorded an unreleased , alternate version of the music video , shot with an 8 mm camera . Writer David Noh , described it as , " grainy , overexposed , and sexy as shit " . According to Paterson , " Michael loved it , but Sony hated it and refused to release it " . The New York Times described the United States promotional effort for the Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix campaign as " subdued " , creating " hardly a sound " and " perplexing to many people in the industry " . Jackson 's label Epic Records , refuted allegations they were not promoting the album sufficiently , saying , " We are completely behind the album ... Michael is certainly one of our superstars and is treated as such ... We just went into this one with our global hats on " . The New York Times acknowledged that promotion was stronger internationally , where Jackson had more commercial force and popularity .
= = Chart performance = =
The song became a top ten hit in almost every European Union state . " Blood on the Dance Floor " peaked at number one in the UK , Spain and New Zealand , charting for 11 weeks in the latter two nations . In the UK it sold 85 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , enough to take the number one spot from " I Believe I Can Fly " by friend and collaborator R. Kelly . The song was Jackson 's seventh UK chart topper as a solo artist , although it fell to number eight in its second week of release . The European country where " Blood on the Dance Floor " had the most longevity was Switzerland , where it spent 18 weeks in the chart . By contrast , the song appeared in the Italian chart for only one week .
The single peaked at number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . This relatively lower peak position has been attributed to the lack of US promotion and — according to J. Randy Taraborrelli and Allmusic writer William Ruhlman — the ongoing US public interest in the singer 's private life over his music . " Blood on the Dance Floor " was the 20th and last of Jackson 's reissued singles from the Visionary campaign . Issued in June 2006 , it charted at number 19 in the UK .
= = Track listing = =
Visionary single
CD side
" Blood on the Dance Floor " – 4 : 14
" Blood on the Dance Floor " ( Fire Island Vocal Mix ) – 8 : 55
DVD side
" Blood on the Dance Floor " ( video ) – 4 : 15
= = Personnel = =
Written , composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley
Solo and background vocals , vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson
Teddy Riley and Brad Buxer : Keyboards and synthesizers , drum programming
Guitar by Nile Rodgers
Matt Carpenter : Digital Systems programming
Engineered by Teddy Riley , Dave Way and Mick Guzauski
Mixed by Mick Guzauski
= = Charts = =
= = = Chart procession and succession = = =
= Pneumonia =
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli . Typical signs and symptoms include a varying severity and combination of productive or dry cough , chest pain , fever , and trouble breathing , depending on the underlying cause .
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms , certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases . Risk factors include other lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis , COPD , and asthma , diabetes , heart failure , a history of smoking , a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke , or a weak immune system . Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination . Chest X @-@ ray , blood tests , and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis . The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community , hospital , or health care associated pneumonia .
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available . Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking . Treatment depends on the underlying cause . Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics . If the pneumonia is severe , the affected person is generally hospitalized . Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low .
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally ( 7 % of the population ) and results in about 4 million deaths per year . Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as " the captain of the men of death " . With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century survival improved . Nevertheless , in developing countries , and among the very old , the very young , and the chronically ill , pneumonia remains a leading cause of death . Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called " the old man 's friend " .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
People with infectious pneumonia often have a productive cough , fever accompanied by shaking chills , shortness of breath , sharp or stabbing chest pain during deep breaths , and an increased rate of breathing . In the elderly , confusion may be the most prominent sign .
The typical signs and symptoms in children under five are fever , cough , and fast or difficult breathing . Fever is not very specific , as it occurs in many other common illnesses , may be absent in those with severe disease , malnutrition or in the elderly . In addition , a cough is frequently absent in children less than 2 months old . More severe signs and symptoms in children may include blue @-@ tinged skin , unwillingness to drink , convulsions , ongoing vomiting , extremes of temperature , or a decreased level of consciousness .
Bacterial and viral cases of pneumonia usually present with similar symptoms . Some causes are associated with classic , but non @-@ specific , clinical characteristics . Pneumonia caused by Legionella may occur with abdominal pain , diarrhea , or confusion , while pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with rusty colored sputum , and pneumonia caused by Klebsiella may have bloody sputum often described as " currant jelly " . Bloody sputum ( known as hemoptysis ) may also occur with tuberculosis , Gram @-@ negative pneumonia , and lung abscesses as well as more commonly with acute bronchitis . Mycoplasma pneumonia may occur in association with swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck , joint pain , or a middle ear infection . Viral pneumonia presents more commonly with wheezing than does bacterial pneumonia . Pneumonia was historically divided into " typical " and " atypical " based on the belief that the presentation predicted the underlying cause . However , evidence has not supported this distinction , thus it is no longer emphasized .
= = Cause = =
Pneumonia is due to infections caused primarily by bacteria or viruses and less commonly by fungi and parasites . Although there are more than 100 strains of infectious agents identified , only a few are responsible for the majority of the cases . Mixed infections with both viruses and bacteria may occur in up to 45 % of infections in children and 15 % of infections in adults . A causative agent may not be isolated in approximately half of cases despite careful testing .
The term pneumonia is sometimes more broadly applied to any condition resulting in inflammation of the lungs ( caused for example by autoimmune diseases , chemical burns or drug reactions ) ; however , this inflammation is more accurately referred to as pneumonitis .
Conditions and risk factors that predispose to pneumonia include smoking , immunodeficiency , alcoholism , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , asthma , chronic kidney disease , and liver disease . The use of acid @-@ suppressing medications — such as proton @-@ pump inhibitors or H2 blockers — is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia . The risk is also increased in old age .
= = = Bacteria = = =
Bacteria are the most common cause of community @-@ acquired pneumonia ( CAP ) , with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50 % of cases . Other commonly isolated bacteria include Haemophilus influenzae in 20 % , Chlamydophila pneumoniae in 13 % , and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 3 % of cases ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Moraxella catarrhalis ; Legionella pneumophila and Gram @-@ negative bacilli . A number of drug @-@ resistant versions of the above infections are becoming more common , including drug @-@ resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ( DRSP ) and methicillin @-@ resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) .
The spreading of organisms is facilitated when risk factors are present . Alcoholism is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae , anaerobic organisms , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; smoking facilitates the effects of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , Moraxella catarrhalis , and Legionella pneumophila . Exposure to birds is associated with Chlamydia psittaci ; farm animals with Coxiella burnetti ; aspiration of stomach contents with anaerobic organisms ; and cystic fibrosis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . Streptococcus pneumoniae is more common in the winter , and should be suspected in persons aspirating a large amount anaerobic organisms .
= = = Viruses = = =
In adults , viruses account for approximately a third and in children for about 15 % of pneumonia cases . Commonly implicated agents include rhinoviruses , coronaviruses , influenza virus , respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) , adenovirus , and parainfluenza . Herpes simplex virus rarely causes pneumonia , except in groups such as : newborns , persons with cancer , transplant recipients , and people with significant burns . People following organ transplantation or those otherwise @-@ immunocompromised present high rates of cytomegalovirus pneumonia . Those with viral infections may be secondarily infected with the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , or Haemophilus influenzae , particularly when other health problems are present . Different viruses predominate at different periods of the year ; during influenza season , for example , influenza may account for over half of all viral cases . Outbreaks of other viruses also occasionally occur , including hantaviruses and coronavirus .
= = = Fungi = = =
Fungal pneumonia is uncommon , but occurs more commonly in individuals with weakened immune systems due to AIDS , immunosuppressive drugs , or other medical problems . It is most often caused by Histoplasma capsulatum , blastomyces , Cryptococcus neoformans , Pneumocystis jiroveci ( pneumocystis pneumonia ) , and Coccidioides immitis . Histoplasmosis is most common in the Mississippi River basin , and coccidioidomycosis is most common in the Southwestern United States . The number of cases has been increasing in the later half of the 20th century due to increasing travel and rates of immunosuppression in the population .
= = = Parasites = = =
A variety of parasites can affect the lungs , including Toxoplasma gondii , Strongyloides stercoralis , Ascaris lumbricoides , and Plasmodium malariae . These organisms typically enter the body through direct contact with the skin , ingestion , or via an insect vector . Except for Paragonimus westermani , most parasites do not affect specifically the lungs but involve the lungs secondarily to other sites . Some parasites , in particular those belonging to the Ascaris and Strongyloides genera , stimulate a strong eosinophilic reaction , which may result in eosinophilic pneumonia . In other infections , such as malaria , lung involvement is due primarily to cytokine @-@ induced systemic inflammation . In the developed world these infections are most common in people returning from travel or in immigrants . Around the world , these infections are most common in the immunodeficient .
= = = Noninfectious = = =
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or noninfectious pneumonia is a class of diffuse lung diseases . They include diffuse alveolar damage , organizing pneumonia , nonspecific interstitial pneumonia , lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia , desquamative interstitial pneumonia , respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease , and usual interstitial pneumonia .
= = Mechanisms = =
Pneumonia frequently starts as an upper respiratory tract infection that moves into the lower respiratory tract . It is pneumonitis ( lung inflammation ) combined with consolidation ( liquid in spaces normally inflated with air ) .
= = = Viral = = =
Viruses may reach the lung by a number of different routes . Respiratory syncytial virus is typically contracted when people touch contaminated objects and then they touch their eyes or nose . Other viral infections occur when contaminated airborne droplets are inhaled through the mouth or nose . Once in the upper airway , the viruses may make their way in the lungs , where they invade the cells lining the airways , alveoli , or lung parenchyma . Some viruses such as measles and herpes simplex may reach the lungs via the blood . The invasion of the lungs may lead to varying degrees of cell death . When the immune system responds to the infection , even more lung damage may occur . Primarily white blood cells , mainly mononuclear cells , generate the inflammation . As well as damaging the lungs , many viruses simultaneously affect other organs and thus disrupt other body functions . Viruses also make the body more susceptible to bacterial infections ; in this way , bacterial pneumonia can arise as a co @-@ morbid condition .
= = = Bacterial = = =
Most bacteria enter the lungs via small aspirations of organisms residing in the throat or nose . Half of normal people have these small aspirations during sleep . While the throat always contains bacteria , potentially infectious ones reside there only at certain times and under certain conditions . A minority of types of bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Legionella pneumophila reach the lungs via contaminated airborne droplets . Bacteria can spread also via the blood . Once in the lungs , bacteria may invade the spaces between cells and between alveoli , where the macrophages and neutrophils ( defensive white blood cells ) attempt to inactivate the bacteria . The neutrophils also release cytokines , causing a general activation of the immune system . This leads to the fever , chills , and fatigue common in bacterial pneumonia . The neutrophils , bacteria , and fluid from surrounding blood vessels fill the alveoli , resulting in the consolidation seen on chest X @-@ ray .
= = Diagnosis = =
Pneumonia is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical signs and a chest X @-@ ray . However , the underlying cause can be difficult to confirm , as there is no definitive test able to distinguish between bacterial and non @-@ bacterial origin . The World Health Organization has defined pneumonia in children clinically based on either a cough or difficulty breathing and a rapid respiratory rate , chest indrawing , or a decreased level of consciousness . A rapid respiratory rate is defined as greater than 60 breaths per minute in children under 2 months old , 50 breaths per minute in children 2 months to 1 year old , or greater than 40 breaths per minute in children 1 to 5 years old . In children , increased respiratory rate and lower chest indrawing are more sensitive than hearing chest crackles with a stethoscope . Grunting and nasal flaring may be other useful signs in children less than five .
In general , in adults , investigations are not needed in mild cases . There is a very low risk of pneumonia if all vital signs and auscultation are normal . In persons requiring hospitalization , pulse oximetry , chest radiography and blood tests — including a complete blood count , serum electrolytes , C @-@ reactive protein level , and possibly liver function tests — are recommended . The diagnosis of influenza @-@ like illness can be made based on the signs and symptoms ; however , confirmation of an influenza infection requires testing . Thus , treatment is frequently based on the presence of influenza in the community or a rapid influenza test .
= = = Physical exam = = =
Physical examination may sometimes reveal low blood pressure , high heart rate , or low oxygen saturation . The respiratory rate may be faster than normal , and this may occur a day or two before other signs . Examination of the chest may be normal , but it may show decreased chest expansion on the affected side . Harsh breath sounds from the larger airways that are transmitted through the inflamed lung are termed bronchial breathing and are heard on auscultation with a stethoscope . Crackles ( rales ) may be heard over the affected area during inspiration . Percussion may be dulled over the affected lung , and increased , rather than decreased , vocal resonance distinguishes pneumonia from a pleural effusion .
= = = Imaging = = =
A chest radiograph is frequently used in diagnosis . In people with mild disease , imaging is needed only in those with potential complications , those not having improved with treatment , or those in which the cause is uncertain . If a person is sufficiently sick to require hospitalization , a chest radiograph is recommended . Findings do not always match the severity of disease and do not reliably separate between bacterial infection and viral infection .
X @-@ ray presentations of pneumonia may be classified as lobar pneumonia , bronchopneumonia ( also known as lobular pneumonia ) , and interstitial pneumonia . Bacterial , community @-@ acquired pneumonia classically show lung consolidation of one lung segmental lobe , which is known as lobar pneumonia . However , findings may vary , and other patterns are common in other types of pneumonia . Aspiration pneumonia may present with bilateral opacities primarily in the bases of the lungs and on the right side . Radiographs of viral pneumonia may appear normal , appear hyper @-@ inflated , have bilateral patchy areas , or present similar to bacterial pneumonia with lobar consolidation . Radiologic findings may not be present in the early stages of the disease , especially in the presence of dehydration , or may be difficult to be interpreted in the obese or those with a history of lung disease . A CT scan can give additional information in indeterminate cases .
= = = Microbiology = = =
In patients managed in the community , determining the causative agent is not cost @-@ effective and typically does not alter management . For people that do not respond to treatment , sputum culture should be considered , and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be carried out in persons with a chronic productive cough . Testing for other specific organisms may be recommended during outbreaks , for public health reasons . In those hospitalized for severe disease , both sputum and blood cultures are recommended , as well as testing the urine for antigens to Legionella and Streptococcus . Viral infections can be confirmed via detection of either the virus or its antigens with culture or polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , among other techniques . The causative agent is determined in only 15 % of cases with routine microbiological tests .
= = = Classification = = =
Pneumonitis refers to lung inflammation ; pneumonia refers to pneumonitis , usually due to infection but sometimes non @-@ infectious , that has the additional feature of pulmonary consolidation . Pneumonia is most commonly classified by where or how it was acquired : community @-@ acquired , aspiration , healthcare @-@ associated , hospital @-@ acquired , and ventilator @-@ associated pneumonia . It may also be classified by the area of lung affected : lobar pneumonia , bronchial pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia ; or by the causative organism . Pneumonia in children may additionally be classified based on signs and symptoms as non @-@ severe , severe , or very severe .
The setting in which pneumonia develops is important to treatment , as it correlates to which pathogens are likely suspects , which mechanisms are likely , which antibiotics are likely to work or fail , and which complications can be expected based on the person 's health status .
= = = = Community = = = =
Community @-@ acquired pneumonia ( CAP ) is acquired in the community , outside of health care facilities . Compared with health care – associated pneumonia , it is less likely to involve multidrug @-@ resistant bacteria . Although the latter are no longer rare in CAP , they are still less likely .
= = = = Healthcare = = = =
Health care – associated pneumonia ( HCAP ) is an infection associated with recent exposure to the health care system , including hospital , outpatient clinic , nursing home , dialysis center , chemotherapy treatment , or home care .
HCAP is sometimes called MCAP ( medical care – associated pneumonia ) .
= = = = = Hospital = = = = =
Hospital @-@ acquired pneumonia is acquired in a hospital ( specifically , pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission , which was not incubating at the time of admission ) , and as such is likely to involve hospital @-@ acquired infections , with higher risk of multidrug @-@ resistant pathogens . Also , because hospital patients are often ill ( which is why they are present in the hospital ) , comorbidities are an issue .
= = = = = Ventilator = = = = =
Ventilator @-@ associated pneumonia occurs in people breathing with the help of mechanical ventilation ( specifically , it is pneumonia that arises more than 48 to 72 hours after endotracheal intubation ) . Like any medical device , ventilators involve some risk of infection because of how difficult it is to prevent bacteria from colonizing the internal parts and surfaces , even with diligent cleaning . People who need ventilators typically are rather ill , to begin with , so a superimposed pneumonia is not always easily managed . Immunodeficiency may be involved because of poor nutritional status and whichever disorders are comorbid .
= = = Differential diagnosis = = =
Several diseases can present with similar signs and symptoms to pneumonia , such as : chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , asthma , pulmonary edema , bronchiectasis , lung cancer , and pulmonary emboli . Unlike pneumonia , asthma and COPD typically present with wheezing , pulmonary edema presents with an abnormal electrocardiogram , cancer and bronchiectasis present with a cough of longer duration , and pulmonary emboli presents with acute onset sharp chest pain and shortness of breath .
= = Prevention = =
Prevention includes vaccination , environmental measures and appropriate treatment of other health problems . It is believed that , if appropriate preventive measures were instituted globally , mortality among children could be reduced by 400 @,@ 000 ; and , if proper treatment were universally available , childhood deaths could be decreased by another 600 @,@ 000 .
= = = Vaccination = = =
Vaccination prevents against certain bacterial and viral pneumonias both in children and adults . Influenza vaccines are modestly effective at preventing symptoms of influenza . The Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) recommends yearly vaccination for every person 6 months and older . Immunizing health care workers decreases the risk of viral pneumonia among their patients .
Vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae have good evidence to support their use . Vaccinating children against Streptococcus pneumoniae has led to a decreased incidence of these infections in adults , because many adults acquire infections from children . A Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine is available for adults , and has been found to decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease . Other vaccines for which there is support for a protective effect against pneumonia include pertussis , varicella , and measles .
= = = Medications = = =
When influenza outbreaks occur , medications such as amantadine or rimantadine may help prevent the condition ; however are associated with side effects . Zanamivir or oseltamivir decrease the chance that those exposed will develop symptoms ; however , it is recommended that potential side effects are taken into account .
= = = Other = = =
Smoking cessation and reducing indoor air pollution , such as that from cooking indoors with wood or dung , are both recommended . Smoking appears to be the single biggest risk factor for pneumococcal pneumonia in otherwise @-@ healthy adults . Hand hygiene and coughing into one 's sleeve may also be effective preventative measures . Wearing surgical masks by the sick may also prevent illness .
Appropriately treating underlying illnesses ( such as HIV / AIDS , diabetes mellitus , and malnutrition ) can decrease the risk of pneumonia . In children less than 6 months of age , exclusive breast feeding reduces both the risk and severity of disease . In those with HIV / AIDS and a CD4 count of less than 200 cells / uL the antibiotic trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole decreases the risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia and is also useful for prevention in those that are immunocomprised but do not have HIV .
Testing pregnant women for Group B Streptococcus and Chlamydia trachomatis , and administering antibiotic treatment , if needed , reduces rates of pneumonia in infants ; preventive measures for HIV transmission from mother to child may also be efficient . Suctioning the mouth and throat of infants with meconium @-@ stained amniotic fluid has not been found to reduce the rate of aspiration pneumonia and may cause potential harm , thus this practice is not recommended in the majority of situations . In the frail elderly good oral health care may lower the risk of aspiration pneumonia . Zinc supplementation in children 2 months to five years old appears to reduce rates of pneumonia .
= = Management = =
Oral antibiotics , rest , simple analgesics , and fluids usually suffice for complete resolution . However , those with other medical conditions , the elderly , or those with significant trouble breathing may require more advanced care . If the symptoms worsen , the pneumonia does not improve with home treatment , or complications occur , hospitalization may be required . Worldwide , approximately 7 – 13 % of cases in children result in hospitalization , whereas in the developed world between 22 and 42 % of adults with community @-@ acquired pneumonia are admitted . The CURB @-@ 65 score is useful for determining the need for admission in adults . If the score is 0 or 1 , people can typically be managed at home ; if it is 2 , a short hospital stay or close follow @-@ up is needed ; if it is 3 – 5 , hospitalization is recommended . In children those with respiratory distress or oxygen saturations of less than 90 % should be hospitalized . The utility of chest physiotherapy in pneumonia has not yet been determined . Non @-@ invasive ventilation may be beneficial in those admitted to the intensive care unit . Over @-@ the @-@ counter cough medicine has not been found to be effective nor has the use of zinc in children . There is insufficient evidence for mucolytics .
= = = Bacterial = = =
Antibiotics improve outcomes in those with bacterial pneumonia . Antibiotic choice depends initially on the characteristics of the person affected , such as age , underlying health , and the location the infection was acquired . In the UK , treatment before culture results with amoxicillin is recommended as the first line for community @-@ acquired pneumonia , with doxycycline or clarithromycin as alternatives . In North America , where the " atypical " forms of community @-@ acquired pneumonia are more common , macrolides ( such as azithromycin or erythromycin ) , and doxycycline have displaced amoxicillin as first @-@ line outpatient treatment in adults . In children with mild or moderate symptoms , amoxicillin remains the first line . The use of fluoroquinolones in uncomplicated cases is discouraged due to concerns about side @-@ effects and generating resistance in light of there being no greater clinical benefit .
For those who require hospitalization and caught their pneumonia in the community the use of a β @-@ lactam such as cephazolin plus macrolide such as azithromycin or a fluoroquinolones is recommended . The addition of corticosteroids also appears to improve outcomes .
The duration of treatment has traditionally been seven to ten days , but increasing evidence suggests that shorter courses ( three to five days ) are similarly effective . Recommended for hospital @-@ acquired pneumonia include third- and fourth @-@ generation cephalosporins , carbapenems , fluoroquinolones , aminoglycosides , and vancomycin . These antibiotics are often given intravenously and used in combination . In those treated in hospital , more than 90 % improve with the initial antibiotics .
= = = Viral = = =
Neuraminidase inhibitors may be used to treat viral pneumonia caused by influenza viruses ( influenza A and influenza B ) . No specific antiviral medications are recommended for other types of community acquired viral pneumonias including SARS coronavirus , adenovirus , hantavirus , and parainfluenza virus . Influenza A may be treated with rimantadine or amantadine , while influenza A or B may be treated with oseltamivir , zanamivir or peramivir . These are of most benefit if they are started within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms . Many strains of H5N1 influenza A , also known as avian influenza or " bird flu " , have shown resistance to rimantadine and amantadine . The use of antibiotics in viral pneumonia is recommended by some experts , as it is impossible to rule out a complicating bacterial infection . The British Thoracic Society recommends that antibiotics be withheld in those with mild disease . The use of corticosteroids is controversial .
= = = Aspiration = = =
In general , aspiration pneumonitis is treated conservatively with antibiotics indicated only for aspiration pneumonia . The choice of antibiotic will depend on several factors , including the suspected causative organism and whether pneumonia was acquired in the community or developed in a hospital setting . Common options include clindamycin , a combination of a beta @-@ lactam antibiotic and metronidazole , or an aminoglycoside . Corticosteroids are sometimes used in aspiration pneumonia , but there is limited evidence to support their effectiveness .
= = Prognosis = =
With treatment , most types of bacterial pneumonia will stabilize in 3 – 6 days . It often takes a few weeks before most symptoms resolve . X @-@ ray finding typically clear within four weeks and mortality is low ( less than 1 % ) . In the elderly or people with other lung problems , recovery may take more than 12 weeks . In persons requiring hospitalization , mortality may be as high as 10 % , and in those requiring intensive care it may reach 30 – 50 % . Pneumonia is the most common hospital @-@ acquired infection that causes death . Before the advent of antibiotics , mortality was typically 30 % in those that were hospitalized .
Complications may occur in particular in the elderly and those with underlying health problems . This may include , among others : empyema , lung abscess , bronchiolitis obliterans , acute respiratory distress syndrome , sepsis , and worsening of underlying health problems .
= = = Clinical prediction rules = = =
Clinical prediction rules have been developed to more objectively predict outcomes of pneumonia . These rules are often used in deciding whether or not to hospitalize the person .
Pneumonia severity index ( or PSI Score )
CURB @-@ 65 score , which takes into account the severity of symptoms , any underlying diseases , and age
= = = Pleural effusion , empyema , and abscess = = =
In pneumonia , a collection of fluid may form in the space that surrounds the lung . Occasionally , microorganisms will infect this fluid , causing an empyema . To distinguish an empyema from the more common simple parapneumonic effusion , the fluid may be collected with a needle ( thoracentesis ) , and examined . If this shows evidence of empyema , complete drainage of the fluid is necessary , often requiring a drainage catheter . In severe cases of empyema , surgery may be needed . If the infected fluid is not drained , the infection may persist , because antibiotics do not penetrate well into the pleural cavity . If the fluid is sterile , it must be drained only if it is causing symptoms or remains unresolved .
In rare circumstances , bacteria in the lung will form a pocket of infected fluid called a lung abscess . Lung abscesses can usually be seen with a chest X @-@ ray but frequently require a chest CT scan to confirm the diagnosis . Abscesses typically occur in aspiration pneumonia , and often contain several types of bacteria . Long @-@ term antibiotics are usually adequate to treat a lung abscess , but sometimes the abscess must be drained by a surgeon or radiologist .
= = = Respiratory and circulatory failure = = =
Pneumonia can cause respiratory failure by triggering acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) , which results from a combination of infection and inflammatory response . The lungs quickly fill with fluid and become stiff . This stiffness , combined with severe difficulties extracting oxygen due to the alveolar fluid , may require long periods of mechanical ventilation for survival .
Sepsis is a potential complication of pneumonia but occurs usually in people with poor immunity or hyposplenism . The organisms most commonly involved are Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Other causes of the symptoms should be considered such as a myocardial infarction or a pulmonary embolism .
= = Epidemiology = =
Pneumonia is a common illness affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world . It is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting in 4 million deaths ( 7 % of the world 's total death ) yearly . Rates are greatest in children less than five , and adults older than 75 years . It occurs about five times more frequently in the developing world than in the developed world . Viral pneumonia accounts for about 200 million cases . In the United States , as of 2009 , pneumonia is the 8th leading cause of death .
= = = Children = = =
In 2008 , pneumonia occurred in approximately 156 million children ( 151 million in the developing world and 5 million in the developed world ) . In 2010 , it resulted in 1 @.@ 3 million deaths , or 18 % of all deaths in those under five years , of which 95 % occurred in the developing world . Countries with the greatest burden of disease include India ( 43 million ) , China ( 21 million ) and Pakistan ( 10 million ) . It is the leading cause of death among children in low income countries . Many of these deaths occur in the newborn period . The World Health Organization estimates that one in three newborn infant deaths is due to pneumonia . Approximately half of these deaths can be prevented , as they are caused by the bacteria for which an effective vaccine is available . In 2011 , pneumonia was the most common reason for admission to the hospital after an emergency department visit in the U.S. for infants and children .
= = History = =
Pneumonia has been a common disease throughout human history . The symptoms were described by Hippocrates ( c . 460 BC – 370 BC ) : " Peripneumonia , and pleuritic affections , are to be thus observed : If the fever be acute , and if there be pains on either side , or in both , and if expiration be if cough be present , and the sputa expectorated be of a blond or livid color , or likewise thin , frothy , and florid , or having any other character different from the common ... When pneumonia is at its height , the case is beyond remedy if he is not purged , and it is bad if he has dyspnoea , and urine that is thin and acrid , and if sweats come out about the neck and head , for such sweats are bad , as proceeding from the suffocation , rales , and the violence of the disease which is obtaining the upper hand . " However , Hippocrates referred to pneumonia as a disease " named by the ancients " . He also reported the results of surgical drainage of empyemas . Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 AD ) observed : " The basic symptoms that occur in pneumonia and that are never lacking are as follows : acute fever , sticking pleuritic pain in the side , short rapid breaths , serrated pulse and cough . " This clinical description is quite similar to those found in modern textbooks , and it reflected the extent of medical knowledge through the Middle Ages into the 19th century .
Edwin Klebs was the first to observe bacteria in the airways of persons having died of pneumonia in 1875 . Initial work identifying the two common bacterial causes , Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae , was performed by Carl Friedländer and Albert Fränkel in 1882 and 1884 , respectively . Friedländer 's initial work introduced the Gram stain , a fundamental laboratory test still used today to identify and categorize bacteria . Christian Gram 's paper describing the procedure in 1884 helped to differentiate the two bacteria , and showed that pneumonia could be caused by more than one microorganism .
Sir William Osler , known as " the father of modern medicine " , appreciated the death and disability caused by pneumonia , describing it as the " captain of the men of death " in 1918 , as it had overtaken tuberculosis as one of the leading causes of death in this time . This phrase was originally coined by John Bunyan in reference to " consumption " ( tuberculosis ) . Osler also described pneumonia as " the old man 's friend " as death was often quick and painless when there were much slower and more painful ways to die .
Several developments in the 1900s improved the outcome for those with pneumonia . With the advent of penicillin and other antibiotics , modern surgical techniques , and intensive care in the 20th century , mortality from pneumonia , which had approached 30 % , dropped precipitously in the developed world . Vaccination of infants against Haemophilus influenzae type B began in 1988 and led to a dramatic decline in cases shortly thereafter . Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults began in 1977 , and in children in 2000 , resulting in a similar decline .
= = Society and culture = =
= = = Awareness = = =
Due to the relatively low awareness of the disease , 12 November was declared as the annual World Pneumonia Day , a day for concerned citizens and policy makers to take action against the disease , in 2009 .
= = = Costs = = =
The global economic cost of community @-@ acquired pneumonia has been estimated at $ 17 billion annually . Other estimates are considerably higher . In 2012 the estimated aggregate costs of treating pneumonia in the United States were $ 20 billion ; the median cost of a single pneumonia @-@ related hospitalization is over $ 15 @,@ 000 . According to data released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , average 2012 hospital charges for inpatient treatment of uncomplicated pneumonia in the U.S. were $ 24 @,@ 549 and ranged as high as $ 124 @,@ 000 . The average cost of an emergency room consult for pneumonia was $ 943 and the average cost for medication was $ 66 . Aggregate annual costs of treating pneumonia in Europe have been estimated at € 10 billion .
= Bowie Seamount =
Bowie Seamount is a large submarine volcano in the northeastern Pacific Ocean , located 180 km ( 110 mi ) west of Haida Gwaii , British Columbia , Canada .
The seamount is named after William Bowie of the Coast & Geodetic Survey .
The volcano has a flat @-@ topped summit ( thus making it a guyot ) rising about 3 @,@ 000 m ( 10 @,@ 000 ft ) above the seabed , to 24 m ( 79 ft ) below sea level . The seamount lies at the southern end of a long underwater volcanic mountain range called the Pratt @-@ Welker or Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain , stretching from the Aleutian Trench in the north almost to the Queen Charlotte Islands in the south .
Bowie Seamount lies on the Pacific Plate , a large segment of the Earth 's surface which moves in a northwestern direction under the Pacific Ocean . Its northern and eastern flanks are surrounded by neighboring submarine volcanoes ; Hodgkins Seamount on its northern flank and Graham Seamount on its eastern flank .
= = Geology = =
= = = Structure = = =
Seamounts are volcanic mountains which rise from the seafloor . The unlimited supply of water surrounding these volcanoes can cause them to behave differently from volcanoes on land . The lava emitted in eruptions at Bowie Seamount is made of basalt , a common gray to black or dark brown volcanic rock low in silica content ( the lava is mafic ) . When basaltic lava makes contact with the cold sea water , it may cool very rapidly to form pillow lava , through which the hot lava breaks to form another pillow . Pillow lava is typically fine @-@ grained , due to rapid cooling , with a glassy crust , and has radial jointing .
With a height of at least 3 @,@ 000 m ( 10 @,@ 000 ft ) and rising to within only 24 m ( 79 ft ) of the sea surface , Bowie Seamount is the shallowest submarine volcano on the British Columbia Coast , as well as in Canadian waters , and one of the shallowest submarine volcanoes in the northeast Pacific Ocean . Most seamounts are found hundreds to thousands of metres below sea level , and are therefore considered to be within the deep sea . In contrast , if Bowie Seamount were on land it would be about 600 m ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) higher than Whistler Mountain in southwestern British Columbia and 800 m ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) lower than Mount Robson , the highest mountain in the Canadian portion of the Rocky Mountains .
Bowie Seamount is about 55 km ( 34 mi ) long and 24 km ( 15 mi ) wide . Its flat @-@ topped summit is made of weakly consolidated tephra and consists of two terraces . The lowest terrace is about 230 m ( 750 ft ) below sea level while the highest is about 80 m ( 260 ft ) below sea level , but contains steep @-@ sided secondary summits that rise to within 25 m ( 82 ft ) below sea level . From a physical perspective , the effective size of the submarine volcano is possibly a lot greater than its mass alone would suggest . The effects of other submarine volcanoes along the Pacific Northwest , including Cobb Seamount off the coast of Washington , can be noticed in the composition and abundance of the tiny floating organisms called plankton up to 30 km ( 20 mi ) away from the seamount summit . Because of its similar size , Bowie Seamount most likely has a similar effect on its adjacent waters .
= = = Eruptive history = = =
Bowie Seamount was formed by submarine eruptions along fissures in the seabed throughout the last glacial , or " Wisconsinian " , period , which began about 110 @,@ 000 years ago and ended between 10 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 years ago . While most submarine volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are more than one million years old , Bowie Seamount is relatively quite young . Its base was formed less than one million years ago but its summit shows evidence of volcanic activity as recently as 18 @,@ 000 years ago . This is very recent in geological terms , suggesting the volcano may yet have some ongoing volcanic activity .
Close to Bowie 's submerged summit , former coastlines cut by wave actions and beach deposits show that the submarine volcano would once have stood above sea level , as either a single volcanic island or as a small cluster of shoals that would have been volcanically active . Sea levels during the last glacial period , when Bowie Seamount was formed , were at least 100 m ( 300 ft ) lower than they are today .
= = = Origins = = =
The origin of the volcanism that produced Bowie Seamount is not without controversy . Geological studies indicate that the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain may have formed above a center of upwelling magma called a mantle plume . The seamounts comprising the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain would be formed above the mantle plume and carried away from the mantle plume 's magmatic source as the Pacific Plate moves in a northwesterly direction towards the Aleutian Trench , along the southern coastline of Alaska .
The volcanic rocks which make up some of the seamounts in the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain are unusual in that they have an acid @-@ neutralizing chemical substance like typical ocean @-@ island basalts but a low percentage of strontium as found at mid @-@ ocean ridge basalts . However , the strontium @-@ bearing volcanic rocks comprising Bowie Seamount also contain lead . Therefore , the magma mixtures that formed Bowie Seamount seem to have originated from varying degrees of partial melting of a depleted source in the Earth 's mantle and basalts which had distinctly high lead isotopic ratios . Estimates during geological studies indicate that the abundance of the depleted @-@ source component ranges from 60 to 80 percent .
Some aspects of the origin of the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain remain uncertain . The volcanic rocks found at the Tuzo Wilson Seamounts south of Bowie are fresh glassy pillow basalts of recent age , as would be expected if these seamounts are located above or close to a mantle plume south of the Queen Charlotte Islands . However , the origin of Bowie Seamount is less certain because even though the seafloor which Bowie lies on formed 16 million years ago during the late Miocene period , Bowie 's summit shows evidence of recent volcanic activity . If Bowie Seamount formed above a mantle plume at the site presently occupied by the Tuzo Wilson Seamounts , it has been displaced from its magma source by about 625 km ( 390 mi ) at a rate of about 4 cm ( 2 in ) per year . The geologic history of Bowie Seamount is consistent with its flat @-@ topped eroded summit , but the source for Bowie 's recent volcanic activity remains uncertain . Still others , such as Dickens Seamount and Pratt Seamount further north of Bowie Seamount , fall a little to the side of the chain 's expected trend . Another hypothesized origin of some or all seamounts in the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain is that they formed on top of the Explorer Ridge , a divergent tectonic plate boundary west of Vancouver Island , and have been displaced from it by seafloor spreading .
Although some of the seamounts in the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain appear to follow the expected age progression for a mantle plume trail , others , such as Denson Seamount , are older than that hypothesis would suggest . As a result , the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain has also been proposed by geoscientists to be a mix of ridge and mantle plume volcanism .
= = Biology = =
Bowie Seamount supports a biologically rich area with a vigorous ecosystem . Studies have recorded high densities of crab , sea stars , sea anemones , sponges , squid , octopus , rockfish , halibut and sablefish . Eight species of marine mammal have been found in the Bowie Seamount area , including Steller sea lions , orca , humpback and sperm whales , along with 16 varieties of seabirds . This has made Bowie Seamount a rare habitat in the northeast Pacific Ocean and one of the most biologically rich submarine volcanoes on Earth . The rich marine life is due to the intense food supply of microscopic animals and plants , including phytoplankton and zooplankton .
= = = Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area = = =
Because of its biological richness , Bowie Seamount was designated as Canada 's seventh Marine Protected Area on April 19 , 2008 under the Oceans Act and has been described as an " Oceanic Oasis " . The announcement was made by federal Fisheries Minister Loyola Hearn and Guujaaw , President of the Council of the Haida Nation , in Skidegate on the Queen Charlotte Islands , also called Haida Gwaii . During the announcement , Natural Resources Minister Gary Lunn said : " Bowie Seamount is an oceanic oasis in the deep sea , a rare and ecologically rich marine area , and our government is proud to take action to ensure it is protected . By working in partnership with the Council of the Haida Nation and groups like the World Wildlife Fund @-@ Canada , we are ensuring this unique treasure is preserved for future generations . " It measures about 118 km ( 73 mi ) long and 80 km ( 50 mi ) wide , totaling an area of 6 @,@ 131 km2 ( 2 @,@ 367 sq mi ) . This is the northernmost of the two Marine Protected Areas on the British Columbia Coast ; the southernmost is the Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents , an active hydrothermal vent zone of the Juan de Fuca Ridge 250 km ( 160 mi ) southwest of Vancouver Island . The Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area also includes Peirce Seamount ( also called Davidson Seamount ) and Hodgkins Seamount .
= = Diving explorations and studies = =
The shallow depth of Bowie Seamount makes it the only underwater mountain off the British Columbia Coast easily reached using scuba diving equipment . In March 1969 , dives were made at the submarine volcano by Canadian Forces Maritime Command divers from the CSS Parizeau during a new study for device package placement . Two dives were made to the summit where monochrome photographs were taken to establish the environment of Bowie 's base and some biological tests were gathered to detect possible harmful organisms , including plants , animals , or bacteria . These specimens were identified at the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo , creating a list of eleven varieties of sea bottom invertebrates .
In August 1969 , Canadian Forces Maritime Command divers made more dives during scientific studies by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada . They recognized the existence of very thick groups of rockfish floating on top of Bowie 's flat @-@ topped summit and a variety of bottom life . A number of monochrome photographs were taken and a few seaweeds were gathered for documents , but no species record was created for other types of oceanic life around Bowie Seamount .
In November 1996 , a release of the National Geographic Magazine comprised a piece of writing titled " Realm of the Seamount " , illustrating dives made at Bowie Seamount by two diving explorers named Bill Curtsinger and Eric Hiner . They explored Bowie Seamount down to depths of 50 m ( 160 ft ) using scuba diving equipment while the slopes of the seamount down to 150 m ( 490 ft ) . Images photographed by the two diving explorers featured one of Bowie 's rugged peaks covered with thick seaweeds and multicoloured sea bottom invertebrates . Thick groups of young rockfish were detected on Bowie 's steep flanks .
Scientist Bill Austin of Khoyatan Marine Lab in the Northeast Pacific looked over a video film earned throughout the National Geographic dives to verify the flora and fauna of the sea bottom surrounding Bowie Seamount . From the video film , Austin recognized some of the most noticeable invertebrates and noted that a few species more regularly occurring between high @-@ tide and low @-@ tide marks and shallow environments were found deeper than might normally be expected , and were bigger than normal .
A team of five divers , led by photographer / videographer Neil McDaniel , visited the seamount August 3 – 5 , 2003 and conducted a biological and photographic survey of the summit down to depths of about 40 m ( 130 ft ) . A total of 18 taxa of algae , 83 taxa of conspicuous invertebrates and 12 taxa of fishes were documented , approximately 180 underwater still photographs were taken and approximately 90 minutes of digital video were recorded . Of particular note were the dense schools of rockfish hovering over the summit and numerous curious prowfish .
= = Indigenous people = =
To the Haida Nation , the indigenous people who played a key role to establish the Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area , the submarine volcano is called Sgaan Kinghlas . In their language it means " Supernatural Being Looking Outward " .
This seamount has long been recognized by the Haida Nation as a special place . Guujaaw , President of the Council of the Haida Nation , has said : " Sgaan Kinghlas represents a shift in recognizing the need for respect and care for the Earth . This is a very significant turning point in reversing the trends that have been leading to the depletion of life in the sea . "
= = Marine hazard = =
Given its shallow depth , Bowie Seamount is a potential marine hazard because of the strong storms that strike the British Columbia Coast during winter . Waves have been recorded with heights of more than 20 m ( 70 ft ) , enough to expose the summit and cause devastation to any vessel transitting the area . For this reason , Bowie Seamount is recognized as a hazard to navigation and is avoided by shipping vessels .
= Kangchu system =
The Kangchu system was a socio @-@ economic system of organisation and administration developed by Chinese agricultural settlers in Johor during the 19th century . The settlers organised themselves into informal associations ( similar to the Kongsi organisations found in other Chinese communities ) , and chose a leader from among themselves . In Chinese , " Kangchu " ( Chinese : 港主 , Pinyin : Gáng Zhǔ , Teochew : Kaang6 Zhu8 ) literally means ‘ master of the riverbank ’ , and was the title given to the Chinese headmen of these river settlements . The " Kangchu " leaders are also called " Kapitan " .
The term " Kangchu " became widely used during the 19th century , as Chinese immigrants began to settle in and around Johor state and set up gambier and pepper plantations . The social and economic welfare of the early Chinese settlers came under the charge of local Chinese leaders , who were responsible for running these agricultural plantations , which were situated along the river banks . The Kangchu system traces its origins from the 18th century when Chinese coolies settled in Penang and Riau and set up gambier and pepper plantations there . The sovereign rulers of Johor , Temenggong Ibrahim and his successor , Sultan Abu Bakar , took up the Kangchu system during the first half of the 19th century to provide a more organised form of administration as Chinese immigrants began to settle in the state in great numbers and developed the state 's agricultural economy . Variants of the Kangchu system also thrived in other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia , where gambier and pepper were cultivated and where there were significant Chinese populations . The Kangchu and coolies who worked in the gambier and pepper plantations were mainly of Teochew origin , and were generally first- or second @-@ generation Chinese immigrants . In 1917 , the British colonial government in Johor implemented an act which abolished the Kangchu system in the state , and the value for gambier declined during the early 20th century .
= = History = =
= = = Early years = = =
The origins of the Kangchu system dates back to the mid @-@ 18th century , when early Chinese settlers in Penang experimented in cash crop plantations with various types of crops , including pepper , gambier , betelnut and clove . The plantations were abandoned by the late 18th @-@ century , as Penang experienced wars from Buginese seafarers that resulted in many gambier plantations being destroyed ; contributing to the decline in plantations was the growing popularity of the spice trade that reaped much greater profits . At the beginning of the 19th century , these Chinese settlers began to look south to Malacca and Singapore , where gambier and pepper plantations had also been established .
In the late 1820s , Chinese settlers from Singapore also began to look towards Johor for gambier and pepper cultivation at the encouragement of Temenggong Abdul Rahman and his successor , Daing Ibrahim . As more Chinese settlers established gambier and pepper plantations in Johor during the 1840s , Temenggong Ibrahim formed a bureaucracy made up of Malay officials to oversee administrative affairs upon the Kangchu . He began issuing official permits , known as Surat Sungai ( transliterated as " river documents " ) in Malay , to the Kangchu ( leaders of the settlers ) which permitted them to establish these plantations along the river banks . In turn , the Kangchu were required to pay taxes from the profits generated by the gambier and pepper farms and the Surat Sungai , which had to be renewed after a specified period of time .
= = = Mid to late @-@ 19th century = = =
The first gambier and pepper plantations appeared in Southern Johor , notably Skudai . Lau Lib Keng , a Chinese settler based in Skudai , was the first person to receive a Surat Sungai , whereby the river banks of Skudai were leased to Lau for the cultivation of gambier and pepper . More Chinese settlers came to Johor from the 1850s onwards , and forested areas in Southern Johor such as Tebrau , Plentong and Stulang were cleared for the cultivation of gambier and pepper . By the time Temenggong Ibrahim 's son , Abu Bakar took office from his father in 1862 , at least 37 Surat Sungai have been issued to various Kangchu , all of whom were collectively responsible for the operations of the 1 @,@ 200 gambier and pepper farms in the state . Most of these Chinese leaders were also members of secret societies , and communal warfare often broke out in Singapore between different dialect groups as a result of conflicting economic interests . From the late 1850s onwards , the Kangchu began to exert political influence in the state affairs by establishing close ties with Temenggong Abu Bakar . In 1865 , Abu Bakar granted official recognition to the Teochew @-@ dominated Johor branch of the Ngee Heng Kongsi after a Kangchu , Tan Kee Soon , raised a small army to subdue Sultan Ali 's forces , from whom Abu Bakar was facing considerable dissent but was unable to raise an organised army . Abu Bakar nevertheless called for the Ngee Heng Kongsi to accept Chinese settlers of other dialect groups to prevent possible communal warfare as a result of conflicting economic interests .
The crop produce from these plantations were generally exported to other countries from Singapore with the assistance of Chinese merchants based in that city . From the 1860s onwards , many of these Kangchu chalked up debts and began to sell their property rights to these merchants or to larger business magnates ( Kongsi in Teochew ) based in Singapore , who were known to the locals as Tuan Sungai ( literally Masters of the River ) . The Kangchu then were often hired as supervisors or managers by the merchants to keep watch on the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of the gambier and pepper plantations . Temenggong Abu Bakar began to issue contract @-@ style letters of recognition to these Kangchu ; the letters were known by their Malay name Surat Tauliah .
As the gambier and pepper plantations expanded in the 1870s , the more established Kangchu were entrusted with larger blocks of farms and made contracts with Chinese merchants from Singapore . The profits generated from harvests of these plantations formed the bulk of Johor 's economy , and financed the development of Johor 's infrastructure . Abu Bakar 's relationship with the Chinese leaders was excellent , and he appointed many of them to political positions in the state . Of particular note , Abu Bakar appointed two Chinese leaders to the Johor State Council : a Kangchu from Chaozhou , Tan Hiok Nee , and a contractor from Taishan , Wong Ah Fook , who also owned gambier and pepper farms in Mersing in the 1880s . As the land along the river banks in Southern Johor was already taken by the earlier waves of Chinese settlers , newer Chinese settlers began migrating northwards in the 1870s and established new gambier and pepper plantations further north ; new plantations were established in Yong Peng , Batu Pahat , Benut , Endau and Kota Tinggi . In particular , Abu Bakar actively encouraged Chinese settlers to establish plantations in Muar , shortly after the British Colonial Government ruled in favour of Abu Bakar over Tengku Alam Shah ( Sultan Ali 's eldest son ) and his family , and granted Abu Bakar control of Muar .
= = = Decline = = =
At the end of the 19th century , Johor 's economy began to diversify from gambier and pepper plantations to other agricultural crops . Starting with coffee in 1881 , crops such as tapioca , tea , pineapple and rubber were introduced into the state . Coffee and tapioca was quickly abandoned in the 1890s when the value of these crops experienced a drop , while rubber was introduced and quickly established a strong foothold in Johor , as the world demand for rubber increased greatly around 1910 . Prices for gambier plunged between 1905 and 1906 , and many Kangchu abandoned gambier in favour of rubber . Further decline in the number of gambier and pepper plantations was fuelled by the colonial government 's suppression of traditional farming methods employed by the Kangchu for planting gambier and pepper ; these method led to soil exhaustion and a depletion of forests which was used as firewood in small factories . A few years before the Kangchu system was abolished , exports for both gambier and pepper plunged by a further 60 % between 1912 and 1917 .
The British had long frowned upon the Kangchu because of their links with secret societies in Singapore as well as their indulgence in social vices such as gambling and opium smoking , activities which the British had been actively suppressing in Singapore and the Federated Malay States . As early as 1890 , the Governor of the Straits Settlements , Cecil Clementi Smith had lobbied Abu Bakar to adopt the Societies Ordinance and ban the Ngee Heng Kongsi , but was promptly turned down . Shortly after the British appointed an adviser to Johor , the British began attributing the high crime rates in the state to Chinese settlers loyal to the Kangchu . In 1915 , the Johor state government , now effectively under the control of the British Colonial Government , passed the Societies Enactment which prompted the dissolution of the Ngee Heng Kongsi the following year . The Kangchu system was officially abolished December 1917 in an enactment passed by the Johor state government , which was by then effectively administered by the British colonial government .
= = Role of the Kangchu = =
The Temenggong of Johor ( later Sultan of Johor ) conferred upon the Kangchu with a large degree of administrative autonomy within the plot of land which each was granted . These included the right to collect taxes on behalf for the Temenggong , as well as for the welfare needs among the Chinese coolies living within the plot of land . The Kangchu generally granted tax exemption for the basic consumption by workers within the settlement . Some coolies took on new jobs such as shopkeepers and traders to serve the needs of other coolies within the settlement , and the Kangchu granted tax exemptions to these shopkeepers and traders on the sale of pork , opium and alcohol as well . The Kangchu reserved a portion of the land for the construction of a settlement for the coolies , from which small towns were formed and became the administrative centre of the Kangchu . These administrative centres were generally established within the coolie settlements located at the foot of the river , and were known as Kangkar ( literally " Foot of the river " , Chinese : 港脚 , Pinyin : Gáng Jiǎo , Teochew : Kaang6 Caar8 ) .
The Kangchu acted as the middleman in the bulk purchase of the settlement 's commodities through suppliers based in Singapore . In particular , opium was highly popular among the coolies , although frowned upon by the British who took strong measures to suppress its distribution . The Kangchu formed illegal opium syndicates which had links to Chinese leaders from Singapore and other Malay states in the north , particularly Selangor . British contempt for the Kangchu was also fuelled by the coolies ' preference for gambling and prostitution , both of which were seen as social vices by the British colonial government . The Kangchu maintained friendly relations with the Temenggong ( later Sultan ) , and worked closely with the Ngee Heng Kongsi in administrative matters . In particular ,
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the state government attempted to forge close relations with the Kangchu by the appointment of a Malay official who was conversant in Teochew and literate in Chinese characters , Mohamed Salleh bin Perang , as the liaison officer between the Temenggong and the Kangchu . Several years later , in the early 1870s , the state government worked closely with the Ngee Heng Kongsi to draft the Kanun Kangchu which had legal clauses that defined the powers of the Kangchu in Johor . The Kanun Kangchu contained 81 clauses in total , and was implemented in 1873 .
= = Variants outside Johor = =
= = = Singapore = = =
Chinese settlers began migrating from the Riau Islands to Singapore in the 19th century shortly before the founding of Singapore by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819 . The native Malays joined the Chinese in growing gambier , although they cultivated it for subsistence rather than for commercial purposes . The number of gambier and pepper farms expanded greatly between 1819 and 1840 , fuelled by the increasing demand for gambier by Chinese traders from China as well as pepper by European traders . As land nearer to the town in the south was quickly used up in the 1820s , the Kangchu began to establish farms near the northern parts of Singapore , particularly stretches of land across the Straits of Johor from Jurong , to the west of Punggol in the northeast . By 1851 , there were about 800 gambier and pepper farms which covered 75 % of Singapore 's land surface , of which 24 @,@ 220 acres ( 98 @.@ 0 km2 ) was dedicated to gambier while 2 @,@ 614 was dedicated to pepper .
In the 1850s and 1860s , many Kangchu abandoned their plantations in Singapore as gambier produce declined due to over farming of the soil , and began to establish new gambier and pepper plantations in neighbouring Johor . Nevertheless , many of these Kangchu settled down as merchants in Singapore and managed the gambier and pepper farms by proxy , mainly through the liaison body of the Ngee Heng Kongsi which had members in Singapore and Johor . Some of these merchants purchased the property rights of gambier and pepper farms from the Kangchu in Johor , who would then assume managerial tasks to ensure the smooth operation of the plantation and the settlement .
Unlike its counterpart in Johor , the Ngee Heng Kongsi ( also called " Ghi Hin Kongsi " in Hokkien ) was recognised as an illegal society in Singapore and its activities were actively suppressed by the colonial government . Factionalism appeared within the Ngee Heng Kongsi in Singapore by the 1850s , as business leaders from various dialect groups were unable to agree upon key issues . In particular , relations between the Teochews and Hokkiens were hostile , partly because some Hokkien merchants competed with the Teochew merchants in the gambier and pepper trade , most of whom had established their bases in the Boat Quay area along the Singapore River .
The existence of the Kangchu was not recognised by the British colonial government , even though they exercised a similar degree of autonomy as their counterparts in Johor . Nevertheless , the Kangchu in Singapore had easy access to forested land in Singapore compared to their counterparts in Johor , as the British colonial government adopted a laissez @-@ faire attitude to the Kangchu and imposed very little regulation on their agricultural activities . However , the British were wary of the fact that many Kangchu in Singapore were members of the Ngee Heng Kongsi , which was illegal in Singapore and enjoyed monopoly rights over the regional opium trade . The British appointed a Chinese official among the Kangchu to oversee the social and economic affairs of the gambier and pepper plantations in Singapore and to act as the intermediary .
= = = Riau Islands = = =
The first gambier and pepper plantations appeared in the Riau Islands in the 1730s , after the Buginese warrior and second Yamtuan Muda of Riau , Daing Chelak , brought Chinese coolies from Malaya to Riau for the purpose of gambier cultivation , which was then widely used for medication among the locals . Another exodus of Chinese migrated to Riau in 1740 following unrest which erupted in Batavia , during which many Chinese were massacred . Chinese settlement in Riau continued into the 18th century , the majority of them coming from the Chaoshan area in Guangdong province , along with a sizeable minority from the southern parts of Fujian province .
Gambier and pepper farming were mainly confined to the Bintan ( formerly spelled as Bentan ) and Galang Islands . Similar to the Kangchu system in Johor , gambier and pepper plantations were established on grants of land by the Yamtuan Muda of Riau , who would issue land permits ( Surat Sungai ) to the Kangchu who would direct the operations of the plantation and workers within the settlement . In the early and middle 19th century , many Chinese settlers and merchants from Riau relocated their businesses to Singapore , and established trading links between Riau and Singapore . These settlers and merchants still maintained trading links with Riau , as the Kangchu from Riau often shipped their produce to Singapore for free trade to evade taxes imposed by the Dutch colonial government . Like Singapore , competition for the gambier and pepper trade between the Teochews and Hokkiens in Riau led to communal tensions and sporadic violence in Riau during the 1840s and 1850s . In the early 20th century , the Chinese abandoned gambier and pepper plantations in favour of other agricultural practices , as the worldwide prices for gambier experienced a drastic drop in value and many pepper plants fell prey to a disease plaguing the archipelago .
= = = Sarawak = = =
The first Chinese immigrants settled along the coastal regions of Sarawak in significant numbers from the 18th century onwards and were engaged in the metal mining industry , mainly for gold and bauxite . As the supply of gold became exhausted from the 1820s onwards , the Chinese miners gradually turned to trade and agriculture . The Chinese of Teochew and Hakka heritage established gambier and pepper plantations in the 1870s and 1880s , and the White Rajah of Sarawak began to organise an administrative system for these plantations similar to the Kangchu system in Johor . The Kangchu of each plantation was appointed by the Charles Brooke , the then @-@ White Rajah . Each Kangchu was given responsibilities to oversee the operations of the plantations under his jurisdiction and the welfare of the coolies living there . In 1875 , the British promulgated a set of laws which defined the roles and responsibilities of the Kangchu ; they were modelled very closely to the Kanun Kangchu that was introduced by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor in 1873 .
Charles Brooke encouraged the immigration of the Chinese coolies , beginning in the 1860s , to expand the state 's gambier and pepper industry . Chinese settlers in neighbouring Sabah and Pontianak also established gambier and pepper plantations , although they existed as independent fiefdoms . These plantations rose to become one of the state 's major industries as worldwide prices for gambier went up during the 1880s and 1890s . In the 20th century , as worldwide gambier prices took a dive , the Kangchu channelled their efforts into pepper and opium cultivation in the state . Sarawak 's Kangchu system fell into obscurity in the 1920s , as the opium trade with Hong Kong steadily declined during the course of the decade .
= = Legacy = =
The Kangchu system facilitated the growth of the gambier and pepper plantations and developed Johor 's and Singapore 's economies in the 19th century . The development of Johor 's inland towns were attributed to the efforts by the various Kangchu , who were responsible for drawing the settlement plan for the coolies living within the plantation they were working on , from which new towns were formed . The Chinese immigrant population in Johor and Singapore grew in size during this period ; Riau also experienced a similar growth during the 18th century . As a result of mass immigration by the Chinese into Johor , the Chinese quickly outnumbered the Malays in the state , although many Chinese coolies relocated to Singapore or other parts of Malaya as the gambier and pepper industry declined in the 20th century . Several towns and other places in Johor and Singapore , built upon sites of former gambier and pepper plantations , are named after former features of the Kangchu system , and are largely populated by ethnic Chinese .
The Teochew dialect became the lingua franca among the Chinese in many parts of Johor and Riau , as the majority of the Chinese from these areas were of Teochew origin , many of whom were descended from the Chinese coolies who had worked in the gambier and pepper plantations . The Teochews form the second @-@ largest dialect group among Chinese Singaporeans , and many families can trace their family ancestry to immigrants who were Kangchu or coolies in these plantations .
= Bridgwater =
Bridgwater is a market town and civil parish in Somerset , England . At the 2011 census , it had a population of 35 @,@ 886 .
Bridgwater is at the edge of the Somerset Levels , in level and well @-@ wooded country ; to the north are the Mendips and to the west the Quantock hills . The town lies along both sides of the River Parrett , 10 miles ( 16 km ) from its mouth , has been a major port and trading centre and maintains a large industrial base . It is linked to Taunton by the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal . Bridgwater is between two junctions of the M5 motorway and Bridgwater railway station is on the main railway line between Bristol and Taunton .
Historically , the town had a politically radical tendency . The Battle of Sedgemoor , where the Monmouth Rebellion was finally crushed in 1685 , was fought nearby . Notable buildings include the Church of St Mary and the house in Blake Street , largely restored , which was the birthplace of Admiral Blake in 1598 , and is now the Blake Museum . The town has an arts centre and plays host to the annual Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival .
= = Etymology = =
It is thought that the town was originally called Brigg , meaning quay . It has been argued that the name may instead come from the Old English brycg ( gang plank ) or Old Norse bryggja ( quay ) , though this idea has been opposed on etymological grounds . In the Domesday Book the town is listed as Brugie , while Brugia was also used . After the Norman invasion the land was given to Walter of Douai , hence becoming known variously as Burgh @-@ Walter , Brugg @-@ Walter and Brigg @-@ Walter , eventually corrupted to Bridgwater . An alternative version is that it derives from " Bridge of Walter " ( i.e. Walter 's Bridge ) .
= = History = =
= = = Bridgwater proper = = =
Bridgwater is mentioned both in the Domesday Book and in the earlier Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle dating from around 800 , owing its origin as a trade centre to its position at the mouth of the chief river in Somerset . It was formerly part of the Hundred of North Petherton . In a legend of Alfred the Great , he burnt some cakes while hiding in the marshes of Athelney near Bridgwater , after the Danish invasion in 875 , while in 878 the major engagement of the Battle of Cynwit may have been at nearby Cannington .
William Briwere was granted the lordship of the Manor of Bridgwater by John of England in 1201 , and founded Bridgwater Friary . Through Briwere 's influence , King John granted three charters in 1200 ; for the construction of Bridgwater Castle , for the creation of a borough , and for a market . Bridgwater Castle was a substantial structure built in Old Red Sandstone , covering a site of 8 or 9 acres ( 32 @,@ 000 to 36 @,@ 000 m ² ) . A tidal moat , up to 65 feet ( 20 m ) wide in places , flowed about along the line of the modern thoroughfares of Fore Street and Castle Moat , and between Northgate and Chandos Street . The main entrance opposite the Cornhill was built with a pair of adjacent gates and drawbridges . In addition to a keep , located at the south @-@ east corner of what is now King Square , documents show that the complex included a dungeon , chapel , stables and a bell tower . Built on the only raised ground in the town , the castle controlled the crossing of the town bridge . A 12 feet ( 4 m ) thick portion of the castle wall and water gate can still be seen on West Quay , and the remains of a wall of a building that was probably built within the castle can be viewed in Queen Street . The foundations of the tower forming the north @-@ east corner of the castle are buried beneath Homecastle House . William Briwere also founded St John 's hospital which , by the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII , was worth the substantial sum of almost 121 pounds , as well as starting the construction of the town 's first stone bridge . William Briwere also went on to found the Franciscan Bridgwater Friary in the town .
During the 11th century Second Barons ' War against Henry III , Bridgwater was held by the barons against the King . Other charters were granted by Henry III in 1227 ( confirmed in 1318 , 1370 , 1380 ) , which gave Bridgwater a guild merchant which was important for the regulation of trade , allowing guild members to trade freely in the town , and to impose payments and restrictions upon others . Bridgwater 's peasants under Nicholas Frampton took part in the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 , sacking Sydenham House , murdering the local tax collectors and destroying the records .
Bridgwater was incorporated by charter of Edward IV ( 1468 ) , confirmed in 1554 , 1586 , 1629 and 1684 . Parliamentary representation as a borough constituency began in 1295 and continued until the Reform Act of 1870 , when the original borough constituency was disenfranchised for corruption . From 4 July 1870 the town was incorporated within the county constituency of West Somerset . When Parliamentary seats were redistributed for the 1885 general election , a new county division of Bridgwater was created . A variety of markets were granted to the town during the Middle Ages including a Midsummer fair ( on 24 June ) , one at the beginning of Lent was added in 1468 , and one at Michaelmas . The importance of these markets and fairs for the sale of wool and wine , and later of cloth , declined after medieval times . The shipping trade of the port revived after the construction of the new dock in 1841 , and corn and timber have been imported for centuries .
Gunpowder Plotter Guy Fawkes is celebrated as a local hero during the carnival season , including a grand illuminated procession through Bridgwater town centre , which culminates in the Squibbing .
In the English Civil War the town and the castle were held by the Royalists under Colonel Francis Wyndham , a personal acquaintance of the King . British history might have been very different had his wife , Lady ( Crystabella ) Wyndham , been a little more accurate with a musket shot that missed Cromwell but killed his aide de camp . Eventually , with many buildings destroyed in the town , the castle and its valuable contents were surrendered to the Parliamentarians on 21 July 1645 . The castle itself was deliberately destroyed ( slighted ) the following year , while in 1651 Colonel Wyndham made arrangements for Charles II to flee to France following the Battle of Worcester .
Following the restoration of the monarchy , in 1663 the non @-@ conformist Reverend John Norman , vicar from 1647 to 1660 , was one of several ' religious fanatics ' confined to their homes by Lord Stawell 's militia . A large religious meeting house , thought to have been Presbyterian , was demolished and its furniture burned on the Cornhill in 1683 . By 1688 , matters had calmed down enough for a new chapel , Christ Church , to be founded in Dampiet Street , the congregation of which became Unitarian in 1815 .
In the 1685 Monmouth Rebellion , the rebel James Scott , 1st Duke of Monmouth was proclaimed King on the Cornhill in Bridgwater and in other local towns . He eventually led his troops on a night @-@ time attack on the King 's position near Westonzoyland . Surprise was lost when a musket was accidentally discharged , and the Battle of Sedgemoor resulted in defeat for the Duke . He later lost his head in the Tower of London , and nine locals were executed for treason .
The Chandos Glass Cone was built in 1725 as a glasswork firing kiln by James Brydges , 1st Duke of Chandos as part of an industrial development . After a short period of use for glassmaking it was converted for the production of pottery , bricks and tiles , which continued until 1939 . The majority of the brickwork cone was demolished in 1943 . The bottom 2 @.@ 4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) has been preserved and scheduled as an ancient monument .
Bridgwater became the first town in Britain to petition the government to ban slavery , in 1785 . In 1896 , the trade unionists of Bridgwater 's brick and tile industry were involved a number of strikes . The Salisbury government sent troops to the town to clear the barricades by force after the reading of the Riot Act .
A by @-@ election in 1938 enabled the town to send a message to the government and Hitler , when an Independent anti @-@ appeasement candidate , journalist Vernon Bartlett was elected .
In World War II the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal formed part of the Taunton Stop Line , designed to prevent the advance of a German invasion . Pillboxes can still be seen along its length . The first bombs fell on Bridgwater on 24 August 1940 , destroying houses on Old Taunton Road , and three men , three women and one child were killed . Later a prisoner of war camp was established at Colley Lane , holding Italian prisoners . During the preparations for the invasion of Europe , American troops were based in the town .
The first council estate to be built was in the 1930s at Kendale Road , followed by those at Bristol Road . The 1950s saw the start of a significant increase in post @-@ war housebuilding , with council house estates being started at Sydenham and Rhode Lane and the former cooperative estate near Durleigh .
On 4 November 2011 West Quay alongside the River Parrett and 19 adjoining properties were evacuated after a 40 metres ( 130 ft ) stretch of the retaining wall partially collapsed after heavy rain and flooding .
= = = Port of Bridgwater = = =
In the medieval period the River Parrett was used to transport Hamstone from the quarry at Ham Hill . Bridgwater was part of the Port of Bristol until the Port of Bridgwater was created in 1348 , covering 80 miles ( 130 km ) of the Somerset coast line , from the Devon border to the mouth of the River Axe . Under an 1845 Act of Parliament the Port of Bridgwater extends from Brean Down to Hinkley Point in Bridgwater Bay , and includes parts of the River Parrett ( to Bridgwater ) , River Brue and the River Axe .
Historically , the main port on the river was at Bridgwater ; the river was bridged at this point : the first bridge was built in 1200 . Quays were built in 1424 ; another quay , the Langport slip , was built in 1488 upstream of the Town Bridge . A Customs House was sited at Bridgwater , on West Quay ; and a dry dock , launching slips and a boat yard on East Quay . The river was navigable , with care , to Bridgwater Town Bridge by 400 to 500 tonnes ( 440 to 550 tons ) vessels . By trans @-@ shipping into barges at the Town Bridge the Parrett was navigable as far as Langport and ( via the River Yeo ) to Ilchester . After 1827 , it was also possible to transfer goods to Taunton via the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal at Huntworth . A floating harbour was constructed between 1837 – 1841 and the canal was extended to the harbour . The harbour area contained flour mills , timber yards and chandlers .
Shipping to Bridgwater expanded with the construction of Bridgwater Docks , and reached a peak between 1880 and 1885 ; with an average of 3 @,@ 600 ships per year entering the port . Bridgwater also built some 167 ships ; the last one was the Irene , launched in 1907 . Peak tonnage occurred in 1857 , with 142 vessels totalling 17 @,@ 800 tonnes ( 19 @,@ 600 tons ) .
Dunball wharf was built in 1844 by Bridgwater coal merchants , and was formerly linked to the Bristol and Exeter Railway by a rail track which crossed the A38 . In 1875 , the local landowner built The Dunball Steam Pottery & Brick & Tile Works adjacent to the wharf .
Although ships no longer dock in the town of Bridgwater , 90 @,@ 213 tonnes ( 99 @,@ 443 tons ) of cargo were handled within the port authority 's area in 2006 , most of which was stone products via the wharf at Dunball . It is no longer linked to the railway system . The link was removed as part of the railway closures made as a result of the Beeching Report in the 1960s . Dunball railway station , which had opened in 1873 , was closed to both passengers and goods in 1964 . All traces of the station , other than " Station Road " have been removed . The wharf is now used for landing stone products , mainly marine sand and gravels dredged in the Bristol Channel . Marine sand and gravel accounted for 55 @,@ 754 tonnes ( 61 @,@ 458 tons ) of the total tonnage of 90 @,@ 213 tonnes ( 99 @,@ 443 tons ) using the Port facilities in 2006 , with salt products accounting for 21 @,@ 170 tonnes ( 23 @,@ 340 tons ) in the same year .
Sedgemoor District Council acts as the Competent Harbour Authority for the port , and has provided pilotage services for all boats over 98 feet ( 30 m ) using the river since 1998 , when it took over the service from Trinity House . Pilotage is important because of the constant changes in the navigable channel resulting from the large tidal range , which can exceed 39 feet ( 11 @.@ 9 m ) on spring tides .
Its historic estates include the manor of Sydenham .
= = Governance = =
The Local Government Act 1972 removed the historic status of Bridgwater as a Borough , as it became part of the district of Sedgemoor , which has its headquarters in King 's Square .
Bridgwater Town Council was created in 2003 , with sixteen elected members representing six wards of the town ; Bower ( three ) , Eastover ( two ) , Hamp ( three ) , Quantock ( three ) , Sydenham ( three ) and Victoria ( two ) . With powers or functions over allotments , bus shelters , making of byelaws , cemeteries , clocks , crime prevention , entertainment and arts , highways , litter , public buildings , public conveniences , recreation , street lighting , tourism , traffic calming , community transport and war memorials .
Bridgwater and West Somerset is a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It elects one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election . The current MP is Ian Liddell @-@ Grainger , a member of the Conservative Party .
= = = Members of Parliament = = =
The Bridgwater constituency has been represented in Parliament since 1295 . After the voting age was lowered in January 1970 , Susan Wallace became the first 18 @-@ year @-@ old to vote in the UK , during the 1970 Bridgwater by @-@ election that elected Tom King , who took the title Baron King of Bridgwater in 2001 . At the 2010 General Election , Bridgwater became part of the new Bridgwater and West Somerset constituency .
Bridgwater is in the South West England constituency for elections to the European Parliament .
= = = Twinning = = =
Bridgwater is twinned with Uherské Hradiště , in the Czech Republic ( since 1991 ) , La Ciotat in France , Homberg , Efze in Germany , and Marsa in Malta .
= = = Geology = = =
Bridgwater is centred on an outcrop of marl in an area dominated by low @-@ lying alluvial deposits . There are local deposits of gravels and sand . It is situated in a level and well @-@ wooded area , on the edge of the Somerset Levels . To the north are the Mendip range and on the west the Quantock hills . The town lies along both sides of the River Parrett , 10 miles ( 16 km ) from its mouth , which then flows to discharge into the Bridgwater Bay National Nature Reserve . It consists of large areas of mud flats , saltmarsh , sandflats and shingle ridges , some of which are vegetated . It has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1989 , and is designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention . The risks to wildlife are highlighted in the local Oil Spill Contingency Plan .
= = = Climate = = =
Along with the rest of South West England , Bridgwater has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country . The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 ° C ( 50 @.@ 0 ° F ) . Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures . The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 ° C ( 69 @.@ 8 ° F ) . In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 or 2 ° C ( 34 or 36 ° F ) are common . In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south @-@ west of England , however convective cloud sometimes forms inland , reducing the number of hours of sunshine . Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1 @,@ 600 hours . In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton . Most the rainfall in the south @-@ west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection . Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions , which is when they are most active . In summer , a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms . Average rainfall is around 700 mm ( 28 in ) . About 8 – 15 days of snowfall is typical . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , and June to August have the lightest winds . The predominant wind direction is from the south @-@ west .
= = Demography = =
Bridgwater had a population of 35 @,@ 800 according to the 2001 census ( up from 22 @,@ 718 in 1951 , 3 @,@ 634 in 1801 , and 7 @,@ 807 in 1831 ) .
= = Economy = =
As early as 1300 , the port exported wheat , peas and beans to Ireland , France and Spain , and by 1400 was also exporting cloth from Somerset and the adjoining counties . By 1500 it was the largest port in Somerset , later becoming the fifth largest in England , until eclipsed by Bristol in the 18th century . In its heyday , imports included wine , grain , fish , hemp , coal and timber . Exports included wheat , wool , cloth , cement , bricks and tiles . Unlike Bristol , Bridgwater was never involved in the slave trade and , in 1797 , was the first town in Britain to petition the government to ban it .
The Bridgwater ship the Emanuel was one of three that took part in Martin Frobisher 's 1577 search for the Northwest Passage . In 1828 , 40 ships were registered in the port , averaging 60 tons each .
= = = Industry = = =
Bridgwater was the leading industrial town in Somerset and remains a major centre for manufacturing . A major manufacturing centre for clay tiles and bricks in the 19th century , including the famous " Bath brick " , were exported through the port . In the 1890s there were a total of 16 brick and tile companies , and 24 million bricks per annum were exported during that decade alone . These industries are celebrated in the Somerset Brick and Tile Museum on East Quay .
These industries collapsed in the aftermath of World War II due to the failure to introduce mechanisation , although the automated Chilton Tile Factory , which produced up to 5 million tiles each year , lasted until 1968 . The importance of the Bath Brick declined with the advent of detergents and other cleaning products . Dunware ponds used to make bricks and can still be found along the paths .
During the 19th century , Castle House ( originally named Portland Castle after Portland cement ) , reputedly the first domestic house in the UK to be built from concrete , was constructed in 1851 by John Board , a local brick and tile manufacturer . The building is now Grade II * listed , and in 2004 was featured in the BBC television programme Restoration .
In the 19th century , Bridgwater was also home to a number of iron foundries . George Hennet 's Bridgwater Iron Works worked on bridges , railways and machinery for Brunel and Robert Stephenson . This location allowed the import by boat of raw materials from Wales and the dispatch of finished work to south Devon using the Bristol and Exeter Railway . The carriage workshops for the latter were on an adjacent site . The works passed to his son and then traded as Hennet , Spink & Else . Some of the ironwork was produced for the Royal Albert Bridge at Saltash , Cornwall . In 1873 it became the Bridgwater Engineering Company Limited but this failed in 1878 . W & F Wills Ltd produced steam locomotives and fingerposts .
At the start of World War II , the government built a factory to manufacture high explosives at Puriton near Bridgwater . Called ROF Bridgwater , the plant is today owned by BAE Systems and closed after decommissioning was completed in July 2008 .
British Cellophane Ltd , a joint venture between La Cellophane SA and Courtaulds opened a major factory producing cellophane in Bridgwater 1937 . The factory produced Bailey Bridges during World War II for the invasion of Europe . Bought by UCB Films in 1996 , the town suffered a blow in 2005 when Innovia Films closed the cellophane factory . At one time the factory employed around 3 @,@ 000 people , although at the time of closure this had been reduced to just 250 . However recovery has begun with the establishment of new businesses on the Express Park business park including the relocation of Gerber Juice and new enterprises Toolstation and Interpet as well as the Exel centre for the NHS Logistics Authority .
Bridgwater is now a major centre of industry in Somerset , with industries including the production of plastics , engine parts , industrial chemicals , and foods . Bowerings Animal Feed Mill is now the only industry still located at the docks . Being close to the M5 motorway and half way between Bristol and Exeter , Bridgwater is also home to two major distribution centres , while retailer Argos has a regional distribution centre based at Huntworth . A new £ 100 m Regional Agricultural Business Centre opened in 2007 , following construction which began in 2006 .
= = Landmarks = =
Bridgwater is home to the Somerset Brick and Tile Museum , built on part of the former Barham Brothers site ( brick and tile manufacturers between 1857 and 1965 ) . Castle House was built in 1851 and was one of the first to make extensive use of concrete demonstrating " an innovative interpretation of traditional masonry features in concrete " .
A house in Blake Street , largely restored , is believed to be the birthplace of Robert Blake in 1598 , and is now the Blake Museum . It was built in the late 15th or early 16th century , and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II * listed building . His statue from 1898 by F. W. Pomeroy has been repositioned from the front of the Corn Exchange to face down Cornhill . Sydenham House was previously a manor estate built in the early 16th century , which was refronted and rebuilt after 1613 . It now stands in the grounds of the former British Cellophane plant . Its owners were on the losing side in the Civil War and again in the Monmouth Rebellion . The public library by E Godfrey Page dates from 1905 .
= = Transport = =
As trade expanded during the Industrial Revolution , Bridgwater was linked to Taunton by the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal ( 1827 ) , although initially it ran from a basin south of Bridgwater at Huntworth . As trade grew docks were built in the town , linked to an extension of the canal , with both opening in 1841 . The docks were dredged by a scraper @-@ dredger Bertha similar to the one Brunel had designed for the Bristol Floating Harbour . 14 June 1841 saw the opening of the Bristol and Exeter Railway from Bristol to Bridgwater . The railway also opened a coach and wagon works in the town ; the last of the buildings is currently in 2005 scheduled for demolition . Bridgwater railway station , designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel is now a Grade II listed building . An end to the unequal competition between rail and canal came in 1867 when the Bristol and Exeter Railway purchased the canal . A number of local branches were also built , for example to serve the Northgate Brewery ( now replaced by a car park north of Angel Crescent ) and the former British Cellophane factory . The Somerset and Dorset branch line to Edington was opened in 1890 . Its former Bridgwater station is now occupied by J Sainsbury .
The importance of shipping and the docks started to decline after 1886 , the year in which the opening of the Severn Tunnel caused a severe drop in coal imports by sea . The situation worsened as the railways were extended into Somerset and beyond , and ships became too big for the port . The last commercial use of the docks was when coal imports ceased on 31 July 1971 , and although they now house a marina they are currently little used . The surrounding quays have been developed for housing , although the remains of wooden quays on the riverbank can still be seen . All but a small remnant of the mump ( a huge mound of spoil from the original dock excavations ) was removed in the 1980s to make way for the development on the north side of the dock . Due to the port , ship building was also an important industry , and around 140 ships were built in the town during the 19th century by companies including David Williams , Joseph Gough , Watsons and William Lowther . F J Carver and Son owned a small dry dock on East Quay and constructed the last ship to be built in the town — the Irene . The former associated industry of rope making is commemorated in street furnishings and paving on East Quay and in the name of Ropewalk street .
The Drove Bridge , which marks the current extent of the Port of Bridgwater is the nearest to the mouth and the newest road bridge to cross the river . With a span of 184 feet ( 56 m ) , the bridge was constructed as part of the Bridgwater Northern Distributor road scheme ( 1992 ) , and provides a navigable channel which is 66 feet ( 20 m ) wide with 8 @.@ 2 feet ( 2 @.@ 5 m ) headroom at normal spring high tides . Upstream of this is the retractable Telescopic Bridge , built in 1871 to the design of Sir Francis Fox , the engineer for the Bristol and Exeter Railway . It carried a railway siding over the river to the docks , but had to be movable , to allow boats to proceed upriver . An 80 @-@ foot ( 24 m ) section of railway track to the east of the bridge could be moved sideways , so that the main 127 @-@ foot ( 39 m ) girders could be retracted , creating a navigable channel which was 78 feet ( 24 m ) wide . It was manually operated for the first eight months , and then powered by a steam engine , reverting to manual operation in 1913 , when the steam engine failed . The bridge was last opened in 1953 , and the traverser section was demolished in 1974 , but public outcry at the action resulted in the bridge being listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument , and the rest of the bridge was kept . It was later used as a road crossing , until the construction of the Chandos road bridge alongside it , and is now only used by pedestrians . Parts of the steam engine were moved to Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum in 1977 .
The next bridge is the Town Bridge . There has been a bridge here since the 13th century , when Bridgwater was granted a charter by King John . The present bridge was designed by R. C. Else and G. B. Laffan , and the 75 @-@ foot ( 23 m ) cast iron structure was completed in 1883 . It replaced an earlier bridge , which was the first cast iron bridge to be built in Somerset when it was completed in 1797 . The stone abutments of that bridge were reused by the later bridge , which formed the only road crossing of the river in Bridgwater until 1958 . Above the bridge there were two shoals , called The Coals and The Stones , which were a hazard to barge traffic on the river , and bargees had to choose carefully when to navigate the river , to ensure that there was sufficient water to carry them over these obstructions . In March 1958 a new reinforced concrete road bridge , the Blake Bridge , was opened as part of a bypass to take traffic away from the centre of Bridgwater . It now carries the A38 and A39 roads . On the southern edge of Bridgwater there is a bridge which carries the Bristol and Exeter Railway across the River Parrett . Isambard Kingdom Brunel designed a brick bridge , known as the Somerset Bridge , with a 100 feet ( 30 m ) span but a rise of just 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . Work started in 1838 and was completed in 1841 . Brunel left the scaffold supporting the centre of the bridge in place as the foundations were still settling but was forced to remove it in 1843 to reopen the river for navigation . Brunel demolished the brick arch and had replaced it with a timber arch within six months without interrupting the traffic on the railway . This was in turn replaced in 1904 by a steel girder bridge . Slightly further east is a modern concrete bridge which carries the M5 motorway over both the river and the railway line . It was started in 1971 and opened in 1973 .
= = Education = =
The primary and infant schools in Bridgwater include : Eastover Community Primary School , Hamp Community Junior School , Sedgemoor Manor School , St John and St Francis Primary School , St Joseph 's Catholic Primary School , St Mary 's Primary School , Somerset Bridge Primary School , Spaxton Church of England Primary School , Westover Green Primary School and Hamp Nursery and Infants School . Secondary schools include : Robert Blake Science College , Brymore Academy , Chilton Trinity School , East Bridgwater Community School which was previously known as Sydenham School and is a Performing and Visual Arts College , and Haygrove School which has specialist Language College status . Special schools in the town include : Elmwood Special School , New Horizon Centre School and Penrose School .
Bridgwater was selected as the first town in the South West , outside Bristol , to be selected for the UK government 's Building Schools for the Future ( BSF ) initiative , which aimed to rebuild and renew nearly every secondary school in England . Within Bridgwater , BSF was to redevelop all of the four secondary schools and two special provision schools at an expected cost of around £ 100 million . This included the complete relocation and rebuilding of a new school combining the both Haygrove and Penrose School . In July 2010 , several components of the Bridgwater BSF programme were cancelled and others were singled out for further review . Following a meeting with Education Secretary Michael Gove , Bridgwater MP Ian Liddell @-@ Granger announced that the fate of all six affected schools would be subject to review , including the ones that were cancelled .
Further Education is provided by Bridgwater College which was formerly Bridgwater Technical School . The site of the Poplar School Of Engineering And Navigation was later used for Dr Morgan 's Grammar School For Boys . Other schools which have since closed include : Bridgwater Grammar School For Boys , Bridgwater Grammar School For Girls and Westover Senior Council School .
= = Religious sites = =
Among several places of worship the chief is the Church of St Mary ; this has a north porch and windows dating from the 14th century , besides a 170 feet ( 52 m ) slender spire ; but it has been much altered by restoration . It possesses a fine painted reredos , and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building .
The Church of St John the Baptist in Blake Place was built by John Brown in 1843 . Elim Pentecostal Church on Church Street was a public house after being used as a church and is now a shop . There is a Salvation Army Citadel located in Moorland Road , on the Sydenham Estate and St Joseph 's Roman Catholic in Binford Place . Classes in Buddhism and meditation are held in the Quaker Meeting House on Friarn Street .
= = Arts = =
Nearing Bridgwater on the M5 motorway it is possible to see the Willow Man sculpture , a striding human figure constructed from willow , sometimes called the Angel of the South ( see also Angel of the North ) . Standing 12 metres ( 39 ft ) tall , it was created by sculptor Serena de la Hey and is the largest known sculpture in willow , a traditional local material .
The Bridgwater Arts Centre was opened on 10 October 1946 , the first community arts centre opened in the UK with financial assistance from the newly established Arts Council of England . It is situated in a Grade I listed building in the architecturally protected Georgian Castle Street , designed by Benjamin Holloway for the Duke of Chandos , and built over the site of the former castle . Holloway was also the architect of the Baroque Lions building on West Quay , constructed around 1730 . Bridgwater Arts Centre was the venue for the first post @-@ war meeting of the Congres Internationaux d 'Architecture Moderne in 1947 .
Somerset Film ( then Somerset Film & Video ) opened their community media centre , The Engine Room , in March 2003 . The centre allows the public to drop in and use the computers and equipment for free ( on certain days ) to teach themselves how to edit video , design websites or screen films at open evenings . Cameras and edit suites can also be hired and day courses on using creative software are run regularly . The founder is Phil Shepherd . Bridgwater was chosen as the location as it was in the centre of Somerset .
Castle Street was used as a location in the 1963 film Tom Jones . Horror writer and film journalist Kim Newman was educated at Dr Morgan 's school in Bridgwater , and set his 1999 experimental novel Life 's Lottery in a fictionalised version of the town ( Sedgwater ) . A sailor who had sailed " from Bridgwater with bricks " and found " There was lice in that bunk in Bridgwater " features in James Joyce 's Ulysses ( Chapter 16 ) .
In 2013 , community radio station Access FM was launched on 104 @.@ 2 FM . This was the first truly local radio station for the town since BCR FM was bought by Choice Media in 2006 which eventually became The Breeze . Access FM was initiated as a function of Bridgwater 's YMCA and as such held the same values as the charity . Access FM was founded by Martin Hodgson ( CEO of Bridgwater YMCA ) , Grant Francis ( owner of Special Media Projects ) and Tom Copestake , a youth worker who had worked with a christian radio station in Coventry before moving to work at Bridgwater YMCA . Soon after the station launched on the 9th of June 2013 , Jason Pimm joined the management team to help with development . The community station began with the intentions of providing youth based programming to 16 - 25 year olds in order to give the younger generation something new and productive to get involved with . Many of the voluntary presenters were aged 16 - 20 and the station acted as the first step into the industry . Under the management and direction of Tom Copestake and technical skills of Grant Francis , Access FM had mild success within the community , attending multiple events and marking new ground for local radio in the area . The station was the first in history to provide live broadcast coverage from Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival in 2014 .
Tom Copestake left Access FM in October of 2015 and the station went through a re @-@ branding process under a revised management team . Local radio expert Dave Englefield joined Martin Hodgson , Grant Francis and Jason Pimm , along with Bryan Leaker MBE to create Sedgemoor FM , which launched on the 4th of April 2016 . Sedgemoor FM broadcasts on 104.2FM across Bridgwater and the rest of the district , providing listeners with a unique schedule of programming specific for the community . Dave Englefield now directs station and sales operations , Grant Francis continues his work as technical manager and Jason Pimm plays as support to both as station administrator and facilitator . Deciding to push Sedgemoor FM towards an older demographic than it 's predecessor , the team have successfully created a radio station that the community have welcomed . Scheduling consists of a variety of informative and entertaining radio shows including Dave Englefield 's Breakfast Show , Sedgemoor Life with Jackie Sealy and The Carnival Show with Andy Bennett , along with local and national news coverage , local events guide , The Lowdown , and Just The Job , which highlights current job vacancies in the area .
= = = Annual events = = =
Bridgwater is now best known for the illuminated " Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival " that attracts around 150 @,@ 000 people from around the country and overseas . Now held annually on the Saturday after the first Friday of November ( i.e. - the nearest Saturday to 5 November ) , it was original held on the first Thursday of November , later moving to the first Friday . It consists of a display of 100 or more entries , many consisting of large vehicles ( " Carnival floats " ) up to 100 feet ( 30 m ) long , festooned with dancers ( or team member in tableaux ) and up to 22 @,@ 000 lightbulbs , that follows a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) route over 2 to 3 hours . Later in the evening of the Carnival , there is the simultaneous firing of large fireworks ( known as squibs ) in the street outside the town hall , known as " squibbing " .
Bridgwater Fair normally takes place in September — it starts on the last Wednesday in September and lasts four days . The fair takes place on St Matthew 's Field , better known locally as the Fair Field . The fair is now a funfair , ranked as second largest in England after the Nottingham Goose Fair . It originated in 1249 as a horse and cattle fair , lasting for eight days near St Matthew 's day ( 21 September ) , giving the venue its name . During the first weekend of July , the annual " Somerfest " arts festival is held in Bridgwater . The event includes an extensive programme of rock , jazz and classical music , dance , drama and visual arts with national and local participants .
A new annual event was launched in 2014 , taking place in May each year . The Bridgwater Science Festival brings science related family entertainment and activities to town . The event takes place in the Town Hall , and works with local organisations and the University of the West of England .
= = Sports = =
Bridgwater Town F.C. are a football club based at Fairfax Park . The original version of the club was founded in 1898 . The club currently plays in the Southern League Division One South and West . Bridgwater & Albion RFC are Somerset 's highest- placed rugby team , playing in National League 3 South and are based at College Way . It was originally founded in 1875 . The cricket club play at The Parks on Durleigh Road . Bridgwater Hockey Club were formed in the 1920s but now play their matches at Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea .
East Bridgwater Sports Centre offers badminton courts , outside football pitches , squash courts and a fitness room .
Bridgwater had a series of swimming pools from 1890 until 2009 . The first pool , in Old Taunton Road , was replaced by the Bridgwater Lido on Broadway , opened in 1960 by Princess Alexandra . The lido , which had three pools , a diving bay and paddling pool , was demolished in the late 1980s to make way for a supermarket , and to fund the indoor Sedgemoor Splash swimming pool in Mount Street , which opened in 1991 . In 2009 , after the local council were unable to raise the funds needed to upgrade the pool , it was closed and demolished to make way for another supermarket . A new pool was planned as part of the Building Schools for the Future ( BSF ) rebuild of Chilton Trinity School , however , the government 's review of the BSF programme may result in the cancellation of the new school and pool build .
The town is both on the route of the Samaritans Way South West and the River Parrett Trail .
= = Notable people = =
Admiral Robert Blake was born in Bridgwater , and attended the local grammar school ( Bridgwater Grammar School For Boys ) . His home is now the Blake Museum and contains details of his career amongst its exhibits of local history and archaeology .
Donald Crowhurst ( 1932 – 69 ) , who tried to fake a round @-@ the @-@ world solo yacht journey , set up his business in the town and was a Town Councillor .
Sir Paul Dukes was born in Bridgwater , an alumnus of Caterham School , and went on to be the premier SIS agent in pre @-@ revolution Russia . Known as the Man with a Hundred Faces , he eluded Bolshevik capture and is still the only man to be knighted based on his exploits as a spy .
Wayne Goss , makeup artist and YouTube personality , born in Bridgwater in 1978 .
Peter Haggett CBE FBA ( b . 1933 ) , eminent academic geographer and professor at University of Bristol , educated at Dr Morgan 's Grammar School in Bridgwater
Chris Harris , English performer , director and writer who starred in Into the Labyrinth . He has starred in and directed the pantomime at the Theatre Royal , Bath since 2001 .
Charles Kent , England rugby player .
Robert Dibble , England rugby player . Played club rugby for Bridgwater & Albion RFC and Newport RFC .
Tommy Woods ( rugby ) , England rugby player . Played club rugby for Bridgwater & Albion RFC and Rochdale Hornets .
David Luckes MBE . England and Great Britain hockey player - 1989 @-@ 2000 brought up in Bridgwater .
Simon ( 1984 ) and Richard Mantell ( 1981 ) , brothers and field hockey players for England , were both born in Bridgwater .
Breaker Morant Anglo @-@ Australian Boer War Soldier .
Kim Newman , science fiction novelist , horror film expert , TV presenter and film critic , educated at Dr Morgan 's Grammar School in Bridgwater .
Henry Phillpotts , Bishop of Exeter , born in Bridgwater in 1778 .
Andrew Plimer , portrait miniature artist , born in Bridgwater 1763 .
Jean Rees , artist and co @-@ founder of the Bridgwater Arts Centre. b 1914 .
James Sully , psychologist , born in Bridgwater in 1842 .
Fanny Talbot born in Bridgwater in 1824 , philanthropist and friend of John Ruskin who donated first property to the National Trust .
= Ipswich Town F.C. =
Ipswich Town Football Club ( / ˈɪpswɪtʃ ˈtaʊn / ; also known as Ipswich , The Blues , Town , or The Tractor Boys ) is a professional association football club based in Ipswich , Suffolk , England . They play in the Championship , the second highest division in English football , having last appeared in the Premier League in the 2001 – 02 season .
The club was founded in 1878 but did not turn professional until 1936 , and was subsequently elected to join the Football League in 1938 . They play their home games at Portman Road in Ipswich . The only fully professional football club in Suffolk , they have a long @-@ standing and fierce rivalry with Norwich City in Norfolk , with whom they have contested the East Anglian derby 139 times since 1902 . The club 's traditional home colours are blue shirts and white shorts .
Ipswich have won the English league title once , in their first season in the top flight in 1961 – 62 , and have twice finished runners @-@ up , in 1980 – 81 and 1981 – 82 . They won the FA Cup in 1977 – 78 , and the UEFA Cup in 1980 – 81 . They have competed in the top two tiers of English football uninterrupted since 1957 – 58 , currently the longest streak among Championship clubs after Coventry were relegated in the 2011 – 12 season . They have competed in all three European club competitions , and have never lost at home in European competition , defeating Real Madrid , AC Milan , Internazionale , Lazio and Barcelona , among others .
= = History = =
= = = Early years and entry to the Football League = = =
The club was founded as an amateur side in 1878 and were known as Ipswich A.F.C. until 1888 when they merged with Ipswich Rugby Club to form Ipswich Town Football Club . The team won a number of local cup competitions , including the Suffolk Challenge Cup and the Suffolk Senior Cup . They joined the Southern Amateur League in 1907 and , with results improving steadily , became champions in the 1921 – 22 season . The club won the league a further three times , in 1929 – 30 , 1932 – 33 and 1933 – 34 , before becoming founder members of the Eastern Counties Football League at the end of the 1934 – 35 season . A year later , the club turned professional and joined the Southern League , which they won in its first season and finished third in the next .
Ipswich were elected to The Football League on 30 May 1938 , and played in Division Three ( South ) until the end of the 1953 – 54 season , when they won the title and promotion to Division Two .
= = = Promotion and instant First Division success = = =
The club were immediately relegated back to Division Three ( South ) the following year at the end of a poor season , but made better progress after Scott Duncan was replaced as team manager by Alf Ramsey in August 1955 . The club won the Division Three ( South ) title again in 1956 – 57 , and returned to the higher division . This time , Ipswich established themselves in Division Two , and as the division champions , won promotion to the top level of English football , Division One , in 1960 – 61 .
In the top flight for the first time , Ipswich became Champions of the Football League at the first attempt in 1961 – 62 . As English league champions , they qualified for the 1962 – 63 European Cup , defeating Maltese side Floriana 14 – 1 on aggregate before losing to Milan . Ramsey quit the club in April 1963 to take charge of the England national team ; after the team won the 1966 World Cup , he received a knighthood for " services to football " in 1967 .
= = = Decline and revival after Ramsey = = =
Ramsey was replaced by Jackie Milburn , under whose leadership fortunes on the pitch plummeted . Two years after winning the league title , Ipswich slipped down to the Second Division in 1964 , conceding 121 league goals in 42 games – one of the worst @-@ ever defensive records in English senior football . Milburn quit after just one full season and was replaced by Bill McGarry in 1964 . The club remained in the Second Division for four years until McGarry guided Ipswich to promotion along with his assistant Sammy Chung in the 1967 – 68 season , winning the division by a single point ahead of Queens Park Rangers . McGarry left to manage Wolves and was replaced by Bobby Robson in January 1969 .
= = = The Bobby Robson era = = =
Robson led Ipswich to two major trophies and several seasons in top flight European football . The successful period began in 1973 when the club won the Texaco Cup and finished fourth in the league , qualifying for the UEFA Cup for the first time . By the late 1970s , Robson had built a strong side with talent in every department , introducing the Dutch pair Arnold Mühren and Frans Thijssen to add flair to a team that featured British internationals including John Wark , Terry Butcher and Paul Mariner , although the Ipswich squad perhaps lacked the depth of established big clubs like Liverpool and Manchester United . Ipswich regularly featured in the top five of the league and in the UEFA Cup . At their peak in the 1979 – 80 season , they beat Manchester United 6 – 0 in a league game at Portman Road , a game where United goalkeeper Gary Bailey also saved three penalties . The defeat cost United two points – the margin which eventually separated them and champions Liverpool . Major success came in 1978 when Ipswich beat Arsenal at Wembley Stadium to win their only FA Cup trophy , the triumph was followed by a UEFA Cup victory in 1981 . The club also finished as league runners @-@ up in 1981 and 1982 .
Robson 's success with Ipswich had attracted the attention of many bigger clubs , and he had been linked with the Manchester United job when Dave Sexton was sacked in May 1981 , but the job went to Ron Atkinson instead . It was the Football Association who lured Robson away from Portman Road a year later , when he accepted their offer to manage the England national team in July 1982 .
= = = Relegation after Robson and promotion under Lyall = = =
His successor at Ipswich was his assistant manager Bobby Ferguson . Under Ferguson , Town finished mid @-@ table twice , but worsening performances meant that they began to struggle in the top division . The recent construction of an expensive new stand at Portman Road had limited the club 's budget , despite the money gaining from sales of key players including Frans Thijssen and John Wark .
Ipswich were finally relegated to the Second Division at the end of the 1985 – 86 season . Terry Butcher , their last remaining key player from the successful 1981 team , was sold to Rangers that summer . Ferguson , who had remained in charge despite the relegation , resigned in May 1987 after reaching the promotion play @-@ offs but failing to return the club to the first division . Ipswich Town were then managed by John Duncan for three years until he was replaced by former West Ham boss John Lyall in May 1990 , with Ipswich still in the Second Division . Lyall guided Ipswich to the Second Division title and promotion to the new FA Premier League , ready for the 1992 – 93 season . Suffering only two league defeats before the New Year , Ipswich started the season well and were fourth in the Premier League in January 1993 , but a dip in form during the final weeks of the season saw Ipswich finish in a disappointing 16th place . Poor form continued into the following season and Ipswich only avoided relegation that year when Sheffield United suffered a last @-@ gasp 3 – 2 defeat at Chelsea on the final day of the season . Six months later , fortunes on the pitch had not improved , and Lyall was sacked as Ipswich manager in December 1994 with the club rooted to the bottom of the Premiership .
= = = Relegation and revival under George Burley = = =
Lyall 's successor , George Burley , was unable to turn team performances around , and Ipswich suffered a Premiership record defeat , 9 – 0 , at Manchester United , on their way to relegation . Back in the second tier of the league , Burley led the club to three consecutive promotion playoffs , but they were to endure defeats in all three semi @-@ finals . Ipswich finally returned to the Premiership in 2000 after coming from behind to beat Barnsley 4 – 2 in the last Division One playoff final at Wembley Stadium . Ipswich performed well in the Premiership in their first season with Burley 's side finishing in an impressive fifth place — being pipped by Liverpool on the last day of the season for a place in the Champions League . Consolation was a UEFA Cup place and FA Premier League Manager of the Year Award for Burley .
This spell in the top division ended after two seasons and the loss of income due to relegation led to the club going into financial administration . There was the minor consolation of again qualifying for the UEFA Cup , this time via the UEFA Fair Play ranking , and Ipswich survived two ties before losing in the second round proper to Czech side Slovan Liberec . A poor start to the season , culminating in a 0 – 3 defeat at struggling Grimsby Town , meant that Burley was sacked in October 2002 after nearly eight years as manager .
= = = Since 2002 = = =
First team coach Tony Mowbray was given four games as caretaker manager , winning once , but he was ultimately replaced as manager by the former Oldham Athletic , Everton and Manchester City manager Joe Royle , who had played for local rival Norwich City . Royle inherited a side struggling near the Division One relegation zone , but revived fortunes such that the team narrowly failed to reach the playoffs . The 2003 – 04 season saw the club come out of administration and continue to challenge for promotion back to the Premier League . They finished that season in fifth , but were defeated in the playoff semi @-@ finals by West Ham United .
Narrowly missing automatic promotion in 2004 – 05 , Royle again took Ipswich to the play @-@ offs , but once more they lost to West Ham United in the semi @-@ finals . 2005 – 06 saw Ipswich finish in 15th place — the club 's lowest finish since 1966 . Joe Royle resigned by mutual consent on 11 May 2006 , and a month later , Jim Magilton was officially announced as the new manager . In November 2007 , the club were involved in takeover discussions with both businessman Marcus Evans and former Birmingham City director David Sullivan . In December 2007 , Evans completed his takeover of the club , purchasing an 87 @.@ 5 % stake in the club , investing around £ 44 million , which included the purchase of the club 's existing £ 32 million debt . The club agreed a sponsorship deal with the Marcus Evans Group on 20 May 2008 , lasting until 2013 , the longest in the club 's history . Magilton was sacked in April 2009 , and new Chief Executive Simon Clegg replaced him with Roy Keane . Keane 's spell as manager came to an end after an unsuccessful 18 months , when he was sacked in January 2011 , to be replaced briefly by Ian McParland in a caretaker role before Paul Jewell took the reins on a permanent basis . With Ipswich bottom of the Championship , Jewell left his position on 24 October 2012 by mutual consent . He was replaced temporarily by Chris Hutchings for a single match in a caretaker role , before Mick McCarthy was appointed full @-@ time on 1 November 2012 . He led Ipswich to avoid relegation , taking them from bottom of the league in November to finish in 14th position , 9th the following season and in 2014 – 15 a 6th @-@ place finish and playoff semi @-@ final exit at the hands of local rivals Norwich City . Ipswich failed to replicate their success of the previous season and finished 7th in 2015 @-@ 16 their third consecutive top ten finish since McCarthy took over as manager .
= = Colours and crest = =
One of Ipswich Town 's nicknames is The Blues , stemming from their traditional kit , which is predominantly blue . Since turning professional , Ipswich have used a number of away colours , including white , orange , red and black vertical stripes , claret and green , cream and black vertical stripes and dark blue and claret .
The shirts worn by players of Ipswich Town did not sport a crest until the mid @-@ 1960s , when they adopted a design featuring a gold lion rampant guardant on a red background on the left half and three gold ramparts on a blue background on the right half . In 1972 , the crest was redesigned as the result of a competition , won by the Treasurer of the Supporters Club , John Gammage . Each element of the new design was intended to represent the region .
I regarded the Suffolk Punch as a noble animal , well suited to dominate our design and represent the club . And to complete the badge I thought of the town of Ipswich which contains many historical buildings , including the Wolsey Gate , and is close to the sea with a large dock area .
The crest was modified in 1995 after consultation with a Supporters Forum , with the turrets of the Wolsey Gate moved to the top of the crest , the yellow background changed to red , the Suffolk Punch given a more dominant physique and the F.C. expanded to Football Club . Three stars were added to the sleeve of the team 's away shirt for the 2004 – 05 season , and also to the home kit for the 2005 – 06 season . These stars were added to represent the three major trophies which Ipswich Town have won ; the FA Cup , the UEFA Cup and the old Division One . The stars were relocated directly above the crest when the shirt was redesigned prior to the 2007 – 08 season .
In 2006 , the club donated 500 orange and blue @-@ and @-@ white shirts to children in Iraq .
= = Stadium = =
Between 1878 and 1884 , Ipswich Town played at two grounds in the town , Broom Hill and Brook 's Hall , but in 1884 , the club moved to Portman Road and have played there ever since . At their new home , Ipswich became one of the first clubs to implement the use of goal nets , in 1890 , but the more substantial elements of ground development did not begin until , in 1901 , a tobacco processing plant was built along the south edge of the ground .
The first stand , a wooden structure , was built on the Portman Road side of the pitch in 1905 . In 1911 the roof was blown off , and the ground was later commandeered by the British Army for the duration of World War I. The club turned professional in 1936 , and work began on the first bank of terracing at the north end of the pitch . The following year , on the back of winning the Southern League , a similar terrace was built at the southern " Churchmans " end . All sides were terraced by 1954 , and floodlights were erected in 1959 for use in lower light conditions . The two @-@ tier Portman Stand was built along the east side of the ground in place of the existing terraces in 1971 , and the West Stand was extended in 1982 by the addition of a third tier . The rebuilt West Stand was renamed as the " Pioneer Stand " as a result of the club 's sponsorship by the electronics company Pioneer Corporation and was converted to all @-@ seating in 1990 . In 1990 , following the recommendations of the Taylor Report in the wake of the Hillsborough disaster the previous year , the terraces in both the north and south stands were also converted to all @-@ seating , creating the first complete all @-@ seater stadium in the top flight of English football with a spectator capacity of 22 @,@ 600 .
Success on the pitch led to further investment in the infrastructure , with the club spending over £ 22 million on redeveloping both North and South stands , resulting in a current capacity of 30 @,@ 311 . In the past ten years , statues of both Sir Alf Ramsey and Sir Bobby Robson have been unveiled outside the stadium . The North Stand was renamed in honour of former manager Bobby Robson in September 2009 . On 31 March 2012 , in conjunction with celebrations of the 50th anniversary of Ipswich Town winning the 1st Division on their 1st attempt , the South Stand was renamed in honour of Ipswich and England 's former manager Sir Alf Ramsey . Portman Road now features two stands named after their own most successful managers in the club history as well as being England 's most successful managers . The playing surface at Portman Road is highly regarded and has been voted best pitch in the league on a number of occasions . The former groundsman , Alan Ferguson , received a number of accolades , including both Premiership and Championship Groundsman of the Year .
= = Supporters = =
During the 2008 – 09 season , Ipswich Town recorded an average attendance of 18 @,@ 873 , approximately 63 % of available capacity , the seventh @-@ highest attendance in The Championship . The highest attendance of the season was 28 @,@ 274 in the local derby against Norwich City .
Locally , much is made of the informal title " Pride of Anglia " . Fans claim the title for either winning the East Anglian Derby , finishing highest in the league , having the better current league position , having the more successful club history . The club 's main local rival is Norwich City . When the two teams meet it is known as the ' East Anglian derby ' , or , informally , as the ' Old Farm derby ' , a comic reference to the ' Old Firm Derby ' played between Scottish teams Celtic and Rangers .
A recent nickname for Town is " The Tractor Boys " , which was coined during the club 's brief period in the Premiership ( 2000 – 01 and 2001 – 02 ) when the team regularly competed against more fashionable clubs . The nickname is an example of self @-@ deprecating humour referring to Ipswich 's agricultural heritage . The origins of the nickname are not certain , but the first generally accepted use of the nickname was created whilst playing at Leeds United in 2000 – 2001 : Ipswich were winning the game 2 – 1 and the Leeds fans started chanting , ' We 're being beaten by a bunch of tractor drivers . ' Barracking by supporters of more established Premiership clubs during Town 's spell in the Premiership lent the ironic chant ' 1 – 0 to the Tractor Boys ' increased potency and publicity , and the nickname is commonly used by the media . Former Town manager Jim Magilton commented , in the local press , that he disliked the nickname and said that it conjured up , ' images of carrot @-@ crunching yokels ' , while players such as Matt Holland accepted the chant with good humour .
= = Statistics and records = =
Mick Mills holds the record for Ipswich league appearances , having played 591 first @-@ team matches between 1966 and 1982 . The club 's top league goalscorer is Ray Crawford , who scored 203 goals between 1958 and 1969 , while Ted Phillips holds the record for the most goals scored in a season , 41 in the 1956 – 57 season in Division Three ( South ) . Allan Hunter is the most capped player for the club , making 47 appearances for Northern Ireland .
The club 's widest victory margins in the league have been their 7 – 0 wins against Portsmouth in the Second Division in 1964 , against Southampton in the First Division in 1974 and against West Bromwich Albion in the First Division in 1976 . Their heaviest defeats in the league were 10 – 1 against Fulham in 1963 and 9 – 0 against Manchester United in 1995 .
Ipswich 's record home attendance is 38 @,@ 010 for a sixth round FA Cup match against Leeds United on 8 March 1975 . With the introduction of regulations enforcing all @-@ seater stadiums , it is unlikely that this record will be beaten in the foreseeable future .
The highest transfer fee received for an Ipswich player is £ 8 @.@ 1 million as part of a deal worth in excess of £ 12 million from Sunderland for Connor Wickham in June 2011 , while the most spent by the club on a player was £ 4 @.@ 75 million for Matteo Sereni from Sampdoria in July 2001 , following the club 's qualification for the UEFA Cup .
= = Players = =
As of 23 July 2016 .
= = = First team squad = = =
Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality .
= = = Players of the Year = = =
Towards the end of each season , a player is voted as " Player of the Year " by the fans . For the 2015 – 16 season , the player of the year is goalkeeper Bartosz Bialkowski . Bialkowski is the fourth goalkeeper to win the award and the first winner from Poland .
= = Managers = =
As of 27 February 2016 . Only permanent managers are shown .
= = Honours = =
= = Ipswich Town in popular culture = =
A number of Ipswich players appeared alongside Sylvester Stallone and Pelé in the 1981 prisoner of war film Escape to Victory , including John Wark , Russell Osman , Robin Turner , Laurie Sivell , and Kevin O 'Callaghan . Other Ipswich Town players stood in for actors in the football scenes — Kevin Beattie for Michael Caine , and Paul Cooper for Sylvester Stallone .
= = Ipswich Town Ladies = =
A ladies team affiliated with the club , Ipswich Town L.F.C. , currently compete in the FA Women 's Premier League South East Division 1 , the fourth tier of Women 's football in the country . They play their home games at Rushmere Sports Club .
= Arthur Rose Eldred =
Arthur Rose Eldred ( August 16 , 1895 – January 4 , 1951 ) was an American agricultural and railroad industry executive , civic leader , and the first Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) . As a 17 @-@ year @-@ old candidate for the highest rank bestowed by the BSA , he was personally interviewed by a panel composed of the youth organization 's founding luminaries , including Ernest Thompson Seton and Daniel Carter Beard . Eldred was awarded the coveted distinction of Eagle Scout on September 2 , 1912 , becoming the first of more than two million boys in the U.S. since then to earn Scouting 's most vaunted rank . Eldred also received the Bronze Honor Medal for lifesaving , and was the first of four generations of Eagle Scouts in his family .
A graduate of Cornell University , Eldred enlisted at age 22 in the United States Navy in January 1918 , nine months after the U.S. entry into World War I. After serving aboard various Navy vessels and seeing combat in that conflict , he then worked in the agriculture and produce transportation industries , serving as a railroad industry official . Eldred continued as an active Scout leader and school board member throughout much of his adult life .
= = Scouting as a youth = =
Eldred was born in Brooklyn , New York , and raised in Oceanside , Long Island , New York by his mother after his father died . Eldred ’ s older brother , Hubert W. Eldred , was instrumental
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
5 , 2002 . It was first released in the United States on DVD , having been released as part of the season one box set during May 2005 . The Blu ray release of Enterprise was announced in early 2013 , and was released in the United States on March 26 with the UK release following on April 1 .
= = = Controversy = = =
Almost immediately after airing , " Dear Doctor " received criticism from fans who disagreed with the conclusion of the episode . John Billingsley said in an interview afterwards that he " had a feeling that probably there ’ d be some upset " . He didn 't pay much attention to the response of fans on the internet , and said of the online criticism that he " wasn ’ t aware of it until well after the fact " . It was subsequently mentioned in an article on ethics in Star Trek written by Faith and Ethics reporter Stuart Laidlaw of the Toronto Star , who compared the actions of Phlox and Archer at the end of the episode to the response of the international community during the Rwandan Genocide .
= McDonald 's Cycle Center =
McDonald 's Cycle Center ( formerly Millennium Park Bike Station ) is an indoor bike station in the northeast corner of Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago , in the U.S. state of Illinois . The city of Chicago built the center at the intersection of East Randolph Street and Columbus Drive , and opened it July 2004 . Since June 2006 , it has been sponsored by McDonald 's and several other partners , including city departments and bicycle advocacy organizations . The bike station , which serves bicycle commuters and utility cyclists , provides lockers , showers , a snack bar with outdoor summer seating , bike repair , bike rental and 300 bicycle parking spaces . The Cycle Center is accessible by membership and day pass . It also accommodates runners and inline skaters , and provides space for a Chicago Police Department Bike Patrol Group .
Planning for the Cycle Center was part of the larger " Bike 2010 Plan " , in which the city aimed to make itself more accommodating to bicycle commuters . This plan ( now replaced by the " Bike 2015 Plan " ) included provisions for front @-@ mounted two @-@ bike carriers on Chicago Transit Authority ( CTA ) buses , permitting bikes to be carried on Chicago ' L ' trains , installing numerous bike racks and creating bicycle lanes in streets throughout the city . Additionally , the Chicago metropolitan area 's other mass transit providers , Metra and Pace , have developed increased bike accessibility . Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley was an advocate of the plan , noting it is also an environmentally friendly effort to cut down on traffic . McDonald 's controversially claimed that , since it is providing a healthier menu and fostering grade school physical education in an effort to help its customers improve their health , sponsoring bicycle and exercise activity in the park augments the company 's other initiatives .
Environmentalists , urban planners and cycling enthusiasts around the world have expressed interest in the Cycle Center , and want to emulate what they see as a success story in urban planning and transit @-@ oriented development . Pro @-@ cycling and environmentalist journalists in publications well beyond the Chicago metropolitan area have described the Cycle Center as exemplary , impressive , unique and ground @-@ breaking .
= = History and background = =
Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west , Grant Park has been Chicago 's " front yard " since the mid @-@ 19th century . Its northwest corner , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute , east of Michigan Avenue , south of Randolph Street , and west of Columbus Drive , had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . According to 2007 data released in 2008 , Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction .
The Millennium Park bicycle center was designed by David Steele of the architectural firm Muller & Muller , which won a $ 120 @,@ 000 contract to design the station by Memorial Day 2004 , and commenced the design in August 2003 . This was at a time when bike stations were in place or being planned in several U.S. cities , such as Denver , and , in California , Los Angeles , Berkeley , Long Beach and Palo Alto . Developed at the time of " Bike 2010 Plan " discussions , the station was part of Mayor Daley 's vision of Chicago as the most bicycle @-@ friendly city in the United States . From the outset the plan was to have separate operators for the Cycle Center 's rental and repair services , as well as its coffee and juice bar .
The bike station had originally been planned to occupy 10 @,@ 000 square feet ( 929 m2 ) and cost $ 2 million , but when completed , the Cycle Center was 16 @,@ 448 square feet ( 1 @,@ 528 m2 ) and located on a larger exterior plaza . The final two @-@ floor design cost $ 3 @.@ 2 million , and a federal grant from the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration for projects that lessen traffic congestion and improve air quality funded its construction .
The Cycle Center was completed in June 2004 and the official opening occurred on July 19 , 2004 , the Monday following the Millennium Park 's grand opening gala . Attendees for the ribbon cutting included Mayor Daley , CDOT Commissioner Miguel d 'Escoto , Chicago Park District General Superintendent Timothy Mitchell , and representatives from the Chicago Bike Federation , Public Building Commission , Chicago Police Department , and Chicago City Council . Managed by the Chicago Department of Transportation ( CDOT ) , the Cycle Center is on the fifth and sixth floors of the Millennium Park parking garage .
Although bicycle centers were already common throughout Europe , Long Beach , California is credited with pioneering commuter @-@ biking hubs offering valet parking , showers and repair services in the United States . As the concept grew , public agencies and private groups in other cities followed suit . The development of the Millennium Park Cycle Center was part of a reversal of bike disincentives stemming from Boub v. Township of Wayne — a 1998 Illinois Supreme Court ruling that bikes are " permitted " but not " intended " users of the roads , meaning that local governments have a limited responsibility to keep cyclists safe and that municipalities are immune from bicycle @-@ injury lawsuits unless the street has been clearly marked as a bike route . The city has been actively accommodating cyclists since 1999 through the CDOT Bike Lane Project . At the time of the July 2004 Cycle Center opening , Illinois Senate Bill 275 , which would have removed the liability disincentive to add bike lanes , mark bike routes and give cyclists reasonable protection , was at issue . At the time , the city of Chicago had 90 miles ( 140 km ) of bike lanes ( with an additional 110 miles ( 180 km ) forthcoming ) , in excess of 9 @,@ 000 bike racks , and it had implemented a policy allowing bicycles on CTA trains ( at all times excluding weekday morning and afternoon rush hours ) , CTA buses and Pace buses . In June 2005 , Metra allowed a limited number of bicycles on trains during off @-@ peak and weekend hours for the first time on a trial basis . By 2006 , the city had 315 miles ( 507 km ) of bike lanes . The planning emphasis in Chicago uses what is known as transit @-@ oriented development , which encourages developers to include bicycle parking .
The structure was originally named the Millennium Park Bike Station , but in June 2006 McDonald 's announced a $ 5 million grant to underwrite the operations of the Cycle Center for 50 years . The bike facility had been the last unsponsored component of Millennium Park . As part of the endowment , McDonald 's agreed to be the sponsor of free summer physical fitness programs such as yoga , pilates , and a variety of dance class sessions in Millennium Park for 10 years . McDonald 's agreed not to use any of its traditional commercial signage such as the Golden Arches . The McDonald 's sponsorship of the Cycle Center and park fitness activity came just a few months after Chicago was named the fattest city in America by Men 's Fitness .
The Cycle Center is designed to encourage bicycle commuting to Millennium and Grant Parks as well as to work and other nearby downtown locations , such as the Art Institute of Chicago . It represents two major initiatives by the mayor : to promote cycling and to make the city greener . By supporting cycling as an alternate form of transportation , it will help reduce traffic congestion , improve air quality and promote the health benefits of cycling .
= = Design = =
The physical focal point of the Cycle Center is an atrium that introduces the two lower levels of facilities and provides an aesthetic above @-@ ground presence . The atrium , which has been praised by Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning architecture critic Blair Kamin more than once , has a sloping solar paneled roof . The 120 solar panels produce 6 @.@ 5 percent of the electricity supply required for the climate @-@ controlled building . The Cycle Center has an opaque design , with thin steel frames for its main windows . The interior design uses stainless steel and blond wood , and shade is produced by awnings .
The Cycle Center includes parking for up to 300 bikes , lockers , an Internet station , a cafe , bike rentals , bike repair and private stall showers . During business hours , the facility has 100 spaces set aside for first @-@ come , first @-@ served usage , but after hours the facility is limited to dues @-@ paying members . In addition to the riders , the Chicago Police Lakefront Bicycle Patrol Unit is stationed at the Cycle Center . As the city 's high @-@ profile bicycle parking facility , it has served as a demonstration location for efforts to lobby for further bicycle accommodations for the Active Transportation Alliance , League of Illinois Bicyclists , and Illinois Lieutenant Governor Pat Quinn .
= = Facilities = =
When the heated and air conditioned McDonald 's Cycle Center opened , bicycle parking facilities with amenities , which had first appeared in the U.S. on the West Coast , did not exist in the Midwest . When it opened in 2006 the bike station was one of the country 's largest and most modern . The Cycle Center 's bicycle parking facilities use high @-@ capacity , two @-@ tiered DoubleParker racks that accommodate more than twice as many bicycles per square foot as traditional bike racks . These racks were manufactured by Josta , a German manufacturer of bicycle parking systems and stands . The interior design was a joint collaboration between the city of Chicago , Josta , and Cycle @-@ Safe , Inc. of Grand Rapids , Michigan , which also produces lockers and racks for bicycles . The Chicago Park District runs the station , which has a full @-@ time staff .
The Cycle Center is at 239 East Randolph Street ( at Columbus Drive ) , and offers convenient connections to mass transit at the nearby Chicago Transit Authority hub , the McCormick Place Busway and Metra trains at Millennium Station . For the annual series of festivals held in Grant Park , such as Lollapalooza and Taste of Chicago , the McDonald 's Cycle Center is complemented by the Chase Bike Valet at the corner of Lake Shore Drive and Monroe Street , which is one block east of Millennium Park . Chase Bank and organizations such as the Active Transportation Alliance sponsor the Chase Bike Valet . The city and its Cycle Center are considered exemplary by other cities in pursuit of covered , secure bicycle parking near public transportation .
= = = Membership = = =
The Cycle Center offers a wide variety of services to its members , and is busiest on Monday and Tuesday mornings . Illinois residents are eligible for Cycle Center monthly or annual memberships , which provide access to the showers and lockers ; allow participation in the shared bicycle program ; and include discounts on bicycle services , accessories , I @-@ GO car sharing membership , and City bike events . The Cycle Center is affiliated with , and provides free special @-@ event valet bicycle service for events such as Bike The Drive , L.A.T.E. Ride , and Chicago Marathon . As part of their membership agreement , members cannot store perishables and illegal substances in the lockers .
In April 2005 , the Cycle Center approached its 500 @-@ member capacity , and began a waiting list . Monthly membership was $ 15 and yearly membership was $ 90 . When the Cycle Center was renamed in 2006 , it had an approximate membership of 500 cyclists , who each paid dues of either $ 15 monthly or $ 99 annually . About 50 @,@ 000 riders used the Cycle Center in its first two years . By 2007 , the annual membership cost for those selected from the wait list was $ 20 per month or $ 149 per year . There are 240 lockers available to members . The Cycle Center has eight private stall showers , four each for men and women , that are equipped with an attached personal dressing area . The station has offered a nutritional continental breakfast including cereal , coffee , fruit , juice and yogurt .
= = = Rentals = = =
The Cycle Center offers a wide variety of bicycle styles , models and accessories for hourly , daily , weekly or monthly rental . Helmets , locks , and trail maps are included with each rental . Deposits can be secured with a valid credit card or driver 's license . Children under 18 years old must have a parent or guardian for rentals . Among the types of rentals available are tagalongs , wagons , tandem bicycles and inline skates , and discounts are available with online rentals . Bike Chicago manages the rentals at the Cycle Center , as well as at Navy Pier , North Avenue Beach and Foster Avenue Beach . The citywide rental network emulates those in cities such as Paris , where they have long been common . Showers and lockers were initially available to non @-@ members for a $ 1 fee , but by 2009 , the fee had been raised to $ 3 . One hundred lockers are available to day users .
= = = Repair = = =
The Cycle Center 's repair center offers full @-@ time professional bicycle mechanics from 10 am to 6 pm during the summer , between Memorial Day weekend and Labor Day weekend inclusive , and part @-@ time during the rest of the year . The repair center has tools available for those who want to fix their bicycle themselves . Repair services are deeply discounted .
= = = Tours = = =
The Cycle Center conducts two- to three @-@ hour tours , with reservations dependent on the seasons . Tours include the Lake Michigan lakefront , the North Side , the South Side and night @-@ time sightseeing . Self @-@ guided tours are also available . Reservations are recommended from April to August and are required during the rest of the year . In May 2006 , regular tours were offered . The biking event Le Tour de Shore was held over 2 days in 2008 . Starting at the Cycle Center , the event took riders 90 miles ( 140 km ) near Lake Michigan , through the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore , and along the backroads of both Indiana and Michigan . The Chicago Trolley Company takes bicyclists from the Cycle Center to the DuSable Museum of African American History twice daily for the Presidential Bike tour , which starts on the South Side of Chicago . The bike tour travels to Barack Obama 's home in the Kenwood community area , the place of his and Michelle Obama 's marriage and other culturally related destinations .
= = Critical review = =
The Chicago Tribune 's architecture critic , Blair Kamin , gave the Cycle Center three stars ( out of a possible four ) , described as a " gem " for the city and praised several elements of its detail . It has received accolades from numerous architecture and bicycling enthusiasts . Other Tribune writers have described the station as an " oasis for the urban cyclist " and reminiscent of " a hip health club " . The Toronto Star described it similarly , saying that it is a " jewel @-@ like glass building " with " amenities of an upscale health club " ; it quoted a cycling advocate who said " It 's not heaven , but it 's close " . According to The Plain Dealer , the Cycle Center is the United States ' " best @-@ known [ bike ] station " , while The Oregonian describes it as " the ultimate in bicycle stations " . The Boston Globe felt that the Cycle Center put Chicago over the top as the nation 's most cycling @-@ friendly city .
The Cycle Center avoided much of the controversy that beset most of Millennium Park by remaining open during the paid rental of a large portion of the park by Toyota on September 8 , 2005 . What proved more controversial were McDonald 's claims that , since it is providing a healthier menu and fostering grade school physical education in an effort to help its customers improve their health , sponsoring bicycle and exercise activity in the park augments the company 's other initiatives . Longtime writer for the Chicago Tribune and current Tribune health and fitness reporter , Julie Deardorff , described the move as a continuation of the ' " McDonaldization " of America ' and as somewhat " insidious " because the company is making itself more prominent as the social sentiment is to move away from fast food .
The Cycle Center has helped Chicago to become known as a cycling @-@ friendly city . According to an article in The Washington Post based on selections by the Adventure Cycling Association and Bicycling magazine , Chicago is one of the ten most cycling @-@ friendly cities in the U.S. because of the Cycle Center and the Chicago Department of Transportation 's Bicycle Program . The Cycle Center was featured in the Federal Transit Administration 's April 2009 report to the United States Congress on a new generation of innovative transit systems entitled Reinventing Transit : American communities finding smarter , cleaner , faster transportation solutions . Cities as far away as Melbourne , Australia , point to Chicago as an example of a city with cycling @-@ friendly features because of the Cycle Center ( they also used European cities such as Amsterdam and Lyon , France , as well as U.S. cities such as Davis , California and Portland , Oregon as examples ) . The Chicago Architecture Foundation awarded its 2004 Stein Ray & Harris Patron of the Year award in the governmental category to Millennium Park , specifically mentioning the bike station , Commissioner d 'Escoto and the City of Chicago Department of Transportation , along with several other leaders responsible for the development of other park features .
= Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince =
Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince is the sixth and penultimate novel in the Harry Potter series , written by British author J. K. Rowling . Set during protagonist Harry Potter 's sixth year at Hogwarts , the novel explores the past of Harry 's nemesis , Lord Voldemort , and Harry 's preparations for the final battle against Voldemort alongside his headmaster and mentor Albus Dumbledore .
The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic on 16 July 2005 , as well as in several other countries . It sold nine million copies in the first 24 hours after its release , a record at the time which was eventually broken by its sequel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . There were many controversies before and after it was published , including the right to read the copies delivered prior to the release date in Canada . Reception to the novel was generally positive and it won several awards and honours , including the 2006 British Book of the Year award .
Reviewers noted that the book took on a darker tone than its predecessors , though it did contain some humour . Some considered the main themes to be love and death , and trust and redemption . The character development of Harry and several other teenage characters was also remarked upon .
The film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince was released 15 July 2009 by Warner Bros.
= = Plot = =
Severus Snape , a member of the Order of the Phoenix , meets with Narcissa Malfoy , Draco 's mother , who expresses concern that her son might not survive a dangerous mission given to him by Lord Voldemort . He makes an Unbreakable Vow with her to protect and assist Draco in his mission .
Dumbledore takes Harry to the temporary home of Horace Slughorn , former Potions teacher at Hogwarts , and persuades him to return to teach . Harry is taken to the Burrow , where Hermione has already arrived . The next morning they get their Ordinary Wizarding Level ( O.W.L. ) results , and school supplies lists . Later , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger follow Draco to Dark Arts supplier Borgin and Burkes . Harry is instantly suspicious of Draco , whom he believes to be a Death Eater .
The students return to school , where Dumbledore announces that Snape would be teaching Defence Against the Dark Arts this year , while Slughorn would resume his post as Potions teacher . Harry now excels in Potions , thanks to having received a used Potions textbook that once belonged to someone named " The Half @-@ Blood Prince " , who wrote numerous tips and spells in his Potions textbook . The Half @-@ Blood Prince 's tips help Harry win a bottle of Felix Felicis , or lucky potion , from his lessons . However , Harry 's newfound brilliance in potions angers Hermione and causes much tension between the two .
Believing that Harry needs to learn Voldemort 's past to gain advantage in a foretold battle , Dumbledore schedules regular meetings with Harry , in which they use Dumbledore 's Pensieve to look at memories of those who have had direct contact with Voldemort . Harry learns about Voldemort 's family and his evolution into a murderer obsessed not only with power , but with gaining eternal life .
Using his Felix Felicis , Harry eventually succeeds in retrieving one of Slughorn 's memories about how he revealed the secrets about splitting one 's soul and hiding it in several objects called Horcruxes , granting Voldemort immortality . Dumbledore explains that in order to grant him mortality , all the horcruxes must be destroyed . Two Horcruxes , including Riddle 's Diary from Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , have already been destroyed but five others remain .
The love lives of the main characters come into play during the year . Ron and Hermione grow closer together , but after learning from his sister Ginny that Hermione had previously kissed Viktor Krum , Ron shuns her . Harry 's attempts to repair things between the two fail , resulting in Ron going out with Lavender Brown to make Hermione jealous . Ron and Hermione later reconcile after Ron is nearly killed in an attempt on Dumbledore 's life . As a result of this , Ron and Lavender break up when Lavender sees the two of them walking out of the girl 's dormitories together . However , this was only because she hadn 't noticed Harry , who had already hurried on ahead . Harry meanwhile falls in love with Ginny , but he is reluctant to enter a relationship with her for most of the year because of his friendship with Ron . He does enter in a relationship with her though , with the permission of Ron .
Later in the year , Harry and Dumbledore journey to a cave to retrieve a Horcrux . Dumbledore expertly finds a secret passageway to a hollow , where Harry and Dumbledore take a boat across the toxic lake . They reach the basin where the Horcrux is hidden underneath a potion . Dumbledore drinks the potion , which severely weakens him , while Harry fights off Voldemort 's Inferi . They take the Horcrux , Slytherin 's locket , and return to find that the Dark Mark has been placed over Hogwarts in their absence . Dumbledore uses his magic to freeze Harry in place while Harry remains hidden by his cloak of invisibility . Draco arrives , accompanied by Death Eaters that he helped get inside Hogwarts . Draco disarms Dumbledore of his wand then threatens to kill him , acting on his mission from Voldemort . Dumbledore tries to stall Draco , who is unable to go through with it , but Snape arrives and kills Dumbledore .
Because of Dumbledore 's death , his spell on Harry is broken , and Harry rushes after Snape to avenge Dumbledore . Snape reveals that he is the Half @-@ Blood Prince and escapes with Draco and the other Death Eaters . Later , Harry finds out that the locket is not the real Horcrux , containing only a note from someone named " R. A. B. " .
After Dumbledore 's funeral , Harry breaks up with Ginny , saying it is too dangerous for their relationship to continue . Harry is so devastated by Dumbledore 's death , he decides to tell his friends he will not be returning to Hogwarts next year and will instead search out and kill Voldemort by destroying all of the Horcruxes . Ron and Hermione vow to join him in destroying Lord Voldemort for good .
= = Development = =
= = = Franchise = = =
Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince is the sixth book in the Harry Potter series . The first book in the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997 , with an initial print @-@ run of 500 copies in hardback , 300 of which were distributed to libraries . By the end of 1997 , the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9- to 11 @-@ year @-@ olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize . The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the longest novel in the Harry Potter series , was released 21 June 2003 . After the publishing of Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince , the seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was released 21 July 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release : 2 @.@ 7 million copies in the UK and 8 @.@ 3 million in the US .
= = = Background = = =
Rowling stated that she had Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince " planned for years " , but she spent two months going over her plan before she began writing seriously . This was a lesson learned after she did not check the plan for Goblet of Fire and had to rewrite a third of the book . She started writing the book before her second child , David , was born , but she took a break to care for him . The first chapter , " The Other Minister " , which features the meeting between the Muggle Prime Minister , the Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge , and his successor , Rufus Scrimgeour , was a concept Rowling tried to start in Philosopher 's Stone , Prisoner of Azkaban , and Order of the Phoenix , but she found " it finally works " in Half @-@ Blood Prince . She stated that she was " seriously upset " writing the end of the book , although Goblet of Fire was the hardest to write . When asked if she liked the book , she responded , " I like it better than I liked ' Goblet ' , ' Phoenix ' or ' Chamber ' when I finished them . Book six does what I wanted it to do and even if nobody else likes it ( and some won 't ) , I know it will remain one of my favourites of the series . Ultimately you have to please yourself before you please anyone else ! "
Rowling revealed the title of Half @-@ Blood Prince on her website on 29 June 2004 . This was the title she had once considered for the second book , Chamber of Secrets , though she decided that the information disclosed belonged better in book six . On 21 December 2004 , she announced she had finished writing it , along with the release date of 16 July . Bloomsbury unveiled the cover on 8 March 2005 .
= = Controversies = =
The record @-@ breaking publication of Half @-@ Blood Prince was accompanied by controversy . In May 2005 , bookmakers in the UK suspended bets on which main character would die in the book amid fears of insider knowledge . A number of high value bets were made on the death of Albus Dumbledore , many coming from the town of Bungay where , it was believed , the books were being printed at the time . Betting was later reopened . Additionally , in response to Greenpeace 's campaign on using forest friendly paper for big @-@ name authors , Bloomsbury published the book on 30 % recycled paper .
= = = Right @-@ to @-@ read controversy = = =
In early July 2005 , a Real Canadian Superstore in Coquitlam , British Columbia , Canada , accidentally sold fourteen copies of The Half @-@ Blood Prince before the authorised release date . The Canadian publisher , Raincoast Books , obtained an injunction from the Supreme Court of British Columbia prohibiting the purchasers from reading the books before the official release date or from discussing the contents . Purchasers were offered a Harry Potter T @-@ shirt and an autographed copy of the book if they returned their copies before 16 July .
On 15 July , less than twelve hours before the book went on sale in the Eastern time zone , Raincoast warned The Globe and Mail newspaper that publishing a review from a Canada @-@ based writer at midnight , as the paper had promised , would be seen as a violation of the trade secret injunction . The injunction sparked a number of news articles alleging that the injunction had restricted fundamental rights . Canadian law professor Michael Geist posted commentary on his blog ; Richard Stallman called for a boycott , requesting the publisher issue an apology . The Globe and Mail published a review from two UK @-@ based writers in its 16 July edition and posted the Canadian writer 's review on its website at 9 : 00 that morning . Commentary was also provided on the Raincoast website .
= = Style and themes = =
Some reviewers noted that Half @-@ Blood Prince contained a darker tone than the previous Potter novels . The Christian Science Monitor 's reviewer Yvonne Zipp considered the first half to contain a lighter tone to soften the unhappy ending . The Boston Globe reviewer Liz Rosenberg wrote , " lightness [ is ] slimmer than ever in this darkening series ... [ there is ] a new charge of gloom and darkness . I felt depressed by the time I was two @-@ thirds of the way through " . She also compared the setting to Charles Dickens 's depictions of London , as it was " brooding , broken , gold @-@ lit , as living character as any other " . Christopher Paolini called the darker tone " disquieting " because it was so different from the earlier books . Liesl Schillinger , a contributor to The New York Times book review , also noted that Half @-@ Blood Prince was " far darker " but " leavened with humor , romance and snappy dialogue " . She suggested a connection to the 11 September attacks , as the later , darker novels were written after that event . David Kipen , a critic of the San Francisco Chronicle considered the " darkness as a sign of our paranoid times " and singled out curfews and searches that were part of the tightened security at Hogwarts , as a resemblance to our world .
Julia Keller , a critic for the Chicago Tribune , highlighted the humour found in the novel and claimed it to be the success of the Harry Potter saga . She acknowledged that " the books are dark and scary in places " but " no darkness in Half @-@ Blood Prince ... is so immense that it cannot be rescued by a snicker or a smirk . " She considered that Rowling was suggesting that difficult times could be worked through with imagination , hope , and humour , and compared this concept to works such as Madeleine L 'Engle 's A Wrinkle in Time and Kenneth Grahame 's The Wind in the Willows .
Rosenberg wrote that the two main themes of Half @-@ Blood Prince were love and death and praised Rowling 's " affirmation of their central position in human lives " . She considered love to be represented in several forms : the love of parent to child , teacher to student , and the romances that developed between the characters . Zipp noted trust and redemption to be themes promising to continue in the final book , which she thought " would add a greater layer of nuance and complexity to some characters who could sorely use it . " Deepti Hajela also pointed out Harry 's character development , that he was " no longer a boy wizard ; he 's a young man , determined to seek out and face a young man 's challenges " . Paolini had similar views , claiming , " the children have changed ... they act like real teenagers . "
= = Publication and reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince was met with positive reviews . Liesl Schillinger of The New York Times praised the novel 's various themes and suspenseful ending . However , she considered Rowling 's gift " not so much for language as for characterisation and plotting " . Kirkus Reviews said it " will leave readers pleased , amused , excited , scared , infuriated , delighted , sad , surprised , thoughtful and likely wondering where Voldemort has got to , since he appears only in flashbacks " . They considered Rowling 's " wry wit " to turn into " outright merriment " , but called the climax " tragic , but not uncomfortably shocking " . Yvonne Zipp of The Christian Science Monitor praised the way Rowling evolved Harry into a teenager and how the plot threads found as far back as Chamber of Secrets came into play . On the other hand , she noted that it " gets a little exposition @-@ heavy in spots " and older readers may have seen the ending coming .
Christopher Paolini , writing for Entertainment Weekly , pointed out that the change of tone was " disquieting " as the world evolved , and praised the character development , though he considered Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire the best . The Boston Globe correspondent Liz Rosenberg wrote , " The book bears the mark of genius on every page " and praised the imagery and darker tone of the book , considering that the series could be crossing over from fantasy to horror . The Associated Press writer Deepti Hajela praised the newfound emotional tones and ageing Harry to the point where " younger fans may find [ the series ] has grown up too much " . Emily Green , a staff writer of the Los Angeles Times , was generally positive about the book but was concerned whether young children could handle the material . Cultural critic Julia Keller of the Chicago Tribune called it the " most eloquent and substantial addition to the series thus far " and considered the key to the success of the Potter novels to be humour .
= = = Awards and honours = = =
Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince has won several awards , including the 2006 British Book of the Year Award and the 2006 Royal Mail Award for Scottish Children 's Books for ages 8 – 12 in its native United Kingdom . In the United States , the American Library Association listed it among its 2006 Best Books for Young Adults . It won both the 2005 reader @-@ voted Quill Awards for Best Book of the Year and Best Children 's Book . It also won the Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Seal for notable book .
= = = Sales = = =
Before publication , 1 @.@ 4 million advanced orders were placed for Half @-@ Blood Prince on Amazon.com , breaking the record held by the previous novel , Order of the Phoenix , with 1 @.@ 3 million . The initial print run for Half @-@ Blood Prince was a record @-@ breaking 10 @.@ 8 million . Within the first 24 hours of release , the book sold 9 million copies worldwide , 2 million in the UK and about 6 @.@ 9 million in the U.S. , which prompted Scholastic to rush an additional 2 @.@ 7 million copies into print . Within the first nine weeks of publication , 11 million copies of the U.S. edition were reported to have been sold . The U.S. audiobook , read by Jim Dale , set sales records with 165 @,@ 000 sold over two days , besting the adaptation of Order of the Phoenix by twenty percent .
= = Translations = =
Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince was published simultaneously in the UK , the US , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . Along with the rest of the books in the Harry Potter series , it was eventually translated into 67 languages . However , because of high security surrounding the manuscript , translators did not get to start on translating Half @-@ Blood Prince until its English release date , and the earliest were not expected to be released until the fall of 2005 . In Germany , a group of " hobby translators " translated the book via Internet in less than two days after release , far before German translator Klaus Fritz could translate and publish the book .
= = Editions = =
Since its wide hardcover release on 16 July 2005 , Half @-@ Blood Prince was released as a paperback on 23 June 2006 in the UK . Two days later on 25 July , the paperback edition was released in Canada and the U.S. , where it had an initial print run of 2 million copies . To celebrate the release of the American paperback edition , Scholastic held a six @-@ week sweepstakes event in which participants in an online poll were entered to win prizes . Simultaneous to the original hardcover release was the UK adult edition , featuring a new cover , and which was also released as a paperback on 23 June . Also released on 16 July was the Scholastic " Deluxe Edition " , which featured reproductions of Mary Grandpré 's artwork and had a print run of about 100 @,@ 000 copies . Bloomsbury later released a paperback " Special Edition " on 6 July 2009 and a " Signature Edition " paperback on 1 November 2010 .
= = Film adaptation = =
The film adaptation of the sixth book was originally scheduled to be released on 21 November 2008 , but was changed to 15 July 2009 . Directed by David Yates , the screenplay was adapted by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman and David Barron . The film grossed over $ 934 million worldwide , which made it the second @-@ highest grossing film of 2009 worldwide and the fifteenth highest of all time . Additionally , Half @-@ Blood Prince gained an Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography .
= SMS Kolberg =
SMS Kolberg was a light cruiser of the German Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) during the First World War , the lead ship of her class . She had three sister ships , SMS Mainz , Cöln , and Augsburg . She was built by the Schichau @-@ Werke ; her hull was laid down in early 1908 and she was launched later that year , in November . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in June 1910 . She was armed with a main battery of twelve 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns and had a top speed of 25 @.@ 5 kn ( 47 @.@ 2 km / h ; 29 @.@ 3 mph ) .
Kolberg saw action in several engagements with the British during the war , including the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby in December 1914 and the Battle of Dogger Bank the following month . She also saw action against the Russians on two occasions , during the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 and Operation Albion in November 1917 . After the end of the war , she was ceded to France as a war prize and renamed Colmar . She served only briefly in the French Navy , including a deployment to Asia in 1924 . She was stricken in 1927 and broken up two years later .
= = Design = =
Kolberg was ordered under the contract name Ersatz Greif and was laid down in early 1908 at the Schichau @-@ Werke shipyard in Danzig . She was launched on 14 November 1908 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 21 June 1910 . The ship was 130 @.@ 50 meters ( 428 ft 2 in ) long overall and had a beam of 14 m ( 45 ft 11 in ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 58 m ( 18 ft 4 in ) forward . She displaced 4 @,@ 915 t ( 4 @,@ 837 long tons ; 5 @,@ 418 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of Melms & Pfenniger steam turbines driving four 2 @.@ 25 @-@ meter ( 7 ft 5 in ) propellers . They were designed to give 19 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 13 @,@ 974 kW ; 18 @,@ 740 shp ) . These were powered by fifteen coal @-@ fired Marine water @-@ tube boilers . These gave the ship a top speed of 25 @.@ 5 knots ( 47 @.@ 2 km / h ; 29 @.@ 3 mph ) . Kolberg carried 970 t ( 950 long tons ; 1 @,@ 070 short tons ) of coal that gave her a range of approximately 3 @,@ 250 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 020 km ; 3 @,@ 740 mi ) at 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) . Kolberg had a crew of eighteen officers and 349 enlisted men .
The ship was armed with twelve 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , eight were located amidships , four on either side , and two were side by side aft . These were replaced in 1916 – 1917 with six 15 cm SK L / 45 guns . She also carried four 5 @.@ 2 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) SK L / 55 anti @-@ aircraft guns , though these were replaced with a pair of two 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns in 1918 . She was also equipped with a pair of 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . Two deck @-@ mounted 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tube launchers were added in 1918 . She could also carry 100 mines . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the deck was covered with up to 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick armor plate .
= = Service history = =
After her commissioning in 1910 , Kolberg served with the reconnaissance forces of the German fleet . On 14 October 1914 , Kolberg and the minelaying cruiser Nautilus steamed into the North Sea to lay a minefield off the Firth of Forth , but upon realizing British forces were operating off the Dogger Bank , they broke off the operation and returned to port . Kolberg 's first major action of World War I was the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby on 15 – 16 December 1914 . She was assigned to the II Scouting Group with three other light cruisers , tasked with screening for the battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group , commanded by Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper . While the battlecruisers were conducting the bombardments of the towns , Kolberg laid a field of 100 mines off the British coast . When the German forces withdrew , the weather became bad enough that Hipper ordered the other light cruisers to steam independently to the rendezvous with the main fleet ; Kolberg had meanwhile joined up with the battlecruisers and proceeded with them .
A little over a month later , she saw action at the Battle of Dogger Bank , on 24 January 1915 . The engagement began when Kolberg encountered the British cruiser HMS Aurora ; both ships opened fire , drawing the British and German battlecruiser squadrons to the action . Kolberg quickly scored two hits on Aurora , which replied with two hits of her own . One of the shells struck Kolberg below the waterline and the other shell hit the ship above the waterline ; the hits killed two men . In August 1915 , the ship went into the Baltic to participate in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga . She was assigned to serve as a flotilla leader for three and a half flotillas of torpedo boats , as part of an assault force into the Gulf of Riga . On the 10th , she joined the battlecruiser SMS Von der Tann to shell the island of Utö , though numerous reports of submarines in the area convinced the Germans to withdraw . On either 15 or 16 August 1915 , a Russian submarine fired a single torpedo at Kolberg which missed .
In November 1917 , Kolberg returned to the Baltic , for another attack on the Gulf of Riga , Operation Albion . By this point , she had been assigned as the flagship of the VI Scouting Group along with her sister Augsburg and Strassburg . At 06 : 00 on 14 October 1917 , the three ships left Libau to escort minesweeping operations in the Gulf of Riga . They were attacked by Russian 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) coastal guns on their approach and were temporarily forced to turn away . By 08 : 45 , however , they had anchored off the Mikailovsk Bank and the minesweepers began to clear a path in the minefields . Two days later , Strassburg and Kolberg joined the dreadnoughts König and Kronprinz for a sweep of the Gulf of Riga . In the ensuing Battle of Moon Sound , the battleships destroyed the old pre @-@ dreadnought Slava and forced the pre @-@ dreadnought Grazhdanin to leave the Gulf . Later that day , Kolberg moved into the Gulf and engaged a Russian coastal battery at Woi on Moon Island for ten minutes , starting at 13 : 35 . The Russian guns did not return fire , so Kolberg ceased firing , and at 14 : 25 , anchored in the Kleinen Sound with Strassburg . A landing party of forty men was assembled to capture the Russian guns at Woi ; they landed on the island at 15 : 45 and by 17 : 30 , the landing party had captured the guns and rendered them inoperable .
By 1918 , Kolberg was reduced to serve as a coastal defense ship . She was stricken from the naval register on 5 November 1919 , and subsequently surrendered to the French in Cherbourg on 28 April 1920 , under the name " W " . She was commissioned in the French Navy as Colmar . In 1924 , she was assigned to a colonial tour in Asia , along with the old armored cruiser Jules Ferry . In September 1924 , the two French ships contributed to a multi @-@ national landing party of around 1 @,@ 800 men drawn together due to violence in Shanghai . She remained in French service for only a few years , until she was stricken on 21 July 1927 . Ultimately , she was broken up for scrap two years later in Brest , France .
= Silent Hill 4 =
Silent Hill 4 : The Room is a survival horror video game , the fourth installment in the Silent Hill series , published by Konami and developed by Team Silent , a production group within Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo . The game was released in Japan in June 2004 and in North America and Europe in September of the same year . Silent Hill 4 was released for the PlayStation 2 , Xbox and Microsoft Windows . Its soundtrack was released at the same time . In 2012 , it was released on the Japanese PlayStation Network .
Unlike the previous installments , which were set primarily in the town of Silent Hill , this game is set in the fictional town of South Ashfield , and follows Henry Townshend as he attempts to escape from his locked @-@ down apartment . During the course of the game , Henry explores a series of supernatural worlds and finds himself in conflict with an undead serial killer .
Silent Hill 4 features an altered gameplay style with third @-@ person navigation and plot elements taken from previous installments . Upon its release , the game received generally positive critical reaction , and its departure from the typical features of the series received a range of reactions .
= = Gameplay = =
The objective of Silent Hill 4 : The Room is to guide player character Henry Townshend as he seeks to escape from his apartment . Gameplay centers on the apartment , which is shown through a first @-@ person perspective and contains the only save point . The other areas of the game are reached through holes formed in the apartment . For the first half of the game , the room restores Henry 's " health " ( a measure of the amount of damage that he can endure before ' dying ' ) ; in the second half of the game , however , the room becomes possessed by hauntings that drain his health .
In the main levels of the game the player uses the usual third @-@ person view of the Silent Hill series . The player has a limited item inventory which can be managed by leaving unneeded items in a chest in Henry 's room . Silent Hill 4 emphasizes combat during gameplay , with a near @-@ absence of complex puzzles in favor of simple item @-@ seeking tasks . Unlike previous games in the series , separate difficulty settings for combat and puzzles are not available , changing the combat difficulty also affects the difficulty of puzzles . In the second half of the game Henry is accompanied and helped in combat by his neighbor Eileen Galvin ; Eileen cannot die while she is with Henry , although as she takes damage she succumbs to possession . The damage Eileen takes in the game determines whether or not she dies during the final boss fight , directly affecting the ending achieved .
= = = Combat = = =
Combat in Silent Hill 4 follows the pattern set by the other games with a few key differences . The player has access to a variety of melee weapons but only two firearms . Certain melee weapons are breakable . Items which can be equipped such as talismans ( which protect the player from damage from the hauntings in Henry 's room ) will eventually break after a short period of use . Another key difference in the combat system is that melee attacks may be " charged " before they are used , inflicting a greater amount of damage to an opponent than a quick attack .
One of the most significant changes is the introduction of immortal ghosts of antagonist Walter Sullivan 's victims . The ghosts , which have the ability to hurt Henry , can be nullified by two items . These items can also exorcise the hauntings in Henry 's apartment . Ghosts can also be knocked down for a lengthy period of time with one of two special bullets or pinned permanently with a special sword .
= = Plot = =
= = = Characters = = =
The protagonist and player character of Silent Hill 4 is Henry Townshend , a resident of the South Ashfield Heights Apartments building in the fictitious town of Ashfield . Henry is an " average " man who has been described by Konami as an introvert in his late 20s . For the most part Henry navigates the game 's world alone , although he eventually works with his neighbor Eileen Galvin . Henry also deals with the new supporting characters of Cynthia Velázquez , Andrew DeSalvo , Richard Braintree and Jasper Gein .
Silent Hill 4 : The Room incorporates two unseen , minor characters from previous installments : investigative journalist Joseph Schreiber and deceased serial killer Walter Sullivan . Joseph was first referenced in Silent Hill 3 with a magazine article he has written condemning the " Hope House " orphanage run by Silent Hill 's religious cult , which the game 's protagonist , Heather , can discover . In Silent Hill 2 , Walter is referenced in a newspaper article detailing his suicide in his jail cell after his murder of two children . Sullivan appears in two forms : an undead adult enemy and a neutral child supporting character . Walter 's previous victims play a small role in the game as enemies .
= = = Story = = =
At the beginning of the game , Henry Townshend has been locked in his apartment in South Ashfield for five days with no means of communication and having recurring nightmares . Shortly afterwards , a hole appears in the wall of his bathroom , through which he enters alternate dimensions . His first destination is an abandoned subway station , where he meets Cynthia Velázquez , a woman convinced she is dreaming and who is soon killed by an unknown man . Awakening in his apartment , he hears confirmation on his radio that she is indeed dead in the real world . Similar events repeat with the next three people Henry finds : Jasper Gein ; Andrew DeSalvo , a former employee of an orphanage run by Silent Hill 's cult ; and Richard Braintree , a resident in Henry 's apartment complex . All the deaths bear similarities to the deceased serial killer Walter Sullivan 's modus operandi .
Henry finds scraps of the diary of his apartment 's former occupant , journalist Joseph Schreiber , who was investigating Walter 's murder spree . Walter is an orphan who has been led to believe his biological mother was in Henry 's apartment , where he had been found abandoned after birth . To " purify " the apartment , Walter , now in an undead state , is attempting to complete a ritual , which requires twenty @-@ one murders to be committed . Midway through the game , a child manifestation of Walter interrupts the murder of the intended twentieth victim , Eileen Galvin , and she joins Henry trying to find Joseph . At the same time , supernatural occurrences begin to manifest in Henry 's apartment . The two eventually find Joseph 's ghost , who tells them that their only escape is to kill Walter and reveals that Henry is the intended twenty @-@ first victim .
Shortly after Henry acquires Walter 's umbilical cord , an item required to kill him , Eileen leaves Henry and returns to his apartment , either hoping to stop Walter from completing the ritual or under Walter 's possession . He finds her with Walter , possessed and about to walk into a deathtrap , and a fight between the two men ensues . There are four possible endings , determined by whether or not Eileen survived the fight and on the condition of Henry 's apartment . The " 21 Sacraments " ending sees Walter and his child manifestation in his apartment , while the radio reveals that Henry and Eileen have died , along with the superintendent Frank Sunderland and several others . In " Eileen 's Death , " Henry awakens in his apartment , and learns from his radio that Eileen has died , to his sorrow . In " Mother , " Henry escapes from his apartment building , and brings flowers to Eileen , who plans to return to the apartment building . His apartment , meanwhile , has become completely possessed . " Escape " begins similarly to the " Mother " ending , but Eileen resolves to find a new place to live , and his apartment is not shown to be possessed . There is no UFO " joke ending " , a staple of the series .
= = Development = =
Development of the fourth Silent Hill game by Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo 's development group Team Silent began shortly after the release of Silent Hill 2 and alongside Silent Hill 3 , with the intentions of creating a new style of game that would take the series in a different direction than the previous games . Despite what has been popularized around the Internet , Silent Hill 4 was always meant to be connected to Silent Hill and not an unrelated separate horror game that later became a Silent Hill title , although different gameplay mechanics and change were intended . News of the game 's development was made public by October 2003 , and official announcements by Konami followed at Gamers ' Day 2004 . The game was produced by the series ' recurring sound designer and composer Akira Yamaoka . Its working title , prior to its incorporation into the rest of the series , was simply Room 302 .
The main concept behind the new game structure was to take the idea of " the room " as " the safest part of your world " and make it a danger zone . The first @-@ person perspective was included in this area of the game to give the room 's navigation a personal and claustrophobic feel . The producers nonetheless retained the classic third @-@ person perspective in all other areas to accommodate the increased emphasis on action and combat . The developers re @-@ used locations already explored in the first half of the game to show the changes undergone by each character introduced in the locations .
It was noted that the game , like previous titles in the series , refers to the film Jacob 's Ladder ( 1990 ) and that the protagonist Henry Townshend shares a likeness to actor Peter Krause . The architecture of the apartment and the addition of the hole is comparable to a similar non @-@ Euclidean space in author Mark Z. Danielewski 's novel House of Leaves ( 2000 ) . Other nods includes the novel Rosemary 's Baby ( 1967 ) , American television series Twin Peaks ( 1990 – 1991 ) , and American horror author Stephen King . The creators of the game have acknowledged writer Ryū Murakami 's book Coin Locker Babies ( 1980 ) as an inspiration for the game 's premise .
= = Music = =
The soundtrack for Silent Hill 4 : The Room was released alongside the game in 2004 , composed by Akira Yamaoka with vocals by Mary Elizabeth McGlynn and Joe Romersa . The Japanese version featured a second disk containing music by series composer Akira Yamaoka played along to the reading of traditional Japanese stories . The American version contained 13 exclusive tracks and remixes .
A remix of the song " Your Rain " from the game 's soundtrack was used on Konami 's Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME . Several tracks from the game were also featured in the Silent Hill Experience promotional UMD .
= = Release and reception = =
Silent Hill 4 : The Room was first released in Japan on June 17 , 2004 . The game was shipped for its subsequent North American and European releases on September 7 , with pre @-@ ordering customers receiving the soundtrack for free with the game in the former market . The game , alongside its two PS2 predecessors , was rereleased in 2006 as part of The Silent Hill Collection European boxset , as a tie @-@ in with the release of the Silent Hill film , and again in 2009 . Microsoft has confirmed that their Xbox 360 console is backward compatible with the game 's Xbox port .
The previews of Silent Hill 4 : The Room provided at E3 2004 led IGN to name it the best PlayStation 2 adventure game in show . Upon its release in 2004 the game also attracted the attention of mainstream news outlets CNN , the BBC and The Times . Silent Hill 4 topped game sales charts in Japan during a video game sales slump , but dropped to tenth place one week later . Official statements by Konami referred to sales of the game in North America as " favorable . "
Review aggregator Metacritic shows an average score rating of 76 out of 100 for both the PS2 and Xbox versions , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Marc Saltzman of CNN wrote : " Unlike Hollywood horror movies that often get worse with each new sequel ( " Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan , " for example ) , Konami 's scary Silent Hill series gets better -- and creepier -- with age . " Video game magazine Game Informer praised Silent Hill 4 : The Room , stating that its " disarming voyeurism , bizarre camera angles , and exceptionally well @-@ placed tension is what the series has been trying to do all along , but The Room is the first entry to do it right . " According to a reviewer for Edge magazine , " [ l ] ook at it one way , and it 's a choking journey with unprecedented attention to unease and psychological horror , a game framed with unparalleled sophistication . From another angle , it 's just a clunky PSone throwback , with all the design wit of a dodo . " The New York Times found it completely lacking in " true terror . "
The plot of the game was generally well received by reviewers , who praised it as horrifying , compelling , and " dark " . 1UP.com praised the titular room as constantly maintaining a sense of unease for the player . Game Revolution enjoyed the relatively normal appearance of the environment outside Henry 's room at the game 's beginning , writing : " Are these strange otherworlds real , or are they just the nightmares of some lunatic shut @-@ in who chained up his own door ? It effectively blurs the line between reality and delusion , leading to a singularly creepy game . " In contrast , IGN 's Douglass C. Perry felt that the familiarity of the story as compared with the other Silent Hill storylines detracted from its horror appeal , although he cared about its characters more than in previous games . Critics were , for the most part , pleased with the voice acting in the game , although it did receive criticism for the characters ' calmness . Nevertheless , producer and composer Akira Yamaoka said that the characters were , to him , " a little weak . "
The graphics of the game environments were praised as detailed . According to Bethany Massimilla of GameSpot , " The game looks its best in corroded , bloody , gritty environments , like the damp , steel halls of the water prison or the subterranean subway layers that , at one point in the game , are walled in living , moving flesh . " The character and monster designs received praise as well @-@ done . Reviewers generally commended the audio as contributing to the horror of the game , although 1UP wrote that it was sub @-@ par for the series .
The gameplay 's departures from that of previous installments in the series drew a range of reactions . GameZone enjoyed the changes , writing that they were needed to keep the series fresh . The decision to place the only save point and storage area for items in the titular room , with no option to discard unwanted items , was generally criticised , with reviewers finding it inconvenient to have to return there . The puzzles had mixed reactions . Kristan Reed of Eurogamer expressed disappointment with the degree to which the game had been geared as a combat game with an absence of standard Silent Hill puzzles , while GameSpy 's Bryn Williams worried that the puzzles ' obscurity and " non @-@ lateral " nature might discourage more casual players . IGN disliked the replacement of logic @-@ based puzzles in favour of obtaining various items , and was also displeased by the lack of boss fights . Another source of criticism was the repetition of the first four environments during the second half of the game .
Metacritic shows a lower average rating of 67 out of 100 for the PC version , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . IGN 's Perry complained about " the blurriest textures we 've seen in years and some serious graphical glitches " and " extremely low mouse sensitivity " inhibiting gameplay . GameSpot 's review praised the graphics as having " been optimized well for the PC " but acknowledging " keyboard and mouse controls just don 't fare that well in an environment of constantly shifting perspective views that can make navigation frustrating . "
= Hurricane Neddy =
" Hurricane Neddy " is the eighth episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 29 , 1996 . It was written by Steve Young , directed by Bob Anderson and features a cameo by Jon Lovitz as Jay Sherman from The Critic . In this episode , " Hurricane Barbara " viciously strikes Springfield but , by pure chance , the house of Ned Flanders is the only one destroyed . As a result , he begins to lose his faith in both God and the townspeople around him , especially Homer , as he suffers a nervous breakdown .
= = Plot = =
In midst of a quiet afternoon , the wind starts to pick up , which leads Lisa to find out that a hurricane is on the way . Lisa warns Homer , but he is skeptical since there has been no record of a hurricane ever hitting Springfield . Lisa reminds her father that the records only go back to 1978 , " when the Hall of Records was mysteriously blown away " . The evening news confirms that " Hurricane Barbara " is close , resulting in panicked citizens storming the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart and Homer attempting to secure the Simpson home . The hurricane strikes and after a few treacherous hours , the storm ends and the family cautiously leaves the basement . Initially , they are thankful to see that their home is untouched and Marge comments that everything works out if one has a little faith .
Meanwhile , next door Ned emerges from a heap of rubble and sees that his house was destroyed , along with everything else he owned except the family gravestones , while all the houses around his are intact . Ned is relieved that his family escaped serious injury , but it turns out to be little solace since he does not have home insurance , as he considers insurance a form of gambling . The Flanders family is forced to move into the Rescue Center in the church basement , although they appear to be the only family to be affected to that extent . Ned is further discouraged after learning that his business , the Leftorium , was looted following the hurricane . Distraught with annoyance , Ned begins to believe that God is punishing him and , seeking answers , he goes to read the Bible in the church but receives a paper cut . Interpreting it as further punishment , he sits down and laments that he is falling apart , even after doing everything the Bible says , " even the stuff that contradicts the other stuff . "
The following day , Marge arrives at the church and takes the Flanders family back to their house , completely rebuilt by the people of Springfield . Overjoyed , Ned inspects the house , but becomes increasingly dismayed as he discovers its extremely shoddy construction . Immediately after the inspection , the house collapses . Ned tries to calm down , knowing that the townspeople tried their best , but is unable to contain his rage and finally snaps , lashing out at all the residents of Springfield , and directing his most vehement invective at Homer ( who believes he got off easy because he wasn 't yelled at ) . Ned then drives himself to Calmwood Mental Hospital to seek psychotherapy .
While in the asylum , Ned is visited by his childhood psychiatrist , Dr. Foster , who tells Ned about his childhood life - as a completely out @-@ of @-@ control brat raised by beatnik parents who did not believe in discipline . As a result , the young Ned went through the University of Minnesota Spankalogical Protocol , which involved eight months of continuous spanking . The treatment worked so well that it rendered him unable to express any anger at all , and all Ned 's repressed anger built up inside him until he erupted .
Dr. Foster enlists Homer to help Ned learn how to appropriately express emotions , as he is the person who Flanders harbors the most resentful feelings towards . After several failed scripted insults , Homer manages to get Ned to open up about some of his repressed dislikes , finally admitting he hates his parents , after which he immediately feels better . Upon hearing this , Dr. Foster declares Flanders cured and he is immediately released . Outside the hospital , Ned is greeted by the townsfolk of Springfield including the rest of the Simpsons and his family , who cheer him . Ned promises that from now on , if anyone does something he does not like , they will hear about it , which Dr. Foster tells him is very healthy . Ned then adds , " And if you really tick me off , I 'm gonna run you down with my car . " Homer responds by laughing and saying , " Ned , you so cra @-@ zay ! " as he and Ned begin to laugh , before the end credits begin with a crazy clockwork version of The Simpsons theme .
= = Production = =
Steve Young , a writer for the Late Show with David Letterman , was brought in as a freelance writer to write this episode . The writers wanted to explore what made Flanders tick and examine what made him act the way he does . The original idea came from George Meyer , who had also wanted an episode about Flanders ' faith being tested . One of the key story points came from his friend Jack Handey , a writer for Saturday Night Live who wanted to do a sketch about a down @-@ on @-@ his @-@ luck shoemaker who is visited by a bunch of elves who help him , but make very bad shoes . Likewise , it inspired the idea that the neighbors would rebuild Flanders ' house , but do a bad job and provoke an outburst .
A caricature of John Swartzwelder can be seen shutting the door of a room in Calmwood Mental Hospital . Later in the episode , during the scene where the townsfolk are welcoming Ned back , someone can be seen holding a sign that says " Free John Swartzwelder . " During the sequence where Flanders yells at the town , a man with a ponytail and wearing a white shirt who is a caricature of Bob Anderson can be seen .
= = Cultural references = =
The scene at the beginning of the episode , in which the people of Springfield mob the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , is based on the events of the 1992 Los Angeles riots . Todd is wearing a Butthole Surfers shirt ; however the censors only allowed " Buttho Surfers " . Jay Sherman from The Critic , who had previously appeared in " A Star Is Burns " , can also be seen in the mental hospital repeatedly saying his catchphrase , " It stinks " . The small door at the end of the hallway in Flanders ' rebuilt house echoes the improbably small hallway in the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Several scenes from the mental hospital were taken from the 1975 movie , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Hurricane Neddy " finished 18th in ratings for the week of December 23 – 29 , 1996 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 7 , equivalent to approximately 8 @.@ 4 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X @-@ Files .
Marge 's line , " Dear God , this is Marge Simpson . If You stop this hurricane and save our family , we will be forever grateful and recommend You to all our friends , " was cited by journalist Mark Pinsky as an example of how " Simpson family members are both defined and circumscribed by religion . " Journalist Ben Rayner speculated that some fans , whom he called " nerds , " would want an explanation of " how Barney fit through that tiny door to the ' master bedroom ' in the rebuilt Flanders family home . "
= Invincible @-@ class battlecruiser =
The three Invincible @-@ class battlecruisers were built for the Royal Navy and entered service in 1908 as the world 's first battlecruisers . They were the brainchild of Admiral Sir John ( " Jacky " ) Fisher , the man who had sponsored the construction of the world 's first " all big gun " warship , HMS Dreadnought . He visualised a new breed of warship , somewhere between the armoured cruiser and battleship ; it would have the armament of the latter , but the high speed of the former . This combination would allow it to chase down most ships , while allowing it to run from more powerful designs .
This design philosophy would prove to be most successful when the Invincibles were able to use their speed to run down smaller and weaker ships . The classic example was the Battle of the Falkland Islands where Invincible and Inflexible sank the German armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau virtually without loss to themselves despite numerous hits by the German ships . They were least successful when standing in the main line of battle where they faced enemy battleships . An example is the loss of Invincible to a magazine explosion during the Battle of Jutland , although this explosion owed more to flaws in British ammunition handling practices that exposed numerous cordite charges to the fire in ' Q ' turret than any flaws in the design of the ship .
The two surviving ships had an uneventful time for the rest of the war conducting patrols of the North Sea as the High Seas Fleet was forbidden to risk any more losses . They were put into reserve in early 1919 and sold for scrapping on 1 December 1921 .
= = Design = =
After Admiral Fisher was appointed First Sea Lord on 21 October 1904 he pushed through the Board of Admiralty in early December 1904 a decision to arm the next armoured cruiser with 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns and that it would have a speed no less than 25 @.@ 5 knots ( 29 @.@ 3 mph ; 47 @.@ 2 km / h ) . Shortly afterwards he convened a " Committee on Designs " to investigate and report on requirements for future ships . While nominally independent it served to validate decisions already made and to deflect criticism of Fisher and the Board of Admiralty as it had no ability to consider options other than those already decided upon by the Admiralty . Fisher appointed all of the members of the Committee and himself as President of the Committee . During its last meeting on 22 February 1905 it decided on the outline design of the fast armoured cruiser . This , in turn , was approved by the Board on 16 March with only minor changes , such as the reduction in the anti @-@ torpedo boat armament from twenty to eighteen 12 @-@ pdr guns .
= = = General characteristics = = =
The Invincible @-@ class ships were formally known as armoured cruisers until 1911 when they were redesignated as battlecruisers by an Admiralty order of 24 November 1911 . Unofficially a number of designations were used until then , including cruiser @-@ battleship , dreadnought cruiser and battle @-@ cruiser .
The Invincibles were significantly larger than their armoured cruiser predecessors of the Minotaur class . They had an overall length of 567 ft ( 173 m ) , a beam of 78 @.@ 5 ft ( 23 @.@ 9 m ) , and a draft of 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) at deep load . They displaced 17 @,@ 250 long tons ( 17 @,@ 530 t ) at load and 20 @,@ 420 long tons ( 20 @,@ 750 t ) at deep load , nearly 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 050 t ) more than the earlier ships .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Early in the design process the " Committee on Designs " had thought to power these ships with the traditional reciprocating vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , but were persuaded to adopt Parsons steam turbines as they required fewer boilers for the same amount of power , were easier to protect from damage as they were more compact than reciprocating engines and could be kept below the waterline . In addition they were significantly lighter and more reliable than the older design . The direct drive turbines then in use did have one significant drawback in that they ran at a relatively high speed which required small @-@ diameter , fine @-@ pitch propellers of a large blade area which adversely affected manoeuvrability at low speeds . Parsons alleviated this problem by his suggestion of fitting more powerful astern turbines on all four shafts which could increase manoeuvrability by reversing the turbines as needed .
An additional solution was to fit twin balanced rudders behind each inner shaft in contrast to the single central rudder used on earlier ships . This greatly increased the effectiveness of the rudder and substantially decreased the turning circle of the Invincibles in comparison to earlier ships of their size .
The Invincibles had two paired sets of Parsons turbines housed in separate engine @-@ rooms . Each set consisted of a high @-@ pressure ahead and astern turbine driving an outboard shaft , and a low @-@ pressure ahead and astern turbine driving an inner shaft . A cruising turbine was also coupled to each inner shaft , although these were not used often and were eventually disconnected . Each shaft drove a propeller 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) in diameter . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 41 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 600 kW ) , but reached nearly 47 @,@ 000 shp ( 35 @,@ 000 kW ) during trials in 1908 . Designed speed was 25 knots ( 46 @.@ 3 km / h ) , but all three bettered 26 knots ( 48 @.@ 2 km / h ) during trials . Indomitable maintained an average speed of 25 @.@ 3 knots ( 46 @.@ 9 km / h ) for three days during a passage of the North Atlantic in August 1908 .
The steam plant consisted of 31 Yarrow ( Invincible and Inflexible ) or Babcock & Wilcox ( Indomitable ) large @-@ tube boilers , arranged in four boiler rooms . Maximum bunkerage was approximately 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 050 t ) of coal , with an additional 725 long tons ( 737 t ) of fuel oil to be sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full fuel capacity , the ships could steam for 3 @,@ 090 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 720 km ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ) .
= = = Armament = = =
Each carried eight BL 12 @-@ inch Mk X guns in four hydraulically powered BVIII twin turrets , except for Invincible which mounted her guns in two BIX and two BX electrically driven turrets . Two turrets were mounted fore and aft on the centreline , identified as ' A ' and ' X ' respectively . Two turrets were mounted amidships between the second and third funnels , identified as ' P ' and ' Q ' . ' P ' turret was mounted on the port side and normally faced forward , ' Q ' turret was mounted on the starboard side and normally faced aft ( rearwards ) . ' P ' and ' Q ' turrets were staggered — ' P ' was forward of ' Q ' , enabling ' P ' to fire in a limited arc to the starboard side and ' Q ' to likewise fire in a limited arc towards the port side . These were the same guns as those mounted in the British HMS Dreadnought , the Lord Nelson class and the Bellerophon class , and for a brief period the Invincibles equalled the firepower of any other nations ' battleships .
The guns could initially be depressed to − 3 ° and elevated to 13 @.@ 5 ° , although the turrets were modified to allow 16 ° of elevation during World War I. They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 390 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 725 ft / s ( 831 m / s ) ; at 13 @.@ 5 ° , this provided a maximum range of 16 @,@ 450 m ( 17 @,@ 990 yd ) with armour @-@ piercing ( AP ) 2 crh shells . At 16 ° elevation , the range was extended to 20 @,@ 435 yd ( 18 @,@ 686 m ) using the more aerodynamic , but slightly heavier 4 crh AP shells . The rate of fire of these guns was 1 – 2 rounds per minute . The ships had a total of 880 rounds during wartime for 110 shells per gun .
The ships ' secondary armament initially was intended to consist of eighteen 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) 12 @-@ pdr guns , but firing trials against the old destroyer Skate in 1906 showed that the 12 @-@ pdr gun had little chance of stopping a destroyer or torpedo boat before it got close enough to fire its torpedoes .
The originally intended 12 @-@ pounder guns were exchanged for sixteen 4 in QF Mk III guns early in the construction process . They were positioned in the superstructure and on turret roofs in open mounts as they were not expected to be manned in a ship @-@ to @-@ ship engagement during daylight . During 1914 – 15 the turret roof guns were transferred to the superstructure and the total number of guns was reduced to twelve . All of the remaining guns were enclosed in casemates and given blast shields at that time to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action .
The guns on their PI * mounts had a maximum depression of 10 ° and a maximum elevation of 20 ° . They fired 25 @-
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the organisation of the army , trimming staff overheads to produce the best possible army with the limited resources available . He helped reorganise the Ordnance Department , laying the groundwork for the research and development efforts that would produce new weapons . He was involved in secret military manoeuvres held in the Soviet Union in 1924 and in the so @-@ called Great Plan for a 102 @-@ division army , which was prepared in 1923 and 1924 . After another brief stint at the Reichswehr Ministry , Kesselring was promoted to Oberstleutnant ( lieutenant colonel ) in 1930 and spent two years in Dresden with the 4th Artillery Regiment .
Against his wishes , Kesselring was discharged from the army on 1 October 1933 and appointed head of the Department of Administration at the Reich Commissariat for Aviation ( Reichskommissariat für die Luftfahrt ) , the forerunner of the Reich Air Ministry ( Reichsluftfahrtministerium ) , with the rank of Oberst ( colonel ) . Since the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany from establishing an air force , this was nominally a civilian agency . The Luftwaffe would formally be established in 1935 . As chief of administration , he had to assemble his new staff from scratch . He was involved in the re @-@ establishment of the aviation industry and the construction of secret factories , forging alliances with industrialists and aviation engineers . He was promoted to Generalmajor ( major general ) in 1934 and Generalleutnant ( lieutenant general ) in 1936 . Like other generals of Nazi Germany , he received personal payments from Adolf Hitler ; in Kesselring 's case , RM 6 @,@ 000 , a considerable sum at the time .
At the age of 48 , he learned to fly . Kesselring believed that first @-@ hand knowledge of all aspects of aviation was crucial to being able to command airmen , although he was well aware that latecomers like himself did not impress the old pioneers or the young aviators . He qualified in various single and multi @-@ engined aircraft and continued flying three or four days per week until March 1945 . At times , his flight path took him over the concentration camps at Oranienburg , Dachau , and Buchenwald .
Following the death of Generalleutnant Walther Wever in an air crash , Kesselring became Chief of Staff of the Luftwaffe on 3 June 1936 . In that post , Kesselring oversaw the expansion of the Luftwaffe , the acquisition of new aircraft types such as the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Junkers Ju 87 , and the development of paratroops .
Like many ex @-@ Army officers , he tended to see air power in the tactical role , providing support to land operations . In the historiography of the Luftwaffe Kesselring and Hans @-@ Jürgen Stumpff are usually blamed for neglecting strategic bombing while over @-@ focusing on close air support for the army . However the two most prominent enthusiasts for the focus on ground @-@ support operations ( direct or indirect ) were actually Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek . The two men were long @-@ time professional airmen involved in German air services since their early careers . The Luftwaffe was not pressured into ground support operations because of pressure from the army , or because it was led by ex @-@ army personnel like Kesselring . Interdiction and close air support were operations that suited the Luftwaffe 's pre @-@ existing approach to warfare ; a culture of joint inter @-@ service operations , rather than independent strategic air campaigns . Moreover , many in the Luftwaffe command believed medium bombers to be sufficient in power for use in strategic bombing operations against Germany 's most likely enemies ; Britain and France .
Kesselring 's main operational task during this time was the support of the Condor Legion in the Spanish Civil War . However , his tenure was marred by personal and professional conflicts with his superior , General der Flieger Erhard Milch , and Kesselring asked to be relieved . The head of the Luftwaffe , Hermann Göring , acquiesced and Kesselring became the commander of Air District III in Dresden . On 1 October 1938 , he was promoted to General der Flieger ( air general ) and became commander of Luftflotte 1 , based in Berlin .
= = World War II = =
= = = Poland = = =
In the Polish campaign that began World War II , Kesselring 's Luftflotte 1 operated in support of Army Group North , commanded by Generaloberst Fedor von Bock . Although not under von Bock 's command , Kesselring worked closely with Bock and considered himself under Bock 's orders in all matters pertaining to the ground war . Kesselring strove to provide the best possible close air support to the ground forces and used the flexibility of air power to concentrate all available air strength at critical points , such as during the Battle of the Bzura . He attempted to cut the Polish communications by making a series of air attacks against Warsaw , but found that even 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) bombs could not guarantee that bridges would be destroyed .
Kesselring was himself shot down over Poland by the Polish Air Force . In all , he would be shot down five times during World War II . For his part in the Polish campaign , Kesselring was personally awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross by Adolf Hitler .
= = = Western Europe = = =
Kesselring 's Luftflotte 1 was not involved in the preparations for the campaigns in the west . Instead it remained in the east on garrison duty , establishing new airbases and an Air Raid Precautions network in occupied Poland . However , after the Mechelen Incident , in which an aircraft made a forced landing in Belgium with copies of the German invasion plan , Göring relieved the commander of Luftflotte 2 , General der Flieger Hellmuth Felmy , of his command , and appointed Kesselring in his place . Kesselring flew to his new headquarters at Münster the very next day , 13 January 1940 . As Felmy 's chief of staff , Generalmajor Josef Kammhuber , had also been relieved , Kesselring brought his own chief of staff , Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , with him .
Arriving in the west , Kesselring found Luftflotte 2 operating in support of von Bock 's Army Group B. He inherited from Felmy a complex air plan requiring on @-@ the @-@ minute timing for several hours , incorporating an airborne operation around Rotterdam and The Hague to seize airfields and bridges in the " fortress Holland " area . The paratroopers were General der Flieger Kurt Student 's airborne forces that depended on a quick link up with the mechanised forces . To facilitate this , Kesselring promised von Bock the fullest possible close air support . Air and ground operations , however , were to commence simultaneously , so there would be no time to suppress the defending Royal Netherlands Air Force .
The Battle of the Netherlands commenced on 10 May 1940 . While initial air operations went well , and the German fighters and bombers soon gained the upper hand against the small Dutch air force , the paratroopers ran into fierce opposition in the Battle for The Hague and the Battle of Rotterdam . On 14 May 1940 , responding to a call for assistance from Student , Kesselring ordered the bombing of Rotterdam city centre . Fires raged out of control , destroying much of the city .
After the surrender of the Netherlands on 14 May 1940 , Luftflotte 2 attempted to move forward to new airfields in Belgium while still providing support for the fast moving ground troops . The Battle of France was going well , with General der Panzertruppe Heinz Guderian forcing a crossing of the River Meuse at Sedan on 13 May 1940 . To support the breakthrough , Kesselring transferred Generalleutnant Wolfram von Richthofen 's VIII . Fliegerkorps to Luftflotte 3 . By 24 May , the Allied forces had been cut in two , and the German Army was only 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) from Dunkirk , the last channel port remaining in Allied hands . However , that day Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt ordered a halt . In his memoirs , Kesselring described that decision as a " fatal error " . It left the burden of preventing the Allied evacuation of Dunkirk to the air force , hampered by poor flying weather and staunch opposition from the Royal Air Force . For his role in the campaign in the west , Kesselring was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall ( field marshal ) during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony .
Following the campaign in France , Kesselring 's Luftflotte 2 was committed to the Battle of Britain . Luftflotte 2 was initially responsible for the bombing of southeastern England and the London area but as the battle progressed , command responsibility shifted , with Generalfeldmarschall Hugo Sperrle 's Luftflotte 3 taking more responsibility for the night @-@ time Blitz attacks while Luftflotte 2 conducted the main daylight operations . Kesselring was involved in the planning of numerous raids , including the Coventry Blitz of November 1940 . Kesselring 's fleet failed to achieve a decisive victory . Instead , the Luftwaffe employed the inherent flexibility of air power to switch targets .
= = = Invasion of the Soviet Union = = =
Although earmarked for operations against the Soviet Union , Luftflotte 2 remained in the west until May 1941 . This was partly as a deception measure , and partly because new airbases in Poland could not be completed by 1 June 1941 target date , although they were made ready in time for the actual commencement of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941 . Kesselring established his new headquarters at Bielany , a suburb of Warsaw .
Luftflotte 2 operated in support of Army Group Centre , commanded by Fedor von Bock , continuing the close working relationship between the two . Kesselring 's mission was to gain air superiority , and if possible air supremacy , as soon as possible while still supporting ground operations . For this he had a fleet of over 1 @,@ 000 aircraft , about a third of the Luftwaffe 's total strength .
The German attack caught large numbers of Soviet Air Force aircraft on the ground . Faulty tactics – sending unescorted bombers against the Germans at regular intervals in tactically unsound formations – accounted for many more . Kesselring reported that in the first week of operations Luftflotte 2 had accounted for 2 @,@ 500 Soviet aircraft in the air and on the ground . Even Göring found these figures hard to believe and ordered them to be re @-@ checked . As the ground troops advanced , the figures could be directly confirmed and were found to be too low . Within days , Kesselring was able to fly solo over the front in his Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 189 .
With air supremacy attained , Luftflotte 2 turned to support of ground operations , particularly guarding the flanks of the armoured spearheads , without which the rapid advance was not possible . When enemy counterattacks threatened , Kesselring threw the full weight of his force against them . Now that the Army was convinced of the value of air support , units were all too inclined to call for it . Kesselring now had to convince the Army that air support should be concentrated at critical points . He strove to improve army – air cooperation with new tactics and the appointment of Colonel Martin Fiebig as a special close air support commander . By 26 July , Kesselring reported the destruction of 165 tanks , 2 @,@ 136 vehicles and 194 artillery pieces .
In late 1941 , Luftflotte 2 supported the final German offensive against Moscow , codenamed Operation Typhoon . Raids on Moscow proved hazardous , as Moscow had good all @-@ weather airfields and opposition from both fighters and anti @-@ aircraft guns was similar to that encountered over Britain . The bad weather that hampered ground operations from October on impeded air operations even more . Nonetheless , Luftflotte 2 continued to fly critical reconnaissance , interdiction , close air support and air supply missions .
= = = Mediterranean and North Africa = = =
In November 1941 , Kesselring was appointed Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief South and was transferred to Italy along with his Luftflotte 2 staff , which for the time being also functioned as his Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief South staff . Only in January 1943 did he form his headquarters into a true theatre staff and create a separate staff to control Luftflotte 2 . As a theatre commander , he was answerable directly to the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) and commanded ground , naval and air forces , but this was of little importance at first as most German units were under Italian operational control .
Kesselring strove to organise and protect supply convoys in order to get the German @-@ Italian Panzer Army the resources it needed . He succeeded in establishing local air superiority and neutralising Malta , which provided a base from which British aircraft and submarines could interdict Axis convoys headed for North Africa . Without the vital supplies they carried , particularly fuel , the Axis forces in North Africa could not conduct operations . Through various expedients , Kesselring managed to deliver an increased flow of supplies to Generaloberst Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps in Libya . With his forces thus strengthened , Rommel prepared an attack on the British positions around Gazala , while Kesselring planned Operation Herkules , an airborne and seaborne attack on Malta with the 185 Airborne Division Folgore and Ramcke Parachute Brigade . Kesselring hoped to thereby secure the Axis line of communication with North Africa .
For the Battle of Gazala , Rommel divided his command in two , taking personal command of the mobile units of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and Italian XX Motorized Corps , which he led around the southern flank of Lieutenant @-@ General Neil Ritchie 's British Eighth Army . Rommel left the infantry of the Italian X and XXI Corps under General der Panzertruppe Ludwig Crüwell to hold the rest of the Eighth Army in place . This command arrangement went awry on 29 May 1942 when Crüwell was taken prisoner . Lacking an available commander of sufficient seniority , Kesselring assumed personal command of Gruppe Crüwell . Flying his Fieseler Fi 156 Storch to a meeting , Kesselring was fired upon by a British force astride Rommel 's line of communications . Kesselring called in an air strike by every available Stuka and Jabo . His attack was successful ; the British force suffered heavy losses and was forced to pull back .
Kesselring and Rommel had a disagreement over the latter 's conduct in the Battle of Bir Hakeim . Rommel 's initial infantry assaults had failed to capture this vital position , the southern pivot of the British Gazala Line , which was held by the 1st Free French brigade , commanded by General Marie Pierre Koenig . Rommel had called for air support but had failed to break the position , which Kesselring attributed to faulty coordination between the ground and air attacks . Bir Hakeim was evacuated on 10 June 1942 . Kesselring was more impressed with the results of Rommel 's successful assault on Tobruk on 21 June , for which Kesselring brought in additional aircraft from Greece and Crete . For his part in the campaign , Kesselring was awarded the Knight 's Cross with oak leaves and swords .
In the wake of the victory at Tobruk , Rommel persuaded Hitler to authorise an attack on Egypt instead of Malta , over Kesselring 's objections . The parachute troops assembled for Operation Herkules were sent to Rommel . Things went well at first , with Rommel winning the Battle of Mersa Matruh , but just as Kesselring had warned , the logistical difficulties mounted and the result was the disastrous First Battle of El Alamein , Battle of Alam el Halfa and Second Battle of El Alamein . Kesselring considered Rommel to be a great general leading fast @-@ moving troops at the corps level of command , but felt that he was too moody and changeable for higher command . For Kesselring , Rommel 's nervous breakdown and hospitalisation for depression at the end of the African Campaign only confirmed this .
Kesselring was briefly considered as a possible successor to Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel as Chief of Staff of the OKW in September 1942 , with General der Panzertruppe Friedrich Paulus replacing Generaloberst Alfred Jodl as Chief of the Operations Staff at OKW . The consideration demonstrated the high regard in which Kesselring was held by Hitler . Nevertheless , Hitler decided that neither Kesselring nor Paulus could be spared from their current posts . In October 1942 , Kesselring was given direct command of all German armed forces in the theatre except Rommel 's German @-@ Italian Panzer Army in North Africa , including General der Infantrie Enno von Rintelen , the German liaison officer at Commando Supremo , who spoke fluent Italian . Kesselring 's command also included the troops in Greece and the Balkans until the end of the year , when Hitler created an army group headquarters under Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm List , naming him List Oberbefehlshaber Südost .
= = = Tunisia = = =
Operation Torch , the Allied invasion of French North Africa , precipitated a crisis in Kesselring 's command . He ordered Walther Nehring , the former commander of the Afrika Korps who was returning to action after recovering from wounds received at the Battle of Alam el Halfa , to proceed to Tunisia to take command of a new corps ( XC Corps ) . Kesselring ordered Nehring to establish a bridgehead in Tunisia and then to press west as far as possible so as to gain freedom to manoeuvre . By December , the Allied commander , General Dwight D. Eisenhower , was forced to concede that Kesselring had won the race ; the final phase of Torch had failed and the Axis could only be ejected from Tunisia after a prolonged struggle .
With the initiative back with the Germans and Italians , Kesselring hoped to launch an offensive that would drive the Allies out of North Africa . At the Battle of the Kasserine Pass his forces gave the Allies a beating , but ; in the end strong Allied resistance and a string of Axis errors stopped the advance . Kesselring now concentrated on shoring up his forces by moving the required tonnages of supplies from Sicily but his efforts were frustrated by Allied aircraft and submarines . An Allied offensive in April finally broke through , leading to a collapse of the Axis position in Tunisia . Some 275 @,@ 000 German and Italian prisoners were taken . In return , Kesselring had , however , held up the Allies in Tunisia for six months , forcing a postponement of the Allied invasion of Northern France from the middle of 1943 to the middle of 1944 .
= = = Italian Campaign = = =
= = = = Sicily = = = =
Kesselring expected that the Allies would next invade Sicily , as a landing could be made there under fighter cover from Tunisia and Malta . He reinforced the six coastal and four mobile Italian divisions there with two mobile German divisions , the 15th Panzergrenadier Division and the Hermann Göring Panzer Division , both rebuilt after being destroyed in Tunisia . Kesselring was well aware that while this force was large enough to stop the Allies from simply marching in , it could not withstand a large scale invasion . He therefore pinned his hopes on repelling the Allied invasion of Sicily on an immediate counterattack , which he ordered Colonel Paul Conrath of the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to carry out the moment the objective of the Allied invasion fleet was known , with or without orders from the island commander , Generale d 'Armata Alfredo Guzzoni .
Kesselring hoped that the Allied invasion fleet would provide good targets for U @-@ boats , but they had few successes . U @-@ 953 sank two American LSTs and with U @-@ 375 sank three vessels from a British convoy on 4 – 5 July , while U @-@ 371 sank a Liberty ship and a tanker on 10 July . Pressure from the Allied air forces forced Luftflotte 2 , commanded since June by von Richthofen , to withdraw most of its aircraft to the mainland .
The Allied invasion of Sicily on 10 July 1943 was stubbornly opposed . A Stuka attacked and sank the USS Maddox ; a Bf 109 destroyed an LST ; and a Liberty ship filled with ammunition was bombed by Ju 88s and caught fire , later exploding without loss of life . Unaware that Guzzoni had already ordered a major counterattack on 11 July , Kesselring bypassed the chain of command to order the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to attack that day in the hope that a vigorous attack could succeed before the Americans could bring the bulk of their artillery and armoured support ashore . Although his troops gave the Americans " quite a battering " , they failed to capture the Allied position .
Kesselring flew to Sicily himself on 12 July to survey the situation and decided that no more than a delaying action was possible and that the island would eventually have to be evacuated . Nonetheless , he intended to fight on and he reinforced Sicily with the 29th Panzergrenadier Division on 15 July . Kesselring returned to Sicily by flying boat on 16 July to give the senior German commander , General der Panzertruppe Hans @-@ Valentin Hube , his instructions . Unable to provide much more in the way of air support , Kesselring gave Hube command of the heavy flak units on the island , although this was contrary to Luftwaffe doctrine . In all , Kesselring managed to delay the Allies in Sicily for another month and the Allied conquest of the Sicily was not complete until 17 August .
Kesselring 's evacuation of Sicily , which began a week earlier on 10 August , was perhaps the most brilliant action of the campaign . In spite of the Allies ' superiority on land , at sea , and in the air , Kesselring was able to evacuate not only 40 @,@ 000 men , but also 96 @,@ 605 vehicles , 94 guns , 47 tanks , 1 @,@ 100 tons of ammunition , 970 tons of fuel , and 15 @,@ 000 tons of stores . He was able to achieve near @-@ perfect coordination among the three services under his command while his opponent , Eisenhower , could not .
= = = = Allied invasion of Italy = = = =
With the fall of Sicily , OKW feared that Italy would withdraw from the war , but Kesselring remained confident that the Italians would continue to fight . OKW regarded Kesselring and von Rintelen as too pro @-@ Italian and began to bypass him , sending Rommel to northern Italy , and Student to Rome , where his I Parachute Corps was under OKW orders to occupy the capital in case of Italian defection . Benito Mussolini was removed from power on 25 July 1943 and Rommel and OKW began to plan for the occupation of Italy and the disarmament of the Italian Army . Kesselring remained uninformed of these plans for the time being .
On the advice of Rommel and Jodl , Hitler decided that the Italian Peninsula could not be held without the assistance of the Italian Army . Kesselring was ordered to withdraw from southern Italy and consolidate his Army Group C with Rommel 's Army Group B in Northern Italy , where Rommel would assume overall command . Kesselring was slated to be posted to Norway . Kesselring was appalled at the prospect of abandoning Italy . It would expose southern Germany to bombers operating from Italy ; risk the Allies breaking into the Po Valley ; and was completely unnecessary , as he was certain that Rome could be held until the summer of 1944 . This assessment was based on his belief that the Allies would not conduct operations outside the range of their air cover , which could only reach as far as Salerno . Kesselring submitted his resignation on 14 August 1943 .
SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff , the highest SS and police Führer in Italy , intervened on Kesselring 's behalf with Hitler . Wolff painted Rommel as " politically unreliable " and argued that Kesselring 's presence in southern Italy was vital to prevent an early Italian defection . On Wolff 's advice , Hitler refused to accept Kesselring 's resignation .
Italy withdrew from the war on 8 September . Kesselring immediately moved to secure Rome , where he expected an Allied airborne and seaborne invasion . He ordered the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division and 2nd Parachute Division to close on the city , while a detachment made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the Italian Army staff at Monterotondo in a coup de main . Kesselring 's two divisions were faced by five Italian divisions , two of them armoured , but he managed to overcome the opposition , disperse the Italian forces and secure the city in two days .
All over Italy , the Germans swiftly disarmed Italian units . Rommel deported Italian soldiers , except for those willing to serve in German units , to Germany for forced labour , whereas Italian units in Kesselring 's area were initially disbanded and their men permitted to go home . One Italian commander , General Gonzaga , refused German demands that his 222nd Coastal Division disarm , and was promptly shot . A significant part of the 184 Airborne Division Nembo went over to the German side , eventually becoming the basis of the 4th Parachute Division . On the Greek island of Kefalonia – outside Kesselring 's command – some 5 @,@ 000 Italian troops of the 33 Mountain Infantry Division Acqui were massacred . Mussolini was rescued by the Germans in Operation Oak ( Unternehmen Eiche ) , a raid planned by Kurt Student and carried out by Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny on 12 September . The details of the operation were deliberately , though unsuccessfully , kept from Kesselring . " Kesselring is too honest for those born traitors down there " was Hitler 's assessment .
Italy now effectively became an occupied country , as the Germans poured in troops . Italy 's decision to switch sides created contempt for the Italians among both the Allies and Germans , which was to have far @-@ reaching consequences .
= = = = Salerno = = = =
Although his command was already " written off " , Kesselring intended to fight . At the Battle of Salerno in September 1943 , he launched a full @-@ scale counterattack against the U.S. Fifth Army landings there with Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff 's Tenth Army . The counterattack inflicted heavy casualties on the Allied forces , forced them back in several areas , and , for a time , made Allied commanders contemplate evacuation . The short distance from German airfields allowed Luftflotte 2 to put 120 aircraft over the Salerno area on 11 September 1943 . Using Fritz X anti @-@ ship missiles , hits were scored on the battleship HMS Warspite and cruisers HMS Uganda and USS Savannah , while a Liberty ship was sunk on 14 September and another damaged the next day . The offensive ultimately failed to throw the Allies back into the sea because of the intervention of Allied naval gunfire which decimated the advancing German units , stubborn Allied resistance and the advance of the British Eighth Army . On 17 September 1943 , Kesselring gave Vietinghoff permission to break off the attack and withdraw .
Kesselring had been defeated but gained precious time . Already , in defiance of his orders , he was preparing a series of successive fallback positions on the Volturno Line , the Barbara Line and the Bernhardt Line . Only in November 1943 , after a month of hard fighting , did the Allies reach Kesselring 's main position , the Gustav Line . According to his memoirs , Kesselring felt that much more could have been accomplished if he had access to the troops held " uselessly " under Rommel 's command .
In November 1943 , Kesselring met with Hitler . Kesselring gave an optimistic assessment of the situation in Italy and gave reassurances that he could hold the Allies south of Rome on the Winter Line . Kesselring further promised that he could prevent the Allies reaching the Northern Apennines for at least six months . As a result , on 6 November 1943 , Hitler ordered Rommel and his Army Group B headquarters to move to France to take charge of the Atlantic Wall and prepare for the Allied attack that was expected there in the spring of 1944 . On 21 November 1943 , Kesselring resumed command of all German forces in Italy , combining Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief South , a joint command , with that of Army Group C , a ground command . " I had always blamed Kesselring " , Hitler later explained , " for looking at things too optimistically ... events have proved Rommel wrong , and I have been justified in my decision to leave Field Marshal Kesselring there , whom I have seen as an incredible political idealist , but also as a military optimist , and it is my opinion that military leadership without optimism is not possible . "
The Luftwaffe scored a notable success on the night of 2 December 1943 when 105 Ju 88 bombers struck the port of Bari . Skilfully using chaff to confuse the Allied radar operators , they found the port packed with brightly lit Allied shipping . The result was the most destructive air raid on Allied shipping since the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 . Hits were scored on two ammunition ships and a tanker . Burning oil and exploding ammunition spread over the harbour . Some 16 ships were sunk and eight damaged , and the port was put out of action for three weeks . Moreover , one of the ships sunk , SS John Harvey , had been carrying mustard gas , which enveloped the port in a cloud of poisonous vapours .
= = = = Cassino and Anzio = = = =
The first Allied attempt to break through the Gustav Line in the Battle of Monte Cassino in January 1944 met with early success , with the British X Corps breaking through the line held by the 94th Infantry Division and imperilling the entire Tenth Army front . At the same time , Kesselring was receiving warnings of an imminent Allied amphibious attack at Anzio . Kesselring rushed his reserves , the 29th and 90th Panzergrenadier Divisions , to the Cassino front . They were able to stabilise the German position there but left Rome poorly guarded .
Kesselring felt that he had been out @-@ generalled when the Allies landed at Anzio . Although taken by surprise , Kesselring moved rapidly to regain control of the situation , summoning Generaloberst Eberhard von Mackensen 's Fourteenth Army headquarters from northern Italy , the 29th and 90th Panzergrenadier Divisions from the Cassino front , and the 26th Panzer Division from Tenth Army . OKW chipped in some divisions from other theatres . By February , Kesselring was able to take the offensive at Anzio but his forces were unable to crush the Allied beachhead , for which Kesselring blamed himself , OKW and von Mackensen for avoidable errors .
Meanwhile , costly fighting at Monte Cassino in February 1944 , brought the Allies close to a breakthrough into the Liri Valley . To hold the bastion of Monte Cassino , Kesselring brought in the 1st Parachute Division , an " exceptionally well trained and conditioned " formation , on 26 February . Despite heavy casualties and the expenditure of enormous quantities of ammunition , an Allied offensive in March 1944 failed to break the Gustav Line position .
On 11 May 1944 General Sir Harold Alexander , commanding the Allied Armies in Italy , launched Operation Diadem , which finally broke through the Gustav Line and forced the Tenth Army to withdraw . In the process , a gap opened up between the Tenth and Fourteenth Armies , threatening both with encirclement . For this failure , Kesselring relieved von Mackensen of his command , replacing him with General der Panzertruppe Joachim Lemelsen . Fortunately for the Germans , Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark , commander of the U.S. Fifth Army , obsessed with the capture of Rome , failed to take advantage of the situation and the Tenth Army was able to withdraw to the next line of defence , the Trasimene Line , where it was able to link up with the Fourteenth Army and then conduct a fighting withdrawal .
For his part in the campaign , Kesselring was awarded the Knight 's Cross with oak leaves , swords and diamonds by Hitler at the Wolfsschanze near Rastenburg , East Prussia on 19 July 1944 . The next day , Hitler was the target of the 20 July plot . Informed of this event that evening by Göring , Kesselring , like many other senior commanders , sent a telegram to Hitler reaffirming his loyalty .
Throughout July and August 1944 , Kesselring fought a stubborn delaying action , gradually retreating to the formidable Gothic Line north of Florence . There , he was finally able to halt the Allied advance . Casualties of the Gothic Line battles in September and October 1944 included Kesselring himself . On 25 October 1944 , his car collided with an artillery piece coming out of a side road . Kesselring suffered serious head and facial injuries and did not return to his command until January 1945 .
= = = = Actions impacting population and cultural objects = = = =
Kesselring , during the campaign , attempted to avoid the physical destruction of many artistically important Italian cities , including Rome , Florence , Siena and Orvieto . In some cases , historic bridges – such as the Ponte Vecchio ( literally " Old Bridge " ) – were booby trapped rather than blown up . However , other historic Florentine bridges were destroyed on his orders and , in addition to booby @-@ trapping the old bridge , he ordered the demolition of the ancient historical central borough at its two ends , in order to delay the Allied advance across the River Arno . Kesselring supported the Italian declaration of Rome , Florence and Chieti as open cities . In the case of Rome , this was in spite of there being considerable tactical advantages to be had from defending the Tiber bridges . These declarations were never agreed to by the Allies as the cities were not demilitarised and remained centres of government and industry . Despite the repeated declarations of " open city " , Rome was bombed more than fifty times by the Allies , whose air forces hit Florence as well . In practice , the open city status was rendered meaningless .
Kesselring tried to preserve the monastery of Monte Cassino by avoiding its military occupation even though it offered a superb observing point over the battlefield . Ultimately this was unsuccessful , as the Allies believed the monastery would be used to direct the German artillery against their lines . On the morning of 15 February 1944 , 142 B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress , 47 B @-@ 25 Mitchell and 40 B @-@ 26 Marauder medium bombers deliberately dropped 1 @,@ 150 tons of high explosives and incendiary bombs on the abbey , reducing the historic monastery to a smoking mass of rubble . Kesselring was aware that some artworks taken from Monte Cassino for safekeeping wound up in the possession of Hermann Göring . Kesselring had some German soldiers shot for looting . German authorities avoided giving the Italian authorities control over artworks because they feared that " entire collections would be sold to Switzerland " . A 1945 Allied investigation reported that Italian cultural treasures had suffered relatively little war damage . Kesselring received regular updates on efforts to preserve cultural treasures and his personal interest in the matter contributed to the high proportion of art treasures that were saved .
= = = = War crimes = = = =
On 22 – 23 March 1944 , a 15 @-@ man American Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) Operational Group landed in inflatable boats from US Navy PT boats on the Ligurian coast as part of Operation Ginny II , a mission to blow up the entrances of two vital railway tunnels . Their boats were discovered and they were captured by a smaller group of Italian and German soldiers . On 26 March , they were executed under Hitler 's " Commando Order " , issued after German soldiers had been shackled during the Dieppe Raid .
In Rome on 23 March 1944 , 33 policemen of the SS Police Regiment Bozen from the German @-@ speaking population of the Italian province of South Tyrol and three Italian civilians were killed by a bomb blast and the subsequent shooting . In response , Hitler approved the recommendation of von Mackensen , who was responsible for the sector including Rome , that ten Italians should be shot for each policeman killed . The task fell to SS Obersturmbannführer Herbert Kappler who , finding there were not enough condemned prisoners available , made up the numbers using Jewish prisoners and even civilians taken from the streets . The result was the Ardeatine massacre .
The fall of Rome on 4 June 1944 placed Kesselring in a dangerous situation as his forces attempted to withdraw from Rome to the Gothic Line . That the Germans were especially vulnerable to Italian partisans was not lost on the British General Harold Alexander , who appealed in a radio broadcast for Italians to kill Germans " wherever you encounter them " . Kesselring responded by authorising the " massive employment of artillery , grenade and mine throwers , armoured cars , flamethrowers and other technical combat equipment " against the partisans . He also issued an order promising indemnity to soldiers who " exceed our normal restraint " . Subsequently , massacres were carried out by the Hermann Göring Panzer Division at Stia in April , Civitella in Val di Chiana in June and Bucine in July 1944 , by the 26th Panzer Division at Padule di Fucecchio on 23 August 1944 , and by the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer @-@ SS at Sant 'Anna di Stazzema in August 1944 and Marzabotto in September and October 1944 .
In August 1944 Kesselring was informed by Rudolf Rahn , the German ambassador to the RSI , that Mussolini had filed protests about the killing of Italian citizens . In response , Kesselring issued another edict to his troops on 21 August , deploring incidents that had " damaged the German Wehrmacht 's reputation and discipline and which no longer have anything to do with reprisal operations " and launched investigations into specific cases that Mussolini cited . Between 21 July and 25 September 1944 , 624 Germans were killed , 993 wounded and 872 missing in partisan operations , while some 9 @,@ 520 partisans were killed .
Kesselring used the Jews of Rome as slave labour on the construction of fortifications – as he had earlier done with those of Tunis . When ordered to deport the Roman Jews , Kesselring resisted . He announced that no resources were available to carry out such an order . Hitler then transferred responsibility to the SS . About 2 @,@ 000 Roman Jews were ultimately deported between October 1943 and June 1944 , half of them on 16 October 1943 . During the German occupation of Italy , the Germans were believed to have killed some 46 @,@ 000 Italian civilians , including 7 @,@ 000 Jews .
= = = Central Europe = = =
After he recovered from the car accident , Kesselring was summoned by Hitler to relieve Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt as OB West on 10 March 1945 , following the disastrous loss of the still @-@ intact Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine during the Battle of Remagen . On arrival , he told his new staff , " Well , gentlemen , I am the new V @-@ 3 " , referring to the Vergeltungswaffe ( " vengeance " weapons ) . Given the desperate situation of the Western Front , this was another sign of Kesselring 's proverbial optimism . Kesselring still described as " lucid " Hitler 's analysis of the situation , according to which the Germans were about to inflict a historical defeat upon the Soviets , after which the victorious German armies would be brought west to crush the Allies and sweep them from the continent . Therefore , Kesselring was determined to " hang on " in the west until the " decision in the East " came .
Kesselring endorsed Hitler 's order that deserters should be hanged from the nearest tree . When a staff officer sought to make him aware of the hopelessness of the situation , Kesselring told him that he had driven through the entire army rear area and not seen a single hanged man .
The Western Front at this time generally followed the River Rhine with two important exceptions : the American bridgehead over the Rhine at Remagen , and a large German salient west of the Rhine , the Saar – Palatinate triangle . Consideration was given to evacuating the triangle , but OKW ordered it held . When Kesselring paid his first visit to the German First and Seventh Army headquarters there on 13 March 1945 , the army group commander , Oberst @-@ gruppenführer Paul Hausser , and the two army commanders all affirmed the defence of the triangle could only result in heavy losses or complete annihilation of their commands . General der Infanterie Hans Felber of the Seventh Army considered the latter the most likely outcome . Nonetheless , Kesselring insisted that the positions had to be held .
The triangle was already under attack from two sides by Lieutenant General George Patton 's Third Army and Lieutenant General Alexander Patch 's Seventh Army . The German position soon crumbled and Hitler reluctantly sanctioned a withdrawal . The First and Seventh Armies suffered heavy losses : around 113 @,@ 000 Germans casualties at the cost of 17 @,@ 000 on the Allied side . Nonetheless , they had avoided encirclement and managed to conduct a skilful delaying action , evacuating the last troops to the east bank of the Rhine on 25 March 1945 .
As Germany was cut in two , Kesselring 's command was enlarged to include Army Groups Centre , South and South @-@ East on the Eastern Front , and Army Group C in Italy , as well as his own Army Group G and Army Group Upper Rhine . On 30 April , Hitler committed suicide in Berlin . On 1 May , Karl Dönitz was designated German President ( Reichspräsident ) and the Flensburg government was created . One of the new president 's first acts was the appointment of Kesselring as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of Southern Germany , with plenipotentiary powers .
= = = Chaotic surrender = = =
Meanwhile , Wolff and von Vietinghoff , now commander of Army Group C , had almost concluded a preliminary surrender agreement with the OSS chief in Switzerland , Allen Dulles . Known as Operation Sunrise , these secret negotiations had been in progress since early March 1945 . Kesselring was aware of them , having previously consented to them , although he had not informed his own staff . He did , however , later inform Hitler .
At first he did not accept the agreement and , on 30 April , relieved both Vietinghoff and his Chief of Staff , Generalleutnant Hans Röttiger , putting them at the disposition of the OKW for a possible court martial . They were replaced by General Friedrich Schulz and Generalmajor Friedrich Wenzel respectively . The next morning , 1 May , Röttinger reacted by placing both Schulz and Wenzel under arrest , and summoning Lemelsen to take Schulz 's place . Lemelsen initially refused , as he was in possession of a written order from Kesselring which prohibited any talks with the enemy without his explicit authorization . By this time , Vietinghoff and Wolff had concluded an armistice with the Allied Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean Theatre , Field Marshal Alexander , which became effective on 2 May at 14 : 00 . Lemelsen reached Bolzano , and Schulz and Wenzel regained control , this time agreeing with the officers pushing for a quick surrender . The German armies in Italy were now utterly defeated by the Allies , who were rapidly advancing from Garmisch towards Innsbruck . Kesselring remained stubbornly opposed to the surrender , but was finally won over by Wolff on the late morning of 2 May after a two @-@ hour phone call to Kesselring at his headquarters at Pullach .
North of the Alps , Army Group G followed suit on 6 May . Kesselring now decided to surrender his own headquarters . He ordered Hausser to supervise the SS troops to ensure that the surrender was carried out in accordance with his instructions . Kesselring then surrendered to an American major at Saalfelden , near Salzburg , in Austria on 9 May 1945 . He was taken to see Major General Maxwell D. Taylor , the commander of the 101st Airborne Division , who treated him courteously , allowing him to keep his weapons and field marshal 's baton , and to visit the Eastern Front headquarters of Army Groups Centre and South at Zeltweg and Graz unescorted . Taylor arranged for Kesselring and his staff to move into a hotel at Berchtesgaden . Photographs of Taylor and Kesselring drinking tea together created a stir in the United States . Kesselring met with Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers , commander of the Sixth United States Army Group , and gave interviews to Allied newspaper reporters .
In his post @-@ war memoirs , Kesselring claimed he envisioned making a start on the rehabilitation of Germany following the end of the war . Instead , he was arrested . On 15 May 1945 , Kesselring was taken to Mondorf @-@ les @-@ Bains where his baton and decorations were taken from him and he was incarcerated . He was held in a number of American POW camps before being transferred to British custody in 1946 . He testified at the Nuremberg trial of Hermann Göring , but his offers to testify against Soviet , American , and British commanders were declined .
= = Post @-@ war = =
= = = Trial = = =
By the end of the war , for many Italians the name of Kesselring , whose signature appeared on posters and printed orders announcing draconian measures adopted by the German occupation , had become synonymous with the oppression and terror that had characterised the German occupation . Kesselring 's name headed the list of German officers blamed for a long series of atrocities perpetrated by the German forces .
The Moscow Declaration of October 1943 promised that " those German officers and men and members of the Nazi party who have been responsible for or have taken a consenting part in the above atrocities , massacres and executions will be sent back to the countries in which their abominable deeds were done in order that they may be judged and punished according to the laws of these liberated countries and of free governments which will be erected therein . " However , the British , who had been a driving force in moulding the war crimes trial policy that culminated in the Nuremberg Trials , explicitly excluded high @-@ ranking German officers in their custody . Thus , Kesselring 's conviction became " a legal prerequisite if perpetrators of war crimes were to be found guilty by Italian courts " .
The British held two major trials against the top German war criminals who had perpetrated crimes during the Italian campaign . For political reasons it was decided to hold the trials in Italy , but a request by Italy to allow an Italian judge to participate was denied on the grounds that Italy was not an Allied country . The trials were held under the Royal Warrant of 18 June 1945 , thus essentially under British Common Military Law . The decision put the trials on a shaky legal basis , as foreign nationals were being tried for crimes against foreigners in a foreign country . The first trial , held in Rome , was of Mackensen and Mälzer for their part in the Ardeatine massacre . Both were sentenced to death on 30 November 1946 .
Kesselring 's own trial began in Venice on 17 February 1947 . The British Military Court was presided over by Major General Sir Edmund Hakewill @-@ Smith , assisted by four lieutenant colonels . Colonel Richard C. Halse – who had already obtained the death penalty for von Mackensen and Kurt Mälzer – was the prosecutor . Kesselring 's legal team was headed by Hans Laternser , a skilful German lawyer who specialised in Anglo @-@ Saxon law , had represented several defendants at the Nuremberg Trials , and would later go on to represent Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein . Kesselring 's ability to pay his legal team was hampered because his assets had been frozen by the Allies , but his legal costs were eventually met by friends in South America and relatives in Franconia .
Kesselring was arraigned on two charges : the shooting of 335 Italians in the Ardeatine massacre and incitement to kill Italian civilians . Kesselring did not invoke the " Nuremberg defence " . Rather , he maintained that his actions were lawful . On 6 May 1947 the Court found him guilty of both charges and sentenced him to death by firing squad , which was considered more honourable than hanging . The court left open the question of the legality of killing innocent persons in reprisals .
The planned major trial for the campaign of reprisals never took place , but a series of smaller trials was held instead in Padua between April and June 1947 for SS Brigadeführer Willy Tensfeld , Kapitänleutnant Waldemar Krummhaar , the 26th Panzer Division 's Generalleutnant Eduard Crasemann and SS Gruppenführer Max Simon of the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer @-@ SS . Tensfeld was acquitted ; Crasemann was sentenced to 10 years ; and Simon was sentenced to death , but his sentence was commuted . Simon 's trial was the last held in Italy by the British . By 1949 , British military tribunals had sentenced 230 Germans to death and another 447 to custodial sentences . None of the death sentences imposed between the end of 1946 and 1948 were carried out . A number of officers , all below the rank of General , including Kappler , were transferred to the Italian courts for trial . These applied very different legal standards to the British – ones which were often more favourable to the defendants . Ironically , in view of the repeated attempts by many senior Wehrmacht commanders to shift blame for atrocities onto the SS , the most senior SS commanders in Italy , Karl Wolff and Heinrich Himmler 's personal representative in Italy , SS Standartenführer Eugen Dollmann , escaped prosecution .
= = = Commutation , pardon and release from prison = = =
The death verdict against Kesselring unleashed a storm of protest in the United Kingdom . Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill immediately branded it as too harsh and intervened in favour of Kesselring . Field Marshal Alexander , now Governor General of Canada , sent a telegram to Prime Minister Clement Attlee in which he expressed his hope that Kesselring 's sentence would be commuted . " As his old opponent on the battlefield " , he stated , " I have no complaints against him . Kesselring and his soldiers fought against us hard but clean . " Alexander had expressed his admiration for Kesselring as a military commander as early as 1943 . In his 1961 memoirs Alexander paid tribute to Kesselring as a commander who " showed great skill in extricating himself from the desperate situations into which his faulty intelligence had led him " . Alexander 's sentiments were echoed by Lieutenant General Sir Oliver Leese , who had commanded the British Eighth Army in the Italian campaign . In a May 1947 interview , Leese said he was " very sad " to hear of what he considered " British victor 's justice " being imposed on Kesselring , an " extremely gallant soldier who had fought his battles fairly and squarely " . Lord de L 'Isle , who had been awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry at Anzio , raised the issue in the House of Lords .
The Italian government refused to carry out death sentences , as the death penalty had been abolished in Italy in 1944 and was regarded as a relic of Mussolini 's Fascist regime . The Italian decision was very disappointing to the British government because the trials had partly been intended to meet the expectations of the Italian public . The War Office notified Lieutenant General Sir John Harding , who had succeeded Alexander as commander of British forces in the Mediterranean in 1946 , that there should be no more death sentences and those already imposed should be commuted . Accordingly , Harding commuted the death sentences imposed on von Mackensen , Mälzer and Kesselring to life imprisonment on 4 July 1947 . Mälzer died while still in prison in February 1952 , while von Mackensen , after having his sentence reduced to 21 years , was set free in October 1952 . Kesselring was moved from Mestre prison near Venice to Wolfsberg , Carinthia , in May 1947 . In October 1947 he was transferred for the last time , to Werl Prison , in Westphalia .
In Kesselring 's memoirs , he said that in Wolfsberg he was approached by a former SS major who had an escape plan prepared . According to Kesselring , he declined the offer on the grounds that it would be seen as a confession of guilt . Other senior Nazi figures did manage to escape from Wolfsberg to South America or Syria .
Kesselring resumed his work on a history of the war that he was writing for the US Army 's Historical Division . This effort , working under the direction of Generaloberst Franz Halder in 1946 , brought together a number of German generals for the purpose of producing historical studies of the war , including Gotthard Heinrici , Heinz Guderian , Lothar Rendulic , Hasso von Manteuffel and Georg von Küchler . Kesselring contributed studies of the war in Italy and North Africa and the problems faced by the German high command . Kesselring also worked secretly on his memoirs . The manuscript was smuggled out by Irmgard Horn @-@ Kesselring , Rainer 's mother , who typed it at her home .
An influential group assembled in Britain to lobby for his release from prison . Headed by Lord Hankey , the group included politicians Lord de L 'Isle and Richard Stokes , Field Marshal Alexander and Admiral of the Fleet The Earl of Cork and Orrery , and military historians Basil Liddell Hart and J. F. C. Fuller . Upon re @-@ gaining the prime ministership in 1951 , Winston Churchill , who was closely associated with the group , gave priority to the quick release of the war criminals remaining in British custody .
Meanwhile , in Germany , the release of military prisoners had become a political issue . With the establishment of West Germany in 1949 , and the advent of the Cold War between the former Allies and the Soviet Union , it became inevitable that the Wehrmacht would be revived in some form , and there were calls for amnesty for military prisoners as a condition for German military participation in the Western Alliance . A media campaign gradually gathered steam in Germany . Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung published an interview with Liny Kesselring and Stern ran a series about Kesselring and von Manstein entitled " Justice , Not Clemency " . The pressure on the British government was increased in 1952 , when the German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer made it clear that West German ratification of the European Defence Community Treaty was dependent on the release of German military figures .
In July 1952 , Kesselring was diagnosed with a cancerous growth in the throat . During World War I , he had frequently smoked up to twenty cigars per day but he quit smoking in 1925 . Although the British were suspicious of the diagnosis , they were concerned that he might die in prison like Mälzer , which would be a public relations disaster . Kesselring was transferred to a hospital , under guard . In October 1952 , Kesselring was released from his prison sentence on the grounds of ill @-@ health .
= = = Later life = = =
In 1952 , while still in the hospital , Kesselring accepted the honorary presidency of three veterans ' organisations . The first was the Luftwaffenring , consisting of Luftwaffe veterans . The Verband deutsches Afrikakorps , the veterans ' association of the Afrika Korps , soon followed . More controversial was the presidency of the right @-@ wing veterans ' association , the Stahlhelm , Bund der Frontsoldaten . Leadership of this organisation tarnished his reputation . He attempted to reform the organisation , proposing that the new German flag be flown instead of the old Imperial Flag ; that the old Stahlhelm greeting Front heil ! be abolished ; and that members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany be allowed to join . The response was very unenthusiastic .
Kesselring 's memoirs were published in 1953 , as Soldat bis zum letzten Tag ( A Soldier to the Last Day ) . They were reprinted in English as A Soldier 's Record a year later . Although written while he was in prison , without access to his papers , the memoirs formed a valuable resource , informing military historians on topics such as the background to the invasion of the Soviet Union . When the English edition was published , Kesselring 's contentions that the Luftwaffe was not defeated in the air in the Battle of Britain and that Operation Sea Lion — the invasion of Britain — was thought about but never seriously planned were controversial . In 1955 , he published a second book , Gedanken zum Zweiten Weltkrieg ( Thoughts on the Second World War ) .
Interviewed by the Italian journalist Enzo Biagi soon after his release in 1952 , Kesselring defiantly described the Marzabotto massacre — in which almost 800 innocent Italian civilians had been killed — as a " normal military operation " . Since the event was considered to be the worst massacre of civilians committed in Italy during World War II , Kesselring 's definition caused outcry and indignation in the Italian Parliament . Kesselring reacted provocatively , claiming that he had " saved Italy " and that the Italians ought to build him " a monument " . In response , on 4 December 1952 , Piero Calamandrei , an Italian jurist , soldier , university professor , and politician , who had been a leader of the Resistance , penned an antifascist poem , Lapide ad ignominia ( " A Monument to Ignominy " ) . In the poem , Calamandrei stated that if Kesselring returned he would indeed find a monument , but one stronger than stone , composed of Italian Resistance fighters who " willingly took up arms , to preserve dignity , not to promote hate , and who decided to fight back against the shame and terror of the world " . Calamandrei 's poem appears in monuments in the towns of Cuneo , Montepulciano and Sant 'Anna di Stazzema .
After release from prison , Kesselring protested against what he regarded as the " unjustly smirched reputation of the German soldier " . In November 1953 , testifying at a war crimes trial , he warned that " there won 't be any volunteers for the new German army if the German government continues to try German soldiers for acts committed in World War II " . He enthusiastically supported the European Defence Community , and suggested that the " war opponents of yesterday must become the peace comrades and friends of tomorrow " . On the other hand , he also declared that he found " astonishing " those who believe " that we must revise our ideas in accordance with democratic principles ... That is more than I can take . "
In March 1954 , Kesselring and Liny toured Austria ostensibly as private citizens . He met with former comrades @-@ in @-@ arms and prison @-@ mates , some of them former SS members , causing embarrassment to the Austrian government , which ordered his deportation . He ignored the order and completed his tour before leaving a week later , as per his original plan . His only official service was on the Medals Commission , which was established by President Theodor Heuss . Ultimately , the commission unanimously recommended that medals should be permitted to be worn — but without the swastika . He was an expert witness for the " Generals ' Trials " . The Generals ' Trials were trials of German citizens before German courts for crimes committed in Germany , the most prominent of which was that of Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner .
Kesselring died in a sanatorium in Bad Nauheim in West Germany , on 16 July 1960 at the age of 74 , following a heart attack . He was given a quasi @-@ military Stahlhelm funeral and buried in Bergfriedhof Cemetery in Bad Wiessee . Members of Stahlhelm acted as his pall bearers and fired a rifle volley over his grave . His former chief of staff , Siegfried Westphal , spoke for the veterans of North Africa and Italy , describing Kesselring as " a man of admirable strength of character whose care was for soldiers of all ranks " . Josef Kammhuber spoke on behalf of the Luftwaffe and Bundeswehr , expressing the hope that Kesselring would be remembered for his earlier accomplishments rather than for his later activities . Also present were the former SS @-@ Oberst @-@ Gruppenführer Sepp Dietrich , the ex @-@ Chancellor Franz von Papen , Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner , Grossadmiral and former Reichspräsident Karl Dönitz , Otto Remer , SS Standartenführer Joachim Peiper , and former Ambassador Rudolf Rahn .
In 2000 , a memorial event was held in Bad Wiessee marking the fortieth anniversary of Kesselring 's death . No representatives of the Bundeswehr attended , on the grounds that Kesselring was " not worthy of being part of our tradition " . Instead , the task of remembering the Generalfeldmarschall fell to two veterans groups , the Deutsche Montecassino Vereinigung ( German Monte Cassino Association ) and the Bund Deutscher Fallschirmjäger ( Association of German Paratroopers ) . To his ageing troops , Kesselring remained a commander to be commemorated .
= Bruce Kingsbury =
Bruce Steel Kingsbury , VC ( 8 January 1918 – 29 August 1942 ) was an Australian soldier of the Second World War . Serving initially in the Middle East , he later gained renown for his actions during the Battle of Isurava , one of many battles forming the Kokoda Track Campaign in New Guinea . His bravery during the battle was recognised with the Victoria Cross , the highest decoration for gallantry " in the face of the enemy " that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces . The first serviceman to receive the VC for actions in Australian territory , Kingsbury was a member of the 2 / 14th Infantry Battalion .
On 29 August 1942 , during the Battle of Isurava , Kingsbury was one of the few survivors of a platoon that had been overrun by the Japanese . He immediately volunteered to join a different platoon , which had been ordered to counter @-@ attack . Rushing forward and firing his Bren gun from the hip , he cleared a path through the enemy and inflicted several casualties . Kingsbury was then seen to fall , shot by a Japanese sniper and killed instantly . His actions , which delayed the Japanese long enough for the Australians to fortify their positions , were instrumental in saving his battalion 's headquarters and he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross as a result .
= = Early life = =
Born in the Melbourne suburb of Preston on 8 January 1918 , Kingsbury was the second son of Philip Blencowe Kingsbury , an estate agent , and his wife Florence Annie , née Steel . Growing up in Prahran , Kingsbury became friends with Allen Avery when he was five years old . The two often raced billycarts down the hilly streets , and would remain lifelong friends . Kingsbury attended Windsor State School as a child , and his results were good enough to earn a scholarship at Melbourne Technical College . Avery began an agricultural course in Longerenong . Although qualified as a printer , Kingsbury began working at his father 's real estate business , a job he disliked .
Unhappy in the estate agency , Kingsbury took up the position of caretaker on a farm at Boundary Bend , not far from where Avery was working . After three months , the pair decided that they would go on an adventure – walking through western Victoria and New South Wales . In February 1936 , Kingsbury and Avery left their jobs and began travelling north , working on various farms and estates . The pair eventually arrived in Sydney several months later , and returned to Melbourne on the first train back . Kingsbury resumed working as a real estate agent , while Avery worked as a nurseryman . They spent their free time at dances and parties . During this time , Kingsbury met and became close to Leila Bradbury . As the war in Europe escalated , Kingsbury and Avery made up their minds to enlist . Despite his parents ' disapproval , Kingsbury signed up to the Australian Imperial Force on 29 May 1940 .
= = Middle East = =
Kingsbury was originally assigned to the 2 / 2nd Pioneer Battalion , but requested a transfer to the 2 / 14th Infantry Battalion to join Avery who had , coincidentally , enlisted on the same day at a different recruitment centre . The pair undertook basic training at Puckapunyal , where they were assigned to the same section ( 7 Section of 9 Platoon ) and were given drill instruction , rifle drill and mock battle training . After 7 Section learned they would be sent overseas , Kingsbury informed Avery that he planned to propose to Leila . The pair went to Melbourne to try to organise the wedding . Although Kingsbury gave Leila a wristwatch as an engagement present , they could not arrange a marriage licence before he left , and the marriage never took place .
Kingsbury , along with the rest of the 7th Division , was shipped to the Middle East in late 1940 . Spending time in Tel Aviv and the surrounding areas , the 7th Division continued training and awaited further orders . On 9 April , the division was sent forward to Mersa Matruh in Egypt to support the Commonwealth force 's defences . It replaced a Scottish unit and took up positions in the garrison . On 23 May , Kingsbury 's brigade was sent back to Palestine , en route to battle in Syria and Lebanon . The 2 / 14th fought against the Vichy French on the Lebanese mountain ranges , as part of a three @-@ pronged attack on Beirut . During this time , the division fought in many towns , including a major battle in Jezzine , where Avery was wounded by a grenade — which drove metal splinters into his spine — and awarded the Military Medal for his " cool courage and devotion " . As the war with the Vichy French was winding down , on 11 July Kingsbury and Avery were selected for a contingent to collect and bury the dead . The battalion stayed in Beirut for a few months , until setting up a semi @-@ permanent camp at Hill 69 , outside Jerusalem .
On 30 January 1942 , the 7th Division left Egypt for Australia , sailing via Bombay , as the division was needed to fight against the Japanese . Kingsbury 's battalion made landfall at Adelaide and continued to Melbourne by rail . The battalion arrived on 16 March , and was given a week 's leave . After this , the battalion underwent training in Glen Innes , before camping in Yandina , Queensland . On 5 August , the battalion moved north to Brisbane , boarding a ship to Port Moresby to join the fighting in New Guinea , where a force of mostly Militia personnel were engaged in a desperate defensive action .
= = Kokoda Track Campaign = =
Following the Battle of the Coral Sea , the Japanese abandoned the attempt to capture Port Moresby from the sea and , on 21 July , landed ground forces at Buna in north @-@ east Papua . After capturing the town of Kokoda for the second time on 9 August , the Japanese began advancing along the Kokoda Track towards Port Moresby . The 2 @,@ 500 @-@ strong Japanese force met the 39th and 53rd Infantry Battalions , at the town of Isurava . As the battle was beginning to develop , on 26 August , members of the 2 / 14th , including Kingsbury , arrived at Isurava to reinforce the exhausted 39th Battalion .
= = = Battle of Isurava = = =
The two combined battalions began digging in around Isurava . A headquarters had been set up at the top of the hill , which was vital to the defence of the position . While the Australians dug themselves in , the Japanese , led by Japanese Major General Tomitarō Horii , prepared to attack . On 28 August , the Japanese launched their offensive . The Australians , who had initially been outnumbered but were now roughly equal in strength , resisted in the face of heavy machine @-@ gun fire and hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . On 29 August , the Japanese broke through the right flank , pushing the Australians back with heavy fire , threatening to cut off their headquarters . The Australians began to prepare a counter @-@ offensive , and men volunteered to join an attack party . Kingsbury , one of the few survivors of his platoon , ran down the Track with the group .
You could see his Bren gun held out and his big bottom swaying as he went with the momentum he was getting up , followed by Alan Avery . They were cheerful . They were going out on a picnic almost .
Using a Bren gun he had taken from wounded Corporal Lindsay Bear , Kingsbury , alongside Avery and the rest of the group , engaged the nearby Japanese . The fire was so heavy that the undergrowth was completely destroyed within five minutes . It was then that Kingsbury , firing from his hip , charged straight at the Japanese .
He came forward with this Bren and he just mowed them down . He was an inspiration to everybody else around him . There were clumps of Japs here and there and he just mowed them down .
His actions demoralised the Japanese , killing several and forcing others to find cover . The rest of the Australian group , inspired by Kingsbury 's actions , forced the Japanese further back into the jungle . Kingsbury was then seen to fall to the ground , shot by a Japanese sniper . The sniper fired one shot before disappearing . Avery , who had been about 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) from Kingsbury , briefly chased after the sniper but returned to carry Kingsbury to the regimental aid post ; Kingsbury was dead by the time he arrived there .
= = Legacy = =
Kingsbury 's actions were a turning point in the battle . The Japanese had begun to gather momentum in their attack , and were threatening to overrun the 2 / 14th 's headquarters . His attack inflicted damage to the Japanese force , temporarily halting their advance . This allowed the Australian troops to stabilise their positions , eventually regaining control and defending the battalion 's headquarters . His act of bravery served as an inspiration to the troops . However , the battle ended in defeat for the Australians , with elements of the 2 / 14th breaking during the afternoon of 29 August . The remainder of the battalion managed to withdraw during the night , but suffered heavy casualties and another defeat during fighting the next day at positions around the Isurava Guest House .
Authors and military analysts have speculated that had Kingsbury not attacked , the Japanese might have destroyed the battalion . The Japanese had been attacking in waves , and had started to climb a steep hill to outflank the Australians , in an effort to win the battle . The Australians were low on supplies and the Japanese were on the verge of breaking through the Australian line . Had they broken through , they would have been able to isolate the battalion 's headquarters from the soldiers on the flanks . This would have prevented the Australians from retreating to Alola , allowing the Japanese to overrun them .
For his actions , Kingsbury was awarded the Victoria Cross , which was gazetted on 9 February 1943 . His citation read :
War Office , 9th February , 1943 .
The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the posthumous award of the VICTORIA CROSS to : —
No . VX 19139 Private . Bruce Steel Kingsbury , Australian Military Forces .
In New Guinea , the Battalion to which Private Kingsbury belonged had been holding a position in the Isurava area for two days against continuous and fierce enemy attacks . On the 29th August , 1942 , the enemy attacked in such force that they succeeded in breaking through the Battalion 's right flank , creating a serious threat both to the rest of the Battalion and to its Headquarters . To avoid the situation becoming more desperate , it was essential to regain immediately the lost ground on the right flank .
Private Kingsbury , who was one of the few survivors of a Platoon which had been overrun and severely cut about by the enemy , immediately volunteered to join a different platoon which had been ordered to counter @-@ attack .
He rushed forward firing his Bren Gun from the hip through terrific machine @-@ gun fire and succeeded in clearing a path through the enemy . Continuing to sweep the enemy positions with his fire and inflicting an extremely high number of casualties on them , Private Kingsbury was then seen to fall to the ground shot dead , by the bullet from a sniper hiding in the wood .
Private Kingsbury displayed a complete disregard for his own safety . His initiative and superb courage made possible the recapture of the position which undoubtedly saved Battalion Headquarters , as well as causing heavy casualties amongst the enemy . His coolness , determination and devotion to duty in the face of great odds was an inspiration to his comrades .
Kingsbury was the first Australian soldier to be awarded the Victoria Cross for actions in the South Pacific and also the first on Australian territory . Kingsbury 's section remains the most highly decorated section in the British Empire , its members having received a Victoria Cross , one Distinguished Conduct Medal and four Military Medals by war 's end ; the platoon also suffered the highest proportional losses in the Kokoda Campaign . Kingsbury 's platoon sergeant , Sergeant Robert Thompson , later commented that when he was recommending Kingsbury for the Victoria Cross , he was asked several times would he " please write it up a bit more with a bit more action and such " and
On the same day or the next day there was another chap named Charlie McCarthy [ sic , McCallum ] , who really did something , probably far more deserving but they were only going to award one VC , so Bruce got it . I 'm not decrying it . He was worded up and Charlie unfortunately was worded down …
Kingsbury 's Rock , the rock next to which Kingsbury died , stands within sight of where the 2 / 14th Battalion 's headquarters had been established , and has been incorporated as part of the Isurava Memorial . His body now rests in the Bomana Cemetery , Port Moresby , and his Victoria Cross is on display at the Australian War Memorial , Canberra . The Melbourne suburb of Kingsbury was named in his honour , as was a rest area on the Remembrance Driveway and a street in the Canberra suburb of Gowrie . Kingsbury 's story was featured in the History Channel production For Valour .
= Toyota Aurion ( XV40 ) =
The Toyota Aurion ( XV40 ) / ˈɔːriən / is the original series of the Toyota Aurion , a mid @-@ size car produced by Toyota in Australia and parts of Asia . Designated " XV40 " , Toyota manufactured the first generation Aurion between 2006 and 2012 until it was fully replaced by the XV50 series . While Asian production of the XV50 series began in late @-@ 2011 , Toyota 's Australian operations did not take on production of the new model until 2012 .
Although marketed as a separate model , the XV40 series Aurion is essentially a Toyota Camry ( XV40 ) with revised front- and rear @-@ end treatment , along with changes to the interior . In lieu of the " Aurion " nameplate , the majority of East and Southeast Asian markets received the Camry @-@ based Aurion under the name Toyota Camry . However , in Australasia and the Middle East , Toyota sold the original version of the Camry alongside the Aurion . In these markets , the Aurion replaced the Avalon ( XX10 ) model , which could trace its roots back to 1994 .
In the Australasian and Middle Eastern markets , to further differentiate the Aurion from its Camry sibling , Toyota equipped the Aurion exclusively with a 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litre V6 engine . With the Camry , the company only offered the 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre four @-@ cylinder version . Previously in these markets , prior to the introduction of the Camry XV40 , Toyota had offered both four- and a six @-@ cylinder powerplants . Along with the naturally aspirated version , Toyota produced an Australia @-@ only supercharged TRD Aurion between 2007 and 2009 as tuned by Toyota Racing Development ( TRD ) . At its release , Toyota claimed this performance variant to be the world 's most powerful front @-@ wheel drive car . The powertrains used in the Asian specification Camry vary slightly from those of the Aurion . As well as the 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litre V6 , two four @-@ cylinder engines are offered in either 2.0- or a 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre form . These engines are teamed with a six- , four- and five @-@ speed automatic transmissions , respectively .
= = History of development = =
Before commencing production of the Aurion , Toyota Australia manufactured the full @-@ size Avalon model at its Altona plant in Melbourne until June 2005 . Production of the Avalon had begun in 2000 , taking much of its basic design and mechanical features from the then six @-@ year @-@ old Avalon model sold in North America . The Avalon was offered as a larger , more upmarket car than the Toyota Camry , which it was built alongside . The original sales predictions were not met , with the Avalon failing to challenge rivals such as the Holden Commodore and the Ford Falcon . The reasoning behind this has been widely attributed to the Avalon 's older design and styling , which has been widely described as " bland " , as well as the front @-@ wheel drive configuration and smaller engine displacement . In its best year , the Avalon only managed to reach half of Toyota 's projected sales target , with many potential buyers opting for the slightly smaller sized V6 Camry , featuring the same engine as the Avalon .
Toyota , discovering that the Australian public wanted something that was modern and designed with consideration to the Australian market , began full @-@ scale planning work on its Avalon replacement in 2002 . Toyota Australia realised that no other model being developed at the time for Japan or North America was going to be suitable , and due to the size limitations of the Australian market , a completely indigenous model was unrealisable . However , at that time , Toyota Australia did not have any designers of its own . As a result , the company recruited Paul Beranger in August 2002 to set up Toyota Style Australia ( TSA ) in an industrial complex located in Dingley Village , Victoria . TSA first developed the X @-@ Runner and Sportivo Coupe concepts , and in 2003 , Nick Hogios , who had previously worked for Ford Australia on designing the XR performance models of the BA Falcon , was appointed chief designer . TSA 's next venture was more significant — a privately developed model based on the Camry XV30 — a car that signalled the beginning of the Aurion programme . Codenamed " 380L " and developed during the course of 2003 , this one @-@ off model was forged by stripping panels and interior components from the donor Camry , and substituting these for TSA @-@ developed versions . Total cost was approximately A $ 1 million . Focus groups conducted by Toyota in early 2003 had ranked the Avalon at the bottom of the list when compared to the competing Holden Commodore , Ford Falcon , and Mitsubishi Magna . Later on in the year , the same focus groups were called back and the Avalon was exchanged for the 380L . Overall , the groups ranked the Toyota as their first preference , and according to Beranger , " didn 't see the car as a Camry " . As such , Toyota Australia deduced that if the 380L was available for purchase there and then , they could sell it alongside the regular Camry as a six @-@ cylinder car under a different name .
During the 380L development , TSA had regular discussions with Toyota Japan on how its Avalon replacement would eventually turn out . Because TSA were an unknown quantity , having never designed a production vehicle , it took the division some time to convince Japan that they could indeed design a car themselves . When the 380L was consigned to a presentation with Japanese Toyota officials , TSA 's lead designer Nick Hogios was requested to tender a proposal for the next @-@ generation " 042L " Camry design competition . While his submission was not chosen , Hogios was summoned to work on what would become the Aurion , then exclusively referred to as the " Asian " or " prestige " Camry , and codenamed " 043L " . Due to the success of TSA 's earlier concepts and the 380L , Toyota Australia was given the authorisation to manufacture both the regular 042L and 043L Camrys and sell them side @-@ by @-@ side . In Australia however , the regular Camry was to be limited to the four @-@ cylinder engine , and the prestige Camry ( later to become the Aurion ) to the six . Hogios worked in Japan for nine months during 2004 designing the prestige Camry , and his final design was a collaborative effort between Japanese and Taiwanese designers , but the car 's front @-@ end styling is largely Hogios 's own work . While the work in Japan was being undertaken , TSA began to make changes for the Australian Aurion variants . After the design stage was completed , Toyota Australia then commenced work on the development of the car , concurrently developing both the Australian car and the version for Asia . Beranger proclaims that the entire engineering undertaking , " is probably one of the most significant jobs that any subsidiary of Toyota Japan has done anywhere in the world . " The Australian variant of the car was codenamed " 323L " . Despite both cars being essentially identical , Australia was given a different code due to the car occupying a broader range in that market — from a fleet vehicle to a sports @-@ oriented model . In Asia , the car 's role is much narrower , being a high @-@ end luxury car .
On 9 February 2006 , Toyota Australia unveiled the Aurion alongside the Aurion Sportivo concept at the Melbourne International Motor Show at an official press conference . Toyota dropped the Avalon tag for their new large car , as it had gained a reputation to be an uninspiring car , both in the flesh and to drive . Toyota made use of the " Aurion " name to give the car a fresh start . Aurion means " tomorrow " in Ancient Greek , and Aurora translates to " the dawn " in Latin . The name was chosen after consumer research on more than 30 potential names . This gives implications of a completely new car and ties in with Toyota 's advertising slogan , " Can 't wait for tomorrow " .
= = = Design = = =
Aurion takes its doors , windows , roof panels , body sides ( except front quarters ) from the Camry XV40 . However , the other panels are unique from the regular Camry . This component sharing also means that Aurion has the same wheelbase , front and rear axle tracks , and interior dimensions . Interior design also largely parallels the Camry . Notable differences include the redesigned upper dashboard portion and restyled centre console , plus the substitution of the Australian Camry 's hand @-@ operated parking brake with a foot @-@ operated equivalent ( as shared with the Camry for Japan and North America ) . The reasoning behind this component sharing strategy was to reduce costs and to allow the car to be built alongside the Camry , thus simplifying the manufacturing process .
Toyota claims that the Aurion is designed to Australian tastes , although it has been designed with markets such as Asia in mind . Hogios states that the Aurion follows the traits of current Australian styling , with a tendency to look towards European designs for inspiration . In addition , like its other vehicles of similar vintage , Toyota designed the Aurion within the realm of its " vibrant clarity " design language . According to chief designer Hogios , the car makes particular use of the " vibrant clarity " theory known as " perfect imbalance " . This involves body features that act as a counterpoint to other body features . Examples of this include intersecting concave and convex surfaces and vertical sculpted features on the front fascia , which are balanced by the horizontal headlamps . The front @-@ end 's " double concave architecture " can also be characterised by its protruding bonnet crease line and deep grille . The same architecture is applied at the rear , with a deep bumper , a clamshell @-@ shaped boot lid that envelops over the flanks , dual exhaust pipes and tail lamps . Design patents were filed on 27 December 2005 at the United States Patent and Trademark Office .
For certain markets like China , where Camry sits right below similar @-@ sized Mercedes @-@ Benz cars as a luxury model , it is important for the Aurion to exemplify the traits of such vehicles . With the development of the Aurion , designers produced two separate philosophies , each pitched at a specific niche of the market . The base model AT @-@ X , and luxury Prodigy and Presara variants employ the comfort design , with the more aggressive sports @-@ oriented style found on the Sportivo versions . To meet this requirement , the Sportivo variants feature unique 17 @-@ inch alloy wheels , a rear spoiler , body kit appendages , and a three @-@ spoke steering wheel . The high @-@ performance TRD models offer a similar sports @-@ oriented design , but are distinguishable by the use of unique body parts . These include a redesigned Formula One @-@ inspired front bumper , with integrated foglamps , a unique rear bumper with fixed tailpipes .
= = = Facelift = = =
Toyota of Thailand unveiled a reworked version of the East and Southeast Asian @-@ market Camry in June 2009 equipped with a hybrid drivetrain . The revised Aurion @-@ based Camry previewed the Australian Aurion 's then upcoming facelift . The updated car features new headlamp and taillamp lens clusters with integrated foglamps , along with a redesigned front bumper , grille insert , and revised interior trim details . The design registrations for the facelifted hybrid version , noting changes made to the original were filed on 19 December 2008 at the US Patent and Trademark Office . Toyota Australia later revealed the updated car as its Aurion on 21 September . While the front @-@ end of the original Aurion was designed with a " double @-@ concave " architecture , the revised version abandons this for an " X @-@ Form " design philosophy , characterised by a lower and wider trapezoidal shaped grille .
Like the original version , the Aurion continues to offer differing frontal design treatments across the range . From side , the rehashed design is identified by the deletion of bodyside moulding strips and a range of new wheels designs , including the standard fitment of alloy wheels on the base @-@ line AT @-@ X. Interior upgrades in the form of new colour combinations are featured , along with upgraded instruments and gauges giving greater turn signal and warning @-@ signal clarity . Revised audio systems , lighting and in @-@ cabin storage are also featured . Prodigy and Presara versions receive a new " linear satin " wood grain finish .
= = = Safety = = =
Safety was a key aspect in the development of the Aurion . All safety features are standard across the entire range and there are no optional safety devices . Features such as dual front , side and curtain airbags , traction control , brake assist , electronic brakeforce distribution and Vehicle Stability Control come standard . In tests conducted by Australasian New Car Assessment Program ( ANCAP ) , the base model scored a four @-@ star rating , with 30 @.@ 03 out of 37 points . Toyota caused controversy by not providing a third test vehicle for ANCAP to use for the optional " side @-@ pole impact test " . This third test , allows tested vehicles to be eligible for a five @-@ star rating if the initial score is high enough . Toyota cited the additional expense of A $ 75 @,@ 000 – $ 100 @,@ 000 including the car as being unjustifiable , and that they did not agree with the nature of the pole test . The scores given without the optional test indicate that the maximum two points that could have been earned would have been slightly less than needed to give the Aurion a five @-@ star rating anyway . Due to Toyota 's decision to fit a driver and front passenger seat belt reminder , along with their decision to fund the optional pole test , the Aurion 's safety rating was upgraded to a full five stars from August 2009 production , with a score of 33 @.@ 03 out of 37 .
= = Powertrains = =
The Aurion employs a version of Toyota 's 2GR @-@ FE V6 engine that also powers the V6 Camry outside of Australasia . With an engine displacement of 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litres , the 2GR @-@ FE engine is capable of outputting 200 kW ( 268 hp ) and 336 N · m ( 248 lb · ft ) of torque . Power rises by 4 kW ( 5 hp ) with the use of 95 RON " premium " unleaded petrol . Acceleration figures for the car have been recorded at 7 @.@ 4 seconds from standstill to 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) , and Toyota claims a top speed of 228 km / h ( 142 mph ) . The Aurion , which is Euro IV emissions compliant , is rated at 9 @.@ 9 L / 100 km ( 23 @.@ 8 mpg @-@ US ) under the Australian ADR 81 / 01 fuel consumption test . The dual VVT @-@ i 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litre 2GR @-@ FE engine paired to Toyota 's six @-@ speed U660E automatic transmission . This same transmission is also utilised by the supercharged TRD variants . These produce 241 kW ( 323 hp ) and 400 N · m ( 295 lb · ft ) , combined with a combined fuel consumption of 10 @.@ 9 L / 100 km ( 21 @.@ 6 mpg @-@ US ) .
In some Asian countries where the Aurion is sold as the Toyota Camry , both 2.0- and 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre powerplants are offered . The naturally aspirated 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litre engine is also available in some of these markets . The 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre 1AZ @-@ FE inline @-@ four has a maximum output of 108 kW ( 145 hp ) of power and 190 N · m ( 140 lb · ft ) of torque . These figures rise to 127 kW ( 170 hp ) and 224 N · m ( 165 lb · ft ) when the 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre 2AZ @-@ FE unit is fitted . Of the two four @-@ cylinder motors , the latter is teamed with Toyota 's five @-@ speed U250E automatic , with the U241E four @-@ speed unit reserved for the 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre model . From circa 2009 , Toyota began offering a new 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre 3ZR @-@ FE inline @-@ four petrol engine in some markets . Producing 102 kW ( 137 hp ) and 189 N · m ( 139 lb · ft ) , the 3ZR @-@ FE was available with the four @-@ speed U241E automatic , or in some markets with a six @-@ speed manual .
= = Market = =
= = = Australasia = = =
Toyota launched the Aurion in Australasia , where it competes with the rear @-@ wheel drive Ford Falcon , Holden Commodore , and the now discontinued front @-@ wheel drive Mitsubishi 380 . The TRD variants were pitched to compete with the Subaru Liberty GT and Mazda 6 MPS . Since its introduction , the Aurion has received numerous awards and positive reviews . In particular , the car has been praised for its good performance mated with comparatively low fuel consumption , and the inclusion of safety and comfort features that are optional on competitor vehicles .
Prior to its introduction , a target of 24 @,@ 000 annualised sales were predicted for the Australian market , double that of the Avalon 's eventual sales rate . A further 8 @,@ 000 vehicles were forecast to be sent abroad to the Middle East and New Zealand . Starting from 2007 , Toyota received a contract to deliver 10 @,@ 000 export Aurions to the Middle East .
The Aurion was also judged best large car in the Drive Car of the Year competition for both 2006 , 2007 and 2009 .
Specification levels
AT @-@ X : Marketed primarily towards fleets buyers , the entry @-@ level AT @-@ X features air conditioning , power windows and mirrors , among others . The Aurion AT @-@ X was awarded the Australia 's Best Large Car award in 2006 and 2007 ; judges described the Aurion as " ... a terrific well @-@ rounded package of technology and refinement . Toyota has produced a big six that has continued to outstrip traditional rivals in the Australian market . "
Sportivo : Available in two flavours for the Australian market , the Sportivo is the Aurion 's sports oriented variant . The introductory Sportivo SX6 features a specially designed sports body kit , sports suspension , sports seats and 17 @-@ inch alloy wheels and tinted sports headlights . The Sportivo ZR6 also shares the same " Sportivo " exterior design , but is specified high , with electrically adjustable leather sports seats , parking sensors and dual @-@ zone climate control air conditioning .
Prodigy : Building onto what the AT @-@ X offers , the semi @-@ luxury Prodigy , branded the Touring in New Zealand and the Middle East , features an electrically adjustable driver 's seat , dual @-@ zone climate control air conditioning , parking sensors , wood grain interior and full leather upholstery . The Prodigy also sees a chrome grille , and 16 @-@ inch alloy wheels along with front fog lamps as standard .
Presara : the luxury @-@ oriented Presara features a lavishly appointed interior with features such as electric seats with a two @-@ memory setting , a moonroof , push @-@ start engine operation , a reversing camera , and satellite navigation . The Presara , marketed under the Grande moniker in New Zealand and the Middle East , also features high @-@ intensity discharge headlamps with auto levelling front lighting system . When reversing , the side mirrors face down towards the ground ( unless the mirror adjustment switch is in the off position ) to assist the driver when parking in places where space is compromised .
Toyota Australia released the special edition " Touring SE " in October 2007 , based on the AT @-@ X. Features gained over the AT @-@ X comprised 16 @-@ inch alloy wheels , a rear spoiler , six CD stacker , a trip computer , dual zone climate control air @-@ conditioning and a leather steering wheel and selection lever . Front and rear parking sensors , and dual @-@ zone air conditioning were also fitted . The Touring SE was reintroduced in identical form in April 2008 , again in October 2008 , and then finally in April 2009 . These 2009 versions differed slightly , with 17- in lieu of 16 @-@ inch wheels , the Sportivo grille , and sports front and rear lights . The price remains unchanged from the 2007 original . At the same time , a Touring SE variant of the Camry sedan was released with similar upgrades .
In 2011 , a special edition of the Aurion , called the " White LE " was released with only 250 built . The model is based on the Prodigy , however , features a unique exterior and interior combination . The White LE is painted white and has unique alloy wheels , similar to those found on the Australian version Camry Grande . The bodykit is from the Sportivo viarants and the model has unique badging . The interior is a mixture of black and off white on the leather seats and interior panels .
= = = = TRD Aurion = = = =
Toyota unveiled the Aurion Sports Concept at the 2006 Australian International Motor Show , held in Sydney . The A $ 8 million concept car was a styling exercise previewing the TRD Aurion , which was subsequently released in August 2007 . TRD 's first experiment with supercharger technology was with the Toyota Camry @-@ based 2005 TS @-@ 01 concept .
The project 's exterior design manager was Lee Moran , a former Ford Australia designer . He was chosen by Toyota Styling Australia chief Paul Berninger in 2005 . One of Moran 's focuses was to reduce the size of the grille and add emphasis to the front bumper line below it . This was done so the car had more of a Formula One oriented look . In the Toyota wind tunnel in Japan , the vehicle 's drag coefficient was confirmed at 0 @.@ 30 , meaning that the car would operate better aerodynamically than its non @-@ TRD variants . The TRD also features bold exterior additions that differentiate it with the standard Aurion range , such as exhaust pipes integrated into the bumper , tinted taillight lenses , and a unique bodykit . Along with the supercharged 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litre V6 engine outputting 241 kW ( 323 hp ) of power and 400 N · m ( 295 lb · ft ) of torque , the TRD also incorporates an upgraded suspension system and tyres over the standard Aurion models to improve car handling .
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Toyota Australia planned to sell 50 to 70 TRD Aurion units per month with the majority of the sales coming from Australia . However , the project was unsuccessful , and as of 31 March 2009 , TRD Australia halted production of the Aurion TRD ( and TRD Hilux ) , and the division was shut down . When available , the range comprised two variants , the 3500S and 3500SL . The former features performance mufflers , 19 @-@ inch alloy wheels , red alcantara leather seats with black alcantara fabric bolsters and other high @-@ performance upgrades . The range @-@ topping 3500SL adds clearance and reverse parking sensors , dual @-@ zone climate control air conditioning , a colour @-@ coded transmission selection lever , and an eight @-@ way adjustable driver 's seat . Furthermore , the SL gains an aluminium rear bumper reinforcement addition , and is the first production car in the world to use the Eaton twin @-@ vortices supercharger . This substantially reduces engine noise while bringing gains to power and torque .
= = = Asia = = =
Toyota also manufactures and markets the Aurion in parts of East and Southeast Asia , where it is marketed under the Toyota Camry branding . This model gets a redesigned grille and is marketed under different trim levels to their Australasian counterparts . Although these vary from country to country , the range consists of the following models in some markets : 2 @.@ 0 E , 2 @.@ 0 G , 2 @.@ 4 E , 2 @.@ 4 G , 2 @.@ 4 Sportivo , 2 @.@ 4 V , 3 @.@ 5 V , and 3 @.@ 5 Q. The decimal in the nomenclature denotes the engine displacement , with the letter representing the level of luxury .
In China , the Camry was unveiled in late April 2006 and commenced production in May . The Camry is sold in two variants — the 200 and 240 . The 200 variant is mated to the 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre 1AZ @-@ FE while 240 variant gets the 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre 2AZ @-@ FE . The range consisted of the 200E , 200GVP , 200G , 200GN , 200GGB , 240GVP , 240G , 240GN , 240GGB , 240V , 240VN and the 240VGB . Transmission choices were the four @-@ speed automatic transmission for the 200 models and the five @-@ speed automatic for the 240 models . The Camry Hybrid was introduced in April 2010 .
In Thailand , the 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre models are available in two trim packages : the 2 @.@ 0 E and 2 @.@ 0 G. The 2 @.@ 4 variant is also available in Malaysia , utilizing the 2AZ @-@ FE engine model . The output of this 2 @.@ 4 V model is 123 kW ( 165 hp ) at 6000 rpm with 224 N · m ( 165 lb · ft ) of torque at 4000 rpm .
In Indonesia , the Camry is offered with two engines , the four @-@ cylinder mated to a five @-@ speed automatic transmission . This engine is offered in G and V trims . The other engine is the V6 engine mated to a six @-@ speed automatic transmission . This engine is only offered in the top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line Q trim . The Camry has enjoyed success in Indonesia , being the best selling car in its class . The 2 @.@ 4 V and 3 @.@ 5 Q models have been used extensively by the Indonesian government , owning thousands of Camrys in their fleet .
The Camry in the Philippines offers three grades : the base G , offering a 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre engine mated to a five @-@ speed automatic transmission , has 2 SRS airbags , has fabric seats and has a foot @-@ type parking brake . The 2 @.@ 4 V is almost the same as the G variant , however , it has a 4 @-@ spoke steering wheel with wood grain , 2 SRS airbags , and has a leather @-@ wrapped wood grain with chrome shift lever and knob . The 3 @.@ 5 Q is the top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line segment , offering a 3 @.@ 5 2GR @-@ FE V6 , 24V , DOHC and dual VVT @-@ i . It is mated to a six @-@ speed gate @-@ type automatic transmission , adaptive front lighting system , automatic rain sensor , dual exhaust tail pipe , tri @-@ color / Optitron with multi @-@ information display , 2 SRS front airbags , side SRS airbags , and a push start system . All of the variants has an integrated type / tuner / in @-@ dash 6 CD changer / MP3 / WMA . All of the variants use a foot @-@ type parking brake , welcome the driver whenever the ignition is set to " ON " , displaying on the central console " Welcome to Camry " . All of the variants also have 4 front and 2 rear speakers .
In Thailand , the hybrid Camry has been available since 2009 . Its unique and differs it from other Camry hybrids because the petrol version of the Thai Camry is built using the Aurion fascia , the hybrid version also makes use of the same body .
In Vietnam , the Toyota Aurion was introduced in 2006 and has been available only in sedan form with two different trims : Camry 2 @.@ 4 G and 3 @.@ 5 Q. The 2 @.@ 4 G trim comes with the 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre engine rated 165 hp ( 123 kW ) and a 5 @-@ speed automatic gear box while the 3 @.@ 5 Q trim is equipped with a 3.5L 2GR @-@ FE engine rated 273 @.@ 5 hp ( 204 kW ) ( SAE net ) and a 6 @-@ speed automatic transmission standard . The two trims come with many safety features including brake assist system , Electronic brake @-@ force distribution ( EBD ) , vehicle stability control ( VSC ) and front and side airbags The Vietnamese Camry is produced at the Toyota production plant in Phúc Yên , Vĩnh Phú .
= HMS Cyclops ( 1871 ) =
HMS Cyclops was the lead ship of the Cyclops @-@ class breastwork monitors built for the Royal Navy during the 1870s . The ships were ordered to satisfy demands for local defence during the war scare of 1870 , but the pace of construction slowed down tremendously as the perceived threat of war declined . The ship spent most of her career in reserve ; her only sustained period in commission was four months in Portland Harbour , during the Russo @-@ Turkish War in 1878 when the British were trying to force the Russians to end the war without allowing them to seize Constantinople . Cyclops was sold for scrap in 1903 .
= = Design and description = =
The Cyclops @-@ class ships were modified versions of the Cerberus class . The ships had a length between perpendiculars of 225 feet ( 68 @.@ 6 m ) , a beam of 45 feet ( 13 @.@ 7 m ) , and a draught of 16 feet 3 inches ( 4 @.@ 95 m ) at deep load . They displaced 3 @,@ 480 long tons ( 3 @,@ 540 t ) . Their crew consisted of 156 officers and men . The ships had two 4 @-@ cylinder inverted compound steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . The engines produced a total of 1 @,@ 528 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 139 kW ) on 30 December 1871 during the ship 's sea trials which gave her a maximum speed of 10 @.@ 79 knots ( 19 @.@ 98 km / h ; 12 @.@ 42 mph ) . Cyclops carried 250 long tons ( 250 t ) of coal , enough to steam 3 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 600 km ; 3 @,@ 500 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The ships mounted four 10 @-@ inch rifled muzzle @-@ loading guns in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . They were mounted on carriages that used hydraulic jacks to elevate and depress the guns .
The Cyclops class had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron that was 8 inches ( 203 mm ) thick amidships and thinned to 6 inches ( 152 mm ) at the ends . The superstructure and conning tower was fully armoured , the reason it was called a breastwork , with 8 – 9 inches ( 203 – 229 mm ) of wrought iron . The gun turrets had 10 inches on their faces and 9 inches on the sides and rear . All of the vertical armour was backed by 9 – 11 inches ( 229 – 279 mm ) of teak . The decks were 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 @.@ 1 mm ) thick .
= = Construction = =
HMS Cyclops was laid down on 10 September 1870 by the Thames Ironworks in London . She was launched on 18 July 1871 and commissioned in January 1872 . The ship was towed to Devenport that same month for what proved to be a very lengthy fitting out period that was not completed until 4 May 1877 . Cyclops cost £ 156 @,@ 782 to build .
= = = Refit = = =
Although a recommendation had been made while the ships were still under construction to extend the superstructure out to the sides of the ship to improve their stability and habitability , this was not acted upon until they were refitted during the 1880s . This refit also strengthened the breastwork and upper decks , added another watertight bulkhead as well as a false keel . Four quick @-@ firing 3 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns were added on the breastwork for torpedo boat defence as well as five machine guns and several searchlights . This increased their crew to approximately 191 men and added 80 long tons ( 81 t ) to their displacement .
= = Service = =
HMS Cyclops was the third ship to be completed , although she was the lead ship of the class . She was placed in 1st Class Reserve after her completion . The ship , along with her sisters , was commissioned between April and August 1878 during the Russo @-@ Turkish War for service with Admiral Sir Cooper Key 's Particular Service Squadron in Portland Harbour . Cyclops was paid off at Chatham in August 1878 and refitted in 1887 – 89 . All four ships of the class participated in the annual fleet manoeuvers in 1887 , 1889 – 90 and 1892 ; in between times they were in Fleet Reserve . HMS Cyclops , like all of her sisters , was placed on the non @-@ effective list in January 1902 , transferred to the E Division of the Dockyard Reserve at Sheerness in May 1902 , and sold on 7 July 1903 for £ 8 @,@ 400 .
= Warburton , Greater Manchester =
Warburton is a village and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester , England . Historically in Cheshire , Warburton lies on the south bank of the River Mersey between the borough of Warrington and Greater Manchester . In the 21st century , the village remains predominantly rural . Altrincham is the nearest town . According to the 2001 census , the parish had a population of 286 .
Warburton has a history of settlement stretching back to the 11th century , with the possibility of earlier habitation . There are 17 listed buildings in the village , including the timber framed Grade I Church of St Werburgh , which is at least 700 years old . Among the other listed buildings are examples of architect John Douglas ' work , including the second Church of St Werburgh , built in 1883 . In 2006 , Time Team excavated in the lands of Moss Brow Farm in Warburton , looking for a Roman fortlet .
= = History = =
Some limited evidence has been found of activity on the site of Warburton dating from the Bronze Age , through the Iron Age and Roman periods ; these include a flint blade , six Mesolithic tools , pieces of quernstone , and a snake bracelet . Archaeological evidence indicates that the area around Warburton has been used agriculturally since at least the Roman times . In the Domesday Book , the name was Warburgtune which name has evolved to today 's ' Warburton ' . The suffix – ton means a settlement or farmstead in Old English , indicating that the settlement has pre @-@ Conquest origins . It has been suggested that Warburton was the site of an Anglo @-@ Saxon burgh or defended settlement , possibly either called " Toppingburgh " orWeard byrig , established by Aethelflaed , Queen of the Mercians , in 915 during the wars with the Vikings . However , it now seems likely that site lay on the Wales – Cheshire border .
The first documented reference to Warburton occurs in the Domesday Book , where the two manors of Warburton were recorded ; the manors were united by the late 12th century . Before the Norman conquest , the area was controlled by the Anglo @-@ Saxon thegn Aelfward . Although the Domesday Book records no church in Warburton , it is possible that the church dedicated to Saint Werburgh is pre @-@ Conquest . The omission of the church may not be significant , as not all pre @-@ Conquest churches or chapels were recorded in the Domesday survey . The first documented evidence of a church in Warburton was in a deed of 1187 , when it was a chapel of ease for the parish of Lymm . Warburton became a separate parish in the 13th century . The church is surrounded by a ditch and bank , probably dating to at least the 14th century . Warburton is also the site of a medieval priory , near the Church of St Werburgh ; although the priory was only formed in the 13th century , it was dissolved in 1270 .
Warburton was predominantly a farming village during the medieval period . The north western corner of the township was used as a deer park . Warburton grew as an agricultural town during the medieval period , and it remained almost untouched by the Industrial Revolution ; this is reflected in the population change between 1801 and 1901 , dropping from 466 to 403 , with little variation at a time when the rest of Trafford was expanding rapidly .
= = Governance = =
The civil parish of Warburton was created in 1894 , under the Local Government Act 1894 and has its own parish council . Warburton became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in 1974 upon the borough 's creation , but was previously in Bucklow Rural District . The village is part of the Bowdon electoral ward ; as of the 2012 local elections the councillors for the Bowdon ward are all Conservative . Warburton lies in the Altrincham and Sale West constituency , and in the North West England constituency of the European Parliament . Since the formation of the Altrincham and Sale West constituency in 1997 it had been represented in the House of Commons by the Conservative MP Graham Brady .
= = Geography = =
The village of Lymm lies to the south west of Warburton in the borough of Warrington , with the River Bollin forming the border between the two villages . The Bollin joins the River Mersey in the village ; however the Mersey in Warburton has dried up , as it was diverted into the Manchester Ship Canal further upstream . To the east lie Dunham Town , Dunham Massey , Bowdon and Altrincham , with Little Bollington to the south , and Partington and Urmston to the north . The local geology is lower keuper marl , with a ridge of sand and gravel running from Warburton to Dunham .
= = Transport = =
The main roads running through Warburton are the A6144 and B5159 . Two local bus services , 5 ( operated by Warrington Borough Transport ) and 38 ( operated by Warrington Coachways ) link Warburton with Warrington and Altrincham .
= = Demography = =
At the 2001 UK census , Warburton had a total population of 286 . For every 100 females , there were 121 @.@ 7 males . The average household size was 2 @.@ 44 . Of those aged 16 – 74 in Warburton , 43 @.@ 2 % had no academic qualifications or one GCSE , similar to the figures for all of Trafford ( 40 @.@ 8 % ) and in England ( 45 @.@ 5 % ) . According to the census , 1 @.@ 40 % were unemployed and 33 @.@ 49 % were economically inactive . 16 @.@ 43 % of the population were under the age of 16 and 6 @.@ 64 % were aged 75 and over ; the mean age of the people of Warburton was 43 @.@ 03 . 69 @.@ 34 % of residents described their health as ' good ' .
= = = Population change = = =
= = Landmarks = =
= = = Churches = = =
Warburton has two churches of note . St Werburgh 's ( grid reference SJ696895 ) is a timber framed church and a Grade I Listed Building , one of six in Trafford . Of the 29 timber framed churches that survive in England and Wales , St Werbugh 's is one of the oldest . The church dates to at least the 14th century , and may be built on the site of an earlier Saxon chapel . It is rarely used for worship but is accessible to visitors . The church features an early @-@ 17th @-@ century font , a Jacobean pulpit , and a 1645 altar . Nearby are the remains of the old village cross , complete with stocks whose wooden restraints are modern , though the supporting pillars are much older . The other church in Warburton , also dedicated to St Werburgh , was built in 1883 by John Douglas and is a Grade II Listed Building . The church is made of red sandstone with a clay tile roof .
= = = Grade II listed buildings = = =
As well as the two churches dedicated to Saint Werburgh , there are 15 other Grade II listed buildings . The parish rooms and caretaker 's house were built in 1889 , and designed by John Douglas . Also built in the village by Douglas was the post office in 1893 , and Warburton School in 1871 – 72 ; this has been converted to a residence but still features crucks supporting the roof . Some farm buildings in Warburton are also listed , including the farmhouse on Moss Lane . The barn is 18th @-@ century but features crucks which may be 17th @-@ century or earlier . The timber framed farm building on Park Road is 17th @-@ century in origin ; the late @-@ 18th @-@ century farmhouse on Warburton Lane was made with Flemish bond brick and has a slate roof . The barn on Paddock Lane dates from the 17th century . Also on Paddock Lane are two farmhouses : one was built in 1717 by Thomas Egerton and features an inglenook fireplace ; the other is Wigsey Farmhouse which was originally built in the 17th century with later additions , including a 19th @-@ century porch . The building on Warburton Lane near Villa Farmhouse was originally a timber framed building from the 16th or early 17th century . The house features late @-@ 16th- or early @-@ 17th @-@ century frescos of a woman , possibly St Werburgh , with two geese and a rose .
There is the base of a stone cross on Townfield Lane , and wooden stocks nearby , probably dating from the 17th century . One of the more unusual listed structures in Warburton is the 25 m stretch of wall constructed from flagstones , probably built in the 18th or 19th century . There are two listed structures in the grounds of the old Church of St Werburgh : a lychgate from the late 19th century , and a sundial from 1765 .
= = = Warburton Toll Bridge = = =
Warburton Bridge is a privately owned statutory tolled undertaking which incorporates a public highway road length . The high @-@ level cantilever bridge crosses the Manchester Ship Canal on the B5159 road , connecting the A57 with the A6144 , and was commissioned under the Rixton & Warburton Bridge Act 1863 . The original stone bridge spanned the River Mersey prior to its later diversion into the Manchester Ship Canal . Both bridges and the unadopted approach roads are privately maintained . It is one of the few remaining pre @-@ motorway toll bridges in the United Kingdom , and the only one in Greater Manchester .
= = Time Team in Warburton = =
Since 1998 , archaeological techniques such as field walking have led to the discovery of finds ranging in age from prehistoric flints and Bronze Age axe heads to Roman and late medieval finds . Featuring prominently amongst these finds were Roman artefacts including coins , broaches and a snake bracelet . At the invitation of local historian Jim Balme , Time Team excavated in Warburton in September 2006 . They were searching for a Roman fortlet that previous archaeological digs by South Trafford Archaeological Group ( STAG ) indicated might be present . Though no evidence of a Roman fortlet was found , the discovery of strip lynchets indicates that there was a Romano @-@ British farm in Warburton . The presence of Roman finds was explained as rubbish , mixed in with manure to be spread on the crops .
= What Lies Ahead =
" What Lies Ahead " is the first episode of the second season of the post @-@ apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead . It originally aired on AMC in the United States on October 16 , 2011 . It was written by series developer Frank Darabont ( under the pseudonym Ardeth Bey ) and series creator Robert Kirkman , and directed by Gwyneth Horder @-@ Payton and Ernest Dickerson . In this episode , Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) leads his group toward Fort Benning , Georgia , but during an encounter with a herd of zombies , colloquially referred to as " walkers " , Sophia Peletier ( Madison Lintz ) goes missing , and a search group is formed .
" What Lies Ahead " was the last episode written by Darabont , who had been fired from the show in July 2011 . It was first previewed at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in San Diego on July 22 , 2011 . Production commenced in June 2011 . Unlike the first season , most of the principal photography for " What Lies Ahead " took place outside the city limits of Atlanta , Georgia ; filming took place in Smyrna and Henry County , Georgia . Before its first airing , several segments were announced and broadcast , including a six @-@ part internet series and a live after @-@ show hosted by Chris Hardwick .
" What Lies Ahead " was well received by television critics , who said it made a strong start to the season . Ratings were similarly positive : in the United States , it broke the record for the most @-@ watched drama in the history of basic cable , attaining 7 @.@ 3 million viewers . Worldwide , it averaged a 2 @.@ 0 rating in most television markets .
= = Plot = =
After the destruction of the Center for Disease Control ( CDC ) in Atlanta , Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) and the survivors decide to travel to Fort Benning . Their group consists of Rick , his wife Lori Grimes ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) , his son Carl Grimes ( Chandler Riggs ) , Carol Peletier ( Melissa McBride ) and her daughter Sophia ( Madison Lintz ) , Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) , Dale Horvath ( Jeffrey DeMunn ) , Andrea ( Laurie Holden ) , Glenn Rhee ( Steven Yeun ) , Theodore " T @-@ Dog " Douglas ( IronE Singleton ) , and Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) . Before leaving Rick tries one last time to contact Morgan Jones ( Lennie James ) and tells him to be safe but doesn 't reach him . The group encounters a blockade of abandoned vehicles , and Dale 's RV breaks down . Dale and Glenn try to repair the vehicle , while the rest search for food , water , and clothing .
A large herd of walkers appears in the distance , prompting the survivors to seek shelter under abandoned vehicles . Andrea is trapped in the bathroom of an RV , where a walker discovers her . Dale hands her a screwdriver through an opening in the truck 's roof , and Andrea uses it to vanquish the walker . Meanwhile , T @-@ Dog slices his arm , attracting walkers to his trail of blood . Daryl rescues him by stabbing a walker , and they hide under nearby corpses , whose scent protects them . Two walkers spot Sophia hiding under a car and chase her into the woods . Rick pursues them , catches Sophia , and urges her to seek refuge in a hole near the riverbed while he distracts the walkers . Once Rick does so , Sophia escapes . While the others continue to clear the blockade of cars , Shane tells Lori he plans to leave the group on his own accord . Daryl and Rick fail to track Sophia down and the search is temporarily called off . A frantic and distraught Carol blames Rick for losing Sophia , exacerbating the guilt he already feels .
The search for Sophia resumes the next morning . Andrea argues with Dale , requesting her gun for the search , and claiming his decision to stay with her at the CDC deprived her of the choice to end her life on her own terms . The group arrives at a church and kills the three walkers inside . Afterward , Lori and Carol go inside to pray . Carol begs for forgiveness and for Sophia 's safe recovery . Andrea overhears Shane arguing with Lori about his plans to leave , and Andrea tells him she is willing to go with him . As the tension heightens , Rick questions his position as leader of the group . He also decides to go into the church to pray . At the altar , where a statue of Jesus stands , Rick asks God to give him a sign that he is making the right decisions .
Rick , Carl , and Shane discover a deer in the woods . Rick is initially in awe and takes this rare sighting as the sign he 'd petitioned God for , but as Carl approaches the deer a gun is fired and the bullet passes through the deer and hits Carl 's stomach . With his tenuous faith shattered , Rick frantically rushes to his severely injured son .
= = Production = =
= = = Background = = =
An early concept for the season premiere by Frank Darabont never materialized , allegedly as a result of budget cuts .
This initial idea would have been an episode @-@ long flashback , illustrating the fall of Atlanta and centering on the mission of a doomed soldier who loses his team . Darabont was influenced by the American war film Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) . " All they have to do is travel maybe a dozen blocks " , he said , " a simple journey , but what starts as a no @-@ brainer scenario goes from ' the city is being secured ' to ' holy shit , we 've lost control , the world is ending ' . " The episode would have introduced several characters , including Andrea , Dale , and Amy ( Emma Bell ) .
The concluding scene would have tied into the pilot episode , " Days Gone Bye " . Darabont says that the episode shows a soldier dying , hidden in a tank , after which there is a " shot @-@ for @-@ shot reprise from the first episode of the first season " . The idea was to tell the soldier 's story , because " every zombie has a story " . Samuel Witwer , who was cast as the soldier in the pilot for this backstory that would eventually unfold , was frustrated by the story 's rejection and questioned the need for such a budget cut .
Ultimately , the premiere written and filmed would begin after the events of Season 1 , although a brief flashback scene of Shane and Lori witnessing the fall of Atlanta from a distance would appear during the season .
= = = Filming = = =
At PaleyFest 2011 , it was announced that the second season of The Walking Dead would mainly be produced outside the city limits of Atlanta , Georgia . Most of the principal photography for " What Lies Ahead " took place in unincorporated Henry County , Georgia on June 5 – 9 , 2011 , using a stretch of Georgia State Route 20 that was closed to traffic for the purpose . On June 8 , 2011 , the first promotional image was released . Darabont described the scene : " At this moment , I ’ m standing on a stretch of post @-@ apocalypse interstate in Georgia , littered with abandoned cars ... " .
Principal photography for the episode resumed at the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre in Smyrna , Georgia , which was depicted as the headquarters of the CDC . Several neighboring roads were closed for 4 hours for it . Production then moved to a nearby office park , where it commenced over a period of sixteen hours . The scene was later cut from the season premiere prior to its broadcast . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , series creator Robert Kirkman said that after editing " there were certain things that just got left on the cutting room floor " .
= = = Editing = = =
" What Lies Ahead " is an extended premiere , the result of a decision to combine what were originally designed to be the first two episodes of the season . This led to much of the original first episode , titled " Miles Behind Us , " to be discarded , and is also the reason that the premiere contains dual credits for both writer and director .
" Miles Behind Us , " which was written by then @-@ showrunner Frank Darabont and directed by Gwyneth Horder @-@ Payton ( an alumnus from the first season ) , began immediately where the Season 1 finale left off , with the group departing the destroyed CDC . Soon after , Shane finds himself left behind when one of the tires of his jeep is punctured . Frantically trying to catch up on foot , he is nearly overrun by a multitude of walkers when he is rescued in the nick of time by the rest of the group , Daryl having noticed Shane 's absence in the convoy . Shane reveals to Rick that despite their slow gait , the walkers do not seem to ever tire , knowledge that informs Rick 's fateful decision to temporarily leave Sophia .
The group decides to look for refuge with Guillermo 's gang at the Atlanta nursing home , last encountered in the episode " Vatos , " but arrive to find the location overrun with walkers and the entire group dead . After clearing out the area to spend the night , the group observes that the people were not killed by walkers , but execution @-@ style by human pillagers , in what was likely intended to be foreshadowing of The Governor .
Resolving that they will never again let their guard down , the group decides that they will try to reach Fort Benning , the alternative to the CDC proposed by Shane in the prior season . As in the final version of the episode , a narration scene with Rick speaking to Morgan on the walkie @-@ talkie was included , but was re @-@ shot with modified dialog that served to replace the above material , allowing the premiere to begin with the group putting Atlanta behind them . Rick sports his full sheriff 's wardrobe in the reshoot , whereas in the original version he is wearing the white undershirt he was wearing in the Season 1 finale .
" Miles Behind Us " was likely meant to end with Rick returning to the highway to break the news to Carol that Sophia went missing , while in the final version the group is informed by implication , with a search in the woods underway following a commercial break . It is estimated that only about fifteen minutes of the original first episode appears in the final cut , with the balance of the premiere consisting of the " second " episode that was written by Robert Kirkman and directed by Ernest Dickerson .
Many of the deleted scenes from " Miles Behind Us " appear as bonus material on the Season 2 DVD , though it does not include the events leading up to Shane 's rescue nor the original rooftop walkie @-@ talkie monologue . Footage can also be seen in the Comic @-@ Con trailer . The original title was seen on early marketing material for the season before the decision was made to " cannibalize " the original premiere into what would become " What Lies Ahead . " Following in the tradition established by the pilot , " Miles Behind Us " was taken from the title of the first issue of the second volume of the graphic novel .
In the Season 2 DVD commentary , Robert Kirkman and Glen Mazzara described the decision to retool the premiere in such a dramatic way as an amicable decision agreed upon between both the producers and AMC to make the premiere more of an " event " as well as to push the story forward . However , reports at the time had suggested that the situation was the result of strife between Frank Darabont and AMC , who deemed footage from the first episode " unusable , " with some speculating that the network was looking for a " pretense " to oust Darabont due to its ongoing conflict with the showrunner over budget cuts . Darabont was ultimately fired from the show only a few episodes into production ( " Ardeth Bey , " as he is credited as co @-@ writer on the premiere , is a pseudonym ) , and Horder @-@ Payton has directed no further episodes of the series .
Not knowing at the time that he would be referring to deleted scenes , Andrew Lincoln told Entertainment Weekly , " I remember going on set for the season premiere and seeing a couple of the prop guys , and they just looked at me as they gave me my gun and they went , ' You know , in this episode we kill more zombies than in the whole of Season 1 . ' They actually counted the kills ! And when it came time for the taking @-@ of @-@ the @-@ courtyard scene , that was just carnage . " He added , " It really wasn 't that well plotted . We just got sent zombies towards us and we had to improvise stabbing , so it was a bit touch @-@ and @-@ go from time to time . "
Similarly , Neil Brown Jr . , the actor who plays Guillermo , gave an interview where he obliquely referred to possible participation in the Season 2 premiere . This ultimately never made it to the screen .
= = = Marketing = = =
" What Lies Ahead " was heavily promoted in the months before its premiere . A four @-@ minute trailer was released at San Diego Comic @-@ Con International on July 22 , 2011 , and a one @-@ minute preview was broadcast on July 27 , 2011 , during the season @-@ 4 premiere of Breaking Bad , in which Grimes kills two zombies with a rock . A six @-@ part internet series was broadcast on AMC on October 3 , 2011 . It showed the events before the zombie outbreak from the perspective of a woman named Hannah , who appeared in the first episode . On the same day , a screening of " What Lies Ahead " commenced at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles . After the premiere of the episode , a live after @-@ show titled Talking Dead was broadcast , hosted by Chris Hardwick .
This is one of the last episodes of The Walking Dead to feature Darabont as an executive producer and the showrunner . In July 2011 he stepped down as showrunner . Initial reports suggested that he was unable to adjust to the schedule of running a television series , but it was later confirmed that he was fired because of the show 's reduced budget and his strained relationship with the executives of AMC . In addition to the main cast , Melissa McBride reprised her role as Carol Peletier , IronE Singleton reprised his role as T @-@ Dog , and Madison Lintz reprised her role as Sophia Peletier . All three were promoted to the recurring cast , as was Norman Reedus .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" What Lies Ahead " was first broadcast in the United States on October 16 , 2011 , on AMC . It received 7 @.@ 3 million viewers and attained a 4.8HH rating , breaking the record for the most @-@ watched drama in the history of cable television . It received the second highest viewership of the week ending October 16 , scoring higher than Jersey Shore but less than a 2011 NFL season game between the Detroit Lions and the Chicago Bears . " What Lies Ahead " achieved similar feats , attaining a 3 @.@ 8 rating — translating to 4 @.@ 8 million viewers — in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . In the 25 – 54 demographic , it garnered 4 @.@ 2 million viewers . Total viewership after two encore presentations was 11 million viewers , an increase of 38 % over the series premiere , " Days Gone Bye " , which got 5 @.@ 35 million viewers on its initial airing . Viewership in the 18 – 49 demographic showed similar increases , having nearly doubled from the series premiere .
The episode received a similar response in international markets . It premiered in 122 countries in thirty @-@ five languages , with a total viewership of 10 million and an average rating of 2 @.@ 0 in most metered television markets . It was first broadcast in Spain on October 17 , 2011 , to an estimated 432 @,@ 000 viewers , nearly 73 % of them in the 18 – 49 demographic . Total viewership increased 411 % from the previous season 's premiere . The episode 's first UK broadcast received 693 @,@ 300 viewers and achieved a 2 @.@ 204 rating in the 18 – 34 demographic . An estimated 439 @,@ 800 viewers were in the 18 – 49 demographic , making it the second highest rated show of the week on FX . Total viewership in Mexico increased by 30 % from the previous season 's premiere , translating to 296 @,@ 090 . It became the highest @-@ rated program of the night on pay television . It was also the highest @-@ rated pay television program of the night in its timeslot in Colombia , attaining 296 @,@ 950 viewers and achieving a 2 @.@ 57 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , or 92 @,@ 240 viewers . In Italy , it was the highest @-@ rated program amongst men in the 18 – 49 demographic and the second most viewed program in its timeslot .
The episode 's performance sparked reactions from several executives of the series ' broadcasting affiliates . Hernan Lopez , CEO of Fox International Channels ( FIC ) , commented , " The Walking Dead has gone from phenomenon to pandemic . The numbers that came in [ that ] week combined with the astounding launch results in the US [ told ] us that the virus is now out of control . " Charlie Collier , president of AMC , felt that The Walking Dead was a rarity that successfully reached its core audience as well as broadening its fanbase , saying , " That The Walking Dead is now the most watched drama in the history of basic cable is staggering , just like our zombies . "
= = = Critical response = = =
" What Lies Ahead " was met with general acclaim from television critics . Gina McIntyre of the Los Angeles Times felt it was the series ' best installment , calling it " thrilling " and " heart @-@ wrenching " . Similar sentiments were echoed by Josh Jackson of Paste , who gave the episode an 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 — a " commendable " rating . Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly liked what he called the " casual " atmosphere of the opening scene and described the ending as " daring " . IGN 's Eric Goldman felt the episode got the second season off to a strong start ; he gave the episode 8 out of 10 — a " great " rating .
Hank Stuever of The Washington Post found the pace of this episode " sleeker " than that of previous ones , adding , " This has the subtle but immediate effect of making The Walking Dead less predictable and more frightening . " Derek Boeckelmann of Daily Nexus commended the episode , deeming it " frighteningly good " . He praised the performances of Holden and Reedus and described the former as one of the show 's strongest characters . David Chute of Indiewire approved of the special effects and commended the highway sequence , saying , " a sequence in which the humans hide under the wrecked cars in a freeway pileup , able to see only the feet of the flesh eaters shuffling past , is a classic nail @-@ biter . " David Hickley of Daily News gave " What Lies Ahead " three out of five stars and expressed the view : " The Walking Dead may be under new management , but it seems to have kept its rhythm , moving easily between bursts of intense violence and long stretches of psychological sparring . " The Hollywood Reporter writer Tim Goodman concurred . " It 's 90 minutes of skill " , he wrote , " bringing viewers back into the story without missing a beat , adding immediate depth to characters , ratcheting up suspense [ ... ] , plus expanding the emotional palette of the series . " In his 3 @.@ 5 @-@ star review , John Griffiths of Us Weekly liked the personal dynamics almost as much as the bloodthirstiness .
Some critics were less enthusiastic about the episode . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave it a B + grade ; he praised the horror sequences in the episode , but called the character development " tepid " . " At the very least " , he wrote , " the show does a fine job working within its restrictions . There are a handful of absolutely top @-@ notch set pieces in [ ' What Lies Ahead ' ] , starting with an attack on the highway that seems to go on forever . " Alex Hanno of The Tufts Daily felt that , although entertaining , the plot lacked " a much needed rush of energy " . He gave it 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . Likewise , Nick Venable of Cinema Blend wrote : " I won 't say I got bored , but much of the episode left me unmoved , and far less tense than I should have been . "
= = = Awards = = =
This episode won a Creative Arts Emmy Award on the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards , for Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special . It was the second award in this category for the series , after Gregory Nicotero and his team were awarded for the first season premiere , " Days Gone Bye " .
= Skaði =
In Norse mythology , Skaði ( sometimes anglicized as Skadi , Skade , or Skathi ) is a jötunn and goddess associated with bowhunting , skiing , winter , and mountains . Skaði is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; the Prose Edda and in Heimskringla , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson , and in the works of skalds .
In all sources , Skaði is the daughter of the deceased Þjazi , and Skaði married the god Njörðr as part of the compensation provided by the gods for killing her father Þjazi . In Heimskringla , Skaði is described as having split up with Njörðr and as later having married the god Odin , and that the two produced many children together . In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Skaði is responsible for placing the serpent that drips venom onto the bound Loki . Skaði is alternately referred to as Öndurguð ( Old Norse " ski god " ) and Öndurdís ( Old Norse " ski dís " , often translated as " lady " ) .
The etymology of the name Skaði is uncertain , but may be connected with the original form of Scandinavia . Some place names in Scandinavia , particularly in Sweden , refer to Skaði . Scholars have theorized a potential connection between Skaði and the god Ullr ( who is also associated with skiing and appears most frequently in place names in Sweden ) , a particular relationship with the jötunn Loki , and that Scandinavia may be related to the name Skaði ( potentially meaning " Skaði 's island " ) or the name may be connected to an Old Norse noun meaning " harm " . Skaði has inspired various works of art .
= = Etymology = =
The Old Norse name Skaði , along with Sca ( n ) dinavia and Skáney , may be related to Gothic skadus , Old English sceadu , Old Saxon scado , and Old High German scato ( meaning " shadow " ) . Scholar John McKinnell comments that this etymology suggests Skaði may have once been a personification of the geographical region of Scandinavia or associated with the underworld .
Georges Dumézil disagrees with the notion of Scadin @-@ avia as etymologically " the island of the goddess Skaði . " Dumézil comments that the first element Scadin must have had — or once had — a connection to " darkness " " or something else we cannot be sure of " . Dumézil says that , rather , the name Skaði derives from the name of the geographical region , which was at the time no longer completely understood . In connection , Dumézil points to a parallel in Ériu , a goddess personifying Ireland that appears in some Irish texts , whose name he says comes from Ireland rather than the other way around .
Alternatively , Skaði may be connected with the Old Norse noun skaði ( " harm " ) , source of the Icelandic and Faroese skaði ( “ harm , damage ” ) and cognate with obsolete English scathe , which survives in unscathed and scathing .
= = Attestations = =
Skaði is attested in poems found in the Poetic Edda , in two books of the Prose Edda and in one Heimskringla book .
= = = Poetic Edda = = =
In the Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál , the god Odin ( disguised as Grímnir ) reveals to the young Agnarr the existence of twelve locations . Odin mentions the location Þrymheimr sixth in a single stanza . In the stanza , Odin details that the jötunn Þjazi once lived there , and that now his daughter Skaði does . Odin describes Þrymheimr as consisting of " ancient courts " and refers to Skaði as " the shining bride of the gods " . In the prose introduction to the poem Skírnismál , the god Freyr has become heartsick for a fair girl ( the jötunn Gerðr ) he has spotted in Jötunheimr . The god Njörðr asks Freyr 's servant Skírnir to talk to Freyr , and in the first stanza of the poem , Skaði also tells Skírnir to ask Freyr why he is so upset . Skírnir responds that he expects harsh words from their son Freyr .
In the prose introduction to the poem Lokasenna , Skaði is referred to as the wife of Njörðr and is cited as one of the goddesses attending Ægir 's feast . After Loki has an exchange with the god Heimdallr , Skaði interjects . Skaði tells Loki that he is " light @-@ hearted " and that Loki will not be " playing [ ... ] with [ his ] tail wagging free " for much longer , for soon the gods will bind Loki to a sharp rock with the ice @-@ cold entrails of his son . Loki responds that , even if this is so , he was " first and foremost " at the killing of Þjazi . Skaði responds that , if this is so , " baneful advice " will always flow from her " sanctuaries and plains " . Loki responds that Skaði was more friendly in speech when Skaði was in his bed — an accusation he makes to most of the goddesses in the poem and is not attested elsewhere . Loki 's flyting then turns to the goddess Sif .
In the prose section at the end of Lokasenna , the gods catch Loki and bind him with the innards of his son Nari , while they turn his son Narfi into a wolf . Skaði places a venomous snake above Loki 's face . Venom drips from the snake and Loki 's wife Sigyn sits and holds a basin beneath the serpent , catching the venom . When the basin is full , Sigyn must empty it , and during that time the snake venom falls on to Loki 's face , causing him to writhe in a tremendous fury , so much so that all earthquakes stem from Loki 's writhings .
In the poem Hyndluljóð , the female jötunn Hyndla tells the goddess Freyja various mythological genealogies . In one stanza , Hyndla notes that Þjazi " loved to shoot " and that Skaði was his daughter .
= = = Prose Edda = = =
In the Prose Edda , Skaði is attested in two books : Gylfaginning and Skáldskaparmál .
= = = = Gylfaginning = = = =
In chapter 23 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , the enthroned figure of High details that Njörðr 's wife is Skaði , that she is the daughter of the jötunn Þjazi , and recounts a tale involving the two . High recalls that Skaði wanted to live in the home once owned by her father called Þrymheimr . However , Njörðr wanted to live nearer to the sea . Subsequently , the two made an agreement that they would spend nine nights in Þrymheimr and then the next three nights in Njörðr 's sea @-@ side home Nóatún ( or nine winters in Þrymheimr and another nine in Nóatún according to the Codex Regius manuscript ) . However , when Njörðr returned from the mountains to Nóatún , he said :
" Hateful for me are the mountains ,
I was not long there ,
only nine nights .
The howling of the wolves
sounded ugly to me
after the song of the swans . "
Skaði responded :
" Sleep I could not
on the sea beds
for the screeching of the bird .
That gull wakes me
when from the wide sea
he comes each morning . "
The sources for these stanzas are not provided in the Prose Edda or elsewhere . High says that afterward Skaði went back up to the mountains and lived in Þrymheimr , and there Skaði often travels on skis , wields a bow , and shoots wild animals . High notes that Skaði is also referred to as " ski god " ( Old Norse Öndurgud ) or Öndurdis and the " ski lady " ( Öndurdís ) . In support , the above @-@ mentioned stanza from the Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál is cited . In the next chapter ( 24 ) , High says that " after this " , Njörðr " had two children " : Freyr and Freyja . The name of the mother of the two children is not provided here .
At the end of chapter 51 of Gylfaginning , High describes how the gods caught and bound Loki . Skaði is described as having taken a venomous snake and fastening it above the bound Loki , so that the venom may drip on to Loki 's face . Loki 's wife Sigyn sat by his side and held a bowl out . The bowl catches the venom , but when the bowl becomes full Loki writhes in extreme pain , causing the earth to shake and resulting in what we know as an earthquake .
= = = = Skáldskaparmál = = = =
In chapter 56 of the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál , Bragi recounts to Ægir how the gods killed Þjazi . Þjazi 's daughter , Skaði , took a helmet , a coat of mail , and " all weapons of war " and traveled to Asgard , the home of the gods . Upon Skaði 's arrival , the gods wished to atone for her loss and offered compensation . Skaði provides them with her terms of settlement , and the gods agree that Skaði may choose a husband from among themselves . However , Skaði must choose this husband by looking solely at their feet . Skaði saw a pair of feet that she found particularly attractive and said " I choose that one ; there can be little that is ugly about Baldr . " However , the owner of the feet turned out to be Njörðr .
Skaði also included in her terms of settlement that the gods must do something she thought impossible for them to do : make her laugh . To do so , Loki tied one end of a cord around the beard of a nanny goat and the other end around his testicles . The goat and Loki drew one another back and forth , both squealing loudly . Loki dropped into Skaði 's lap , and Skaði laughed , completing this part of her atonement . Finally , in compensation to Skaði , Odin took Þjazi 's eyes , plunged them into the sky , and from the eyes made two stars .
Further in Skáldskaparmál , a work by the skald Þórðr Sjáreksson is quoted . The poem refers to Skaði as " the wise god @-@ bride " and notes that she " could not love the Van " . Prose below the quote clarifies that this is a reference to Skaði 's leaving of Njörðr . In chapter 16 , names for Loki are given , including " wrangler of Heimdall and Skadi " . In chapter 22 , Skaði is referenced in the 10th century poem Haustlöng where the skald Þjóðólfr of Hvinir refers to an ox as " bow @-@ string @-@ Var 's [ Skaði 's ] whale " . In chapter 23 , the skald Bragi Boddason refers to Þjazi as the " father of the ski @-@ dis " . In chapter 32 , Skaði is listed among six goddesses who attend a party held by Ægir . In chapter 75 , Skaði is included among a list of 27 ásynjur names .
= = = Heimskringla = = =
In chapter 8 of the Heimskringla book Ynglinga saga , Skaði appears in an euhumerized account . This account details that Skaði had once married Njörðr but that she would not have sex with him , and that later Skaði married Odin . Skaði and Odin had " many sons " . Only one of the names of these sons is provided : Sæmingr , a king of Norway . Two stanzas are presented by the skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir in reference . In the first stanza , Skaði is described as a jötunn and a " fair maiden " . A portion of the second stanza is missing . The second stanza reads :
Of sea @-@ bones ,
and sons many
the ski @-@ goddess
gat with Óthin
Lee Hollander explains that " bones @-@ of @-@ the @-@ sea " is a kenning for " rocks " , and believes that this defective stanza undoubtedly referred to Skaði as a " dweller of the rocks " in connection with her association with mountains and skiing .
= = Theories = =
= = = Völsunga saga = = =
Another figure by the name of Skaði who appears in the first chapter of Völsunga saga . In the chapter , this Skaði — who is male — is the owner of a thrall by the name of Breði . Another man , Sigi — a son of Odin — went hunting one winter with the thrall . Sigi and the thrall Breði hunted throughout the day until evening , when they compared their kills . Sigi saw that the thrall 's kills outdid his own , and so Sigi killed Breði and buried Breði 's corpse in a snowdrift.Byock ( 1990 : 35 ) .
That night , Sigi returned home and claimed that Breði had ridden out into the forest , that he had lost sight of Breði , and that he furthermore did not know what became of the thrall . Skaði doubted Sigi 's explanation , suspected that Sigi was lying , and that Sigi had instead killed Breði . Skaði gathered men together to look for Breði and the group eventually found the corpse of Breði in a snowdrift . Skaði declared that henceforth the snowdrift should be called " Breði 's drift , " and ever since then people have referred to large snow drifts by that name . The fact that Sigi murdered Breði was evident , and so Sigi was considered an outlaw . Led by Odin , Sigi leaves the land , and Skaði is not mentioned again in the saga .
Scholar Jesse Byock notes that the goddess Skaði is also associated with winter and hunting , and that the episode in Volsunga saga involving the male Skaði , Sigi , and Breði has been theorized as stemming from an otherwise lost myth .
= = = Other = = =
Scholar John Lindow comments that the episode in Gylfaginning detailing Loki 's antics with a goat may have associations with castration and a ritual involving making a goddess laugh . Lindow notes that Loki and Skaði appear to have had a special relationship , an example being Skaði 's placement of the snake over Loki 's face in Lokasenna and Gylfaginning .
Due to their shared association with skiing and the fact that both place names referring to Ullr and Skaði appear most frequently in Sweden , some scholars have proposed a particular connection between the two gods . On the other hand , Skaði may potentially be a masculine form and , as a result , some scholars have theorized that Skaði may have originally been a male deity .
Scholar Hilda Ellis Davidson proposes that Skaði 's cult may have thrived in Hålogaland , a province in northern Norway , because " she shows characteristics of the Sami people , who were renowned for skiing , shooting with the bow and hunting ; her separation from Njord might point to a split between her cult and that of the Vanir in this region , where Scandinavians and the Sami were in close contact . "
= = Modern influence = =
Modern works of art depicting Skaði include Skadi und Niurd ( illustration , 1883 ) by K. Ehrenberg and Skadi ( 1901 ) by E. Doepler d . J. Skaði also appears in A. Oehlenschläger 's poem ( 1819 ) Skades Giftermaal . Art deco depictions of both the god Ullr ( 1928 ) and Skaði ( 1929 ) appear on covers of the Swedish ski annual På Skidor , both skiing and wielding bows . E. John B. Allen notes that the deities are portrayed in a manner that " give [ s ] historical authority to this most important of Swedish ski journals , which began publication in 1893 " . A moon of the planet Saturn ( Skathi ) takes its name from that of the goddess .
Taking her name from that of the goddess , Skadi is the main character in a web comic by Katie Rice and Luke Cormican on the weekly webcomic site Dumm Comics .
The Eye of Skadi is a purchasable item in Dota 2 , a real time action strategy game , by Valve Corporation .
Skadi can be summoned as a persona in the Empress Arcana of the Persona series , a JRPG series by Atlus .
Skadi is an unlockable huntress in the MOBA Smite .
The Rowing Club of Rotterdam is named after Skadi .
The Skadi Mons , a mountain on Venus , is named after the goddess .
The skiing and alpine club of the Te Ra Waldorf primary school Kapiti New Zealand is named " Te Ra , Skadi " ( after the Maori god of the sun ; and Skadi Ski goddess ) .
= Ohio State Route 701 =
State Route 701 ( SR 701 , OH 701 ) is a 8 @.@ 96 @-@ mile ( 14 @.@ 42 km ) east – west state highway in western Ohio , a U.S. state . The state highway 's western terminus is at a T @-@ intersection with SR 309 nearly 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) southeast of Ada . The eastern terminus of State Route 701 is at U.S. Route 68 ( US 68 ) approximately 3 @.@ 50 miles ( 5 @.@ 63 km ) southeast of Dunkirk .
Established in the late 1930s , SR 701 is a two @-@ lane route that serves as an eastward continuation of SR 309 , which runs due east out of Lima . SR 701 picks up along the same east – west alignment when SR 309 turns southeasterly in the direction of Kenton .
= = Route description = =
The entirety of SR 701 runs within rural territory in the northern half of Hardin County . It begins at a T @-@ intersection with SR 309 in the extreme northern portion of Marion Township . The highway runs northeast a short distance before turning due east onto the boundary between Marion and Liberty Townships . For its entire distance , SR 701 passes through vast farmland . In addition , small patches of woods and a number of houses appear along the highway as well . SR 701 intersects County Road 65 ( CR 65 ) and then CR 75 , at which point it becomes the border between Cessna and Washington Townships . As it straddles the boundary between these two townships , SR 701 successively intersects Township Road 85 ( TR 85 ) and TR 87 , followed by split intersections with CR 95 , TR 105 , CR 115 and TR 125 . Upon intersecting CR 135 , SR 701 becomes the separation between Pleasant and Blanchard Townships . The highway crosses a CSX railway line , after which it meets TR 145 prior to arriving at its endpoint at US 68 . Continuing to the east of US 68 following the end of SR 701 is CR 70 .
Maintenance of SR 701 falls under the jurisdiction of the Ohio Department of Transportation ( ODOT ) . As a part of its responsibilities maintaining this highway , ODOT conducts surveys to identify the amount of traffic using this and other routes throughout the state highway system . This measurement of traffic volume is known as the average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . The AADT identifies the amount of traffic using a particular stretch of highway on any average day of the year . As determined in a 2010 survey by ODOT , an average of 430 passenger vehicles and 90 commercial vehicles travel the length of SR 701 on a daily basis . SR 701 is not included within the National Highway System ( NHS ) . The NHS is a network of routes that are determined to be most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation .
= = History = =
The SR 701 designation was applied in 1937 . Throughout its history , SR 701 has utilized the same alignment through in the northern half of Hardin County . It has been paved since it was first established . The only change to have taken place related to SR 701 is that the route that it met at its western terminus when first designated was the predecessor to SR 309 , US 30S .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Hardin County .
= Jabari Parker =
Jabari Ali Parker ( born March 15 , 1995 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was taken with the second overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft . He ended his college career after one season of playing for Duke University . Parker was a standout high school athlete , helping his team win four straight state championships for Simeon Career Academy , and was named the National High School Player of the Year by Gatorade and McDonald 's . In his freshman year for the 2013 – 14 Duke Blue Devils , he was named a consensus first @-@ team All @-@ American , the USBWA National Freshman of the Year , and the runner @-@ up for the John R. Wooden Award ( College Player of the Year ) . Parker is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints , a native of Chicago , Illinois , and the son of former NBA player , Sonny Parker .
= = Early life = =
Parker 's family has lived on Chicago 's South Side since before Jabari was born , and he was raised in the South Shore community area . Parker 's father , Sonny , has served hundreds of Chicago metropolitan area children as youth foundation director since 1990 . Parker discovered basketball in one of his father 's many leagues , although his father has never coached one of his teams . He honed his basketball skills with his brother Christian on the basketball court at his local LDS Church meetinghouse in the Hyde Park community area in order to avoid the hazards of urban playgrounds . By second grade his basketball skills were superior to those of the fifth @-@ graders he played with , and he competed in middle school leagues as a fifth grader . He credits his cousin Jay Parker who grew up with him for pushing him to be better going back to when Jabari was in third grade and Jay was in fifth grade . Sometimes , Jabari and Christian played basketball all through the night at the church . Jabari actually made the eighth @-@ grade team as a fourth @-@ grader , but could not play until fifth grade for insurance reasons . In fifth grade , he had five Division I scholarship offers as a 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) guard . In sixth grade , when he stood at 6 feet 2 inches ( 1 @.@ 88 m ) , he visited Simeon for a day and scrimmaged with Derrick Rose . Parker attended Robert A. Black Magnet Elementary and made headlines when he made Simeon Career Academy his high school choice , just like Rose , Nick Anderson , Ben Wilson , Bobby Simmons and Deon Thomas before him . Parker has two older sisters who had attended Simeon . However , he has claimed that the reason he chose Simeon was due to his perception of the likelihood that he could achieve team success on the basketball court ( as measured in championships ) . During the summer after finishing middle school , he received an National Basketball Players Association Top 100 Camp invitation , which he accepted . By this time , he stood at 6 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) .
= = High school career = =
= = = Freshman year = = =
Parker was the first freshman to start on the Simeon varsity team in school history . Over the course of the season , he contributed 19 @.@ 3 points per game , 5 @.@ 0 rebounds per game and 3 @.@ 0 assists per game , while his team won the IHSA Class 4A state championship with a 25 – 9 record . By the end of the season , he had received numerous scholarship offers , including those from Illinois , Kansas , DePaul , Pittsburgh , Northwestern , Florida , Washington , BYU and Oregon State as well as significant interest from Kentucky , Duke and North Carolina . He earned the ESPN HS 2010 Freshman of the Year . He was a MaxPreps.com second team 2009 @-@ 10 Boys Basketball Freshman All @-@ American Team selection .
= = = Sophomore year = = =
As a sophomore , Parker helped his team spend much of the season ranked nationally in the top five . That season , he averaged 15 @.@ 3 points and 5 @.@ 9 rebounds per game , while his team won the IHSA Class 4A state championship with a 30 – 2 record . He earned second team All @-@ State recognition from the Chicago Tribune , while the Chicago Sun @-@ Times listed him as a Class 4A All @-@ State first @-@ team selection with Ryan Boatright , Tracy Abrams , David Sobolewski and Frank Kaminsky . The 12 @-@ man Illinois Basketball Coaches Association Class 3A / 4A boys ' all @-@ state first team included these five and Wayne Blackshear , Johnny Hill , Mike Shaw , Nnanna Egwu , Sam Thompson , Anthony Davis and Mycheal Henry . He earned the ESPN HS 2011 Sophomore of the year . He was a MaxPreps.com first team 2010 @-@ 11 Boys Basketball Sophomore All @-@ American Team selection .
= = = Junior year = = =
During his junior year preseason , Parker participated in the July 2011 LeBron James Skill Academy , and he was one of a handful of juniors invited to the August 5 – 7 , 2011 5th annual Nike Global Challenge , where he earned tournament MVP honors .
During the season , Parker established the Simeon single @-@ game scoring record with 40 points in 21 minutes of play to go along with 16 rebounds and 6 blocked shots against Perspectives High School . As a junior in high school , he received offers from Duke , Kansas , BYU , Kentucky , UNC and others . On February 17 , Parker and Simeon won the Public League championship by defeating Curie Metropolitan High School 53 – 49 . Both the semifinals and finals were broadcast on ESPN3 . Coaches Izzo , Krzyzewski , Matta and Weber as well as Mayor Emanuel and cadres of their assistants were among those in attendance to see this March 6 IHSA sectional semifinal against Young won by Simeon 52 – 42 in which Parker led the way with 18 points and 6 rebounds . In the days prior to the state final four , Parker stated that although Coach Weber had been fired , he remained interested in Illinois and other in @-@ state schools such as DePaul and Northwestern . Parker had 15 points in the March 17 championship game 50 – 48 victory over Proviso East High School , resulting in a 33 – 1 junior year record for Simeon . The state semifinals and the finals were broadcast live on ESPN3 . For the season , Parker averaged 19 @.@ 5 points , 8 @.@ 9 rebounds , 4 @.@ 9 assists , 3 @.@ 3 blocks and 1 @.@ 4 steals per game or 20 @.@ 4 points , 9 @.@ 2 rebounds , 5 @.@ 1 assists , 3 @.@ 4 blocks and 1 @.@ 5 steals per game , depending on the source , while shooting 55 percent from the field , 39 percent from 3 @-@ point range and 72 percent from the free @-@ throw line . Following the season , he was featured in a May cover story in Sports Illustrated with the title " The Best High School Basketball Player Since LeBron James is ... Jabari Parker But There 's Something More Important To Him Than Instant NBA Stardom : His Faith " . The story presented his humility and noted that he is conflicted on his decision to serve as an LDS missionary . Parker announced that he anticipated trimming his potential schools to a list of five by the end of the summer so that he could plan official visits .
For his efforts during his junior year , Parker earned several accolades . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times named him to the Class 4A All @-@ State first team along with Jahlil Okafor , Keith Carter , Darius Paul and Fred VanVleet . He was also a first team ( unanimous ) All @-@ State selection by the Associated Press along with VanVleet , Carter , Taylor , and Malcolm Hill . The Chicago Tribune named him first team All @-@ State along with Carter , Aaron Simpson , Taylor , and VanVleet . He was named the 2012 Illinois boys ' basketball Gatorade Player of the Year . He became the first non @-@ senior honoree in the 32 @-@ year history of Illinois Mr. Basketball , which is awarded by the Chicago Tribune in conjunction with the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association . On April 12 , he was announced as the winner of the national boys ' basketball Gatorade Player of the Year , which was presented to him by ex @-@ NBA player Alonzo Mourning who greeted him at his school in a special assembly . Parker was the fourth junior to win the award ( LeBron James , Greg Oden and Brandon Knight ) . Parker finished second to Muhammad in ESPN HS 's Mr. Basketball USA voting . They were the only two players to appear on every ballot . However , Parker was selected as the ESPN HS National Junior of the Year and the MaxPreps.com National Junior of the Year . He was selected as a first team ESPN HS boys ' high school basketball All @-@ American along with Kyle Anderson , Marcus Smart , Shabazz Muhammad and Nerlens Noel by ESPN HS . He was also a first team All @-@ USA selection by USA Today with the same four players . SLAM Magazine selected him to its first team along with Anderson , Muhammad , Noel and Isaiah Austin .
= = = Senior year = = =
Parker entered the summer of 2012 as the consensus number one player in the country until he was sidelined with a foot injury , which caused him to miss some games during the 2012 FIBA Under @-@ 17 World Championship . Parker was one of ten USA Today preseason All @-@ USA selections , and his team was ranked No. 1 preseason nationally by MaxPreps.com. On December 20 , 2012 he chose to play for Duke .
Over the course of his senior season , Parker and Simeon played in six showcase games that required travel outside of the region . Three of the showcase games were broadcast nationally on one of the ESPN networks .
Parker led Simeon to its fourth consecutive IHSA class 4A state championship with a 58 – 40 victory over Stevenson High School , matching Manual High School 's IHSA record of four consecutive IHSA basketball championships . In the process , Parker , who scored 20 points and had 8 rebounds , became the second player ( Sergio McClain ) in IHSA history to start for four consecutive state basketball champions . Simeon finished with a 30 – 3 record .
Several more accolades followed his senior year performance . USA Basketball selected Parker as a member of the 2013 USA Junior National Select Team for the April 20 , 2013 Nike Hoop Summit at the Rose Garden . On February 12 , Parker was recognized as a 2013 All @-@ Public League first team selection by the Chicago Sun @-@ Times . That same day , Parker was selected to play in the April 13 Jordan Brand Classic at the Barclays Center . On March 18 , Parker earned the Morgan Wootten Male Player of the Year , which recognizes " the McDonald 's All @-@ American who demonstrates outstanding character , exhibits leadership and exemplifies the values of being a student @-@ athlete in the classroom and the community " . On March 21 , Parker was named the Gatorade Illinois Boys Basketball Player of the Year , and on March 25 , he repeated as Illinois Mr. Basketball . On April 9 , he earned another National Player of the Year recognition , this time by MaxPreps.com. On April 17 , he was a first team All @-@ USA selection by USA Today , and on May 18 , he was named a 2013 first @-@ team Parade All @-@ American .
During the McDonald 's All @-@ star game played at the United Center in his hometown , Parker scored 10 points on 4 @-@ for @-@ 13 shooting and added 8 rebounds , 3 assists , 2 steals and 2 blocks , contributing to a 110 – 99 West victory . At the April 13 Jordan Brand Classic played at the Barclays Center , Parker was co @-@ MVP along with Julius Randle . He had 16 points , 7 rebounds and 2 assists to help lead the West team to a 102 – 98 victory . At the April 20 Nike Hoops Summit held in Portland , Oregon , Parker had a team high 22 points and 7 rebounds as the U.S Junior National Select Team was defeated 112 – 98 by the World Select team .
Parker concluded his high school career as the fourth rated player in the class of 2013 according to Rivals , behind Wiggins , Randle and Aaron Gordon .
= = College career = =
During the summer prior to matriculating at Duke , Parker participated in the Nike sponsored Chi @-@ League , a 9 @-@ weekend 10 @-@ team Chicago summer pro @-@ am league , During this time , Parker was projected by the press as a true freshman starter for the 2013 – 14 Blue Devils , and he was assigned to wear number 1 , a number only previously worn at Duke by Kyrie Irving . Preseason honors includes preseason All @-@ American first team listings by Sporting News and USA Today , and being named the preseason ACC Rookie of the Year . Parker was also one of nine freshmen named to the 50 @-@ man Wooden Award preseason watchlist .
Parker debuted for Duke on November 8 with 22 points , 6 rebounds , 2 assists and 1 block against Davidson — becoming Krzyzewski 's fifth freshman to debut with 20 points and was part of Duke 's first game with four 20 @-@ point scorers ( along with Hood , Cook and Sulaimon ) in school history . For his efforts , on November 11 Parker earned his first ACC Rookie of the Week recognition . On November 13 , Parker earned his second Sports Illustrated cover as part of a four @-@ version set of regional covers depicting college basketball 's greatest rivalries on the College Basketball Preview Issue . On November 12 in the Champions Classic at his hometown United Center , Parker posted 27 points , 9 rebounds , 1 assist , 2 steals , and 1 block in a losing effort against Wiggins 's Kansas Jayhawks . On January 18 , Parker scored 23 against NC State , tying him with Gene Banks for most 20 @-@ point games by a Duke freshman . On January 25 , Parker tallied 14 points , 3 steals and 14 rebounds against Florida State to help Mike Krzyzewski win his 900th game at Duke . On March 8 , in the second Carolina – Duke rivalry game of the season , Parker had a career high 30 points . On March 10 , he earned a record @-@ tying ( Kenny Anderson and Tyler Hansbrough ) tenth ACC rookie of the week honor in the final week of the regular season .
In postseason play , Parker yielded a 20 @-@ point performance in the semifinals of the 2014 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament against NC State on March 15 , which marked his 17th such effort and moved him into sole possession of second place on the ACC freshman list , ahead of Marbury . In the March 16 championship game against Virginia , Parker posted his 18th 20 @-@ point game , which was one short of Anderson 's ACC freshman record . Parker and the team , ranked No. 3 in the Midwest region , ended the season in the first round of the NCAA Tournament with a loss to No. 14 Mercer . Parker set the Duke record for freshman scoring average ( 19 @.@ 1 ) and became the first freshman to lead the team in both scoring and rebounding .
= = = College statistics = = =
Parker has received much recognition for his freshman year performance . He was unanimously selected to both the Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association ( ACSMA ) All @-@ ACC first team and the Coaches All @-@ ACC Freshman Team . He was also selected to the Coaches All @-@ ACC Basketball first team with the most points . Parker was voted the ACC Freshman of the Year receiving 72 of 77 votes and placed second for the ACC Player of the Year award , trailing Warren 48 – 25 . Parker was a 2014 NCAA Men 's Basketball All @-@ American first @-@ team selection by The Associated Press , The Sporting News , Sports Illustrated , NBC Sports , Bleacher Report , United States Basketball Writers Association ( USBWA ) , National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) , and USA Today . Parker was USBWA National Freshman of the Year and named to the 2013 Freshman All @-@ American . He was selected to the first team All @-@ ACC Tournament team . Parker also earned John R. Wooden Award All @-@ American Team recognition .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Milwaukee Bucks ( 2014 – present ) = = =
On April 17 , Parker declared for the 2014 NBA draft in an exclusive autobiographical story in Sports Illustrated . According to Bleacher Report , he signed with sports agent Rich Paul , who is LeBron James 's agent , but other sources , such as SLAM Magazine , suggest that he signed with BJ Armstrong , who is Derrick Rose 's agent . Parker ( along with other top prospects Andrew Wiggins and Joel Embiid ) decided to decline the invitation to participate in the NBA Draft Combine . On June 26 , Parker was selected no . 2 overall by the Milwaukee Bucks . Just prior to the draft , Parker became the second member of the 2014 draft class to sign a shoe contract when he signed an endorsement deal with the Jordan Brand .
On July 9 , 2014 , Parker signed with the Bucks and joined them for the 2014 NBA Summer League . In the 2014 – 15 NBA.com Rookie Survey at the annual Rookie Photo Shoot on August 6 , Parker was named by his peers as both the most likely to be Rookie of the Year and the most likely to have the best NBA career .
On October 29 , 2014 , Parker made his NBA debut in the Bucks ' season opener against the Charlotte Hornets . In just under 37 minutes of action as a starter , he recorded 8 points , 4 rebounds , 1 assist and 1 steal in a 106 – 108 overtime loss . Two nights later in his first home game , he posted a double @-@ double with 11 points and 10 rebounds against the Philadelphia 76ers . On November 19 , he posted a season @-@ high 23 points in a triple @-@ overtime win over the Brooklyn Nets . Parker was selected as the October / November Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month . On December 15 , Parker suffered a season @-@ ending injury by tearing his anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) against the Phoenix Suns .
Parker 's injury extended into the beginning of the 2015 – 16 NBA season . He returned to action on November 4 against Okafor and the Philadelphia 76ers in the fifth game of the season for the Bucks but struggled , posting just two points in 16 minutes as a starter . As he ramped up his activity , he was rested on the second of back @-@ to @-@ back games . Nonetheless , after five games , he endured a sprain in his talonavicular joint in the right mid @-@ foot causing him to be expected to miss several games . He only missed one game . The following week , he began to come off the bench while O. J. Mayo took his starting spot . On December 12 , Parker had a 19 @-@ point , 7 @-@ rebound , 2 @-@ steal performance against the Golden State Warriors to help end their 24 @-@ game win streak . On January 27 , 2016 , he was named to the 2016 NBA All @-@ Star Game weekend Rising Stars Challenge lineup . On February 19 , he tied his career @-@ high with 23 points in a loss to the Charlotte Hornets . He surpassed that total the following night , recording career @-@ highs of 28 points and 13 rebounds in a 117 – 109 double @-@ overtime win over the Atlanta Hawks . On February 29 , Parker set a new career @-@ high with 36 points in a 128 – 121 Bucks victory over the Houston Rockets .
= = NBA career statistics = =
= = = Regular season = = =
= = International career = =
In October 2010 , Parker was among the 18 players who participated in the 2011 @-@ 12 USA Developmental National Team mini @-@ camp giving him an automatic invitation to the June 10 – 18 , 2011 tryouts for FIBA U16 competition at the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs , Colorado . Parker was one of four Chicago products to emerge from the 27 @-@ man tryouts as part of the 12 @-@ man team . He was MVP of the 2011 FIBA Americas U16 Championship , where Team USA won a gold medal . This qualified the United States for the 2012 FIBA U17 World Championship . The team , which was coached by Don Showalter of Mid @-@ Prairie High School , scored over 100 points in each outing . Parker set the USA U16 single @-@ game scoring record of 27 points . In December 2011 , he was named USA Basketball 's Male Athlete of the Year based on his FIBA Americas performance , which made him the youngest winner ever . While on the stage to accept the award from Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel , he claims that he told the mayor " I hope they don 't boo me . "
He was selected for the USA team that competed in the 2012 FIBA Under @-@ 17 World Championship in Kaunas , Lithuania from June 29 – July 8 , 2012 along with Simeon teammate Kendrick Nunn and Whitney Young rival Okafor . The team won the gold medal , although Parker missed some games , including the semifinal , with an ankle injury .
= = Player profile = =
Parker was frequently compared to Derrick Rose in high school . According to Chicago Sun @-@ Times writer Michael O 'Brien , as of November 2011 , Rose had a 3 – 0 advantage in defining moments : " the back @-@ to @-@ back dunks against Washington in the city championship at the United Center , the game @-@ winning shot in overtime to give Simeon the state championship against Peoria Richwoods and the dismantling of Oak Hill , the top @-@ ranked team in the country . " Rose 's game against the Oak Hill team with Brandon Jennings , Nolan Smith and Alex Legion on ESPN is described as Rose 's national introduction . Although there are comparisons to Rose , his game is most often compared to Grant Hill and Paul Pierce . Dime Magazine describes him as " Grant Hill with a jump shot " . Parker claims to model his game after Paul Pierce and Carmelo Anthony . He hopes to be regarded as the best high school basketball player in the history of the city of Chicago and has stated that " being compared to Derrick also drives me . I know if I get better than him or break the records he broke I could be one of the best players to come out of Chicago . I look forward to being one of those players . "
Because of the title of the Sports Illustrated story that compared Parker to LeBron James , Mike DeCourcy of Sporting News stated that " Jabari Parker is , rather , the best [ high school basketball player ] since Greg Oden . " In addition , Parker was considered to have a much less developed physique than James at the same stage of development . CBS Sports ' Jeff Borzello also contested the proclamation , pointing out that since James 's 2003 class both Dwight Howard ( 2004 ) and Oden ( 2006 ) were consensus top players in their classes and that Parker might not be any better than the most recent consensus , Oden . In addition , CBS noted that Parker " might not even be the best high school basketball player in the country , given the development of class of 2014 's Andrew Wiggins . " Chicago Tribune writer Mike Helfgot described the Sports Illustrated comparison as " incredibly irresponsible journalism " , noting he had once worked for the Star @-@ Ledger when it described Derrick Caracter as the next James .
Following his four consecutive championships with Simeon , Parker ( and Chicago 's Simeon ) were compared to McClain ( and Peoria 's Manual ) . Peoria 's Journal Star emphasized that McClain was 32 – 0 as a starter in IHSA play because in the 1994 – 97 time period the IHSA was only divided into two classes . Thus , Manual had to wade through an 8 @-@ round tournament instead of the 7 @-@ round modern 4 @-@ class format . However , Simeon won 6 of its 7 games in its final championship by more than 10 points , while Manual only won 3 of its 8 by such a margin . In the postgame press conference , Simeon Coach Smith emphasized that his team had to endure the pressure of playing a national schedule that included games against elite teams in distant venues . Note , that with the 4 @-@ class system rather than the 2 @-@ class system of the past , the 2013 Class 3A IHSA champion was CPL runner @-@ up Morgan Park , who split 2 neutral court 2013 games with Simeon . As noted above , Rose @-@ era Simeon teams only won 2 championships in the 2 @-@ class era . Adding Parker 's 55 @-@ 11 start to a 33 – 1 junior year and a 30 – 3 senior season gives him a 118 – 15 legacy compared to Rose 's 120 – 12 .
= = Personal life = =
Parker is of Tongan and African American descent . His parents are Folola " Lola " Finau @-@ Parker and Sonny Parker . His father , Sonny , a Chicago native , played for the Texas A & M Aggies before becoming a 1976 NBA Draft first round selection ( 17th overall ) by the Golden State Warriors . He played in the NBA for six seasons . Sonny was an NBA teammate of Washington Huskies men 's basketball head coach Lorenzo Romar . In 2013 he developed a kidney disease that requires dialysis , making it difficult for him to attend Jabari 's games . His mother , Lola , a Polynesian native of Tonga , is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) and emigrated to Salt Lake City at age three . Her grandfather was the second Tongan baptized by LDS missionaries . Several of Lola 's cousins are National Football League athletes , including Harvey Unga , Haloti Ngata and Tony Moeaki , and one of her first cousins once removed , Tony Finau , made his PGA Tour debut in October 2014 . His parents met at a mall when she was a student at Brigham Young University and he was playing for the Warriors . After helping him find a dress shirt , Sonny left her tickets to his game . After he retired and she served her mission , they married and settled in Chicago . The family lives in the South Shore community area where his parents settled after marrying and has turned down two movie offers .
Parker has six siblings . His older brothers are named Darryl and Christian , while his older sisters are named Iman and Tilah . Darryl lettered two years for the Oregon Ducks basketball team , starting for the team in the 1995 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . Christian played basketball for Brigham Young University – Hawaii .
Jabari grew up ( and remains ) an active member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints . While attending Simeon Career Academy , Parker attended LDS Seminary two mornings a week , according to ESPN , and three days a week , according to The New York Times , Sports Illustrated and Chicago Sun @-@ Times . At the time of his sixteenth birthday , he became a LDS priest ( as is customary in his faith ) . He has both performed baptisms and administered the weekly sacrament . In addition , he regularly traveled with his bishop during his monthly visitations to comfort the sick , the poor and the elderly .
Parker worked out with basketball trainer Tim Grover . Jabari prefers individual training sessions with his brother Darryl instead of playing pick @-@ up games . Following his sophomore year , ESPN reported that he had a 3 @.@ 4 grade point average . By the end of the first semester of his junior year , The New York Times reported his GPA was 3 @.@ 7 . By April of his junior year , his GPA was 3 @.@ 63 , ranking 18th in his class of 377 and his extracurricular activities includes service as the principal @-@ appointed president of student representatives to the local school council , a youth basketball instructor , and a volunteer for Operation PUSH , The Salvation Army and the New Beginnings Church . In high school , he was known for carrying a backpack filled with basketball equipment , along with an iPod , and a copy of the Book of Mormon .
= Throwdown ( Glee ) =
" Throwdown " is the seventh episode of the American television series Glee . The episode premiered on the Fox network on October 14 , 2009 . It was directed by series creator Ryan Murphy and written by Brad Falchuk . The episode includes a clash between glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) and cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) when she is named co @-@ director of the glee club . As Sue tries to divide the club by turning the students against Will , his wife Terri ( Jessalyn Gilsig ) blackmails her OB / GYN into colluding with her over her fake pregnancy .
The episode features covers of five songs . Studio recordings of four of the songs performed were released as singles , available for digital download , and were also included on the album Glee : The Music , Volume 1 . " Throwdown " was watched by 7 @.@ 65 million US viewers and received mixed reviews from critics . The pregnancy storyline was criticized by both Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly and Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal was unimpressed by Quinn 's solo performance of The Supremes ' " You Keep Me Hangin ' On " , though the group performance of " Keep Holding On " was generally better received by reviewers . Lynch as Sue in particular was widely praised , with Flandez and Zap2it 's Liz Pardue both writing that Lynch gave an Emmy @-@ worthy performance .
= = Plot = =
When cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) is named co @-@ director of the McKinley High glee club , she divides the group in two , hoping to turn the students against director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) . Sue takes the minority students — Santana ( Naya Rivera ) , Artie ( Kevin McHale ) , Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) , Tina ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) , Mike ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) , Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) and Matt ( Dijon Talton ) — for her group , leaving Will with only Finn ( Cory Monteith ) , Rachel ( Lea Michele ) , Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) , Puck ( Mark Salling ) and Brittany ( Heather Morris ) in his group . Sue names her part of the club " Sue 's Kids " and tries to convince them that Will is discriminating against the students by making them sing backup . Will retaliates by failing all of Sue 's cheerleaders in Spanish , which only exacerbates their hostilities .
Quinn and Finn go together for her ultrasound appointment , and they learn that she is expecting a girl . Finn , trying to be supportive , suggests they name the baby Drizzle , but Quinn is adamant she is having it adopted and is annoyed at his lack of understanding . Will , tired of his wife Terri 's ( Jessalyn Gilsig ) refusal to let him participate in the pregnancy , sets up an appointment with Terri 's OB / GYN so he can see their own baby on the ultrasound . With the help of her sister Kendra ( Jennifer Aspen ) , Terri blackmails her doctor into faking the sonogram using Quinn 's ultrasound DVD , in order to continue hiding the fact she isn 't really pregnant . Meanwhile , Quinn angrily confronts Rachel about her relationship with Finn and threatens her . Rachel confronts Quinn about being a spy in the glee club for Sue and tells her that she will be kicked of the Cheerios once Sue finds out about her pregnancy .
School reporter Jacob Ben Israel ( Josh Sussman ) uncovers news of Quinn 's pregnancy . To protect Quinn and ensure Jacob will not release the story , Rachel agrees to give him her underwear . When both sections of the glee club stage a walkout in protest against Sue and Will 's constant arguing , the two make amends and Sue steps down as co @-@ director . Sue discovers the underwear in Jacob 's locker and the reason for it , and makes him run the story about Quinn 's pregnancy . She reveals her knowledge of the pregnancy to the club , and tells them that the whole school will soon know . Quinn breaks down in tears in the hallway , and New Directions does a performance of " Keep Holding On " to show their support for her .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by series creator Brad Falchuk and directed by co @-@ creator Ryan Murphy . Recurring characters who appear in " Throwdown " are Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) , Terri 's sister Kendra Giardi , her OB / GYN Dr. Wu ( Ken Choi ) , school reporter Jacob Ben Israel , and glee club members Santana Lopez , Brittany Pierce , Matt Rutherford and Mike Chang . Amy Hill guest stars as Dr. Wu 's rival OB / GYN , Dr. Chin .
" Throwdown " features cover versions of " Hate on Me " by Jill Scott , " No Air " by Jordin Sparks , " You Keep Me Hangin ' On " by The Supremes , " Keep Holding On " by Avril Lavigne , and " Ride wit Me " by Nelly . Studio recordings of " Hate on Me " , " No Air " , " You Keep Me Hangin ' On " and " Keep Holding On " were released as singles , available for digital download , and are also included on the album Glee : The Music , Volume 1 . " No Air " charted at number 52 in Australia , and 65 in America and Canada , while " Keep Holding On " reached number 56 in Australia and America , and 58 in Canada . " Ride with Me " was recorded live in the episode , as , according to Shum , Jr . , Murphy " wanted to get the chill vibe , that spur @-@ of @-@ the @-@ moment singing . "
= = Reception = =
" Throwdown " was watched by 7 @.@ 65 million US viewers and attained a 3 @.@ 4 / 9 rating / share in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . It was the 26th most watched show of the week in Canada , with 1 @.@ 4 million viewers . In the UK , the episode was watched by 2 @.@ 066 million viewers ( 1 @.@ 674 million on E4 , and 388 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 ) , becoming the most @-@ watched show on E4 and E4 + 1 for the week , and the most @-@ watched show on cable for the week , as well as the most @-@ watched episode of the series at the time . The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Mike Hale of the New York Times felt that " Throwdown " : " emphasized the show 's increasingly dual nature " whereby " the students are in a pretty good musical , and the adults are in a below @-@ average dramedy . " Wendy Mitchell of Entertainment Weekly deemed the episode " welcome light relief " , while Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times called it " perhaps Glee 's sharpest episode yet " , describing it as " chock @-@ full of standout scenes " . Eric Goldman for IGN rated the episode 8 @.@ 8 / 10 , criticizing it for " overly earnest , saccharine moments " but commenting that it was a " great example " of Glee " just being damn funny " .
Lynch 's performance as Sue attracted praise , with Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal and Liz Pardue of Zap2it both calling her portrayal Emmy @-@ worthy . Entertainment Weekly writer Ken Tucker called her " the greatest Broadway @-@ musical villain to ever co @-@ star in a TV series " , deeming " Throwdown " " possibly the best showcase yet for Jane Lynch " , while Malcom praised the interaction between Lynch and Morrison , writing that their scenes " crackled with electric wit " . The pregnancy storyline drew criticism , with Tucker opining that it " nearly derailed an otherwise @-@ excellent episode " and writing : " there 's got to be a better way to ground the series in a serious plot @-@ line that doesn 't make you wish the pregnancy plot was all just a non @-@ musical dream sequence . " Malcom also criticized the storyline , asking if it could " please just go away already ? " and writing that her patience with it was running out .
Musical performances received mixed reviews . Flandez deemed the cover of " Keep Holding On " an " emotionally satisfying showstopper " , however was critical of Quinn 's cover of " You Keep Me Hangin On " , which he called " thin and jarring " . Mitchell enjoyed the " No Air " duet , however felt it would be nice to see characters besides Finn and Rachel take the lead on the majority of songs . Reviewing musical performances in the series so far on October 21 , 2009 , Denise Martin for the Los Angeles Times rated " Hate On Me " the fourth best performance to date , writing that Riley : " blew [ her ] away . " In December 2012 , TV Guide also named the rendition one of Glee 's best performances , describing it as " a real Beyoncé moment " . Aly Semigran of MTV observed that Quinn spontaneously bursting into song brought Glee " dangerously close to High School Musical territory " .
= David L. Cook =
David L. Cook ( born November 11 , 1968 ) is an American Christian country music singer @-@ songwriter , comedian and a multiple Emmy ® and Telly Awards winner .
Born to Donnell and June ( née Mercer ) Cook , David is the oldest of six children . He has written more than 2 @,@ 500 songs , including Drop that Rock , which was featured on his album In the Middle of It All and garnered a Dove Award nomination for Christian Country Album of the Year in 1999 .
In all of Cook 's overseas recordings his surname is Cooke to distinguish it from his work in the United States . The male members of The Cook Family Singers have always used just their middle initials as a trademark , a trait beginning back in 1885 when the first such group was formed .
In 1990 Cook was diagnosed with a dissociative disorder and psychogenic amnesia reportedly brought on by an abusive father . In 1999 Cook 's story was used as a lead story with The 700 Club .
= = Biography = =
Cook was born in Pascagoula , Mississippi ; after two years , his family moved to Fort Lauderdale , Florida . Cook began his musical career at age five , singing with his family 's group , The Cook Family Singers . After his parents ' divorce , the group continued without Donnell , but in 1980 , the group disbanded because of June 's health issues . He continued singing both gospel and secular music .
= = Early life = =
Early in life , Cook was abused by his father , who had a severe drinking problem . While intoxicated , Cook 's father reportedly became violent towards his family . After many years of this abuse Cook developed many psychological problems that ended up following him through to his life as an adult . He developed a severe dissociative disorder and psychogenic amnesia . He recalled having periods of " missing time " but never really understood the cause . In 1990 , doctors finally diagnosed the disorders after Cook experienced what they thought was a severe stroke and was rushed to the Coral Springs Medical Hospital in Fort . Lauderdale .
He checked himself out of the hospital and disappeared from his Florida home and was found five months later in a Charlotte , North Carolina , hospital with similar health complaints . Cook had been around Charlotte for five months and no one realized there was anything wrong until he started developing stroke symptoms again . Doctors diagnosed his problems , which were not organic , and referred him to see the proper specialists . He claims to have had no recollection of leaving Florida , nor what he had done during his five months in Charlotte . When asked , he stated that , " It was like someone switching off a light and then switching it back on . " Cook 's story has been told through different media . The 700 Club did a full @-@ length documentary about his life , which aired worldwide . Cook wrote a religious self @-@ help book , Inspirational Words about the issues he overcame .
= = Health = =
On November 11 , 2009 , Cook was diagnosed with a parathyroid tumor in his neck . Doctors assessed that the tumor was pressing against his vocal cords making it virtually impossible for him to perform . He was treated at Vanderbilt University Medical Center .
= = Music = =
Cook 's first solo Christian album , Come Follow Me , was released in 1985 . The album was written and produced by singer / producer Frank X. Loconto , a former member of the group Lane Brothers . In 1986 , he signed with the American Musical Academy of Arts Association ( AMAAA ) , and released another album , Personal Feelings .
In 1997 , Mountainview Records released Cook 's album , In the Middle of it All , which earned him a Gospel Music Association Dove Award nomination for Christian Country Album of the Year in 1999 . However , after a fallout with Mountainview records in 1999 , he started his own record label , DLC Records . During this period Cook created a comedy character , named Mortermer Crabbottom , in the tradition of comedic Southern characters like Gomer Pyle .
Cook recorded an album in character , Split Personality , based on the life and times of Mortermer Crabbottom growing up in fictional Crabbottom USA . In 1999 , the Country Gospel Music Association inducted Cook into its Hall of Fame , along with Loretta Lynn , Barbara Mandrell , Andy Griffith , Jody Miller and Lulu Roman .
In 2012 Cook co @-@ wrote " Hands of Hope " with David Meece and Bruce Carroll . The song was fashioned along the same lines as " We Are the World " , which featured many famous voices from the music industry . The song went number one on the charts and remained there for two weeks . The song was used as the theme song for Turning Point Centers for Domestic Violence . On May 5 , 2012 NATAS announced that the song Hands of Hope garnered Cook , Meece and Carroll the Emmy ® nomination for best Arrangement / Composer of a television theme song .
= = Television = =
In August 2007 , Cook joined in partnership with the Firebird Arts Alliance . He was asked by David Tang , the president of Firebird , to write and produce a theme song for the television series New South Crossings . The theme song was " Meet Me at the Crossroads " . Cook won an Emmy Award ® on January 24 , 2009 for his work on the series audio and soundtrack .
Cook appeared in an episode , " Master Class " , in which Cook worked with younger artists . He shows them the ins and outs of working together musically , and during the episode they perform the actual theme song for the series . On June 27 , 2010 , Cook won another Emmy ® award , this time for writing and singing the theme song , Meet Me At the Crossroads
In August 2013 , Cook began working on his new television series , Written N Black & White . He is listed as one of the stars of the show along with fellow comedian , Trina Jeffrie . The two play an interracial newlywed couple who are comedians and their parents are clueless of the marriage . Although the series is said to take place in New York , the actual taping is done in Fort Mill , South Carolina at the former PTL Studios , which had housed the Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker PTL network back in the 1980s .
= = Awards ( Partial listing from 1997 to present ) = =
In July 2006 , the International Country Gospel Music Association inducted Cook and fellow artists , Mike Manuel , Gayla Earlene , Doug DeRamus and Marijohn Wilkin into the Hall of Fame .
In January 2009 , Cook won his 5th Emmy Award for his work on the series , New South Crossings and he took home his sixth Emmy for the composing and arranging of " Meet Me At The Crossroads " in June 2010 .
Cook was nominated on May 6 , 2011 for three Emmy ® Awards for the documentary , The Award Goes To : A Look Back at the Legends , and at the June 18 telecast , he won his 7th Emmy ® for Outstanding Excellence in a Live Event
In 2015 Cook hosted the Mississippi Music Awards and was given the prestigious Mississippi Marvel Award for all of his work with new artists coming up in the business . During the 2015 AMG Heritage Awards , Cook was presented with a " Citation of Excellence " from the North Carolina Secretary of State , Elaine Marshall . The citation was given to Cook for the development of continued arts programing and mentoring he has implemented across the country .
= = Entrepreneurship = =
In 1988 , Cook had incorporated Cook 's Car Care Company in his native Fort Lauderdale . Eventually he transferred his interests to certain family members . The company is still in business today under different ownership . He incorporated Cook Productions International in 1989 with his business partner Edward Cook . Cook sold his interests in 1992 , which dissolved the Florida division .
In 1999 Cook started DLC Records after leaving Mountainview Records due to contractual and other disputes . While on the label Cook took his 1999 project , In The Middle of it All , up the charts garnering several # 1 singles , a Dove Award nomination and became the number one selling Christian country artists of all time . He incorporated Cook Enterprises to administer his contracts and personal business affairs , which included a children 's television show development agreement with his management group , Five Star Music which produced a weekly show called , Crabbottom USA , taped at local television station , WHTV TV @-@ 39 , a Nashville Tennessee based station .
In 2004 , Cook was presented with the opportunity to become the CEO and controlling partner for the International Academy of Music Arts and Sciences ( IAMAS Corporation ) . Years earlier , the company merged with its daughter company , The American Musical Academy of Arts Association , which proved profitable as there was an upswing in demand for Christian @-@ based music and distribution opportunities . This was profitable as IAMAS was able to use its history in the entertainment industry as a door to help boost other smaller companies into existence . In 2004 , the entertainment industry took a huge hit with the incoming markets of Napster , iTunes , and Amazon.com. IAMAS , no longer able to compete , decided to sell off only its American division and retain its overseas holdings . Since IAMAS Corporation had handled Cook 's contracts since 1980 , Cook offered to buy the company for an undisclosed amount . His offer was accepted and he officially filed for corporation status on November 24 , 2004 .
Cook became the president and CEO of the Charlotte Civic Orchestra in 2005 and although he retired as CEO in 2011 , Cook remains on the board as an adviser . The organization is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) company , and is entirely composed of volunteers . In January 2011 , Cook and several others launched the Artists Music Guild , a network based company that connects artists with industry professionals who advise them and lead them in the proper course for career mapping . Cook is listed as the executive board president .
After the retirement of longtime manager Mickey Hiter , Cook signed with Pink Hammer Entertainment out of Los Angeles , California in August 2012 .
= = Artists Music Guild = =
Cook and other entertainment industry insiders started the Artists Music Guild in January 2011 to reduce the risks of artists being taken advantage of in a predatory industry . On November 11 , 2011 , The Artists Music Guild held its inaugural convention at the historic Heritage USA complex . The inaugural convention was filmed for a PBS special , A Walk Through the History of Music in the United States , with more than 2000 people in attendance . Cook has stated that his main goal for making the Heritage USA the official home of the Artists Music Guild 's convention was to heal the broken people who were affected by the fall of PTL . The convention reunited several of the former PTL Singers , including Toni Bogart , Brian Keith , Lee Young and Sandy and Russell Hosey . Also in attendance were many of the employees who lost their jobs amid the sexual and financial scandal which caused the fall of the Bakker 's ministry . Cook posited that " by reuniting these individuals who have not performed together in over twenty plus years it would allow them to come together on their own terms and walk out of the complex without someone telling them they could never come back . It was the ultimate form of healing the hurts from the past . " In 2015 the Guild became the parent company for the Mississippi Music Foundation in an effort to build a youth orchestra and a better outreach to educating and developing young and upcoming artists . Cook was added to the advisory board and became the official spokesperson and face of the foundation .
= = Rumor of Cook 's death = =
On October 3 , 2012 , mainstream media reported that Cook had been killed in Winston @-@ Salem , North Carolina after being struck by a car . Web crawlers picked up the story and the rumors went nationwide . The story was later confirmed to be that of a David Lee Cook who worked as a Department of Transportation worker who had been killed while removing a tree from the road during hazardous conditions . The original news organization released an explanation story after finding out of their mistake .
= Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment =
The Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment from New Zealand , raised for service during the First World War . It was assigned to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , and formed part of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force .
The regiment , with an establishment of twenty @-@ six officers , 523 other ranks and 600 horses , was formed from three squadrons belonging to pre @-@ war Territorial Force regiments : the 1st Mounted Rifles ( Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry ) , the 8th ( South Canterbury ) Mounted Rifles and the 10th ( Nelson ) Mounted Rifles . It also included a small headquarters and , until 1916 , a Maxim machine @-@ gun section . The Maxim guns were withdrawn but the regiment 's fire @-@ power increased during the war , and by the end of the conflict each squadron had four Hotchkiss machine @-@ guns , one per troop .
Being mounted infantry the regiment rode into battle on their horses , but were expected to dismount and fight on foot . The regiment fought predominantly against the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire . Their first involvement came in the Gallipoli Campaign between May and December 1915 , during which they participated in the largest battle of that theatre at Chunuk Bair and the fighting for Hill 60 . Evacuated to Egypt , they then took part in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from 1916 to 1918 . The early battles they were involved in included those at Romani , Gaza and Beersheba . Later in the war they were part of the force that occupied the Jordan Valley , and took part in the raids on Amman and Es Salt . Their final wartime operation was in connection with the capture of the Turkish Fourth Army . During the four years of war the regiment lost 334 men dead from all causes , while another 720 were wounded or debilitated . After the war , the regiment played a minor role in the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 , before being disbanded in June 1919 .
= = History = =
= = = Formation = = =
Raised on 12 August 1914 , at the start of the First World War , the Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment came from the Canterbury Region on the South Island of New Zealand . Commanded by Lieutenant @-@ Colonel John Findlay , it was composed of a headquarters , a machine @-@ gun section and three squadrons , formed from Territorial Force regiments . The New Zealand Territorial Force included a compulsory training system , and the four Military Districts were required to supply a mounted regiment for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force . To meet that obligation , the Territorial Force regiments each provided a squadron , which kept their own regimental badges and traditions . The regiment 's squadrons came from the 1st Mounted Rifles ( Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry ) ( 1st Squadron ) , the 8th ( South Canterbury ) Mounted Rifles ( 8th Squadron ) and the 10th ( Nelson ) Mounted Rifles ( 10th Squadron ) . The establishment was fixed at twenty @-@ six officers and 523 other ranks , who used 528 riding horses , seventy @-@ four draught horses and six pack horses . Each squadron , of 158 men , had a field headquarters and four troops . The Machine @-@ Gun Section , with two Maxim Guns , had one officer , twenty @-@ six other ranks , twenty riding horses and sixteen draught horses . Even though the regiment used horses , they were not cavalry but mounted infantry , and expected to ride to the battlefield , dismount and then fight as traditional infantry . Attached to , but not part of , the regiment were medical and veterinary officers , an artificer , three more other ranks and another eighteen horses . The regiment was assigned to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , serving alongside two other regiments : the Auckland Mounted Rifles and the Wellington Mounted Rifles .
= = = Embarkation = = =
On 23 September the regiment left their camp for Lyttelton and embarked on the transport ships HMNZT Tahiti and HMNZT Athenic . Leaving the same day , they arrived at Wellington the next afternoon , and disembarked the troops . On 14 October they boarded the transports again and set sail . With a short stop at Hobart , on 28 October they arrived at Albany , and anchored waiting to be joined by the Australian contingent . The combined convoy sailed on 1 November and reached Colombo on 15 November . Two days later it sailed into the Red Sea , and the Suez Canal . Docking at Port Said on 2 December and Alexandria the next day , the regiment disembarked on 4 December and boarded a train for their camp in the Cairo suburb of Zeitoun where they started a training programme , using the desert for manoeuvres , during both day and night
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
.
= = Gallipoli = =
In Egypt the regiment continued its training programme , working from reveille at 05 : 00 to 17 : 30 when they stabled their horses at the end of the working day . Every third or fourth night the soldiers performed guard duty or looked after the horses . It was in Egypt that the regiment , and brigade , came under command of the newly formed New Zealand and Australian Division which , along with the 1st Division , made up the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) . In April 1915 , the division 's infantry units left Egypt for an undisclosed destination , and it was not until 1 May that the regiment learned about the Gallipoli landings . Four days later the regiment received news that it would also deploy to Gallipoli , but in a dismounted role without their horses . On 7 May , twenty @-@ six officers and 482 other ranks ( some men remaining behind to look after their horses ) boarded trains for Alexandria to board their transports . They arrived off the Gallipoli peninsula on 12 May , and started to disembark , landing at Anzac Cove . By now the troops had been re @-@ equipped for their dismounted role , and carried a rifle with two hundred rounds of ammunition , a small pack , a haversack , mess tins , a bayonet , and an entrenching tool . Once ashore , the regiment camped that night behind the front line .
The next day , they moved to the left flank in the north to relieve the Royal Naval Brigade . Their trenches stretched from the sea to Walkers Ridge and included two outposts , No.1 Post and No.2 Post . The regiment took over on the extreme right , with one squadron in the front line , one squadron in the support trench and the third squadron as the reserve . Next in line to their right , was the Auckland Mounted Rifles , and then the Wellington Mounted Rifles on the left . However , the regiment had to wait until it got dark before sending men forward to man the two outposts .
= = = First combat = = =
The regiment 's first experience of combat started at midnight on 18 / 19 March when their Turkish opponents opened fire on their trenches . The main assault , in the brigade 's sector , was against the Auckland Mounted Rifles ; to support them the regiment sent two troops from the 1st and 10th Squadrons and one troop from the 8th Squadron to form their reserve . At daylight , the men manning No.1 Post could see a group of Turks concentrating around " The Nek " and opened fire on them with a machine @-@ gun , forcing them to withdraw . The Turkish attack continued until that afternoon , when it gradually petered out . It was later estimated that 42 @,@ 000 Turkish troops had been involved in the attack on the ANZAC beach @-@ head , and by the end of the day 10 @,@ 000 of them had become casualties . Later that day white flags were observed over the Turkish trenches , and some of their men wandered into no man 's land . This was considered a ruse to retrieve arms and ammunition off the dead and to bring forward reinforcements , so the Turks were warned to return to their trenches as the New Zealanders were going to open fire again . A real armistice was arranged for 24 May , between 07 : 30 and 16 : 30 , when the wounded were brought to safety and the dead buried . Squadrons settled into a routine with twenty @-@ four hours in No.1 and No.2 Posts , twenty @-@ four hours in the main trenches and twenty @-@ four hours in support , then back to the outposts . Their first offensive action came on 28 May , when it was still dark . The Turks had built an outpost only 450 yards ( 410 m ) from No.2 Post , so the 1st Squadron charged and captured the position . Once it was secured , the 6th Squadron from the Wellington Mounted Rifles provided the garrison for what was now called No.3 Post . They had some difficulties defending it , as the Turks launched a counter @-@ attack to recapture it . After a battle lasting until the next day the 10th Squadron and two troops from the 8th Squadron managed to relieve the Wellington Regiment 's survivors and take over the defence of the post . Shortly after the relief , it was decided that the position was untenable and it was abandoned . Casualties gradually mounted and the regiment 's first replacements , three officers and forty @-@ four other ranks , arrived at the end of June .
= = = Chunuk Bair = = =
The objective of the British August offensive was to seize Chunuk Bair , a high point in the Sari Bair mountain range . The New Zealand and Australian Division would provide the attacking force . The initial attack was to clear the Turks from the foothills ; this task was given to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , reinforced by the Maori Pioneer Battalion . The regiment , together with the Otago Mounted Rifles , was to clear Chailak Dere valley , then advance to Aghyl Dere in the north . They also had to capture Taylor 's Hollow and Walden 's Point , then turn east to capture Beauchop Hill . To reduce noise and maintain stealth , they were ordered to use only their bayonets . At 20 : 00 on 5 August , the 296 men of the regiment moved forward to No.2 Post in preparation for the attack , which was due to start at 21 : 00 the next night . Their assault started on time , with the 1st and 10th Squadrons forward , followed by the 8th Squadron and Machine @-@ Gun Section in reserve . The leading men met and killed four Turks in an observation post . Then with still around two hundred yards ( 180 m ) to go , a destroyer 's searchlight beam lit up the advancing men , and a Turkish machine @-@ gun opened fire on them . The 10th Squadron charged straight into the Turkish trench , while the 1st Squadron managed to manoeuvre around and attack the machine @-@ gun from the rear . They achieved this without firing a shot or making a sound , and then advanced towards their last objective , Beauchop Hill . The hill was also captured , and the survivors started to dig in . Although it had taken all its objectives , the regiment had around forty per cent casualties , including the commanding officer , who was wounded , and the second in command , Major Overton , who had been killed . While digging in they were able to observe the rest of the battle , which did not seem to be going well . By the next day , 7 August , Turkish reinforcements were arriving at Chunuk Bair and the attack had failed . Since the start of the battle they had lost twenty @-@ four men dead and sixty men wounded . Now commanded by Major Hutton , from the 10th Squadron , the regiment remained on Bauchop Hill in defence until 15 August , when they moved back to the entrance of Aghyl Dere , then later moved forward two hundred yards ( 180 m ) and occupied an old Turkish trench .
= = = Hill 60 = = =
At 15 : 30 on 21 August the Battle for Hill 60 began . Charging straight at the hill , the regiment suffered sixty per cent casualties , among them Hutton in command . He was replaced by Major Hurst , from the 1st Squadron , and they succeeded in capturing the Turkish trench within fifteen minutes of going over the top . But on either side of them the rest of the attack had failed , leaving the regiment and the Otago Mounted Rifles isolated from the rest of the force . Not having the manpower to continue the assault , they were ordered to dig in and hold the position . They held on until 23 August when they were relieved by the Auckland and Wellington Mounted Rifles .
Three days later the regiment returned to their previous position to continue the assault . The attack began at 17 : 00 on 27 August with the regiment leading the brigade . They charged across the sixty yards ( 55 m ) of open ground and into the first Turkish trench . Within minutes they were up and on their way again , and captured the second and third trenches , which they defended all night and through the next day . Casualties had been high ; from the 119 men who had started the assault there were now only eighteen left , commanded by the only officer , Captain Gibbs . The brigade 's other regiments were in a similar state , but they remained in the trenches until they were relieved after dark on 29 August .
= = = Lemnos = = =
On 13 September , the brigade , less its machine gunners , was relieved by the 5th Australian Brigade and sailed to the island of Lemnos to rest and recuperate . The regiment 's strength was now just one officer and thirty @-@ nine other ranks , twelve of whom were machine @-@ gunners who had to remain at Gallipoli . By now , including the original contingent and their replacements , a total of thirty @-@ two officers and 645 other ranks had served with the regiment at Gallipoli . On arrival the regiment came under the command of Lieutenant @-@ Colonel George Stewart . By early October , replacements started arriving to bring the regiment back up to almost full strength . At the end of the month Stewart was evacuated sick , and Major John Studholme , the senior officer with the replacements , assumed temporary command of the regiment . On 10 November they returned to Gallipoli , camping that first night at Bauchop Hill .
= = = Evacuation = = =
The regiment spent their time building winter quarters , and tunnelling into the hillside to provide protection against shellfire , doing so until 27 November when they moved back into the front line . On 9 December , Major Christopher Powles , the Brigade @-@ Major , took over command of the regiment , with Studholme as the second in command . Three days later , the order for the complete evacuation of the peninsula was issued . Men with minor ailments left first , followed by one regiment or battalion from each brigade . The Auckland Mounted Rifles were chosen as the first regiment to leave from the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , which meant that the Canterbury Mounted Rifles had to extend its lines to cover for the Aucklanders . The last men were due to leave over the night of 19 / 20 December .
The regiment now numbered fourteen officers and 290 other ranks , which was to be reduced to nine officers and 163 men , the rest being among the first batch to be evacuated on 18 December . The remainder were divided in three groups . The first group , of three officers and ninety men , left the front for the embarkation beach at 17 : 30 the next day . They were followed by the second smaller group of three officers and forty @-@ two men at 21 : 35 . The last group , three officers and thirty @-@ one men , had to cover for the whole regiment , keeping up a steady rate of fire and moving their one Maxim @-@ gun around the position to support the deception that all defences were fully manned . This last group was also divided into three parts , the first of which left at 01 : 45 on 20 December . They were followed by the next group who waited ten minutes before withdrawing . The last small group of men left at 02 : 05 , and reached the beach , without incident , at 03 : 30 . The regiment sailed again to Lemnos , and on 22 December to Egypt , arriving at Alexandria on 26 December , and eventually returned to their old camp at Zeitoun .
= = Sinai = =
In Egypt reinforcements brought the regiment back up to full strength plus an added ten per cent , and the Machine @-@ Gun Section was doubled in size from two to four guns . Another change was the appointment of Major James Whyte of the Wellington Mounted Rifles as commanding officer . On 23 January 1916 the regiment left Zeitoun to take up a new defensive post on the Suez Canal eighty @-@ seven miles ( 140 km ) to the east . While there , Findlay , having recovered from his wounds , returned as commanding officer on 19 February . By 7 March the regiment was once more ready for operations and moved into the front line , at Railhead Ferrypost on the canal . Later that month , the brigade was assigned to the ANZAC Mounted Division .
= = = Katia = = =
Without any notice the regiment , and brigade , was ordered to Kantara , thirty @-@ two miles ( 51 km ) away on the Suez Canal , at 20 : 00 on 23 April . The reason was not then known by the troopers , but it later transpired that a Turkish force in the Sinai Desert had attacked British yeomanry positions at Katia and Oghratina . They reached Kantara at 07 : 00 and an hour later moved into the desert , camping at Hill 70 for the night . They sent reconnaissance patrols out into the desert , and manned observation posts . On 10 May the regiment was ordered to Romani and the next day to El Maler . Patrol activity was kept up , most of the time at troop strength , but sometimes involving the complete brigade . On 15 May the regiment carried out a reconnaissance of Oghratina and Bir el Abd , and for the first time sighted a hostile force in the desert ; they did not manage to engage them . The next day several men had to be evacuated , suffering from heat exhaustion , as temperatures reached 129 ° F ( 72 ° C ) . This convinced Findlay to cut their patrol short , and travelling overnight they arrived back at Maler early on 17 May . Over the next weeks their patrols continued , to acclimatise the men to desert travel and conditions . Early in July , the regiment lost its machine @-@ gun section when it was transferred to form the brigade Machine @-@ Gun Squadron . On 19 July reconnaissance aircraft spotted a large Turkish force moving west across the desert .
= = = Romani = = =
Just after midnight on 4 August the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades were attacked at Romani . At 08 : 00 , the regiment , acting as the brigade vanguard , advanced towards Dueidar ; at the same time they could hear firing in the distance from Romani . By 10 : 30 they were approaching the Turkish position on Mount Royston , and the regiment opened out to attack , with the 8th Squadron positioned on the left , the 1st in the centre , and the 10th on the right , with the Auckland Mounted Rifles following in support . The 5th Light Horse Regiment , who were supposed to be to the left of the 8th Squadron , had not yet arrived . The assault commenced at 15 : 00 , supported by the Somerset Battery Royal Horse Artillery , and by 17 : 30 they had driven the Turks off Mount Royston . The brigade captured an artillery battery and over 1 @,@ 000 prisoners . The regiment 's casualties during the battle were one dead and fifteen wounded . The next day at 03 : 30 they moved to Katia , which was believed to be occupied by a large Turkish force . On arrival , the brigade galloped forward , attacking from the south . When they got close the regiment dismounted and continued on foot . Fighting all day , they waited in vain for the 3rd Light Horse Brigade to support the assault . Still holding their ground at 20 : 00 , they had to retire and return to Bir et Maler to water their horses . Their casualties were two dead and fifteen wounded .
The Turkish force withdrew towards Katia , which by the time the regiment 's reconnaissance patrol got there had been abandoned ; the Turks were heading towards Oghratina . Once the enemy were located , the regiment kept patrols in contact with them overnight and all during the next day while the Turks withdrew to Negilia . By 8 August the enemy had reached Bir el Abd , where they established defences and were waiting for the New Zealanders .
= = = Abd = = =
Before dawn on 9 August the regiment was behind the Auckland Mounted Rifles heading towards Abd . The brigade was to attack head on , while the rest of the division circled around to attack the flanks . At 05 : 30 the Aucklands were engaged by the Turkish defenders , so the 8th Squadron was sent forward on their left to assist , and immediately came under fire . To support them the 1st and 10th Squadrons moved up on the left . The 8th Squadron advanced and captured a ridge line facing east , followed soon after by the other squadrons occupying the high ground to the west of Abd . From there they could see the Turkish defences , which consisted of trenches and redoubts , supported by artillery that kept up a steady rate of fire on the regiment . At 06 : 00 the Turks left their trenches to counter @-@ attack the regiment , but were stopped by small arms fire and the attached Somerset Battery Royal Horse Artillery . The regiment then moved downhill towards Abd , but were faced with heavy Turkish artillery fire , which by 10 : 30 had stopped the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades to their left . At noon a second Turkish counter @-@ attack came in waves towards the regiment 's lines . They managed to fight them off , with heavy casualties . By 14 : 00 the Turks were attacking all the division 's brigades in strength . The 1st and 2nd Light Horse in the north and the 3rd in the south began to retire , leaving the New Zealanders ' position exposed on the flanks . Only by keeping up a heavy rate of small arms and artillery fire did they hold off the enemy . At 17 : 30 , the divisional commander Harry Chauvel called off the attack and ordered a withdrawal , but as the New Zealanders were in danger of being overrun the withdrawal was postponed until dark , with the regiment forming a rearguard . The battle cost the regiment nine dead , twenty @-@ two wounded and six men missing in action .
The brigade withdrew to Debabis , caring for their wounded and resting for the next two days . On 12 August , they moved back to Abd , which had been evacuated by the Turks . Sending out reconnaissance patrols , they located the Turkish rearguard two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Salamana . Not being in a position to attack , they observed them until dusk , when the Turks moved further east to El Arish .
= = = Magdhaba = = =
On 20 December , in response to reports that the Turks had evacuated El Arish , the regiment started moving overnight towards the village . Advance patrols discovered that the Turks had withdrawn along the Wadi el Arish to Magdhaba . By dawn 23 December the regiment reached the wadi and joined up with the rest of the division , now heading towards Magdhaba .
By 05 : 00 they could see the Turkish position ; the brigade was ordered to move around and approach it from the north . Five hours later the brigade had reached a position to start their attack , with the Canterbury regiment on the brigade 's left . Dismounted , the squadrons advanced in turn , covered by their machine @-@ guns . At 15 : 00 , when they were within five hundred yards ( 460 m ) of the Turkish lines , they were able to charge , with bayonets fixed , and captured the Turkish trench . One by one the Turkish redoubts were captured , before nightfall . The regiment 's casualties were light , at two dead and eleven wounded .
= = = Rafa = = =
By the end of the year the Turkish forces had been pushed out of the Sinai , and in January 1917 , orders were given for the division to attack Rafa on the Egyptian – Palestine border . By dawn on 9 January , the regiment and division had reached the border , and the brigade manoeuvred to attack Rafa from the north @-@ east . The 8th Squadron , leading the regiment , was moving around to the north of village , when the Turkish defenders opened fire on them . The regiment galloped forward , and one of their troops captured fifty prisoners at a police post . The remainder captured an uncompleted trench system , and another 171 prisoners , six of them German officers . The regiment was now position to block the Turkish withdrawal east , and were also able to observe the main Turkish defences .
The regiment started advancing towards the village , the 8th Squadron on the left , and the 10th with the 1st Squadron on the right . Covered by their machine @-@ guns , but under heavy Turkish fire , they gradually moved forward on foot . Troops took turns to run forward while the rest of the squadron covered them . The intensity of the battle was demonstrated by the Inverness Battery Royal Horse Artillery , which was supporting the brigade and ran out of ammunition at 14 : 00 . Two hours later the division 's covering force reported Turkish reinforcements approaching , and Lieutenant @-@ General Philip Chetwode , who was commanding the attack , decided to call it off . Almost simultaneously Edward Chaytor , commanding the brigade , ordered another attack . Covered by their machine @-@ guns the men carried out a bayonet charge and the Turks to their front surrendered . By this time the other brigades had started to withdraw , but seeing what had happened , they turned back and also charge , capturing the position . The battle cost the regiment six dead and nineteen wounded .
= = Palestine = =
= = = Gaza = = =
The British plan for Gaza required the ANZAC Mounted Division to circle around by night and block Turkish reinforcements getting to the town . On 26 March at 02 : 30 , the brigade left camp in a heavy fog and crossed the Wadi Ghuzze two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south @-@ east of Gaza . They soon reached their positions with the brigade , between the 2nd Light Horse and 22nd Mounted Brigades , and waited for the infantry divisions to assault the town . At 14 : 00 , as the infantry were having problems , the brigade were ordered to attack . The regiment galloped towards the town , with the Wellington Mounted Rifles on their right and the Auckland Mounted Rifles in reserve . Once there , the regiment moved south along a ridge and attacked the garrison at Ali Muntar . This hilltop could command the approaches into Gaza . They soon captured the outlying Turkish trenches , forcing the defenders back towards the town . At 18 : 40 the 10th Squadron reached the hill top at the same time as the 53rd ( Welsh ) Division , who had been trying all day to take the position from the other side . Despite having captured a commanding position , both the regiment and the infantry division were ordered to withdraw . Turkish reinforcements had been reported en route , and the overall commander did not believe they could hold what they had captured . The regiment retired back the way they had come , and reached Belah just after midnight the next day . Casualties for the day were one dead and six wounded .
= = = Wadi Ghuzee line = = =
On 3 April the squadrons were issued Hotchkiss machine @-@ guns , one per troop . After the British withdrawal , the Turks built a defensive line of trenches and redoubts , from the sea south of Gaza to Beersheba , following the route of the road . The British plan for the second attack involved the ANZAC Mounted Division providing flank protection , intercepting any reinforcements , and pursuing the retreating Turkish forces if required .
The regiment moved out at 18 : 30 on 16 April , forming the vanguard for the division . At 04 : 30 the next morning the 10th Squadron , in the lead , crossed the Wadi Ghuzee at Shellal . Their only opposition came from enemy aircraft which bombed the division . Breaking out into an extended line , they reconnoitred towards Sharia and Beersheba , reporting on Turkish movements . At nightfall they withdrew back to Shellal . The next day was a repeat of the previous day . Then , after dark , the division was ordered to march overnight to support the Imperial Mounted Division . The regiment set out at 23 : 00 , and by 09 : 00 on 18 April were the brigade reserve for their assault on " Sausage Ridge " . At 14 : 30 the regiment was called upon , and galloped forward under an artillery bombardment . Dismounting , a machine @-@ gun section set up just in time to stop a Turkish counter @-@ attack . However , the British attack all along the line had faltered and was called off that night , and they withdrew back behind the Wadi Ghuzee . The three days of fighting cost the regiment three dead and twenty @-@ eight wounded .
= = = Beersheba = = =
The regiment 's involvement in the attack on Beersheba began at 18 : 00 on 30 October , when the ANZAC Mounted Division set off along the Wadi el Imshash towards the village . By 08 : 00 the brigade had reached its starting position at Bir Salim Irgeig , ready to begin their assault on Tel el Saba . Moving around the open Turkish flank they managed to approach the mound from the east . The regiment were to the right of the brigade line with the Auckland Mounted Rifles on their left . The regiment intended to move around and outflank the Turkish position from the north . Once the assault started they slowly moved up the hill , and eventually they passed the Wadi Khalil and were able to engage the rear of the Turkish position . Confronted by Turkish artillery and machine @-@ gun fire coming from their north , they could advance no further . At 15 : 00 the Aucklanders managed to charge and capture the hill top . Elsewhere , Beersheba was captured following a mounted charge by the 4th Light Horse Brigade . The regiment 's casualties during the battle were one dead and six wounded .
= = = Khuweilfe = = =
The next day , 1 November , the brigade moved north @-@ east following the withdrawing Turks . The regiment , forming the vanguard , came under machine @-@ gun fire so the 10th Squadron charged directly at the position while the 1st Squadron moved around and attacked from the flank . The position was quickly captured with thirteen prisoners and a machine @-@ gun taken . That night , they returned to Beersheba for water . Following two days of rest , they moved out on 4 November , to relieve the 5th Mounted Brigade in the Ras el Nagb mountains . Turkish artillery fired on them en route , wounding five men . Once in position , they were attacked at 03 : 00 the next morning by a small Turkish force , which was forced to retire . Then a Turkish cavalry force was sighted assembling in a valley , which the regiment opened fire on ; they galloped away . At 11 : 00 the Turkish returned to the attack , supported by artillery and machine @-@ gun fire , and managed to get to within two hundred yards ( 180 m ) of the regiment 's lines before being stopped . Turkish artillery continued to bombard the regiment for the rest of the day , only stopping after dark . The day 's fighting cost the regiment six dead and forty @-@ nine wounded . As there was no trace of their relief , and the horses had not been watered for forty @-@ eight hours , they were sent back to Beersheba . Eventually relieved , on 6 November , by the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade , the men set out to the rear on foot , meeting their returning horses at Kh el Ras .
= = = Ayun Kara = = =
On 11 November , the brigade was ordered to move to the western flank and rejoin the division . It was not an easy task due to the difficult terrain , and one stage of thirty @-@ one miles ( 50 km ) took them thirty hours to cross . They eventually met with the division at Hamame the next day and had to rest and recuperate until moving out again on 13 November and camping for the night at Yebna .
The next morning , 14 November , the regiment crossed the River Rubin , and at 12 : 30 located a Turkish position at Ayun Kara . The regiment was on the left front of the brigade advance , with the Wellington Mounted Rifles on their left and the Aucklanders in reserve . As the regiment advanced through orange groves , they were engaged by the Turkish defenders . The regiment then held a fire support position while the other two regiments attacked on the left . Fighting off several counter @-@ attacks the brigade eventually , at nightfall , won the battle and held their ground overnight . Not being involved in the main assault , the regiment 's casualties were rather light at one dead and six wounded . The next day the Turkish force had withdrawn , and the regiment advanced first to Beit Dejan , and then occupied the port of Jaffa on 17 November , where the commanding officer established the regimental headquarters in the German Consulate .
= = = River Auja = = =
Around four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) to the north of Jaffa is the River Auja , along which the withdrawing Turkish Fourth Army had formed a defence line . The only crossing points were a bridge at Khurbet Hadrah , and three fords . One of these was about two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the east of Hadrah , another was at Jerisheh and the third at the river mouth .
The brigade was ordered to assault the river and capture a crossing . On 24 November the regiment , with the 8th Squadron leading , crossed the ford at the river mouth . Taken by surprise , the Turkish defenders retired , and were followed by the regiment , who galloped into the nearby foothills and captured the village of Sheikh Muannis . The rest of the brigade continued the attack along the river , capturing the other crossings . To support their defence , the 161st ( Essex ) Brigade moved to the north of the river and dug in . The regiment sent mounted patrols forward to observe the surrounding country .
The next day the Turkish counter @-@ attacked the bridge @-@ head at Khurbet Hadrah in force . Their first attempt failed , but after being reinforced they tried again the same day . Eventually the Essex Brigade were forced to withdraw back across the river . The regiment , to assist them , crossed at the river mouth and attacked the Turkish right , with the 10th Squadron heading , on foot , for Sheikh Muannis to assist the Wellington Mounted Rifles . Now defended by the 10th Squadron , the village 's defenders withdrew across the river , and once clear they were followed by the squadron . Meanwhile , the 1st and 8th Squadrons , which had moved into the northern hills , were heavily attacked by the advancing Turks . They managed to hold a line , supported by their machine @-@ guns , as they slowly retired , troop covering troop , back to the river . The Turkish force , now back in control of the northern river bank , made no attempt to force a crossing . Despite the nature of the battle , with the regiment withdrawing in daylight , their casualties were again rather light at two dead and four wounded .
= = Jordan Valley = =
= = = Jericho = = =
The British captured Jerusalem in December , but the Turkish forces still held the Jordan Valley and the area around the Dead Sea , putting the British right flank in danger of a counter @-@ attack . As a result , the regiment 's next operation involved the capture of Jericho in the east .
On 16 February the regiment started their move towards Bethlehem , arriving there the next day . Two days later the brigade started over the hills towards the River Jordan , marching overnight . The tracks forced them into single file , but by daylight they were at El Muntar . From there the terrain dropped three thousand feet ( 910 m ) to the Jordan Valley . As soon as the brigade 's vanguard appeared they were engaged by the Turkish defences . It was not until 07 : 00 that the regiment came into the open to assist the attack . The regiment was sent against a Turkish strong point at Hill 288 , the 8th and 10th Squadrons leading with the 1st in reserve . The 10th Squadron had problems continuing their attack so the 1st was sent forward by a different route , and by noon the Turkish defenders were withdrawing to Nebi Musa . Here , using their artillery and machine @-@ guns , the Turks held up the regiment 's advance along a narrow defile until nightfall . The next morning the 10th Squadron were sent forward again , but the Turks had withdrawn during the night . At 05 : 30 on 21 February the regiment formed the brigade 's vanguard as it started out again , reaching the Jordan Valley at 09 : 00 . The regiment pushed ahead towards Jericho , leaving the 8th Squadron behind to repair the road they were using . Jericho was occupied by the 1st Light Horse Brigade , so the regiment deployed along the River Jordan , from the Dead Sea to a pontoon bridge at Ghoraniyeh , which was still held by the Turks . The next day was spent patrolling the vicinity of the river , and at 15 : 00 on 22 February the western side was declared clear of all Turkish forces . The brigade did not linger in the valley , and at 18 : 00 the same day they started back to Jerusalem .
= = = Amman = = =
A raid on Amman was the next operation for the regiment . The ANZAC Mounted Division , 60th ( London ) Division and the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade would all take part . On 13 March the regiment started back to the Jordan Valley through heavy rain . Orders for the raid were issued ; the brigade would advance on mountain tracks , via the village of Ain Es Sir , then to Amman . The rains postponed the raid , and it was not until 01 : 30 on 24 March that the brigade crossed the river Jordan , by a pontoon bridge at Hajlah . At 09 : 30 the regiment , the Wellington Mounted Rifles and the 181st ( 2 / 6th London ) Brigade started clearing the area between the river and the foothills . The vanguard , formed by the 1st Squadron and the Auckland Mounted Rifles , had by 16 : 30 left the Wadi Jeria and started up into the hills . In the wet and cold weather progress was slow . The narrow tracks meant that all wheeled transport , including artillery and supply wagons , had to be left behind . They reached Ain Es Sir at 14 : 00 , two hours behind the vanguard . Out of contact with the division , they remained at the village for the remainder of that day and the next . Patrols checked the area between the village and Amman , which was around six miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) away . The remainder of the division , which had travelled by a different route , arrived later that day . They were in no physical condition to attack , so the advance was postponed until the next day .
The assault began at daylight on 27 March ; the 8th Squadron moved across the plain to Kusr , where their progress was stopped by heavy Turkish small arms fire . The squadron formed a defensive line , while the 1st Squadron moved past them on the right and captured a small hill . Turkish artillery and machine @-@ gun fire grew heavier all day , and another attempt by the 8th Squadron to move forward at 16 : 00 also failed . At 19 : 25 the Turks counter @-@ attacked the 1st Squadron , but were forced to retire . That night patrols were sent to reconnoitre the Turkish positions , so they could be more easily attacked the next day . At dawn on 28 March the entire division tried another attack . The 1st Squadron managed to capture a small trench , but without their artillery support they were unable to move any further forward in the face of heavy Turkish machine @-@ gun fire . All that day and night they managed to hold onto what they had won , waiting for reinforcement to continue the attack .
The next day it was decided to make a dismounted attack on Hill 3039 , outside Amman . The regiment , while still holding its own lines , provided eleven officers and 102 other ranks to take part in the assault . At 02 : 00 they formed up and started forward , the regiment 's contingent forming the second line with the Wellington Mounted Rifles . The assault was successful , the first line capturing their objectives . The second line passed through them onto their objectives . With around three hundred yards ( 270 m ) to go , Turkish machine @-@ guns opened fire on them , but they pressed on , capturing a machine @-@ gun and fourteen prisoners . Then the 8th Squadron moved forward with the 4th ( ANZAC ) Battalion , Imperial Camel Corps Brigade , and captured the last Turkish position on the hill . The brigade settled in to defend the hill , the regiment located between the brigade 's other two units . At dawn Turkish artillery targeted the hill , and at 09 : 30 the Turks counter @-@ attacked the New Zealanders . They were stopped by the brigade , using captured machine @-@ guns in addition to their own weapons . Turkish artillery continued to bombard the hill until 16 : 00 , when another counter @-@ attack began , mostly to the regiment 's left ; this was driven off . The third counter @-@ attack came an hour later but was also defeated . Elsewhere the rest of the division had been trying to reach Amman but could not make any progress .
Unable to continue the attack , and with a shortage of ammunition and rations , the division was ordered to withdraw back to the River Jordan . The brigade was ordered at 18 : 00 to retire back to Ain Es Sir . On arrival the 1st Squadron formed a defensive line , while the rest of the regiment rested . However , the 1st Squadron were soon engaged by a Turkish force , and the regiment and the Auckland Mounted Rifles moved up to support them . For the remainder of the night , the division retired through the line held by the regiment , until 04 : 00 on 1 April when the Wellington Mounted Rifles took over from the regiment , which then followed the division back to the river . They reached the Jordan Valley at dusk and moved back across the river . During the operation , the regiment lost eighteen dead , thirty @-@ seven wounded and one man missing in action .
The brigade crossed the Jordan and the regiment camped two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the south @-@ east of Jericho . Not all of the ANZAC Mounted Division moved west of the river ; the 1st Light Horse Brigade remained on the eastern bank forming a bridge @-@ head . On 19 April the regiment crossed back over the river to conduct a reconnaissance of Shunet Nimrin . Advancing through Turkish artillery fire they got to within one thousand yards ( 910 m ) of the Turkish lines in the foothills , and remained there all day , before returning to the western bank at 21 : 00 .
= = = Es Salt = = =
On 30 April the second raid across the Jordan began , their objective to capture Es Salt . This time a much larger force was involved under command of the Desert Mounted Corps . The regiment and brigade were part of the force assigned to attack Shunet Nimrin . Once again they advanced through Turkish artillery fire , and confronted by Turkish strong points in the foothills , were unable to make any progress . That night they moved back across the Jordan , having suffered three dead and eleven wounded .
On 1 May the brigade became the corps reserve and at noon were ordered to assist the 179th ( 2 / 4th London ) Brigade in their attack on El Haud . The regiment crossed the bridge and started forward , through artillery fire , first walking then increasing their pace to a canter , until they reached cover . But then they were ordered back and had to return to Umm Es Shert , so they headed back through the shellfire until they reached the village . They remained there overnight until ordered forward to support the 4th Light Horse Brigade defending the road from the Ed Damieh ford to Es Salt , which was the only route back for the rest of the force attacking Es Salt . For the next day the regiment held a defensive position along the road , and then moved , dismounted , into the mountains to help the Australian Mounted Division extricate themselves . On 3 May , once the Australians had moved past them , the regiment walked back down the track behind them , shelled by Turkish artillery . They then moved into the lines held by the infantry until the other forces had reached safety , before forming the rearguard back to Ghoraniyeh , arriving at 16 : 00 on 5 May .
= = = Chaytor 's Force = = =
The next months were spent training and refitting , until August when the brigade formed the divisional reserve located around Jericho . In September they moved forward to form the left ( northern ) flank of the Jordan Valley defences . At the same time , the regiment took command of the 1st and 2nd Battalions British West Indies Regiment and the 38th and 39th Battalions Royal Fusiliers , which were part of a larger deception force commanded by the divisional commander , Chaytor . They were tasked with convincing the Turks that the next British attack would be from the Jordan Valley , while the forces were actually being realigned to attack in the west . The regiment was heavily involved in the deception , carrying out offensive patrolling , constructing dummy camps , and moving back and forwards behind the lines to give the impression of a much larger force than was actually present .
The main British attack started in the west on 19 September ; the regiment remained in the Jordan Valley keeping patrols close to the Turkish positions to watch for any withdrawal . The first evidence of that was observed the next day , when the Turks retired from their forward positions . The regiment then moved to join the rest of the brigade at Khubret Fusail on the western bank of the Jordan .
The next day the brigade started towards their first objective , the bridge at Damieh . At 10 : 30 the Auckland Mounted Rifles , assisted by the 1st Squadron , assaulted and captured the Damieh bridge with a bayonet charge . The 10th Squadron arrived after the bridge was secured , and followed the Auckanders pursuing the withdrawing Turks into the hills . That night the regiment moved back across the bridge , leaving the 1st Squadron behind to guard it . The next day the brigade was ordered to resume the advance , so with the regiment as the vanguard , overcame the first obstacle , a Turkish machine @-@ gun post . At 15 : 30 they reached Es Salt , passed through the town to the east , and formed a defensive position in the hills for the night . During the day they had captured 250 men , three artillery pieces and several machine @-@ guns . The next day , 24 September , the regiment continued their advance , heading towards Suweile where they were joined by the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades . The next day about two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north @-@ west of Amman they came upon two Turkish redoubts covering the road to the town . While the brigade 's other regiments deployed to attack them , the regiment , with a section from the Machine @-@ Gun Squadron , were ordered to manoeuvre around to assault them from the rear . At midday they were confronted by around two hundred Turkish troops defending a ridge line . The regiment , through artillery and machine @-@ gun fire , assaulted and captured the ridge . Not stopping to consolidate the position , they continued forward towards Amman . Once there the 10th Squadron , and part of the 8th Squadron , assaulted the Citadel in a bayonet charge , capturing 119 German prisoners and six machine @-@ guns . The regiment then charged through the town , capturing the railway station at 16 : 30 . All told the regiment took 1 @,@ 200 prisoners , fourteen machine @-@ guns , and other military stores . Their own casualties were one dead and two wounded . Casualties and illness had reduced the regiment 's strength to only 350 men , many of whom were struck down with malaria . The regiment remained in the Amman area until the night of 29 / 30 September when they moved south to Kastel and secured a large number of prisoners from the Turkish II Corps . On 3 October they were relieved by the 3rd Light Horse Regiment , and started back towards the Jordan Valley . By 9 October they had crossed the valley and had reached Jerusalem ; they then went back to Ayun Kara , their part in the war being over .
= = Post war = =
The war in the Middle East ended on 31 October 1918 , following the signing of the Armistice of Moudros . In November the regiment was selected to be part of the Allied force of occupation for the Dardanelles peninsula . They would again be going in a dismounted role , but only twenty @-@ five officers and 464 other ranks were involved . Leaving Egypt on 28 November they disembarked on 5 December and moved into their camps at Maidos and Kilid Bahr . On 19 January 1919 , the majority of the regiment returned to Egypt , rejoining the brigade at Kantara .
On 17 March the whole brigade was ordered to deploy to assist the civil authorities dealing with growing unrest among the Egyptian civilian population . The regiment moved to the Nile Delta on 23 March , forming a column with four armoured cars and an armoured train . Any one found rioting was arrested and tried in front of a court headed by the commanding @-@ officer , who also imposed sentences . Within weeks the rioting was quelled and the regiment returned to their camp , remaining there until 17 June when they were ordered to send their horses to the remount depot and move to Ismailia on the Suez Canal . On 30 June they embarked on the transport ship HMNZT Ulimaroa for New Zealand and the regiment was disbanded .
= = = Casualties = = =
During the war 334 men from the regiment died from all causes . In the seven months of the Gallipoli Campaign they had 127 dead ; fourteen of those died of illness and 113 were killed in action . Another forty @-@ six , not included in that total , were reported missing believed dead . The two years of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign accounted for another 127 dead . At the same time 466 men were debilitated or wounded in action at Gallipoli , and another 254 were wounded during the later campaign , a total of 720 wounded for both campaigns .
Many of the Gallipoli dead have no known grave ; the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Chunuk Bair Cemetery , constructed on the site where the Turks buried Allied war dead following the evacuation , has 632 graves of which only ten men have been identified . At the nearby Hill 60 Cemetery , which has another 788 graves , only seventy @-@ six were identified .
= = = Honours = = =
Several men of the regiment were recognised for their service by the British Empire awards system . Captain Robin Harper , later commander of the brigade machine @-@ gun squadron , was perhaps the most decorated , being awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) , Military Cross ( MC ) , Distinguished Conduct Medal ( DCM ) and being mentioned in despatches three times . Findlay was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and awarded a DSO , alongside six other officers who were also invested with the DSO . One officer was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire , and another a Member of the Order of the British Empire . Another eleven officers were awarded the MC , while the other ranks received a total of twelve DCMs and twenty @-@ three Military Medals . There were also a total of sixty mentions in despatches , some men being mentioned more than once .
= Étienne Hastrel de Rivedoux =
Étienne d 'Hastrel de Rivedoux was a general of the First French Empire who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars . He was born 4 February 1766 at Pointe @-@ aux @-@ Trembles in Quebec , which was then the British colony , Province of Québec , the son of an officer in the French military . His father had served in India during the Seven Years ' War , and later in Quebec .
The son of rural nobility , he attended the Royal Military School in Paris as a gentleman @-@ cadet . After his graduation , Hastrel occupied several junior positions . During the French Revolution in 1789 , and its subsequent political and social upheavals , he affirmed his loyalty to France . Described by his colleagues as naturally talented , quickly moved into the ranks of the general staff , filling increasingly important positions in several French field armies , including the Army of the Rhine , the Army of the Danube , the Army of Helvetia , and the Grande Armée . He also managed an autonomous division of engineers and sappers during the Peninsular War .
After the Bourbon Restoration , he retained his titles and honors . He was recalled from retirement in 1830 , during the July Revolution . He died 19 September 1846 at Versailles .
= = Family = =
Étienne d 'Hastrel descended from a family of rural notables . He was the son of Christophe Claude d 'Hastrel of Rivedoux , a second son of the Lord of Rivedoux , Pierre Bruno d 'Hastrel . His mother , Marie Anne Lienard de Boisjoly married his father , Christophe Claude d 'Hastrel , a gentleman from the Île de Ré , a small island off the coast of France near La Rochelle , on 12 February 1760 in Neuville . The senior d 'Hastrel was a captain in the Languedoc Regiment , in a company of grenadiers . He participated in the Siege of Pondicherry in the Seven Years ' War . Etienne d 'Hastrel 's elder brother , Jacques Bruno D 'Hastrel , ecuyer ( equerry ) , Chevalier , and Lord of Rivedoux , was a Knight of the Order of Saint Louis . Upon their father 's death in 1782 , he inherited the family estates and titles .
Etienne Hastrel was married twice , first in 1796 to his cousin Marie @-@ Josephe d 'Hastrel Rivedoux ( b . 1767 ) , who died 18 January 1801 . He married later to an Alsatian , Louise Zäpffel or Zöpffel , the sister of Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke . He and his second wife had a son , Adolphe Hastrel de Rivedoux ( 1805 – 1875 ) , artillery captain and traveler , but best known as a painter and print maker .
= = Military career = =
Étienne d 'Hastrel was admitted to the Royal Military School in Paris as a gentleman @-@ cadet , with the rank of sous @-@ lieutenant on 11 September 1781 . When he graduated on 8 May 1784 , he joined the Artois Regiment — later the 48th Infantry Regiment — as a lieutenant . He was present at Rennes during the turmoil immediately following the Revolution , particularly divisive in the military . Some of soldiers , and indeed of some of the officers , suspected the loyalty of fellow officers remained with the old regime . Hastrel worried that the officers could no longer command the obedience of the troops , and recounted in his journal :
" The reception of the tri @-@ color occasioned a scene of insubordination , which deprived us of several officers and served as a pretext to the revolutionaries to inspire defiance among the soldiers . At the moment when the flag was blessed and given to the battalion , the commander gave the orders to leave the church , but the soldiers would not budge . Stirred up by the youths who had assisted with the ceremony , they declared that they would not leave the old flag to be hung from the church vaults .... We could not enforce our commands .... Seeing his authority ignored , the commander left the church and was followed by six or seven other officers . Then Capitaine Sermizelles , who had stayed , took the flag and gave it to the priest to be hung in the church .... [ T ] he battalion ... returned to the barracks in order . "
He was promoted to captain with the campaign of the Vosges on 13 April 1792 . He participated in the engagements at Frankfurt am Main and Hochheim and Siege of Mainz ( 1793 ) , and a small engagement at Bingen . Subsequently he was named adjutant staff major of the Army of the Rhine on 11 July 1793 .
In 1799 , he was appointed to Jean @-@ Baptiste Jourdan 's general staff of the Army of the Danube , garrisoned initially in Strasbourg . After crossing the Rhine in early March , the Army engaged Archduke Charles ' Austrian troops at the battles of Ostrach and Stockach . Following defeat at Ostrach , the army was reorganized with the Army of Helvetia , under command of André Masséna . Hastrel received a staff appointment in Milan .
François Antoine Louis Bourcier served with Hastrel in the Army of the Danube . In 1800 , he described Hastrel to François Nicolas Fririon :
" The talents he has received from nature have been expanded by a careful education . His activities and services as the deputy of the general staff should make him eligible for promotion to a superior rank . "
In 1804 , Etienne Hastrel became a member of the Legion of Honor . For the campaigns of 1805 against Austria , of 1806 against Prussia , and of 1807 against Poland , he served on the staffs of Antoine @-@ François Andréossy . While in Warsaw in 1807 , he was promoted to general of brigade . Upon his return to Germany , Hastrel was appointed to the staff of the Prince of Ponte @-@ Corvo , Jean @-@ Baptiste Bernadotte , on 20 August 1809 and , later , to the staff of Nicolas Oudinot in Holland . Etienne Hastrel also served as the military governor of Neumarkt , in Küstrin , Pomerania , 15 February 1807 to May 1807 , and in the military government of Hamburg . In 1809 , Napoleon sent Etienne Hastrel to Spain , to command the engineer park attached to French army . This included three companies of miners , nine companies of sappers , a battalion of mariners , another of sailors , four companies of pontonniers ( bridge builders ) , four companies of pioneers ( engineers ) , two companies of artillery , and park 's own medical detachment , close to 5 @,@ 000 men . In June 1810 , he was rewarded as Commander of the Legion of Honor .
As chief of general staff of the Provisional Army of Germany , and later major general ( after 1811 ) he was appointed 13 March 1812 as director @-@ general of military conscription , a position which he held until the peace of 1814 .
= = Bourbon restoration = =
Louis XVIII named him a Knight of Order of Saint Louis upon the restoration and placed him command of the military of the Vosges in October . During the Hundred Days , Napoleon appointed him as director of the Ministry of War .
In 1816 , the King appointed him to various inspector generalships from 1816 to 1823 , and he retired in 1825 . During the July Revolution of 1830 , he was recalled to the general staff , but he retired permanently in 1832 . He became a grand officer of the Legion of Honor on 8 May 1835 . During his retirement , he wrote his memoires , which were published in 1833 .
He died 19 September 1846 at his home in Versailles and is buried at Cemetery of Notre Dame , at Versailles . Sixty @-@ one of his letters , written between 1806 and 1841 , are preserved at the Public Library of France , under the title Belgique , Les fètes de Bruges .
= = = Genealogical information = = =
= TouchWave =
TouchWave , Inc . ( now WebCom ) , was a privately held Palo Alto , California IP @-@ telephony network switch provider founded in 1997 . TouchWave developed a product line called WebSwitch that was designed to replace traditional private telephone exchange systems in small @-@ to @-@ medium @-@ sized companies . WebSwitch was part of a phone system that incorporates communication features provided by the Internet . The rapid success of TouchWave was memorialized with awards and an acquisition by Ericsson Communications for $ 46M two years after TouchWave was founded . Ericsson continued the TouchWave product line under the name WebCom , but its efforts have been viewed as less than successful .
= = History = =
In 1997 , TouchWave was a privately held , venture @-@ backed startup company in Palo Alto , California , with future entrepreneur Oliver Muoto as its marketing director . Co @-@ founded by CEO Bo Larsson , Jeff Snider , David F. Wittenkamp , and Jesper Stroe , TouchWave released its first product , WebSwitch , in 1997 . WebSwitch , a Web @-@ based phone switch , provided telephony over IP and targeted small to medium @-@ sized businesses and branch networks of larger organizations . The WebSwitch was designed to deliver significantly lower costs for communications , ease of management and administration and offered services on a single IP @-@ based network platform . The timing of TouchWave 's late 1997 release of its phone switch product matched Level 3 's development of its first softswitch , a method to connect calls from one phone line to another without a need to use traditional hardware .
TouchWave made significant business and technology advances in 1998 and quickly became a recognized contributor to the VoIP industry . In March 1998 , TouchWave received the Best of Show Award at both at the Microsoft Network Telephony Forum and the Computer Telephony Expo ( Los Angeles ) for its WebSwitch product . In April , Communications Convergence magazine identified TouchWave 's WebSwitch as " [ hinting ] at the future , where voice and data will live together on a single network . " In July , TouchWave entered into a partnership agreement with British Telecom , the dominant fixed line telecommunications and broadband Internet provider in the United Kingdom . The partnership brought TouchWave access to technical recommendations and product feedback from British Telecom to be used to develop WebSwitch . In August , Computer Telephony awarded TouchWave its Editor 's Choice Award for the WebSwitch product . In September , TouchWave introduced a new version of WebSwitch . In October 1998 , TouchWave entered into an agreement with Telogy Networks to include Telogy 's embedded communications software in WebSwitch in order to improve the quality of its sound transmission . By the end of 1998 , TouchWave had improved its product line to where it could replace traditional private telephone exchange systems in small @-@ to @-@ medium @-@ sized companies throughout the world .
By early April 1999 , TouchWave had upgraded their WebSwitch 1608 local area network distributed phone system to a product called WebSwitch 2000 . On April 13 , 1999 , Swedish telecommunication company Ericsson announced that it had purchased TouchWave for $ 46 million . In exchange for the $ 46M , TouchWave provided Ericsson with Internet Protocol centric network products such as business phone and private business exchanges . The acquisition of TouchWave came at a time when multibillion @-@ dollar companies were acquiring other relatively small Internet @-@ connected companies , such as WebLine , Selsius , GeoTel , NBX , Dialogic , and Summa Four . Some employees from TouchWave eventually followed serial entrepreneur and former TouchWave president and CEO Samir Lehaff to Adomo , Inc . , a provider of voicemail majordomo services . TouchWave co @-@ founder Jeff Snider would go on to be vice president of enterprise sales at Ericsson and then a CEO co @-@ founder of Adomo in 1999 .
= = WebCom = =
With Ericsson 's 1999 purchase , TouchWave became a subsidiary of Ericsson and was renamed WebCom . In April 2000 , Ericsson WebCom , now based in Menlo Park , California , expanded TouchWave 's WebSwitch product line with the WebSwitch 100 Phone Gateway and IP Extension Gateway . In January 2003 , Business Communications Review magazine stated that Ericsson 's acquisition of TouchWave " turned out to be of little consequence . " A year later , that same magazine asserted that Ericsson 's acquisition of TouchWave had not produced a desired result , writing that it had " borne little fruit . "
= Mark Henry =
Mark Jerrold Henry ( born June 12 , 1971 ) is an American powerlifter , Olympic weightlifter , strongman , and professional wrestler who is currently signed to WWE on the Raw brand . He was a two @-@ time Olympian in 1992 and 1996 and a Gold , Silver and Bronze Medalist at the Pan American Games in 1995 . As a powerlifter , he was WDFPF World Champion ( 1995 ) and a two @-@ time U.S. National Champion ( 1995 and 1997 ) as well as an all @-@ time raw world record holder in the squat and deadlift . Currently , he still holds the WDFPF world records in the squat , deadlift and total and the USAPL American record in the deadlift since 1995 . He is credited for the biggest raw squat and raw powerlifting total ever performed by a drug tested athlete , regardless of weight class , as well as the greatest raw deadlift by an American citizen .
In weightlifting , Henry was a three @-@ time U.S. National Weightlifting Champion ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 ) , an American Open winner ( 1992 ) , a two @-@ time U.S. Olympic Festival Champion ( 1993 and 1994 ) and a NACAC champion ( 1996 ) . He holds all three Senior US American weightlifting records of 1993 – 1997 . In 2002 he won the first annual Arnold Strongman Classic .
Since joining the World Wrestling Federation ( now WWE ) in 1996 , he has become a one @-@ time WWF European Champion and a two @-@ time world champion , having held the ECW Championship in 2008 , and the World Heavyweight Championship in 2011 .
= = Early life = =
Henry was born in Silsbee , Texas . As a child , he was a big wrestling fan and André the Giant was his favorite wrestler . While attending a wrestling show in Beaumont , Texas , young Henry tried to touch André as he was walking down the aisle , but tripped over the barricade . André picked him up out of the crowd and put him back behind the barricade . Henry played football in high school until his senior year , when he strained ligaments in his wrist during the first game of the year and scored below 700 on the SAT . When Henry was 12 years old , his father , Ernest , died of complications from diabetes . When he was 14 years old , Henry was diagnosed with dyslexia .
Henry comes from a family in which almost all of the men are larger than average , especially his great uncle Chudd , who was 6 ft 7 in , weighed approximately 500 lb , never had a pair of manufactured shoes , and was known as the strongest man in the Piney Woods of East Texas .
= = Powerlifting career = =
By the time Mark Henry was in the fourth grade , he was 5 ' 5 " and weighed 225 lb ( 102 kg ) . His mother bought a set of weights for him when he was 10 years old . During Henry 's freshman year at Silsbee High School , he was already able to squat 600 lb ( 270 kg ) , which was well over school record . As an 18 @-@ year @-@ old high school senior , Henry was called " the world 's strongest teenager " by the Los Angeles Times , and made it into the headlines in early 1990 for winning the National High School Powerlifting Championships and setting teenage lifting world records in the squat 832 lb ( 377 kg ) and total 2 @,@ 033 lb ( 922 kg ) . By the time Henry finished high school , he was a three @-@ time Texas state champion with state and national records in all four powerlifting categories — the squat at 832 lb ( 377 kg ) , bench press at 525 lb ( 238 kg ) and deadlift at 815 lb ( 370 kg ) as well as the total at 2 @,@ 033 lb ( 922 kg ) .
At the Texas High School Powerlifting Championships in April 1990 , Terry Todd , a professor of kinesiology at the University of Texas at Austin and former weightlifter , spotted Henry and persuaded him to go to Austin after he graduated to train in the Olympic style of weightlifting . In July 1990 at the USPF Senior National Powerlifting Championships , 19 @-@ year @-@ old Henry came second only to the legendary six @-@ time World Powerlifting Champion Kirk Karwoski . While powerlifting relies primarily on brute strength and power , which Henry obviously possessed , Olympic weightlifting is considered more sophisticated , involving more agility , timing , flexibility and technique . There have been few lifters in history who have been able to be successful in both lifting disciplines . Mastering the technique of weightlifting usually takes many years of practice . But Henry broke four national junior records in weightlifting after only eight months of training . In April 1991 , he won the United States National Junior Championships ; 20 days later he placed fourth at the U.S. Senior National Championships , and finished sixth at the Junior World Weightlifting Championships in Germany two months later . Only few weeks afterwards , he became 1991 's International Junior Champion in Powerlifiting as well . In Henry 's first year in competitive weightlifting , he broke all three junior ( 20 and under ) American records 12 times , and became the United States ' top Superheavyweight , surpassing Mario Martinez .
At the age of 19 , Henry had already managed to qualify for the weightlifting competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics , where he finished tenth in the Super- Heavyweight class . Ten months before the 1992 Olympics , Henry had begun training with Dragomir Cioroslan , a bronze medalist at the 1984 Summer Olympics , who said that he had " never seen anyone with Mark 's raw talent " . After the Olympics , Henry became more determined to focus on weightlifting and began competing all over the world . In late 1992 he took the win at the USA Weightlifting American Open and further proved his dominance on the American soil by winning not only the U.S. National Weightlifting Championships , but also the U.S. Olympic Festival Championships in 1993 and 1994 . At the 1995 Pan American Games Henry won a gold , silver and bronze medal .
Having reached the pinnacle of weightlifting on a National and continental level , he competed again in powerlifting and shocked the world by winning the ADFPA U.S. National Powerlifting Championships in 1995 with a 2314 @.@ 8 lb raw Powerlifting Total . Despite competing without supportive equipment in contrast to the other competitors , Henry managed to outclass the lifter in second place by 286 lbs defeating not only 5 time IPF World Powerlifting Champion and 12 time USAPL National Powerlifting Champion Brad Gillingham , but also America 's Strongest Man of 1997 Mark Philippi . In the process he set all @-@ time world records in the raw deadlift at 903 @.@ 9 lbs ( 410 kg ) and the squat without a squat suit at 948 @.@ 0 lbs ( 430 kg ) as well as the all @-@ time drug tested raw total at 2314 @.@ 8 lb ( 1050 kg ) . Later that same year in October , he competed in the drug @-@ free Powerlifting World Championships and won again , even though he trained on the powerlifts only sparingly — due his main focus still being on the two Olympic lifts . He not only become World Champion by winning the competition but also bettered his previous all @-@ time squat world record to 953 @.@ 5 lbs ( 432 @.@ 5 kg ) and his all @-@ time drug tested world record total to 2336 @.@ 9 lbs ( 1060 kg ) .
In 1996 Henry became the North America , Central America , Caribbean Islands ( NACAC ) Champion . He earned the right to compete at the Olympics by winning the U.S. National Weightlifting Championships in the Spring of 1996 for a third time . During his victory Henry became Senior US American record holder ( 1993 – 1997 ) in the Snatch at 180 @.@ 0 kg ( 396 @.@ 8 lbs ) , Clean and jerk at 220 @.@ 0 kg ( 485 @.@ 0 lbs ) , and Total at 400 @.@ 0 kg ( 881 @.@ 8 lbs ) , improving all of his three previous personal bests . This 400 kg total , in the opinion of many experts in track field of international lifting — including Dragomir Cioroslan , the ' 96s coach of the U.S. team — was the highest ever made by an athlete who had never used anabolic steroids — who was lifetime drugfree . By that time , at the age of 24 , Henry was generally acknowledged as the strongest man in the world , even by many of the Eastern Block athletes who outrank him in weightlifting . No one in the history of the sports had ever lifted as much as him in the five competitive lifts — the snatch and the clean and jerk in weightlifting — the squat , bench press and deadlift in powerlifting . To this day , his five lift total is still the greatest in history by a fair amount — making him arguably one of the strongest men that ever lived and stamp him , according to lifting statistician Herb Glossbrenner , as history ’ s greatest lifter .
In the months prior to the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia , Henry received more attention and publicity than any lifter in recent US history . He guested at Jay Leno , Conan O 'Brien and Oprah Winfrey Show and was featured on HBO Inside Sports and The Today Show . He was also featured in dozens of magazines including U.S. News & World Report , People Vanity Fair , ESPN The Magazine and Life where he was photographed nude by famed artist Annie Lebowitz . During this period he connected with WWE owner Vince McMahon for the first time , which led to him signing a 10 @-@ year deal as professional wrestler .
Henry improved his lifts to 407 lb in the snatch and 507 lb in the clean and jerk during his final eight weeks of preparation for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . Henry at 6 @-@ foot @-@ 4 @-@ inches tall and 414 lbs bodyweight , became the largest athlete in Olympic history and was voted captain of the Olympic weightlifting team . Unfortunately , he suffered a back injury during the competition and was unable to approach his normal performance level . Due to the injury he had to drop out after his first clean and jerk attempt and finished with a disappointing 14th place . His appearance at the Olympics proved to be his last official competition in Olympic weightlifting , as he retired from weightlifting , vowing never to return unless the sport is " cleaned up " of anabolic steroid use .
Since his career start as a professional wrestler shortly after the Olympics , he broke his leg in the Fall of 1996 . But by the summer of the following year he had rehabbed it enough to be able to compete at the USAPL National Powerlifting Championships 1997 , where he won the competition to become the U.S National Powerlifting Champion in the Super Heavyweight class again . He had planned to continue heavy training in powerlifting , although his travel schedule as a professional wrestler with the WWF ( now WWE ) has made sustained training difficult . Mark ’ s WWF contract was unique in many ways , allowing him at least three months off each year from wrestling , so he can train for the national and world championships in weightlifting or powerlifting . Barring injury , Mark had originally hoped to return to the platform in late 1998 , to lift for many more years , and to eventually squat at least 1100 lbs without a “ squat suit ” and to deadlift 1000 lbs .
Although in early 1998 he was still able to do five reps in the bench press with 495 lbs , three reps in the squat with 855 lbs ( with no suit and no knee wraps ) , and three reps in the standing press with 405 lbs in training , while traveling with the World Wrestling Federation , he never returned to compete again in official championships in favor of his wrestling career . He weighed 380 lbs at that time , and his right upper arm was measured at 24 ” by Terry Todd . By basically ending his lifting career at the age of 26 , it is probable that he never reached his full physical potential as a professional lifter . Henry remains the youngest man in history to squat more than 900 pounds without a squat suit as well as the youngest to total more than 2 @,@ 300 pounds raw – he 's the only person ever to have accomplished any of these feats at under 25 years of age .
= = = Personal powerlifting records = = =
Powerlifting Competition Records : done in official Powerlifting full meets
Squat – 432 @.@ 5 kg ( 953 @.@ 5 lbs ) raw with knee wraps ( done on October 29 , 1995 WDFPF )
→ former all @-@ time unequipped squat world record for over a decade in SHW class until 2010 ( + regardless of weight class until 2007 )
→ current WDFPF world record squat in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since 1995
→ current drug tested all @-@ time world record squat without a suit in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since 1995
→ currently heaviest walked @-@ out raw squat of all time ( without a monolift ) regardless of weight class or federation since 1995
Deadlift – 410 kg ( 903 @.@ 9 lbs ) raw ( done on July 16 , 1995 ADFPA ( USAPL ) )
→ former all @-@ time raw world record deadlift in SHW class until 2010 ( + regardless of weight class until 2009 )
→ current all @-@ time highest raw deadlift ever pulled by an American in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since 1995
→ current Open Men American record deadlift in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since 1995
→ current all @-@ time US national championship record deadlift in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since 1995
→ current USAPL American record deadlift in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since 1995
→ current drug tested raw world record deadlift ( in SHW class only ) since 1995
Powerlifting Total – 1060 kg ( 432 @.@ 5 / 235 @.@ 0 / 392 @.@ 5 ) / 2336 @.@ 9 lbs ( 953 @.@ 5 / 518 @.@ 1 / 865 @.@ 3 ) raw with wraps ( done on October 29 , 1995 WDFPF )
→ current WDFPF world record in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since 1995
→ current drug tested all @-@ time world record unequipped powerlifting total in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class )
Career aggregate Powerlifting Total ( best official lifts ) – 1108 @.@ 0 kg ( 432 @.@ 5 + 265 @.@ 5 + 410 ) / 2442 @.@ 7 lbs ( 953 @.@ 5 + 585 @.@ 3 + 903 @.@ 9 )
Powerlifting Gym Records ( unofficial ) :
Squat – 1006 lbs ( 456 @.@ 5 kg )
Bench press – 585 lbs – 600 lbs ( 265 kg – 272 kg )
Deadlift – 925 lbs ( 420 kg )
Career aggregate Powerlifting Total ( best unofficial lifts ) – 2531 lbs ( 1006 + 600 + 925 )
Front Squat – 770 lbs ( 350 kg )
Behind @-@ the @-@ neck @-@ press – over 400 lbs ( > 181 kg )
= = = Personal weightlifting records = = =
Weightlifting Competition Records :
done in official competition
Snatch : 180 @.@ 0 kg ( 396 @.@ 8 lbs ) ( done at 1996 's U.S. Nationals )
→ Senior US American snatch record 1993 – 1997 in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class )
Clean & jerk : 220 @.@ 0 kg ( 485 @.@ 0 lbs ) ( done at 1996 's U.S. Nationals )
→ Senior US American clean & jerk record 1993 – 1997 in SHW class
Weightlifting Total : 400 @.@ 0 kg ( 881 @.@ 8 lbs ) – snatch : 180 @.@ 0 kg ( 396 @.@ 8 lbs ) / clean & jerk : 220 @.@ 0 kg ( 485 @.@ 0 lbs ) ( done at 1996 's U.S. Nationals )
→ Senior US American weightlifting total record 1993 – 1997 in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class )
Weightlifting Gym Records ( unofficial ) :
all three done in training after the 1996 's U.S. Nationals , but prior to the Olympics ' 96
Snatch : 184 @.@ 6 kg ( 407 lbs )
Clean & jerk : 230 @.@ 0 kg ( 507 lbs )
Weightlifting Total : 414 @.@ 6 kg ( 914 lbs )
= = = Combined lifting records = = =
official weightlifting total + official powerlifting total
= Combined Supertotal :
400 @.@ 0 kg + 1060 @.@ 0 kg =
1460 @.@ 0 kg / 881 @.@ 8 lbs + 2336 @.@ 9 lbs
= 3218 @.@ 7 lbs raw with wraps
→ current all @-@ time highest combined weightlifting / powerlifting total in history ( since 1996 * )
5 official weightlifting & powerlifting lifts combined – the snatch + the clean & jerk and the squat + bench press + deadlift =
Five @-@ Lift @-@ Combined @-@ Total :
180 @.@ 0 kg + 220 @.@ 0 kg + 432 @.@ 5 kg + 265 @.@ 5 kg + 410 @.@ 0 kg
= 1508 @.@ 0 kg / 396 @.@ 8 lbs + 485 @.@ 0 lbs + 953 @.@ 5 lbs + 585 @.@ 3 lbs + 903 @.@ 9 lbs =
3324 @.@ 5 lbs
→ current all @-@ time highest 5 lift total in history ( since 1996 * )
* both combined all @-@ time records had previously been held by legendary powerlifter Jon Cole
Holding these all @-@ time records in the lifting sports makes Mark Henry arguably one of the Strongest Men in history . Having achieved this at the very young age of 24 while being lifetime drug @-@ free makes it even more impressive . Many experts in the field , including Bill Kazmaier , Jan and Terry Todd , Dr. Robert M. Goldman , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Muscle & Fitness magazine and Flex magazine , consider him to be " one of the Strongest Men that ever lived " or even " the most naturally gifted strongman in history " .
When asked in September 2003 , who the strongest man in the world is today [ 2003 ] , Bill Kazmaier , considered by many to be the greatest strongman of all time , stated : " It would have to be Mark Henry . [ ... ] I think he 's one of the strongest men in the history of the world , without a doubt . "
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE = = =
= = = = Early career ( 1996 – 1997 ) = = = =
At the age of 24 , Henry made his first
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the surface of LV @-@ 426 , where they find the colony deserted . Inside , they find makeshift barricades and signs of a struggle , but no bodies ; two live facehuggers in containment tanks in the medical lab ; and a survivor , a traumatized young girl nicknamed Newt who used the ventilation system to evade capture or death . The crew uses the colony 's computer to locate the colonists grouped beneath the fusion powered atmosphere processing station . They head to the location , descending into corridors covered in Alien secretions .
At the center of the station , the marines find the colonists cocooned , serving as incubators for the Aliens ' offspring . When the marines kill a newborn Alien , the Aliens are roused and ambush the marines , killing and capturing several . When the inexperienced Gorman panics , Ripley takes control of their vehicle and rams it through the nest to rescue marines Hicks , Hudson , and Vasquez . Hicks orders the dropship to recover the survivors , but a stowaway Alien kills the pilots , causing it to crash . Ripley , Newt , Burke and the remaining marines barricade themselves inside the colony .
Ripley discovers that Burke deliberately sent the colonists to investigate the derelict spaceship where the Nostromo crew first encountered the Alien eggs , believing he could become wealthy by recovering Alien specimens for use as biological weapons . She threatens to expose him , but Bishop informs the group of a greater danger : the power plant was damaged during the battle , and will soon detonate with the force of a 40 @-@ megaton thermonuclear weapon . He volunteers to crawl through several hundred meters of piping conduits to reach the colony 's transmitter and remotely pilot the Sulaco 's remaining dropship to the surface .
Ripley and Newt fall asleep in the medical laboratory , awakening to find themselves locked in the room with the two facehuggers , which have been released from their tanks . Ripley triggers a fire alarm to alert the marines , who rescue them and kill the creatures . Ripley accuses Burke of releasing the facehuggers so that they would impregnate her and Newt , allowing him to smuggle the Alien embryos past Earth 's quarantine , and of planning to kill the rest of the marines in hypersleep during the return trip so that no one could contradict his version of events . Before the marines can kill Burke , the electricity is cut and Aliens assault through the ceiling . Hudson , Burke , Vasquez and Gorman are all killed and Newt is captured .
Ripley and an injured Hicks reach Bishop in the second dropship , but Ripley refuses to abandon Newt . She hastily assembles a weapon and rescues Newt from the hive in the processing station , where the two encounter the Alien queen in her egg chamber . Ripley destroys the eggs , enraging the queen , who tears free from her ovipositor . Pursued by the queen , Ripley and Newt rendezvous with Bishop and Hicks on the dropship . All four escape moments before the colony is consumed by the nuclear blast .
On the Sulaco , Ripley and Bishop 's relief at their escape is interrupted when the Alien queen , stowed away on the dropship 's landing gear , tears Bishop in two . The queen advances on Newt , but Ripley clashes with her using an exosuit cargo @-@ loader and expels it through an airlock . Ripley , Newt , Hicks and the badly damaged Bishop enter hypersleep for the return to Earth .
= = Development = =
= = = Conception = = =
David Giler declared that back in 1979 Brandywine Productions were intent on " immediately making a sequel " to Alien , having the full support of 20th Century Fox president Alan Ladd , Jr .. However , that year Ladd left amidst Fox 's transition to new owners Marc Rich and Marvin Davis , and the new studio management had no interest in the sequel . Giler accused new president Norman Levy of being the one that held back the film 's production ; Levy would later declare that " It was a movie I wanted to make , " but he felt another Alien would prove too costly . In the meantime , Giler and partners Walter Hill and Gordon Carroll sued Fox regarding the disbursement of the Alien profits . By the time the lawsuit was settled , in 1983 , Fox had new executives that got interested in continuing Alien . Giler pitched the project to one of the executives as a cross between Hill 's Southern Comfort and The Magnificent Seven .
While the producers and development executive Larry Wilson sought a writer for Alien II , Wilson came across James Cameron 's screenplay for The Terminator , and passed the script to Giler feeling Cameron was apt for the job . Giler then approached Cameron , who was completing pre @-@ production of The Terminator . A fan of the original Alien , Cameron was interested in crafting a sequel and entered a self @-@ imposed seclusion to brainstorm a concept for Alien II . After four days Cameron produced an initial 45 @-@ page treatment , although the Fox management put the film on hiatus , as some disliked the pitch and they felt that Alien had not generated enough profit to warrant a sequel . A scheduling conflict with actor Arnold Schwarzenegger caused filming of The Terminator to be delayed by nine months ( as Schwarzenegger was filming Conan the Destroyer ) , allowing Cameron additional time to write a script for Aliens . While filming The Terminator , Cameron wrote 90 pages for Aliens , and although the script was not finished , Fox 's new president Larry Gordon was impressed and told him that if The Terminator was a success , he would be able to direct Aliens . Cameron even declared that he spent production of The Terminator thinking on which elements of that film could " make a good dry run " for the Alien sequel .
Following the success of The Terminator , Cameron and producing partner Gale Anne Hurd were given approval to direct and produce the sequel to Alien , scheduled for a 1986 release . Cameron was enticed by the opportunity to create a new world and opted not to follow the same formula as Alien , but to create a worthy combat sequel focusing " more on terror , less on horror " . Sigourney Weaver , who played Ripley in Alien , had doubts about the project , but after meeting Cameron she expressed interest in revisiting her character . 20th Century Fox , however , refused to sign a contract with Weaver over a payment dispute and asked Cameron to write a story excluding Ripley . He refused on the grounds that Fox had indicated that Weaver had signed on when he began writing the script . With Cameron 's persistence , Fox signed the contract and Weaver obtained a salary of $ 1 million , a sum 30 times what she was paid for the first film ( and equivalent to $ 2 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 in present @-@ day terms ) . Weaver nicknamed her role in the Alien sequel " Rambolina " , referring to John Rambo of the Rambo series , and stated that she approached the role as akin to the titular role in Henry V or women warriors in Chinese classical literature .
Cameron drew inspiration for the Aliens story from the Vietnam War , a situation in which a technologically superior force was mired in a hostile foreign environment : " Their training and technology are inappropriate for the specifics , and that can be seen as analogous to the inability of superior American firepower to conquer the unseen enemy in Vietnam : a lot of firepower and very little wisdom , and it didn 't work . " The attitude of the space marines was influenced by the Vietnam War ; they are portrayed as cocky and confident of their inevitable victory , but when they find themselves facing a less technologically advanced but more determined enemy , the outcome is not what they expect . Cameron listed Robert A. Heinlein 's novel Starship Troopers as a major influence that led to the incorporation of various themes and phrases , such as the terms " the drop " and " bug hunt " , as well as the cargo @-@ loader exoskeleton .
= = = Casting = = =
Cameron opted to hire actors who had , or could imitate , American accents . After over 3 @,@ 000 individuals in the United Kingdom were unsuccessfully auditioned , American actors were chosen instead , including three who had previously worked with Cameron on The Terminator ; Lance Henriksen , Bill Paxton , and Michael Biehn . Actors who played Marines were asked to read Starship Troopers and undergo military training , which included running , lifting weights , learning salutes , marches , deployments , and maneuvers , for two weeks . Cameron wanted the Marines to train together so that they would form bonds that would show on @-@ screen . Sigourney Weaver , William Hope , and Paul Reiser were absent from training because of other obligations , but Cameron felt that this suited their characters as " outsiders " in the film .
Main cast :
Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley :
A former warrant officer , and the sole survivor of an Alien attack on her ship , the Nostromo . Weaver reprised her role from Alien . She received a Saturn Award for best actress for her performance and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress , her first Academy Award nomination .
Michael Biehn as Corporal Dwayne Hicks :
One of the Colonial Marines ' squad leaders ; he was hastily cast a week after filming had commenced , and thus was not present for the military training that the other actors playing marines went through James Remar was originally cast as Hicks but left the project over creative differences with Cameron . In an interview on episode # 128 of the Sidebar podcast , Remar stated that he was replaced due to being fired after he was busted due to the possession of drugs .
Paul Reiser as Carter J. Burke :
A representative from the Weyland @-@ Yutani Corporation , sent to investigate LV @-@ 426 .
Lance Henriksen as Bishop :
An android serving as the executive officer aboard the Sulaco .
Carrie Henn as Rebecca " Newt " Jorden :
A young girl , who is the only survivor of the colony on LV @-@ 426 . According to the casting director , Newt was the most difficult role to cast : Schoolchildren were auditioned , but many of them had acted in commercials and were accustomed to smiling after saying their lines . Henn was chosen out of 500 children for the role , although she had no previous acting experience . She received a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor , but chose not to pursue an acting career , and became a teacher .
Bill Paxton as Private Hudson :
The Marine team 's technician . He received a Saturn Award for best supporting actor .
William Hope as Lieutenant Gorman
The Marines ' inexperienced commanding officer
Ricco Ross as Private Frost :
A member of the Colonial Marines .
Al Matthews as Sergeant Apone :
One of the Marines ' commanding officers . Matthews attributed his casting to his military experience
Also featured are Jenette Goldstein as Private Vasquez ( she received a Saturn Award for best supporting actress ) , Mark Rolston as Private Drake , Colette Hiller as Corporal Ferro , Daniel Kash as Private Spunkmeyer , Cynthia Dale Scott as Corporal Dietrich , the Marines ' corpsman , Tip Tipping as Private Crowe , and Trevor Steedman as Private Wierzbowski . Paul Maxwell portrays Van Leuwen , the head of the review board that revokes Ripley 's flight license , and Carl Toop portrays the Aliens and Alien Queen .
= = = Filming = = =
Aliens was filmed over ten months on a budget of $ 18 million at Pinewood Studios in England . Cameron , bound by a low budget and a deadline , found it difficult to adjust to what Paxton called the " really indentured " working practices of the British crew , such as the tea breaks that brought production to a halt . The crew were admirers of Ridley Scott , and many of them believed Cameron was too young and inexperienced to direct , despite Cameron 's attempts to show them his previous film , The Terminator , which had not yet been released in the UK . They mocked producer Gale Anne Hurd , insisting that she was only receiving the producer credit because she was married to Cameron . Cameron clashed with the original director of photography , Dick Bush , when Bush started production saying the schedule couldn 't be met , and when he insisted on lighting the Alien nest set brightly ; Cameron insisted on a dark , foreboding nest , relying on the lights from the Marines ' armor . After Bush was fired , the crew walked out . Hurd managed to coax the team back to work and Adrian Biddle was hired as Bush 's replacement .
Some scenes of the Alien nest were shot at the decommissioned Acton Lane Power Station in Acton , London . The crew thought it was a perfect place to film because of its grilled walkways and numerous corridors , but had to spend money to remove asbestos from the station . The Atmosphere Processor set was not dismantled after filming , and was reused in 1989 as the Axis Chemicals set for Batman ( 1989 ) .
= = = Music = = =
Music composer James Horner felt he was not given enough time to create a musical score . Horner arrived in England and expected the film to be " locked " so he could write the score in six weeks , which he thought was a sufficient amount of time . Horner , however , discovered that filming and editing were still taking place , and he was unable to view the film . He visited the sets and editing rooms for three weeks and found that editor Ray Lovejoy was barely keeping up with the workload for reasons of time restrictions . Horner believed Cameron was preoccupied with sound effects , citing that Cameron spent two days with the sound engineer creating the sounds for the pulse rifles . He also complained that he was given an outdated recording studio ; the score was recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios , a 30 @-@ year @-@ old studio that was barely able to patch in synthesizers or use the electronic equipment that Horner required .
Six weeks from theatrical release , no dubbing had taken place and the score had not been written , as Horner was unable to view the completed film . The final cue for the scene in which Ripley battles the Alien queen was written overnight . Cameron completely reworked the scene , leaving Horner to rewrite the music . As Gale Hurd did not have much music production experience , she and Cameron denied Horner 's request to push the film back four weeks so he could finish the score . Horner felt that , given more time , he could get the score to 100 % of his satisfaction , rather than the 80 % he estimated he had been able to achieve . The score was recorded in roughly four days . Despite his troubles , Horner received an Academy Award nomination ( his first ) for Best Original Score .
Horner stated that tensions between himself and Cameron were so high during post @-@ production that he assumed they would never work together again . Horner believed that Cameron 's film schedules were too short and stressful . The two parted ways until 1997 when Cameron , impressed with Horner 's score for Braveheart , asked him to compose the score for Titanic .
= = Design = =
Early concept art was created by Syd Mead , who had previously worked on Blade Runner , 2010 and Tron . One of the original designs for the spaceship Sulaco was spherical , but it was redesigned as the ship would be out of frame due to the film 's aspect ratio . Cameron showed Mead his own concept art and the final result was described as " rocket gun that carries stuff " . Concept artists were asked to incorporate subliminal acknowledgments to the Vietnam War , which included designing the dropship as a combination of a F @-@ 4 Phantom II and AH @-@ 1 Cobra .
British Airways was re @-@ equipping several of its aircraft tug tractors , and the crew managed to purchase a 635 hp Hunslet ATT 77 tug to use as the armored personnel carrier . It initially weighed 70 short tons ( 64 @,@ 000 kg ) , and although the crew removed 35 short tons ( 32 @,@ 000 kg ) of lead ballast , the power station floor had to be reinforced to support the weight . The crew used many " junk " items in the set designs , such as Ripley 's toilet , which came from a Boeing 707 . Lockers , helicopter engines , and vending machines were used as set elements in the opening hypersleep scene . Production designer Peter Lamont was asked to reduce the cost of several scenes , including the not @-@ yet @-@ filmed space marine hypersleep sequence . Gale Hurd wanted to cut the scene altogether , but Lamont and Cameron felt it was important to the sequence of the film . To save on cost , only four hypersleep chambers were created and a mirror was used to create the illusion that there were twelve in the scene . Instead of using hydraulics , the chambers were opened and closed by wires operated by puppeteers .
Weapons used by the space marines were based on real , fully functional weapons . British armorers used guns they found to be the most reliable when firing blanks and those which looked futuristic . The ' pulse rifles ' were created from a Thompson SMG , with an attached forend of a Franchi SPAS @-@ 12 shotgun and a Remington 12 Gauge Model 870P receiver with barrel . The ' smart guns ' carried by Vasquez and Drake were based on the German MG @-@ 42 machine gun and were maneuvered with Steadicam @-@ like harnesses created using old motorcycle parts . The crew found flamethrowers the most difficult weapon to create and use , as they were the heaviest and most dangerous .
Aside from the Alien Queen , designed by Cameron himself , the Aliens still took inspiration off H. R. Giger 's designs for the original . The only change was removing the translucent dome that gave the creature 's head its sleek shape in Alien , exposing the ridged , spined cranium beneath . Cameron felt the dome was too fragile for the practical effects , and also felt that the cranium design was more visually interesting without it .
= = = Visual effects = = =
Brothers Robert and Dennis Skotak were hired to supervise the visual effects , having previously worked with Cameron on several Roger Corman movies . Two stages were used to construct the colony on LV @-@ 426 , using miniature models that were on average six feet tall and three feet wide . Filming the miniatures was difficult because of the weather ; the wind would blow over the props , although it proved helpful to give the effect of weather on the planet . Cameron used these miniatures and several effects to make scenes look larger than they really were , including rear projection , mirrors , beam splitters , camera splits and foreground miniatures . Due to budget limits , Cameron said he had to pay for the robotic arm used to cut into Ripley 's shuttle in the opening scene . Practical effects supervisor John Richardson ( who won a special effects Oscar for his part in the film ) declared his biggest challenge was creating the forklift Power Loader exoskeletons , which required only three months of work and had Cameron complaining about visual details during construction . The model could not stand on its own , requiring either wires dangling from the shoulders or a pole through the back attached to a crane . While Sigourney Weaver was inside the power loader model , a stunt man standing behind it would move the arms and legs .
The Alien suits were made more flexible and durable than the ones used in Alien , to expand on the creatures ' movements and allow them to crawl and jump . Dancers , gymnasts , and stunt men were hired to portray the Aliens . Various 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) tall mannequins were also created to make Aliens that stood in inhuman poses , and could have their bodies exploded to simulate gunshot wounds . Stan Winston 's team created fully articulated Facehuggers that could move their fingers ; these were moved by wires hidden on the scenery or the actors ' clothing . The one that walked towards Ripley had a mechanism akin to a pull toy , with pulleys that moved the fingers , and its jump combined three models shot separatedly : the walking Facehugger , a stationary model dangling on a table leg , and another model being pulled towards the camera .
Scenes involving the Alien queen were the most difficult to film , according to production staff . A life @-@ sized mock @-@ up was created by Stan Winston 's company in the United States to see how it would operate . Once the testing was complete , the crew working on the queen flew to England and began work creating the final version . Standing at 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) tall , it was operated using a mixture of puppeteers , control rods , hydraulics , cables , and a crane above to support it . Two puppeteers were inside the suit operating its arms , and sixteen were required to move it . All sequences involving the full size queen were filmed in @-@ camera with no post @-@ production manipulation . Additionally , a miniature alien queen was used for certain shots .
= = Release = =
= = = Box office = = =
Eagerly anticipated by fans following the success of Alien , Aliens was released in North America on July 18 , 1986 , and August 29 in the United Kingdom . In North America , the film opened in 1 @,@ 437 theaters with an average opening gross of $ 6 @,@ 995 and a weekend gross of $ 10 @,@ 052 @,@ 042 . It was number one at the North American box office for four consecutive weeks , grossing $ 85 @.@ 1 million . Aliens was the seventh highest @-@ grossing film of 1986 in North America . The film 's worldwide total gross has been stated as high as $ 180 million , making Aliens one of the highest grossing R @-@ rated films at the time .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Aliens recieved universal critical acclaim . Test and pre @-@ screenings were unable to take place for Aliens due to the film not being completed until its week of release . Once it was released in cinemas , critical reaction was generally positive to very positive . Critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 4 and called it " painfully and unremittingly intense " and a " superb example of filmmaking craft . " He also stated " when I walked out of the theater , there were knots in my stomach from the film 's roller @-@ coaster ride of violence . " Walter Goodman of The New York Times said it was a " flaming , flashing , crashing , crackling blow- ' em @-@ up show that keeps you popping from your seat despite your better instincts and the basically conventional scare tactics . " Time magazine featured the film on the cover of its July 28 , 1986 , issue , calling it the " summer 's scariest movie " . Time reviewer Richard Schickel declared the film " a sequel that exceeds its predecessor in the reach of its appeal while giving Weaver new emotional dimensions to explore . " The selection of Aliens for a Time cover was attributed to the successful reception of the film , as well as its novel example of a science fiction action heroine . Echoing Time 's assessment , Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader called the film " one sequel that surpasses the original . " Gene Siskel gave the film a negative review , describing Aliens as " one extremely violent , protracted attack on the senses " and that " toward the end , the film resorts to placing a young girl in jeopardy in a pathetic attempt to pander to who knows what audience . Some people have praised the technical excellence of Aliens . Well , the Eiffel Tower is technically impressive , but I wouldn 't want to watch it fall apart on people for two hours . "
Reviews of the film have remained mostly positive over the years . In a 1997 interview , Weaver stated that Aliens " made the first Alien look like a cucumber sandwich . " In a 2000 review , film critic James Berardinelli said " When it comes to the logical marriage of action , adventure , and science fiction , few films are as effective or accomplished as Aliens . " Austin Chronicle contributor Marjorie Baumgarten labeled the film in 2002 as " a non @-@ stop action fest . " In 2016 , James Charisma of Playboy ranked the film number six on a list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals . Based on 48 reviews , the film holds a " Certified Fresh " rating of 98 % on Rotten Tomatoes with an average critic score of 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 . It also holds a score of 87 out of 100 ( " universal acclaim " ) on the other major review aggregator , Metacritic . Aliens was also featured in Empire Magazine 's 500 Greatest films of All Time poll at number 30 , and in Empire 's recent 301 Greatest Films of All Time poll at number 19 .
= = = Interpretation and analysis = = =
Philosopher Stephen Mulhall has remarked that the four Alien films represent an artistic rendering of the difficulties faced by the woman 's " voice " to have itself heard in a masculinist society , as Ripley continually encounters males who try to silence her and to force her to submit to their desires . Mulhall sees this depicted in several events in Aliens , particularly the inquest scene in which Ripley 's explanation for the deaths and destruction of the Nostromo , as well as her attempts to warn the board members of the Alien danger , are met with officious disdain . However , Mulhall believes that Ripley 's relationship with Hicks illustrates that Aliens " is devoted ... to the possibility of modes of masculinity that seek not to stifle but rather to accommodate the female voice , and modes of femininity that can acknowledge and incorporate something more or other of masculinity than our worst nightmares of it . "
Several movie academics , including Barbara Creed , have remarked on the color and lighting symbolism in the Alien franchise , which offsets white , strongly lit environments ( spaceships , corporate offices ) against darker , dirtier , " corrupted " settings ( derelict alien ship , abandoned industrial facilities ) . These black touches contrast or even attempt to take over the purity of the white elements . Others , such as Kile M. Ortigo of Emory University , agree with this interpretation and point to the Sulaco with its " sterilized , white interior " as representing this element in the second film of the franchise .
While some claim that the shape of the Sulaco was based on a submarine , the design has most often been described as a " gun in space " resembling the rifles used in the movie . Author Roz Kaveney called the opening shot of the ship traveling through space " fetishistic " and " shark @-@ like " , " an image of brutal strength and ingenious efficiency " — while the militarized interior of the Sulaco ( designed by Ron Cobb ) is contrasted to the organic interior of the Nostromo in the first movie ( also designed by Cobb ) . David McIntee noted the homage the scene pays to the opening tour through the Nostromo in Alien .
The android character Bishop has been the subject of literary and philosophical analysis as a high @-@ profile fictional android conforming to science fiction author Isaac Asimov 's Three Laws of Robotics and as a model of a compliant , potentially self @-@ aware machine . His portrayal has been studied by writers for the University of Texas Press for its implications relating to how humans deal with the presence of an " Other " , as Ripley treats them with fear and suspicion after the android Ash tried to kill her in the original Alien movie , and a form of " hi @-@ tech racism and android apartheid " is present throughout the series . This is seen as part of a larger trend of technophobia in films prior to the 1990s , with Bishop 's role being particularly significant as he proves his worth at the end of the film , thus confounding Ripley 's expectations .
= = = Accolades = = =
Aliens was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Music , Best Sound , Best Film Editing , and Best Art Direction / Set Decoration . It won two awards for Sound Effects Editing and Visual Effects . Sigourney Weaver received her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress , and although she did not win , it was considered a landmark nomination for an actress to be considered for a science fiction / horror film , a genre which was given little recognition by AMPAS in 1986 .
Aliens received four BAFTA award nominations and won in the category of Visual Effects . It won eight Saturn Awards in the film categories of actress ( Sigourney Weaver ) , supporting actor ( Bill Paxton ) , supporting actress ( Jenette Goldstein ) , performance by a younger actor ( Carrie Henn ) , direction ( James Cameron ) , writing ( James Cameron ) , special effects ( Stan Winston and the L.A. Effects Group ) , and science fiction film .
Time magazine named Aliens in their Best of ' 86 list calling it a " technically awesome blend of the horror , sci @-@ fi and service @-@ comedy genres . " In 2007 , Entertainment Weekly named Aliens as the second @-@ best action movie of all time , behind Die Hard . In a Rotten Tomatoes analysis of the top 100 science fiction films , Aliens ranks tenth among the best @-@ reviewed films of the genre . In 2004 , Aliens was ranked 35th on Bravo 's " 100 Scariest Movie Moments " for the scene in which Ripley and Newt are attacked by facehuggers ; the original Alien was ranked second for the chestburster scene . IGN ranked it third in its " Top 25 Action Films of All @-@ Time " , stating that " there won 't be an Alien movie as scary – or exciting – as this one made ever again . " Empire voted it the ' Greatest Film Sequel Of All Time ' .
= = = Home media = = =
Aliens was first released on VHS in 1987 , finishing as the tenth best @-@ selling title of the year . A " Special Edition " of Aliens was released in 1992 on laserdisc and VHS that restored seventeen minutes of deleted footage . These additions include a segment showing Newt 's family first encountering the derelict spacecraft on LV @-@ 426 , Ripley learning that her daughter died during the years she was in hypersleep , a scene in the operations building in which the Marines use sentry guns against the Aliens , and several extended dialogue scenes between Ripley and the Marines . These scenes had been deleted from the original theatrical release as 20th Century Fox representatives thought the film was showing " too much nothing " and spent an unnecessary amount of time building suspense .
Most of the Special Edition 's footage was first seen when the film made its broadcast television debut on CBS in 1989 , but two additional sequences concerning Burke 's transmission to the colony about the derelict , and the Jorden family 's subsequent discovery of the same , were added to the initial Laserdisc release . According to Cameron , the visual effects for the scene were incomplete , so he went back to the Skotak brothers and had them finish the sequences . All currently available versions of the Special Edition contain these scenes .
The special edition was released as part of The Alien Legacy 20th Anniversary Edition DVD box set in 1999 along with Alien , Alien 3 , and Alien : Resurrection . Both the theatrical version and the special edition were released again in 2003 as part of the Alien Quadrilogy DVD box set along with similar versions of Alien , Alien 3 , and Alien : Resurrection . A separate two @-@ disc " Special Collector 's Edition " DVD of Aliens was released on January 6 , 2004 , containing the same material as the two Aliens discs in the Quadrilogy set . Additional content in these versions included an audio commentary for the special edition featuring director James Cameron , producer Gale Hurd , special effects artists and crew members . The second disc included special features relating to pre @-@ production , production , and post @-@ production . The film was first made available on Blu @-@ Ray in the 2010 box set Alien Anthology , before receiving a stand @-@ alone release the following year . Fox will release the 30th anniversary Blu Ray of the movie on September 13 , 2016 .
= = Merchandise = =
= = = Video games = = =
Aliens : Colonial Marines is a first @-@ person shooter video gamedeveloped by Gearbox Software and published by Sega . The game is set in the Alien universe and takes place after the events of the third film in the franchise , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) . The game is the second Alien title that Sega has produced : the first being Aliens Infestation in 2011 . The game was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles and for Microsoft Windows on February 12 , 2013 . A Wii U version was being produced for release but was eventually canceled on April 5 , 2013 . It puts the player in the role of a United States Colonial Marine named Cpl. Christopher Winter . The player has access to iconic weapons from the Aliens movie such as the flamethrower , pulse rifle , smartgun , shotgun , pistol , and robotic sentry turrets and is mainly set in the Aliens world ( LV @-@ 426 ) . Players are also able to use welding torches to seal doors and motion trackers to detect unseen enemies which also features in the Aliens movie .
= = = Toys = = =
In 2013 , NECA released the first wave of highly detailed human and alien action figures from the respective film . NECA 's Reel Toys worked directly with actors from the Alien franchise to release realistic figures based on select characters they portrayed in the films . NECA has released 7 @-@ inch figures based on characters such as Corporal Hicks , Private Hudson and Bishop . During winter 2014 , it was announced there would be multiple figures of Ripley , Sigourney Weaver ’ s character from the Alien films . NECA worked directly with Weaver to develop these action figures , which are the first to feature her actual likeness .
= Juno Beach =
Juno or Juno Beach was one of five beaches of the Allied invasion of German occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 , during the Second World War . The beach spanned from Courseulles , a village just east of the British beach Gold , to Saint @-@ Aubin @-@ sur @-@ Mer , just west of the British beach Sword . Taking Juno was the responsibility of the Canadian Army , with sea transport , mine sweeping , and a naval bombardment force provided by the Royal Canadian Navy and the British Royal Navy as well as elements from the Free French , Norwegian , and other Allied navies . The objectives of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on D @-@ Day were to cut the Caen @-@ Bayeux road , seize the Carpiquet airport west of Caen , and form a link between the two British beaches of Gold and Sword on either side of Juno Beach .
The beach was defended by two battalions of the German 716th Infantry Division , with elements of the 21st Panzer Division held in reserve near Caen .
The invasion plan called for two brigades of the 3rd Canadian Division to land on two beach sectors — Mike and Nan — focusing on Courseulles , Bernières and Saint @-@ Aubin . It was hoped that the preliminary naval and air bombardments would soften up the beach defences and destroy coastal strong points . Close support on the beaches was to be provided by amphibious tanks of the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade . Once the landing zones were secured , the plan called for the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade to land reserve battalions and deploy inland , the Royal Marine commandos to establish contact with the British 3rd Infantry Division on Sword Beach and the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade to link up with the British 50th Infantry Division on Gold Beach . The 3rd Canadian Division 's D @-@ Day objectives were to capture Carpiquet Airfield and reach the Caen – Bayeux railway line by nightfall .
The landings initially encountered heavy resistance from the German 716th Division ; the preliminary bombardment proved less effective than had been hoped , and rough weather forced the first wave to be delayed until 07 : 35 . Several assault companies — notably those of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles and The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada — took heavy casualties in the opening minutes of the first wave . Strength of numbers , as well as coordinated fire support from artillery and armoured squadrons , cleared most of the coastal defences within two hours of landing . The reserves of the 7th and 8th brigades began deploying at 08 : 30 ( along with the Royal Marines ) , while the 9th Brigade began its deployment at 11 : 40 .
The subsequent push inland towards Carpiquet and the Caen – Bayeux railway line achieved mixed results . The sheer numbers of men and vehicles on the beaches created lengthy delays between the landing of the 9th Brigade and the beginning of substantive attacks to the south . The 7th Brigade encountered heavy initial opposition before pushing south and making contact with the British 50th Division at Creully . The 8th Brigade encountered heavy resistance from a battalion of the 716th at Tailleville , while the 9th Brigade deployed towards Carpiquet early in the evening . Resistance in Saint @-@ Aubin prevented the Royal Marines from establishing contact with the British 3rd Division on Sword . When all operations on the Anglo @-@ Canadian front were ordered to halt at 21 : 00 , by which time The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada had reached its D @-@ Day objective , and the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had succeeded in pushing farther inland than any other landing force on D @-@ Day .
= = Background = =
= = = Invasion of Normandy = = =
In 1942 , the Western Allies agreed to open a second front ( the Western Front ) in Western Europe to take pressure off the beleaguered Red Army in the Soviet Union . While Britain and the United States did not yet possess the resources to mount a full invasion , invasion plans that came to be known as Operation Sledgehammer were drawn up , in case the German position in Western Europe weakened or the USSR 's situation became dire . In August 1942 Anglo @-@ Canadian forces attempted an abortive landing — Operation Jubilee — at the French port of Dieppe ; the landing was designed to test the feasibility of a cross @-@ channel invasion . The attack was poorly planned and ended in disaster ; 4 @,@ 963 soldiers were killed , wounded or captured . Following the Anglo @-@ American victory against Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in North Africa in May 1943 , British , American and Canadian troops invaded Sicily in July 1943 , followed by Italy in September . By December the Allies ' progress had slowed facing tenacious German resistance and the difficult geography of the Italian Peninsula .
After gaining valuable experience in amphibious assaults and inland fighting , Allied planners returned to the plans to invade Northern France , now postponed to 1944 . Under the direction of General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force ) and Frederick Morgan , plans for the invasion of France coalesced as Operation Overlord . With an initial target date of 1 May 1944 , the infantry attack was conceived as a joint assault by five divisions transported by landing craft , constituting the largest amphibious operation in military history . The attack was later scheduled for Monday , 5 June 1944 , and Normandy was selected for the landing sites , with a zone of operations extending from the Cotentin Peninsula to Caen . There were originally seventeen sectors along the Normandy coastline with codenames taken from one of the spelling alphabets of the time , from Able , west of Omaha , to Rodger on the east flank of the invasion area . Eight further sectors were added when the planned invasion was extended to include Utah on the Cotentin Peninsula . Sectors were further subdivided into beaches identified by the colours Green , Red and White . Operation Overlord called for the British Second Army to assault between the River Orne and Port en Bessin , capture Caen , and form a front line from Caumont @-@ l 'Éventé to the south @-@ east of Caen , to acquire airfields and protect the left flank of the United States First Army while it captured Cherbourg . Possession of Caen and its surroundings would give Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture the city of Falaise , which could then be used as a pivot for a swing left to advance on Argentan , the Touques River and then towards the River Seine .
After delays due to both logistical difficulties and poor weather , the D @-@ Day of Overlord , the largest amphibious operation ever , was postponed 24 hours to 6 June 1944 . Eisenhower and Montgomery , commander of 21st Army Group , aimed to capture Caen within the first day , and liberate Paris within 90 days .
= = = Juno = = =
Operation Neptune , the landing phase of Overlord , called for a five @-@ division front spread across 50 miles ( 80 km ) of coastline ; three airborne divisions ( two American , one British , which also included a Canadian battalion ) would also land in the pre @-@ dawn hours of D @-@ Day . Eisenhower and General Bernard Montgomery hoped to have eight infantry divisions and fourteen tank regiments in the Normandy beachhead by nightfall on D @-@ Day . The landing zone was divided into five landing areas , with the Americans attacking Utah ( the westernmost ) and Omaha , and the British attacking Gold and Sword . Juno , a 6 @-@ mile ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) stretch of shoreline between La Rivière to the west and Saint @-@ Aubin to the east , was assigned to the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division ( 3rd CID ) , commanded by Major @-@ General Rodney Keller . Juno included the villages of Courseulles and Bernières .
The name " Juno " arose because Winston Churchill considered that the original code name — Jelly — sounded inappropriate . The code names for the beaches to be taken by British and Commonwealth forces were named after types of fish : Goldfish , Swordfish and Jellyfish , abbreviated to Gold , Sword and Jelly . Churchill " disapproved of the name Jelly for a beach on which so many men might die " . He insisted on a change to the more dignified name Juno .
= = Planning and preparation = =
= = = German defences = = =
While the German army had seen its strength and morale heavily depleted by campaigns in Russia , North Africa and Italy , it remained a powerful fighting force . Despite this , most of the German divisions along the French coast in late 1943 were composed of either new recruits or veteran units resting and rebuilding from the Eastern Front ; altogether some 856 @,@ 000 soldiers were stationed in France , predominantly on the coast . An additional 60 @,@ 000 Hilfswillige ( " voluntary helpers " ) , USSR and Polish members of the German army , served on the French coast . Under the command of Field Marshals Erwin Rommel and Gerd von Rundstedt , the defences of the Atlantic Wall — a line of coastal gun emplacements , machine @-@ gun nests , minefields and beach obstacles along the French coast — were increased ; in the first six months of 1944 , the Germans laid 1 @.@ 2 million tons of steel and 17 @.@ 3 million cubic yards of concrete . Rommel also surrounded the coast with four million antitank and antipersonnel mines and 500 @,@ 000 beach obstacles .
On Juno , the defences of the Atlantic Wall were greater than at many other landing sectors . The Germans assumed that the Allies would land during high tide , to minimize the distance during which they would be exposed on the beaches and created " a ' devil 's garden ' of beach obstacles ... deployed in rows between 12 – 17 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 2 m ) above the low @-@ tide mark " . Strongpoints of machine @-@ gun positions , antitank and antipersonnel artillery and bunkers were located every 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) , manned by several platoons with mortars . Minefields were deployed surrounding these strongpoints , and additional defences were present in the Courseulles harbour .
The Calvados beaches of Normandy were defended by the 716th Static and 352nd Infantry divisions , with the Canadian landing zone defended by elements of the 716th . It was formed mostly from soldiers under 18 or over 35 , comprising 7 @,@ 771 combat troops in six battalions ( as opposed to 9 or 12 battalions of Allied divisions ) . While the 352nd was considered a first @-@ rate division , the 716th was " accounted a better @-@ than @-@ average static division " ; these divisions generally had very few vehicles or tanks and had to rely on infantry and field regiments . On Juno the division 's 736th Grenadier Regiment deployed four infantry companies : 7 Kompanie held what was to become " Mike Sector " , the 6th was stationed in Courseulles , the 5th was at Bernières , and the 9th held Nan sector and Saint @-@ Aubin . A second line of four infantry companies and one panzer company was stationed 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) inland . The 21st Panzer Division was deployed south @-@ east of Caen and two battalions of Polish and Russian conscripts were stationed on the flanks of Juno adjacent to Sword and Gold .
= = = Canadian preparations = = =
Canadian training for D @-@ Day had begun as early as July 1943 , when Lieutenant @-@ General Andrew McNaughton of the First Canadian Army informed Harry Crerar , commander of II Canadian Corps , that the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division might play a role in the invasion of France . Initial training was demanding , and complicated by the lack of any landing craft to practice with , either LCAs or LCTs . Field exercises in Scotland commenced in August and September 1943 , and succeeded in establishing unique techniques and equipment for use by armoured and artillery regiments in storming the beach ; the most significant were the amphibious duplex drive tanks ( DD tanks ) . Mechanisms were also developed to allow artillery to bombard the beach while still attached to their landing craft . Through the winter of 1943 , units jointly developed more advanced assault tactics among the Juno regiments .
The landings would be supported by the largest invasion fleet in history — 7 @,@ 016 vessels in total . The Royal Canadian Navy contributed 121 vessels to the armada , including destroyers , frigates , corvettes , landing ships , minesweepers and torpedo boats . Four Canadian Tribal @-@ class destroyers were in the Royal Navy 's 10th Destroyer Flotilla , which joined other RN units in keeping the English Channel near Normandy clear of German naval units . Naval Force J had begun intense training for the invasion with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in February 1944 , with a full @-@ scale simulation of the invasion carried out on 4 May in Exercise Fabius . On D @-@ Day itself , Force J , commanded from HMS Hilary , was to bombard German defensive positions along the landing zone with everything from heavy @-@ calibre cruiser guns to self @-@ propelled artillery attached to landing craft . According to Canadian Army Historian C. P. Stacey , a light bombardment of the landing zone would commence " 30 minutes before H Hour and continue for 15 minutes ; heavy bombing would then begin on the flanks of the divisional attack , lasting until H Hour " . Additional cover would be provided by Royal and Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons both before and on D @-@ Day . A successful surprise invasion required total air superiority over the English Channel and Normandy . In the months preceding D @-@ Day , the RAF Second Tactical Air Force attacked airfields , coastal garrisons , radar , railway lines and transport routes in order to soften the beach defences , as well as prevent the German Luftwaffe from mounting a serious challenge to air superiority over Normandy . By dawn , on 6 June , the RAF tactical air forces had 2 @,@ 434 fighter and fighter @-@ bomber aircraft with approximately 700 light and medium bombers to support them .
The operational plan for Juno was divided into two main sectors : Mike ( west ) and Nan ( east ) . Mike Sector would be attacked by the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade , with the Royal Winnipeg Rifles , The Canadian Scottish Regiment and the 1st Hussars in support . The 7th Brigade was to take Courseulles and drive inland . Nan Sector would be assaulted by the Regina Rifle Regiment of 7th Brigade , as well as the North Shore Regiment and the Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada of the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade , while tanks of the Fort Garry Horse provided armoured support ; a squadron of specialized AVRE engineering tanks from the British 79th Armoured Division would land on each beach sector as well . The 8th Brigade was to capture Bernières and the western edge of Saint @-@ Aubin , then push south into Normandy . The operational plan also called for the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade and the Sherbrooke Fusiliers to be deployed to Juno as reinforcements within 4 to 6 hours of the initial assault . By nightfall of D @-@ Day , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division was slated to have captured the high ground west of Caen , the Bayeux – Caen railway line , and the seaside towns of Courseulles , Bernières , Saint @-@ Aubin and Bény @-@ sur @-@ Mer .
= = D @-@ Day landings = =
= = = Early bombardment = = =
Air attacks on Normandy 's coastal defences began in earnest on 5 June at 23 : 30 , with RAF Bomber Command units targeting the primary coastal defences . The attack continued until 05 : 15 , with 5 @,@ 268 tons of bombs dropped by 1 @,@ 136 sorties ; this marked the largest attack by Bomber Command in terms of tonnage up to that point in the war . Initial attacks on the Atlantic Wall proved ineffective , with poor weather and visibility making it difficult to accurately hit the bunkers and turrets . The bombing left the defences on Omaha , Gold and Juno virtually intact , yet did not damage Allied landing craft in the Channel ( as many planners had feared it would ) . 230 Royal Canadian Air Force bombers specifically bombed targets on Juno during this raid , yet direct damage was limited .
As the Americans began their own bombing runs against Omaha and Utah to the west , the Anglo @-@ Canadian naval forces began their counter @-@ battery fire , seeking to knock out German shore batteries and bunkers . The British had attached the cruisers HMS Belfast and Diadem to Force J to serve as heavy support . Belfast commenced bombardment of the Atlantic Wall at 05 : 30 and Diadem at 05 : 52 on 6 June . The naval gunfire proved more effective than the aerial bombardment ; the battery at Longues was the only one to return fire , and was quickly destroyed by the light cruiser HMS Ajax . Indeed , most of the gun batteries at Juno were incomplete on D @-@ Day , and did not possess sufficient protection or communication measures to accurately return fire on Force J. The Bény @-@ sur @-@ Mer battery was neutralized by Diadem shortly after she opened fire .
At 06 : 10 , the 11 destroyers of Force J moved shoreward to begin bombardment , hoping to damage light gun emplacements and prevent the German 716th from mobilizing and moving across the beach . They were supplemented by additional raids by medium bombers and fighter @-@ bombers of the RAF and USAAF , which dropped an additional 2 @,@ 796 tons of ordnance on the five landing zones . While the medium bombers proved inaccurate , the Hawker Typhoon fighter @-@ bombers proved more effective at attacking coastal defences . As the bombing runs continued to hit Juno with ordnance , the destroyers and landing craft moved towards the beach and began close @-@ range saturation bombardment . In addition to the destroyers of Force J — two Canadian , eight British , one French — bombardment was also provided by converted LCTs fitted with 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) guns . Smaller , light @-@ gunned landing craft were able to get closer to the beach and use their 6 @-@ pounder guns against German defensive positions . Additional firepower was provided by eight landing craft fitted with over 1 @,@ 000 high @-@ explosive rockets and 24 LCTs , each carrying four M7 Priest self @-@ propelled guns . These field regiments , while still seaborne , were to fire heavy concentrations of high explosive and smoke shells against the four main " resistance nests " in " Mike " and " Nan " sectors , beginning half an hour before H Hour . Forward observation and fire control officers in the leading assault waves were to make the necessary adjustments to this neutralizing fire during the assault .
The bombardment was scheduled to cease immediately before the assault companies deployed on Juno , but due to heavy seas , the landing was delayed by ten minutes , to 07 : 45 in Mike sector and 07 : 55 in Nan Sector . This was at a slightly higher tide , closer to the beach obstacles and mines . The LCTs carrying the field artillery were forced to adjust course to avoid landing too early ; the LCTs carrying DD tanks were forced to break off their advance . The seas proved too rough to launch the DD tanks , so they were ordered to deploy from the LCTs several hundred yards out from the beach .
= = = Landing : 7th Brigade ( Mike , Nan Green ) = = =
Though the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade was scheduled to land on Mike Sector at 07 : 35 , rough seas and poor craft coordination pushed this time back by ten minutes . Two assault companies of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles , one assault company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment , and one squadron of the 1st Hussars were to land on " Mike Red " and also on " Mike Green " , while the Regina Rifle Regiment , supported by a second squadron of the 1st Hussars , landed on " Nan Green " sector . The first Winnipegs touched down at 07 : 49 , with the remaining assault companies deploying within seven minutes . The LCAs carrying " B " Company craft were engaged while about 700 yards from shore . Disembarkation had to be done under direct fire and , in consequence , heavy casualties were sustained by this company while landing . The strongpoint in this area consisted of three casemates and twelve machine @-@ gun emplacements . This left the infantry the grim prospect of clearing it by direct assault . " B " company was unable to advance further without armoured support . The Hussars ' " A " Squadron launched 1 @,@ 500 yards ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) from the beach , but would not be fully deployed until a full six minutes after the Winnipegs were ashore . To their west , " D " Company faced less defensive fire , as it was clear of the strongpoint . The company easily cleared the beach , and went through the barbed wire with light casualties . " A " platoon of the 6th Field Company Royal Canadian Engineers was redirected to clear the minefields facing " D " Company , given that the flail tanks had yet to land . On the far right , " C " Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment landed with little opposition , and discovered that their objective — a 75 mm gun emplacement — had been destroyed by naval gunfire .
To the east of Mike Sector , the Regina Rifles came ashore on " Nan Green " with the objective of subduing German forces in Courseulles . " A " Company reported touchdown at 08 : 09 , and met heavy resistance almost immediately ; " B " Company reported touchdown at 08 : 15 . The Hussars ' tanks first reported deploying twenty minutes before the infantry , with " B " Squadron HQ reporting their landing at 07 : 58 . They faced the task of destroying a heavy gun emplacement equipped with 88 mm and 75 mm guns , and 4 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) thick concrete walls . The pre @-@ landing bombardment had failed to destroy the emplacement , and heavy machine guns subsequently inflicted high casualty rates on the company ; one LCA reported six men killed within seconds of lowering the ramps . One platoon was able to breach the barbed wire lining the beach and take cover in Courseulles , and then eliminated the machine @-@ gun positions engaging " A " Company of the Regina Rifles . The DD tanks arrived in the Regina Rifles sector with both greater numbers and punctuality than in the Winnipegs ' sector . The 75 mm gun emplacement in the Courseulles strongpoint was destroyed by fire from " B " Squadron of the 1st Hussars ; the 88 mm was similarly silenced . To their east , " B " Company encountered limited resistance , and succeeded in pushing into Courseulles , and soon " had cleared a succession of the assigned blocks in the village " , according to Stacey .
With the initial assault companies ashore and fighting for their objectives , the reserve companies and battalion ( Canadian Scottish Regiment ) began their deployment on Juno . " A " and " C " Companies of the Winnipeg Rifles landed at 08 : 05 , and began to push towards the villages of Banville and Sainte @-@ Croix @-@ sur @-@ Mer . " A " Company encountered heavy machine @-@ gun resistance , and had to request support from the 1st Hussars to clear the position . On Nan Green , " C " and " D " Companies of the Regina Rifles prepared to storm Courseulles . " C " Company touched down at 08 : 35 , and moved into the village without difficulty . " D " Company was further delayed , meaning that several LCAs struck antitank mines attached to beach obstacles ; only 49 " D " Company soldiers reached the beach . The Canadian Scottish Regiment arrived on the beach at 08 : 30 , with the leading companies coming under heavy mortar fire ; it took the regiment a full hour to get off the beaches and push further inland .
= = = Landing : 8th Brigade ( Nan White , Red ) = = =
Originally scheduled to land at 07 : 45 to the east of the 7th , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade 's two assault battalions were postponed by 10 minutes as a result of heavy seas . The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada ( QOR ) landed at 08 : 12 at Nan White and faced the most tenacious defences of any unit in Nan Sector : an 88 mm gun emplacement with multiple machine @-@ gun nests outside of Bernières . The first LCA to touch down saw 10 of its first 11 soldiers either killed or wounded . " B " Company came ashore directly in front of the main resistance nests , 200 yards east of their intended landing zone , subjecting them to heavy mortar and machine @-@ gun fire . The QOR had been scheduled to advance with DD fire support , but the heavy seas meant that " instead of swimming in , they [ DD tanks ] left their craft close inshore and landed behind the infantry assault companies " . Several soldiers from " B " Company succeeded in outflanking the main pillbox and killing its gunners with grenades and small arms . One LCA 's rudder from " B " Company had jammed , and that platoon landed far to the left of the rest of " B " Company , enabling them to outflank and destroy the gun emplacements . With the defences silenced , the QOR was able to advance into Bernières , having taken 65 casualties on the beaches . To their west , " A " Company encountered less resistance , but was limited by poorly coordinated run @-@ ins by the LCAs to the beach . " A " Company was able to quickly reach the seawall and breach the barbed wire , but encountered heavy mortar and sniper resistance in Bernières . This was the only sector of Juno where armoured support proved ineffective , as " B " Squadron of the Fort Garry Horse was too far out from the beach to provide heavy support .
The first units of the North Shore Regiment 's " A " and " B " companies touched down on Nan Red at 08 : 10 in chest @-@ deep water . They were tasked with securing Saint @-@ Aubin and clearing defences in the village . " B " Company landed to find that the Saint @-@ Aubin strong point " appeared not to have been touched " by preliminary naval bombardment . The two assault companies faced a 100 @-@ yard ( 91 m ) sprint across open beach in the face of fire from Saint @-@ Aubin . " A " Company suffered the heaviest casualties , incurring many fatalities from beach mines . " B " Company faced stronger opposition at the strong point , yet managed to breach the seawall and barbed wire . The strong point 's 50 mm antitank gun was still active , and the thick concrete casemates protected it from infantry fire . By 08 : 10 , Sherman tanks of the Fort Garry Horse and Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers ( AVRE ) tanks of the 80th Assault Squadron , Royal Engineers , had landed at Nan Red , and began to assist " B " Company in clearing the gun emplacement . The 50 mm gun knocked out four of the squadron 's tanks , while the North Shore 's machine @-@ gun platoon flanked the position . The right section of the strong point was eliminated by antitank guns and combat engineers , while the central antitank gun was silenced by petard shells from the British AVREs . When the North Shore captured the strong point , approximately half the defenders were killed ; 48 German soldiers surrendered .
The 8th Brigade 's reserve battalion , Le Régiment de la Chaudière , began deploying to the beaches at 08 : 30 along with the reserve companies of the North Shore and QOR . More than half of the LCAs were crippled by mines buried along the beach ; QOR " C " Company was forced to touch down further offshore when their LCAs were damaged by mines . " C " Company linked up with " B " Squadron of the Fort Garry Horse , and moved to assist the pinned @-@ down and exhausted " A " Company . The North Shore 's C and D Companies landed outside of Saint @-@ Aubin , with " C " Company taking over for " A " Company in the advance further into Saint @-@ Aubin , while " D " Company established a firm presence inside the village . All but one of the LCAs carrying Chaudière " A " Company foundered before they could touch down on the beach , and they lost most of their equipment while swimming to shore . The Chaudières quickly formed up outside Bernières and Saint @-@ Aubin , linking up with both the QOR and the North Shores . The reserve also included the No. 48 ( Royal Marine ) Commando , which was scheduled to land 45 minutes after the first arrivals . The Commandos were to pass Saint @-@ Aubin 's eastern edge and occupy Langrune @-@ sur @-@ Mer on the eastern end of Juno . The strong point facing them had not been cleared , and 40 per cent of the 400 @-@ man unit became casualties within seconds of landing .
= = = Deploying reinforcements = = =
With Juno itself largely secured , Keller prepared to deploy the reserves of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade and tanks of the Sherbrooke Fusiliers . The reports coming in from the battalions already on Juno were mixed ; Canadian military historian Terry Copp says that the North Shore was " proceeding according to plan " , while the Chaudières were " making progress slowly " . The two self @-@ propelled artillery regiments — the 14th Field and 19th Army Field Regiments , Royal Canadian Artillery — had deployed at 09 : 25 and 09 : 10 , and had several dozen guns in action before 11 : 00 . Opposition and continued problems with mine obstacles on Nan Red meant that the entire 9th Brigade would have to land in Bernières and Nan White sector . When the 9th Brigade 's LCIs touched down at 11 : 40 , the congestion on the beach in Nan White was so heavy that most infantry companies could not disembark from their landing craft . The 9th Brigade 's reserves consisted of the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa , the North Nova Scotia Highlanders , the Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders , and the Highland Light Infantry of Canada . The Glengarry Highlanders reported coming under mortar fire from German positions further inland , as " with little room to manoeuvre on dry land , the entire 9th Brigade became easy targets for German artillery " . The 9th Brigade quickly made it across the beach , and joined the Chaudières , Queen 's Own Rifles and Fort Garry Horse in Bernières to await further advance inland .
Having subdued German defences on the beach , the other priority of the landed forces was to clear Juno of obstacles , debris and undetonated mines , as well as establish the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division 's headquarters in Bernières . Movement Control Units came ashore just before noon , with military policemen beginning to marshal vehicles through to Bernières and Courseulles . Sappers of 619 Independent Field Company also moved in to begin clearing the minefields surrounding the beach , so as to free up the advance south towards Carpiquet . Keller himself established divisional headquarters in Bernières shortly after noon .
= = Advance inland = =
= = = Initial attacks = = =
At 14 : 35 , Keller met with the commanders of the 8th and 9th Infantry Brigades , as well as the newly reconstituted 2nd Armoured Brigade ( Fort Garry Horse , Sherbrooke Fusiliers , 1st Hussars ) . With the first line of objectives ( codenamed Yew ) secured on the beachhead , Keller ordered the 7th and 8th Brigades to advance with armoured support towards the second line of objectives ( Elm ) , whereupon 9th Brigade would then leapfrog over the 7th and 8th to reach the third objective line ( Oak ) . Facing them were the remains of three battalions of the 736th Grenadier Regiment , and three battalions of the 726th Regiment . " B " Company of the Winnipegs was still facing heavy resistance from snipers and machine guns in Courseulles , while the eastern companies of the North Shore Regiment were fighting for Saint @-@ Aubin . " A " and " C " Companies of the Royal Winnipegs moved off the beach , cut through the walls of barbed wire behind the German bunkers , pushed through Vaux and Graye @-@ sur @-@ Mer , and began to advance towards St. Croix and Banville . " C " Company advanced on Banville — the headquarters of II Battalion of the 726th — but was stopped by three machine @-@ gun emplacements just short of the town . Winnipeg " A " Company joined " C " Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment and a troop of " C " Squadron of the 1st Hussars and advanced on St. Croix , unaware of a large German counter @-@ attack massing in St. Croix under the command of 8 Battalion , 726 Regiment . " C " Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment had deployed to their west , and was able to spot the units of the 8th Battalion , and halt the counter @-@ attack before it fully materialized . " D " Company of the Winnipegs joined the advance on Banville with covering fire from the Cameron Highlanders and the 12th and 13th Field Artillery Regiments ; Banville was declared captured at 13 : 10 , although small pockets of resistance would survive until nightfall and then retreat . " D " Company of the Canadian Scottish moved to capture two bridges on the Seulles River further inland from the Winnipeg companies . " B " Company joined them , and pushed through the gap between St. Croix and Banville , joining " C " Company as it did so . " C " Squadron of the 1st Hussars provided armoured support . To their east , the Regina Rifles advanced south towards Reviers , engaging troops of the 7th Battalion of the 736th Grenadier Regiment . They reported reaching the town by 12 : 15 with two companies , and began consolidating their position in preparation for further advance .
In Nan Sector , the 8th Brigade 's advance started slower than that of the 7th Brigade , because the Chaudières had lost most of their equipment on the advance over the beaches . The Queen 's Own Rifles ' " C " Company was pinned down at the edge of Bernières by sniper @-@ fire , and could not cross the open fields behind the town ; their armoured support was also stopped by heavy antitank fire coming from Beny @-@ sur @-@ Mer . The Chaudières " A " and " B " Companies were caught in the crossfire ; " B " Company lost almost an entire platoon when a German 88 mm scored a direct hit on a Priest self @-@ propelled gun . Chaudière and QOR progress was slow ; all told , it took nearly two hours for artillery and heavy guns to clear the defences at Beny @-@ sur @-@ Mer , allowing the QOR to advance towards the town . Beny @-@ sur @-@ Mer was reported cleared at 14 : 00 , at which point the Chaudières began to mass in the town for a further advance south towards Carpiquet . The QOR broke off to the left to engage heavy artillery batteries to the west of Beny , and " B " Company was assisted by the guns of HMCS Algonquin , which destroyed a bunker of 105 mm guns . To their east , " C " and " D " Company of the North Shores advanced towards Tailleville — the headquarters of II Battalion of the 736th Grenadiers . Mortar fire north of the headquarters was both concentrated and accurate , slowing the advance of " C " Company . They were supported in their drive south by tanks of the Fort Garry Horse , which caught close to 100 German defenders in open fields . The North Shores and their armour support entered Tailleville at 14 : 00 , at which point the six tanks of " C " Squadron moved through the village , destroying German gun emplacements . However , the defenders of the II Battalion had created a complex underground bunker system in the village , which enabled them to continuously outflank Canadian infantry ; it would take another seven hours to clear Tailleville of defenders , which ensured that the North Shores would be unable to capture German radar sites to the south on D @-@ Day .
Meanwhile , " B " Company of the North Shore Regiment and No. 48 Commando of the Royal Marines were engaged in a protracted fight to secure Saint @-@ Aubin and Lagrune @-@ sur @-@ Mer . " B " Company had generally neutralized the strongpoint at WN27 within two hours of landing , which allowed Troops A and B of the Royal Marines to push west . These units had the important objective of bridging the 5 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) gap between the landing zones at Juno and Sword , which would allow for a continuous Anglo @-@ Canadian front by the end of the first day . The Royal Marines began to advance on Lagrune and strong @-@ point WN26 , while to their east No. 41 Commando Royal Marines advanced from Sword . The strongpoint was defended by " a reinforced platoon from the 736th Grenadiers " , and was centred on a group of fortified houses and 50 mm antitank guns . B Troop 's first attempt to capture it failed , and the assault was renewed with support from Centaur tanks only to again falter in the face of heavy resistance . No. 48 Commando was forced to call the assault off at nightfall , as reports of massing counter @-@ attacks by the 21st Panzer Division against the divide between Sword and Juno began to filter in . The strong points at Lagrune and Luc @-@ sur @-@ Mer were captured on 8 June .
= = = Drive to Elm = = =
The division 's advance south of Tailleville had halted , preventing an attack on German radar stations . The Queen 's Own Rifles and " C " Company of the Chaudières opted to continue their advance towards Anguerny and Columby @-@ sur @-@ Thaon and Objective Line " Elm " . The beachhead was now filled to capacity with troops , to the point that " B " Company of the Chaudières could not be deployed alongside " C " Company without severely hindering the advance of the QOR to their east . " C " Company 's advance on Basly was even further hindered by the proximity of the combat ; the fighting occurred at such close range that the 14th Field Artillery would not provide fire support for fear of friendly @-@ fire casualties . When " C " Company reached Basly , the North Nova Scotia Highlanders formed up outside Beny @-@ sur @-@ Mer , with the intention of overtaking the Chaudières and making for Carpiquet and the Caen – Bayeux highway . At 16 : 45 , the North Novas assembled in Beny , and were the target of concentrated German mortar fire as the Sherbrooke Fusiliers de @-@ waterproofed their tanks . Three companies of the North Novas and a squadron of the Sherbrookes advanced on the mortar positions , taking heavy casualties among the infantry but clearing the positions . The QOR entered Anguerny — on the Elm Objective Line — at 17 : 30 , and sent " D " Company to probe German defences on the hills overlooking the village . The Chaudières reported that Basly was cleared of defenders at 18 : 15 , allowing the 9th Brigade to advance towards Carpiquet Airfield . By 19 : 00 , the North Nova Scotia Highlanders were advancing towards Carpiquet , encountering their first resistance an hour later . With reports of the 21st Panzer Division attacking the flanks of the British 3rd Infantry Division on Sword , Lieutenant @-@ General Miles Dempsey — commander of the British Second Army — ordered forces on Sword , Juno and Gold to establish defensive positions at their intermediate objectives .
On the western edge of the Canadian sector , the advance of the 7th Brigade had stalled in the face of stiffening resistance in St. Croix and Banville , throwing the right flank of the assault off @-@ schedule . The German defenders gave ground slowly , and did not begin withdrawing from the towns until the Bren Gun platoons began to arrive at 14 : 00 . Once St. Croix and Banville were cleared , the Canadian Scots pushed south to Colombiers , reinforced the platoons that had captured the bridge across the Seulles earlier in the day , and moved towards the Creully – Caen road . The Canadian Scots reported reaching the road at 16 : 30 , and continued to push south past Objective Line Elm . To their west the Royal Winnipegs stopped at Elm Line , and began to erect defensive positions with Bren Gun carriers and artillery . The Regina Rifles , meanwhile , had been slow to advance from Courseulles on account of the heavy casualties taken securing the village ; the 1st Hussars ' " B " Squadron was in a similar position , with only half its fighting strength having made it off the beach . By 18 : 00 the Reginas were advancing , while the Hussars scouted ahead of the infantry companies . As the Reginas linked up with the Canadian Scots , the order to hold positions and dig in arrived from Keller 's headquarters ; the two battalions halted at 21 : 00 .
Three tanks of the 1st Hussars ' " C " Squadron ( No. 2 Troop ) had continued to advance southwards , pushing through side @-@ roads towards Carpiquet Airfield . Aside from a German staff @-@ car and a machine @-@ gun nest , the three Sherman tanks encountered virtually no resistance , advancing all the way to the Caen – Bayeux railway line and becoming the only unit on the whole of D @-@ Day to reach its final objective . Though the commander of the unit — Lieutenant William F. McCormick — attempted to contact his superiors to bring up reinforcements to attack Carpiquet Airfield , the three tanks eventually withdrew back to the Canadian lines .
= = = Positions at nightfall = = =
At the end of D @-@ Day , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division was situated firmly on Objective Line Elm , short of their final D @-@ Day objectives . In the west , the 7th Brigade was anchored in Creully and Fresne @-@ Camilly . The 9th Brigade was positioned a mere 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from Caen , the farthest inland of any Allied units on D @-@ Day . On the eastern edge of the Canadian sector the 8th Brigade had taken up positions in Anguerny and Columby , having begun in the late afternoon to dig in . The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had succeeded in advancing farther than any other divisional element in the Allied Expeditionary Force , but due to heavy fighting in Lagrune and Saint @-@ Aubin had failed to link up with the British 3rd Division from Sword . The German 716th Infantry Division was scattered and heavily depleted : division commander Lieutenant General Wilhelm Richter recorded that less than one full battalion could be mustered for further defence . The German 21st Panzer Division had driven a wedge between the British and Canadian 3rd Divisions , yet had been unable to dislodge either from the beaches . To the south , Hitler had released the elite Panzer Lehr Division and the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend ( Hitler Youth ) , both of which now prepared to head north with the I SS Panzer Corps .
= = Aftermath = =
While the Normandy landings in all five sectors managed to establish footholds in Normandy , many D @-@ Day objectives were not met . The 82nd and 101st American Airborne Divisions had suffered heavy casualties — their landings were scattered all over the dropzones — but had captured Sainte @-@ Mère @-@ Église to the west of Utah . On the Cotentin Peninsula , the American 4th Division had suffered lighter casualties in securing Utah , and had established a strong bridgehead by the end of D @-@ Day . Omaha had met with less success , as intact defences and high @-@ calibre troops of the 352nd Division caused heavier casualties than at any of the other beaches ; at one point the attack was going so badly that Lieutenant General Omar Bradley considered withdrawing the US V Corps from the beaches . A second wave of attacks breached the coastal defences , but could only push 2 @,@ 000 yards ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) inland by nightfall . To the west of Juno , the British 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division encountered only light resistance , and succeeded in advancing inland and creating a continuous front with Juno ( though not with Omaha ) with only 413 casualties . To their east , the British 3rd Infantry Division succeeded in establishing a foothold on Sword . However , counter @-@ attacks by the 21st Panzer Division in the afternoon prevented the 3rd Infantry from advancing on Caen and from making contact with the Canadian 3rd on Juno . The counter @-@ attack did not succeed in driving the British off the beaches , as units of the British 6th Airborne Division — which had landed the previous night near the River Orne — were able to outflank the 21st and force it to withdraw .
In spite of the heavy casualties inflicted on the 352nd and 716th Infantry Divisions , the German Seventh Army quickly established plans for counter @-@ attacks . Early logistical responses to the invasion were confused , as the divisions necessary for counter @-@ attacks fell under a different jurisdiction than those defending the coast . Furthermore , the heavy Panzer divisions , such as the Panzer Lehr , 12th SS Panzer , and 2nd SS Panzer , could not be mobilized to the coast without the explicit authorization of Hitler himself . The order to mobilize Panzer Lehr and the 12th SS was finally given in the mid @-@ afternoon of 6 June . When the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade and the Sherbrooke Fusiliers began to advance on 7 June , they were met by entrenched forces of the 716th Infantry and 21st Panzer Divisions . At 17 : 00 , the advancing force was counter @-@ attacked by the 12th SS , under the command of Kurt Meyer . After heavy fighting the 9th Brigade was forced to withdraw to their D @-@ Day positions , having suffered heavier casualties than any single unit on Juno itself the previous day . However , the 7th Brigade succeeded in reaching its final D @-@ Day objectives along Line Oak , while the 8th Brigade attempted to destroy German radar stations to their east , a task which would only be completed on 11 June .
The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division made contact with the British on Sword on 7 June , before forming one continuous front with the American sector by 13 June . The subsequent advance on Caen and Cherbourg was slow , as a greater number of German Panzer units were concentrated near Caen and Carentan . The Canadians captured Carpiquet Airfield during Operation Windsor on 5 July , while Anglo @-@ Canadian forces captured Caen as part of Operation Charnwood ( 8 – 9 July ) and Operation Atlantic ( 18 – 20 July ) .
= = = Casualties = = =
Initial predictions for the likely casualties on Juno had been very high , approaching 2 @,@ 000 , including 600 drowned . In the end , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division suffered the following casualties : 340 killed , 574 wounded and 47 taken prisoner . The Queen 's Own Rifles suffered the heaviest , with 143 casualties , the Royal Winnipegs 128 , the North Shore 125 and the Regina Rifles 108 . Of the varied landing craft used on the run @-@ in to Juno , 90 of 306 were lost or damaged . Due to the breakdown of logistics on D @-@ Day the exact numbers of casualties for the German 716th Infantry Division is unknown . However , of the division 's four German battalions numbering 7 @,@ 771 men before the invasion , Richter reported that the equivalent of only one battalion — at 80 per cent strength — remained . At least one of the two conscript battalions of the 716th was reported to have fled . Richter also reported that 80 per cent of the division 's artillery had been destroyed or captured on D @-@ Day , while only two gun batteries were intact west of the River Orne . By 9 June , the division had been reduced to a battlegroup of 292 officers and men .
= = Analysis = =
= = = Preliminary bombardment = = =
Military historians have generally drawn the conclusion that the preliminary aerial and naval bombardment of Juno was not as effective as had been hoped , yet differ in their opinions as to how ineffective . The aerial bombardment of Juno 's defences the night before is considered to have been very ineffective , primarily because of the inclement weather . John Keegan notes that " the prevailing low , thick cloud frustrated its [ Bomber Command 's ] efforts " . Colonel Stacey — the official historian of the Canadian Army in the Second World War — considers the effects of the bombing runs to have been " spotty " , noting that while several coastal batteries were not hit , those that were ( such as the battery at Houlgate ) were hit accurately . Chester Wilmot offers a different view , suggesting that " [ the coastal guns ] had been accurately bombed , but had survived because they were heavily protected by the concrete casemates Rommel had insisted upon " . Historians ' assessment of the naval bombardment is even more mixed ; while they generally agree that it failed to fully neutralize German defences on Juno , they are in disagreement as to why . Stacey suggests that while the " beach @-@ drenching fire " was concentrated and substantial , it was both inaccurate and of insufficient firepower to destroy the coastal bunkers . He further suggests that the effect of the drenching fire was moral rather than material , in that it forced defenders to keep below @-@ ground and sapped their morale . Terry Copp echoes this analysis , noting that " reasonable accuracy could not be obtained from the pitching decks of LCTs [ by mounted artillery on the ships ] " ; the 13th Field Regiment 's drenching fire fell on average 200 yards ( 180 m ) past their targets . British historian Max Hastings notes that because of the delay in landing times by ten minutes , a substantial gap existed between the cessation of bombardment and the actual landing of the first waves of infantry , meaning that platoons of the 716th had ample time to return to their positions . The bombardment of specific strongpoints in the towns along the coast was inconsistent ; the North Shore Regiment reported that the strongpoint near Saint @-@ Aubin " appeared not to have been touched " by bombardment , while the strongpoints facing the Canadian Scottish Regiment had been eliminated by naval bombardment before their landing .
= = = Overall = = =
Despite the failure to capture any of the final D @-@ Day objectives , the assault on Juno is generally considered — alongside Utah — the most strategically successful of the D @-@ Day landings . Historians suggest a variety of reasons for this success . Mark Zuehlke notes that " the Canadians ended the day ahead of either the US or British divisions despite the facts that they landed last and that only the Americans at Omaha faced more difficulty winning a toehold on the sand " , suggesting that the calibre of the training the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had received beforehand explains their success . Chester Wilmot claims that the Canadian success in clearing the landing zones is attributable to the presence of amphibious DD tanks on the beaches ; he also notes that the absence of DD tanks was largely responsible for the heavier casualties on Omaha — the only beach with heavier resistance than Juno . Canadian historian Terry Copp attributes the steady advance of the 7th Brigade in the afternoon to " less serious opposition " than the North Shore Regiment encountered in Tailleville .
Despite the verdict of a successful D @-@ Day for the 3rd CID , the failure of Canadian units to reach their final objectives has proven more disputed than the reasons for their success . Terry Copp places the blame on Keller , who committed the entirety of the 9th Brigade reserve to land on the narrower beaches of the 8th Brigade — which was itself still fighting to clear the seaside towns — after receiving reports of poor progress by the 7th Brigade . Dutch historian Dan Van der Vat notes that " the planned breakout of the 9th Brigade was held up by a huge jam of vehicles " . Wilmot also places the blame with logistical difficulties of the landing , saying that " on the whole it was not so much the opposition in front as the congestion behind — on the beaches and in Bernières — that prevented the Canadians from reaching their final D @-@ Day objective " . Stacey offers a different view , suggesting that it was not impossible for the 3rd CID to reach its D @-@ Day objectives , and that the failure to do so rests in the fact that " British and Canadian forces were usually better at deceiving the enemy and achieving initial success in an assault than they were at exploiting surprise and success once achieved . Perhaps they were rather too easily satisfied " . Copp disagrees with Stacey 's assessment , suggesting that such caution was not the result of poor planning but of the fact that " the British and Canadians fought the way they had been trained , moving forward to designated objectives in controlled bounds and digging in at the first sign of a counterattack " . He also disputes whether the capture of the final objectives would have been strategically intelligent , observing that " if 9th Brigade had reached Carpiquet and dug in , with artillery in position to offer support , the commander of the 26th Panzer Grenadiers might have followed orders and waited until a coordinated counterattack with other divisions had been organized . Such an attack might well have done far more damage to the Allied beachhead than the hastily improvised operation actually carried out [ on 7 June ] " .
Stacey offers a second line of analysis on the Canadians ' failure to advance to Line Oak , suggesting that difficulties encountered by the British 3rd Infantry Division on Sword caused Dempsey to halt the advance of the entire British Second Army . The British encountered heavy counterattacks by the 21st Panzer Division , which prevented the British 9th Brigade from establishing contact with the Canadians at Juno . Copp offers agreement on this assessment , writing : " Before this withdrawal [ of the 21st Panzer Division ] became evident , Dempsey had concluded that more armoured counterattacks could be expected . So he ordered all three assault divisions to dig in at their second line of objectives . This decision was relayed to subordinate commanders somewhere after 19 : 00 " , just as the 9th Canadian Brigade was preparing to advance south towards Carpiquet . Wilmot also agrees with this analysis , arguing that the British 3rd Infantry Division 's brigade commanders were overly cautious in advancing towards Caen . This , in turn , slowed the momentum of the entire Anglo @-@ Canadian advance , especially given the reports of counterattacks Dempsey received from Sword .
= = Commemoration = =
The landing is commemorated today by the museum and memorial at the Juno Beach Centre in Courseulles @-@ sur @-@ Mer as well as exhibits at the Canadian War Museum and other Canadian military museums . One of the Sherman tanks that landed at Juno Beach , the M4A3 Sherman Bomb , fought all the way into Germany and is today preserved at Sherbrooke , Quebec .
= Robert Key ( cricketer ) =
Robert William Trevor Key ( born 12 May 1979 ) is an English former cricketer . He represented Kent County Cricket Club and is a former member of the England Test match and One Day International sides .
A right @-@ handed opening batsman , Key made appearances at age @-@ group level for Kent from the age of eleven , moving up until he made his first @-@ class debut in 1998 . He made eight first @-@ class and 4 List A appearances for England 's youth sides , and was a member of the side which won the 1998 Under @-@ 19 Cricket World Cup . Following a season of heavy run @-@ scoring , Key was called up to the England A side in 1999 .
Following an injury to Marcus Trescothick , Key made his Test debut against India in 2002 . He toured Australia during the 2002 – 03 Ashes series , where he justified his selection ahead of a more experienced player . His One Day International debut came in 2003 , against Zimbabwe , however he was dropped from both squads shortly after . Injury to Mark Butcher allowed Key back into the England side for the series against the West Indies in 2004 . He scored his maiden Test hundred in the first match of the series , which later became his maiden first @-@ class double century as he scored 221 . This performance , coupled with the 93 he scored in the third Test , earned him recognition as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year . Key 's last Test matches came during England 's tour of South Africa during 2004 – 05 , where he managed to score 152 runs without being consistent , and despite a one @-@ match return during the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 , he has remained on the fringes of selection .
Key became Kent captain following the 2006 English cricket season , following David Fulton 's resignation . He led Kent to a County Championship 2nd Division Championship title in 2010 , two Twenty20 Cup Finals Day appearances and a Friends Provident Trophy final . He resigned as Kent captain following the 2012 English cricket season and James Tredwell became club captain . Key only had one season off as captain as Tredwell then himself resigned and Key was named as his replacement , captaining the county for another two years until the end of the 2015 season .
Key was a regular commentator on Sky Sports TV 's coverage of county cricket while still a player at Kent . He can also be found as a studio pundit on the channel 's coverage of international tours in the English close @-@ season .
In April 2016 , Key announced his retirement from all forms of cricket .
= = Early and personal life = =
Born in East Dulwich , London to parents Trevor and Lynn , Key was raised in a particularly sporting family : his mother played for Kent 's ladies cricket side , his father played club cricket in Derby and his sister Elizabeth played for her junior school side , where she once took a hat @-@ trick . Key himself was a keen all @-@ round sportsman ; he also played tennis for Kent .
He attended Worsley Bridge Primary School where the school won both the Bromley area and Kent cricket Cups . His performances led to his inclusion in the county under @-@ elevens , before Alan Ealham , coach of Kent County Cricket Club 's youth sides , became his mentor . Later he attended Colfe 's School in Lee , London and Langley Park School for Boys in Beckenham , where he passed ten GCSEs .
Key has often been criticized for his weight , and at one stage early in his career weighed 16 stone before Alec Stewart told him to " buck his ideas up " . Key himself said of the matter : " I 'll never be the most athletic @-@ looking bloke , but I 'm a hell of a lot fitter than I was at 19 or 20 . "
Key is married to Fleur , with whom he has a daughter , Aaliyah , and a son , Harrison .
= = Youth and early career = =
Key played his first matches for Kent 's second eleven in 1995 , at the age of sixteen . He remained a regular in the second team throughout the 1996 season and first half of the 1997 season , by which time he had hit his first two centuries for a Kent representative side ; an unbeaten 146 against Essex 's second team , and an unbeaten 139 against Glamorgan 's seconds .
Following on from those performances , Key joined the England Under @-@ 17 squad for the International Youth Tournament , which was being held in Bermuda . Key 's growing reputation as a batsman was greatly enhanced by his performances in this tournament , where he finished with the second highest batting average of anyone at the tournament , scoring 184 runs at an average of 48 . Key 's performances helped England win the tournament by a single point from Ireland 's Under @-@ 17s .
Key returned to England for two matches with Kent 's second team , before joining up with England 's Under @-@ 19s for a youth Test series against Zimbabwe 's under @-@ 19s . In the three Test series , Key made two half @-@ centuries , earning himself a place in the squad for the 1998 Under @-@ 19 Cricket World Cup in South Africa . Batting at the top of the order throughout , Key scored a total of 206 runs as England won the tournament , with his best performance coming in the defeat to India , where Key scored 57 .
Following a first @-@ class debut against Middlesex at the beginning of the 1998 season , in which Key scored 15 , he proceeded to play a near @-@ complete season . He scored his first first @-@ class century against Durham , scoring 101 in an innings victory . He added a second century ( 115 ) against Nottinghamshire , before rejoining the England under @-@ 19 squad for the series against Pakistan under @-@ 19s . He struggled in the one @-@ day series , scoring just 36 runs in three matches , but finished as the top run @-@ scorer in the youth Tests ; with 377 at an average of 62 @.@ 83 .
= = Domestic career = =
The 1999 season began for Key with a call up to England A 's tour of Zimbabwe through January and February . He struggled for runs throughout his five matches on the tour , failing to pass 26 in any innings . In all , Key managed one century in the calendar year , 125 against Somerset , and finished the year with 1 @,@ 309 runs in all competitions . The 2000 season proved even more disappointing ,
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
to be leveled using styrofoam insulation . On top of the newly created flat surface , three inches ( 75 mm ) of plywood with plastic covering were laid as a base for the necessary piping . At the same time the boards were being put in place , an inch of sand was spread amongst the piping and was then wet by a combination of hoses and timely rain so it could freeze into a rink overnight and be painted four days before the game . Another ¾ of an inch of ice was added to complete the playing surface .
After this experience , Commissioner Gary Bettman stated that the League would like more time to prepare the site for the next outdoor game . He also wanted to ensure that not too many outdoor games are held so the event can remain special .
= = Attendance = =
71 @,@ 217 people attended the game , setting an NHL attendance record . The former NHL record of 57 @,@ 167 was set at the Heritage Classic between the Montreal Canadiens and Edmonton Oilers in Edmonton , Alberta , on November 22 , 2003 . Georges Laraque and Ty Conklin are the only two players who have played in both the Heritage Classic and Winter Classic games . They both played for the Oilers and Penguins , respectively , for each game .
While it was the record for a professional game , it fell short of the then all @-@ time number of 74 @,@ 554 , which was set in " The Cold War " between the University of Michigan and Michigan State University on October 6 , 2001 . Sabres goaltender Ryan Miller and Penguins forward Adam Hall both played for Michigan State in that game .
Approximately 41 @,@ 000 tickets to the game were made available to the general public , selling out within 30 minutes of being made available on September 18 , 2007 . In the face of controversy about the quickness of ticket sales , an official spokesperson for the Sabres called it " a testament to how popular the Sabres are and how many people want to be part of the event . " However , many Penguins fans were left out by not having the opportunity to purchase the tickets after they were made available to the city hosting the event , and they were frustrated by the lack of exclusivity for Penguins season @-@ ticket holders .
Terrence Pegula , who would go on to purchase the Sabres three years later , was among those in attendance . Also in attendance was game show host Pat Sajak , who spoke positively of his experience ( although admitting that Ralph Wilson Stadium 's size was somewhat of a distraction from the game itself ) .
= = Television and radio coverage = =
The game was televised in the United States on NBC and in Canada on CBC and RDS . Westwood One broadcast the game on radio , and XM Satellite Radio aired the game , as well . Some NBC affiliates in the United States decided instead to play the game on secondary channels often used for weather service . Therefore , in some markets , fans with satellite service with DirecTV or DISH Network were unable to watch the game . Despite this , and competing with broadcasts of college football bowl games ( this was particularly noted in the Detroit , Michigan market , usually a strong market for hockey ratings , where the Wolverines were playing in the Capital One Bowl ) , the game garnered a 2 @.@ 6 rating and 5 share , the highest rating for a regular season NHL game since 1996 , and the highest share since Wayne Gretzky 's final game in 1999 , in a near tie with second @-@ place CBS 's 2 @.@ 7 rating for Gator Bowl coverage . The production earned a 38 @.@ 1 rating in Buffalo and 17 @.@ 7 rating in Pittsburgh , to lead all markets .
Westwood One carried a nationwide radio broadcast of the game , as did each team 's local announcing team for local networks ( Rick Jeanneret and Harry Neale for Buffalo , Mike Lange and Phil Bourque for Pittsburgh ) .
NBC had an airplane flying overhead to provide bird 's @-@ eye views of the rink , including a live webstream from its camera throughout the game . The announcers stood in a constructed perch on the penalty box side of the rink , in front of the stadium stands . Mike Emrick , Eddie Olczyk and Darren Pang comprised the TV broadcast team for NBC , while Jim Hughson , Craig Simpson and Greg Millen called the game on CBC .
= = Pregame = =
Doug Allen sang the Canadian national anthem ( O Canada ) and Irish tenor Ronan Tynan performed " God Bless America " before the game . The U.S. national anthem ( " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " ) was not performed .
= = Rule changes = =
The NHL also announced that several rule changes were in effect for this game , to nullify advantages to either team due to the weather conditions . The teams switched ends halfway through the third period . Play was interrupted exactly at the 10 : 00 minute mark , similar to the end of a period with a horn sounding , a Zamboni resurfacing the ice , and a faceoff following at center ice . The overtime period was similarly divided into two 2 : 30 segments . In the shootout , each goaltender was permitted to choose which goal to defend , and they each chose the same goal , towards the west side of the stadium .
= = Game summary = =
The teams wore vintage jerseys for the event , with the Penguins wearing powder blue jerseys for the first time since 1973 . The Sabres wore their old white jerseys , which they wore from 1978 to 1996 . The game was part of the regular 2007 – 08 NHL season schedule , replacing a game that would have been held at HSBC Arena , the Sabres ' regular home . In addition , the goaltenders also dressed in vintage style , with Ty Conklin and Ryan Miller both wearing retro @-@ painted masks . Ryan Miller also wore a hockey sock on top of his mask , which he changed during each intermission so he could auction all three of them off for charity along with his mask . Penguins backup Dany Sabourin wore a set of vintage @-@ styled pads but did not play .
Weather for the game was appropriate to the winter setting it was intended to evoke , with game @-@ time temperatures around the freezing mark and snow falling for much of the time , especially during the third period . The weather conditions made play somewhat more difficult for players but were well received by fans .
The Penguins registered 25 shots on goal , and the Sabres had 37 , dominating the second and overtime periods , leading those 14 – 2 and 7 – 0 , respectively . Each goalie allowed one goal in playing time not including the shootout , giving Conklin 36 saves for the Penguins , and Miller 24 for the Sabres .
= = = Scoring summary = = =
Number in parenthesis represents the player 's total in goals or assists to that point of the season
= = = Penalty summary = = =
= = = Three star selections = = =
= = Team rosters = =
^ Jocelyn Thibault dressed for the Buffalo Sabres as the back @-@ up goalie and did not enter the game . ^ Dany Sabourin dressed for the Pittsburgh Penguins as the back @-@ up goalie and did not enter the game .
= = = Scratches = = =
Pittsburgh Penguins : # 10 Gary Roberts ( injured )
Buffalo Sabres : # 4 Nolan Pratt ( healthy ) , # 21 Drew Stafford ( concussion )
= = = Officials = = =
Referees — Marc Joannette , Don VanMassenhoven
Linesmen — Brad Kovachik , Tim Nowak
= = Future games = =
Due to the success of the Winter Classic and its predecessor , outdoor games have been held during subsequent seasons , and the Winter Classic has become an annual NHL tradition . The next Winter Classic was held on January 1 , 2009 , at Wrigley Field in Chicago , matching the Detroit Red Wings against the Chicago Blackhawks . Winter Classics have been held in every year since , except for 2013 , which was interrupted by the 2012 – 2013 NHL lockout . Two Heritage Classics , one in 2011 and 2014 , have been held since . The league expanded its offerings of outdoor games with the introduction of the NHL Stadium Series in 2014 . Since the inaugural Winter Classic , the NHL has held 12 additional outdoor games .
= Kim Possible ( character ) =
Kimberly Ann " Kim " Possible is a fictional character who appears in the animated television series Kim Possible , voiced by American actress Christy Carlson Romano . Created by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle , the character debuted in the show 's pilot , " Crush " , which premiered on June 7 , 2002 . After starring in each of the show 's 84 episodes , Kim made her final appearance in the series finale " Graduation , Part 2 " , which originally aired on September 7 , 2007 . A high school cheerleader who moonlights as a crime @-@ fighter , aided by her best friend Ron Stoppable , the majority of Kim 's world @-@ saving missions require her to thwart the evil plans of her archnemeses Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego , a mad scientist and supervillain duo , all the while coping with everyday challenges commonly associated with adolescence , including maintaining good grades and dating .
Inspired by their own daughters , Schooley and McCorkle conceived Kim as a teenage girl who can do anything , basing the character on their own fictional childhood hero James Bond . Upon noticing that female leads were lacking in children 's animated television , they decided to reverse traditional gender roles by making Kim the show 's action hero with a comedic male sidekick . Devoid of both superpowers and a secret identity unlike traditional superheroes , the character 's crime @-@ fighting abilities are drawn from her experience as both a cheerleader and gymnast , making her more relatable to young audiences . Originally designed as a bombshell based on video game character Lara Croft , Kim 's appearance was ultimately altered to closer resemble that of a teenage girl . The character is known for her atypical teenage slang and outfits .
When Kim Possible premiered in 2002 , Kim was instantly well @-@ liked by both female and male audiences . The character has since been very positively received by critics , who hailed her as a positive role model for young women , while heavily comparing her to similar crime @-@ fighting television heroines Buffy Summers from Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Sydney Bristow from Alias , both of whom preceded her . Kim has also earned the respect of feminist critics , who appreciated the character for both defying gender roles and challenging negative stereotypes commonly associated with cheerleaders . A fashion trendsetter , the character 's wardrobe is also believed to have helped popularize the wearing of crop tops and cargo pants during the early 2000s . The success of the show inspired the release of two television films , Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time ( 2003 ) and Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) , as well as a video game series , in all of which Kim stars .
= = Role in Kim Possible = =
High school student Kim Possible ( Christy Carlson Romano ) fights crime alongside her best friend and sidekick Ron Stoppable ( Will Friedle ) , aided by his pet naked mole @-@ rat Rufus ( Nancy Cartwright ) and computer genius Wade ( Tahj Mowry ) . The character lives in fictional Middleton , USA with her parents James ( Gary Cole ) and Ann ( Jean Smart ) , a rocket scientist and neurosurgeon respectively , and her younger brothers , identical twins Jim and Tim . Kim goes on extraordinary missions to save the world from danger at the hands of various supervillains and evil geniuses . Her most consistent adversaries are mad scientist Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego , the latter of whom is a former superheroine who has the ability to generate powerful energy blasts , and thus poses as her main combatant and threat .
Kim becomes a crime @-@ fighter unintentionally . In need of a job , the character creates her own website , on which she promotes her own babysitting and lawn mowing services , using the slogan " I can do anything . " When a wealthy entrepreneur accidentally contacts Kim Possible instead of Team Impossible when he becomes trapped by his own laser security system , Kim rushes to his aid , using her gymnastic abilities to disable the device . As news of Kim 's heroism spreads and requests for her help increase , the character finally decides to pursue it as a career . Although hardly a normal teenager , Kim insists that she is just an " basic average girl " and must nonetheless cope with usual adolescent affairs , such as maintaining good grades in school , pleasing her parents , learning how to drive , dating and relationships , and attending cheerleading practice .
= = Development = =
= = = Conception and writing = = =
Long @-@ time co @-@ workers and writing partners , television writers Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle explained that the idea for Kim Possible arrived from " out of the blue " when they realized that there were few animated shows starring female leads . Both McCorkle and Schooley had worked as writers on the male @-@ led animated series Aladdin and Hercules for several years , but longed to do " something original " , and had just recently learned that young people were beginning to crave shows that depicted " ordinary kids in extraordinary circumstances . " Thus , Schooley and McCorkle conceived Kim as a " girl who can do anything " ; Kim Possible provided the writers with a first @-@ time opportunity to create an entirely new character " from scratch " , which Schooley described as a " refreshing " experience in comparison to writing for characters who had already been established .
Both Schooley 's and McCorkle 's own daughters inspired them to conceive Kim as " a character that our daughters and other girls can look up to " , aware of the " ancient truism " that while girls would seldom hesitate to watch a show about a male lead , boys are usually less willing to do the opposite . Thus , the writers decided to reverse traditional gender roles by making Kim the show 's competent action hero and Ron her " fumbling " sidekick , longing to provide young girls with " a character that they can pretend to be " , similar to their own childhood heroes , fictional spy James Bond and Captain Kirk from Star Trek . According to McCorkle , Kim has much more in common with James Bond than she does with comic book superheroes . The " weird dynamic " between Kim 's enemies Dr. Drakken and Shego was deliberately written so that it mirrors Kim and Ron 's relationship . Meanwhile , the recurring character Monique was created because Schooley and McCorkle felt that it would be more realistic if Kim were to have a female best friend in addition to Ron . The writers also penned fast , " sitcom @-@ style dialogue " for Kim and the other characters to say in order to attract both children and adults .
After three years , production on Kim Possible had virtually ceased following the premiere of the film So the Drama because the writers felt that finally establishing Kim and Ron as a couple would serve as " great wrap @-@ up to the series " , and thus had long abandoned creating new " outlets " for the character during the show 's third season . Schooley and McCorkle had always wanted Kim and Ron to eventually end up a couple , but avoided this storyline for as long as possible in fear of " paint [ ing ] [ themselves ] into a corner " . When the show was surprisingly renewed for a fourth season by popular demand , Schooley and McCorkle realized that pursuing Kim and Ron 's relationship provided the series with " new story ideas " and " opportunities for comedy " , and ultimately learned to appreciate the characters ' " new dynamic . " To prevent Kim and Ron 's relationship from becoming " soap @-@ opera @-@ ish " , the writers strove to maintain the basics of their friendship , with Kim continuing to save the world with Ron as her sidekick . In terms of character development , the show 's main titles were finally adjusted to reflect the grade in which Kim is currently enrolled , changing it from high school sophomore to high school senior . Additionally , Kim finally gets her own car , which she inherits from her father , while her younger brothers Jim and Tim begin enrollment at Middleton High School , having skipped several grades due to their genius @-@ level intellect , much to Kim 's chagrin .
= = = Design , personality and abilities = = =
Aware of what does and does not work in television animation , Schooley and McCorkle knew that Kim needed to be a physically attractive character . Kim 's appearance evolved dramatically over the course of three months . The character was originally designed to look like " a pretty standard @-@ looking athletic blonde " , which was gradually changed in favor of a more distinctive appearance . At one point , Kim 's design was based on that of video game character Lara Croft from Tomb Raider . However , the Disney Channel eventually determined that Lara " is ... not a very real character . " Finally , the creators decided to give Kim a more realistic appearance akin to that of a 14 @-@ year @-@ old girl as opposed to a bombshell , concluding , " She has a nice , very appealing design , but we just wanted to keep it out of that realm of video game heroine . " The creators admitted that Kim would have been their " dream girl " in high school , joking , " She would have been way out of our class though . " Director Chris Baily wanted Kim to be designed with " graphic sensibilities " similar to those of the show 's backgrounds , creating a 3D character " whose feet can be planted on the ground and communicate a sense of space . " For example , when the character is dressed in all @-@ black , Kim was drawn without a white outline so that she virtually disappears when she moves in front of a black background , yet her " simple design " and flesh allows audiences to " fill in where her body is " naturally . The show 's female characters are the only characters drawn with lips , only the upper of which is visible . Describing Kim as " a mostly graphic heroine " , Animation : A World History : Volume III : Contemporary Times author Giannalberto Bendazzi agreed that the character 's " limited animation " was intentional . In the fourth season , the character 's signature crop top and cargo pants are replaced by a T @-@ shirt and pants because the former outfit was damaged during a fight with Shego . Kim was animated by Rough Draft Korea .
The creators wanted to make Kim as believable as possible . Schooley 's and McCorkle 's own daughters inspired them to conceive Kim as a " character with dimension ... that girls could watch and appreciate . " McCorkle was quick in deciding very early on that Kim does not belong to a spy organization , nor does she possess any superpowers . Although admitting that the character 's accomplishments are generally " implausible , " Schooley and McCorkle wanted Kim to remain relatable to young viewers , and avoided making her " impervious " like superheroes by giving her " real problems and teen issues . " McCorkle described Kim as " incredibly competent in the action world but challenged in the real world by all the things we all have trouble with " , including embarrassment , school work and family . Schooley explained that " What makes Kim effective in the action world is gymnastics , cheerleading , physical activity , something that any kid , any girl , in the world could do . " Additionally , the character is skilled in 17 different types of kung fu . Elaborating on her role in the pilot , Schooley believes that " Kim 's mix of tenacity , intelligence and heart makes for a very strong female role model for kids , " however , " Sure she can save the world , but that doesn 't help her a bit when she comes face @-@ to @-@ face with her latest school crush . " Furthermore , the writers envisioned the character having her own website and hand @-@ held communicator – named the " Kimmunicator " after the character – with video chat , both of which were considered revolutionary back in 2000 , a time when few young people owned cellphones . Kim 's use of advanced technology represents her ability to " effortlessly hop around the world and get back in time for dinner . Which is pretty unrealistic , but it ’ s what kids can do on the internet now . They can talk to somebody anywhere " .
" Ms. Possible , when not solving the typical dilemmas facing high school youth , faced off against a bevy of ( occasionally competent ) do @-@ badders using her smarts , courage , acrobatic martial @-@ arts skills and sundry cool gadgets . Kim , Ron and Rufus spring into action when alerted by Wade , a comrade of comparable age who somehow manipulates a computer surveillance system the Pentagon might envy . Plausible it may not be , but popular it surely is . "
Kim 's main goal in the series is simply to help those in need regardless of money or rewards , which Schooley and McCorkle deliberately instilled in the character 's personality . One of her trademark gags involves her thanking people for providing her with transportation , to which they respond " No , thank you , for saving us " . Although primarily writers , Schooley and McCorkle remained thoroughly involved in determining the overall appearance of the series , as well as the design of its characters . However , they accredit the majority of the series ' aesthetics to season one director Chris Baily and artistic director Alan Bodner . Cartoonist Stephen Silver served as a character animator on the show .
= = = Voice = = =
Kim is voiced by American actress Christy Carlson Romano , who was only 16 years old when she was first cast as the character . The titular role was originally offered to actress Anneliese van der Pol , who turned it down in favor of co @-@ starring as Chelsea Daniels in the Disney Channel Original Series That 's so Raven . Before being cast as Kim , Romano had already been well @-@ known for starring as Ren Stevens in the Disney Channel sitcom Even Stevens . The actress was finally introduced to the show 's creators by Disney Channel executives after Schooley and McCorkle had already auditioned several people for the role . According to McCorkle , Romano " nailed " her audition , which he described as " just fantastic . "
Kim was Romano 's first voice @-@ acting role . Upon being cast as Kim , Romano immediately identified with the character because they were " both dealing with teenage issues " at the time . During the show 's first season , Romano and the rest of the Kim Possible cast recorded at different locations . Like her character , Romano also balanced her acting profession with schoolwork , and agreed that they are both confident in their endeavors . Because the actress was enrolled in high school in New York at the time , she was often required to participate in cast meetings and table reads via telephone ; Romano was actually unable to attend her own senior prom because she was working on Kim Possible . Occasionally , the actress herself would serve as creative inspiration for the writers ; one episode in particular , " Blush " , was based on the fact that Romano is a shy and easily embarrassed person who tends to " blush at even the slightest compliment / awkward situation . " The writers also gave Kim several interests that are similar to Romano 's own . Schooley enthused that the actress " add [ s ] something to [ her character ] that makes it more than a typical gag @-@ oriented cartoon " , crediting both her and co @-@ star Will Friedle , voice of Ron , among reasons fans connected with the characters .
Romano described Kim as a " very ambitious , very skilled , very smart " character , and attempted to make her as much of a role model as possible . The actress also described the character as " a really confident , sweet girl who everybody loves . And she is a heroine who little girls look up to . ... She is a typical role model , perfect in every way . How could you not like Kim ? " Romano initially doubted that the show would be successful , but eventually admitted that " the animation was great and the writing was amazing . It 's done so that kids and adults can enjoy it ; families can share an amazing experience together . " Additionally , Romano 's character greatly influenced her own career , and considers Kim to be a positive role model for young girls . Romano identified the season one episode " Mind Games " in which Kim and Ron switch bodies as her favorite . By the end of the series , Romano was 21 years old and attending Columbia University for political science . Kim 's final line in the series is " uuhhh ... huh ? " , which Romano recorded tearfully due to the series ending . Writing for 7M Pictures , Kevin Carr considered the fact that Kim is only a voice @-@ acted role beneficial to the series because " they could always get someone else to mimic her original voice " should Romano depart , unlike Lizzie McGuire 's Hilary Duff .
= = Characterization and themes = =
A pun , the character 's name " Kim Possible " alludes to the word " impossible " . Kim is referred to by several nicknames by various characters throughout the series , including K.P. ( Ron ) ; Kimmy Cub ( James ) ; K , Miss Perfect , Tin Teeth ( Bonnie ) ; Princess , Pumpkin , Cupcake , Miss Snooty , Miss Priss ( Shego ) ; and Kimmie by miscellaneous . Unlike traditional superheroes and secret agents , Kim lacks a secret identity ; the character is known simply as " Kim Possible , and everyone who knows her knows what she does . " Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle observed that Kim " never put on spandex or acquired a secret identity ; instead , she had her own website where people could book her for jobs with a tagline that promised that she could do anything " , a claim reinforced by the fact that she is capable of fighting crime while continuing to perform well in high school and remaining captain of her school 's cheerleading squad . Writing for Women Write About Comics , Jamie Kingston observed that Middleton High School " ignores her as a heroine unless something happens on school grounds where she has to do her thing . " Thus , Kim rarely receives attention for her work from her family and peers , although her customers remain extremely grateful . However , while describing Kim as a " power fantasy " , Stealing Commas believes that Kim is simply " preventing regime change " and " Preserving the status quo rather than doing any real world saving . " According to Metacritic , Kim " is stubborn , strong @-@ willed , and has a fuse shorter than a grenade with a three second delay " but remains " extremely humble , refusing to take credit for her truly amazing actions . " Meanwhile , David Horiuchi of Amazon.com wrote that the character is " tough , witty , and refreshingly free of any saucy teen attitude . "
UGO.com described Kim as a " cheery and upbeat " character who " settl [ es ] for nothing less than excellence " . Described as a " goody @-@ goody , " Kim is also a perfectionist . Despite her high school popularity – the character is the second most popular girl at Middleton High School , behind rival Bonnie Rockwaller – Kim is not stuck up and remains very much devoted to her academics , being a straight @-@ A student . However , her reputation as " a brainiac " does not harm her popularity . The character 's intellect counters negative stereotypes commonly associated with cheerleaders ; she often incorporates her cheerleading routines into battle . Meanwhile Bonnie , who is described as " Kim 's polar opposite " , is depicted as " a typical cheerleader " , reflecting what Kim " could have become " . A running gag , Bonnie constantly complains about Kim 's tardiness for cheerleading practice due to her tasking job . Described by Tracey McLoone of PopMatters as " clever , as well as graceful and physically fit " , the character also disproves the belief that brawn is superior to brains in battle . However , Kim is not a tomboy , and exhibits personality traits and interests typically associated with teenage girls , including shopping and fangirling over popular trends . Flawed , the character also has a tendency to come off as judgmental , jealous and overly competitive at times . Her best female friend Monique represents " Kim ’ s bridge between the world of super @-@ spy , superhero action , and the world of high school , and stuff teen girls care about " , keeping the character " grounded " . Despite her confidence as a young woman , Kim remains very much concerned about her love life , which is sometimes treated as one of her weaknesses . Mike McDaniel of the Houston Chronicle joked that " Nothing 's impossible with Kim Possible -- except maybe landing a date . " Feminist Fairytales observed that Kim " contain [ s ] a [ w ] ide range of differences in one person " . Much of the character 's dialogue consists of " not @-@ so @-@ typical teen slang " including " So not the drama " and " No big " , as well as her signature catchphrase " What 's the sitch ? " .
Kim 's unconventional relationship with her inept , unpopular best friend Ron ultimately unveils the best in both characters , " with Kim keeping Ron out of trouble and Ron keeping Kim from over @-@ stressing . " Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time further demonstrates how much Kim actually depends on Ron . Ron helps remove negative qualities from Kim that would otherwise cause others to perceive the character as a " bitch " . Reminiscent of the romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally ( 1989 ) , their relationship heavily explores the idea of the friend zone , as Kim and Ron remain platonic friends for the majority of the series , although their romantic interests in each other is hinted at throughout , more @-@ so Ron 's feelings for Kim . While Kim has been jealous of Ron 's girlfriends at times , Ron values their friendship too much to jeopardize it by confessing his true feelings for her until the third season , at the end of which they finally start dating . Sarah Freymiller of Bustle described Ron as " the Joker to [ Kim 's ] Batman ; he is the intelligent , kind chaos in her highly @-@ organized life . " Meanwhile , Priya Krishna of BuzzFeed observed , " At the end of the day , Kim needs Ron , and Ron is always there for her and never feels emasculated by the fact his friend / girlfriend is clearly better than him at everything . "
Kim was among several fictional characters and pop culture icons to debut towards the " end of the ' Girl Power ' era " and third @-@ wave feminism . Thus , some critics perceive the character as a combination of Buffy Summers from Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Sydney Bristow from Alias , and The Powerpuff Girls . As an animated series , Kim Possible was revolutionary for its diverse cast of strong female characters , namely Kim and Shego . Many of the character 's typically " girly " belongings double as powerful weapons , namely her lip gloss and compact mirror . In his book Dangerous Curves : Action Heroines , Gender , Fetishism , and Popular Culture , author Jeffrey A. Brown believes that " Kim may be the epitome of a Girl Power @-@ derived heroine " , while reinforcing " that there is a lot to be learned from female elders . " Like Kim herself , her grandmother Nana Possible also fought crime when she was young , from whom Kim is believed to have inherited her abilities . Kim 's entire family is very intelligent , and constantly reiterate the phrase " anything is possible for a Possible " . Therefore , the character is spared " the burden of being the only brain on the show . " The character 's relationship with her parents is atypically healthy for a teenager . Kim 's father James " views women as equals " , and thus has a good relationship with Kim although he struggles to come to terms with the reality that she is growing up and dating . Her mother Ann is essentially a " grown up " version of Kim . At one point , Ann insists that Kim invite her on one of her missions as her Mother 's Day present , and Kim also admits to being impressed by her mother 's work as a brain surgeon . The Artifice observed that Kim and Shego are strikingly similar in appearance . Metacritc believes that Shego is essentially " Kim 's dark reflection . " Both characters are smart , athletic and attractive with green eyes , but Shego chooses to use her powers for evil instead . According to Metacritic , Kim 's " fiery " red hair symbolizes " her attitude that is best summed up by the phrase , ' I can do anything . ' " The character is infamous for her puppy dog pout , which she often uses to get her way .
= = Appearances = =
Kim Possible was very successful , running for a total of five years from June 7 , 2002 to September 7 , 2007 and spanning four seasons , becoming the longest @-@ running Disney Channel Original Series until eventually being surpassed by Phineas and Ferb . The series comprised 84 episodes , with Kim starring in each one . Kim also made an appearance in the Lilo & Stitch : The Series crossover episode " Rufus " .
= = = Epcot theme park attraction = = =
In 2009 , a theme park attraction entitled the Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure premiered at Walt Disney World 's Epcot . Upon arrival , visitors were allowed to partake in an alternate reality game ( ARG ) inspired by the television series in which they entered into the world of Kim Possible and ventured on a " high @-@ tech scavenger hunt " in a simulated country of their choice .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Kim has garnered very positive reviews from entertainment critics . Jacqueline Cutler of the Sun @-@ Sentinel hailed the character as " as close to a role model as an animated cheerleader trying to save the world can be . " Similarly , Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette joked , " Though a heroine who dresses like Britney Spears ... Kim 's got the same insecurities as all adolescents , making her a character kids will identify with " , while comparing the character to Buffy Summers from Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Sydney Bristow from Alias . Tracey McLoone of PopMatters believes that the show 's " merit lies primarily in heroine Kim Possible " , observing that she is a " more self @-@ assured " character than both Buffy and Sydney . Levi Buchanan of IGN described Kim as a " well @-@ flashed out " character . Scott D. Pierce of the Deseret News dubbed Kim " a teenage Powerpuff Girl " , while Betsy Wallace of Common Sense Media also drew further similarities between the character and The Powerpuff Girls , as well as Buffy and Sydney . In review of the film Kim Possible : So the Drama , the premiere of which was originally intended to conclude the series , David Horiuchi of Amazon.com praised Kim as " a teen heroine that appeals to both youngsters and oldsters " , citing the character among several other reasons the show will be missed . Meanwhile , reviewing the film Kim Possible : The Secret Files , Horiuchi described Kim as " An Alias @-@ type heroine for the tween @-@ age set " whose " school @-@ girl awkwardness can prove appealing to grown @-@ up kids as well . " Netflix crowned Kim the " ultimate crime @-@ fighting teenager " .
Writing for The Huffington Post , Carly Steyer credited Kim with teaching the importance of maintaining a healthy work @-@ life balance : " She paid an appropriate amount of attention to her schoolwork , and worked hard , but didn 't slave over it to the extent that she didn 't have any time left to save the world . " The character has also received positive attention from feminist critics ; in her article " 12 Life Lessons ' Kim Possible ' Taught Us That Are Still Pretty Relevant " , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle described Kim as an " amazingly feminist " character " that taught girls that it was okay to overachieve , that worrying about boys didn 't make you any less of a hero , and that you could invent your own slang and still sound ( sort of ) cool . " Griffiths went on to hail the character as " our cartoon idol when it came to reaching for the stars and pulling it off flawlessly " , concluding , " at the end of the day Kim Possible could do anything . And so can all of us . " BuzzFeed ranked Kim ninth on its list of " 17 Characters From Your Childhood That Were More Feminist Than You Remember " , with author Ellie Bate crediting the character with " break [ ing ] the sexist stereotype that all cheerleaders are nothing but bimbos " . Bustle writer Sarah Freymiller agreed that " Kim offers a model for femininity that both bolsters and works against the typical ' high school cheerleader ' stereotype . " Pride ranked Kim 11th on its list of " 13 Cartoon Characters Who Defied Gender Stereotypes " . In her article " Power feminism , mediated : Girl power and the commercial politics of change " , Rebecca C. Hains of Salem State College cited Kim among several " strong powerful girl [ television ] heroes " who are responsible for " breaking the mold by placing girls at the center of narratives with active agency and unfettered power " during the early 2000s . MTV compared the character to American spy Virginia Hall in their article " 9 Cartoon Feminists Who Remind Us of Real @-@ life Badass Women " . While ranking Kim Possible : So the Drama the 12th most feminist Disney Channel Original Movie , Priya Krishna of BuzzFeed described Kim as " obviously great " . Comparing Kim to comic book superheroine Wonder Woman , Kathryn Shattuck of The New York Times wrote , " MOVE over , boy wonders . The newest superhero on the block doesn 't need a gimmicky mask or a jolt of testosterone to get the job done ... Kim Possible is ready and able to rescue humankind from evildoers without sacrificing her interest in boys and clothes . " However , in her book Girlfighting : Betrayal and Rejection , author Lyn Mikel Brown dismissed Kim as both a feminist and role model because of her alleged reliance on Ron 's intelligence , as well as the observation that " Her biggest threat is not evil , in fact , but the head cheerleader " . Since her debut , Kim has proven herself a popular character among both girls and boys , although McCorkle admitted that " whenever you have a girl in the lead doing all the action stuff , there ’ s a certain age group of boys who won ’ t admit they like the stuff . They really want to see the boy in that role . " McCorkle recalled an incident in which a fan of the show was very much surprised to learn that the writers were actually men upon meeting them ; the fan had always just assumed that they were both young women because of the way in which they characterized Kim .
MTV 's Deepa Lakshmin predicted that Kim " will live on in our hearts forever " . UGO.com ranked Kim 59th on the website 's list of the 75 " hottest " animated characters , hailing her as the " Disney Channel queen " . In 2015 , MTV published an article entitled " 13 Reasons Kim Possible is the Only Role Model You Need " , citing the character 's " great friends , a great boyfriend and a kick @-@ ass career " . In Oh My Disney 's article " Why We Want To Be Kim Possible " , the character was hailed as " the best " because " Who else could be a straight @-@ A student , captain of the cheerleading team , AND protect the world from bad guys ? The answer is no one , because she ’ s Kim Poss @-@ ib @-@ le . " The same website also included the character in its article " Disney Redheads : An Appreciation Post " . Kim is also regarded as a fashion trendsetter , with Charmaine Simmons of Bustle crediting the character with popularizing " all of the stylish looks that we never knew we 'd be in love with over 10 years later " , including crop tops , cargo pants and bodysuits . Also writing for Bustle , Sarah Freymiller penned , " Her commitment to action is notable , even if she never wears a shirt longer than mid @-@ lung , and she fights crime in her cheerleader uniform when she needs to . " Freymiller concluded , " In the early 2000s , as Limited Too dominated the tween fashion scene , it was refreshing to see a girl decked out in functional black and army green attire . " The character 's Kimmunicator ringtone is commonly associated with the series , and is also frequently imitated by fans . The Kimmunicator 's inception preceded the creation of smartphones by several years . Upon Apple 's release of the Apple Watch , several critics drew similarities between the real @-@ life device and the Kimmunicator , especially when Kim 's device was downsized to a wristwatch during the final season .
= Ron Hamence with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 =
Ron Hamence was a member of Donald Bradman 's famous Australian cricket team of 1948 , which toured England and was undefeated in its 34 matches . As a result of this unprecedented feat by a Test side touring England , the team earned the nickname The Invincibles .
A right @-@ handed middle @-@ order batsman , Hamence was not instrumental in the team 's success . Regarded as the last batsman to be chosen for the team , his selection was the subject of controversy because many batsmen who had scored more runs in the preceding Australian season had been overlooked . Hamence and Colin McCool were the only squad members who did not play a Test on tour . Hamence was used in non @-@ Test tour matches so that the leading batsmen could conserve energy for the Tests , as play was scheduled for six days a week . Along with Doug Ring , Hamence and McCool called themselves " ground staff " because of their scant playing duties in the major matches , and they often created and sang ironic songs about their lack of opportunities . Bradman was reluctant to risk the team 's unbeaten record and as a result , Hamence did not receive many opportunities to bat high in the order , something that was the subject of criticism .
Hamence scored 582 runs at a batting average of 32 @.@ 33 , with a top @-@ score of 99 . He was the only frontline Australian batsman not to score a century . The remaining eight frontline batsmen each scored at least 973 runs and all averaged no less than 47 @.@ 30 . Hamence also occasionally opened the bowling in the tour matches with his gentle medium pace , allowing the team 's leading bowlers to recuperate between Tests .
= = Background = =
During the preceding 1947 – 48 season in Australia , Hamence was dropped from the national team . He had played sporadically in the Test team , being selected in three of the ten matches in the previous two seasons . In those three Tests he scored a total of 81 runs at an average of 27 @.@ 00 . Returning to domestic cricket following his omission , Hamence scored 85 and 66 against Queensland , a performance which kept him in the running for a place in the national team . His selection for the 1948 tour of England under Bradman was the subject of considerable controversy , as many other batsmen were overlooked despite being more productive during the Australian summer . For his part , Bradman described his middle @-@ order — Hamence among them — as " an array of batsmen who could scarcely fail " . From the start , Hamence was on the outer with regards to selection in the Tests . He was not selected for any of the Tests during the English campaign , but in a 2008 interview , emphasised that he felt no resentment over his omission . Hamence was a popular member of the touring party and his cheerful nature and splendid tenor voice added to the good spirits of the team . His roommate during the tour was the seamer Ernie Toshack .
= = Early tour = =
Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire . Being a fringe member of the squad and having made only sporadic Test appearances in previous seasons , Hamence was not selected . Australia promptly crushed the hosts by an innings .
Hamence made his debut on English soil in the second tour match against Leicestershire . Batting at No. 6 , he came in at 4 / 344 and made only seven . His dismissal triggered a collapse of 5 / 38 as Australia were bowled out for 448 before winning by an innings . The next match against Yorkshire , on a damp pitch that suited slower bowling , was the closest Australia came to defeat on the tour . Batting at No. 4 , Hamence made 12 in the first innings as Australia replied to Yorkshire 's 71 with 101 . He batted slowly , coming in at 2 / 24 before departing at 7 / 74 . After Australia dismissed the hosts for 89 in their second innings , Australia collapsed to 3 / 13 in pursuit of 60 for victory . Hamence came in and scored one before he was run out after being slow to set off for a quick single ; Australia collapsed to 6 / 31 . To make matters worse , Sam Loxton was injured and could not bat , so Australia effectively had only three wickets in hand and faced their first loss to an English county since 1912 . However , Australia scraped home by four wickets after a counterattack by Neil Harvey and Don Tallon , aided by a dropped catch and missed stumping .
Hamence was rested as the Australians travelled to London to defeat Surrey at The Oval by an innings . He returned for the next match against Cambridge University . Elevated to No. 3 by stand @-@ in captain Lindsay Hassett , Hamence came in at 1 / 64 and put on a partnership of 176 with Bill Brown , ending with 92 as Australia piled on 4 / 414 and won by an innings . Hamence scored mainly from the back foot , and Jack Fingleton opined " a nice innings it was , too , in its neat strokemaking " . Hamence also bowled for the first time on tour , sending down three overs for seven runs in the second innings without taking a wicket .
In the following match , Australia crushed Essex by an innings and 451 runs , their largest winning margin for the summer . On the first day , Australia set a world record by scoring 721 , the most first @-@ class runs added in one day . Halfway through the day , at 2 / 364 , all rounder Keith Miller came to the crease . A cavalier and carefree character , Miller resented Bradman 's ruthless attitude towards annihilating the opposition and often refused to try when Australia were in an unassailable position . He deliberately let the ball hit the stumps and was out for a golden duck . Hamence came in and struck 46 , adding 146 runs for the fifth wicket with Sam Loxton . The partnership took only an hour , and Australia went on to win by an innings . Miller later said that one of his reasons for gifting his wicket was to protest the lack of opportunities given to Hamence and other fringe batsmen . Batting at No. 5 in the next match against Oxford University , Hamence made only three as Australia made 431 and proceeded to another innings victory .
The next match was against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , N- and were basically a full strength Test team , while Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team . It was a chance to gain a psychological advantage . Given Hamence 's early struggles in the English conditions , which saw him make only 161 runs at 26 @.@ 83 in his first six innings , while all of Australia 's first @-@ choice top six had made centuries , N- he was not selected ; Australia amassed 552 and won by an innings .
Recalled for the next match , against Lancashire at Old Trafford in Manchester , Hamence scored two while batting at No. 7 in the first innings and an unbeaten 49 at No. 6 in the second , putting on an unbeaten century partnership with Harvey as the match ended in a draw after the entire first day 's play was lost to rain . His second innings was praised for the aesthetic quality . It was the first match on tour that Australia had failed to win . Hamence was rested for the following match against Nottinghamshire , which was again drawn , before returning against Hampshire . He made five as Australia were dismissed for 117 in reply to the home side 's 195 , the first time the tourists had conceded a first innings lead during the season . He did not get another chance with the bat as Australia recovered to win by eight wickets .
Hamence had one last chance to make his case for Test selection in the match against Sussex at Hove , the last county fixture before the First Test at Trent Bridge . He came to the crease at 4 / 453 and made 34 in a stand of 96 with Harvey . His dismissal and Harvey reaching his 100 prompted Australia to declare at 5 / 549 . Bradman said that Hamence was " the unlucky player of the match " and that he was standing on the balcony ready to declare when Hamence fell on the last ball of the over . Australia went on to complete an innings victory . In the second innings , Hamence opened the bowling with Ray Lindwall . He took an early wicket before ending the innings by claiming the last man to fall , a stumping by Ron Saggers standing up to the stumps .
= = Test omission = =
Since World War II , the first five positions in Australia 's Test batting order had regularly consisted of Arthur Morris , Sid Barnes , Bradman , Hassett and Miller , while the sixth position saw many occupants . All of the first five were selected for the matches against Worcestershire and the MCC , and retained their positions for the First Test .
This left one position for the remaining batsmen in the squad . Up to this point , Brown had scored 800 runs on tour at an average of 72 @.@ 72 , with four centuries , and was on his third tour of England . Brown had played in the first @-@ choice team in the matches against Worcestershire and the MCC . Harvey had accumulated 296 runs at 42 @.@ 29 , all rounder Loxton had 310 runs at 51 @.@ 66 , but was injured , while Hamence had made only 251 runs at 27 @.@ 88 and was the only one of the four to not have scored a century . Hamence was overlooked while Brown gained selection in the First Test at Trent Bridge , batting out of position in the middle @-@ order while Barnes and Morris were preferred as the first @-@ choice opening pair , whereas Harvey was dropped despite making a century in Australia 's most recent Test against India . This was the exact situation that had unfolded in the Worcestershire and MCC matches where Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team ; Brown batted in the middle order . Bradman explained the decision in his memoirs : " Hamence was not in good enough form and Harvey scarcely ready " . During the opening stages of the tour , Bradman spent little time talking to Hamence at practice sessions , leading analysts to conclude that the Australian skipper viewed Hamence as being highly unlikely to play in the Tests . Australia went on to defeat England by eight wickets , although Brown struggled and made only 17 .
Between Tests , Hamence earned selection for the match against Northamptonshire , batting at No. 4 and scoring 34 ; he partnered acting captain Hassett in a stand of 104 for the third wicket . He took 1 / 11 in the second innings as Australia won by an innings . In the second match before the Second Test , which was against Yorkshire , Hamence made 48 and six not out , and took a total of 1 / 17 as the game ended in a draw . He batted slowly and cautiously ; Bradman gave him few opportunities , so he had to make the most of them . The first innings 48 was a determined performance on a sticky wicket that helped Australia to 249 ; Bradman felt that Hamence 's grit was a notable factor in Australia managing to pass 200 . Harvey made 49 and 56 while Brown made 19 and 113 as an opener . This was enough for Brown to retain his middle @-@ order position for the Second Test at Lord 's , where Australia fielded an unchanged team . Australia went on to a crushing win by 409 runs but Brown made only 24 and 32 .
The next match was against Surrey and started the day after the Second Test . As the Test players were tired , Bradman gave them a lighter workload and assigned Hamence and Loxton to open the bowling . Both took two wickets and Hamence snared opposing captain Laurie Fishlock and Eric Bedser to end with 2 / 24 . Brown injured a finger while fielding , so he was not able to bat in Australia 's first innings . Hamence was thus elevated to open the batting . Hamence made a duck , but Australia nevertheless took a 168 @-@ run lead . Hamence opened the bowling for the second time , although he was unable to take a wicket and ended with 0 / 30 . In the second innings , Harvey volunteered to play as a makeshift opener alongside Loxton and they chased down the 122 runs for victory in less than an hour to complete a 10 @-@ wicket win .
For the following match against Gloucestershire before the Third Test , Brown and Hamence did not play . Harvey made 95 and Loxton ended on 159 not out as Australia reached 7 / 774 declared , its highest of the tour , underpinning an innings victory . As a result of the performance , Loxton seized Brown 's middle @-@ order position for the Third Test at Old Trafford .
During the drawn Third Test , opening batsman Sid Barnes was injured . This opened up a vacancy for the Fourth Test . Hamence made 30 as Australia defeated Middlesex by ten wickets in their only county match before the Fourth Test at Headingley . Hamence was overlooked for the vacancy as Harvey was called in . Australia scored 3 / 404 to set a world record for the highest successful Test run chase ; Harvey scored a century .
Immediately after the Test , Hamence made 21 at No. 6 as Australia amassed 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings . In the next match against Glamorgan , Hamence was yet to bat when rain ended the match at 3 / 215 in Australia 's first innings . He was rested as Australia defeated Warwickshire by nine wickets . Hamence was recalled as Australia faced and drew with Lancashire for the second time on the tour . He made 14 in the first innings and was unbeaten on 10 in the second when Australia declared , having batted at No. 5 both times . In the last match before the Fifth Test , a non @-@ first @-@ class fixture against Durham , Hamence scored 24 batting at No. 6 in Australia 's 282 . The match was a rain @-@ affected draw that did not reach the second innings . Hamence was overlooked for the Fifth Test , as Australia won by an innings to seal the series 4 – 0 ; the drawn Third Test was Australia 's only non @-@ victory .
= = Later tour matches = =
Seven matches remained on Bradman 's quest to go through a tour of England without defeat . Australia batted first against Kent and Hamence made 38 . Hamence was the ninth man to fall as partners ran out and Australia lost their last seven wickets for 89 to end at 361 . Despite this , they completed an innings victory . In the next match against the Gentlemen of England , Hamence batted at No. 7 and only had a limited opportunity to contribute , coming in at 5 / 532 and scoring 24 before Bradman declared at 5 / 610 when Hassett reached 200 . Hamence bowled in both innings for a total of 1 / 41 as Australia won by an innings . In the next match against Somerset , Hamence put on 195 for the fifth wicket with Ian Johnson to take Australia to 4 / 501 with his score on 99 . The other batsmen had all made centuries , and the Australian players were keen to see Hamence do the same . With his score on 99 , the rest of the team left their card games in readiness to applaud his impending milestone . However , Hamence hit two balls from the middle of the bat , only to see them travel directly to the fielder , yielding no runs . Anxious to reach his century , Hamence then charged down the pitch and was then stumped for 99 , his highest score for the season . According to Bradman , Hamence " fell to what everyone said was the best ball all day " . Nevertheless , Australia won by an innings and 374 runs . In the following match against the South of England , Hamence made seven as Australia declared at 7 / 522 . The match was washed out ; Hamence bowled three overs without success in the hosts ' only innings .
Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches was the fixture against Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI . During the last tour in 1938 , this team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit , but this time Bradman insisted that only six players currently in England 's Test team be allowed to play for the hosts . Bradman then fielded a full @-@ strength team , so Hamence was left out . Australia led by 312 on the first innings and were well in control , but the match ended in a draw after multiple rain delays . The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland . Hamence batted once in each match , scoring six and 15 as Australia ended the tour with two innings victories .
= = Role = =
During the tour , Hamence played 19 first @-@ class matches and scored 582 runs at an average of 32 @.@ 33 . An occasional bowler who delivered 56 @.@ 3 overs of medium pace during the tour , he took seven wickets at 21 @.@ 42 and completed nine catches . He was the most successful of the specialist batsmen with the ball , occasionally opening the bowling in the tour matches , such as in both innings of the second match against Surrey and the second innings of the second match against Yorkshire . This allowed Bradman to rest his first @-@ choice bowlers to keep them fresh for the Tests . Hamence 's primary role was to allow the leading batsmen an opportunity to conserve energy for the Tests ; the Australians generally had six days of play scheduled every week . In most of the matches , Hamence batted in the middle order at Nos. 5 , 6 and 7.N- Along with Loxton , he was given 22 first @-@ class opportunities with the bat , whereas the other eight frontline batsmen had at least 26 innings . Loxton scored 973 runs , while the others all scored more than 1 @,@ 000 . All of the batsmen other than Loxton averaged at least 47 @.@ 30 @.@ and as Australia won many of their matches by an innings or by eight or more wickets , he seldom batted in the second innings . On four occasions , he was unbeaten when Australia either declared , reached their target or time ran out .
Teammate Sid Barnes criticised the omission of Hamence from much meaningful cricket on the tour . Referring to the match against the Gentlemen of England , Barnes criticised the fact that Bradman , Hassett and himself all made centuries , while Hamence was only given a short innings in the lower order and was not out on 24 when Australia declared . As the tourists were already in a strong position , Barnes reasoned that Hamence " could have been sent in [ at ] first wicket down , where he batted with his interstate team ... Despite this , Hassett still went in before Hamence in the next game , against Somerset ... Hamence batted No. 6 ... but he should have been sent in No. 3 . "
Barnes reported that Hamence , along with the other frequent omissions Colin McCool and Doug Ring , termed themselves the " ground staff " . He added : " In the dressing room during county games they would break out into ironic song about the few chances they got . " Loxton reported that these songs included the " odd risque limerick " . Bradman did later state that " because of the strong array of batsman ahead of him , [ Hamence ] seldom had an opportunity to make big scores " but " was an extremely useful reserve who could have been played in the Tests with confidence " . Following the 1948 tour , Bradman described Hamence as " a fine batsman of the strictly orthodox type . Very sound and reliable with his game based on driving " and a " very safe fieldsman " . Bradman added that Hamence had few opportunities because of Australia 's batting strength but " always batted well and often at a critical moment made valuable runs " . Bradman said that Hamence " could have been played in the Tests with confidence " and praised his contributions to team morale . Fingleton said " there was criticism of his selection in this side , but had the war not intervened he undoubtedly would have made a [ n ] [ Ashes ] trip before " .
= = = Statistical notes = = =
= = = General notes = = =
= Eurasian nuthatch =
The Eurasian nuthatch or wood nuthatch ( Sitta europaea ) is a small passerine bird found throughout temperate Asia and in Europe , where its name is the nuthatch . Like other nuthatches , it is a short @-@ tailed bird with a long bill , blue @-@ grey upperparts and a black eye @-@ stripe . It is a vocal bird with a repeated loud dwip call . There are more than 20 subspecies in three main groups ; birds in the west of the range have orange @-@ buff underparts and a white throat , those in Russia have whitish underparts , and those in the Far East have a similar appearance to European birds , but lack the white throat .
The preferred habitat is mature deciduous or mixed woodland with large , old trees , preferably oak . Pairs hold permanent territories , and nest in tree holes , usually old woodpecker nests , but sometimes natural cavities . If the entrance to the hole is too large , the female plasters it with mud to reduce its size , and often coats the inside of the cavity too . The 6 – 9 red @-@ speckled white eggs are laid on a deep base of pine or other wood chips .
The Eurasian nuthatch eats mainly insects , particularly caterpillars and beetles , although in autumn and winter its diet is supplemented with nuts and seeds . The young are fed mainly on insects , with some seeds , food items mainly being found on tree trunks and large branches . The nuthatch can forage when descending trees head first , as well as when climbing . It readily visits bird tables , eating fatty man @-@ made food items as well as seeds . It is an inveterate hoarder , storing food year @-@ round . Its main natural predator is the Eurasian sparrowhawk .
Fragmentation of woodland can lead to local losses of breeding birds , but the species ' range is still expanding . It has a large population and huge breeding area , and is therefore classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as being of least concern .
= = Taxonomy = =
The nuthatches are a family of similar @-@ looking birds with short tails and wings , compact bodies and longish pointed bills . They have grey or bluish upperparts , a black eyestripe and strong feet . All are in the single genus Sitta . Within the genus , the Eurasian nuthatch forms a superspecies with the chestnut @-@ vented , Indian , chestnut @-@ bellied and Kashmir nuthatches and has in the past been considered conspecific with all of these .
The Eurasian nuthatch was described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 under its current scientific name . Sitta is derived from the Ancient Greek name for this bird , σιττη , sittē , and the species name , europaea , is Latin for " European " . " Nuthatch " , first recorded in 1350 , is derived from " nut " and a word probably related to " hack " , since these birds hack at nuts they have wedged into crevices .
The fossil record for nuthatches is sparse , and in Europe is limited to the extinct Sitta senogalliensis from the Lower Miocene in Italy and somewhat later material from France ; the family appears to be of relatively recent origin .
= = = Subspecies = = =
There are more than 20 subspecies , but the precise number is disputed . These taxa can be divided into three main groups ; these may have been geographically isolated from each other until relatively recently . Birds of intermediate appearance occur where the group ranges overlap .
The large , white @-@ breasted S. e. arctica of north east Siberia is distinctive in appearance and genetically , and may be another subspecies group or even a separate species .
= = Description = =
The adult male of the nominate subspecies , S. e. europaea is 14 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) long with a 22 @.@ 5 – 27 cm ( 8 @.@ 9 – 10 @.@ 6 in ) wingspan . It weighs 17 – 28 g ( 0 @.@ 6 – 1 oz ) . It has blue @-@ grey upperparts , a black eye @-@ stripe and whitish throat and underparts . The flanks and lower belly are orange @-@ red , mottled with white on the undertail . The stout bill is dark grey with a paler area on the base of the lower mandible , the iris is dark brown and the legs and feet are pale brown or greyish . Most other members of the S. e. europaea group differ only in detail from the nominate form , often with respect to the hue of the underparts , but S. e. arctica is quite distinctive . It is large , pale , has a white forehead and a reduced eye @-@ stripe , and it has more white in the tail and wings than any other subspecies . Nuthatches move on trees with short leaps , and do not use their tails for support . In flight , they have a characteristic appearance , with a pointed head , round wings and a short , square tail . Their flight is fast , with wings closed between beats , and is usually of short duration .
S. e. caesia , the most widespread of the western subspecies , has orange @-@ buff underparts except for a white throat and cheeks . The other western forms mainly differ in the exact shade of the underparts , although some southeastern forms also show a white forehead and supercilium . S. e. sinensis and S. e. formosana , of China and Taiwan respectively , have buff underparts like the western races , but have buff , instead of white , throats .
The female is similar in appearance to the male , but may be identified by her slightly paler upperparts , a browner eyestripe and a more washed @-@ out tone to the flanks and lower belly . In the eastern form , S. e. asiatica , some males have buff underparts like the female , and birds with this appearance are difficult to sex in the field . Young birds resemble the female , although their plumage is duller and they have paler legs . Individuals can be reliably sexed as female from about 12 days old by their paler and buffer flanks , or , in some white @-@ breasted subspecies , by the creamier hue of their underparts .
Adults have a complete moult after breeding which takes about 80 days , starting from late May onwards and finishing by late September . The moult period for Siberian birds is more compressed , running from June to mid @-@ September . Fledged juveniles moult some of their wing coverts when they are about eight weeks old .
In much of its range , Eurasian is the only nuthatch present . In southeast Europe and southwest Asia , the western and eastern rock nuthatches are larger and paler than the Eurasian species . They also lack white spots in the tail and are usually found in a different , stony habitat , and Krüper 's nuthatch is small and has a black cap and reddish breast patch . In southwest China , the chestnut @-@ vented nuthatch is very similar to the European bird , but is darker above , has less white on the face and has greyer underparts .
= = = Voice = = =
The Eurasian nuthatch calls frequently , usually with a loud , sharp dwip normally repeated twice , sometimes more often if excited . It has a shrill sirrrr or tsi @-@ si @-@ si alarm call , and a thin tsit pre @-@ flight call . The song is a slow whistled pee @-@ pee @-@ pee with many variants , including a faster version , and may be intermingled with the call .
The song of the distinctive S. e. arctica is said to be noticeably different from that of its relatives , which would help to establish whether it is a full species , but there has been insufficient research into its vocalizations .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The Eurasian nuthatch 's breeding range extends across temperate Eurasia from Great Britain ( but not Ireland ) to Japan . It is found between the 16 – 20 ° C ( 61 – 68 ° F ) July isotherms , north to about latitude 64 ° N in western Russia and 69 ° N in Siberia . It breeds south to the Mediterranean in Europe , although it is absent from the islands , other than Sicily , and in most of Russia the southern boundary is around 54 – 55 ° N. In the east , the range includes most of China and Taiwan and much of Korea . It has occurred as a vagrant in Lebanon and the Channel Islands , and the nominate race has been recorded a few times in Finland where S. e. asiatica is the normal form .
Most populations are sedentary , apart from some post @-@ breeding dispersal of young birds , and there is a reluctance to cross even short stretches of open water . Northern and eastern breeders are dependent on the cones of the Siberian stone pine , and if the crop fails many birds of the S. e. asiatica subspecies may move west into northern Sweden and Finland in autumn , sometimes staying to breed . Siberian S. e. arctica may make more limited movements south and east in winter , and S. e. amurensis , from southeast Russia , is regular in winter in Korea .
The preferred habitat is mature woodland with large , old trees , which provide extensive growth for foraging and nesting holes . In Europe , deciduous or mixed forest is favoured , particularly when containing oak . Parks , old orchards and other wooded habitats may be occupied as long as they have at least a 1 ha ( 2 @.@ 5 acres ) block of suitable trees . Particularly in mountains , old spruce and pine forests are used , and pine is also favoured in Taiwan . In most of Russia , conifers are used for nesting , but population densities are relatively low . Moroccan birds nest in oak , Atlas cedar and fir . Unusual habitats include dwarf juniper in Mongolia and rocky terrain in a limited part of southern Siberia .
The Eurasian nuthatch is primarily a lowland bird in the north of its range , but reaches the tree @-@ line in Switzerland , at 1 @,@ 200 m ( 3 @,@ 900 ft ) or higher , and breeds occasionally at 1 @,@ 800 – 2 @,@ 100 m ( 5 @,@ 900 – 6 @,@ 900 ft ) in Austria . It breeds at similar levels in the mountains of Turkey , the Middle East and Central Asia . It is mainly a mountain bird in southern Japan , 760 – 2 @,@ 100 m ( 2 @,@ 490 – 6 @,@ 890 ft ) , and Taiwan , 800 – 3 @,@ 300 m ( 2 @,@ 600 – 10 @,@ 800 ft ) , but in southern China , the chestnut @-@ vented nuthatch is the highland species , with the Eurasian species at lower levels .
= = Behaviour = =
= = = Breeding = = =
Nuthatches are monogamous , and a pair occupies a breeding territory in which it spends the winter as well . Territory sizes range from 2 – 10 ha ( 5 – 25 acres ) in Europe to an average of 30 @.@ 2 ha ( 75 acres ) in the sub @-@ optimal conifer forests of Siberia . The male sings to defend his territory and attract a mate . Both sexes have a courtship display with a floating , quivering flight , and the male will also make circular flights with a spread tail and raised head . He will also feed the female while courting her . Despite the lifelong pairing , genetic research in Germany showed that at least 10 % of the young in the study area were fathered by another male , usually from an adjacent territory .
The nest is in a tree cavity , usually an old woodpecker hole , but sometimes of natural origin . Occasionally the female will enlarge an existing hole in rotten wood . The nest site is typically 2 – 20 m ( 7 – 66 ft ) above the ground and has a deep base of pine bark or chips of other wood , rarely supplemented with dry plant material . If the entrance to the hole is too large , it is plastered with mud , clay and sometimes dung to make it smaller . A small entrance and large interior , together with the use of a deep layer of wood chips in which to bury the eggs and small young when the adults leave the nest , may be adaptations to reduce the chance of predation . Nests with small entrance holes are most successful . Locally , a small entrance may make it less likely that the nest will be taken over by common starlings . The female undertakes most of the work , and often plasters the inside of the cavity too , taking up to four weeks to complete the construction . A nest is often re @-@ used in subsequent years .
The clutch is usually 6 – 9 red @-@ speckled white eggs , although up to 13 eggs are sometimes laid . They average 19 @.@ 5 mm × 14 @.@ 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 77 in × 0 @.@ 57 in ) and weigh 2 @.@ 3 g ( 0 @.@ 081 oz ) of which 6 % is shell . The female incubates the eggs for 13 – 18 days to hatching , and broods the altricial downy chicks until they fledge 20 – 26 days later . Both adults feed the chicks in the nest and continue after they fledge until they become independent in about 8 – 14 days . Normally only one brood is raised each year . When nest boxes are used , the clutch size and number of fledglings are greater in larger boxes . For reasons that are unclear , there is no link between cavity size and nesting outcomes for natural holes .
The sedentary nature of this species means that juveniles can only acquire a territory by finding a vacant area or replacing a dead adult . In Europe , young birds almost always move to unoccupied habitat , but in the larger territories of Siberia most live within the breeding range of an adult pair .
The adult annual survival rate across most of the range is around 51 % , and a small Belgian study found a 25 % local survival rate for juveniles . The typical lifespan is two years and the maximum known age for a wild bird is 12 years 11 months in the UK . There is also a Swiss longevity record of a 10 years 6 months .
= = = Feeding = = =
The Eurasian nuthatch eats mainly insects , particularly caterpillar and beetles . In autumn and winter , the diet is supplemented with nuts and seeds , hazel nuts and beech mast being preferred . The young are fed mainly on the insects favoured by their parents , with some seeds . Food items are found mainly on tree trunks and large branches , but smaller branches may also be investigated , and food may be taken from the ground , especially outside the breeding season . Nuthatches can forage when descending trees head first , as well as when climbing . Some prey is caught in flight , and a nuthatch will remove bark or rotten wood to reach insects , although it cannot chisel into healthy wood like a woodpecker . A pair may temporarily join a mixed @-@ species foraging flock as it passes near their territory . The Eurasian nuthatch readily visits bird tables and bird feeders in winter , eating human @-@ made food items such as fat , cheese , butter and bread . It has even been recorded as taking slaughterhouse offal . Sizeable hard food items like nuts or large insects are wedged into crevices in tree bark and smashed with the strong bill .
Plant food is stored year @-@ round , but mainly in autumn . Individual seeds are hidden in cracks in bark , occasionally in walls or in the ground . The food item is usually concealed with lichen , moss or small pieces of bark . The cached food is retrieved in cold weather . Siberian birds store the seeds of the Siberian stone pine , sometimes hoarding enough to last a whole year . Cached food may sometimes include non @-@ plant material such as pieces of bread , caterpillars and grubs , the larvae being incapacitated by battering . Hoarding is a long @-@ term strategy , stored food items only being consumed when fresh food is hard to find , sometimes up to three months after caching . Birds with good stored food supplies are fitter that those with more limited resources . Beech mast crops vary widely from year to year . Where beech mast is an important part of the diet , adult survival rates are largely unaffected in years with a poor mast crop , but the number of juvenile birds falls in the autumn as they are lost through starvation or emigration . In areas where common hazel is the prevalent tree species , there is a similar pattern of adult survival and loss of juvenile birds in years with poor nut production .
= = Predators and parasites = =
Across most of its European range , the most important predator of the Eurasian nuthatch is the sparrowhawk . Other species known to prey on this nuthatch include the northern goshawk , hobby , tawny owl , pygmy owl and least weasel . A Swedish study showed that 6 @.@ 2 % of the nuthatch nests in their study area were raided by predators . The perpetrators were not identified , but the main single predator of tit nests in the same study was the great spotted woodpecker .
Common starlings will take over Eurasian nuthatch nest holes , reducing their breeding success . This is most likely to occur if the nest is high in a tree and there is a good local breeding density of the nuthatch . Introduced ring @-@ necked parakeets may also compete with Eurasian nuthatches for nesting holes . The parakeets tend to occur in fragmented urban woodlands , while nuthatches prefer large old oak woodlands , which reduces the level of competition . Ornithologists conducting a 2010 Belgian study suggested that the problem was not so severe as to warrant culling of the parakeets .
Mites of the genus Ptilonyssus , such as P. sittae , have been found in the Eurasian nuthatch 's nasal cavities . Intestinal worms include the nematodes Tridentocapillaria parusi and Pterothominx longifilla . Small studies in Slovakia and Spain found no blood parasites , but a larger Spanish survey found some evidence of Plasmodium infection .
= = Status = =
The European population of the Eurasian nuthatch has been estimated as 22 @.@ 5 – 57 million birds , suggesting a global total of 45 @.@ 9 – 228 million individuals . China , Taiwan , Korea , Japan and Russia each have between 10 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 breeding pairs . The known breeding area is about 23 @.@ 3 million km2 ( 9 million sq mi ) , which is a large proportion of the potential suitable habitat , and the population appears to be stable . The large numbers and huge breeding range mean that this species is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of least concern .
The Eurasian nuthatch is common throughout much of its range , although densities are lower in the far north and in coniferous forests . Annual numbers in Siberia fluctuate depending on the availability of pine cones from year to year . In recent decades the nuthatch has colonised Scotland and the Netherlands , and expanded its range in Wales , northern England , Norway and the High Atlas mountain range in North Africa . S. e. asiatica breeds intermittently in Finland and northern Sweden following irruptions . Because large trees are essential , felling or fragmentation of old woodland can lead to local declines or losses .
= Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire =
Pokémon Ruby Version and Sapphire Version ( ポケットモンスター ルビー & サファイア , Poketto Monsutā Rubī & Safaia , " Pocket Monsters : Ruby & Sapphire " ) are the third installments of the Pokémon series of role @-@ playing video games , developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance . The games were first released in Japan in late 2002 and internationally in 2003 . Pokémon Emerald , a special edition version , was released two years later in each region . These three games ( Pokémon Ruby , Sapphire , and Emerald ) are part of the third generation of the Pokémon video game series , also known as the " advanced generation " . Remakes of the two games , titled Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire , were released for the Nintendo 3DS onward worldwide on November 21 , 2014 , exactly twelve years to the date of the original Ruby and Sapphire release date , with the exception of Europe , where it was released on November 28 , 2014 .
The gameplay is mostly unchanged from the previous games ; the player controls the main character from an overhead perspective , and the controls are largely the same as those of previous games . As with previous games , the main objectives are to catch all of the Pokémon in the games and defeat the Elite Four ( a group of Pokémon trainers ) ; also like their predecessors , the games ' main subplot involves the main character defeating a criminal organization that attempts to take over the region . New features , such as double battles and Pokémon abilities along with 135 new Pokémon , have been added . As the Game Boy Advance is more powerful than its predecessors , four players may be connected at a time instead of the previous limit of two . Additionally , the games can be connected to an e @-@ Reader or other advanced generation Pokémon games .
Ruby and Sapphire received mostly positive reviews , though critics were divided in their assessment of the games , especially on the gameplay and graphics . Most of the complaints focused on the fact that the gameplay had not changed much since previous generations . With the popularity of Pokémon on the decline at the time , the games sold less than previous generations . However , they were still commercial successes ; with around 16 million copies sold according to IGN , they are the best @-@ selling games for the Game Boy Advance .
= = Gameplay = =
The basic mechanics of Ruby and Sapphire are largely the same as their predecessors ' . As with all Pokémon games for hand @-@ held consoles , gameplay is in third @-@ person , overhead perspective and consists of three basic screens : a field map , in which the player navigates the main character ; a battle screen ; and the menu , in which the player configures his party , items , or gameplay settings . The player begins the game with one Pokémon , and can capture more using Poké Balls . The player can also use his / her Pokémon to battle other Pokémon . When the player encounters a wild Pokémon or is challenged by a trainer to a battle , the screen switches to a turn @-@ based battle screen where the Pokémon fight . During battle , the player may fight , use an item , switch his / her active Pokémon , or flee ( the last is not an option in battles against trainers ) . All Pokémon have hit points ( HP ) ; when a Pokémon 's HP is reduced to zero , it faints and cannot battle until it is revived . If the player 's Pokémon defeats the opposing Pokémon ( causes it to faint ) , it receives experience points . After accumulating enough experience points , it may level up ; most Pokémon evolve into a new species of Pokémon when they reach a certain level .
Apart from battling , capturing Pokémon is the most essential element of Pokémon gameplay . During battle with a wild Pokémon ( other trainers ' Pokémon cannot be captured ) , the player may use a Poké Ball on the wild Pokémon . If successful , the Pokémon will be added to the player 's active party ( or stored if the player already has the maximum six Pokémon in his / her party ) . Factors in the success rate of capture include the HP ( and / or status effects such as Paralysis or Sleep , ) of the target Pokémon and the strength of the Poké Ball used : the lower the target 's HP and the stronger the Poké Ball , the higher the success rate of capture is .
= = = New gameplay features = = =
The most prominent change in the battle mechanics is the introduction of double battles , in which the opposing parties each use two Pokémon at the same time . Consequently , certain Pokémon moves can affect multiple combatants at once . Multi battles were added alongside double battles . They are identical to double battle , but there are two trainers to a side , each controlling one of the two Pokémon sent out . Also new to the games are innate abilities and natures ; the former is shared by every Pokémon of a certain species , while the latter may vary among a particular species . Abilities grant their holders certain powers in battle , such as immunity against certain types of moves or strengthening a certain type of move . Natures , like innate abilities , affect the strength of Pokémon in battle ; however , they affect the stats of the Pokémon rather than directly affecting the strength of the moves . Another stat introduced in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire is Condition , an important factor in Pokémon Contests , mini @-@ games in which participants perform moves before a judge . Both Pokémon and their moves have a Condition , which is increased by using Pokéblocks ( candies made from berries ) . Ruby and Sapphire were the first games to have different weather conditions ( sunny , rain , hail , and sandstorm ) , and these affected battle in unique ways . Secret bases were added as a one off feature where players could open up a hole in the world and customize the place with various items picked up in game . Players who linked up with others who set up secret bases were able to battle an NPC version of that trainer within their secret base .
Like Pokémon Gold , Silver , and Crystal , Ruby and Sapphire keep track of real @-@ life time ; this influences events like tides and berry plant growth . However , unlike their predecessors , Ruby and Sapphire do not differentiate between day and night . Also , due to the differences in the technical specifications of Game Boy link cables and Game Boy Advance link cables , Ruby and Sapphire cannot be linked with Pokémon games of previous generations ; one cannot battle with or trade to the previous generations .
= = = Connectivity with other devices = = =
Ruby and Sapphire have limited e @-@ Reader support . Nintendo released Battle @-@ e Cards , a set of e @-@ Reader cards that contained trainer battles in which the player could see previously @-@ hidden Pokémon . A special e @-@ Reader card called the Eon Ticket was also released ; obtained through the Mystery Gift function , the Ticket allows the player to reach a place called Southern Island . There , the player faces either Latios or Latias , depending on which version the player is using .
Ruby and Sapphire are also able to connect to the GameCube games Pokémon Colosseum , Pokémon XD : Gale of Darkness and Pokémon Box . In the former two , once players reach a certain point in the game , they are able to transfer Pokémon between Colosseum / XD and Ruby / Sapphire . Additionally , those who pre @-@ ordered Colosseum were able to access the Pokémon Jirachi and see a preview of the movie Pokémon : Jirachi Wish Maker . Box , a so @-@ called Pokémon " Microsoft Office " , allows players to store and organize their Pokémon on the GameCube . Also , in the European version of Pokémon Channel , players could receive a Jirachi at a certain point in the game , which they could then transfer over to Ruby / Sapphire .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire take place in the Hoenn region , located some distance from the Kanto and Johto regions featured in previous games . The design of Hoenn was based on the Japanese island and region of Kyushu ; however Hoenn is rotated 90 ° relative to Kyushu , as Junichi Masuda felt that it would provide a better gameplay balance . Like Kyushu , Hoenn possesses many smaller islands , and part of the region is dominated by sea routes , several of which contain areas where the player can dive underwater .
= = = Story = = =
Like other Pokémon games , Ruby and Sapphire 's gameplay is linear ; the main events occur in a fixed order . The protagonist of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire is a child who has recently moved to Littleroot Town . At the beginning of the games , the player chooses either Treecko , Torchic , or Mudkip as his or her starter Pokémon from Professor Birch . His or her friend , the protagonist 's rival , is also a Pokémon Trainer and occasionally battles the player . The games ' two main goals are defeating the eight Gym Leaders , proving oneself worthy of challenging the Elite Four and Champion to become the new Champion and completing the Pokédex by capturing , evolving , and trading to obtain all 202 Pokémon ( It is possible to obtain all 386 Pokémon , but this requires trading with Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen ) .
In addition to the main quest of defeating the Gym Leaders , there are side quests in which the player can aid NPCs by fulfilling tasks ( usually obtaining items ) ; other side quests involve catching legendary Pokémon . The most prominent subplot involves Team Aqua and Team Magma , crime syndicates who want to use Pokémon to alter the climate of Hoenn . In Ruby , the villains , Team Magma , want to use the legendary Pokémon Groudon to dry up the oceans of Hoenn and increase the region 's landmass ; in Sapphire , the Team Aqua are the villains and they try to use Groudon 's counterpart , Kyogre , to increase the region 's water levels . The player 's father also introduces the player to Wally , a sickly young boy whom the player helps capture a Pokémon to be his companion as he moves away from the big city . Wally eventually overcomes his illness and becomes a successful Pokémon trainer , ultimately becoming the final challenger the player must face before the Elite Four .
Shortly before approaching the town of the first Gym Leader , the protagonist first encounters the Team Magma / Aqua in the Petalburg Woods , where he or she rescues a worker from Devon ( a company that manufactures Pokéballs ) and recovers Devon merchandise . Upon arriving in Fallarbor Town ( after defeating the third Gym Leader ) , the protagonist discovers that Professor Cozmo , an astronomer , has been kidnapped by Magma / Aqua . The protagonist traces them to a cave , Meteor Falls , but is too late to stop them from escaping to Mt . Chimney with a meteorite . The protagonist follows Magma / Aqua to Mt . Chimney where they are preparing to use the meteorite to alter the climate of the region . The protagonist defeats the Team 's leader , however , and returns the meteorite to Professor Cozmo . Shortly after the protagonist defeats the fifth Gym Leader ( the protagonist 's father , the first time such a character appears ) , Magma / Aqua again attempts to change the region 's climate by stealing a Castform , a Pokémon with the ability to change the weather , from the Weather Institute . After the protagonist defeats the sixth Gym Leader , Magma / Aqua steals an orb with the ability to control a legendary Pokémon ( Groudon in Ruby , Kyogre in Sapphire ) . Magma / Aqua then steals a submarine from Captain Stern in Slateport City ; the protagonist , however , infiltrates the team 's hideout , but fails to prevent the submarine from being used . Magma / Aqua , then travel with the orb to the Seafloor Cavern , where Groudon or Kyogre resides ; the team then uses the orb to awaken the legendary Pokémon , but they have chosen the wrong one and have instead enraged the Pokémon instead of putting it under their thrall . Once awakened , the Pokémon travels to the Cave of Origin and causes a region @-@ wide drought ( Ruby ) or severe rainstorms ( Sapphire ) . When the protagonist defeats ( or captures ) the Pokémon , the region 's weather returns to normal .
= = Development and release = =
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire were developed by Game Freak and Nintendo under the direction of Junichi Masuda . As with its predecessors , Ken Sugimori was the art director , although these were the first games in which he did not single @-@ handedly produce all of the art . When asked where his design team came up with the ideas for all of the new Pokémon , Sugimori stated that they got their ideas from past experiences in their childhood involving nature , animals , and the media and then base them on insects . Even looking at the world in a different perspective sometimes provided inspiration for the creatures . " First we select an insect and after that we add essential elements to the insects to make it more like Pokemon , such as adding some hard shape to it , to be more like steel , " Sugimori said , describing the process of creating a Pokémon .
As the Game Boy Advance was able to handle newer , enhanced graphics , Ruby and Sapphire were the first games in the series that allowed up to four people to share information at one time , as opposed to the previous limit of two . However , the development team used a more basic graphics engine in order to keep the game simple and not overly confusing . The team wanted the games to appeal to a large audience , so the software was designed to be easy enough for younger generations of children to play , but new features were added to bring the veteran gamers back .
Masuda stated that the basic philosophy of all Pokémon games is communication ; in the Pokémon series , this is manifested in trading and battling with other people . When asked about the new concept of double battles , the developers noted that they tried to focus more on the original one @-@ on @-@ one battles as the main type of competition and only added the double battles as a " new challenge " . They stated that if they receive positive feedback about the double battles , the feature may appear more in future generations .
The games were the first in the series that did not contain all of the Pokémon from previous generations . Sugimori stated that the team tried to include all the new Pokémon as well as some from previous generations . When asked about any features that could not be included due to technical restrictions , Masuda noted that he wanted each individual Pokémon to make up to three different cries depending on its mood .
Nintendo did not promote Ruby and Sapphire at the 2002 E3 convention ; however , it launched a USD $ 7 million promotional campaign that lasted from March to May 2003 . In addition to rewarding pre @-@ orders of the games with merchandise , Nintendo held a contest in which participants submitted videos of themselves singing the Pokémon theme song with their own re @-@ written lyrics ; the grand prize for that event was a Lugia PT Cruiser . Later that year , Nintendo launched the EON Ticket Summer Tour , in which 125 Toys ' R ' Us stores across the United States offered the Eon Ticket e @-@ Card in stores from July 19 to September 1 . Nintendo aired two television advertisements , " Faces " and " Names " , on prime @-@ time network , cable , and syndication . " Faces " featured Pokémon juxtaposed with human look @-@ alikes ; " Names " featured people shouting out the names of Pokémon and emphasized the fact that the games introduced 100 new Pokémon . Additionally , Nintendo collaborated with United Kingdom beverage brand Vimto to promote the games .
= = Audio = =
The audio of Ruby and Sapphire consists entirely of game music ; all dialogue is on @-@ screen . The music , composed by Junichi Masuda , Go Ichinose and Morikazu Aoki , is completely instrumental except for two tracks with vocals , " Trick Master " and " Slateport City " . The soundtrack of the game was released under the Mediafactory label in Japan on April 26 , 2003 ; the album reached # 297 on the Oricon charts and charted for one week . Junichi Masuda wrote only battle tunes , Go Ichinose wrote most of the town , route , fanfare & ' Spotted ' tunes , whereas Morikazu Aoki did the remainder .
The soundtrack is noted for its heavy use of trumpets .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The games met with mostly positive reviews . IGN gave them an " Amazing " 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 rating and awarded them the Editor 's Choice Award ; in 2007 , the games were collectively named the tenth best Game Boy Advance game of all time in an IGN article . GameZone also gave the games a 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 rating and gave the games an Outstanding Award . GamePro gave the games 5 out of 5 stars and named them Editor 's Choices . ComputerAndVideoGames.com gave the games a 9 of 10 , and GameSpot gave the games 8 @.@ 1 out of 10 . Eurogamer and 1UP.com were less enthusiastic about the games , however ; Eurogamer gave the games 7 out of 10 , and 1UP gave the games a B- .
Reviewers were divided in their critiques of the games , especially concerning the gameplay and graphics . IGN praised the " deep design " and noted that the addition of features such as double battles greatly increased the strategic aspect of the games . GamePro also thought that the addition of double battles " add [ ed ] challenge " and " made the harder battles far more strategic than before — the way the game should be " . Likewise , ComputerAndVideoGames.com called the gameplay " incredibly compelling and addictive " . GameZone noted that the gameplay was more refined and challenging than that of previous titles . However , GameSpot called the games " a cakewalk from start to finish " and claimed that Ruby and Sapphire "
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, the fact is certainly doubtful . But when we take into consideration the vast emigration into this Territory , and of citizens , too , decidedly opposed to the measure , we feel satisfied that , at all events , Congress will suspend any legislative act on this subject until we shall , by the constitution , be admitted into the Union , and have a right to adopt such a constitution , in this respect , as may comport with the wishes of a majority of the citizens .... The toleration of slavery is either right or wrong ; and if Congress should think , with us , that it is wrong , that it is inconsistent with the principles upon which our future constitution is to be formed , your memorialists will rest satisfied that , at least , this subject will not be by them taken up until the constitutional number of the citizens of this Territory shall assume that right .
When the petition was signed and circulated , it gained six hundred more signatures than the petition circulated to request the legalization of slavery . The same year , the abolitionists won their first victory over the Harrison faction . In the election for territorial delegate , Jesse B. Thomas , the anti @-@ slavery factions candidate , defeated Harrison 's candidate .
By 1809 the territory 's population had climbed to over 20 @,@ 000 . Congress passed legislation that allowed the Indiana Territory to elect a bicameral legislature and made the Legislative Council the upper house It also ordered Harrison to dissolve the existing one and created the Illinois Territory . The effect of these actions , was to cut the pro @-@ slavery faction remaining in the Indiana Territory in half . The election resulted in a sweeping victory for the anti @-@ slavery party . The new assembly quickly passed legislation revoking the indentured servitude laws of 1803 , and introduced legislation to prevent its reintroduction . They also passed laws aimed at preventing slave hunters from removing escaped slaves from the state .
The repeal of the laws was met with resentment and violence in Vincennes . An effigy of Jesse Bright was burnt in the street , and Rice Jones , a popular abolitionist , was murdered .
= = = Abolitionist victory = = =
In 1809 , Dennis Pennington , one of the most outspoken anti @-@ slavery men and a friend of Henry Clay , was elected to the legislature as the representative from Harrison County , and became speaker of the assembly . His prominence allowed him to dominate the legislature . Before the constitutional convention in 1816 , Pennington was quoted as saying " Let us be on our guard when our convention men are chosen that they be men opposed to slavery . " At the constitutional convention , the anti @-@ slavery party was able to take control , electing Jennings as the president of the convention . It was by their actions that slavery was banned by the first constitution .
When Indiana sought statehood in 1816 , there was talk of its entering as a slave state among the dwindling group of slavery supporters as illustrated in the March 2 , 1816 edition of the ( Vincennes ) Western Sun , where a " citizen of Gibson " stated , " the best interests of humanity required the admission of slavery into the state . " The eastern half of the state saw much debate over the slavery issue . While the state constitution did outlaw slavery and indentures , much of the population that had immigrated from the South were commoners and not landed slaveholders . Of the 43 men who wrote the constitution , 34 were either born or had once lived in the South , and the constitution was a near copy of the Kentucky constitution , save for the anti @-@ slavery clause .
During the first gubernatorial election , Jonathan Jennings 's campaign motto was " No Slavery in Indiana " . He easily defeated pro @-@ slavery candidate Thomas Posey , and upon his victory he declared that Indiana was a " Free State " . He also asked the legislature to pass laws that would stop the " unlawful attempts to seize and carry into bondage persons of color legally entitled to their freedom : and at the same time , as far as practical , to prevent those who rightfully owe service to the citizen of any other State of Territory , from seeking , within the limits of this State ( Indiana ) , a refuge from the possession of their lawful masters . " He stated that such laws would help secure the freedom of many . This request resulted in the creation of a Man Stealing Act aimed to prevent slave hunters from operating in the state .
In 1818 Dennis Pennington , then a state senator , had three Kentuckians indicted for violating the Man Stealing Act when they forcibly took a black woman from a home in Harrison County and removed her to Kentucky . Governor Jennings requested the Kentucky Governor send the men to Indiana for trials ; after several years of correspondence the Kentucky governor refused on constitutional grounds . These events led Jennings to eventually have to reverse his position and request that the legislature pass laws to discourage runaway slaves from seeking refuge in Indiana . Jennings said it was needed to " maintain harmony between the states " .
From 1810 to 1820 , the number of free blacks in Indiana increased from 400 to 1200 . In 1820 the State Supreme Court case of Polly v. Lasselle ordered all slaves , except those held before the 1787 Northwest Territory Ordinance , to be freed . The new ruling led to a sharp decline in the state 's slave population . In 1820 the census recorded 190 slaves ; by the 1830 census there were only three .
In 1823 , when Ohio passed resolutions asking the Federal government for a national ban on slavery , at the urging of Governor William Hendricks , the Indiana General Assembly issued a resolution which was forwarded the Federal government stating :
" Resolved That it is expedient that such a system should be predicated upon the principle that the evil of slavery is a national one and that the people and the States of this Union ought mutually to participate in the duties and burdens of removing it Therefore , " Resolved By the General Assembly of the State of Indiana that we do approve of and cordially concur in the aforesaid resolutions of the State of Ohio and that His Excellency the Governor be requested to communicate the same to the Executives of each of the several States in the Union and each of our Senators and Representatives in Congress requesting their cooperation in all national measures to effect the grand object therein embraced . "
= = Indiana state = =
= = = Remnants of slavery = = =
Even with statehood , there was still slavery in Indiana . Despite slavery and indentures becoming illegal in 1816 due to the state constitution , the 1820 federal census listed 190 slaves in Indiana . Many Hoosier slaveholders felt that the 1816 constitution did not cover preexisting slavery ; others just did not care if it was illegal . In eastern Indiana nearly all slaveholders immediately freed their slaves . But the majority of slaveholders in western counties , especially in Knox , decided to keep their slaves . The Vincennes newspaper Western Sun had numerous times advertised " indentured Negroes and other slaves " , a sign of the approval of slavery in the area . " In Knox County , virtually all of the ( slave ) suits were denied by the County Court in 1817 and 1818 . " A black woman known as Polly was held slave by French trader Hyacinthe Lasselle of Vincennes . Polly sued in 1820 for her freedom , but was denied in the Knox County Court . She appealed to the Indiana Supreme Court , who ruled in her favor that she should be free . But even after this decision , there was slavery in Indiana . The federal census of 1830 still showed three slaves in Indiana : one each in Orange County , Decatur County , and Warrick County . A separate local census in Knox County in 1830 showed the presence of 32 slaves . Even in 1840 there were three slaves listed in the federal census as being in Indiana : a girl in Putnam County and a man and girl in Rush County .
= = = Views upon slavery = = =
A traveler from New York , Dr. Samuel Bernard Judah , described Vincennes in 1829 as having many blacks , making the observation of them being “ generally poorly clad … poor miserable race ” . Indiana Governor Noah Noble spoke with pride in December 1837 on how Indiana helped slaveholders recapture their escaped slaves . When Kentucky expressed displeasure at how some Hoosiers helped runaways , the Indiana legislature passed a resolution that stated acts by Northerners to interfere with the capture of runaways was “ unpatriotic and injurious to the stability of the Union . ”
In 1851 Indiana adopted a new constitution , and among its new clauses was one that prohibited blacks from immigrating to Indiana . The prohibition was intended to be a punishment to the slavery states . Like several other northern states , Indiana lawmakers believed the majority of free blacks were uneducated and ill equipped to care for themselves . They believed since the South put them in that condition , they should be responsible for the " burden " of caring for them . This view , that the South should clean up its own mess , remained dominant even after the Civil War , and the clause in Indiana 's constitution was not repealed until the 20th century .
= = = Abraham Lincoln = = =
Abraham Lincoln lived in Indiana from 1816 until 1830 , age 7 to 21 . It was during these years that Lincoln first encountered slavery and began to form his opinions . Growing up in a climate where the state politics were run by men like Jennings and Pennington would have much influence on the development of Lincoln 's views .
In 1860 when the American Civil War broke out , Indiana would remain part of the Union and contribute over 200 @,@ 000 men to suppress the rebellion . By that act Hoosiers helped to outlaw slavery in the United States forever .
= = = Underground Railroad = = =
Many Indiana residents participated in the underground railroad . Two major arteries in the underground railroad traveled through Indiana . Tell City , Evansville , and Jeffersonville were two gateways to the underground railroad . An important stopover was Westfield , where food and hiding places were provided to slaves trying to reach Canada . Other safe houses dotted Indiana , including one in Town Clock Church ( pictured ) . Escaping slaves who entered Indiana would be ferried from safe house to safe house northward , usually into Michigan , where they could cross safely to Windsor , in Ontario , Canada .
In one of the more famous events of the underground railroad , Eliza Harris , a slave from Kentucky , crossed the Ohio River one winter 's night when it froze over . She was aided in her escape by Levi Coffin of Fountain City , and eventually escaped to Ontario after being guided by Hoosiers from safe house to safe house through Indiana . Her story was the inspiration for the book Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Coffin and his wife would help as many as two thousand slaves escape the South .
= Aymer de Valence , 2nd Earl of Pembroke =
Aymer de Valence , 2nd Earl of Pembroke ( c . 1275 – 23 June 1324 ) was a Franco @-@ English nobleman . Though primarily active in England , he also had strong connections with the French royal house . One of the wealthiest and most powerful men of his age , he was a central player in the conflicts between Edward II of England and his nobility , particularly Thomas , 2nd Earl of Lancaster . Pembroke was one of the Lords Ordainers appointed to restrict the power of Edward II and his favourite Piers Gaveston . His position changed with the great insult he suffered when Gaveston , as a prisoner in his custody whom he had sworn to protect , was removed and beheaded on the instigation of Lancaster . This led Pembroke into close and lifelong cooperation with the King . Later in life , however , political circumstances combined with financial difficulties would cause him problems , driving him away from the centre of power .
Though earlier historians saw Pembroke as the head of a ' middle party ' , between the extremes of Lancaster and the king , the modern consensus is that he remained essentially loyal to Edward throughout most of his career . Pembroke was married twice , and left no legitimate issue , though he did have a bastard son . He is today remembered primarily through his wife 's , Marie de St Pol , foundation of Pembroke College , Cambridge , and for his splendid tomb that can still be seen in Westminster Abbey . He was also an important figure in the wars against Robert the Bruce .
= = Family and early years = =
Aymer was the son of William de Valence , son of Hugh X , Count of La Marche and Isabella of Angoulême . William was Henry III 's half @-@ brother through his mother ’ s prior marriage to King John , and as such gained a central position in the Kingdom of England . He had come to the earldom of Pembroke through his marriage to Joan de Munchensi , granddaughter of William Marshal . Aymer was the third son of his family , so little is known of his birth and early years . He is believed to have been born some time between 1270 and 1275 . As his father was on crusade with Lord Edward until January 1273 , a date towards the end of this period is more likely . With the death in battle in Wales of his remaining brother William in 1282 ( John , the elder brother , was dead in 1277 ) , Aymer found himself heir to the Earldom of Pembroke . William de Valence died in 1296 , and Aymer inherited his father 's French lands , but had to wait until his mother died in 1307 to succeed to the Earldom . Through inheritance and marriages his lands consisted of – apart from the county palatine in Pembrokeshire – property spread out across England primarily in a strip from Gloucestershire to East Anglia , in south @-@ east Ireland ( Wexford ) , and French lands in the Poitou- and Calais areas .
In 1297 he accompanied Edward I on a campaign to Flanders , and seems to have been knighted by this time . With his French connections he was in the following years a valuable diplomat in France for the English King . He also served as military commander in Scotland . He won an important victory over Robert the Bruce in 1306 at the Battle of Methven , only to be defeated by Bruce at Loudoun Hill the next year .
= = The Ordinances and Piers Gaveston = =
Edward I died in 1307 and was succeeded by his son Edward II . The new King at first enjoyed the good will of his nobility , Valence among them . Conflict soon ensued , however , connected especially with the enormous unpopularity of Edward 's favourite Piers Gaveston . Gaveston 's arrogance towards the peers , and his control over Edward , united the Baronage in opposition to the King . In 1311 the initiative known as the Ordinances was introduced , severely limiting Royal powers in financial matters and in the appointment of officers . Equally important , Gaveston was expelled from the realm - as Edward I had already done once before . Pembroke , who was not among the most radical of the Ordainers , and had earlier been sympathetic with the King , had now realised the necessity of exiling Gaveston .
When Gaveston without permission returned from exile later the same year , a Baronial council entrusted Pembroke and The Earl of Surrey , with the task of taking him into custody . This they did on 19 May 1312 , but not long after Thomas of Lancaster , acting with the Earls of Warwick , Hereford and Arundel , seized Gaveston and executed him on 19 June . This criminal act had the effect of garnering support for the King , and marginalising the rebellious earls . As far as Pembroke is concerned , the seizing and execution of a prisoner in his custody was a breach of the most fundamental chivalric codes , and a serious affront to his honour . The event must therefore be seen as pivotal in turning his sympathies away from the rebels and towards the King .
= = Later years = =
In the following years Pembroke worked closely with the King . He was appointed the King ’ s lieutenant in Scotland in 1314 , and was present at the disastrous English defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn , where he helped lead Edward away from the field of battle . In 1317 , however , while returning from a papal embassy to Avignon , he was captured by a Jean de Lamouilly , and held for ransom in Germany . The ransom of £ 10 @,@ 400 was to cause Pembroke significant financial difficulties for the remainder of his life .
Although ostracised because of the murder of Gaveston , Thomas of Lancaster had regained virtual control of royal government in the period after Bannockburn . Proving himself as incapable to rule as Edward , however , he soon grew unpopular . Pembroke was one of the magnates who in the years 1316 @-@ 18 tried to prevent civil war from breaking out between the supporters of Edward and those of Lancaster , and he helped negotiate the Treaty of Leake in 1318 , restoring Edward to power . Peace did not last long , however , as the King by now had taken on Hugh Despenser the younger as another favourite , in much the same position as Gaveston . Pembroke 's attempts at reconciliation eventually failed , and civil war broke out in 1321 . In 1322 Lancaster was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge , and executed . Pembroke was among the Earls behind the conviction . Also in 1322 , Pembroke founded a leper hospital in Gravesend .
After Boroughbridge Pembroke found himself in a difficult situation . The opponents of Hugh Despenser and his father had lost all faith in him , but at the same time he found himself marginalised at court where the Despensers ' power grew more and more complete . On top of this came his financial problems . On 24 June 1324 , while on an embassy to France , he suddenly collapsed and died while lodging somewhere in Picardy .
= = Legacy = =
T.F. Tout , in 1914 one of the first historians to make a thorough academic study of the period , considered Pembroke the one favourable exception in an age of small @-@ minded and incompetent leaders . Tout wrote of a ' middle party ' , led by Pembroke , representing a moderate position between the extremes of Edward and Lancaster . This ' middle party ' supposedly took control of royal government through the Treaty of Leake in 1318 . In his authoritative study of 1972 , J.R.S. Phillips rejects this view . In spite of misgivings with the King ’ s favourites , Pembroke was consistently loyal to Edward . What was accomplished in 1318 was not the takeover by a ' middle party ' , but simply a restoration of royal power .
Aymer and his sister Agnes rented the one of the old manor houses of Dagenham in Essex , which has been called Valence House ever since .
Aymer married twice ; his first marriage , before 1295 , was to Beatrice , daughter of Raoul de Clermont , Lord of Nesle in Picardy and Constable of France . Beatrice died in 1320 , and in 1321 he married Marie de St Pol , daughter of Gui de Châtillon , Count of St Pol and Butler of France . He never had any legitimate children , but he had an illegitimate son , Henry de Valence , whose mother is unknown . Pembroke 's most lasting legacy is probably through his second wife , who in 1347 founded Pembroke College , Cambridge . The family arms are still represented on the dexter side of the college arms . Aymer de Valence was buried in Westminster Abbey , where his tomb can still be seen as a splendid example of late gothic architecture , elaborating on the design of the nearby tomb of Edmund Crouchback .
= Paparazzi ( Lady Gaga song ) =
" Paparazzi " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter Lady Gaga from her debut studio album , The Fame ( 2008 ) . It was released as the fifth and final single by Interscope Records . Gaga wrote and produced the song with Rob Fusari . The song portrays Gaga 's struggles in her quest for fame , as well as balancing success and love . Musically , it is an up @-@ tempo dance @-@ pop song whose lyrics describe a stalker following somebody to grab attention and fame .
Although released on July 6 , 2009 , in the United Kingdom and four days later in Australia , " LoveGame " initially had been planned as the third single release in the former but deeming its lyrics and music video potentially controversial , it was decided that " Paparazzi " would be released instead . " Paparazzi " was critically acclaimed for its " fun @-@ filled " and club @-@ friendly nature . It was also commercially successful , reaching top @-@ ten positions in the music charts of Australia , Canada , Ireland , the United Kingdom , and the United States and topping the charts in the Czech Republic and Germany .
The accompanying music video portrays Gaga as a doomed starlet , hounded by photographers , who is almost killed by her boyfriend . It shows her survival , comeback , revenge on her boyfriend , and experiences on the way to fame . The video won two MTV Video Music Awards in 2009 for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects . Gaga also performed the song at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards in a performance art piece symbolizing the negative effect of fame leading to death . Additional live performances of the song include on The Fame Ball Tour , where it was the opening song , on an October 2009 episode of Saturday Night Live and on The Monster Ball Tour . On the first leg of the tour , she appeared as a Rapunzel @-@ like character ; from the second leg onward , she performed the song alongside a giant anglerfish ( " The Fame Monster " ) who , attempting to devour her , was killed after her leotard shot sparks into the creature .
= = Background and release = =
Before she rose to fame , Lady Gaga met music producer Rob Fusari in March 2006 and began dating him in May . Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with Fusari . While working together , he compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury , lead singer of Queen . He also created the " Lady Gaga " moniker after the Queen song " Radio Ga Ga " . Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first , the pair soon started writing more songs for Gaga . Towards the end of 2007 , Gaga 's management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne , whom they also managed .
By 2008 , Gaga relocated to Los Angeles in order to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album , The Fame , and set up her own creative team called the Haus of Gaga . " Paparazzi " was one of the songs written by Gaga and Fusari who also produced the track . In a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone , Gaga recalled her relationship with a heavy metal drummer called Luke , who became an inspiration for most of the songs on The Fame , including " Paparazzi " . The song became a symbol for Gaga to escape her own narcissism and desire for fame . She was infatuated with Luke , calling him " the love of her life " , and ready to be his fan , to turn the camera around and photograph him .
To the Australian Daily Telegraph , Gaga explained that " Paparazzi " was about struggling to balance success and love . Further explanations said that the song was about trying to win the paparazzi and the media in one 's favor . " It 's a love song for the cameras , but it 's also a love song about fame or love – can you have both , or can you only have one " , she concluded . " Paparazzi " was the album 's third single in Ireland , Italy and the United Kingdom , the fourth in Canada and the United States and the fifth in Australia , France and New Zealand . Although released on July 6 , 2009 , in the United Kingdom and four days later in Australia , " LoveGame " initially had been planned as the third single release in the former but deeming its lyrics and music video potentially controversial , it was decided that " Paparazzi " would be released instead .
= = Recording and composition = =
" Paparazzi " was recorded at 150 Studios in Parsippany @-@ Troy Hills , New Jersey . Along with the production and songwriting of the track , Gaga also did the background vocals and played piano and synthesizer . Calvin " Sci @-@ Fidelty " Gaines did the programming and Fusari did the audio engineering and recording . Other personnel involved in creating the final version of the song included Robert Orton who did the audio mixing , and Gene Grimaldi who mastered the song at Oasis Mastering Studios , Burbank , California .
" Paparazzi " has a similar up @-@ tempo composition to the previous singles " Just Dance " and " Poker Face " and carries a sultry beat , while its composition is of the dance @-@ pop genre . According to the sheet music published by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song has a moderate electro @-@ synth groove . It is composed in the key of C minor with a tempo of 115 beats per minute . It is set in common time , and Gaga 's vocal range spans from a low @-@ note of G3 to the high @-@ note of E ♭ 5 . The verses follow in the chord progression of Cm – A ♭ – Cm and the chorus uses an A ♭ – E ♭ – Fm – D ♭ progression . The lyrics of " Paparazzi " deal with stalking and the trappings of fame . Gaga sings about her desire to get attention from the cameras : " I 'm your biggest fan / I 'll follow you until you love me / Papa , paparazzi . "
= = Critical reception = =
The song received positive reviews from music critics . In 2011 , Rolling Stone called it the second greatest Gaga song of all time , praising the song 's theme and beat . Jill Menze of Billboard , while reviewing The Fame Ball Tour , complimented Gaga 's vocals on the song by saying , " The fame @-@ obsessed ballad ' Paparazzi ' showed how adept she can be with her range . " Alexis Petridis of The Guardian said that , " You may quickly tire of hearing the album 's theme constantly reiterated , but the tune of ' Paparazzi ' takes up residence in your brain and refuses to budge . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the song clever and said that it " functions simultaneously as glorious pop trash and a wicked parody of it . "
Priya Elan of The Times thought that " even the trio of songs that provides the core of the album 's celebrity theme ( ' Paparazzi ' , ' Beautiful Dirty Rich ' , and the title track ) don 't ruminate on the addictive inanity of fame , choosing instead to observe passively . " David Balls from Digital Spy praised Gaga 's decision of releasing a mid @-@ tempo track after two uptempos ( " Just Dance " and " Poker Face " ) saying that " thanks to a typically catchy chorus and some smart , celebrity @-@ themed lyrics , very nearly as thrilling in the finish . Backed with a hilariously self @-@ indulgent video , it seems GaGa still has us firmly in her clutch and , ahem , squealing for more . "
Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said that both " Paparazzi " and the earlier single " Poker Face " are comparable with the musical styles of first single " Just Dance " but added that " never once does it feel like Gaga is deliberately repeating herself ; instead , her faults only come from covering territory that she 's obviously not prepared for . " Freedom du Lac of The Washington Post said that even though Gaga turns somewhat serious while disapprovingly singing " Paparazzi " , the song comes across as flat and faceless as well as vapid . Erika Howard of the New Times Broward @-@ Palm Beach called it the most telling track from the album .
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said that " ' Paparazzi ' is a love letter from camera to subject but stops short of admitting that the affection runs both ways . Any notion that Lady Gaga is sketching an elaborate stunt is stopped cold at the lyric sheet , a perverse flaunting of simplicity that betrays no cynicism whatsoever . " Pitchfork Media ranked " Paparazzi " number 83 on their list of 2009 's 100 best tracks . NME ranked it at number 9 in their list of the best songs of 2009 .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 74 on the issue dated September 12 , 2009 , and reached a peak of number six , becoming her fourth consecutive top @-@ ten song on the chart . With the song , Gaga joined Christina Aguilera , Beyoncé , and Fergie as the only women this decade to collect four Hot 100 top @-@ tens from a debut album . It also reached the top of Billboard 's Pop Songs chart , thus making Gaga the first artist in the seventeen @-@ year history of Pop Songs chart to have her first four singles from a debut album reach the top of the chart . The song also topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . It has sold 3 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 paid digital downloads in the United States as of April 2015 , according to Nielsen Soundscan . It became Gaga 's fourth song to top the three @-@ million mark , and was certified three @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . " Paparazzi " debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92 and moved up to number 57 the following week becoming the week 's greatest digital gainer . The song ultimately peaked at number three on the chart , in its 13th week .
" Paparazzi " debuted on the official Australian Singles Chart at number seventy @-@ three on the issue dated June 1 , 2009 and leaped to twenty @-@ seven the next week . The song ultimately peaked at number two , giving Gaga her fourth top five single in Australia . The song was certified two @-@ times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 140 @,@ 000 copies . In New Zealand , " Paparazzi " debuted at number twenty @-@ three on the week ending June 22 , 2009 and reached a peak of number five . The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) after fourteen weeks on the chart , for shipping over 7 @,@ 500 copies .
In the UK , " Paparazzi " debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number ninety @-@ nine in February 2009 due to digital downloads after the release of The Fame . It reached number thirteen for the issue dated June 21 , 2009 , after jumping from forty @-@ three to this position from the last week . The next week the song further climbed to number eight and ultimately peaked at number four . It was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) and sold a total of 585 @,@ 000 copies according to the Official Charts Company . " Paparazzi " debuted at number thirty @-@ eight on the Irish Singles Chart and peaked at number four . " Paparazzi " reached number one in Germany , making it her second chart @-@ topper there . The song also debuted on the Dutch Top 40 at number twenty @-@ seven on the issue dated July 18 , 2009 . It peaked at number four on its sixth week on the chart . In Italy , the song debuted at number nineteen and then climbed to number three , becoming Gaga 's second top three there .
= = Music video = =
= = = Development = = =
The music video was directed by Swedish director , Jonas Åkerlund , who has previously directed music videos for artists like The Smashing Pumpkins , Madonna , Moby , Rammstein , and U2 . His wife Bea Åkerlund was hired as Gaga 's stylist for the video . It was filmed at Villa de Leon in Malibu , California and at Chateau d 'Or in Bel Air , Los Angeles . Gaga told MTV News that she was satisfied with the finished version of the " Paparazzi " video , likening it to a short film . In an interview with The Canadian Press on May 26 , 2009 , Gaga cited her video as " the most amazing creative work that [ she 's ] put together so far . " She went on to describe the message of the video :
" It has a real , genuine , powerful message about fame @-@ whoring and death and the demise of the celebrity , and what that does to young people . The video explores ideas about sort of hyperbolic situations that people will go to in order to be famous . Most specifically , pornography and murder . These are some of the major themes in the video .
Later , in her V magazine cover story , Gaga believed that Princess Diana was referenced in the video , claiming she died because of being a martyr symbolic of fame . The video was supposed to premiere on June 4 , 2009 , in the United Kingdom and Ireland , on Channel 4 . However , while touring in Australia , Gaga posted a message on her Twitter account on May 29 , 2009 saying " Stop leaking my motherfucking videos " , which referred to the video being released without the singer 's consent .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The music video is eight minutes long . Swedish actor Alexander Skarsgård plays Gaga 's boyfriend . The video features a murderous plot line involving a doomed starlet who is constantly followed by photographers . The video opens with a shot of a seaside mansion , where Gaga and her boyfriend are shown lying on a bed talking in Swedish . They move to the balcony and start making out ; however , when hidden photographers start taking pictures of them , Gaga realizes that her boyfriend has set the paparazzi to photograph her and tries to stop him . Her struggles nevertheless remain futile even when she punches him , and in a final frantic attempt at defense , she smashes a nearby bottle of liquor into his face . The enraged boyfriend throws her over the balcony . Gaga lies on the ground in her own blood as the photographers continue take pictures of her bloody body and tabloid headlines proclaim that her career is over . According to Rolling Stone this scene pays homage to Alfred Hitchcock 's film Vertigo .
Gaga is shown getting out of a limousine , being carried by male dancers to a wheelchair . It is during this scene , that the song starts . As the dancers gyrate around her , she starts walking down the carpet with the help of a pair of crutches while wearing a metallic bustier and a matching helmet . The metallic outfit is a reference to the film Metropolis . These scenes are interspersed with scenes of dead models lying around the mansion . Next Gaga is shown on a golden couch where she makes out with a trio of hair metal rockers during the line " Loving you is cherry pie " . The trio , which consist of the triplets Calle " Kelii " Landeberg , Nisse " Izzy " Landeberg , and Pelle " Rock " Landeberg are known as Snake of Eden and they are from the reality television dating program Daisy of Love . According to MTV this scene is a reference to the song " Cherry Pie " by American glam band Warrant . The video continues through the intermediate bridge with Gaga wearing a dress made up of film strips and a towering feathered Mohawk headdress .
In the next scene , Gaga and her eye @-@ patch wearing boyfriend are reading magazines on a sofa in a tea room . Gaga wears a yellow jumpsuit with circular glasses and shoulder pads . The Guardian compared this look with that of Minnie Mouse . She finally takes her revenge on her boyfriend by discreetly poisoning his drink with white powder concealed in her ring . As he falls dead , Gaga calls 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 and declares that she just killed her boyfriend . The police arrive at the mansion and arrest Gaga who , wearing a tall ice cream cone corkscrew wig , walks to the police car as the paparazzi surround her once again . Images flash by , with newspapers proclaiming her innocence and that Gaga is back in the spotlight and has regained her fame . The video ends with Gaga posing for mug shots like a fashion model while wearing a tulip shaped metallic dress similar to the single cover .
= = = Reception = = =
Rolling Stone writer Daniel Kreps compared the video with the music video of " November Rain . " The scenes of the dead models were described as stomach turning while he complimented the video for " brimming with cinematic style [ so ] that it ’ s hard to take your eyes off it , though it will likely be labeled as a little self @-@ indulgent . " He also commented on the leaking of the video saying that it " warranted more than just a simple leak ; it deserved a red carpet . " Anna Pickard from The Guardian complimented the video saying that " quite a lot of work has gone into it " . However , she opined that the video was too long . Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review of the video , saying it " gives us even more of the next @-@ level cuckoo we 've come to expect from the girl born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta . " The paparazzi theme of the video was compared to Britney Spears 's 2004 music video , " Everytime " . MTV News called the video a " 1940s romantic @-@ epic @-@ style video " that " proves once and for all that Gaga is a true original with a unique vision . " The video was nominated for five VMAs at the 2009 awards in the categories of Best Direction , Best Editing , Best Special Effects , Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction . Along with four other nominations for " Poker Face " , she and Beyoncé were tied for most nominations that year . The video won the award for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects . The music video for Gaga 's single " Telephone " is a continuation of the " Paparazzi " music video , and is a short film as well . The video picks up right where " Paparazzi " left off ; starting with Gaga in prison .
= = Live performances = =
Gaga performed " Paparazzi " live on the UK program , The Album Chart Show on February 14 , 2009 as promotion for The Fame . The song was performed at Capital Radio 95 @.@ 8 FM in an acoustic piano version on May 1 , 2009 . On June 26 , 2009 , Gaga performed the song at the Glastonbury Festival emerging from a silver case on stage . The song was a major part of Gaga 's performance in her first headlining Fame Ball tour as the opening number of the setlist . The show started with a video intro called " The Heart " where Gaga played an alternate persona called Candy Warhol . She wore a silver and black short skirt like a tutu and shaped like peplum on both sides . She was surrounded by her dancers holding plates which were encrusted with crystals and completely hid them . The stage was surrounded by mechanical fog and heavy lighting was being emitted from the background .
It was also performed at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . The performance began with Gaga lying on the floor , on a set that was described as an ornate mansion . Gaga staggered across the stage and pirouetted behind a dancer in a lily @-@ white wheelchair . She made her way to a white grand piano which she played by placing one foot up on the keyboard . Once again , she staggered across the stage , with theatrical blood dripping from her ribcage . She collapsed on the stage wailing in agony as one of the dancers gently lifted her . Gaga then hung liflessly with one hand rising above her dancers and blood smeared on her face with a golden halo being projected on the screen behind her . The ending climax of the performance pays homage to a similar sounding ending climax in " A Day In The Life " by The Beatles . She later commented that the performance was for her fans : " I wanted to say something honest and real and not just give a performance where I was jacking off on stage the whole time about my record , " [ ... ] It was really for my fans , who I knew would be at home cheering and swooning . " In a poll conducted by Billboard , the performance was ranked as the fourth best in the history of MTV Video Music Awards .
The song was performed by Gaga in a similar choreography at the thirty @-@ fifth season of NBC 's late night comedy show Saturday Night Live . It was also present on the set list of Gaga 's The Monster Ball Tour . She wore multiple donned braided extensions and was perched atop a railing . From each of her braids , a dancer was attached on the stage . A backdrop of stars were shown during the performance . During the revised shows of The Monster Ball , Gaga changed the concept and the performance of the song . She wore an emerald green dress by Thierry Mugler , and was attacked by a giant , mechanical Angler fish . Gaga then removed the dress to reveal a leotard of the same color and during the bridge she is lowered beneath the stage to acquire her pyro @-@ technic bra . In the final chorus of the song Gaga returns and kills the monster with the sparks from the bra .
The song was performed on the Born This Way Ball and ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tours ; in the latter she dressed up in a polka @-@ dotted rubber outfit with tentacles growing out around her waist and her head . Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone described her look as " she had an inflatable rubber order of fried calamari growing out of her spine " , while Adam Carlson from Billboard called the performance as reminiscing a " dancing Ursula from The Little Mermaid " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Lady Gaga – vocals , songwriting , co @-@ production , piano , synthesizer
Rob Fusari – songwriting , production
Calvin " Sci @-@ Fidelty " Gaines – programming
Robert Orton – audio mixing
Gene Grimaldi – audio mastering at Oasis Mastering , Burbank , California
Recorded at 150 Studios , Parsippany @-@ Troy Hills , New Jersey
Credits adapted from The Fame album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works =
Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works was a 19th @-@ century manufacturer of railroad steam locomotives based in Paterson , in Passaic County , New Jersey , in the United States . It built more than six thousand steam locomotives for railroads around the world . Most railroads in 19th @-@ century United States rostered at least one Rogers @-@ built locomotive . The company 's most famous product was a locomotive named The General , built in December 1855 , which was one of the principals of the Great Locomotive Chase of the American Civil War .
The company was founded by Thomas Rogers in an 1832 partnership with Morris Ketchum and Jasper Grosvenor as Rogers , Ketchum and Grosvenor . Rogers remained president until his death in 1856 when his son , Jacob S. Rogers , took the position and reorganized the company as Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works . The younger Rogers led the company until he retired in 1893 . Robert S. Hughes then became president and reorganized the company as Rogers Locomotive Company , which he led until his death in 1900 .
Rogers avoided the American Locomotive Company ( ALCO ) merger in 1901 through closing and reopening as Rogers Locomotive Works . The company remained independent until 1905 , when ALCO purchased it ; ALCO continued building new steam locomotives at the Rogers plant until 1913 . ALCO used the Rogers facilities through the 1920s as a parts storage facility and warehouse , but eventually sold the property to private investors . Today , several Rogers @-@ built locomotives exist in railroad museums around the world , and the plant 's erecting shop is preserved as the Thomas Rogers Building ; it is the current location of the Paterson Museum , whose mission is to preserve and display Paterson 's industrial history .
= = 1831 to 1856 : Thomas Rogers era = =
The firm that was to become Rogers Locomotive Works began in 1831 . Thomas Rogers had been designing and building machinery for textile manufacturing for nearly 20 years when he sold his interest in Godwin , Rogers & Company ( of which he was the Rogers part of the name ) in June of that year . Rogers set out on his own with a new company called Jefferson Works in Paterson , New Jersey . The Jefferson Works built textile and agricultural machinery for a year before Rogers met the two men who would help transform the company into a major locomotive manufacturer .
In 1832 , Rogers partnered with two investors from New York City , Morris Ketchum and Jasper Grosvenor . Jefferson Works was renamed Rogers , Ketchum & Grosvenor , and the company began to diversify into the railroad industry . The company soon manufactured springs , axles and other small parts for railroad use .
The first locomotive that Rogers ' company assembled was actually built by Robert Stephenson and Company of England in 1835 . This locomotive was the McNeil for the Paterson and Hudson River Railroad . It took another two years before Rogers received its first order for a complete locomotive . In 1837 , the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad ordered two locomotives from Rogers to form the beginning of the railroad 's roster . The first of these two locomotives was the Sandusky , which became the first locomotive to cross the Allegheny Mountains ( albeit by canal boat and not by rail ) , and the first locomotive to operate in Ohio .
Sandusky included features designed by Thomas Rogers that had not been seen in locomotive construction to date . It was also the first locomotive to use cast iron driving wheels , and the wheels included built @-@ in counterweights to reduce the amount of wear on the track caused by the weight of the driving rod and wheel all coming down at once during the wheels ' rotations . Before Sandusky 's construction , driving wheels were typically built with wooden spokes , much like wagon wheels . Some accounts also state that Sandusky was the first locomotive to feature a whistle , but this has since been proven false .
Rogers was not working completely alone in American locomotive manufacturing . In 1837 , in addition to building the company 's first locomotive , Rogers also filled orders from fellow locomotive builders Matthias W. Baldwin ( founder of Baldwin Locomotive Works ) and William Norris ( founder of Norris Locomotive Works ) for locomotive tires of various sizes . Once Rogers started working on his own locomotives , however , no further orders from either Baldwin or Norris were forthcoming .
Within Rogers ' own shop , William Swinburne worked as the shop foreman until he moved on to form his own locomotive manufacturing company , Swinburne , Smith and Company in 1845 . After Swinburne left Rogers , John Cooke also worked at the Rogers plant . Like Swinburne , Cooke later went on to form his own locomotive manufacturing firm , Danforth , Cooke & Company . Another engineer who worked at Rogers was Zerah Colburn , the well known locomotive engineer and , later editor and publisher . Colburn was , around 1854 , " superintendent and / or consultant " at the works where he introduced a number of improvements in locomotive design . His assistant was William S. Hudson who succeeded Rogers after he died in 1856 , and was responsible for further engineering enhancement .
Rogers locomotives were , from very early in the company 's history , seen as powerful , capable engines on American railroads . The Uncle Sam , serial number 11 , a 4 @-@ 2 @-@ 0 ( a locomotive with two unpowered axles in front , followed by one powered axle ) built in 1839 for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company , was noted by American Railroad Journal for hauling a 24 @-@ car train up a grade of 26 feet per mile ( 4 @.@ 9 m / km ) or 0 @.@ 49 % at 24 @.@ 5 mph ( 39 @.@ 4 km / h ) . In 1846 , Rogers built what is referred to as the largest 6 @-@ wheel truck engine ( 4 @-@ 2 @-@ 0 ) in the United States ; the Licking , serial number 92 , built for the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroad , generated 110 psi ( 760 kPa ) of steam pressure and could pull a 380 @-@ short @-@ ton ( 345 t ; 339 @-@ long @-@ ton ) train up a grade of 16 feet per mile ( 3 m / km ) or 0 @.@ 3 % .
Arguably , the most famous locomotive to come out of the Rogers shops was built in 1855 . Rogers built a 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 , serial number 631 , in December of that year for the Western and Atlantic Railroad . The railroad named the locomotive The General . This locomotive , best known for being at the heart of an American Civil War incident , is now on display at the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History ( the Big Shanty Museum ) in Kennesaw , Georgia .
Not only were Rogers locomotives known in the industry for their power , but they were also known for their endurance . It is estimated that one locomotive , Illinois Central Railroad 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 number 23 , serial number 449 , built in December 1853 , operated over one million miles ( 1 @.@ 6 × 106 km ) in its thirty @-@ year career on the Illinois Central .
= = 1856 to 1905 : Reorganization and decline = =
When Thomas Rogers died in 1856 , his son Jacob S. Rogers reorganized RK & G , with Ketchum and Grosvenor remaining as investors , as the Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works . Rogers built their first 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 , which is sometimes referred to as the first 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 built in the United States , in 1863 for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company . The company continued manufacturing both locomotives and textile machinery for nearly another 20 years .
In November 1868 Rogers delivered five identical coal @-@ burning 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 steam locomotives ( assigned Nos. 116 – 120 ) to the Union Pacific Railroad , which were subsequently placed into freight service in western Wyoming and Utah . Union Pacific No. 119 would gain fame on May 10 , 1869 , when it took part in the " Golden Spike " ceremony at Promontory , Utah , to celebrate the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad . The unit was rebuilt in the early 1880s , and redesignated as road No. 343 in 1885 . No. 119 was retired and sent to the scrapyard after nearly 35 years of service in April 1903 . A full @-@ scale , operating replica was completed in 1979 , and now is part of an operational display at the Golden Spike National Historic Site .
In the mid @-@ 1870s , Rogers ended production of textile machinery and began concentrating solely on locomotive manufacturing . Rogers customers of the mid @-@ 19th century continued purchasing their locomotives . The Louisville and Nashville Railroad ( L & N ) purchased so many locomotives from Rogers that Rogers gave the L & N a free locomotive as a thank @-@ you bonus in 1879 .
Reuben Wells was appointed as shop superintendent in 1887 . Jacob Rogers , now in his late 70s , gradually passed more and more responsibility to Wells until Rogers resigned the presidency in 1893 . After just over 60 years , the Rogers company would no longer be run by a member of the Rogers family . The company reorganized under its former treasurer and new president , Robert S. Hughes , as the Rogers Locomotive Company ; Jacob Rogers remained the company 's principal investor . Hughes led the company until his own death in 1900 . A year later , Jacob Rogers closed the Rogers Locomotive Company plant .
In 1901 , the year that Jacob Rogers died and the same year that the American Locomotive Company ( ALCO ) was formed through the merger of eight other locomotive manufacturers , the company reopened as the Rogers Locomotive Works . Reuben Wells was again the shop superintendent . But Rogers was at a competitive disadvantage . Not enough capital investment was made to purchase new equipment or in research and development . ALCO and Baldwin , the two companies that were at the time the largest locomotive manufacturers in North America , held too much of a lead in manufacturing and selling their own locomotives for Rogers to keep up . Compounding Rogers ' troubles was the greater city of Paterson that had grown up around the shop . There was not any room for Rogers to expand .
= = 1905 to present : absorbed into ALCO = =
Faced with stiff competition and an inability to increase its own capacity , Rogers Locomotive Works was purchased by ALCO in 1905 . Rogers ' last independently built locomotive was serial number 6271 , a 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 tank locomotive built for W. R. Grace & Company in February 1905 . ALCO continued building locomotives at the Rogers plant until 1913 when manufacturing at the plant ceased permanently . Locomotives built at the Rogers plant under ALCO are generally referred to as locomotives built by ALCO @-@ Rogers . ALCO used the Rogers plant buildings as warehouses well into the 1920s , but eventually sold off all of the property . The original Rogers erecting shop was converted into office space and was still in use in that manner as late as 1992 .
The erecting shop building has since been renamed the " Thomas Rogers Building " and is now the home of the Paterson Museum . The museum preserves and displays artifacts of Paterson 's industrial history . A 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 locomotive that was used in the construction of the Panama Canal is on display outside the museum , but it is one that was built by ALCO @-@ Cooke ( the former Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works plant , also located in Paterson ) and not by Rogers .
= = Preserved Rogers locomotives = =
The following locomotives ( in serial number order ) built by Rogers , before ALCO 's acquisition of the company , have been preserved . Where multiple railroads and road numbers are listed , they are given in chronological order for the locomotives ; all locations are in the United States unless noted .
= Pal ( dog ) =
Pal ( June 4 , 1940 – June 1958 ) was a Rough Collie performer and the first in a line of such dogs to portray the fictional female collie Lassie in film and television . Pal was born in California in 1940 and eventually brought to the notice of Rudd Weatherwax , a Hollywood animal trainer . In 1943 , the dog was chosen to play Lassie in MGM 's feature film , Lassie Come Home . Following his film debut , Pal starred in six more MGM Lassie films from the mid @-@ 1940s to early 1950s , then appeared briefly in shows , fairs , and rodeos around the United States before starring in the two pilots filmed in 1954 for the television series , Lassie . Pal retired after filming the television pilots , and died in June 1958 . He sired a line of descendants who continued to play the fictional character he originated . The Saturday Evening Post said Pal had " the most spectacular canine career in film history " .
= = Birth and early years = =
Pal was born at Cherry Osborne 's Glamis Kennels in North Hollywood on June 4 , 1940 . The son of Red Brucie of Glamis and Bright Bauble of Glamis , Pal 's ancestry is traced to the nineteenth century and England 's first great collie , " Old Cockie " . Because of his large eyes and the white blaze on his forehead , Pal was judged not of the highest standards and sold as a pet @-@ quality dog .
Howard Peck , an animal trainer , brought the eight @-@ month @-@ old collie to Hollywood animal trainer Rudd Weatherwax in order to break the animal of uncontrolled barking and a habit of chasing motorcycles . After working with the dog , Weatherwax gained control of the barking but was unable to break Pal of his motorcycle @-@ chasing habit . Peck was disappointed with the results and gave the dog to Weatherwax in exchange for the money Peck owed him . Weatherwax , in turn , gave the dog to a friend , but when he learned that Eric Knight 's 1940 novel , Lassie Come @-@ Home , was being considered as a feature film by MGM , Weatherwax sensed Pal was the dog to fill the role , and bought Pal back from his friend for $ 10 @.@ 00 USD . Peck later tried to reclaim him after he became famous as Lassie , but Weatherwax 's legal ownership was upheld . Rudd 's brother Frank Weatherwax , who trained dogs for such films as The 5 @,@ 000 Fingers of Dr. T and The Wizard of Oz , assisted Rudd in training Pal .
= = MGM films = =
The first MGM " Lassie " film was planned as a low budget , black and white children 's film . Pal was among 1 @,@ 500 dogs who auditioned for the title role , but was rejected because he was male , his eyes were too big , his head too flat , and a white blaze ran down his forehead . A female prize @-@ winning show collie was hired to play the title character . Weatherwax was hired to train the star , and Pal was hired as a stunt dog .
During the course of filming , a decision was made to take advantage of a massive flooding of the San Joaquin River in central California in order to obtain some spectacular footage for the film . The female collie was still in training and refused to enter the raging waters created by the flood . Weatherwax was on the site with Pal and offered to have his dog perform in a five @-@ stage shot in which Pal would swim the river , haul himself out , lie down without shaking the water off his coat , attempt to crawl while lying on his side and finally lie motionless , completely exhausted . Pal performed exceptionally well and the scene was completed in one take . Weatherwax said director Fred M. Wilcox was so impressed with Pal during the sequence that he had " tears in his eyes . " In response , producers released the female collie and hired Pal in her stead , reshooting the first six weeks of the filming with Pal now portraying Lassie . Other sources say that the female collie was replaced because she began to shed excessively during shooting of the film in the summer , resulting in Weatherwax substituting the male collie , Pal , in the role of " Lassie " . In any case , MGM executives were so impressed , they upgraded the production to an A film with full advertising support , top publicity and filming in Technicolor . Pal went through his paces with enthusiasm , rarely required multiple retakes , and did his own stunt work .
Pal 's success in Lassie Come Home in 1943 led to six more MGM films : Son of Lassie ( a sequel to Lassie Come Home ) , Courage of Lassie , Hills of Home , The Sun Comes Up , Challenge to Lassie , and The Painted Hills . In his earlier years with MGM , Rudd Weatherwax was assisted by Frank Inn , who , for fourteen years , trained Lassies and later supplied animals for the 1954 Lassie television series .
Following The Painted Hills in 1951 , MGM executives felt Lassie had run her course and planned no future films featuring the character . MGM executives then sought a way to break Weatherwax 's contract . Weatherwax was concerned about protecting Pal and the Lassie image he had created from future diminishment at the hands of others . In lieu of US $ 40 @,@ 000 in back pay owed him by the studio , Weatherwax bargained for and received the Lassie name and trademark .
= = Television series = =
Following their departure from MGM , Pal and Weatherwax went on the road performing an 18 @-@ minute program at dog shows and department stores . Television producer Robert Maxwell convinced Weatherwax that Pal 's future lay in television . Together , the men created a boy @-@ and @-@ his @-@ dog scenario about a struggling family on a weatherbeaten farm in Middle America .
The field for the role of the boy in Lassie was narrowed to three young actors , but the final decision was left to Pal . After spending a week with the boys at Weatherwax 's North Hollywood home , Pal seemed to like eleven @-@ year @-@ old Tommy Rettig more than the other two . Rettig won the role based on Pal 's response , and filming for the two pilots began in the summer of 1954 , with Pal portraying Lassie in both .
After viewing the pilots , CBS executives immediately signed the 30 @-@ minute show to its fall 1954 schedule . Pal retired after filming the two pilots , and his son , Lassie Junior ( who was three years old and had been in training for a couple of years ) , stepped into the television role . Pal would come to the show 's studio home at Stage One of KTTV in Los Angeles every day with his son during filming . He had a bed behind the set , and was respectfully termed The Old Man . Series star Tommy Rettig later recalled , " When Rudd would ask Lassie , Jr. to do something , if you were behind the set , you could see The Old Man get up from his bed and go through the routine back there . "
= = Death = =
By 1957 , Pal was growing blind , deaf , and stiff , and rarely visited the Lassie set . The star of the show Jon Provost later recalled , " As young as I was , I recognized how much that dog meant to Rudd . Rudd loved that old dog as much as anyone could love an animal or person . "
Pal died in natural causes in June 1958 at age 18 ( about 126 in " dog years " ) ; and for months Weatherwax slipped in and out of deep depression . Robert Weatherwax , Rudd 's son , later recalled , " It hit him very hard when Pal died . He buried him in a special place on the ranch and would often visit the grave . Dad would never again watch an MGM Lassie movie . He just couldn 't bear to see Pal . He didn 't want to have to be reminded of just how much he loved that dog . "
= = Legacy = =
In 1950 , Rudd Weatherwax and co @-@ author John H. Rothwell co @-@ wrote a book about Pal 's life called The Story of Lassie : His Discovery and Training from Puppyhood to Stardom .
Several descendants of Pal played the fictional Lassie character following their progenitor 's death . On the original television series ( 1954 – 73 ) , Pal 's son , Lassie Junior , and his grandsons , Spook and Baby , worked the first several seasons . Mire appeared in a few of the Ranger seasons , and Hey Hey worked the final two syndicated seasons .
The casting of non @-@ Pal bloodline collies in the role of Lassie has met with protest . In 1997 , a Lassie television series debuted on the Animal Planet network but without a Weatherwax @-@ trained dog as Lassie . A protest campaign was waged , and producers brought a ninth generation Weatherwax dog to the show . The 2005 – 2006 remake of the original Lassie movie provoked comment when a non @-@ Pal bloodline collie was cast in the title role . Robert Weatherwax has disputed the casting of non @-@ Pal bloodline dogs in the role of Lassie .
In 2000 the Lassie trademark was sold by the eight remaining members of the Weatherwax family to Classic Media . In 2004 Robert Weatherwax 's personal contract to supply a dog to play the role of Lassie ended and neither side pursued a renewal . After several years of stand @-@ in collies that were not related to the line , Classic Media contracted with Carol Riggins , who had been co @-@ trainer with Robert Weatherwax , and her 9th generation dog HeyHey , who had played the role of Lassie during the last 13 episodes of the Canada Lassie series under the Weatherwax Trained Dogs banner . Carol Riggins continues today as the official owner and trainer of Lassie with another " Pal " , a 10th generation direct descendant of the original Pal .
= = Filmography = =
= = Television work = =
= Space Invaders =
Space Invaders ( Japanese : スペースインベーダー , Hepburn : Supēsu Inbēdā ) is an arcade video game created by Tomohiro Nishikado and released in 1978 . It was originally manufactured and sold by Taito in Japan , and was later licensed for production in the United States by the Midway division of Bally . Space Invaders is one of the earliest shooting games and the aim is to defeat waves of aliens with a laser cannon to earn as many points as possible . In designing the game , Nishikado drew inspiration from popular media : Breakout , The War of the Worlds , and Star Wars . To complete it , he had to design custom hardware and development tools .
It was one of the forerunners of modern video gaming and helped expand the video game industry from a novelty to a global industry ( see golden age of video arcade games ) . When first released , Space Invaders was very successful .
The game has been the inspiration for other video games , re @-@ released on numerous platforms , and led to several sequels . The 1980 Atari 2600 version quadrupled the system 's sales and became the first " killer app " for video game consoles . Space Invaders has been referenced and parodied in multiple television shows , and been a part of several video game and cultural exhibitions . The pixelated enemy alien has become a pop culture icon , often used as a synecdoche representing video games as a whole .
= = Gameplay = =
Space Invaders is a two @-@ dimensional fixed shooter game in which the player controls a laser cannon by moving it horizontally across the bottom of the screen and firing at descending aliens . The aim is to defeat five rows of eleven aliens — some versions feature different numbers — that move horizontally back and forth across the screen as they advance towards the bottom of the screen . The player defeats an alien , and earns points , by shooting it with the laser cannon . As more aliens are defeated , the aliens ' movement and the game 's music both speed up . Defeating the aliens brings another wave that is more difficult , a loop which can continue without end .
The aliens attempt to destroy the cannon by firing at it while they approach the bottom of the screen . If they reach the bottom , the alien invasion is successful and the game ends . A special " mystery ship " will occasionally move across the top of the screen and award bonus points if destroyed . The laser cannon is partially protected by several stationary defense bunkers — the number varies by version — that are gradually destroyed by a numerous amount of blasts from the aliens or player .
= = = Scoring = = =
Alien invaders : 10 ( bottom two rows ) , 20 ( middle and second from top rows ) , or 30 points ( top row ) .
Mystery ship : 50 , 100 , 150 , or 300 points .
Points earned for shooting mystery ship varies .
Players earn an extra life at either 1 @,@ 000 or 1 @,@ 500 points , and none thereafter .
= = Development = =
Space Invaders was created by Tomohiro Nishikado , who spent a year designing the game and developing the necessary hardware to produce it . The game 's inspiration is reported to have come from varying sources , including an adaptation of the mechanical game Space Monsters released by Taito in 1972 , and a dream about Japanese school children who are waiting for Santa Claus and are attacked by invading aliens . However , Nishikado has cited Atari 's arcade game Breakout as his inspiration . He aimed to create a shooting game that featured the same sense of achievement from completing stages and destroying targets , but with more complex graphics . Nishikado used a similar layout to that of Breakout , but altered the game mechanics . Rather than bounce a ball to attack static objects , players are given the ability to fire projectiles at their own discretion to attack moving enemies .
Early enemy designs included tanks , combat planes , and battleships . Nishikado , however , was not satisfied with the enemy movements ; technical limitations made it difficult to simulate flying . Humans would have been easier to simulate , but Nishikado considered shooting them immoral . After seeing a magazine feature about Star Wars , he thought of using a space theme . Nishikado drew inspiration for the aliens from H. G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds — he had watched the 1953 film adaptation as a child — and created initial bitmap images after the octopus @-@ like aliens . Other alien designs were modeled after squids and crabs . The game was originally titled Space Monsters , inspired by a popular song in Japan at the time ( " Monster " ) , but was changed to Space Invaders by Nishikado 's superiors .
= = = Hardware = = =
Because microcomputers in Japan were not powerful enough at the time to perform the complex tasks involved in designing and programming Space Invaders , Nishikado had to design his own custom hardware and development tools for the game . He created the arcade board using new microprocessors from the United States . The game uses an Intel 8080 central processing unit , and features raster graphics on a CRT monitor and monaural sound hosted by a combination of analogue circuitry and a Texas Instruments SN76477 sound chip . Despite the specially developed hardware , Nishikado was unable to program the game as he wanted — the Control Program board was not powerful enough to display the graphics in color or move the enemies faster — and he considered the development of the hardware the most difficult part of the whole process . While programming the game , Nishikado discovered that the processor was able to render the alien graphics faster the fewer were on screen . Rather than design the game to compensate for the speed increase , he decided to keep it as a challenging gameplay mechanism .
Space Invaders was first released in a cocktail @-@ table format with black and white graphics , while the Western release by Midway was in an upright cabinet format . The upright cabinet uses strips of orange and green cellophane over the screen to simulate color graphics . The graphics are reflected onto a painted backdrop of a moon against a starry background . Later Japanese releases used rainbow @-@ colored cellophane , such as T.T. Space Invaders in 1978 , followed by a version with a full color display . The cabinet artwork features large , humanoid monsters not present in the game . Nishikado attributes this to the artist basing the designs on the original title , Space Monsters , rather than referring to the in @-@ game graphics .
= = = Music = = =
Despite its simplicity , the music to Space Invaders was revolutionary in the gaming industry . Videogame scholar Andrew Schartmann identifies three aspects of the music that would have a significant impact on the development of game music :
Whereas videogame music prior to Space Invaders was restricted to the extremities ( i.e. , a short introductory theme with game @-@ over counterpart ) , the alien @-@ inspired hit featured continuous music — the well @-@ known four @-@ note loop — throughout , uninterrupted by sound effects . " It was thus the first time that sound effects and music were superimposed to form a rich sonic landscape . Not only do players receive feedback related directly to their actions through sound effects ; they also receive stimulus in a more subtle , non @-@ interactive fashion through music . "
The music interacts with on @-@ screen animation to influence the emotions of the player . " That seemingly pedestrian four @-@ note loop might stir us in the most primitive of ways , but that it stirs us at all is worthy of note . By demonstrating that game sound could be more than a simple tune to fill the silence , Space Invaders moved videogame music closer to the realm of art . "
The music popularized the notion of variability — the idea that music can change in accordance with the ongoing narrative . The variable in Space Invaders ( tempo ) is admittedly simple , but its implications are not to be underestimated . " Over the years , analogous strategies of variation would be applied to pitch , rhythm , dynamics , form , and a host of other parameters , all with the goal of accommodating the nonlinear aspect of videogames . "
At the deepest of conceptual levels , one would be hard @-@ pressed to find an arcade game as influential to the early history of videogame music as Space Invaders . Its role as a harbinger of the fundamental techniques that would come to shape the industry remains more or less unchallenged . And its blockbuster success ensured the adoption of those innovations by the industry at large .
= = Impact and legacy = =
After the first few months following its release in Japan , the game became very popular . Specialty arcades opened with nothing but Space Invaders cabinets , and by the end of 1978 , Taito had installed over 100 @,@ 000 machines and grossed over $ 600 million in Japan alone . Within two years by 1980 , Taito had sold over 300 @,@ 000 Space Invaders arcade machines in Japan , in addition to 60 @,@ 000 machines in the United States , where prices ranged from $ 2000 to $ 3000 for each machine , within one year . The arcade cabinets have since become collector 's items with the cocktail and cabaret versions being the rarest . By mid @-@ 1981 , more than four billion quarters , or $ 1 billion , had been grossed from Space Invaders machines , and it would continue to gross an average of $ 600 million a year through to 1982 , by which time it had grossed $ 2 billion in quarters ( equivalent to $ 7 @.@ 26 billion in 2016 ) , with a net profit of $ 450 million ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 63 billion in 2016 ) . This made it the best @-@ selling video game and highest @-@ grossing entertainment product of its time , with comparisons made to the then highest @-@ grossing film Star Wars , which had grossed $ 486 million in movie tickets ( costing $ 2 @.@ 25 each on average ) with a net profit of $ 175 million . Space Invaders had earned Taito profits of over $ 500 million . The 1980 Atari 2600 version was the first official licensing of an arcade game and became the first " killer app " for video game consoles by quadrupling the system 's sales . It sold over two million units in its first year on sale as a home console game , making it the first title to sell a million cartridges . Other official ports of the game were made for the Atari 8 @-@ bit computer line and Atari 5200 console . Taito released it for the NES in 1985 ( Japan only ) . Numerous unofficial clones were made as well , such as the popular computer games Super Invader ( 1979 ) and TI Invaders ( 1981 ) , which was the top @-@ selling computer game for the TI @-@ 99 / 4A through at least 1982 .
An oft @-@ quoted urban legend states that there was a shortage of 100 @-@ yen coins — and subsequent production increase — in Japan attributed to the game , although in actuality , 100 @-@ yen coin production was lower in 1978 and 1979 than in previous or subsequent years . The claim also doesn 't hold up to logical scrutiny ; arcade operators would have emptied out their machines and taken the money to the bank , thus keeping the coins in circulation . Reports from those living in Japan at the time indicate " nothing out of the ordinary ... during the height of the Space Invaders invasion . "
Game designer Shigeru Miyamoto considers Space Invaders to be the game that revolutionized the video game industry ; he was never interested in video games before seeing it . Hideo Kojima also described it as the first video game that impressed him and got him interested in video games . Several publications ascribed the expansion of the video game industry from a novelty into a global industry to the success of the game . Edge magazine attributed the shift of video games from bars and arcades to more mainstream locations like restaurants and department stores to Space Invaders . Its popularity was such that it was the first game where an arcade machine 's owner could make up for the cost of the machine in under one month , or in some places within one week .
Technology journalist Jason Whittaker credited the game 's success to ending the video game crash of 1977 , which had earlier been caused by Pong clones flooding the market , and beginning the golden age of video arcade games . According to The Observer , the home console versions were popular and encouraged users to learn programming ; many who later became industry leaders . 1UP.com stated that Space Invaders showed that video games could compete against the major entertainment media at the time : movies , music , and television . IGN attributed the launch of the arcade phenomenon in North America in part to Space Invaders . Electronic Games credited the game 's success as the impetus behind video gaming becoming a rapidly growing hobby and as " the single most popular coin @-@ operated attraction of all time . " Game Informer considered it , along with Pac @-@ Man , one of the most popular arcade games that tapped into popular culture and generated excitement during the golden age of arcades . IGN listed it as one of the " Top 10 Most Influential Games " in 2007 , citing the source of inspiration to video game designers and the impact it had on the shooting genre . The Times ranked it No. 1 in its list of " The ten most influential video games ever " in 2007 . 1UP ranked it at No. 3 in its list of " The 60 Most Influential Games of All Time , " stating that , in contrast to earlier arcade games which " were attempts to simulate already @-@ existing things , " Space Invaders was " the first video game as a video game , instead of merely a playable electronic representation of something else . " In 2008 , Guinness World Records listed it as the top @-@ rated arcade game in technical , creative , and cultural impact . Entertainment Weekly named Space Invaders one of the top ten games for the Atari 2600 in 2013 . In 2015 , the World Video Game Hall of Fame selected Space Invaders as one of the finalists for its 2015 induction class .
As one of the earliest shooting games , it set precedents and helped pave the way for future titles and for the shooting genre . Space Invaders popularized a more interactive style of gameplay with the enemies responding to the player controlled cannon 's movement , and was the first video game to popularize the concept of achieving a high score , being the first to save the player 's score . While earlier shooting games allowed the player to shoot at targets , Space Invaders was the first in which targets could fire back at the player . It was also the first game where players were given multiple lives , had to repel hordes of enemies , could take cover from enemy fire , and use destructible barriers , in addition to being the first game to use a continuous background soundtrack , with four simple diatonic descending bass notes repeating in a loop , which was dynamic and changed pace during stages , like a heartbeat sound that increases pace as enemies approached .
It also moved the gaming industry away from Pong @-@ inspired sports games grounded in real @-@ world situations towards action games involving fantastical situations . Whittaker commented that Space Invaders helped action games become the most dominant genre on both arcades and consoles , through to contemporary times . Guinness World Records considered Space Invaders one of the most successful arcade shooting games by 2008 . In describing it as a " seminal arcade classic " , IGN listed it as the number eight " classic shoot ' em up " . Space Invaders set the template for the shoot ' em up genre . Its worldwide success created a demand for a wide variety of science fiction games , inspiring the development of arcade games , such as Atari 's Asteroids , Williams Electronics ' Defender , and Namco 's Galaxian and Galaga , which were modeled after Space Invaders 's gameplay and design . This influence extends to most shooting games released to the present day , including first @-@ person shooters such as Wolfenstein , Doom , Halo and Call of Duty . Space Invaders also had an influence on early computer dungeon crawl games such as Dungeons of Daggorath , which used similar heartbeat sounds to indicate player health .
= = = Remakes and sequels = = =
Space Invaders has been remade on numerous platforms and spawned many sequels . Re @-@ releases include ported and updated versions of the original arcade game . Ported versions generally feature different graphics and additional gameplay options — for example , moving defense bunkers , zigzag shots , invisible aliens , and two @-@ player cooperative gameplay . Ports on earlier systems like the Atari home consoles featured simplified graphics , while later systems such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and PlayStation featured updated graphics . Later titles include several modes of gameplay and integrate new elements into the original design . For example , Space Invaders Extreme , released on the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable , integrated musical elements into the standard gameplay . A spin @-@ off for WiiWare , Space Invaders Get Even , allows players to control the aliens instead of the laser cannon .
In 1980 , Bally Midway released a pinball version of the game . However , few elements from the original game are included , and the aliens instead resemble the xenomorphs from the film Alien ; Bally Midway was later sued over the game 's resemblance to designs by H. R. Giger . Different ports have been met with mixed receptions ; the Atari 2600 version was very successful while the Nintendo Entertainment System version was poorly received .
Taito has released several arcade sequels that built upon the basic design of the original . The first was Space Invaders Part II in 1979 ; it featured color graphics , an attract mode , and new gameplay elements , and added an intermission between gameplay . According to the Killer List of Video Games , this was the first video game to include an intermission . The game also allowed the player with the top score to sign their name on the high score table . This version was released in the United States as Deluxe Space Invaders ( also known as Space Invaders Deluxe ) , but featured a different graphical color scheme and a lunar @-@ city background . Another arcade sequel , titled Space Invaders II , was released exclusively in the United States . It was in a cocktail @-@ table format with very fast alien firing and a competitive two @-@ player mode . During the summer of 1985 , Return of the Invaders was released with updated color graphics , and more complex movements and attack patterns for the aliens . Subsequent arcade sequels included Super Space Invaders ' 91 , Space Invaders DX , and Space Invaders ' 95 . Each game introduced minor gameplay additions to the original design . Like the original game , several of the arcade sequels have become collector 's items , though some are considered rarer . In 2002 , Taito released Space Raiders , a third @-@ person shooter reminiscent of Space Invaders .
The game and its related games have been included in video game compilation titles . Space Invaders Anniversary was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2 and included nine Space Invader variants . A similar title for the PlayStation Portable , Space Invaders Pocket , was released in 2005 . Space Invaders , Space Invaders Part II and Return of the Invaders are included in Taito Legends , a compilation of Taito 's classic arcade games released in 2005 on the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and PC . Super Space Invaders ' 91 , Space Invaders DX and Space Invaders ' 95 were included in Taito Legends 2 , a sequel compilation released in 2006 .
= = = In popular culture = = =
Many publications and websites use the pixelated alien graphic as an icon for video games in general , including video game magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly , technology website Ars Technica , and concert event Video Games Live . There have also been Space Invaders themed merchandising , including necklaces and puzzles . The trend continues to this day , with handmade sites like Etsy and Pinterest showcasing thousands of handmade items featuring Space Invaders characters .
The game — and references to it — has appeared in numerous facets of popular culture . Soon after the game 's release , hundreds of favourable articles and stories about the emerging video game medium popularized by Space Invaders aired on television and were printed in newspapers and magazines . The Space Invaders Tournament , held by Atari in 1980 and won by Bill Heineman , was the first electronic sports event and attracted more than 10 @,@ 000 participants , establishing video gaming as a mainstream hobby . The Arcade Awards ceremony was created that same year to honour the best video games , with Space Invaders winning the first Game of the Year award . The impact of Space Invaders on the video game industry has been compared to that of The Beatles in the pop music industry . Considered " the first blockbuster video game , " Space Invaders became synonymous with video games worldwide for some time .
Within a year of the game 's release , the Japanese PTA unsuccessfully attempted to ban the game for allegedly inspiring truancy . In North America , doctors identified a condition called the " Space Invaders elbow " as a complaint , while a physician in The New England Journal of Medicine named a similar ailment the " Space Invaders Wrist " . Space Invaders was also the first game to attract political controversy , when a 1981 Private Member 's Bill called the " Control of Space Invaders ( and other Electronic Games ) Bill " drafted by British Labour MP George Foulkes attempted to allow local councils to restrict the game , and those like it , by licensing for its " addictive properties " and for causing " deviancy " . Conservative MP Michael Brown defended the game as " innocent and harmless pleasure " which he himself had enjoyed that day , and criticized the bill as an example of " Socialist beliefs in restriction and control " . A motion to bring the bill before Parliament was defeated by 114 votes to 94 votes ; the bill itself was never considered by Parliament .
= = = = Music = = = =
Musicians drew inspiration for their music from Space Invaders . Video Games Live performed audio from the game as part of a special retro " Classic Arcade Medley " .
The pioneering Japanese synthpop group Yellow Magic Orchestra reproduced Space Invaders sounds in its 1978 self @-@ titled album and its hit single " Computer Game " , the latter selling over 400 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
Other pop songs based on Space Invaders soon followed , including disco records such as " Disco Space Invaders " ( 1979 ) by Funny Stuff , and the hit songs " Space Invader " ( 1980 ) by The Pretenders , " Space Invaders " ( 1980 ) by Uncle Vic and the Australian hit " Space Invaders " ( 1979 ) by Player One ( known in the US as Playback ) , which in turn provided the bassline for Jesse Saunders ' " On and On " ( 1984 ) , the first Chicago house music track .
Space Invaders is referenced in the lyrics to Rush 's 1981 hit song " Tom Sawyer , " and the game is singled out for special thanks in the liner notes to the band 's Permanent Waves album .
The game was also sampled in I @-@ F 's " Space Invaders Are Smoking Grass " ( 1997 ) , the first electroclash record .
In honor of the game 's 30th anniversary , Taito produced an album titled Space Invaders 2008 . The album is published by Avex Trax and features music inspired by the game . Taito 's store Taito Station also unveiled a Space Invaders themed music video .
= = = = Television and film = = = =
Multiple television series have aired episodes that either reference or parody the game and its elements ; for example , Danger Mouse , That ' 70s Show , Scrubs , Chuck , Robot Chicken. and The Amazing World of Gumball .
Elements are prominently featured in the " Raiders of the Lost Arcade " segment of " Anthology of Interest II " , an episode of Futurama .
Space Invaders appears in the film Pixels , and a film version of the game is in the works by Warner Bros with Akiva Goldsman produced . On February 13 , 2015 , Daniel Kunka was set to write the script for the film .
Episode 111 of the second series of Lupin the Third features Lupin playing an ' invaders ' game .
= = = = Books = = = =
Various books have been published about Space Invaders , including Space Invaders : An addict ’ s guide to battle tactics , big scores and the best machines ( 1982 ) by Martin Amis ; Tomb Raiders and Space Invaders : Videogame forms and Contexts , by Geof King and Tanya Krzywinska ( 2006 ) , and Space Invaders ( 1980 ) by Mark Roeder and Julian Wolanski
= = = = Other = = = =
In 2006 , the game was one of several video game related media selected to represent Japan as part of a project compiled by Japan 's Agency for Cultural Affairs .
In the same year , Space Invaders was included in the London Science Museum 's Game On exhibition meant to showcase the various aspects of video game history , development , and culture .
The game is also a part of the Barbican Centre 's traveling Game On exhibition .
At the Belluard Bollwerk International 2006 festival in Fribourg , Switzerland , Guillaume Reymond created a three @-@ minute video recreation of a game of Space Invaders as part of the " Gameover " project using humans as pixels .
The GH ART exhibit at the 2008 Games Convention in Leipzig , Germany , included an art game , Invaders ! , based on Space Invaders 's gameplay . The creator later asked for the game to be removed from the exhibit following criticism of elements based on the September 11 attacks in the United States .
There is a bridge in Cáceres , Spain , projected by engineers Pedro Plasencia and Hadrián Arias whose pavement design is based on this game . The laser cannon , some shoots and several figures can be seen on the deck .
A French street artist , Invader , made a name for himself by creating mosaic artwork of Space Invader aliens around the world .
= Delaware State Route System =
The Delaware State Route System consists of roads in the U.S. state of Delaware that are maintained by the Delaware Department of Transportation ( DelDOT ) . The system includes the portions of the Interstate Highway System and United States Numbered Highways system located in the state along with state routes and other roads maintained by DelDOT . All roads maintained by the state are assigned a maintenance road number ( reference number ) that is only marked on little white markers at intersections and on auxiliary plates below warning signs approaching intersections . These numbers are only unique in a specific county , some roads can be designated with multiple road numbers , and numbers do not necessarily correspond to the signed Interstate , U.S. , or state route numbers . DelDOT maintains a total of 5 @,@ 386 @.@ 14 miles ( 8 @,@ 668 @.@ 15 km ) of roads , comprising 89 percent of the roads within the state . Some large bridges in the state are maintained by other agencies including the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Delaware River and Bay Authority . Roads in the system include multilane freeways , multilane surface divided highways , and two @-@ lane undivided roads serving urban , suburban , and rural areas . Some of the roads maintained by DelDOT are toll roads , in which motorists must pay to use .
The first roads in Delaware were Native American trails and unpaved roads laid out by colonial Swedish and English settlers . From this time , counties were responsible for roads . In the 19th century , private companies operated several turnpikes radiating from Wilmington . Thomas Coleman DuPont proposed a modern road in 1908 to run the north @-@ south length of the state ; this road evolved into the DuPont Highway , which was completed by the state in 1923 . The Delaware State Highway Department was formed on April 2 , 1917 to construct a state highway system in Delaware . Numbered routes came with the creation of the U.S. Highway System in 1926 ; state route numbers appeared 10 years later . In 1935 , the state took over the remaining county roads . In the middle part of the 20th century , several major roads were widened into divided highways . The creation of the Interstate Highway System in 1956 led to the construction of 40 miles ( 64 km ) of freeway in northern New Castle County , including the tolled Delaware Turnpike . The Delaware Route 1 ( DE 1 ) limited @-@ access toll road between Dover and Wilmington was fully completed in 2003 , and was the largest public works project in state history .
= = Numbering = =
= = = Interstate and U.S. Routes = = =
The Interstate Highways and U.S. Routes in Delaware are numbered according to a national numbering pattern . Interstate Highways that run north – south have odd numbers , increasing from west to east , while those that run east – west have even numbers , increasing from south to north . Major north – south Interstates have numbers ending in 5 while major east – west Interstates have numbers ending in 0 . Three @-@ digit Interstates begin with odd numbers if they are a spur and an even number if they are a bypass or beltway and repeat numbers in different states . As such , the major north – south Interstate along the East Coast , Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) , passes through northern New Castle County . I @-@ 495 bypasses the section of I @-@ 95 that runs through the city of Wilmington .
U.S. Routes that run north – south have odd numbers , increasing from east to west , while those that run east – west have even numbers , increasing from north to south . Major north – south U.S. Routes have numbers ending in 1 while major east – west U.S. Routes have numbers ending in 0 . Three @-@ digit U.S. Routes serve as branches of their parent route . As such , U.S. Route 13 ( US 13 ) runs north – south through the entire length of Delaware while US 40 , a major U.S. Route running from Utah to New Jersey , passes east – west through northern New Castle County . US 113 serves as a branch of US 13 in the southern part of the state . US 9 is an exception to the numbering pattern as it runs east – west across Sussex County , though the route runs north – south in New Jersey and New York .
= = = State routes = = =
State routes in Delaware are signed with the MUTCD default circular route marker , which consists of black numbers in a white circle on a rectangular black background . These routes are largely assigned in a pattern similar to the Interstate and U.S. routes . Odd @-@ numbered routes generally run north @-@ south and even @-@ numbered routes generally run east @-@ west . A grid pattern exists for several low @-@ numbered east @-@ west state routes that increases from north to south , starting with DE 2 in northern Delaware and continuing south to DE 30 in the southern part of the state . There is also a pattern for some low @-@ numbered north @-@ south routes beginning with DE 1 in the east and continuing to DE 11 in the west . Several routes in Delaware are numbered as continuations of Maryland and Pennsylvania state routes , without regard to the even / odd pattern . Examples include DE 52 , which is a southern continuation of PA 52 , and DE 273 , which is an eastern continuation of MD 273 . DE 48 was once connected to Route 48 in New Jersey by a ferry across the Delaware River . Most of the 3 @-@ digit state routes are or were continuations of routes from Maryland and Pennsylvania , with the exception of DE 141 and DE 202 . The lowest numbered state route is DE 1 , while the highest numbered route is DE 896 .
Unlike some other states , Delaware does not prohibit duplication between route numbers of different systems . There are two examples of duplication between U.S. and state routes within Delaware . US 9 exists in Sussex County while DE 9 is located in Kent and New Castle counties . US 202 passes through the Wilmington area in northern New Castle County , with DE 202 heading south from an interchange with I @-@ 95 and US 202 along Concord Avenue into the city of Wilmington . DE 202 is signed along a former alignment of US 202 .
= = = Maintenance road numbers = = =
Every road that is maintained by DelDOT , including Interstate , U.S. , and state routes , is assigned a maintenance road number ( also known as a reference number ) . The maintenance road numbers are only unique in a specific county and some roads can be designated with multiple road numbers . For example , Bryants Corner Road in Kent County is designated as Road 205 , Road 103 , and Road 219 . Suffixed maintenance road numbers exist near their parent roads , often for a short alignment . For example , Woodland Ferry Road in Sussex County is designated Road 78 , while Old Sailor Road , a short road branching off from it near Laurel , is designated as Road 78A . The maintenance road numbers are signed with little white markers at intersections showing the two roads that intersect each other and on auxiliary plates below warning signs approaching intersections .
Interstate , U.S. , and state routes have maintenance road numbers that often do not match their signed route numbers . For instance , DE 261 in New Castle County is designated as Road 203 . In Sussex County , several state routes largely have matching maintenance road numbers ; for example , the entire length of DE 24 is designated Road 24 . Some routes in Sussex County have maintenance road numbers that reflect former route designations ; an example is the section of US 9 between Laurel and Georgetown which is designated Road 28 , reflecting the former DE 28 designation along this stretch of road .
= = Highway systems = =
The Delaware State Route System includes Delaware 's portion of the Interstate Highway System and U.S. Highway System along with state routes . The system also includes special routes of the U.S. and state routes , such as alternate , business , and truck routes . These routes consist of a banner denoting the type of special route above the route marker . Alternate routes provide a second alignment of a route between two points . DE 10 Alternate provides an alternate routing to DE 10 between Willow Grove and Rising Sun by passing through Woodside while DE 10 passes through Camden . Business routes pass through the business area of a city while the main route bypasses it . DE 1 Business passes through the central portion of Milford while DE 1 bypasses the city to the east . Truck routes provide an alternate route for trucks around a certain portion of a route . DE 14 Truck provides a route for truck traffic that bypasses the section of DE 14 that passes through Harrington . Suffixed routes also exist for short alignments that branch off their parent routes , in which a letter suffix is added after the route number . DE 1 has three suffixed routes in the Rehoboth Beach area while DE 9A provides access to the Port of Wilmington from DE 9 . In addition to these systems are other state roads designated with a maintenance road number .
DelDOT maintains a total of 5 @,@ 386 @.@ 14 miles ( 8 @,@ 668 @.@ 15 km ) of state roads within Delaware , which comprises 89 percent of all roadway mileage in the state . Some exceptions to DelDOT maintenance include the bridges over the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal , which are maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , and the Delaware Memorial Bridge , which is maintained by the Delaware River and Bay Authority ( DRBA ) . A total of 338 @.@ 19 miles ( 544 @.@ 26 km ) of Delaware 's roadways are part of the National Highway System , a system of highways important to the United States 's economy , defense , and mobility . This system includes all the Interstate Highways in Delaware , other principal arterials which connect to intermodal transportation facilities , and the Strategic Highway Network which provides connections to major military facilities in the United States . The longest route overall in Delaware is US 13 at 103 @.@ 33 miles ( 166 @.@ 29 km ) , with DE 1 being the longest state route at 103 @.@ 02 miles ( 165 @.@ 79 km ) . At a length of 23 @.@ 43 miles ( 37 @.@ 71 km ) , I @-@ 95 is the longest of Delaware 's three Interstate Highways . The shortest route is DE 491 at 0 @.@ 36 miles ( 0 @.@ 58 km ) .
The roads maintained by DelDOT include Interstate Highways , other freeways , arterial roads , collector roads , and local roads serving both urban and rural areas . Delaware has a total of 40 @.@ 61 miles ( 65 @.@ 36 km ) of freeway considered part of the Interstate Highway System . Non @-@ Interstate freeways in the state include the portion of DE 1 between Dover Air Force Base and Christiana , the section of DE 141 between south of Newport and Prices Corner , and the Puncheon Run Connector that links US 13 and DE 1 in Dover . Two toll roads exist in the state . A mainline toll plaza is located along the Delaware Turnpike portion of I @-@ 95 near the Maryland border in Newark . Tolls are also collected along the DE 1 freeway , with mainline toll plazas at Dover and Biddles Corner and ramp tolls at North Dover , South Smyrna , and Boyds Corner . Tolls along I @-@ 95 and DE 1 may be paid with cash or an electronic toll collection system known as E @-@ ZPass . The DRBA also collects tolls for the Delaware Memorial Bridge for motorists entering Delaware from New Jersey using cash or E @-@ ZPass . Highways and other transportation projects in Delaware are funded through both the Transportation Trust Fund and the Federal Highway Trust Fund . The Transportation Trust Fund receives revenue from tolls along I @-@ 95 and DE 1 , motor fuel taxes of 23 cents per gallon on gasoline and 22 cents per gallon on special fuels , motor vehicle document and registration fees , and DMV fees . In 2013 , revenues from the Transportation Trust Fund were $ 445 @.@ 4 million while revenue from the Federal Highway Trust Fund totaled $ 214 @.@ 5 million .
The Delaware Byways system designates state roads that have scenic , historic , natural , cultural , recreational , or archaeological qualities . The system was created in 2000 and was originally known as the Delaware Scenic and Historic Highways Program . Six byways make up the system , including one National Scenic Byway .
= = History = =
= = = Early roads = = =
The Native Americans who originally inhabited Delaware used waterways to travel , with land trails connecting different bodies of water . Between the arrival of the Swedish colonists to Delaware and the 20th century , roads in Delaware were maintained by individual counties . The early roads that existed following Swedish settlement were short and discontinuous and followed Native American trails and animal paths . During colonial times , most roads in the state remained unimproved . With the arrival of English settlers to Delaware , the King of England called for the construction of " King 's Highways " to provide for right @-@ of @-@ way and communication between people in the colony . These roads were simply a narrow clearing through brushes that was not paved . Several roads bearing the King 's Highway name connected Philadelphia to Dover and points south . Most of the colonial roads im Delaware ran east @-@ west , connecting coastal ports to inland areas . In the 18th century , the King 's Highway ran between Lewes and Wilmington via Dover . By the later part of that century , a post road ran from Horn Town , Virginia north across the Delmarva Peninsula towards Philadelphia . In Delaware , this road passed through Selbyville , Georgetown , Milford , Dover , and Wilmington . During the course of the 18th century , the road network in Delaware became more developed and provided links to waterways , which were still the primary mode of transportation at the time .
In the 19th century , private turnpike companies constructed and improved a few of the more important roadways in the state . Turnpikes were chartered by the state and privately financed , with tolls collected at toll houses every few miles along the road . The first turnpike in Delaware was the Newport Gap Pike , which was built in 1808 and completed to Wilmington in 1811 . Many other turnpikes were constructed in northern New Castle County radiating from Wilmington and connected the industrial city to agricultural areas . The turnpikes were built as straight roads in order to reduce costs . Many of these roads were constructed with a macadam surface . During the course of the 19th century , new methods of transportation such as canals and railroads came about and there was less investment on roads . The revenues of the turnpike companies fell and roads became more of a local concern .
= = = Development of state highways = = =
At the turn of the 20th century , the automobile was introduced and a push came for better roads to be constructed . In 1903 , the state attempted to create a state highway system by passing a state aid law where both the state and county would finance improvements to roads . However , this law was repealed in 1905 due to public outcry . In 1908 , Thomas Coleman DuPont proposed a modern road that was to run the length of the state from Selbyville north to Wilmington as part of a philanthropic measure . This roadway was planned to improve travel and bring economic development to Kent and Sussex counties . The DuPont Highway was to be modeled after the great boulevards of Europe and was to have a 200 @-@ foot ( 61 m ) wide right @-@ of @-@ way consisting of a 40 @-@ foot ( 12 m ) wide roadway for automobiles flanked by dual trolley lines , 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) wide roadways for heavy vehicles , 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) wide unpaved roadways for horses , and sidewalks . Utilities were to be buried underground below the horse roadways . The highway was also to include agricultural experimental stations and monuments for future surveying . Trolley revenues would help pay for the construction of the roadway . After portions of the DuPont Highway were built , these portions were planned to be turned over to the state at no charge . The Coleman DuPont Road , Inc. was established in 1911 and construction of the DuPont Highway began . The DuPont Highway would end up being built as a two @-@ lane concrete road on a 60 @-@ foot ( 18 m ) alignment with a 32 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) wide roadway .
The Delaware State Highway Department ( DSHD ) was created on April 2 , 1917 to construct and maintain a system of state highways across Delaware . As a result , the state took over construction of the DuPont Highway . The DuPont Highway was completed in 1923 when the final section near Odessa was finished . The DuPont Highway was a boon to southern Delaware , which had formerly been economically isolated from the large cities of the northeast . In conjunction with the rise of the automobile , the highway spurred the growth of the Delaware beaches by greatly improving access to the coast for tourists from northern Delaware and adjacent portions of the Northeast megalopolis . Southern Delaware also developed into a major truck farming region due to having much greater access to urban markets . No longer fully reliant on the railroads to transport their goods , farmers in Sussex and Kent counties could market their fruits , vegetables , and broiler chickens directly to consumers in the north . Also during this time , the State Aid Road Law ushered in a period of highway improvement in which the county would offer road bonds and the state would match . The DSHD would then improve the highway . Most of the highways improved by the DSHD were built as concrete roads , with sharp curves eliminated . The state also took over the last of the private turnpikes and converted them to free roads . In 1926 , the state began eliminating several railroad grade crossings and in 1927 the first all @-@ weather secondary roads were constructed , consisting of one concrete lane and one dirt lane in an effort to reduce costs .
The first numbered routes in Delaware were announced in 1925 with the creation of the U.S. Highway System , in which US 13 , US 40 , and US 113 were planned to run through the state . These three U.S. Highways , along with US 122 , were designated through Delaware on November 11 , 1926 . In 1930 and again in 1932 , the DSHD recommended giving numbers to state roads to supplement the existing U.S. Highway System . By 1936 , Delaware began assigning numbers to state routes . The original state route marker was a square with " DEL " on top and the route number on bottom in a block font . By 1955 , the shield was modified to a square with " DELAWARE " on top and the route number on bottom in FHWA Series font . In 1964 , the route marker became a cutout circle with " DEL " on top and the route number on bottom . The current route marker was introduced in 1971 .
In 1934 , the entire length of US 13 between Dover and Wilmington was widened into a divided highway , which at the time was the best superhighway and the longest stretch of divided highway in the world . During the course of the 1930s , several other state roads were constructed while others were widened into divided highways . In 1935 , the DSHD took over maintenance of all remaining county roads , tripling the mileage of the state highway system , and took over several city streets in Wilmington in 1936 . Progress on improving the state highway system slowed during World War II ; the only major project completed during that time was the construction of the high @-@ level St. Georges Bridge to replace a lift bridge destroyed by a ship in 1939 . Following the war , several highway improvement projects took place including widening more roads to divided highways . On August 16 , 1951 , the Delaware Memorial Bridge and its approach road opened to traffic , providing a fixed road link for US 40 across the Delaware River to New Jersey and replacing ferry service that previously existed . Following the completion of the bridge , traffic along US 13 and US 40 increased , with plans made for a new freeway to handle the increased traffic . In 1957 , US 13 was widened into a divided highway between Greenwood and Harrington , providing a divided highway running the north @-@ south length of the state .
= = = Freeways = = =
In 1956 , the Interstate Highway System was created , with under 40 miles ( 64 km ) of Interstate Highway planned in New Castle County . The first Interstate came in 1959 when the Delaware Memorial Bridge approach was upgraded to Interstate Highway standards and became part of I @-@ 295 . The portion of I @-@ 95 between the Maryland border near Newark and Newport and I @-@ 295 between Newport and the approach to the Delaware Memorial Bridge in Farnhurst was to be built as a free Interstate Highway using federal funds , but was built as the tolled Delaware Turnpike instead in order to speed up construction . On November 15 , 1963 , the turnpike opened to traffic . The Delaware Turnpike allowed motorists to travel from Washington , D.C. to Boston without having to stop at a traffic light . In 1968 , I @-@ 95 was completed between the Delaware Turnpike and the Pennsylvania border . The I @-@ 495 bypass to the east of Wilmington fully opened in 1977 .
In the 1980s , plans were made for a limited @-@ access Relief Route of US 13 between Dover and the Wilmington area that would alleviate it of traffic heading to the Delaware Beaches in the summer . This Relief Route would become designated as part of DE 1 , a route that ran along the Atlantic Ocean in Sussex County and north to Milford . The DE 1 toll road between Dover Air Force Base and Christiana opened in stages between 1991 and 2003 . The total cost to build the DE 1 toll road was $ 900 million and it was the largest public works project in Delaware history .
Since the 1950s , a freeway has been planned along the US 301 corridor between I @-@ 95 and the Maryland border southwest of Middletown in order to provide a connection from the Delaware Memorial Bridge towards the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and the Washington , D.C. area . The current proposal calls for US 301 to be built as a limited @-@ access toll road from the Maryland border southwest of Middletown northeast to DE 1 in St. Georges . Construction began in 2016 with completion of the highway planned for 2018 .
= = = 21st century = = =
DelDOT began a program to pave the last of the state @-@ maintained dirt roads within Delaware in the mid 1990s , which at the time totaled 100 miles ( 160 km ) . The last dirt road in the state to be paved was Spicer Road ( Road 240 ) near Ellendale in Sussex County in 2002 . Since 2000 , DelDOT has eliminated several concurrencies in the state in order to reduce motorist confusion . Among the changes made included truncating US 113 from Dover to Milford to eliminate an overlap with DE 1 , removing DE 20 from heading into Fenwick Island along DE 54 , and shortening the length of DE 2 through Newark to avoid several concurrencies .
= = Work cited = =
= Mayfly =
Mayflies also known as shadflies or fishflies in Canada , are aquatic insects belonging to the order Ephemeroptera . This order is part of an ancient group of insects termed the Palaeoptera , which also contains dragonflies and damselflies . Over 3 @,@ 000 species of mayfly are known worldwide , grouped into over 400 genera in 42 families .
Mayflies are relatively primitive insects and exhibit a number of ancestral traits that were probably present in the first flying insects , such as long tails and wings that do not fold flat over the abdomen . They are aquatic insects whose immature stages ( called " naiads " or " nymphs " ) live in fresh water , where their presence indicates a clean , unpolluted environment . They are unique among insect orders in having a fully winged terrestrial adult stage , the subimago , which moults into a sexually mature adult , the imago .
Mayflies " hatch " ( emerge as adults ) from spring to autumn , not necessarily in May , in enormous numbers . Some hatches attract tourists . Fly fishermen make use of mayfly hatches by choosing artificial fishing flies that resemble the species in question . One of the most famous English mayflies is Rhithrogena germanica , the fisherman 's " March brown mayfly " .
The brief lives of mayfly adults have been noted by naturalists and encyclopaedists since Aristotle and Pliny the Elder in classical times . The German engraver Albrecht Dürer included a mayfly in his 1495 engraving The Holy Family with the Mayfly to suggest a link between heaven and earth . The English poet George Crabbe compared the brief life of a newspaper with that of a mayfly , both being called " Ephemera " , in 1785 .
= = Description = =
= = = Nymph = = =
Immature mayflies are aquatic , and are known as nymphs or naiads . They have an elongated , cylindrical or somewhat flattened body that passes through a number of instars ( stages ) , moulting and increasing in size each time . When ready to emerge from the water , nymphs vary in length , depending on species , from 3 to 30 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 to 1 @.@ 18 in ) . The head has a tough outer covering of sclerotin , often with various hard ridges and projections ; it points either forwards or downwards , with the mouth at the front . There are two large compound eyes , three ocelli ( simple eyes ) and a pair of antennae of variable lengths , set between or in front of the eyes . The mouthparts are designed for chewing and consist of a flap @-@ like labrum , a pair of strong mandibles , a pair of maxillae , a membranous hypopharynx and a labium .
The thorax consists of three segments , the hindmost two , the mesothorax and metathorax being fused . Each segment bears a pair of legs which usually terminate in a single claw . The legs are robust and often clad in bristles , hairs or spines . Wing pads develop on the mesothorax , and in some species , hind wing pads develop on the metathorax .
The abdomen consists of ten segments , some of which may be obscured by a large pair of operculate gills , a thoracic shield ( expanded part of the prothorax ) or the developing wingpads . In most taxa up to seven pairs of gills arise from the top or sides of the abdomen , but in some species they are under the abdomen , and in a very few species the gills are instead located on the coxae of the legs , or the bases of the maxillae . The abdomen terminates in a pair of , or three , slender thread @-@ like projections .
= = = Subimago = = =
The final moult of the nymph is not to the full adult form , but to a winged stage called a subimago that physically resembles the adult , but which is usually sexually immature and duller in colour . The subimago often has partially cloudy wings fringed with minute hairs ; its eyes , legs and genitalia are not fully developed . Subimagos are generally poor fliers , and typically lack the colour patterns used to attract mates . After a period , usually lasting one or two days but in some species only a few minutes , the subimago moults to the full adult form , making mayflies the only insects where a winged form undergoes a further moult .
= = = Imago = = =
Adult mayflies , or imagos , are relatively primitive in structure , exhibiting traits that were probably present in the first flying insects . These include long tails and wings that do not fold flat over the abdomen . Mayflies are delicate @-@ looking insects with one or two pairs of membranous , triangular wings , which are extensively covered with veins . At rest , the wings are held upright , like those of a butterfly . The hindwings are much smaller than the forewings , and may be vestigial or absent . The second segment of the thorax , which bears the forewings , is enlarged to hold the main flight muscles . Adults have short , flexible antennae , large compound eyes , three ocelli and non @-@ functional mouthparts . In most species , the males ' eyes are large and the front legs unusually long , for use in locating and grasping females during the mid @-@ air mating . In the males of some families there are two large cylindrical " turban " eyes that face upwards in addition to the lateral eyes . They are capable of detecting ultraviolet light and are thought to be used during courtship to detect females flying above them . In some species , all the legs are functionless , apart from the front pair in males . The abdomen is long and roughly cylindrical , with ten segments and two or three long cerci ( tail @-@ like appendages ) at the tip . Uniquely among insects , mayflies possess paired genitalia , with the male having two aedeagi ( penis @-@ like organs ) and the female two gonopores ( sexual openings ) .
= = Biology = =
= = = Reproduction and life cycle = = =
Mayflies are hemimetabolous ( they have " incomplete metamorphosis " ) . They are unique among insects in that they moult one more time after acquiring functional wings ; this last @-@ but @-@ one winged ( alate ) instar usually lives a very short time and is known as an imago , or to fly fishermen as a spinner . Mayflies at the imago stage are a favourite food of many fish , and many fishing flies are modelled to resemble them . The imago stage does not survive for long , rarely for more than 24 hours . In some species , it may last for just a few minutes , while the mayflies in the family Palingeniidae have sexually mature subimagos and no true adult form at all .
Often , all the mayflies in a population mature at once ( a hatch ) , and for a day or two in the spring or autumn , mayflies are everywhere , dancing around each other in large groups , or resting on every available surface . In many species the emergence is synchronised with dawn or dusk , and light intensity seems to be an important cue for emergence , but other factors may also be involved . Baetis intercalaris , for example , usually emerges just after sunset in July and August , but in one year , a large hatch was observed at midday in June . The soft @-@ bodied subimagos are very attractive to predators . Synchronous emergence is probably an adaptive strategy that reduces the individual 's risk of being eaten . The lifespan of an adult mayfly is very short , varying with the species . The primary function of the adult is reproduction ; adults do not feed , and have only vestigial ( unusable ) mouthparts , while their digestive systems are filled with air . Dolania americana has the shortest lifespan of any mayfly : the adult females of the species live for less than five minutes .
Male adults may patrol individually , but most congregate in swarms a few metres above water with clear open sky above it , and perform a nuptial ( courtship ) dance . Each insect has a characteristic up @-@ and @-@ down pattern of movement ; strong wingbeats propel it upwards and forwards with the tail sloping down ; when it stops moving its wings , it falls passively with the abdomen tilted upwards . Females fly into these swarms , and mating takes place in the air . A rising male clasps the thorax of a female from below using his front legs bent upwards , and inseminates her . Copulation may last just a few seconds , but occasionally a pair remains in tandem and flutters to the ground . Males may spend the night in vegetation and return to the nuptial dance the following day . Although they do not feed , some briefly touch the surface to drink a little water before flying off .
Females typically lay between four hundred and three thousand eggs . The eggs are often dropped onto the surface of the water ; sometimes the female deposits them by dipping the tip of her abdomen into the water during flight , releasing a small batch of eggs each time , or deposits them in bulk while standing next to the water . In a few species , the female submerges and places the eggs among plants or in crevices underwater , but in general , they sink to the bottom . The incubation time is variable , depending at least in part on temperature , and may be anything from a few days to nearly a year . Eggs can go into a quiet dormant phase or diapause . The larval growth rate is also temperature @-@ dependent , as is the number of moults . At anywhere between ten and fifty , these post @-@ embryonic moults are more numerous in mayflies than in most other insect orders . The nymphal stage of mayflies may last from several months to several years , depending on species and environmental conditions .
Many species breed in moving water , where there is a tendency for the eggs and nymphs to get washed downstream . To counteract this , females may fly upriver before depositing their eggs . For example , the female Tisza mayfly , the largest European species with a length of 10 cm ( 4 in ) , flies up to 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) upstream before depositing eggs on the water surface . These sink to the bottom and hatch after 45 days , the nymphs burrowing their way into the sediment where they spend two or three years before hatching into subimagos .
When ready to emerge , several different strategies are used . In some species , the transformation of the nymph occurs underwater and the subimago swims to the surface and launches itself into the air . In other species , the nymph rises to the surface , bursts out of its skin , remains quiescent for a minute or two resting on the exuviae ( cast skin ) and then flies upwards , and in some , the nymph climbs out of the water before transforming .
= = = Ecology = = =
Nymphs live primarily in streams under rocks , in decaying vegetation , or in sediments . Few species live in lakes , but they are among the most prolific . For example , the emergence of one species of Hexagenia was recorded on Doppler weather radar by the shoreline of Lake Erie in 2003 . In the nymphs of most mayfly species , the paddle @-@ like gills do not function as respiratory surfaces because sufficient oxygen is absorbed through the integument , instead serving to create a respiratory current . However , in low @-@ oxygen environments such as the mud at the bottom of ponds in which Ephemera vulgata burrows , the filamentous gills act as true accessory respiratory organs and are used in gaseous exchange .
In most species , the nymphs are herbivores or detritivores , feeding on algae , diatoms or detritus , but in a few species , they are predators of chironomid and other small insect larvae and nymphs . Nymphs of Povilla burrow into submerged wood and can be problem for boat owners in Asia . Some are able to shift from one feeding group to another as they grow , thus enabling them to utilise a variety of food resources . They process a great quantity of organic matter as nymphs and transfer a lot of phosphates and nitrates to terrestrial environments when they emerge from the water , thus helping to remove pollutants from aqueous systems . Along with caddisfly larvae and gastropod molluscs , the grazing of mayfly nymphs has a significant impact on the primary producers , the plants and algae , on the bed of streams and rivers .
The nymphs are eaten by a wide range of predators and form an important part of the aquatic food chain . Fish are among the main predators , picking nymphs off the bottom or ingesting them in the water column , and feeding on emerging nymphs and adults on the water surface . Carnivorous stonefly , caddisfly , alderfly and dragonfly larvae feed on bottom @-@ dwelling mayfly nymphs , as do aquatic beetles , leeches , crayfish and amphibians . Besides the direct mortality caused by these predators , the behaviour of their potential prey is also affected , with the nymphs ' growth rate being slowed by the need to hide rather than feed . The nymphs are highly susceptible to pollution and can be useful in the biomonitoring of water bodies . Once they have emerged , large numbers are preyed on by birds , bats and by other insects .
Mayfly nymphs may serve as hosts for parasites such as nematodes and trematodes . Some of these affect the nymphs ' behaviour in such a way that they become more likely to be predated . Other nematodes turn adult male mayflies into quasi @-@ females which haunt the edges of streams , enabling the parasites to break their way out into the aqueous environment they need to complete their life cycles . The nymphs can also serve as intermediate hosts for the horsehair worm Paragordius varius , which causes its definitive host , a grasshopper , to jump into water and drown .
= = = = Effects on ecosystem functioning = = = =
Mayflies are involved in both primary production and bioturbation . A study in laboratory simulated streams revealed that the Centroptilum genus of the mayfly increased the export of periphyton , thus indirectly affecting primary production positively , which is essential process for ecosystems . The mayfly can also reallocate and alter the nutrient availability in aquatic habitats through the process of bioturbation . By burrowing in the bottom of lakes and redistributing nutrients , mayflies indirectly regulate phytoplankton and epibenthic primary production . Once burrowing to the bottom of the lake , mayfly nymphs begin to billow their respiratory gills . This motion creates current that carries food particles through the burrow and allows the nymph to filter feed . Other mayfly nymphs possess elaborate filter feeding mechanisms like that of the genus Isonychia . The nymph have forelegs that contain long bristle @-@ like structures that have two rows of hairs . Interlocking hairs form the filter by which the insect traps food particles . The action of filter feeding has a small impact on water purification but an even larger impact on the convergence of small particulate matter into matter of a more complex form that goes on to benefit consumers later in the food chain .
= = = Distribution = = =
Mayflies are distributed all over the world in clean freshwater habitats , though absent from Antarctica . They tend to be absent from oceanic islands or represented by one or two species that have dispersed from nearby mainland . Female mayflies may be dispersed by wind , and eggs may be transferred by adhesion to the legs of waterbirds . The greatest generic diversity is found in the Neotropic ecozone , while the Holarctic has a smaller number of genera but a high degree of speciation . Some thirteen families are restricted to a single bioregion . The main families have some general habitat preferences : the Baetidae favour warm water ; the Heptageniidae live under stones and prefer fast @-@ flowing water ; and the relatively large Ephemeridae make burrows in sandy lake or river beds .
= = Conservation = =
The nymph is the dominant life history stage of the mayfly . Different insect species vary in their tolerance to water pollution , but in general , the larval stages of mayflies , stoneflies ( Plecoptera ) and caddis flies ( Trichoptera ) are susceptible to a number of pollutants including sewage , pesticides and industrial effluent . In general , mayflies are particularly sensitive to acidification , but tolerances vary , and certain species are exceptionally tolerant to heavy metal contamination and to low pH levels . Ephemerellidae are among the most tolerant groups and Siphlonuridae and Caenidae the least . The adverse effects on the insects of pollution may be either lethal or sub @-@ lethal , in the latter case resulting in altered enzyme function , poor growth , changed behaviour or lack of reproductive success . As important parts of the food chain , pollution can cause knock @-@ on effects to other organisms ; a dearth of herbivorous nymphs can cause overgrowth of algae , and a scarcity of predacious nymphs can result in an over @-@ abundance of their prey species . Fish that feed on mayfly nymphs that have bioaccumulated heavy metals are themselves at risk . Adult female mayflies find water by detecting the polarization of reflected light . They are easily fooled by other polished surfaces which can act as traps for swarming mayflies .
The status of many species of mayflies is unknown because they are known from only the original collection data . Four North American species are believed to be extinct . Among these , Pentagenia robusta
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
reduce weight . The six vertebrae of the sacrum were also tall and pneumatised , and all but the first one were fused together at the top , their neural spines forming a neural plate . The ilium , the top hip bone , was also partially pneumatised close to the sacral vertebrae . Part of the pelvis was hypertrophied ( enlarged ) compared to other ornithomimosaurs , to support the weight of the animal with strong muscle attachments . The front hip bones tilted upwards in life . The tail of Deinocheirus ended in at least two fused vertebrae , which were described as similar to the pygostyle of oviraptorosaurian and therizinosauroid theropods . Ornithomimosaurs are known to have had pennaceous feathers , so this feature suggests that they might have had a fan of feathers at the tail end .
The only known skull , belonging to the largest specimen , measures 1 @.@ 024 m ( 3 @.@ 36 ft ) from the premaxilla at the front to the back of the occipital condyle . The widest part of the skull behind the eyes is only 23 cm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) wide in comparison . The skull was similar to those of other ornithomimosaurs in being low and narrow , but differed in that the snout was more elongated . The skull bone walls were rather thin , about 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 in ) . It had a rounded , flattened beak , which would have been covered by keratin in life . The nostrils were turned upwards , and the nasal bone was a narrow strap that extended up above the eye sockets . The outer diameter of the sclerotic rings in the eyes was small , 8 @.@ 4 cm ( 3 @.@ 3 in ) , compared to the size of the skull . The lower temporal fenestrae , openings behind the eyes , were partially closed off by the jugal bones , similar to Gallimimus . The jaws were toothless and down @-@ turned , and the lower jaw was very massive and deep compared to the slender and low upper jaw . The relative size of the lower jaw was closer to that of tyrannosaurids than to other ornithomimosaurs . The snout was spatulate ( flared outwards to the sides ) and 25 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) wide , which is wider than the skull roof . This shape is similar to the snout of duck @-@ billed hadrosaurids .
= = History of discovery = =
The first known fossil remains of Deinocheirus were discovered by Polish palaeontologist Zofia Kielan @-@ Jaworowska on July 9 , 1965 , at the Altan Ula III site ( coordinates : 43 ° 33 @.@ 987 ′ N 100 ° 28 @.@ 959 ′ E ) in the Nemegt Basin of the Gobi Desert . She was part of a Polish group accompanied by Mongolian palaeontologist Rinchen Barsbold during the 1963 – 1965 Polish @-@ Mongolian palaeontological expeditions , which were organised by the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences . The crew spent July 9 – 11 excavating the specimen and loading it onto a vehicle . A 1968 report by Kielan @-@ Jaworowska and Naydin Dovchin , which summarised the accomplishments of the expeditions , announced that the remains represented a new family of theropod dinosaur . The specimen was discovered on a small hill in sandstone , and consists of a partial , disarticulated skeleton , most parts of which had probably eroded away at the time of discovery . The specimen consisted of both forelimbs , excluding the claws of the right hand , the complete shoulder girdle , centra of three dorsal vertebrae , five ribs , gastralia ( belly ribs ) , and two ceratobranchialia . The specimen was made the holotype of Deinocheirus mirificus , named by Halszka Osmólska and Ewa Roniewicz in 1970 . The generic name is derived from Greek deinos ( δεινός ) , meaning " horrible " , and cheir ( χείρ ) , meaning " hand " , due to the size and strong claws of the forelimbs . The specific name comes from Latin and means " unusual " or " peculiar " , chosen for the unusual structure of the forelimbs . The Polish @-@ Mongolian expeditions were notable for being led by women , among the first to name new dinosaurs . The original specimen number of the holotype was ZPal MgD @-@ I / 6 , but it has since been re @-@ catalogued as MPC @-@ D 100 / 18 .
The paucity of known Deinocheirus remains inhibited a thorough understanding of the animal for almost half a century onwards , and the scientific literature often described it as among the most " enigmatic " , " mysterious " , and " bizarre " of dinosaurs . The holotype arms went on to become part of a traveling exhibit of Mongolian dinosaur fossils , touring various countries . In 2012 , Phil R. Bell , Philip J. Currie , and Yuong @-@ Nam Lee announced the discovery of additional elements of the holotype specimen , including fragments of gastralia , found by a Korean @-@ Mongolian team which re @-@ located the original quarry in 2008 . Bite marks on two gastralia were identified as belonging to Tarbosaurus , and it was proposed that this accounted for the scattered , disassociated state of the holotype specimen .
In 2013 , the discovery of two new Deinocheirus specimens was announced before the annual Society of Vertebrate Paleontology ( SVP ) conference by Lee , Barsbold , Currie , and colleagues . Housed at the Mongolian Academy of Sciences , these two headless individuals were given the specimen numbers MPC @-@ D 100 / 127 and MPC @-@ D 100 / 128 . MPC @-@ D 100 / 128 , a subadult specimen , was found by scientists in the Altan Ula IV locality ( coordinates : 43 ° 36 @.@ 091 ′ N 100 ° 27 @.@ 066 ′ E ) of the Nemegt Formation during the Korea @-@ Mongolia International Dinosaur Expedition in 2006 , but had already been damaged by fossil poachers . The second specimen , MPC @-@ D 100 / 127 , was found by scientists in the Bugiin Tsav locality ( coordinates : 43 ° 54 @.@ 025 ′ N 99 ° 58 @.@ 359 ′ E ) in 2009 . It is slightly larger than the holotype , and it could be clearly identified as Deinocheirus by its left forelimb , and therefore helped identify the earlier collected specimen as Deinocheirus . The specimen had also been excavated by poachers , who had removed the skull , hands and feet , but left behind a single toe bone . It had probably been looted after 2002 , based on money left in the quarry . Currie stated in an interview that it was a policy of their team to investigate quarries after they had been looted and recover anything of significance , and that finding any new Deinocheirus fossils was cause for celebration , even without the poached parts . A virtual model of Deinocheirus revealed at the SVP presentation brought applause from the crowd of attending palaeontologists , and Scottish palaeontologist Stephen L. Brusatte stated he had never been as surprised by a SVP talk , though new fossils are routinely presented at the conference .
After the new specimens were announced , it was rumoured that a looted skull had found its way to a European museum through the black market . The poached elements were spotted in a private European collection by the French fossil trader François Escuillé , who notified Belgian palaeontologist Pascal Godefroit about them in 2011 . They suspected the remains belonged to Deinocheirus , and contacted the Korean @-@ Mongolian team . Escuillé subsequently acquired the fossils and donated them to the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences . The recovered material consisted of a skull , a left hand , and feet , which had been collected in Mongolia , sold to a Japanese buyer , and resold to a German party . The team concluded that these elements belonged to specimen MPC @-@ D 100 / 127 , as the single leftover toe bone fit perfectly into the unprepared matrix of a poached foot , the bone and matrix matched in colour , and because the elements belonged to an individual of the same size , with no overlap in skeletal elements . On May 1 , 2014 , the fossils were repatriated to Mongolia by a delegation from the Belgian Museum , during a ceremony held at the Mongolian Academy of Sciences . The reunited skeleton was deposited at the Central Museum of Mongolian Dinosaurs in Ulaanbaatar , along with a Tarbosaurus skeleton which had also been brought back after being stolen . American palaeontologist Thomas R. Holtz stated in an interview that the new Deinocheirus remains looked like the " product of a secret love affair between a hadrosaur and Gallimimus " .
Combined with the poached elements , both new specimens represent almost the entire skeleton of Deinocheirus , as MPC @-@ D 100 / 127 includes all material apart from the middle dorsal vertebrae , most caudal vertebrae , and the right forelimb ; MPC @-@ D 100 / 128 fills in most gaps of the other skeleton , with nearly all dorsal and caudal vertebrae , the ilium , a partial ischium , and most of the left hindlimb . In 2014 , the specimens were described in the Nature journal by Lee , Barsbold , Currie , Yoshitsugu Kobayashi , Hang @-@ Jae Lee Lee , Godefroit , Escuillié , and Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig . A similar series of events was reported earlier in 2014 with Spinosaurus , another sail @-@ backed theropod which had only been known from few remains since 1912 . Poached remains were reunited with specimens obtained by scientists , and Spinosaurus was shown to have been quite different from other spinosaurids . The two cases showed that the lifestyle and appearance of incompletely known extinct animals cannot always be safely inferred from close relatives .
= = Classification = =
When Deinocheirus was only known from the original forelimbs , its taxonomic relationship was difficult to determine , and several hypotheses were proposed . Osmólska and Roniewicz initially concluded that Deinocheirus did not belong in any already named theropod family , so they created a new , monotypic family Deinocheiridae , placed in the infraorder Carnosauria . This was due to the large size and thick @-@ walled limb bones , but they also found some similarities with Ornithomimus , and , to a lesser extent , Allosaurus . In 1971 , John Ostrom first proposed that Deinocheirus belonged with the Ornithomimosauria , while noting that it contained both ornithomimosaurian and non @-@ ornithomimosaurian characters . In 1976 , Rhinchen Barsbold named the order Deinocheirosauria , which was to include the supposedly related genera Deinocheirus and Therizinosaurus . A relationship between Deinocheirus and the long @-@ armed therizinosaurs was supported by some later writers , but they are not considered to be closely related today .
In 2004 , Peter Makovicky , Kobayashi and Currie pointed out that Deinocheirus was likely a primitive ornithomimosaurian , since it lacked some of the features typical of the Ornithomimidae family . Primitive traits include its recurved claws , the low humerus @-@ to @-@ scapula ratio , and the lack of a syndesmosis . A 2006 study by Kobayashi and Barsbold found Deinocheirus to be possibly the most primitive ornithomimosaur , but was unable to further resolve its affinities , due to the lack of skull and hindlimb elements . A cladistic analysis accompanying the 2014 description of the two much more complete specimens found that Deinocheirus formed a clade with Garudimimus and Beishanlong , which were therefore included in the Deinocheiridae . The resulting cladogram follows below :
The 2014 study defined Deinocheiridae as a clade including all taxa with a more recent common ancestor with Deinocheirus mirificus than with Ornithomimus velox . The three members share various anatomical features in the limbs . The 2014 cladogram suggested that ornithomimosaurians diverged into two major lineages in the Early Cretaceous ; Deinocheiridae and Ornithomimidae . Unlike other ornithomimosaurians , deinocheirids were not built for running . The anatomical peculiarities of Deinocheirus when compared to other , much smaller ornithomimosaurs , can largely be explained by its much larger size and weight . Deinocheirids and the smaller ornithomimids did not have teeth , unlike more primitive ornithomimosaurs .
= = Paleobiology = =
The blunt and short claws of Deinocheirus are similar to those of the therizinosaur Alxasaurus , which indicates the long arms and claws were used for digging and gathering plants . The blunt claws of the feet could have helped the animal from sinking into substrate when wading . The robust hind limbs and hip region indicates the animal moved slowly . The large size of the animal may have helped it against predators such as Tarbosaurus , but in turn it lost the running ability of other ornithomimosaurs . The long neural spines and possible tail fan may have been used for display behaviour . Deinocheirus was likely diurnal ( active during the day ) , since the sclerotic rings of the eyes were relatively small in comparison with its skull length . The hand had good mobility relative to the lower arm , but was capable of only a limited flexing motion , unable to close in grasping .
The brain of Deinocheirus was reconstructed through CT scans and presented at the 2014 Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology conference . The brain was globular and similar in shape to that of birds and troodontid theropods , the cerebrum was expanded in a way similar to most theropods , and the olfactory tracts were relatively large . The brain was proportionally small and compact , and its Reptile Encephalisation Quotient ( brain @-@ body ratio ) was estimated at 0 @.@ 69 , which is low for theropods , and similar to sauropods . Other ornithomimosaurs have proportionally large brains , and the small brain of Deinocheirus may reflect its social behaviour or diet . Its coordination and balance would not have been as important as for carnivorous theropods . A bone microstructure study presented at the 13th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists in 2015 showed that Deinocheirus probably had a high metabolic rate , and grew rapidly before reaching sexual maturity .
= = = Diet = = =
The distinct shape of the skull shows that Deinocheirus had a more specialised diet than other ornithomimosaurs . The beak was similar to that of ducks , which indicates it may have likewise foraged in water , or browsed near the ground like some sauropods and hadrosaurs . The attachment sites for the muscles that open and close the jaws were very small in comparison to the size of the skull , which indicates Deinocheirus had a weak bite force . The skull was likely adapted for cropping soft understorey or water vegetation . The depth of the lower jaw indicates the presence of a large tongue , which could have assisted the animal in sucking in food material obtained with the broad beak when foraging on the bottom of freshwater bodies .
More than 1 @,@ 400 gastroliths ( stomach stones , 8 to 87mm in size ) were found among the ribs and gastralia of specimen MPC @-@ D100 / 127 . The ratio of gastrolith mass to total weight , 0 @.@ 0022 , supports the theory that these gastroliths helped the toothless animals in grinding their food . Features such as the presence of a beak and a U @-@ shaped , downturned jaw , are indicators of facultative ( optional ) herbivory among coelurosaurian theropods . In spite of these features , fish vertebrae and scales were also found among the gastroliths , which suggests that it was an omnivore . Ornithomimosaurs in general are thought to have fed on both plants and small animals .
Various feeding behaviours were proposed before more complete remains of Deinocheirus were known , and it was early on envisioned as a predatory , allosaur @-@ like animal with giant arms . In their original description , Osmólska and Roniewicz found that the hands of Deinocheirus were unsuited for grasping , but could instead have been used to tear prey apart . In 1970 , the Russian paleontologist Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky compared the forelimbs of Deinocheirus to sloths , leading him to hypothesise that Deinocheirus was a specialised climbing dinosaur , that fed on plants and animals found in trees . In 1988 , Gregory S. Paul instead suggested that the claws were too blunt for predatory purposes , but would have been good defensive weapons . While attempting to determine the ecological niches for Deinocheirus and Therizinosaurus in 2010 , Phil Senter and James H. Robins suggested that Deinocheirus had the largest vertical feeding range due to its hip height , and specialised in eating high foliage .
= = = Palaeopathology = = =
Osmólska and Roniewicz reported that the holotype specimen has abnormal pits , grooves and tubercles on the first and second phalanx of the left second finger that may be the result of injuries to the joint between the two bones . The damage may have caused changes to the arrangement of ligaments of muscles . The two coracoids are also differently developed . A rib of specimen MPC @-@ D 100 / 127 shows a healed trauma which has remodelled the bone . In 2012 , bite marks on two gastralia of the holotype specimen were reported . The size and shape of the bite marks match the teeth of Tarbosaurus , the largest known predator from the Nemegt Formation . Various types of feeding traces were identified ; punctures , gouges , striae , fragmentary teeth , and combinations of the above marks . The bite marks probably represent feeding behaviour instead of aggression between the species , and the fact that bite marks were not found elsewhere on the body indicates the predator focused on internal organs . Tarbosaurus bite marks have also been identified on hadrosaur and sauropod fossils , but theropod bite marks on bones of other theropods are very rare in the fossil record .
= = Palaeocology = =
The three known Deinocheirus specimens were recovered from the Nemegt Formation in the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia . This geologic formation has never been dated radiometrically , but the fauna present in the fossil record indicate it was probably deposited during the early Maastrichtian stage , at the end of the Late Cretaceous about 70 million years ago . The rock facies of the Nemegt Formation suggest the presence of stream and river channels , mudflats , and shallow lakes . Such large river channels and soil deposits are evidence of a far more humid climate than those found in the older Barun Goyot and Djadochta formations . However , caliche deposits indicate at least periodic droughts occurred . Sediment was deposited in the channels and floodplains of large rivers .
Deinocheirus is thought to have been widely distributed within the Nemegt Formation , as the only three specimens found have been 50 km ( 31 mi ) apart . The river systems of the Nemegt Formation provided a suitable niche for Deinocheirus with its omnivorous habits . The environment was similar to the Okavango Delta of present @-@ day Botswana . Within this ecosystem , Deinocheirus would have eaten plants and small animals , including fish . It may have competed for trees with other large herbivorous dinosaurs such as the long @-@ necked theropod Therizinosaurus , various titanosaurian sauropods , and the smaller hadrosaurid Saurolophus . Deinocheirus may have competed with those herbivores for higher foliage such as trees , but was also able to feed on material that they could not . Along with Deinocheirus , the discoveries of Therizinosaurus and Gigantoraptor show that three groups of herbivorous theropods ( ornithomimosaurs , therizinosaurs and oviraptorosaurs ) , independently reached their maximum sizes in the late Cretaceous of Asia .
The habitats in and around the Nemegt rivers where Deinocheirus lived provided a home for a wide array of organisms . Occasional mollusc fossils are found , as well as a variety of other aquatic animals like fish and turtles . Nemegt crocodylomorphs included several species of Shamosuchus . Mammal fossils are rare in the Nemegt Formation , but many birds have been found , including the enantiornithine Gurilynia , the hesperornithiform Judinornis , as well as Teviornis , a possible Anseriform . Herbivorous dinosaurs of the Nemegt Formation include ankylosaurids such as Tarchia , the pachycephalosaurian Prenocephale , large hadrosaurids such as Saurolophus and Barsboldia , and sauropods such as Nemegtosaurus , and Opisthocoelicaudia . Predatory theropods that may have lived alongside Deinocheirus include tyrannosauroids such as Tarbosaurus , Alioramus , and Bagaraatan , and troodontids such as Borogovia , Tochisaurus , and Saurornithoides . Theropod groups with both omnivorous and herbivorous members include therizinosaurs , such as Therizinosaurus , oviraptorosaurians , such as Elmisaurus , Nemegtomaia , and Rinchenia , and other ornithomimosaurians , such as Anserimimus and Gallimimus .
= Cow Clicker =
Cow Clicker is an incremental social network game on Facebook developed by video game researcher Ian Bogost . The game serves as a deconstructive satire of social games . The goal of the game is to earn " clicks " by clicking on a sprite of a cow every six hours . The addition of friends ' cows to the player 's pasture allows the user to also receive " clicks " whenever the player 's cow is clicked . A premium currency known as " Mooney " allows the user to purchase different cow designs and skip the six @-@ hour interval between clicks .
In the wake of a controversial speech by Zynga 's president at the Game Developers Choice Awards in 2010 , Bogost developed Cow Clicker for a presentation at a New York University seminar on social gaming in July 2010 . The game was created to demonstrate what Bogost felt were the most commonly abused mechanics of social games , such as the promotion of social interaction and monetization rather than the artistic aspects of the medium . As the game unexpectedly began to grow in popularity , Bogost also used Cow Clicker to parody other recent gaming trends , such as gamification , educational apps , and alternate reality games .
Some critics praised Cow Clicker for its dissection of the common mechanics of social network games and viewed it as a commentary on how social games affect people .
= = Gameplay = =
The player is initially given a pasture with nine slots and a single plain cow , which the player may click once every six hours . Each time the cow is clicked , a point also known as a " click " is awarded ; if the player adds friends ' cows to their pasture , they also receive clicks added to their scores when the player clicks their own cow . As in other Facebook games , players are encouraged to post announcements to their news feed whenever they click their cow . A virtual currency known as " Mooney " can be bought with Facebook Credits ; it can be used to purchase special " premium " cow designs , and the ability to skip the six @-@ hour time limit that must be waited before the cow can be clicked again .
= = History = =
= = = Creation and development = = =
At the 2010 Game Developers Conference , Zynga 's game FarmVille was awarded the " Best New Social / Online Game " at its Game Developers Choice Awards . Ian Bogost ( who was also in attendance ) was critical of Zynga 's success , as he felt that its business model was focused on convincing users to pay money to progress further in their " freemium " games rather than treating gaming as an artistic experience . He also believed Zynga 's vice president Bill Mooney was trying to attack " artistic " gaming during his acceptance speech for the award when he personally invited independent game developers to join his company . After the conference , Bogost coined the term " cow clickers " to describe games such as FarmVille which only involve performing tasks at certain intervals , since in these games , " you click on a cow , and that ’ s all you do . " Bogost compared the players of Zynga 's games to the rats in B. F. Skinner 's operant conditioning experiment , often receiving variable reinforcement rather than regular rewards . As one of the most vocal critics of Zynga 's practices and business model , Bogost made further appearances at various events and panels to discuss his views on social gaming .
In July 2010 , Bogost was scheduled to make an appearance at a New York University seminar , " Social Games On Trial " , to discuss the controversial aspects of social network gaming . To clearly demonstrate what he felt were the most commonly abused mechanics of these games , Bogost quickly developed a Facebook game entitled Cow Clicker . The game was designed to be a satire of what Bogost personally believed were the only points of FarmVille : to encourage users to continue playing by inviting other users into the game , and to provide incentives for those who purchase virtual goods .
= = = Updates = = =
Unexpectedly to Bogost , Cow Clicker became a viral phenomenon , amassing over 50 @,@ 000 players by September 2010 . In response to its sudden popularity , he committed to improving the game with new features . Updates to the game added awards for reaching certain milestones ( such as the Golden Cowbell for 100 @,@ 000 clicks ) , the ability to earn Mooney by clicking on other users ' Cow Clicker news feed posts , and the chance to randomly gain or lose Mooney on every click . New cow designs were also introduced , such as an oil @-@ coated cow to commemorate the BP oil spill , and the " Stargrazer Cow " , which was only a mirror image of the original cow that cost around $ 20 's worth of Mooney .
Although continually disturbed by its popularity , Bogost also used Cow Clicker to parody other recent gaming and social networking trends ; such as the addition of an API to allow websites to have their own clickable cows ( in a process he dubbed " Cowclickification " ) , the spin @-@ off game Cow Clicker Blitz ( co @-@ developed with PopCap Games co @-@ founder Jason Kapalka ) , " My First Cow Clicker " for iOS ( a parody of simplistic education apps ; designed to " train " children on cow clicking and add the resulting clicks to their parent 's total ) , and a " Cow Clicktivism " campaign where users could click on an emaciated cow to donate to Oxfam America — with a goal of donating an actual cow to a third world country . The cow , known as the " Cowclicktivist Cow " , could also be unlocked for the player 's pasture with a $ 110 donation .
= = = " Cowpocalypse " event and conclusion = = =
In 2011 , an alternate reality game known as the " Cow ClickARG " was held , where a series of clues from the " bovine gods " eventually revealed that a " Cowpocalypse " would occur on July 21 , 2011 ( exactly one year since the original release of the game ) . From then on , every click made by players would deduct thirty seconds from a countdown clock leading to the Cowpocalypse . However , players could extend the countdown clock by paying to supplicate with Facebook Credits : paying 10 credits would extend the countdown by a single hour , while 4 @,@ 000 would extend the countdown by an entire month . After $ 700 worth of extensions , the countdown clock expired on the evening of September 7 , 2011 . At this point , the game remained playable , but all the cows were replaced by blank spaces and said to have been raptured . Bogost intended the Cowpocalypse event to signal the " end " of the game to players ; when addressing a complaint by a fan who felt the game was no longer fun after the cow rapture , Bogost responded that " it wasn 't very fun before . "
= = Reception = =
Cow Clicker received critical attention soon after its release . One early commentator was Alexia Tsotsis of TechCrunch , who acknowledged the game 's intent as a commentary on the impact of social network games . In an interview , Bogost foresaw the transformation of the internet into a " compulsive virtual dystopia " through Zynga 's use of social gaming .
Nick Yee of the Palo Alto Research Center compared the players of games which do not provide " meaningful opportunities for achievement , social interaction , and challenge " to rats in a Skinner box . Accordingly , he compared Cow Clicker to being inside an " incredibly clear Skinner box " — acknowledging how little effort the game took in order to keep users playing the game . Jason Tanz of Wired considered Cow Clicker as an example of the growth in the trend of gamification — where developers introduce elements influenced by games into their services without providing the normal " experience " a game traditionally incorporates .
PopCap Games co @-@ founder Jason Kapalka praised Cow Clicker for being the type of " ironic , satirical , self @-@ referential " game that Facebook 's game ecosystem was lacking , as he felt there were too many commercially driven games on the social network . Playdom 's Scott Jon Siegel criticized the game for not going far enough in its satire , and putting too many highlights on the " absurd monetisation practices and meaningless clicking which social games are all too well known for . "
= Four Seasons Mall =
Four Seasons Mall was an enclosed shopping mall in Plymouth , Minnesota , a suburb of the Twin Cities . Four Seasons Mall once comprised 117 @,@ 000 square feet ( 11 @,@ 000 m2 ) of retail space with approximately 26 storefronts . The mall opened in 1978 and the last tenant closed in the center on February 29 , 2012 . The site currently sits completely vacant and is considered a dead mall .
Over the years , Four Seasons Mall was home to several regional chains , including various restaurants and small businesses . Although the mall currently still stands vacant in Plymouth , several redevelopment and demolition plans exist for the mall . Despite its closure , several events periodically take place at the mall , such as arts and crafts shows .
= = History = =
Opening in 1978 , Four Seasons Mall became a popular attraction for the residents of Plymouth , Minnesota . The mall was built atop 22 acres of land ; however , the land was surrounded by wetland and not zoned for a large scale shopping center . The shopping center was developed by the RMF Group , who had helped construct other shopping centers , like nearby Brookdale Center . Following the mall 's decline , Walmart expressed interest in the site for the construction of a new store . Contractors for Walmart studied the mall 's site and created " a variety of plans and guidelines for the site " . Surveyors found the land suitable for a 240 @,@ 000 square feet ( 22 @,@ 000 m2 ) Walmart Supercenter , but Plymouth city officials were displeased with the idea of a big @-@ box retailer opening in their community . Walmart later agreed on constructing a significantly smaller 87 @,@ 000 square feet ( 8 @,@ 100 m2 ) location , which was still rejected by the city .
Throughout the 2000s and 2010s , several projects went underway to improve the city water available to the tenants of Four Seasons Mall . Nearby Northwood Lake was included in the projects ; as several channels between the lake and the mall had eroded . The channels affected in the projects provided water to nearly 285 acres of land in Plymouth . Several initiatives such as ponding , stream restoration , and flow restriction were considered to improve the quality of the water . In mid 2015 , all of the improvement projects were finalized following two years of channel work .
= = Closure = =
Despite regularly hosting several arts and crafts shows throughout the years , the mall 's vacancy rates steadily increased annually , which prompted the mall 's independent owners to place the facilities up for sale . On November 30 , 2010 , Walmart purchased the entire mall for $ 10 @.@ 6 million . Two years after Walmart 's purchase of the land , the mall 's final tenant , Marcello 's Pizza , was forced to close up their 28 year @-@ old location . Lisa Pieper , one of the owners of Marcello 's , stated that they " had no choice but to close " after Walmart refused to renew their tenant 's lease . Among the mall 's final tenants included Marcello 's , Curves International , and a family @-@ owned Asian restaurant .
In January 2015 , the plans for construction of a Walmart Supercenter fell through when Walmart announced the shopping center 's resale . Plymouth city council member Ginny Black called Walmart 's decision " disappoint [ ing ] " and " overwhelming " . When the mall 's resale occurred in 2015 , the entire site was purchased by INH Properties . Various concepts and plans for the site 's redevelopment have been created by the City of Plymouth ; most of the plans created were inspired by lifestyle centers , with retail and residential space . However , residents of Plymouth are still " overwhelmingly opposed " to the deconstruction of Four Seasons Mall .
= Pseudoryzomys =
Pseudoryzomys simplex , also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys , is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south @-@ central South America . It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats . It is a medium @-@ sized species , weighing about 50 grams ( 1 @.@ 8 oz ) , with gray – brown fur , long and narrow hindfeet , and a tail that is about as long as the head and body . The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern , although almost nothing is known of its diet or reproduction .
The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys , its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys , which are semiaquatic , spending much of their time in the water . The three genera share several characters , including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle , such as the presence of membranes between the digits ( interdigital webbing ) , and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns , both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys . Together , they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe , a very diverse group including over one hundred species , mainly in South America . This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae , which include many more species , mainly from Eurasia and the Americas . Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1887 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil ( as Hesperomys simplex ) ; and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay ( as Oryzomys wavrini ) . This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species .
= = Taxonomy = =
= = = Discovery and recognition = = =
Pseudoryzomys simplex has had a complex taxonomic history . It was first described in 1887 by Danish zoologist Herluf Winge , who reviewed the materials Peter Wilhem Lund had collected in the caves of Lagoa Santa , Minas Gerais , Brazil . Winge described the species as Hesperomys simplex , and placed it in the same genus ( Hesperomys ) as the species now called Lundomys molitor and two species now placed in Calomys . Like most other species Winge proposed , H. simplex was mostly ignored in the systematic literature , but from 1952 it was used briefly , in the combination " Oecomys simplex " , for an Oecomys species from central Brazil . In his 1960 review of Oecomys , Field Museum mammalogist Philip Hershkovitz denied any affinities between simplex and Oecomys , noting that various features of the H. simplex skull illustrated by Winge instead suggested affinities to the phyllotine or sigmodont groups .
In 1921 , renowned British mammalogist Oldfield Thomas described Oryzomys wavrini as a new species of Oryzomys from Paraguay . In the next decades , it was viewed as an aberrant species of Oryzomys ( then used in a much broader sense than now ) , but it was moved to a separate genus , named Pseudoryzomys , by Hershkovitz in 1959 , who noted that although it is similar to Oryzomys palustris in appearance , other features suggest it is more closely related to Phyllotis . Thus , he viewed the animal as a member of the phyllotine group of rodents , which includes Calomys and Phyllotis , not of the oryzomyine group , which includes Oryzomys , and his opinion was mostly accepted in the next few decades . Scientific knowledge of the rare Pseudoryzomys wavrini — only three specimens were known when Hershkovitz described the genus Pseudoryzomys in 1959 — increased in the following years , and in 1975 the Bolivian population was named as a separate subspecies , Pseudoryzomys wavrini reigi , because Bolivian animals are slightly larger and darker than those from Paraguay .
In 1980 , Argentinean zoologist Elio Massoia suggested that Winge 's Hesperomys simplex and the living Pseudoryzomys wavrini are in fact the same species . In a 1991 study , American zoologists Voss and Myers confirmed this suggestion after re @-@ examining Winge 's material , finding no appreciable differences among specimens of H. simplex and P. wavrini . Since then , the species has been known as Pseudoryzomys simplex ( Winge , 1887 ) , because simplex is the oldest specific name for the animal ; Oryzomys wavrini Thomas , 1921 , and Pseudoryzomys wavrini reigi Pine and Wetzel , 1975 , are junior synonyms . Voss and Myers also re @-@ evaluated the relationships of Pseudoryzomys ; they considered it closer to oryzomyines than to phyllotines , but declined to formally place it in Oryzomyini in the absence of explicit phylogenetic justification for such a placement .
= = = Oryzomyine relationships = = =
When Voss and Carleton formally characterized Oryzomyini two years later , they did place Pseudoryzomys in the group , even though it lacks complete mesoloph ( id ) s . The mesoloph is an accessory crest on the upper molars and the mesolophid is the corresponding structure on the lower molars . Only a few other animals now considered oryzomyines lack complete mesoloph ( id ) s , but they are absent in various non @-@ oryzomyines , some of which had previously been regarded as close relatives of the oryzomyines that lack them . Oryzomyines with and without complete mesoloph ( id ) s share various other characters , however , including presence of mammae on the chest , absence of a gall bladder , and some characters of the skull , suggesting that they form one natural , monophyletic group . Oryzomyini is now one of several tribes recognized within the subfamily Sigmodontinae , which encompasses hundreds of species found across South America and into southern North America . Sigmodontinae itself is the largest subfamily of the family Cricetidae , other members of which include voles , lemmings , hamsters , and deermice , all mainly from Eurasia and North America .
Several phylogenetic studies published during the 1990s and 2000s supported a close relationship between Pseudoryzomys and two other oryzomyines with reduced or absent mesoloph ( id ) s , Lundomys and Holochilus . The extinct genera Noronhomys and Carletonomys , described in 1999 and 2008 respectively , were also recognized as members of the group . In 2006 , a broad morphological and molecular phylogenetic study of Oryzomyini provided further support for the relationship between Holochilus , Lundomys , and Pseudoryzomys . Within this group , morphological data supported a closer relationship between Holochilus and Lundomys to the exclusion of Pseudoryzomys , but DNA sequence data favored a clustering between Holochilus and Pseudoryzomys to the exclusion of Lundomys ; among all oryzomyines , this was the only case where relationships which received strong support from morphological and DNA sequence data conflicted . Together , the three genera form part of a large group of oryzomyines ( " clade D " ) , which contains tens of other species . Several of those display some adaptations to life in the water , being partially aquatic , as do Pseudoryzomys and its relatives . Morphological data indicate that the genus Oryzomys is the closest relative of the group that includes Pseudoryzomys , but DNA sequence data from the nuclear IRBP gene did not support this relationship ; convergent adaptations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle may explain the morphological support for a relation between Oryzomys and the other three genera .
= = Description = =
Pseudoryzomys simplex is a nondescript , medium @-@ sized rat with long , soft fur . The upperparts are gray – brown and the underparts are buff ; the color changes gradually over the body . The small ears are covered with short hairs . The tail is as long as or slightly longer than the head and body and is dark above and light below . Despite the presence of short hairs , the scales on the tail are clearly visible . The hairs on the feet are pale . The hindfeet are long and narrow and have five toes , the first and fifth of which are short . Webbing is present between the second , third , and fourth toes , but the membranes are not as large as in Lundomys or Holochilus . The tufts of hair on the toes and several of the pads are reduced , other common characteristics of semiaquatic oryzomyines . The head @-@ body length is 94 to 140 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 7 to 5 @.@ 5 in ) , tail length 102 to 140 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 to 5 @.@ 5 in ) , hindfeet length 27 to 33 mm ( 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 3 in ) , ear length 13 to 19 mm ( 0 @.@ 5 to 0 @.@ 7 in ) and body mass 45 to 55 g ( 1 @.@ 6 to 1 @.@ 9 oz ) .
The female has four pairs of teats , including one on the chest and three on the belly , and the gall bladder is absent , both important characters of Oryzomyini . As is characteristic of Sigmodontinae , Pseudoryzomys has a complex penis , with the baculum ( penis bone ) displaying large protuberances at the sides . In the cartilaginous part of the baculum , the central digit is smaller than those at the sides .
= = = Skull = = =
The skull , which is short at the front , shows some typical oryzomyine characters . The palate is long , extending past the molars and the maxillary bones . The alisphenoid strut , which in some sigmodontines separates two foramina ( openings ) in the skull , is absent . The squamosal bone lacks a suspensory process contacting the tegmen tympani , the roof the tympanic cavity . The front part is short .
The nasal bones end bluntly close to the hindmost extent of the premaxillary bones . The narrow interorbital region , located between the eyes , converges towards the front and is flanked by low beads . The interparietal bone , located in the roof of the skull on the braincase , is nearly as wide as the frontals , but does not reach the squamosals .
The incisive foramina , which perforate the palate between the incisors and the molars , are long and narrow , extending between the first molars . The back margins of the zygomatic plates , the flattened front portions of the zygomatic arches ( cheekbones ) , are located before the first molars . Like its close relatives Lundomys and Holochilus , Pseudoryzomys has spinous processes on its zygomatic plates . These genera also share relatively simple posterolateral palatal pits , perforations of the palate near the third molar . Unlike Holochilus and Lundomys , however , Pseudoryzomys has a flat palate , lacking a ridge on the middle that extends along the length of the palate . The parapterygoid fossae , which are located behind the third molars , are excavated beyond the level of the palate , but not as deeply as in Holochilus and Lundomys . The mastoid skull bone contains a conspicuous opening , as in most oryzomyines .
The mandible ( lower jaw ) is short and deep . The mental foramen , an opening at the front of the mandible , just before the first molar , opens to the side . The capsular process of the lower incisor , a raising of the mandibular bone at the back end of the incisor , is well developed . The two masseteric ridges , to which some of the chewing muscles are attached , are entirely separate , joining only at their front edges , which are located below the first molar .
= = = Molars = = =
As in all oryzomyines except Holochilus and its close relatives , the molars are brachyodont , low @-@ crowned , and bunodont , with the cusps extending higher than the central parts of the molars . They are characterized by strong cusps and absence or reduction of accessory crests . The cusps of the upper molars are opposite , but in the lower molars the labial ( outer ) cusps are slightly further to the front than the lingual ( inner ) ones . On the upper first molar , one accessory ridge , the anteroloph , is lacking , but another , the mesoloph , is present . Unlike in most other oryzomyines , however , which have mesolophs reaching the labial margin of the molar , the mesolophs of Pseudoryzomys are short and protrude only slightly from the middle of the molar . The corresponding structure in the lower molars , the mesolophid , is completely absent . The hindmost valley between cusps on the lower first molar , the posteroflexid , is severely reduced , foreshadowing its loss in Lundomys and Holochilus . A number of molar traits support Pseudoryzomys 's relationship with Holochilus and Lundomys , forming steps in the transition from the complex , low @-@ crowned generalized oryzomyine molar pattern to the simpler , high @-@ crowned pattern of Holochilus .
As in all oryzomyines , the upper molars all have one root on the inner ( lingual ) side and two on the outer ( labial ) side ; in addition , the first upper molar in Pseudoryzomys and some other species has another labial root . The first lower molar has large roots at the front and back of the tooth and two smaller ones in between , at the labial and lingual side . The second and third lowers molars have two roots at the front , one labial and one lingual , and another at the back .
= = = Postcranial skeleton = = =
Pseudoryzomys has 19 or 20 thoracic ( chest ) and lumbar vertebrae , 13 of which bear ribs , as is characteristic of oryzomyines . The first ribs contact both the seventh cervical ( neck ) vertebra and the first thoracic vertebra , an important character of the Sigmodontinae . Unlike in most sigmodontines , including Holochilus and Lundomys , the fourth lumbar vertebra lacks the processes known as anapophyses . There are three or four sacral and about 29 caudal ( tail ) vertebrae . Between the second and third caudal vertebrae , separate bones called hemal arches are present . These display a spinous process at the back , as in both Holochilus and Lundomys . On the humerus , the upper arm bone , the entepicondylar foramen is absent , as in all members of the Sigmodontinae ; in some other cricetids , it perforates the far ( distal ) end of the humerus .
= = = Karyotype = = =
The karyotype generally includes 56 chromosomes with a total of 54 major arms ( 2n
= 56 , FN =
54 ) in specimens from both Bolivia and Brazil ; a poorly prepared Paraguayan specimen seems to have a similar karyotype . In this karyotype , all autosomes ( non @-@ sex chromosomes ) are acrocentric ( with one arm so short as to be almost invisible ) . However , in two specimens from the Brazilian states of Tocantins and São Paulo , one pair of autosomes contains both an acrocentric and a metacentric chromosome ( with two equally long arms ) , yielding an FN of 55 . One arm of the metacentric chromosome consists entirely of heterochromatin . Apparently , a whole heterochromatic arm was added to this chromosome ; cases of similar variation are known from the rodents Peromyscus , Clyomys , and Thaptomys . Both sex chromosomes are acrocentric , and X is larger than Y. In addition to heterochromatin near the centromere , the Y chromosome contains two large blocks of heterochromatin on its long arm . The karyotype is closely similar to that of Holochilus brasiliensis .
= = Distribution , ecology , and variation = =
Pseudoryzomys simplex is known from northeastern Argentina , probably south to about 30 ° S , northward through western Paraguay to eastern Bolivia and from there eastward through Brazil in the states of Mato Grosso , Goiás , Tocantins , Minas Gerais , São Paulo , Bahia , and far in the northeast , Alagoas and Pernambuco . Paraguayan animals are somewhat smaller than those from Bolivia and Brazil and those from Bolivia have darker fur than Paraguayan specimens , but these differences are not considered significant enough to recognize subspecies . Certain bats show a similar pattern of variation : they are smaller and paler in the Chaco region , which includes much of Paraguay . Two specimens from Paraguay , collected 600 kilometres ( 400 mi ) apart , differed by 1 @.@ 4 % in the sequence of the cytochrome b gene , but nothing is known about genetic variation in other parts of the range . The species has long been rare in collections ; in 1991 , Voss and Myers could use less than 50 specimens for their study of the species , including Lund 's fragmentary material from Lagoa Santa .
A fragmentary lower jaw of " Pseudoryzomys aff . P. simplex " ( i.e. , an unnamed species close to Pseudoryzomys simplex ) is known from a cave deposit in Cueva Tixi , Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , outside the current distribution of the species . It is dated from the first millennium CE . The jaw 's morphology agrees with that of P. simplex , but the toothrow is relatively long ( 5 @.@ 78 mm ; 4 @.@ 61 to 5 @.@ 60 mm in three specimens of P. simplex ) and the first molar is relatively narrow ( 1 @.@ 28 mm ; 1 @.@ 30 to 1 @.@ 40 mm in five P. simplex ) .
P. simplex inhabits open , usually humid tropical and subtropical lowlands . In Argentina , it is mainly a species of the eastern Chaco and in Brazil it is found in the Cerrado and Caatinga . Most specimens for which habitat data are known were caught on the ground in humid grassland , some in seasonally flooded areas ; an Argentinean specimen was captured in dense swamp vegetation . It is terrestrial and semiaquatic , living on the ground but also spending time in the water .
Nothing is known about behavior or diet . P. simplex has frequently been found in pellets of the barn owl ( Tyto alba ) and also in those of the great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ) . It is a preferred prey of the maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ) .
= = Conservation status = =
The species is not known to be threatened and its conservation status is classified as least concern by the IUCN . It is a widely distributed species without substantial threats to its continued existence , but degradation of its habitat may endanger some populations . It was assessed as " potentially vulnerable " in Argentina .
= 56 ; FN =
54 @-@ 55 ( Rodentia , Sigmodontinae ) ( subscription required ) . Genetics and Molecular Biology 36 ( 2 ) : 201 – 206 .
Musser , G.G. and Carleton , M.D. 2005 . Superfamily Muroidea . Pp . 894 – 1531 in Wilson , D.E. and Reeder , D.M. ( eds . ) . Mammal Species of the World : a taxonomic and geographic reference . 3rd ed . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2 vols . , 2142 pp . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8018 @-@ 8221 @-@ 0
Pardiñas , U.F.J. 1995 . Novedosos cricetidos ( Mammalia , Rodentia ) en el Holoceno de la Región Pampeana , Argentina . Ameghiniana 32 ( 2 ) : 197 – 203 ( in Spanish ) .
Pardiñas , U.F.J. 2008 . A new genus of oryzomyine rodent ( Cricetidae : Sigmodontinae ) from the Pleistocene of Argentina ( subscription required ) . Journal of Mammalogy 89 ( 5 ) : 1270 – 1278 .
Pardiñas , U.F.J. , Cirignoli , S. and Galliari , C.A. 2004 . Distribution of Pseudoryzomys simplex ( Rodentia : Cricetidae ) in Argentina . Mastozoología Neotropical 11 ( 1 ) : 105 – 108 .
Percequillo , A. , Weksler , M. , Pardiñas , U. and D 'Elía , G. 2008 . Pseudoryzomys simplex . In IUCN . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2009 @.@ 2 . < www.iucnredlist.org > . Downloaded on November 9 , 2009 .
Voss , R.S. and Carleton , M.D. 1993 . A new genus for Hesperomys molitor Winge and Holochilus magnus Hershkovitz ( Mammalia , Muridae ) with an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships . American Museum Novitates 3085 : 1 – 39 .
Voss , R.S. and Myers , P. 1991 . Pseudoryzomys simplex ( Rodentia : Muridae ) and the significance of Lund 's collections from the caves of Lagoa Santa , Brazil . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 206 : 414 – 432 .
Weksler , M. 2006 . Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine rodents ( Muroidea : Sigmodontinae ) : separate and combined analyses of morphological and molecular data . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 296 : 1 – 149 .
Wetzel , R.M. and Lovett , J.W. 1974 . A collection of animals from the Chaco of Paraguay . University of Connecticut Occasional Papers 2 ( 13 ) : 203 – 216 .
Winge , H. 1887 . Jordfundne og nulevende Gnavere ( Rodentia ) fra Lagoa Santa , Minas Geraes , Brasilien . E Museo Lundii 1 ( 3 ) : 1 – 200 .
= Kõpu Lighthouse =
Kõpu Lighthouse ( Estonian : Kõpu tuletorn ) is one of the best known symbols and tourist sights on the Estonian island of Hiiumaa . It is one of the oldest lighthouses in the world , having been in continuous use since its completion in 1531 .
The lighthouse marks the Hiiu sandbank ( Estonian : Hiiu madal , Swedish : Neckmansgrund ) and warns ships away from the shoreline . Light from Kõpu Lighthouse can be used for navigation as far as 26 nautical miles ( 48 km ; 30 mi ) away , although in 1997 a radar lighthouse largely took over its role as navigation aid .
Kõpu Lighthouse was previously known under its Swedish name , Upper Dagerort lighthouse .
= = Design and location = =
The lighthouse is built at the top of the highest hillock of Hiiumaa island , Tornimägi ( English : Tower Hill , 68 metres ( 223 ft ) ) . The height of the building itself is 36 metres ( 118 ft ) , and the light is 102 @.@ 6 metres ( 337 ft ) above sea level , making it the highest coastal light on the Baltic Sea .
Kõpu Lighthouse has the shape of a square prism , with massive counterforts in the directions of principal divisions of the compass . The tower is laid solely of stone up to the height of 24 metres ( 79 ft ) . The outside layer of the walls is supported by lime mortar , with the body itself built without mortar .
The body of the tower contains roughly 5 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 6 @,@ 500 cu yd ) of stone , with its total weight reaching 12 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 26 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 lb ) . Local limestone and glacial erratic stones were used as building material .
Originally , the base of the tower was solid stone without any rooms ; the top of the lighthouse was reached using external wooden stairs , which were later replaced with iron ones . During reconstruction in the 1800s , a stairway was cut into the tower and has remained in use since .
= = Construction and history = =
= = = Construction of the original tower = = =
The most important East – West shipping lane in the Baltic Sea passed the Hiiu sandbank . Already before the year 1490 the Hanseatic merchants were seeking permission to mark this peninsula with an outstanding landmark . Around 1490 they asked the bishop of Bishopric of Ösel @-@ Wiek to let them build a landmark on the Kõpu peninsula which was under the bishop ’ s control . This action had no real results .
At a meeting of the Hanseatic League in Lübeck in 1499 , they applied once more to the bishop for permission to build a beacon . On 20 April 1500 Bishop Johannes III Orgas ( John Orgies ) agreed to allow a massive stone pillar without any openings . To cover the building costs , Tallinn city council had to establish a special lighthouse tax until the sum was complete .
Building of the beacon was supposed to start in the summer of 1500 , but the building was stopped when Wolter von Plettenberg , master of the Livonian Order , started a war which lasted until 1503 . In the spring of 1504 , purchase and delivery of the building materials began , but in the autumn of the same year the plague broke out , stopping the work once more . Building work was discontinued and alderman Lambert Ottingk , the magistrate in charge of the building , died in Tallinn on 28 December 1505 .
The account ledgers of Tallinn city council contain entries about the Kõpu lighthouse from 1507 to 1533 , showing money was spent on the beacon of Hiiumaa from 13 May 1514 until 12 October 1532 . The amounts show the majority of the work took place from 1514 to 1519 ; later there are only a couple of bigger expenditures on the beacon . A fire was first lit in the autumn of 1531 ; it was simply a bonfire on top of the tower .
The 20 @-@ metre @-@ high ( 66 ft ) and 8 @-@ metre @-@ wide ( 26 ft ) tower was visible on a clear day up to 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) offshore .
= = = Reconstruction and rebuilding = = =
In August 1649 a wooden staircase was built to the outside wall of the tower and an open iron fire grate affixed to the top . Originally it was planned to burn coal in the lighthouse , but due to high transport costs of coal , wood was used instead .
The fire consumed up to 1000 cords of firewood every year during the 180 @-@ day navigation period , a quantity so great that it led to deforestation of most of the Kõpu peninsula . A team of six was on guard every night , but storms extinguished the fire often . A rule passed in 1652 decreed that the fire must be strong and a fathom ( ~ 2 yards ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) ) high .
Count Axel Julius De la Gardie bought the island of Hiiumaa from the King of Sweden for 38 @,@ 000 thalers and took over management of the Kõpu lighthouse in 1659 . He had its height extended to 35 @.@ 6 m ( 117 ft ) and the wooden stairs replaced with an iron staircase . The light , now visible from as far as 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) away , was lit one hour after the sun set and extinguished one hour before sunrise .
The Russian Empire took over the administration of the lighthouse in 1805 . Major reconstruction of the tower began in 1810 . A stone staircase was cut to the southern counterfort plus a room large enough for a team of six men . Into the upper part they made two subsidiary rooms , one on top of the other , and another , the topmost room , 35 metres ( 115 ft ) from the ground , was for the lanterns . The lantern room housed twenty three oil lamps , using silver @-@ plated brass reflectors . The lamps burned hemp oil , requiring 3 @.@ 28 tonnes ( 7 @,@ 200 lb ) yearly .
In 1845 , a crack in the upper part of the lighthouse called for extensive reconstruction , which saw part of the tower pulled down and rebuilt . The tower now gained its final height : 36 metres ( 118 ft ) . A wooden structure with lamp @-@ chimneys was built for the lantern and its optical devices .
The lighthouse came under navy control , and the first maintenance rules were laid down . The fire was to be lit and extinguished in strict accordance to sunrise and sunset . In cloudy weather lighthouse keepers were to consult a calendar for the necessary data . At that time , the fire was kept burning nightly from 1 July to 1 May – 10 months of the year .
As part of his naval reforms , Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich of Russia demanded modernization of the Kõpu lighthouse , in 1859 . In May 1860 , a novel gyratory device ( manufactured by Le Paute in Paris ) was installed . It rotated at a speed of one revolution per four minutes , using a clockwork pulley @-@ weight system . The device had one Carsel lamp with four concentric light sources and a Fresnel lens . The lamp consumed 0 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 1 @.@ 1 lb ) of rapeseed oil hourly , and the fuel pump was powered by the same clockwork mechanism . It was said to be visible up to 27 nautical miles ( 50 km ; 31 mi ) away . A team of seven serviced the lighthouse , with one required to be near the light at all times .
The counterfort with the staircase was roofed with wooden boards and tin sheets in 1869 . A telegraph installation and rescue stations were established near the lighthouse in the same year ; the first @-@ established worked until 1898 when it was replaced by a telephone .
= = = Twentieth century = = =
A new light system was bought at the 1900 Paris World Fair , for three million gold rubles . The new apparatus ( including the light chamber ) was made by Sautter , Marlé & Co . It used a kerosene lamp with a gas mantle . A heavy cast iron system floated and rotated in a bath of mercury , which acted as a bearing . The bath contained roughly 500 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) of mercury . The poisonous mercury from the lighthouse was used for decades by children in the surrounding villages for playing .
The light system was set in rotation by a suspended 400 kilograms ( 880 lb ) load ; it needed to be rewound every two hours . It was installed during repairs of 1901 .
In 1939 , the lighthouse underwent major repairs for its anniversary . As part of those renovations , the tower was painted with high quality oil paint , which became the main contributor to the deterioration of the tower in subsequent decades – thick waterproof layers of paint did not allow the limestone to dry . The mortar began to deteriorate rapidly .
The lighthouse was connected to the electricity grid in 1940 . German bombers targeted the lighthouse in August 1941 , though only the lantern structure and optical system were destroyed .
After World War II , various optical systems were tested . Kohler generators were installed in 1949 along with the stationary electric light system . A new rotating light system ( EMV @-@ 3 ) was installed in 1963 , making the lighthouse fully automated . It was in use until 1982 , when an experimental EMV @-@ 930M system ( made in Ukraine ) was installed . The rotation mechanism of the optical system is a novel solution – there are no electric motors ; it uses a revolving magnetic field instead . The optics brought a six to eight hundredfold increase to the efficiency of the light radiated by a 1 kW quartz lamp . The same light system is still in use .
Due to the progressing deterioration , the lighthouse underwent frequent repairs . Major repairs were in 1957 , 1970 , 1979 – 1981 and a major overhaul in 1982 . The walls crumbled partially during the 1980s . To stop the deterioration , a 15 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick reinforced concrete dress was built to support the foundation and walls ( 1989 – 1990 ) . Small air channels were left in the concrete . The top of the lighthouse was renovated in 2001 .
= = Current status = =
Kõpu Lighthouse only lost its important role as a primary navigation aid in 1997 , when a radar lighthouse took over its duties . Recreational craft and small fishing vessels continue to rely on Kõpu for navigating , as a backup to electronic navigation systems . The Estonian Maritime Administration still classifies it as an active aid to navigation . Its future is ensured by its status as a protected cultural memorial .
Due to its enduring popularity and memorable shape , it is often used as a symbol of Hiiumaa . A major tourist attraction , the tower has been open for tourists since 1999 . Together with the nearby Ristna lighthouse , the Kõpu lighthouse was commemorated on a postage stamp in 2000 .
= Mario Power Tennis =
Mario Power Tennis , known in Japan as Mario Tennis GC ( マリオテニスGC , Mario Tenisu Jī Shī ) , is a sports game developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo for the GameCube in 2004 . The game is the sequel to the Nintendo 64 title Mario Tennis , and is the fourth game in the Mario Tennis series . Power Tennis was released in Japan on October 28 , 2004 , in North America on November 8 , 2004 , and in Australia on February 25 , 2005 . The game was re @-@ released for the Wii in 2009 as part of the New Play Control ! collection of titles , featuring GameCube games with added Wii controls . As of 2012 , the title is available as part of the Nintendo Selects collection .
Power Tennis incorporates multiple characters , themes , and locations from the Mario series . The game includes standard tennis matches , but contains variants that feature different scoring formats and objectives . Other variants include " Gimmick " courts , thematic areas with components and properties that directly affect gameplay . The game has 18 playable characters , each categorised by their style of play and each with a pair of unique moves known as " Power Shots " . Power Tennis was developed simultaneously with Mario Golf : Toadstool Tour , and the pair shared similar technology and concepts with each other during production . Such similarities include an emphasis on the Mario theme in characters and settings as well as alternative game modes such as " Ring Shot " .
The GameCube version was positively received in general , attaining an aggregate score of 81 percent from GameRankings and 80 out of 100 from Metacritic . Critics praised the game 's depth and variety , but criticised the Power Shot animations , which could not be skipped . In 2010 , the game was included as one of the titles in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die .
= = Gameplay = =
Mario Power Tennis includes variations of tennis matches consisting of characters , courts , and scenarios based on the Mario series . The range of courts includes the standard three types of tennis court , but consists predominantly of those themed upon games in the Mario series , known as " Gimmick " courts . As well as adopting the style aesthetically , these feature thematic elements that influence how the match will be played on that surface , such as the ghosts in the Luigi 's Mansion court , which hinder movement when the character comes into physical contact with them . Although standard tennis is available , variants of the sport can be played which adopt different rules and methods of victory . " Ring Shot " involves the player earning points by hitting the ball through rings of varying sizes , with the number of points dependent on the difficulty of the shot . The player acquires the points whenever a winning shot is made adhering to standard rules ; the match is won once the predetermined number of points is equaled or surpassed . A similar mode , " Item Battle " , involves the characters using items based on the Mario universe to interfere with each other 's game and gain an advantage . The central mode of the game is " Tournament Mode " , which comprises a set of events with accumulating difficulty . These set of events must be finished successfully to unlock playable characters . This mode can be completed either in " doubles " or " singles " , and is divided into Gimmick courts and standard courts . An alternative to these are " Special Games " , which involve the player trying to meet a tennis @-@ related objective on a Gimmick court . These Special Games come in multiple forms , incorporating themes from past Nintendo games , such as " Tic @-@ Tac @-@ Glow " , which requires the player to hit balls of water to liberate Shine Sprites trapped in dirt , a reference to Super Mario Sunshine . Power Tennis supports the option for four @-@ player multiplayer , which can be accessed during " Exhibition Mode " , the standard mode of play where the player can choose his or her opponents and the conditions of the match . Such options include the difficulty of the opponent , the court used , and the number of games and sets required to win the match .
Power Tennis features 18 playable characters , all of whom derive from the Mario franchise . Many characters , such as Wario , had already appeared in the game 's predecessor and several other Mario spin @-@ offs , while this was the first appearance for Wiggler as a playable character . All of the characters are categorised into six groups that reflect their playing style : all @-@ around , technical , power , speed , defensive , and tricky . Inherent in each character is a set of two unique moves known as " Power Shots " . These powerful moves , which are accompanied with an animation each time they are triggered , incorporate the character 's specific qualities . They can only be triggered occasionally in the match , but will usually result in defending or scoring a point , depending on the type of shot chosen . Generic tennis moves , such as slices , dropshots , and lobs , can be applied at any time in the match .
= = Development = =
Power Tennis was developed by Camelot Software Planning , with a team of approximately 30 people , headed by brothers Hiroyuki and Shugo Takahashi . The game was first unveiled in a 2002 issue of the Japanese magazine Famitsu , and was later presented at the E3 conference of 2004 . Before release , the brothers discussed multiple developmental processes in an interview with Famitsu . Camelot had been working on a previous GameCube version of Mario Tennis , but discontinued the project and began again using ideas and technology from Mario Golf : Toadstool Tour , which was being developed simultaneously with the game . Shugo noted that the original would have been more serious and contained deeper gameplay , but with fewer " Mario @-@ esque " gimmicks . There was also a willingness not to update the graphics only without exploring advancements to concepts and gameplay , which Hiroyuki stated would be " unacceptable for a Mario game " . Due to the success of its predecessor , the brothers felt pressure to make a game that was original and would not appear too similar to its predecessor on first sight .
Following release , IGN interviewed Hiroyuki regarding the development of the game . He revealed that Camelot had received co @-@ operation from Nintendo in relation to voice acting and animation , which Takahashi stated as " contributing quite a bit to the improvement of the game 's graphics " . Takahashi proceeded to explain why the role @-@ playing game elements that were present in Mario Tennis were excluded from Power Tennis , stating that he felt they were more suitable for the " deep single @-@ player experience " present in portable consoles . Regarding the themed courts in the game , he explained that the concepts were conceived during long brainstorming sessions , with courts selected that would both remind gamers of older Mario games and introduce new gamers to Mario games they may not have played . When questioned regarding difficulties in developing the game , Takahashi noted the effort used in making the opening sequences , developing the Special Games , and animations , which caused problems with meeting the schedule . Although there was speculation about online capabilities before release , Takahashi refrained from making the game online @-@ compatible due to fear of lagging problems , stating " I don 't think you can play a tennis game online under the current Internet environment and feel satisfied " .
Nintendo collaborated with the Lawn Tennis Association in 2005 to promote Power Tennis in the United Kingdom . The promotion featured on @-@ site sampling and official Nintendo branding at various tennis events such as Wimbledon . The LTA 's ACE Magazine advertised Power Tennis and featured competitions offering the game as a prize . Nintendo also released an online questionnaire regarding players ' habits and preferences in relation to tennis as a part of their Who Are You ? campaign . Nintendo announced in 2008 that they would be re @-@ releasing the title as part of their New Play Control ! selection , which feature added Wii controls . The game can be controlled using the Wii Remote and optional Nunchuk attachment , allowing the player to trigger actions such as forehands and backhands by swinging the Remote like a tennis racket . It was released on January 15 , 2009 in Japan and on March 2009 in other countries . It was later re @-@ released in North America on June 10 , 2012 along with Pikmin 2 as Nintendo Selects titles .
= = Reception = =
The GameCube version of Mario Power Tennis enjoyed a generally positive reception , with reviewers complimenting the variety of play and multiple minigames available . GameSpy 's Raymond Padilla lauded the game 's use of characters and the player categories , stating " When you put it all together , you have a broad cast of characters , each of whom offers a different feel . " Despite this , the Gimmick courts were labeled by Matt Casamassina as a " distraction " and " annoyance " , although he acknowledged that some courts were better than others . Additionally , Nintendo World Report 's Michael Cole thought that most players would revert to standard courts " after being ' unfairly defeated ' by ghosts , paint , or some other trap . " Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell welcomed Power Tennis 's style , which he said emphasised gameplay over simulation and realism . When comparing the game to its predecessor , reviewers praised Power Tennis for its incorporation of the Mario franchise in the different scenarios and courts .
The gameplay features introduced to the game received a mixed response . IGN noted that the Special Games varied in quality between different games , with Casamassina commenting that " they certainly don 't make or break the experience . " The game 's " Power Shots " was also met with an ambivalent reaction — the shot themselves were praised for adding strategy and character , although GameSpot 's Ryan Davis commented that " it would have been nice if you could just skip past the animations and keep the wild moves . " In general , the game 's multiplayer modes were more popular than single @-@ player , with the " predictable and basic " artificial intelligence contributing to a low difficulty level at times . GameSpy noted how the number of options and variables enhanced the multiplayer experience , and commented that " The game is very good on its own , but it excels when you bring friends into the mix . " The mechanics of the tennis gameplay were also popular , with reviewers lauding the game 's accessibility as well as its depth relating to the variety of shots available and how the position of the character affects the contact with the ball .
Most critics praised Power Tennis 's presentation , with reviewers noting the game 's opening sequence especially . Nintendo World Report complimented the level of detail given to the themed locations and character animations , stating that it " [ puts ] even the Mario Kart series to shame . " IGN generally shared this view , although they criticised the background animations , commenting that " The crowds in particular are a repeating blob of the same sprites over and over " . On the other hand , the audio received a mediocre response , despite the comical voice acting . Power Tennis sold 139 @,@ 000 copies during its first week of release in Japan , and sold 377 @,@ 000 copies altogether in the country from release to December 31 , 2006 . Power Tennis had sold 296 @,@ 893 units in North America by January 31 , 2005 . The game was at fifth position in the Australian GameCube sales charts from October 16 to October 29 , 2005 .
In spite of the mostly positive reception the GameCube version held , the reception for the Wii remake was mixed . It holds an average score of 65 / 100 and 68 @.@ 19 % at Metacritic and GameRankings respectively . While it has been praised for the original game 's graphics holding up to current Wii games , many editors have found fault in the controls . IGN editor Mark Bozon criticized its motion controls , describing them as imprecise , for ruining a " great game " . X @-@ Play editor Dana Vinson similarly disliked the controls , also describing the act of releasing GameCube titles for the Wii with motion controls as being lazy . GamePro editor Dave Rudden criticized the game for adding multiple moves into Wii Remote motions , commenting that it would have to be " twice as responsive " for it to work . Eurogamer editor Oli Welsh criticized both the inaccurate controls and limited improvements , stating that Wii Sports is a superior alternative . While GameDaily editor Robert Workman criticized the motion controls , he stated that everything else works . He also describes it as being mildly enjoyable with three other friends .
In spite of the negative reception , the Wii version has had some positive reception . While Official Nintendo Magazine UK editor Tom East similarly bemoaned the motion controls , he felt that the multiplayer still held up , as it becomes balanced since the other players would have the same problems with the controls . 1UP.com editor Justin Haywald agreed , stating that while it made single player modes difficult , the game was meant to be played with friends . Game Informer editor Matt Helgeson , however , found the motion controls to be good , commenting that other developers should learn from Nintendo . In spite of this , fellow Game Informer editor Matthew Kato described the controls as being only so @-@ so . GameShark editor Danielle Riendeau , however , described the controls as excellent , though adding that it occasionally misreads her shots . In the first four days of the Wii version 's release in Japan , Mario Power Tennis sold 56 @,@ 000 copies . By January 3 , 2010 , it had sold 205 @,@ 070 copies in Japan .
= Mycena haematopus =
Mycena haematopus , commonly known as the bleeding fairy helmet , the burgundydrop bonnet , or the bleeding Mycena , is a species of fungus in the Mycenaceae family , of the order Agaricales . It is widespread and common in Europe and North America , and has also been collected in Japan and Venezuela . It is saprotrophic — meaning that it obtains nutrients by consuming decomposing organic matter — and the fruit bodies appear in small groups or clusters on the decaying logs , trunks , and stumps of deciduous trees , particularly beech . The fungus , first described scientifically in 1799 , is classified in the section Lactipedes of the genus Mycena , along with other species that produce a milky or colored latex .
The fruit bodies of M. haematopus have caps that are up to 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) wide , whitish gills , and a thin , fragile reddish @-@ brown stem with thick coarse hairs at the base . They are characterized by their reddish color , the scalloped cap edges , and the dark red latex they " bleed " when cut or broken . Both the fruit bodies and the mycelia are weakly bioluminescent . M. haematopus produces various alkaloid pigments unique to this species . The edibility of the fruit bodies is not known definitively .
= = Taxonomy and naming = =
The species was initially named Agaricus haematopus by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1799 , and later sanctioned under this name by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 Systema Mycologicum . In the classification of Fries , only a few genera were named , and most agaric mushrooms were grouped in Agaricus , which was organized into a large number of tribes . Mycena haematopus gained its current name in 1871 when the German fungal taxonomist Paul Kummer raised many of Fries ' Agaricus tribes to the level of genus , including Mycena . In 1909 Franklin Sumner Earle placed the species in Galactopus , a genus that is no longer considered separate from Mycena . Mycena haematopus is placed in the section Lactipedes , a grouping of Mycenas characterized by the presence of a milky or colored latex in the stem and flesh of the cap . The specific epithet is derived from Ancient Greek roots meaning " blood " ( αἱματο- , haimato- ) and " foot " ( πους , pous ) . It is commonly known as the blood @-@ foot mushroom , the bleeding fairy helmet , the burgundydrop bonnet , or the bleeding Mycena .
In 1914 , Jakob Emanuel Lange described the variety M. haematopus var. marginata , characterized by the reddish color on the edge of the gills ; Mycena specialist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus considered the coloration of the gill edge too variable to have taxonomical significance . Mycena haematopus var. cuspidata was initially found in Colorado in 1976 , and described as a new variety by American mycologists Duane Mitchel and Alexander H. Smith two years later . The fruit bodies are characterized by a " beak " on the cap that often splits or collapses as the cap matures . It was treated as Mycena sanguinolenta var. cuspidata by Maas Geesteranus in 1988 .
= = Description = =
The fruit bodies of Mycena haematopus are the reproductive structures produced by cellular threads or hyphae which grow in rotting wood . The shape of the cap of the fruit body will vary depending on its maturity . Young caps , or " buttons " , are ovoid ( egg @-@ shaped ) to conical ; later they are campanulate ( bell @-@ shaped ) , and as the fruit body matures , the margins ( cap edge ) lift upward so that the cap becomes somewhat flat with an umbo ( a central nipple @-@ shaped bump ) . The fully grown cap can reach up to 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) in diameter . The surface of the cap initially appears dry and covered with what appears to be a very fine whitish powder , but it soon becomes polished and moist . Mature caps appear somewhat translucent , and develop radial grooves mirroring the position of the gills underneath . The color of the cap is reddish- or pinkish @-@ brown , often tinged with violet , and paler towards the edge . The margin is wavy like the edge of a scallop , and may appear ragged because of lingering remnants of the partial veil .
The mushroom flesh can range from pale to the color of red wine ( vinaceous ) , and has no distinctive odor . It oozes a red latex when cut . The gills have an adnate attachment to the stem , meaning they are more or less directly attached to it . They are initially whitish or " grayish vinaceous " in color , and can develop reddish @-@ brown stains . Between 20 and 30 gills reach from the cap edge to the stem , resulting in a gill spacing that is described as " close to subdistant " — gaps are visible between adjacent gills . There are additional gills , called lamellulae , that do not extend directly from the margin to the stem ; these are arranged in two or three series ( tiers ) of equal length . The stem is up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) tall and 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 04 to 0 @.@ 08 in ) thick , hollow and brittle , and a dark reddish @-@ brown color . In young fruit bodies , the upper part of the stem is densely covered with a pale cinnamon @-@ colored powder which wears off with age . The stem has a mass of coarse hairs at the base . Like the cap , the stem also bleeds a red latex when it is cut or broken .
Mycena haematopus can be parasitized by Spinellus fusiger , another fungal species which gives the mushroom a strikingly hairy appearance .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The spore print is white . The spores are elliptical , smooth , with dimensions of 8 – 11 by 5 – 7 µm . They are amyloid , meaning they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The spore @-@ bearing cells ( basidia ) are 4 @-@ spored . Sterile cells called cystidia are numerous on the edges on the gills ; they measure 33 – 60 µm ( sometimes up to 80 ) by 9 – 12 µm . Cystidia that are present on the stipe ( caulocystidia ) appear in clusters , and clublike to irregular in shape , measuring 20 – 55 by 3 @.@ 5 – 12 @.@ 5 µm . The gill tissue contains numerous lactifers , cells that produce the latex that is secreted when it is cut .
The surface mycelium of M. haematopus is whitish and fluffy . Swelling at the terminal tips of hyphae ( diameter up to 12 µm ) is present , but not very abundant , and moniliform hyphae are very rare . Bioluminescence is present , but weak . Extracellular oxidase enzymes are present , consistent with its ecological role as a saprobe .
= = = Edibility = = =
Although some sources claim that M. haematopus is edible , it is " hardly worth collecting because of its small size . " Other sources consider the species inedible , or recommend avoiding consumption , " since most of them have not yet been tested for toxins . " The taste of the mushroom is mild to slightly bitter .
= = = Similar species = = =
Another Mycena that produces a reddish latex is Mycena sanguinolenta , the " terrestrial bleeding Mycena " . It may be distinguished from M. haematopus in several ways : it is smaller , with cap diameters between 0 @.@ 3 to 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 4 in ) wide ; grows in groups rather than clusters ; is found on leaves , dead branches , moss beds and pine needle beds rather than decaying wood ; and the edges of its gills are consistently dark brownish @-@ red . Furthermore , range of cap color in M. sanguinolenta is different than in M. haematopus , varying from reddish @-@ to orange @-@ brown , and it lacks a band of partial veil remnants hanging from the margin .
= = Ecology , distribution and habitat = =
Mycena haematopus obtains nutrients from decomposing organic matter ( saprobic ) and the fruit bodies can typically be found growing on stumps and well @-@ decayed logs , usually in groups that are joined together by a common base . The decomposition of woody debris on the forest floor is the result of the combined activity of a community of fungal species . In the sequential succession of mushrooms species , M. haematopus is a " late colonizer " fungus : its fruit bodies appear after the wood has first been decayed by white rot species . The initial stage of wood decay by white rot fungi involves the breakdown of " acid @-@ unhydrolyzable residue " and holocellulose ( a mixture of cellulose and hemicellulose ) .
In North America , Mycena haematopus is known to be distributed from Alaska southward . According to Mycena specialist Alexander H. Smith , it is " the commonest and the most easily recognized one in the genus . " The species is common in Europe , and it has also been collected from Japan , and Mérida , Venezuela , as the variety M. haematopus var. marginata . In the Netherlands , M. haematopus is one of many mushrooms that can regularly be found fruiting on ancient timber wharves . The fruit bodies can be found year @-@ round in mild weather .
= = Bioluminescence = =
Both the mycelia and the fruit bodies of M. haematopus ( both young and mature specimens ) are reported to be bioluminescent . However , the luminescence is quite weak , and not visible to the dark @-@ adapted eye ; in one study , light emission was detectable only after 20 hours of exposure to X @-@ ray film . Although the biochemical basis of bioluminescence in M. haematopus has not been scientifically investigated , in general , bioluminescence is caused by the action of luciferases , enzymes that produce light by the oxidation of a luciferin ( a pigment ) . The biological purpose of bioluminescence in fungi is not definitively known , although several hypotheses have been suggested : it may help attract insects to help with spore dispersal , it may be a by @-@ product of other biochemical functions , or it may help deter heterotrophs that might consume the fungus .
= = Natural products = =
Several unique chemicals are produced by Mycena haematopus . The primary pigment is haematopodin B , which is so chemically sensitive ( breaking down upon exposure to air and light ) that its more stable breakdown product , haematopodin , was known before its eventual discovery and characterization in 2008 . A chemical synthesis for haematopodin was reported in 1996 . Haematopodins are the first pyrroloquinoline alkaloids discovered in fungi ; pyrroloquinolines combine the structures of pyrrole and quinoline , both heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds . Compounds of this type also occur in marine sponges and are attracting research interest due to various biological properties , such as cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines , and both antifungal and antimicrobial activities . Additional alkaloid compounds in M. haematopus include the red pigments mycenarubins D , E and F. Prior to the discovery of these compounds , pyrroloquinoline alkaloids were considered to be rare in terrestrial sources .
= = = Books cited = = =
Smith AH . ( 1947 ) . North American species of Mycena . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
= Appeal to Reason =
Appeal to Reason is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Rise Against . After touring in support of their previous album , The Sufferer & the Witness , Rise Against began recording Appeal to Reason in January 2008 at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins , Colorado . Recording and production were finished in June , and the album was released in North America on October 7 , 2008 . The album is the band 's first release with guitarist Zach Blair . The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA and platinum by the CRIA .
Appeal to Reason was Rise Against 's highest charting album until the release of Endgame , debuting at number three on the Billboard 200 chart and selling 64 @,@ 700 copies in its first week of release . It received generally favorable reviews from critics . The album produced three singles : " Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) " , " Audience of One " , and " Savior " .
Although commercially successful , Rise Against was greatly criticized by many long @-@ term fans for producing an album that is a dramatic departure compared to Rise Against 's previous fast @-@ paced works . Despite this , the album has sold over 600 @,@ 000 copies in the USA , with one of the songs going Platinum , and another going Gold ; it is their most successful album to date .
= = Writing and recording = =
In May 2007 , it was reported that Rise Against was planning to return to the studio after touring in support of their previous album , The Sufferer & the Witness , to begin work on their next album . The band headlined a North American tour supporting The Sufferer & the Witness throughout July and August 2007 , instead of attending that year 's Warped Tour . When asked in July about the band 's plans for a new album , guitarist Zach Blair told ThePunkSite.com that Rise Against would " start writing and recording the record " after touring and would be " writing for a few months " before returning to the studio . He also predicted a summer 2008 release date for the album . In an interview with bassist Joe Principe in August 2007 , he stated recording would likely begin around early 2008 , although he said " everything could change " , but that was " the plan right now " . The band continued to tour throughout the rest of 2007 , playing several shows in the Taste of Chaos tour and supporting its headliner , The Used .
On January 7 , 2008 , Rise Against announced on their website that they had begun writing and demoing for their next album . When asked in May what the status of the album was , frontman Tim McIlrath told the Los Angeles modern rock radio station , KROQ , that the band was in the middle of the recording process . He also stated that the album would be recorded at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins , Colorado and produced by Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore , who had produced The Sufferer & the Witness . Also in May 2008 , Rise Against posted a blog on their website , stating that they were back in the studio working on the album . It explained that they had " spent many weeks in Chicago throughout the end of winter writing new songs " in their " rehearsal space " . Asked later about the writing and recording process , McIlrath said , " We kind of blocked a month off over the winter and said , ' Let 's all get together , get the rehearsal space , and start putting some ideas together , ' which is what we did . And then , we also blocked off a week or two at the Blasting Room after we arrived in Fort Collins to just kind of jam stuff out , get some new ideas going . "
In a June 2008 interview , Luisa Mateus of Gigwise.com asked McIlrath about the new album . He stated that it was " mostly finished " but that a name and release date were still undetermined . The only hint given on the musical style of the album was Mateus ' statement that the band said that they were " happy keeping their sound organic " . On July 14 , 2008 , it was reported on Punknews.org that the album would be titled Appeal to Reason . The name is taken from a leftist newspaper from 1897 .
= = Musical style and themes = =
Appeal to Reason is considered by critics to be one of Rise Against 's most accessible and melodic albums , both musically and lyrically . Jon Pareles of The New York Times felt that the band 's " righteousness grows more tuneful with every album " . John Hanson of Sputnikmusic said that the album is " ‘ appealing ’ to a larger audience than old fans will be comfortable with " . In an October 2008 interview with Tony Pascarella of AbsolutePunk.net , bassist Joe Principe said , " Appeal to Reason sounds like a Rise Against album but there 's still something new that we 're offering . I think we 've grown as songwriters and as a band , and it shows on the record . " According to Bill Stewart of PopMatters , " Appeal to Reason is a Rise Against album . If you possess more than a passing familiarity with the band , I wouldn ’ t even bother scrolling through the rest of this review , and I ’ d certainly avoid checking out the rating at the end of it — because that first sentence , for better or worse , says everything that needs to be said about this album . "
The album includes one acoustic song , " Hero of War " , which is about an Iraq War Veteran looking back on his war experiences . It is described by Rolling Stone as an " ambivalent aggro @-@ folk track " . McIlrath said of the song , " I wanted to take the perspective of ' What is the war going to be looked back on as ? ' " In another interview McIlrath stated , " It was a way to document what 's going on , like other artists documented for their generation and for generations to come . " He went on to say , " There are not many songs ... talking about what 's going on during eight years of occupation in Iraq . That , combined with meeting active soldiers and retired soldiers at our shows and hearing those stories about what is going on on the ground amid all the bullshit , showed me the differences from what is really happening to what is happening in the news media . I just thought that this needed to go into a song . "
Much of the rest of the album deals with political issues in the United States as well . Jeff Miers of The Buffalo News calls the album " a response to the oppressive vacuousness of the Bush years " . Dealing with specific tracks on the album , AllMusic states that Rise Against " rages against the moral decay rotting the core of the U.S. on the opening ' Collapse ( Post @-@ Amerika ) , ' just as they strike out against the slow dumbing down of America on ' Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) ' " . McIlrath said in an interview with The Red Alert , " All of our songs are ' that ' song that we won 't dilute . They always have been . I 've never written a song , until " Hero of War , " with a specific goal in mind . " When asked about how Appeal to Reason continues Rise Against 's tradition of making politically charged music , he said : " The reason I started this band , and the reason I still do it , is that I still open a paper and say , " Holy Shit ! Are you kidding me ? Is this really happening ? Are people voting for things like Proposition 8 ? Is this America ? Are we still in Iraq and in a place that people think a white versus a black president is a big deal ? " There is so much to address through music . There is plenty we need to learn from . " Nevertheless , the band has stated that their songs don 't only focus on politics . In one interview , Principe said , " The political side of this band is just that -- it 's a side . There are political lyrics . There are social awareness and there are lyrics about the environment . I think if people take the time to read the lyrics , they 'll know we 're not strictly force feeding you our politics . "
In the liner notes of the album , it recommends the reading of A People 's History of the United States by Howard Zinn . It also recommends the documentaries Wal @-@ Mart : The High Cost of Low Price , The Ground Truth , The Future of Food , An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore , and Sicko by Michael Moore .
= = Promotion and release = =
Rise Against filmed the music video for Appeal to Reason 's first single , " Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) " with director Kevin Kerslake . The single and its music video were released digitally on August 25 . In December 2008 , it was reported that Rise Against would be shooting a music video for their second single , " Audience of One " , with director Brett Simon . The music video for " Audience of One " premiered on MySpace Music on January 15 , 2009 . The music video was filmed in Los Angeles in December and features the band performing in a miniature world on the White House lawn . The video for the song " Hero of War " was released on May 20 , 2009 , although the song itself was never released as an official single . Radio stations were sent copies of the album 's third single , " Savior " , on June 3 .
Rise Against began a U.S. tour with Thrice , Alkaline Trio , and The Gaslight Anthem to promote the album on October 2 , 2008 , in Cleveland , Ohio . The band co @-@ headlined a 2009 tour with Rancid throughout the summer months . That was followed by a short tour of the UK in November , which was supported by the bands Thursday and Poison the Well .
= = Reception and sales = =
Appeal to Reason received generally favorable reviews from music critics . It attained a score of 65 out of 100 on Metacritic 's average of ten professional reviews . In his review giving the album an 82 % rating , Chris Fallon of AbsolutePunk.net said , " Appeal to Reason is essentially focused on one big thing : intelligence . There is no fluff here -- the band has put together a fast , smart and generally focused piece of work here . Rolling Stone magazine tells of the band 's further emergence into the mainstream with Appeal to Reason , " Rise Against may be nervous about leaving the underground behind , but with sharp songs like these , they 're ready for the rest of the world . " IGN gave the album an 8 @.@ 2 out of 10 and said , " Rise Against has taken all of its protest attitude and all of its social leanings and has given America another truly great album . Appeal To Reason is both a wake @-@ up call for the country and a song of hope for those who can see a clear path on the horizon . While the songs may not be as driven and hard as on albums past , they lack nothing in definition and power of the word . And when it comes down to it , Rise Against want you to know that there is power in the meaning . " In his Consumer Guide , however , Robert Christgau gave the album a " dud " rating ( ) , calling it " a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought . "
Appeal to Reason is Rise Against 's second highest charting album to date . It peaked at number three on the U.S. Billboard 200 , selling 64 @,@ 700 copies in its first week of release . The singles released from Appeal to Reason also charted higher on the U.S. music charts than any of the band 's previous releases . " Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) " reached number 22 on Billboard 's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number three on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks ( now Alternative Songs ) chart , making it Rise Against 's highest charting single on a U.S. rock chart , until it was surpassed by " Savior " . " Audience of One " reached number four on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart . " Savior " peaked at number 3 on Billboard 's Rock Songs chart and at number 3 on the Alternative Songs ( formerly Hot Modern Rock Tracks ) chart , making it the highest @-@ charting single to date . " Savior " has also spent the longest of any Rise Against song on the U.S. Rock Charts , with over a year on both the Rock Songs and Alternative Songs charts . All three appeared on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . In December 2010 , the album had sold 482 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Tim McIlrath , all music composed by Tim McIlrath , Joe Principe , Brandon Barnes and Zach Blair .
= = Personnel = =
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Adventure Time ( season 5 ) =
The fifth season of American animated television series Adventure Time , created by Pendleton Ward , originally aired on Cartoon Network in the United States . The series is based on a short produced for Frederator 's Nicktoons Network animation incubator series Random ! Cartoons . The season debuted on November 12 , 2012 and finished on March 17 , 2014 . The season follows the adventures of Finn , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo . Along the way , they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , and Marceline the Vampire Queen .
The first episode of the fifth season was the two @-@ parter episode " Finn the Human " and " Jake the Dog " , both of which aired on November 12 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by 3 @.@ 435 million viewers ; this marked a dramatic increase from the previous season 's premiere and finale . The season ended with the " Billy 's Bucket List " , which was viewed by 2 @.@ 335 million viewers . The season has been met with largely positive critical reception . In June 2013 , the series was nominated for " Best Animated Series " at the 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Awards , although it did not win . Both " Simon & Marcy " and " Be More " were nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards for Short @-@ Format Animation at the 65th and 66th Primetime Emmy Awards respectively . Former character designer Andy Ristaino and series ' art director Nick Jennings both won Emmys for " Outstanding Individual Achievement In Animation " in 2013 and 2014 , respectively .
This season comprised 52 episodes , making it twice the length of any of the show 's previous seasons . The episodes were storyboarded and written by Tom Herpich , Jesse Moynihan , Cole Sanchez , Rebecca Sugar , Steve Wolfhard , Skyler Page , Somvilay Xayaphone , Ako Castuera , Michael DeForge , Kent Osborne , David OReilly , Ward , Graham Falk , Thomas Wellmann , Luke Pearson , Seo Kim , and Ristaino . The season also featured OReilly and James Baxter as guest animators in the episodes " A Glitch is a Glitch " and " James Baxter the Horse " , respectively . Furthermore , this was the last year of Adventure Time to feature Sugar and Page ; they all left to create their own shows . It was also the final season to feature Ward as the showrunner . It was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios . In addition , several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season have been released . The full season set was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on July 14 , 2015 .
= = Development = =
= = = Concept = = =
The season follows the adventures of Finn the Human , a human boy , and his best friend Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo . Along the way , they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , and Marceline the Vampire Queen . Common storylines revolve around Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures , dealing with the antagonistic but misunderstood Ice King , and battling monsters in order to help others . Various other episodes deal with Finn and his romantic relationship with Flame Princess .
= = = Production = = =
On October 12 , 2012 , it was announced that Cartoon Network had officially renewed Adventure Time for a fifth season . The episode titles were released on November 2 , 2012 by Frederator Studios , while the show had just reached the end of its fourth season . Based on production numbers , " Finn the Human " was the first episode that underwent production , and it was also the first episode aired . The season contains 52 episodes , twice the normal number of episodes per season . Both Frederator and storyboard artist Jesse Moynihan explained that originally , a four @-@ part special was supposed to divide the season in half , but that the special was pushed off , and later cancelled . In production , the first half of the season was referred to as season 5 @.@ 1 , and the second half was referred to as 5 @.@ 2 .
This season 's episodes were produced in a process similar to previous seasons ' episodes . First , all of the episodes began as simple two @-@ to @-@ three @-@ page outline that contained the necessary plot information . These outlines were then handed off to storyboard artists , who would then expand the rough outline into a full storyboard . The episodes ' design and coloring were done in Burbank , California . Animation was handled overseas in South Korea , either by Rough Draft Korea or by Saerom Animation . Although almost all of the episodes are hand @-@ animated , the fifteenth episode , " A Glitch Is a Glitch " , was created by guest animator David OReilly in his signature 3 @-@ D animation . According to Adam Muto , OReilly was brought on board after Ward expressed an interest in letting him helm an episode . Initially , the producers had wanted OReilly to appear in earlier seasons , but the network was hesitant to bring in guest directors . Eventually , the network relented , and he was finally approved to appear in the fifth season . British animator James Baxter guest animated the horse featured in the episode " James Baxter the Horse " . For the first half of the season , the writers room was largely composed of Ward , Kent Osborne , and Pat McHale . McHale eventually left the series to create Over the Garden Wall , and the newly promoted Muto and Jack Pendarvis were brought on board to pen story outlines .
The season was storyboarded and written by Tom Herpich , Moynihan , Cole Sanchez , Sugar , Steve Wolfhard , Skyler Page , Somvilay Xayaphone , Castuera , Michael DeForge , Osborne , OReilly , Ward , Graham Falk , Thomas Wellmann , Luke Pearson , Seo Kim , and Ristaino . " Little Dude " was the first entry in the series to have been storyboarded by prop and character designer DeForge . He wrote on his official Tumblr that , " Cole and Adam Muto basically held my hand through the whole process , and were both incredibly patient with me . " Starting with " Love Games " , Ristaino was promoted from lead character designer to storyboard artist . Guest artist Falk , creator of the animated series Untalkative Bunny , storyboarded the episodes " Shh ! " and " Root Beer Guy " . The former was dedicated to Armen Mirzaian who was a storyboard artist for earlier episodes in the series . Mirzaian died in a car accident on February 21 , 2013 at the age of 35 . Regular storyboardist Castuera had to take off two storyboard rotations due to an art show , and so her partner , Moynihan , worked with German cartoonist Wellmann on " The Suitor " and " Wizards Only , Fools " ; the two worked on their storyboards via Skype and Google + Hangout . Pearson was paired with Xayaphone for both the episodes " Candy Streets " and " Frost & Fire " ; however , this pairing was only temporary , and Xayaphone boarded the rest of the season with Kim . This season was the last to feature Page and Sugar . Page left after completing " Davey " to create his own series Clarence . Sugar left the series after storyboarding the episode " Simon & Marcy " to focus her attention on her own Cartoon Network series , Steven Universe .
The episode " All Your Fault " was the last regular episode of the season to feature a " directed by " credit . The subsequent episode , " Little Dude " , only credited Muto as " supervising director " and Nick Jennings as " art director " . Muto later explained that , " No one currently gets the ' directed by ' credit . " Both Muto and Nate Cash had , in previous episodes , been credited as creative directors , but according to Muto , the series decided to phase the title out in favor of " supervising director " . For the first half of the season , both Muto and Cash took turns holding the supervising director credit on different episodes . Starting with " Shh ! " , however , Elizabeth Ito , a former storyboard artist for the show in season one , returned to the series and was also credited as supervising director in place of Muto . " Bad Little Boy " , the season 's eleventh episode , however , still had a " directed by " credit . This is due to the fact that the episode was produced before " Little Dude " , but aired out of order . " A Glitch Is a Glitch " also featured a " directed by " credit , but this is due to the fact that the episode 's director , OReilly , was a guest animator and director for the series .
In an interview with Rolling Stone , Ward revealed that he stepped down as series showrunner sometime during this season in favor of Muto . He explained that , as a naturally introverted person , he found it extremely exhausting having to deal with people every day . With that being said , Ward remained working on the series as a storyboard artist and storyline writer , and every single fifth season episode ( with the exception of " A Glitch is a Glitch " ) featured story input by Ward .
= = Cast = =
The voice actors include voice acting veterans John DiMaggio ( who portrays Jake the Dog ) , Tom Kenny ( who plays The Ice King ) , and Hynden Walch ( who voices Princess Bubblegum ) . In addition , Jeremy Shada portrays the voice of Finn the Human , and Olivia Olson portrays Marceline the Vampire Queen . Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters , including Lumpy Space Princess . Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO in English , as well as Jake 's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean . Polly Lou Livingston , a friend of Pendleton Ward 's mother , Bettie Ward , plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks . Jessica DiCicco voices Flame Princess , Finn 's former romantic interest . The season 's first few episodes also feature The Lich , the series principal antagonist . The Lich is portrayed by Ron Perlman . The Adventure Time cast records their lines together in group recordings as opposed to different recording sessions with each voice actor . This is to record more natural sounding dialogue among the characters . Hynden Walch has described these group recordings as akin to " doing a play reading — a really , really out there play . "
Several voices actors and actresses reprise their characters in this season . Emo Philips reprises his fourth season character Cuber in both " Five More Short Graybles " and " Another Five Short Graybles " . Both Justin Roiland and Andy Milonakis reprise their roles as the Earl of Lemongrab and N.E.P.T.R. , respectively in " Mystery Dungeon " . Roiland would voice both Earls of Lemongrab in the following episodes , " All Your Fault " , " Another Five More Short Graybles " , " Too Old " , and " Lemonhope " ; he would also voice the character Lemonhope in " Too Old " and the eponymous episode . " Bad Little Boy " featured Neil Patrick Harris returning as Prince Gumball , Madeleine Martin reprising the role of Fionna , and Roz Ryan reappearing as Cake . Keith David once again voices the Flame King in " Vault of Bones " , " Earth & Water " , and " The Red Throne " . Davey Johnson reappears as the goblin king Xergiok in " The Great Bird Man " ; he also voices the titular character in the episode " Davey " . " Davey " also features Randy Liedtke as a candy person named Randy . Steve Little , who plays the recurring role as Peppermint Butler , also reprises his role as Abracadaniel in " Wizards Only , Fools " and " Play Date " . Maurice LaMarche reprises his role as Grand Master Wizard in both " Wizards Only , Fools " and " Betty " . Musical parody artist " Weird Al " Yankovic reprises his role as Banana Man in " We Fixed a Truck " . Noah Nelson reprises his role as Kee @-@ Oth the demon in the two @-@ parter " Play Date " and " The Pit " , having first appeared in the third season episode " Dad 's Dungeon " . Osborne reprises his recurring role as Finn and Jake 's dad , Joshua , in the episode " The Pit " . Ron Lynch returns to the series in " Apple Wedding " , voicing Mr. Pig . Jeff Bennett reprises his role as Choose Goose in the episode " Blade of Grass " , and also voices an alternate @-@ universe version of the character named Choose Bruce in the episode " Finn the Human . " Miguel Ferrer reprises his role as Death , and Steve Agee returns as Ash in " Betty " . Both Lou Ferrigno , Andy Samberg , and Mark Hamill return in " Billy 's Bucket List " as Billy , Party Pat , and the Fear Feaster , respectively .
The series also regularly employs guest voices for new characters . For instance , in the two @-@ parter " Finn the Human " and " Jake the Dog " , Ming @-@ Na Wen voiced Farmworld Finn 's mother ( as she did in the season four cliffhanger " The Lich " ) , Kumail Nanjiani appeared as Prismo , and Cloris Leachman plays the role of Farmworld Marceline . Additionally , in " Jake the Dog " and " Frost & Fire " , M. Emmet Walsh voices the Cosmic Owl . In " Up a Tree " , Jim Cummings voices the Porcupine , Lenny the Beaver , and the Owl ; and Marc Maron appears as the squirrel . Cummings would later reappear in the latter season episode " Candy Streets " playing a different character . In " Jake the Dad " , Kristen Schaal lends her voice to Jake Jr . ( she would reprise the role in the later episodes " One Last Job " and " Another Five Short Graybles " ) ; Choe Dong @-@ Hyun appears as T.V. and Kim Kil Whan ; and Sunny Sandler voices both Charlie and Viola . In " Little Dude " , Dana Snyder appears as the Ancient Sleeping Magi of Life Giving . With " Bad Little Boy " , Donald Glover debuted as Marshall Lee , Marceline 's male counterpart . In the episode " Puhoy " , Jonathan Frakes voices a grown @-@ up version of Finn , Mandy Siegfriend voices Roselinen , and Wallace Shawn voices an oracle . Levar Burton voices an anthropomorphic bubble in " BMO Lost " . Baxter plays the eponymous character in the " James Baxter the Horse " . Both Johnny Pemberton and James Adomian appear in the episode " The Suitor " , voicing Braco and the demon @-@ possessed Cinnamon Bun , respectively . Series storyboard artist Cole Sanchez voiced the Party God in " Shh ! " and " Party 's Over , Isla de Señorita " ; Riki Lindhome portrayed the female island in the latter episode . The character Tiffany , who had first appeared in a minor role in the first season episode " My Two Favorite People " , reappears in " One Last Job " . In the first season , he was voiced by Vincenzo Rauso . However , in " One Last Job " , he was voiced by Collin Dean . Comedian Melissa Villasenor appears as Ann the pharmacist in " Candy Streets " . Duncan Trussell appears as Ron James in " Wizards Only , Fools " and " Betty " .
Dan Mintz appears as T.V. in " Jake Suit " . Aziz Ansari , Paul F. Tompkins , and Chuck McCann appear in " Be More " , as DMO , one of the SMOs , and Moe Giovanni , respectively . " Sky Witch " features Jill Talley , the wife of Kenny , voicing the eponymous sky witch , Maja . In " The Vault " , Isabelle Fuhrman voices Shoko and Paul Scheer voices the Bath Boy Gang Boss . In " Love Games " , Katie Crown voices Slime Princess 's sister Blargatha , and John Hodgman appears as Elder Plops . Marina Sirtis voices the character Samantha in the episode " The Pit " . In " James " , Andy Merrill appears as the titular character . In the episode " Root Beer Guy " , series ' outline writer Jack Pendarvis lends his voice to the character of the same name , and Anne Heche voices the character 's wife , Cherry Cream Soda . In addition , Make a Wish Foundation arranged for a 14 @-@ year @-@ old named Christopher to be the voice of a background character in " Root Beer Guy " . Andy Daly voices the King of Ooo in " Apple Wedding " . Rainn Wilson voices the titular character in " Rattleballs " . Roddy Piper plays the part of Don John in " The Red Throne " . Lena Dunham appears as Betty in the episode of the same name . Actor and musician Creed Bratton voices the character Phlannel Boxingday in " Lemonhope " . Series storyboard artist Ako Castuera voices Canyon in " Billy 's Bucket List " .
Various other characters are voiced by Tom Kenny , Dee Bradley Baker , Maria Bamford , Little , and Kent Osborne .
= = Reception and release = =
= = = Ratings = = =
The season debuted on November 12 , 2012 , with the two @-@ part episode " Finn the Human " / " Jake the Dog " . Together , both episodes were watched by 3 @.@ 435 million viewers . This marked a drastic increase of almost one million viewers when compared to the previous season premiere , as well as the previous season finale . The season opener was also the most @-@ watched episode of the season . Aside from the season opener , " Jake the Dad " , " Bad Little Boy " , and " Frost & Fire " were the only other episodes of the season to garner over 3 million viewers , and they were watched by 3 @.@ 19 , 3 @.@ 077 , and 3 @.@ 009 million viewers , respectively . On March 29 , 2013 , it was reported that the show averaged roughly 2 to 3 million viewers per episode . The season conlcuded with " Billy 's Bucket List " on March 17 , 2014 . The episode was viewed by 2 @.@ 335 million viewers , marking a slight decrease in viewers when compared to the season four finale " The Lich " which was viewed by 2 @.@ 589 million viewers .
= = = Reviews and accolades = = =
Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the beginning of the season for being " irreverent and narratively engaging " . He called it " the ideal testament to animation 's glorious pliability in an commercial arena otherwise defined by restrictions . " Kohn felt that the show 's exploration of " sad subtext " — such as the series ' mysterious Mushroom War and the relationship between Marceline and the Ice King — and the characters ' abilities to " deny the bad vibes their surrounding world invites " via " cheery songs and vibrant artwork " were some of the series strongest points . He was particularly pleased with the season opener , calling it an " interesting creative challenge " . Kohn later published an article explaining why " ' Adventure Time ' is the best Sci @-@ Fi show on TV right now " . He singled out " Simon & Marcy " , praising the way in which the episode " deepen [ ed ] the world [ of Ooo ] in all kinds of morbidly fascinating ways . " Furthermore , he compared the entry to Cormac McCarthy 's book The Road , specifically citing the similarities between the mutant creatures in the episode and the " demented people " in the latter . Kohn ultimately concluded that the series ' " willingness to contemplate [ the themes of the episode ] while sticking to its unique combination of silliness and haunting beauty routinely transforms the show into a wondrous genre experiment . "
Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club wrote that the season was " experimental " in that the series ' writers and storyboard artists " continue to experiment with what they can do in 10 minutes " . He specifically cited the plots from the season openers , " All the Little People " , and " Shh ! " as examples , and applauded the fact that the series was willing to explore different styles of animation , such as in the installment " A Glitch is a Glitch " . Rich Goldstein of The Daily Beast argued that the emotional depth of the series increased during this season , highlighting " Simon & Marcy " as an example . Emily Guendelsberger of The A.V. Club later awarded the entire season an " A " , noting that " Adventure Time has somehow managed to stay on fire for its fifth season 's double @-@ wide 52 @-@ episode run . " Guendelsberger praised the show 's aforementioned creativity and experimentation , and also wrote that " the writing staff has also taken the less @-@ obvious X @-@ Files approach : expanding the length of the stories they 're able to tell by linking monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week episodes into longer arcs . " The A.V. Club later named the series the 27th best television series of 2014 , noting that , " The end of the super @-@ sized season five saw a string of conceptually ambitious episodes that blew the world of Ooo wide open , deepening the stories of Lemongrab , Lumpy Space Princess ' doomed romance , and Ice King 's past as Simon Petrikov . " The site selected " Lemonhope " as the stand @-@ out from the season 's end . All in all , each episode was also graded by The A.V. Club with a different letter grade ; the season received four " C " grade entries , twenty " B " grade installments , and twenty @-@ six " A " grade episodes .
In June 2013 , the series was nominated for " Best Animated Series " at the 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Awards , although it lost to the FX series Archer . At the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards , " Simon & Marcy " , was later nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Short @-@ format Animation , and former character designer Andy Ristaino won an Emmy for " Outstanding Individual Achievement In Animation " for his character designs in the episode " Puhoy " , making it the series ' first Emmy win . The episode " Be More " was later nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Short @-@ format Animation at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2014 . On July 31 , 2014 , it was announced that series art director , Nick Jennings , had won an Emmy for " Outstanding Individual Achievement In Animation " for his work on the episode " Wizards Only , Fools " .
= = = Home media = = =
Warner Home Video released multiple DVD volumes , such as Jake the Dad , The Suitor , Princess Day , Finn the Human , Frost & Fire , and The Enchiridion which contain episodes from the fifth season . The complete season set was released on July 14 , 2015 . All DVD releases can be purchased on the Cartoon Network Shop , and the individual episodes can be downloaded from both the iTunes Store and Amazon.com.
= = Episodes = =
^ †
= Director
^ ‡ =
Supervising director
= = DVD release = =
= INS Shakti ( A57 ) =
INS Shakti ( A57 ) is a Deepak @-@ class fleet tanker in service with the Indian Navy . She was built by Fincantieri , an Italian shipbuilding company based in Trieste . She is the second and final ship of her class . Shakti , along with her predecessor Deepak , is one of the largest ships of the Indian Navy .
Construction of the vessel began in November 2009 and it was launched in October 2010 . She was handed over to India by September 2011 and was commissioned on 1 October 2011 . The construction of the vessel was completed in a record time of 27 months , after the contract worth € 159 @.@ 32 million was signed in April 2008 .
INS Shakti can refuel four ships at a time , with a fuelling speed of 1 @,@ 500 tonnes per hour while her predecessors had a speed of 300 per hour . She is also equipped with state @-@ of @-@ the art electronics , medical facilities and storage spaces . According to Admiral Nirmal Verma , Shakti would significantly add to the Indian Navy 's ability to conduct and sustain operations distant from the coast .
= = Design and description = =
= = = General characteristics and propulsion = = =
INS Shakti has a length of 175 m ( 574 ft ) overall , a beam of 25 m ( 82 ft ) and a draught of 9 @.@ 1 m ( 30 ft ) . The ships displaces about 27 @,@ 550 tonnes ( 27 @,@ 110 long tons ; 30 @,@ 370 short tons ) at full load . The complement is about 200 , including 20 officers .
The ship is powered by two MAN diesel engines providing a total power of 19 @.@ 2 MW ( 25 @,@ 700 hp ) . This allows the ship to reach a maximum speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) and an endurance of 10 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 19 @,@ 000 km ; 12 @,@ 000 mi ) at 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) .
To help prevent accidental oil spills the ship features a double hull configuration , in compliance with MARPOL 73 / 78 .
= = = Capacity = = =
The Deepak @-@ class tanker can carry 17 @,@ 900 tonnes of cargo , including 15 @,@ 500 tonnes of liquid cargo ( water , ship and aircraft fuel ) and 500 tonnes of solid cargo ( victuals and ammunition ) . The modern cargo handling facility on board the ship enables transfer of heavy solid cargo via a 30 tonne capacity deck crane , and simultaneous fuelling of multiple ships at sea , and can refuel at the rate of 1 @,@ 500 tonnes per hour . Workshop facilities on the ship can support other ships of the fleet and it is capable of supporting heavy helicopters .
= = = Self @-@ defence systems = = =
The ship has self @-@ defence capability and is equipped with an indigenous anti @-@ missile defence chaff system . On @-@ board systems include fully automatic engine controls , power management and battle damage control systems . According to the navy , the ship was designed to operate as a command platform . The ship is fitted with four AK @-@ 630 Close @-@ in weapon systems , which can fire at a rate of 4 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 rounds a minute .
= = Construction and service = =
Fincantieri was awarded the contract to construct Shakti in April 2008 , at a cost of US $ 300 million . The Deepak @-@ class tankers were the first warships constructed for India by Fincantieri . The construction of the ship began in November 2009 at Fincantieri 's Sestri Ponente shipyard in Italy . The sea trials started in December 2010 . The ship was formally handed over to the Indian Navy on 23 September 2011 , in under two years . Admiral Nirmal Verma , the chief of the Naval Staff , commissioned the tanker at Visakhapatnam , the home of the Eastern Naval Command , saying that the ship enhanced the reach of the navy well beyond the limits of the Indian Ocean .
INS Shakti is the third tanker of the same name of the navy . The first Shakti had a displacement of 3 @,@ 000 tonnes and was commissioned during World War II . She was in service with the Indian Navy from 29 January 1954 and decommissioned on 31 December 1967 ; whilst the second Shakti , a large ship built by a German yard , was commissioned on 21 February 1976 and decommissioned on 21 July 2007 , after more than 31 years of naval service .
= = = 2012 = = =
Malabar 2012 In April 2012 , Shakti took part in the Indian navy 's annual maritime exercise with the US Navy , Malabar 2012 , in the Bay of Bengal . During these exercises , the ship replenished USS Carl Vinson , flagship of the US Navy 's Carrier Strike Group 1 .
South China Sea and the North @-@ West Pacific In May 2012 , Shakti , as part of a battle group of four ships , began a sustained operational deployment to the South China Sea and the North West Pacific Ocean . The other three ships were INS Rana , a Rajput @-@ class guided missile destroyer , INS Shivalik , a stealth frigate , and INS Karmuk , a Kora @-@ class corvette . This battle group was under the command of Rear Admiral P Ajit Kumar , Flag Officer Commanding , Eastern Naval Command . According to the Ministry of Defence , the two @-@ month deployment , far from India 's usual area of operations , along with naval exercises with a number of countries , aimed to demonstrate the Indian navy 's operational reach .
During the deployment , the battle group participated in passage exercises with the navies of the countries visited . The ' Passage Exercises ' focussed on maritime security cooperation , which included humanitarian aid and disaster relief ( HADR ) operations and ' Visit , Board , Search and Seizure ' ( VBSS ) drills for anti @-@ piracy operations . These exercises aimed to increase naval inter @-@ operability , enabling the two navies to function with enhanced coordination during possible HADR operations . In addition , during the port visits , the Fleet Commander along with the Commanding Officers of the ships met high @-@ ranking officials of the navy , state administration , port management , coastal security organisation , police , and other stakeholders of maritime security in the countries visited , to share professional experiences and exchange best practices in areas of mutual interest .
JIMEX 2012 The ship was deployed in the North West Pacific for JIMEX 2012 ( Japan @-@ India Maritime Exercise ) with the four ship group , and took part in India 's first bi @-@ lateral maritime exercise with Japan . The Japanese Maritime Self @-@ Defence Force ( JMSDF ) was represented by two destroyers , one maritime patrol aircraft and a helicopter .
The four ships entered Tokyo on 5 June 2012 after visiting Singapore , Vietnam , Philippines and Republic of Korea . They stayed in Tokyo for three days . This visit coincided with the commemoration of 60 years of diplomatic relations between India and Japan . Vice Admiral Anil Chopra , Flag Officer Commanding @-@ in @-@ Chief Eastern Naval Command also visited Tokyo to witness the first JIMEX .
South @-@ east Asia After the deployment in the North pacific , the battle group was deployed in the South China Sea . As part of India 's Look East policy , the ships visited the Shanghai port on 13 June 2012 , for a five @-@ day goodwill tour . INS Shakti served as the fuel and logistics tanker to the three destroyers . The ships left the port on 17 June 2012 . Before leaving the port , the ships conducted routine passage exercise with the People 's Liberation Army Navy .
After the visits to Singapore , Vietnam , Philippines , Japan , South Korea and China , the ships visited Port Klang , Malaysia . This was the last port call of the battle group , after which it returned to the Eastern fleet of the Indian Navy , after being on a two @-@ month @-@ long deployment which started in May 2012 .
= = = 2013 = = =
TROPEX 2013 Shakti was part of a seven @-@ ship fleet which represented the Eastern Naval Command at Indian Navy 's annual TROPEX exercise , which concluded on 1 March 2013 . TROPEX 2013 was a month @-@ long theatre level exercise which was conducted off India 's west coast . The navy conducted manoeuvres , weapon firings and tactical evaluation .
The other ships in the flotilla were the destroyer Rana , amphibious dock INS Jalashwa , corvettes INS Kulish , Karmuk and INS Sukanya , and it was led by INS Ranvijay under the command of Admiral Ajith Kumar P , Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet . This flotilla made a port call at Kochi on 4 March 2013 , on route to its forward deployment .
South China Sea and Western Pacific The ship was part of a four @-@ vessel fleet on a regular operational deployment to the South China Sea and the Western Pacific during May – June 2013 , which departed from India on 20 May 2013 . The fleet led by Rear Admiral Ajit Kumar consisted of stealth frigate INS Satpura , Rajput @-@ class destroyer INS Ranvijay , corvette INS Kirch and Shakti , and carried more than 800 crew members . Shakti , along with Ranvijay sailed from Port Blair , Andaman and Nicobar on 21 May and were joined by Satpura and Kirch , which arrived from Singapore after participating in a maritime exhibition and a bilateral naval exercise . The ships made a five @-@ day port call at Malaysia 's Port Klang on 25 May 2013 .
The ships will conduct passage exercises and practice both conventional wartime drills and cooperative military action against unconventional sea threats with the Malaysian Navy . They will make further port calls at Da Nang in Vietnam and Manila in the Philippines . They are expected to return to India by June 2013 . The fleet would be deployed in the South China Sea and the Western Pacific from mid @-@ May to end June to reinforce military ties with ASEAN , in addition to showcasing India 's naval capabilities .
= = = 2014 = = =
Western Pacific : In July 2014 , an Indian Navy task force comprising INS Ranvijay , INS Shivalik , and Shakti visited the Russian Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok for Indra @-@ 2014 exercises . The Russian fleet consisted of guided @-@ missile cruiser Varyag , the flagship of the Pacific Fleet ; the destroyer Admiral Vinogradov , the Peresvet and several auxiliary ships , naval aircraft and helicopters . The exercise took place from 17 to 19 July in the Peter the Great Gulf in the Sea of Japan . The ships conducted tactical maneuvering drills , artillery and missile firing drills , as well as helicopter deck @-@ landing drills . After exercising with the Russian Navy , the task force moved to the Pacific Ocean to exercise with the Japanese and the US Navy during Malabar 2014 . Aircraft carrier USS George Washington and a nuclear submarine represented the US Navy , and the Japanese Maritime Self @-@ Defence Force was represented by two destroyers , Kurama and Ashigara , and US @-@ 2 amphibious warfare aircraft . The harbour phase of the drills was conducted in Sasebo , Japan .
Bay of Bengal : Naval ships Ranjit , Shivalik , Shakti and INS Airavat were readied by the Eastern Command to transport personnel and relief material as part of the rescue and relief mission during Cyclone Hudhud .
= = = 2015 = = =
Shakti deployed with other ships of the Eastern fleet to the Andaman & Nicobar Command , to exercise in the Andaman Sea and then deployed overseas to exercise with other navies of the region from Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Cambodia , Thailand and Australia , as part of India 's Act East policy . This task force sailed under the command of Flag Officer Eastern Fleet Rear Admiral Ajendra Bahadur Singh , VSM , who commanded from INS Satpura . The other ships in the task force were INS Sahyadri , the then @-@ newly commissioned anti @-@ submarine warfare
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
INS Kamorta , destroyers INS Ranvir and INS Ranvijay and missile corvette INS Khukri . The ships make port calls at Jakarta ( Indonesia ) , Freemantle ( Australia ) , Kuantan ( Malaysia ) , Sattahip ( Thailand ) and Sihanoukville ( Cambodia ) . They exercised for four days with RSS Supreme and submarine RSS Archer along with fighters , patrol aircraft and helicopters of the Singaporean Navy from 24 @-@ 27 May in Simbex 2015 .
= Andrea Doria @-@ class battleship =
The Andrea Doria class ( usually called Caio Duilio class in Italian sources ) was a pair of dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Italian Navy ( Regia Marina ) during the early 1910s . The two ships — Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio — were completed during World War I. The class was an incremental improvement over the preceding Conte di Cavour class . Like the earlier ships , Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio were armed with a main battery of thirteen 305 @-@ millimeter ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns .
The two ships spent World War I based in southern Italy to keep the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy bottled up in the Adriatic , but neither vessel saw any combat . After the war , they cruised the Mediterranean and were involved in several international incidents , including the Corfu Incident in 1923 . Both ships were placed in reserve a decade later and began a lengthy reconstruction in 1937 . The modifications included removing their center main battery turret and boring out the rest of the guns to 320 mm ( 12 @.@ 6 in ) , strengthening their armor protection , installing new boilers and steam turbines , and lengthening their hulls . The reconstruction work lasted until 1940 , by which time Italy was already engaged in World War II .
The two ships were moored in Taranto on the night of 11 / 12 November 1940 when the British launched a carrier strike on the Italian fleet . In the resulting Battle of Taranto , Caio Duilio was hit by a torpedo and forced to beach to avoid sinking . Andrea Doria was undamaged in the raid ; repairs for Caio Duilio lasted until May 1941 . Both ships escorted convoys to North Africa in late 1941 , including Operation M42 , where Andrea Doria saw action at the inconclusive First Battle of Sirte on 17 December . Fuel shortages curtailed further activity in 1942 and 1943 , and both ships were interned at Malta following Italy 's surrender in September 1943 . Italy was permitted to retain both battleships after the war , and they alternated as fleet flagship until the early 1950s , when they were removed from active service . Both ships were scrapped after 1956 .
= = Design and description = =
The Andrea Doria @-@ class ships were designed by naval architect Vice Admiral ( Generale del Genio navale ) Giuseppe Valsecchi and were ordered in response to French plans to build the Bretagne @-@ class battleships . The design of the preceding Conte di Cavour @-@ class battleships was generally satisfactory and was adopted with some minor changes . These mostly concerned the reduction of the superstructure by shortening the forecastle deck , the consequent lowering of the amidships gun turret and the upgrading of the secondary armament to sixteen 152 @-@ millimeter ( 6 in ) guns in lieu of the eighteen 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) guns of the older ships .
= = = General characteristics = = =
The ships of the Andrea Doria class were 168 @.@ 9 meters ( 554 ft 2 in ) long at the waterline , and 176 meters ( 577 ft 5 in ) overall . They had a beam of 28 meters ( 91 ft 10 in ) , and a draft of 9 @.@ 4 meters ( 30 ft 10 in ) . They displaced 22 @,@ 956 long tons ( 23 @,@ 324 t ) at normal load , and 24 @,@ 729 long tons ( 25 @,@ 126 t ) at deep load . They were provided with a complete double bottom and their hulls were subdivided by 23 longitudinal and transverse bulkheads . The ships had two rudders , both on the centerline . They had a crew of 31 officers and 969 enlisted men .
= = = Propulsion = = =
The ships were fitted with three Parsons steam turbine sets , arranged in three engine rooms . The center engine room housed one set of turbines that drove the two inner propeller shafts . It was flanked by compartments on either side , each housing one turbine set powering the outer shafts . Steam for the turbines was provided by 20 Yarrow boilers , 8 of which burned oil and 12 of which burned coal sprayed with oil . Designed to reach a maximum speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) from 32 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 24 @,@ 000 kW ) , neither of the ships reached this goal on their sea trials , only achieving speeds of 21 to 21 @.@ 3 knots ( 38 @.@ 9 to 39 @.@ 4 km / h ; 24 @.@ 2 to 24 @.@ 5 mph ) . The ships could store a maximum of 1 @,@ 488 long tons ( 1 @,@ 512 t ) of coal and 886 long tons ( 900 t ) of fuel oil that gave them a range of 4 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 900 km ; 5 @,@ 500 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
As built , the ships ' main armament comprised thirteen 46 @-@ caliber 305 @-@ millimeter guns , designed by Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers , in five gun turrets . The turrets were all on the centerline , with a twin @-@ gun turret superfiring over a triple @-@ gun turret in fore and aft pairs , and a third triple turret amidships , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' Q ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . The turrets had an elevation capability of − 5 to + 20 degrees and the ships could carry 88 rounds for each gun . Sources disagree regarding these guns ' performance , but naval historian Giorgio Giorgerini says that they fired 452 @-@ kilogram ( 996 lb ) armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) projectiles at the rate of one round per minute and that they had a muzzle velocity of 840 m / s ( 2 @,@ 800 ft / s ) , which gave a maximum range of 24 @,@ 000 meters ( 26 @,@ 000 yd ) .
The secondary armament on the two ships consisted of sixteen 45 @-@ caliber 152 @-@ millimeter ( 6 in ) guns , also designed by Armstrong Whitworth , mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull underneath the main guns . Their positions tended to be wet in heavy seas , especially the rear guns . These guns could depress to − 5 degrees and had a maximum elevation of + 20 degrees ; they had a rate of fire of six shots per minute . They could fire a 22 @.@ 1 @-@ kilogram ( 49 lb ) high @-@ explosive projectile with a muzzle velocity of 830 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 700 ft / s ) to a maximum distance of 16 @,@ 000 meters ( 17 @,@ 000 yd ) . The ships carried 3 @,@ 440 rounds for them . For defense against torpedo boats , the ships carried nineteen 50 @-@ caliber 76 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) guns ; they could be mounted in 39 different positions , including on the turret roofs and upper decks . These guns had the same range of elevation as the secondary guns , and their rate of fire was higher at 10 rounds per minute . They fired a 6 @-@ kilogram ( 13 lb ) AP projectile with a muzzle velocity of 815 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 670 ft / s ) to a maximum distance of 9 @,@ 100 meters ( 10 @,@ 000 yd ) . The ships were also fitted with three submerged 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes , one on each broadside and the third in the stern .
= = = Armor = = =
The Andrea Doria @-@ class ships had a complete waterline armor belt with a maximum thickness of 250 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) that reduced to 130 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) towards the stern and 80 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) towards the bow . Above the main belt was a strake of armor 220 millimeters ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) thick that extended up to the lower edge of the main deck . Above this strake was a thinner one , 130 millimeters thick , that protected the casemates . The ships had two armored decks : the main deck was 24 mm ( 0 @.@ 94 in ) thick in two layers on the flat that increased to 40 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) on the slopes that connected it to the main belt . The second deck was 29 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 1 in ) thick , also in two layers . Fore and aft transverse bulkheads connected the belt to the decks .
The frontal protection of the gun turrets was 280 millimeters ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) in thickness with 240 @-@ millimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) thick sides , and an 85 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 3 in ) roof and rear . Their barbettes had 230 @-@ millimeter ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) armor above the deck that reduced to 180 millimeters ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) between the forecastle and upper decks and 130 millimeters below the upper deck . The forward conning tower had walls 320 millimeters ( 12 @.@ 6 in ) thick ; those of the aft conning tower were 160 millimeters ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) thick .
= = Modifications and reconstruction = =
During World War I , a pair of 50 @-@ caliber 76 @-@ millimeter guns on high @-@ angle mounts were fitted as anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns , one gun at the bow and the other on top of ' X ' turret . In 1925 the number of 50 @-@ caliber 76 @-@ millimeter guns was reduced to 13 , all mounted on the turret tops , and six new 40 @-@ caliber 76 @-@ millimeter guns were installed abreast the aft funnel . Two license @-@ built 2 @-@ pounder AA guns were also fitted . In 1926 the rangefinders were upgraded and a fixed aircraft catapult was mounted on the port side of the forecastle for a Macchi M.18 seaplane .
By the early 1930s , the Regia Marina had begun design work on the new Littorio @-@ class battleships , but it recognized that they would not be complete for some time . As a stop @-@ gap measure in response to the new French Dunkerque @-@ class battleships , the navy decided to modernize its old battleships ; work on the two surviving Conte di Cavours began in 1933 and the two Andrea Dorias followed in 1937 . The work lasted until July 1940 for Duilio and October 1940 for Andrea Doria . The existing bow was dismantled and a new , longer , bow section was built , which increased their overall length by 10 @.@ 91 meters ( 35 ft 10 in ) to 186 @.@ 9 meters ( 613 ft 2 in ) ( on the Cavour @-@ class the new bow had been grafted over the existing one , instead ) . Their beam increased to 28 @.@ 03 meters ( 92 ft 0 in ) and their draft at deep load increased to 10 @.@ 3 meters ( 33 ft 10 in ) . The changes made during their reconstruction increased their displacement to 28 @,@ 882 long tons ( 29 @,@ 345 t ) for Andrea Doria and 29 @,@ 391 long tons ( 29 @,@ 863 t ) for Duilio at deep load . The ships ' crews increased to 70 officers and 1 @,@ 450 enlisted men .
Two of the propeller shafts were removed and the existing turbines were replaced by two sets of Belluzzo geared steam turbines rated at 75 @,@ 000 shp ( 56 @,@ 000 kW ) . The boilers were replaced by eight superheated Yarrow boilers . On their sea trials the ships reached a speed of 26 @.@ 9 – 27 knots ( 49 @.@ 8 – 50 @.@ 0 km / h ; 31 @.@ 0 – 31 @.@ 1 mph ) , although their maximum speed was about 26 knots ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) in service . The ships now carried 2 @,@ 530 long tons ( 2 @,@ 570 t ) of fuel oil , which provided them with a range of 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) .
The center turret and the torpedo tubes were removed and all of the existing secondary armament and AA guns were replaced by a dozen 135 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 3 in ) guns in four triple @-@ gun turrets and ten 90 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) AA guns in single turrets . In addition the ships were fitted with fifteen 54 @-@ caliber Breda 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) light AA guns in six twin @-@ gun and three single mounts and sixteen 20 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) Breda Model 35 AA guns , also in twin mounts . The 305 @-@ millimeter guns were bored out to 320 millimeters ( 13 in ) and their turrets were modified to use electric power . They had a fixed loading angle of + 12 degrees , but there is uncertainty on their new maximum elevation , with some sources citing a maximum value of + 27 degrees , while others claim one of + 30 degrees . The 320 @-@ millimeter AP shells weighed 525 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 157 lb ) and had a maximum range of 28 @,@ 600 meters ( 31 @,@ 300 yd ) with a muzzle velocity of 830 m / s ( 2 @,@ 700 ft / s ) . In early 1942 the rearmost 20 @-@ millimeter mounts were replaced by twin 37 @-@ millimeter gun mounts and the 20 @-@ millimeter guns were moved to the roof of Turret ' B ' , while the RPC motors from the stabilized mounts of the 90 mm guns were removed The forward superstructure was rebuilt with a new forward conning tower , protected with 260 @-@ millimeter ( 10 @.@ 2 in ) thick armor . Atop the conning tower there was a fire @-@ control director fitted with three large rangefinders .
The deck armor was increased during reconstruction to a total of 135 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 3 in ) . The armor protecting the secondary turrets was 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) thick . The existing underwater protection was replaced by the Pugliese system that consisted of a large cylinder surrounded by fuel oil or water that was intended to absorb the blast of a torpedo warhead .
These modernizations have been criticized by some naval historians , given that not only these ships would eventually prove to be inferior to the British battleships they were meant to face ( namely the Queen Elizabeth @-@ class ) , since by the time the decision to proceed was taken a war between Italy and the United Kingdom seemed more likely , but also because the cost of the reconstruction would be not much less than the cost of building a brand new Littorio @-@ class battleship ; moreover , the reconstruction work caused bottlenecks in the providing of steel plates , that caused substantial delays in the construction of the modern battleships , which otherwise might have been completed at an earlier date .
= = Ships = =
= = Service history = =
Both battleships were completed after Italy entered World War I on the side of the Triple Entente , though neither saw action , since Italy 's principal naval opponent , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , largely remained in port for the duration of the war . Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel , the Italian naval chief of staff , believed that Austro @-@ Hungarian submarines and minelayers could operate effectively in the narrow waters of the Adriatic . The threat from these underwater weapons to his capital ships was too serious for him to use the fleet in an active way . Instead , Revel decided to implement a blockade at the relatively safer southern end of the Adriatic with the battle fleet , while smaller vessels , such as the MAS torpedo boats , conducted raids on Austro @-@ Hungarian ships and installations . Meanwhile , Revel 's battleships would be preserved to confront the Austro @-@ Hungarian battle fleet in the event that it sought a decisive engagement .
Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio both cruised in the eastern Mediterranean after the war , and both were involved in postwar disputes over control of various cities . Caio Duilio was sent to provide a show of force during a dispute over control of İzmir in April 1919 and Andrea Doria assisted in the suppression of Gabriele D 'Annunzio 's seizure of Fiume in November 1920 . Caio Duilio cruised the Black Sea after the İzmir affair until she was replaced in 1920 by the battleship Giulio Cesare . Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio were present during the Corfu incident in 1923 as part of the naval demonstration protesting the murder of General Enrico Tellini and four other Italians . In January 1925 , Andrea Doria visited Lisbon , Portugal , to represent Italy during the celebration marking the 400th anniversary of the death of explorer Vasco da Gama . The two ships performed the normal routine of peacetime cruises and goodwill visits throughout the 1920s and early 1930s ; both were placed in reserve in 1933 .
Both Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio went into drydock in the late 1930s for extensive modernizations ; this work lasted until October and April 1940 , respectively . By that time , Italy had entered World War II on the side of the Axis powers . The two ships joined the 5th Division based at Taranto . Caio Duilio participated in a patrol intended to catch the British battleship HMS Valiant and a convoy bound for Malta , but neither target was found . She and Andrea Doria were present during the British attack on Taranto on the night of 11 / 12 November 1940 . A force of twenty @-@ one Fairey Swordfish torpedo @-@ bombers , launched from HMS Illustrious , attacked the ships moored in the harbor . Andrea Doria was undamaged in the raid , but Caio Duilio was hit by a torpedo on her starboard side . She was grounded to prevent her from sinking in the harbor and temporary repairs were effected to allow her to travel to Genoa for permanent repairs , which began in January 1941 . In February , she was attacked by the British Force H ; several warships attempted to shell Caio Duilio while she was in dock , but they scored no hits . Repair work lasted until May 1941 , when she rejoined the fleet at Taranto .
In the meantime , Andrea Doria participated in several operations intended to catch British convoys in the Mediterranean , including the Operation Excess convoys in January 1941 . By the end of the year , both battleships were tasked with escorting convoys from Italy to North Africa to support the Italian and German forces fighting there . These convoys included Operation M41 on 13 December and Operation M42 on 17 – 19 December . During the latter , Andrea Doria and Giulio Cesare engaged British cruisers and destroyers in the First Battle of Sirte on the first day of the operation . Neither the Italians nor the British pressed their attacks and the battle ended inconclusively . Caio Duilio was assigned to distant support for the operation , and was too far away to actively participate in the battle . Convoy escort work continued into early 1942 , but thereafter the fleet began to suffer from a severe shortage of fuel , which kept the ships in port for the next two years . Caio Duilio sailed away from Taranto on 14 February with a pair of light cruisers and seven destroyers in order to intercept the British convoy MW 9 , bounded from Alexandria to Malta , but the force could not locate the British ships , and so returned to port . After learning of Caio Duilio departure , however , British escorts scuttled the transport Rowallan Castle , previously disabled by German aircraft .
Both ships were interned at Malta following Italy 's surrender on 3 September 1943 . They remained there until 1944 , when the Allies allowed them to return to Italian ports ; Andrea Doria went to Syracuse , Sicily , and Caio Duilio returned to Taranto before joining her sister at Syracuse . Italy was allowed to retain the two ships after the end of the war , and they alternated in the role of fleet flagship until 1953 , when they were both removed from service . Andrea Doria carried on as a gunnery training ship , but Caio Duilio was simply placed in reserve . Both battleships were stricken from the naval register in September 1956 and were subsequently broken up for scrap .
= = See Also = =
List of ships of the Second World War
List of ship classes of the Second World War
= GDRT =
GDRT ( also GDR , vocalized by historians as Gadarat ) was a King of the Kingdom of Aksum ( c . 200 ) , known for being the first king to involve Axum in the affairs of what is now Yemen . He is known primarily from inscriptions in South Arabia that mention him and his son BYGT ( also vocalized as " Beyga " or " Beygat " ) . GDRT is thought to be the same person as GDR , the name inscribed on a bronze wand or sceptre that was found in an area near Atsbi and Dar 'a / Addi @-@ Galamo in northern Ethiopia .
GDRT has been equated with the anonymous king of the Monumentum Adulitanum , which would date his reign c . 200 – c . 230 . However , the two rulers are usually thought to be distinct . However the French scholar Christian Robin , studying the inscriptions at al @-@ Mis`al in Yemen , has shown that GDRT , and his successor `DBH , lived in the earlier half of the 3rd century .
= = Aksumite inscription = =
The inscriptions of GDR represent the oldest surviving royal inscriptions in the Ge 'ez alphabet . The oldest of these was found at Addi @-@ Galamo in the regions of Atsbi and Dar 'a in eastern Tigray Region in northern Ethiopia . The area is rich in pre @-@ Aksumite artifacts , and inscriptions of a pre @-@ Aksumite kingdom called Dʿmt have been found in the region . The inscription mentioning GDR is the only evidence of his existence from the western side of the Red Sea :
gdr / ngśy / ʾksm / tbʿl / mzlt / lʾrg / wllmq
The Addi Galamo inscription was written on a sceptre or " boomerang @-@ like object " ; the linguist A.J. Drewes therefore interprets mzlt as meaning a sceptre or royal emblem . The inscription 's meaning is uncertain , but if mzlt is taken to mean a sceptre , and ʾrg and lmq are taken to be place names ( or sanctuaries ) , then , according to Alexander Sima , the text could mean " GDR , king of Aksum gave ( this ) sceptre into the possession of ( the sanctuaries ) ʾRG and LMQ . " The South Arabian expert W.F. Albert Jamme , however , translates the inscription as " GDR king of Aksum occupied the passages of `RG and LMQ " , or " Gedara , King of Axum is humbled before the [ gods ] Arg and Almouqah , " ( i.e. Almaqah or Ilmuqah ) , assuming that the ʾ in Ilmuqah was assimilated .
= = South Arabian involvement = =
GDRT is first mentioned in South Arabian inscriptions as an ally of `Alhan Nahfan , king of Saba , in an inscription at Maḥram Bilqīs , at Ma 'rib in Yemen , the temple of the moon god Almaqah / Ilmuqah . According to Stuart Munro @-@ Hay , the inscription reads
they agreed together that their war and their peace should be in unison , against anyone that might rise up against them , and that in safety and in security there should be allied together Salhen and Zararan and `Alhan and Gadarat .
Alexander Sima translates the text slightly differently , specifying that it was GDRT who " sent a diplomatic mission to [ `Ahlan ] in order to form an alliance . " Both interpret " Zararan " or " Zrrn " as the name of the palace in Aksum at the time , parallel to " Sahlen , " the palace of Saba in Marib . This Sahlen @-@ Saba parallel , along with the Dhu @-@ Raydan @-@ Ḥimyar parallel , was often used by Aksumite kings in their inscriptions enumerating the territories under their control . A Ḥimyarite inscription confirms the Sabaean text , mentioning that Aksum , Saba ' , Ḥaḑramawt , and Qatabān were all allied against Ḥimyar . `Alhan Nafhan 's son Sha`ir Awtar or Sha`irum Awtar later abandoned the alliance with GDRT after he became king of Saba ' . However , during the first part of Sha`ir Awtar 's reign , the two powers seem to have joined in an alliance once again , this time against Ḥaḑramawt . Saba 's invasion of Ḥaḑramawt with Aksumite help culminated in the latter 's defeat and the occupation of its capital , Shabwah , in 225 . Sha`ir Awtar 's attack represented a major shift in policy as , before the attack , the king of Ḥaḑramawt , Il`azz Yalut , was married to his sister ; he had even helped suppress a revolt against Il`azz Yalut .
Although Saba ' was previously allied with Aksum against Ḥimyar , both Ḥimyarite and Sabaean troops were used in the attack against Ḥaḑramawt . Immediately following the conquest of Hadramaut , Sha`ir Awtar allied with Ḥimyar against his former ally GDRT . A second Sabaean inscription from the sanctuary ' Awam in Marib during the reign of Sha`ir Awtar 's successor , Luha`atht Yarhum , describes events in the latter part of his predecessor 's reign . The inscription tells of a diplomatic mission sent by Sha`ir Awtar to GDRT , the results of which are unknown ; however , the text later goes on to describe a war between Saba ' and Aksum in the southern highlands of Yemen , implying that the negotiations were futile . Aksum lost a battle as a result of the Saba ' -Ḥimyar alliance , allowing the South Arabian forces to expel GDRT 's son BYGT and his forces from the Ḥimyarite capital Zafar , which had previously been held by Aksum after the Aksum @-@ Ḥaḑramawt @-@ Qatabān @-@ Saba ' alliance . Despite this loss , Aksum still held territory in South Arabia , as evidenced by inscriptions of Luha`atht Yarhum ( r. c . 230 ) , which detail at least one known clash with hbšt troops in Yemen after GDRT 's reign . Peace may have been established after GDRT 's death , but war and Aksumite involvement was renewed under his successors such as `DBH and GRMT , and the whole 3rd century was to be dominated by Ethio @-@ Yemeni conflicts .
= = Legacy = =
GDRT was most likely the first Aksumite king to be involved in South Arabian affairs , as well as the first known king to be mentioned in South Arabian inscriptions . His reign resulted in the control of much of western Yemen , such as the Tihāmah , Najrā , Ma`afir , Ẓafār ( until c . 230 ) , and parts of Hashid territory around Hamir in the northern highlands . Furthermore , GDRT 's military alliances and his conquests in Yemen and Saudi Arabia , the required formidable fleet for such feats , and the extension of Aksumite influence throughout Yemen and southern Saudi Arabia all reflect a new zenith in Aksumite power . His involvement would mark the beginning of centuries of Aksumite involvement in South Arabia , culminating with the full @-@ scale invasion of Yemen by King Kaleb in 520 ( or 525 ) , resulting in the establishment of an Aksumite province covering all of South Arabia .
GDRT 's name may be preserved in Ethiopian tradition through the traditional king lists , as what seem to be variants of his name crop up in three of them . Gədur is listed as the third king in list C , Zegduru ( ze meaning ' of ' in Ge 'ez ) appears as the sixth in list E , and Zegdur appears as the third in list B , after the legendary Menelik I. Zegdur also is mentioned in at least one hagiography and short chronicle . The king lists were composed centuries after the fall of the Aksumite kingdom , however , and generally do not agree with archaeological records except when concerning famous kings .
= Por Debajo de la Mesa =
" Por Debajo de la Mesa " ( " Underneath the Table " ) is a song written by Armando Manzanero and performed by Mexican recording artist Luis Miguel . Arranged by Bebu Silvetti , it was one of the two original compositions written for Miguel 's fifteenth studio album Romances . It was released as the lead single from the album on 15 July 1997 and it became his thirteenth number @-@ one single on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States . The music video features Miguel performing at a fine @-@ dining restaurant in New York City .
The track received a negative reaction from Achy Obejas of the Chicago Tribune who called it " lame " . It was nominated Pop Song of the Year at the 10th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards and Manzanero was awarded a Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) Latin Award for writing the song . Manzanero performed the record as a duet with several artists such as Tania Libertad and Susana Zabaleta .
= = Background = =
In 1991 Miguel released Romance , a collection of classic Latin ballads , the oldest of which dates back to the 1940s . The album was produced by Armando Manzanero and arranged by Bebu Silvetti , and was credited for revitalizing the bolero genre . It also made history as the first Spanish @-@ language album to be certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in the United States . A follow @-@ up to Romance was released in 1994 under the title Segundo Romance ( Second Romance ) , which was produced by Miguel , Juan Carlos Calderón and Kiko Cibrian . Both albums received a platinum certification by the RIAA in the United States and also became successful in countries outside of Latin America and the United States , such as Finland and Saudi Arabia , selling over twelve million copies combined .
In December 1996 Miguel held a press conference in Buenos Aires , Argentina , where he announced his desire to record a third Romance album and mentioned the possibility of working with Manzanero and Juan Gabriel . He also expressed an interest in singing in Italian and Portuguese , although the album 's songs are originally all in Spanish . Two months later Manzanero confirmed that he was working with Miguel on another bolero @-@ inspired ballads album , under the tentative title Tercer Romance ( " Third Romance " ) . Miguel 's record label confirmed that fourteen tracks would be included on the album under the title Romances . " Por Debajo de la Mesa " was written by Manzanero as one of the two original compositions for the album along with " Contigo ( Estar Contigo ) " .
= = Promotion = =
A music video for " Por Debajo de la Mesa " was filmed in New York City which features Miguel performing at the Rainbow Room with the video being shot in black @-@ and @-@ white . The song was included on his greatest hits album Mis Boleros Favoritos ( 2002 ) and Grandes Éxitos ( 2005 ) . A live version of the song was included on his album Vivo ( 2000 ) as part of the " Romances Medley " .
= = Release and reception = =
" Por Debajo de la Mesa " serviced to radio stations across Latin America on 5 July 11997 . In the United States , the song debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart on the week of 2 August 1997 . Six weeks later , it peaked at number one on the chart where and remained on the position for four weeks . " Por Debajo de la Mesa " ended 1997 as the eighth best @-@ performing Latin single of the year in the United States . The track also peaked at number one on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart where it spent five weeks on top of the chart and was the best @-@ performing Latin pop song of the year in the country .
Despite giving Romances a positive review , Chicago Tribune editor Achy Obejas called " Por Debajo de la Mesa " a " lame " song and cited it as one of the songs where Miguel beginning is " to slip " on his ballad recordings . It received a nomination for Pop Song of the Year at the Lo Nuestro Awards of 1998 , losing to " Si Tu Supieras " by Alejandro Fernández . Manzanero was given a BMI Latin Award for composition of the song due to it being one of the best @-@ performing Latin songs of the year . At the inaugural Juventud Awards in 2004 , " Por Debajo de la Mesa " was nominated in the category for " La Más Pegajosa " ( " Catchiest Tune " ) , but lost to " El Za Za Za " by Liberación .
= = Charts = =
= = Other recordings = =
Manzanero has sung " Por Debajo de la Mesa " as a duet Peruvian musician Tania Libertad on the duo 's studio album Manzanero y la Libertad ( 1998 ) and with Chano Domínguez and Carmen Paris on Manazero 's album Duetos 2 ( 2002 ) . He also performed the song in a concert with Argentine pianist Raúl di Blasio in 1999 which was included on the latter 's live album Bohemia , Vol.2 ( 2000 ) and also performed the song live with fellow Mexican singer Susana Zabaleta on their album De la A a la Z ( 2006 ) .
= Brendan Morrison =
Brendan Morrison ( born August 15 , 1975 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre . He has previously played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New Jersey Devils , Vancouver Canucks , Anaheim Ducks , Dallas Stars , Washington Capitals , Calgary Flames and Chicago Blackhawks .
Morrison was selected 39th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Devils after a season in the British Columbia Junior Hockey League ( BCJHL ) ; he had won rookie of the year honours for the Interior Conference as a member of the Penticton Panthers . Following his draft , he joined the college ice hockey ranks with the Michigan Wolverines of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association ( CCHA ) . During his four @-@ year collegiate career , he was named the NCAA Tournament MVP while leading the Wolverines to a national championship in 1996 and won the Hobey Baker Award as the NCAA 's player of the year in 1997 .
Turning professional in 1997 – 98 , Morrison was named to the American Hockey League ( AHL ) All @-@ Rookie Team as a member of the Albany River Rats . He played his rookie season in the NHL the following season with the New Jersey Devils before being traded to the Vancouver Canucks in March 2000 . He played seven full seasons with the Canucks , which included a club @-@ record 534 consecutive regular season games played . As a member of the team 's " West Coast Express " line ( alongside Markus Näslund and Todd Bertuzzi ) , Morrison enjoyed the most successful years of his career , posting three consecutive 60 @-@ point seasons . During the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout , he played one season with Linköpings HC of the Swedish Elite League . Beginning in 2008 , he played stints with the Anaheim Ducks , Dallas Stars and Washington Capitals before joining the Calgary Flames in 2010 .
Internationally , Morrison has competed for Canada in three World Championships , winning gold in 2004 and silver in 2005 .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Amateur career ( 1992 – 97 ) = = =
Morrison played one season with the Penticton Panthers of the British Columbia Junior Hockey League ( BCJHL ) in 1992 – 93 , recording 94 points ( 35 goals and 59 assists ) over 56 games . He ranked second in team scoring , behind Marcel Sakáč , and was awarded the Bruce Allison Memorial Trophy as the Interior Conference 's rookie of the year . In the off @-@ season , Morrison was selected by the New Jersey Devils 39th overall in the second round of the 1993 NHL Entry Draft .
Upon being drafted , he joined the Michigan Wolverines of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association ( CCHA ) . He had also been approached by the Denver Pioneers and the Maine Black Bears to join their school teams , but ultimately chose Michigan . Registering 48 points ( 20 goals and 28 assists ) over 38 games as a freshman , Morrison was named the CCHA Rookie of the Year for the 1993 – 94 season . He played on a line with fellow freshman Jason Botterill ; the two played together throughout their college career . In the 1994 playoffs , he helped the Wolverines to a CCHA championship . Playing in his sophomore year ( 1994 – 95 ) , Morrison improved to 76 points ( 23 goals and 43 assists ) over 39 games and received his first of three consecutive CCHA First Team All @-@ Star selections .
With 72 points over 45 games in 1995 – 96 , Morrison received his first of back @-@ to @-@ back CCHA Player of the Year awards . He added 15 points in 7 post @-@ season games to capture his second CCHA championship with the Wolverines . Advancing to the 1996 NCAA Tournament , Michigan advanced to the final against the Colorado College Tigers . Morrison scored the championship @-@ winning goal 3 : 35 into overtime to win the game 3 – 2 . It was the Wolverines ' first national title in 32 years . Michigan 's championship @-@ winning team that year included five future NHL players — Morrison , Botterill , Blake Sloan , John Madden , Marty Turco and Bill Muckalt . In addition to receiving NCAA Tournament MVP honours , Morrison was named to the NCAA West Regional and NCAA All @-@ Tournament Teams .
Morrison was named team captain in his senior year . He totalled college personal bests that season of 31 goals , 57 assists and 88 points over 43 games , culminating in a Hobey Baker Award as the NCAA 's most outstanding player ; Morrison had been a finalist for the award the previous two years . The Wolverines repeated as CCHA champions , but lost to the Boston University Terriers in the NCAA semifinal . Morrison completed his four @-@ year college career as the Wolverines ' all @-@ time points leader with 284 , surpassing Denny Felsner . His points total also ranked seventh all @-@ time among NCAA players .
= = = New Jersey Devils ( 1997 – 2000 ) = = =
Prior to the Devils ' training camp , Morrison was signed by the team to a multi @-@ year contract on September 9 , 1997 . He was seen as an unlikely candidate to secure a roster spot with the Devils ; ahead of Morrison on the depth chart were numerous centres , including Doug Gilmour , Bobby Holík and Petr Sýkora . As such , he played the majority of the 1997 – 98 season in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) with the Devils ' minor league affiliate , the Albany River Rats . He scored 35 goals and 84 points over 72 games in the AHL , ranking first in team scoring and eighth in the League overall . He finished second among League rookies in scoring , eight points behind Daniel Brière of the Springfield Falcons , and was named to the AHL All @-@ Rookie Team . His AHL season included a five @-@ goal game against the Hartford Wolfpack on April 1 , 1998 ; two of his goals came short handed into an empty net , as part of a 5 – 2 Albany win . The feat was one goal shy of the AHL 's single @-@ game record .
Morrison also made his NHL debut during the 1997 – 98 season . He was called up to the Devils in December 1997 as a replacement for winger John MacLean , who had been informally suspended by General Manager Lou Lamoriello after requesting to be traded . Playing in his first NHL game on December 4 , 1997 , Morrison scored against goaltender Tom Barasso in a 4 – 0 win against the Pittsburgh Penguins . He received a second call @-@ up in April 1998 . Competing in 11 NHL games , he finished the season with five goals and four assists .
The following season , he secured a full @-@ time roster spot with the Devils . With Doug Gilmour having left the team as a free agent in the 1998 off @-@ season , Morrison was expected to help fill the void at centre . His 46 points ( 13 goals and 33 assists ) over 76 games finished second among NHL rookies behind Milan Hejduk of the Colorado Avalanche . He ranked fifth in Calder Memorial Trophy voting as the League 's rookie of the year with one first @-@ place ballot ( the award was given to the Avalanche 's Chris Drury ) .
Becoming a restricted free agent in the off @-@ season , Morrison was given a one @-@ year qualifying offer with a reported value of approximately US $ 500 @,@ 000 . With the Devils unwilling to increase their offer , he left in September 1999 for Třebíč , Czech Republic , where fellow Devils restricted free agent Patrik Eliáš was also holding out . While overseas , Morrison and Eliáš played for Czech teams SK Horácká Slavia Třebíč and HC Pardubice as they waited for contract negotiations to resume . Morrison was pointless in two games with Třebíč and recorded seven points in five games with Pardubice . On October 24 , 1999 , Morrison and Eliáš agreed to new contracts with the Devils . After recording 26 points over 44 games with the Devils , Morrison was traded to the Vancouver Canucks on March 14 , 2000 , alongside centre Denis Pederson , in exchange for winger Alexander Mogilny . Both Morrison and Pederson were struggling offensively and were unhappy with their roles on the team .
= = = Vancouver Canucks ( 2000 – 08 ) = = =
Morrison finished the 1999 – 2000 season with nine points in 12 games with the Canucks for a combined total of 35 points in 56 games . In the off @-@ season , he re @-@ signed with the Canucks . Playing in his first full season with the Canucks in 2000 – 01 , Morrison improved to 54 points ( 16 goals and 38 assists ) over 82 games . He helped the team reach the post @-@ season for the first time since 1996 , as Vancouver secured the eighth and final seed in the Western Conference . Facing the Colorado Avalanche in the first round , the Canucks were swept in four games . Morrison scored his first NHL playoff goal during the series and finished with three points in four games .
The 2001 – 02 campaign marked the beginning of what was widely considered to be the most effective line combination in the NHL for several years . During a game on January 9 , 2002 , Morrison replaced Andrew Cassels as the centreman on the team 's first line with wingers Markus Näslund and Todd Bertuzzi . He went on to record his three best statistical seasons in the NHL while playing with the two wingers . The latter two finished second and third in NHL scoring in 2001 – 02 , while Morrison tallied 23 goals and 67 points over 82 games . Morrison 's playmaking ability complemented his wingers ' goal @-@ scoring prowess . Together , they were known for playing a fast and entertaining style ; as a result , Head Coach Marc Crawford implemented a highly @-@ offensive coaching strategy . The trio were dubbed the " West Coast Express , " named after Vancouver 's commuter rail service of the same name .
Despite finishing as the NHL 's top @-@ scoring team , the Canucks entering the 2002 playoffs as the eighth seed in the West for the second consecutive season . Facing the Detroit Red Wings in the opening round , they were eliminated in six games . Morrison notched two assists during the series . After initially failing to come to terms on a new contract with the Canucks in the off @-@ season , Morrison filed for arbitration . He won his hearing and was awarded a two @-@ year , US $ 4 @.@ 6 million contract on August 3 , 2002 , more than doubling his previous year 's salary of US $ 775 @,@ 000 .
The following season , Morrison recorded career @-@ highs with 25 goals 46 assists and 71 points in 82 games . He ranked 26th in NHL point @-@ scoring , while Näslund and Bertuzzi finished second and fifth , respectively . He helped the Canucks come within a point of the Northwest Division title , entering the 2003 playoffs as the fourth seed in the West . After eliminating the St. Louis Blues in the opening round , they were defeated by the Minnesota Wild in a seven @-@ game second round series . Morrison had a career @-@ high four goals , seven assists and 11 points over 14 post @-@ season games .
In 2003 – 04 , Morrison registered 22 goals and 60 points over 82 games as all members of the Canucks ' top line experienced declines in offensive production . Bertuzzi was replaced on Morrison 's wing after he was suspended indefinitely by the NHL for sucker punching Steve Moore in a game against Colorado in March 2004 ; he was replaced on the Canucks ' top line by Matt Cooke . Nonetheless , the Canucks won their first @-@ ever Northwest Division title and went into the 2004 playoffs as the West 's third seed . Facing elimination in game six of the opening round against the Calgary Flames , Morrison scored there minutes into the contest 's third overtime session to force a seventh game . Having skated from the corner boards with the puck , Morrison stickhandled across the net and scored past Calgary goaltender Miikka Kiprusoff . The Canucks were then eliminated in Game 7 ; Morrison finished the playoff season with five points . Becoming a restricted free agent in the off @-@ season , he filed for salary arbitration against the Canucks for the second time in two years . Both sides managed to avoid their hearing by agreeing to a one @-@ year deal on July 27 , 2004 .
In lieu of the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout , Morrison went overseas to play in the Swedish Elite League , signing with Linköpings HC on September 15 , 2004 . With 44 points ( 16 goals and 29 assists ) over 45 games , he ranked second in team scoring ( behind Kristian Huselius ) and sixth in League scoring . After finishing with the second @-@ best regular season in the SEL , Linköping was eliminated in the first round by Södertälje SK .
With NHL play set to resume the next season , Morrison re @-@ signed with the Canucks at US $ 9 @.@ 6 million over three years . He suffered a torn labrum in his hip in December 2005 , but chose to play through the injury . He finished the season with 19 goals and 56 points over 82 games in 2005 – 06 , as the Canucks failed to qualify for the playoffs . Head Coach Marc Crawford recalled that by the end of the season , the line of Morrison , Bertuzzi and Näslund had been surpassed as the top unit by Daniel and Henrik Sedin . In the off @-@ season , Morrison underwent surgery for his hip injury and missed two months of workout and conditioning while recovering . Also in the summer , Bertuzzi was traded to the Florida Panthers , marking the end of the West Coast Express line .
Morrison 's hip continued to hinder his play in 2006 – 07 , contributing to a slow start early in the season . Later in the campaign , he set a Canucks record for consecutive regular season games played ( colloquially known as an " ironman streak " ) ; he had not missed a contest since arriving to the team from New Jersey . Playing against the Los Angeles Kings on February 22 , 2007 , he surpassed Trevor Linden 's old club record of 482 consecutive games played ( his overall streak was at 491 games , including eight contests played with the Devils prior to his trade ) . Three days later , he became the League 's active ironman when Avalanche defenceman Kārlis Skrastiņš was forced to miss a game with a knee injury . Skrastiņš had played in 495 consecutive games , while Morrison had 492 at the time . Offensively , Morrison finished the year with his sixth consecutive 50 @-@ point season in the NHL with 20 goals and 31 assists over 82 games . The Canucks returned to the post @-@ season and advanced to the second round , where they were eliminated by the Anaheim Ducks . Morrison recorded 4 points in 12 playoff games .
Morrison began the 2007 – 08 season with a minor wrist injury suffered during a game during the pre @-@ season ; he chose to play through the injury for months . He extended his ironman streak to 542 games before opting for wrist surgery on December 12 , 2007 . The streak , which had begun on February 27 , 2000 with the Devils , was the 11th longest in NHL history , 404 games short of Doug Jarvis ' NHL record . Morrison was succeeded as the league 's active ironman by Flames defenceman Cory Sarich , who had played in 419 consecutive games at the time of Morrison 's injury . Morrison 's Canucks record of 534 consecutive games played was later surpassed by Henrik Sedin on December 26 , 2011 ( the game in which Sedin tied the record was played between the Canucks and Morrison 's Calgary Flames ) . After undergoing wrist surgery in December 2007 , Morrison returned to the Canucks lineup in February 2008 , having missed 38 games . The following month , Morrison tore the ACL in his right knee during a game on March 28 , forcing him to miss the remaining four contests of the regular season . He underwent knee surgery 10 days later . Limited to 39 games due to his injuries , Morrison recorded nine goals and 25 points in 2007 – 08 . The Canucks finished out of the playoffs for the second time in three seasons .
Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off @-@ season , Morrison ended his career with the Canucks ninth overall on the team 's all @-@ time scoring list with 393 points in 543 games .
= = = Post @-@ Vancouver ( 2008 – 2012 ) = = =
Morrison signed with the Anaheim Ducks to a one @-@ year , US $ 2 @.@ 75 million contract on July 7 , 2008 . He had received interest from as many as nine NHL teams , including the Canucks , who offered a one @-@ year , US $ 1 @.@ 9 million deal prior to Morrison 's free agency . Morrison scored his first goal as a Duck on November 7 in a 5 – 2 loss to the Dallas Stars . While it was hoped he could be a replacement for Andy McDonald as the team 's second @-@ line centre , Morrison struggled in his short tenure with the Ducks . He was relegated to the fourth line and made a healthy scratch at various points in the season . It was proposed by the media that he was not yet playing at full capacity on account of his off @-@ season knee surgery . With 22 points in 62 games , he was waived by the Ducks leading up to the NHL trade deadline on March 3 , 2009 . He was claimed the following day by the Dallas Stars . He scored his first goal with the Stars on March 12 , the game @-@ winner in a 3 – 2 contest against the Carolina Hurricanes . Morrison 's 2008 – 09 total of 31 points between the Ducks and Stars was the lowest output of his career ( not including the previous season 's injury @-@ shortened campaign and his 11 @-@ game 1997 – 98 season ) .
In the off @-@ season , he was signed as an unrestricted free agent by the Washington Capitals to a one @-@ year , US $ 1 @.@ 5 million contract on July 10 , 2009 . He registered his first goal as a Capital in the team 's home opener , a 6 – 4 victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs , on October 3 , 2009 . In the final two months of the season , Morrison missed six games due to a leg injury . He finished the campaign with 42 points in 74 games with the Capitals , his highest total in three years . Returning in time for the 2010 playoffs , he registered one assists in five games as the top @-@ seeded Capitals were eliminated by the Montreal Canadiens in the first round .
Becoming an unrestricted free agent for the third consecutive year in July 2010 , Morrison did not initially receive any offers . As a result , he accepted a tryout with the Vancouver Canucks and attended the team 's training camp in Penticton , British Columbia . At the conclusion of the pre @-@ season , the Canucks offered Morrison a two @-@ way contract , which he turned down . The following day , on October 4 , 2010 , Morrison was signed by the Calgary Flames to a one @-@ year , one @-@ way contract worth US $ 725 @,@ 000 . The Flames had signed Morrison in lieu of numerous injuries at the centre position on their roster . He scored his first goal as a Flame on October 16 in a 5 – 3 win against the Edmonton Oilers . After recording 43 points in 66 games , Morrison suffered a season @-@ ending injury in March 2011 . He hurt his left knee in a game against the Chicago Blackhawks when opposing defenceman Niklas Hjalmarsson pinned him against the end @-@ boards . At the time of the injury , Morrison was leading the Flames with a plus @-@ minus rating of + 13 while centring the team 's top line with Jarome Iginla and Alex Tanguay . On July 15 , 2011 , Morrison came to terms with the Flames on a one @-@ year deal worth US $ 1 @.@ 25 million .
On January 27 , 2012 , Morrison was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for defenceman Brian Connelly . At season 's end , he has not played an NHL game since .
= = International play = =
Morrison debuted with the Canadian national team at the 2000 IIHF World Championship in Saint Petersburg . He was joined on the team by four other Canucks — Todd Bertuzzi , Adrian Aucoin , Ed Jovanovski and Peter Schaefer . Scoring a goal and three assists over seven games , he helped Canada reach the bronze medal game , where they were defeated 2 – 1 by Finland . Morrison ranked sixth in team point @-@ scoring and tied for first with Aucoin with a plus @-@ minus rating of + 7 .
Four years later , Morrison was selected again to the Canadian team for the 2004 IIHF World Championship in Prague and Ostrava , Czech Republic . He was one of two Canucks players on the roster , alongside Matt Cooke . In the gold medal game , Morrison registered an assist , helping Canada to a 5 – 3 win over Sweden . With seven points in nine games , Morrison ranked third in team scoring , behind Dany Heatley and Daniel Brière .
Morrison made his second consecutive tournament appearance at the 2005 IIHF World Championship in Vienna and Innsbruck , Austria . He was named to the team alongside Canucks teammate Ed Jovanovski . Due to the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout , all NHL players were available to participate as there was no timing conflict with the Stanley Cup playoffs . Reaching the gold medal game for the second consecutive year , Canada was shut @-@ out by the Czech Republic , 3 – 0 . Morrison ranked third on the team in goal @-@ scoring with four ; he had no assists .
Several months later , Morrison was invited to Canada 's Olympic Orientation Camp in August 2005 — a part of the selection process for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . He was a late addition , replacing Mario Lemieux , who chose not to attend due to commitments with his club team , the Pittsburgh Penguins . Morrison was not chosen to the final roster .
= = Personal life = =
Morrison was born in Pitt Meadows , British Columbia , to Ron and Deborah Morrison . He has a sister named Jennifer . His parents had moved to Pitt Meadows from Windsor , Ontario , in the 1970s . Ron coached his son on minor hockey teams , before Morrison moved away from home at age 17 to play junior hockey in Penticton .
Morrison and his wife Erin have one son , Brayden , and three daughters , Makenna , Kailyn and Taylor . During his career with the Vancouver Canucks , Morrison resided year @-@ round with his family in Coquitlam , British Columbia . He spent a year living with his family in Newport Beach , California , during his stint with the Anaheim Ducks .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Awards = =
= = = Junior = = =
= = = College = = =
= = = Professional = = =
= = Records = =
Michigan Wolverines ' all @-@ time points leader – 284 ( surpassed Denny Felsner )
= = Transactions = =
June 26 , 1993 – Selected in the second round , 39th overall , of the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the New Jersey Devils ;
September 9 , 1997 – Signed a multi @-@ year contract with the New Jersey Devils ;
October 24 , 1999 – Re @-@ signed by the New Jersey Devils to a one @-@ year contract ;
March 14 , 2000 – Traded to the Vancouver Canucks with Denis Pederson in exchange for Alexander Mogilny ;
September 2000 – Re @-@ signed by the Vancouver Canucks to a two @-@ year , US $ 4 @.@ 6 million contract ;
August 3 , 2002 – Won arbitration case ; re @-@ signed by the Vancouver Canucks to a two @-@ year , $ 4 @.@ 6 million contract ;
July 27 , 2004 – Re @-@ signed by the Vancouver Canucks to a one @-@ year contract ;
August 5 , 2005 – Re @-@ signed by the Vancouver Canucks to a three @-@ year , $ 9 @.@ 6 million contract ;
July 7 , 2008 – Signed a one @-@ year , $ 2 @.@ 75 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Anaheim Ducks ;
March 4 , 2009 – Placed on waivers by the Anaheim Ducks ; claimed by the Dallas Stars ;
July 10 , 2009 – Signed a one @-@ year , $ 1 @.@ 5 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Washington Capitals ;
October 4 , 2010 – Signed a one @-@ year , $ 725 @,@ 000 contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Calgary Flames ;
July 15 , 2011 – Re @-@ signed by the Calgary Flames to a one @-@ year contract , worth $ 1 @.@ 25 million ;
January 27 , 2012 – Traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Brian Connelly .
= Sand whiting =
The sand whiting , Sillago ciliata , ( also known as the summer whiting , yellowfin whiting or blue @-@ nose whiting ) is a common species of coastal marine fish of the family Sillaginidae , the smelt @-@ whitings . It is a slender , slightly compressed fish that is very similar to other species of Sillago , with detailed spine , ray and lateral line scale counts needed to distinguish the species between its nearest relative Sillago analis . The sand whiting is distributed along the east coast of Australia from Cape York south to Tasmania , as well as Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean .
The sand whiting commonly inhabits shallow sandy substrates in bays , estuaries and surf zones where it preys on polychaete worms , small crustaceans and bivalve molluscs . Reproduction in the species is variable over its range , generally spawning twice between September and April . Young fish inhabit shallow sand flats , both along the coast and well into the upper reaches of estuaries .
First described in 1829 , the species has long been prized as a table fish and is commonly sought by both recreational and commercial fishermen in New South Wales and Queensland . The sand whiting fishery is most prolific in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales where the species is most abundant , often caught along other species of whiting in estuaries and from beaches . Due to its importance as a commercial fish , substantial research has been carried out on the species , especially feasibility studies involving the use of sand whiting in aquaculture .
= = Taxonomy and naming = =
The sand whiting belongs to the genus Sillago , a division of the smelt whiting family Sillaginidae containing 29 individual species . The Sillaginidae are in the suborder Percoidei , a division of the Perciformes .
The species was first identified and named by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1829 after receiving a specimen that was listed as having been collected in the " Southern seas " . This holotype specimen was apparently taken near the coastline of Tasmania , Australia . Four junior synonyms were subsequently placed on the species , with Castelnau applying both S. insularis and S. terra @-@ reginae , Thiollière applying S. diadoi and Whitley S. ciliata diadoi to the species . All of these names are invalid under the ICZN nomenclature rules , which states that the first correct naming is the one to be used . Many of these synonyms were applied due to confusion over S. ciliata and the nearly identical , closely related species S. analis . The species was also misidentified as S. gracilis , a synonym of S. maculata , the trumpeter whiting ; and also S. bassensis , the southern school whiting .
S. ciliata is most commonly called the ' sand whiting ' in reference to its preference for sandy substrates compared to some members of the genus which prefer muddy , silty , or grassy substrates . Other common names include the ' blue @-@ nose whiting ' in reference to the colour of the nose in fish of larger sizes , and ' summer whiting ' , a name often applied to S. analis as well . This name is applied to these species as they move from deeper offshore waters into shallow beach and estuarine waters in summer , where they become a target for recreational fishers .
= = Description = =
The sand whiting has a very similar profile to other members of the genus Sillago , with a slightly compressed , elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth . The dorsal fin is in two parts , the first made of feeble spines and the second of soft rays headed by a single feeble spine , while the ventral profile is straight . The species is known to grow to a maximum size of 51 cm and around 1 @.@ 25 kg weight .
The fin anatomy is highly useful for identification purposes , with the species having 11 spines in the first dorsal fin , with one spine and 16 or 18 soft rays on the second dorsal fin . The anal fin has two spines with 15 to 17 soft rays posterior to the spines . Lateral line scales and cheek scales are also distinctive , with sand whiting possessing 60 to 69 lateral line scales and cheek scales positioned in 3 @-@ 4 rows , all of which are ctenoid . The amount of vertebrae are also diagnostic , having 32 to 34 in total . The swim bladder has rudimentary tubules projecting anteriorly and a series laterally that diminish in size and become sawtooth @-@ like posteriorly . The posterior extension is a single , tapering projection that extends well into the caudal region . A duct like process extends from the ventral surface to the urogenital opening . Swim bladder morphology is useless when determining between S. ciliata and S. analis , as they are nearly identical .
The body is a pale brown or silvery brown colour , transitioning to white below , with green , mauve and rosy reflections when the fish is first removed from the water . An indistinct silver @-@ yellow mid @-@ lateral band extends across some specimens . The spinous dorsal fin is olive green with faint darker blotches , the second dorsal fin also a pale olive with rows of dark brown to blackish spots . The anal and ventral fins are pale yellow , the pectorals are pale yellow to pale brown with a well defined dark blue @-@ black blotch at the base . The caudal fin is yellow to olive in colour with darker margins . Juveniles less than 90 mm may have darker blotches along their sides and backs .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The sand whiting inhabits a range along the east coast of Australia from Cape York , Queensland , southward along the coast and the Great Barrier Reef to eastern Victoria and the east coast of Tasmania down to Southport . The species also inhabits a number of islands ; Lord Howe Island , New Caledonia , and Woodlark Island , Papua New Guinea . The species is most abundant in lower Queensland and New South Wales , where studies show it inhabits every estuary sampled throughout the course of a study , while in north Queensland , the species is very patchily distributed along the coast .
The sand whiting is an inshore species , inhabiting exposed coastal areas such as beaches , sandbars and surf zones as well as quieter bays , estuaries and coastal lakes . Sand whiting enter estuaries , including intermittently open ones , and penetrate far upstream to the tidal limits of rivers and creeks where juveniles and adolescent fish may be abundant . The adults congregate around the mouths of estuaries , bars , and spits , in depths down to 5 m where they may constitute a large percentage of the icthyofauna of such regions . As implied by their name , they are often found exclusively over sandy substrates , with occasional appearances in Zostera seagrass beds . Individuals are occasionally taken in offshore waters to 40 m during winter .
= = Biology = =
= = = Behaviour = = =
The sand whiting is a schooling species , whose movements are associated with a variety of factors including prey , lunar patterns and spawning movements ; although there appears to be little consistency in its movements in relation to these factors . Studies on the species over the period of a year have shown the species does not change its local distribution over the course of a day , generally being of the same abundance during both night and day . Seasonal abundance due to spawning is variable , with studies conducted in Moreton Bay , Queensland finding the species recruits heavily to shallow waters and increase numbers during winter months , while studies in the Noosa River estuary have shown no difference in numbers recruited over the course of a season . Like other sillaginids , they have the ability to ' burrow ' into the sand and remained hidden until a predator or seine net has passed by .
= = = Diet = = =
The sand whiting 's distinctive body shape and mouth placement is an adaptation to bottom feeding , which is the predominant method of feeding for all whiting species . All larger whiting feed by using their protrusile jaws and tube @-@ like mouths to suck up various types of prey from in , on or above the ocean substrate , as well as using their nose as a ' plough ' to dig through the substrate . There is a large body of evidence that shows whiting do not rely on visual cues when feeding , instead using a system based on the vibrations emitted by their prey .
S. ciliata is a benthic carnivore that feeds predominantly on polychaetes and various crustaceans . Like other species of Sillago , the diet of the species is related to the size and age of the individual , with three distinct size classes identified in a study conducted in Botany Bay , NSW . The smallest fish of 0 – 10 mm take large amount of amphipods and few polychaetes , while fish between 11 and 20 cm consume mostly neried polychaetes and few amphipods . The largest fish over 21 cm take large amounts of bivalve molluscs and shrimps of the genus Callianassa .
= = = Reproduction = = =
As with many species of fish , the timing of spawning varies over the range of the species , with gonad development indicating that spawning in the southern New South Wales region occurs from December to April , while spawning in southern Queensland occurs from September to February . Spawning takes place twice a year , evident by the two classes of egg size found in the ovaries and by the two recruitment pulses observed each year as young fish enter their juvenile habitats . The spawning takes place at the mouths of estuaries or in surf zones , with the larvae occurring in fully marine waters . Juveniles reach 16 @.@ 5 cm in length after their first year of life , 26 @.@ 7 cm after their second year and 30 @.@ 5 cm after their third year . After the beginning of the spawning season young whiting of 10 mm and over can be observed swimming actively in small droves of from 10 to 20 on the sand flats and beaches to which they are recruited , moving up and down with the tide , swimming in very shallow water to depths of 1 m . Unlike closely related sillaginids , the juveniles usually prefer unprotected sand substrates , while other species tend to use seagrass and mangroves as protection . As they grow older they keep further from the shore .
= = Relationship to humans = =
The sand whiting is a highly prized table fish often rated equal to the King George whiting , making it a common target for both commercial and recreational fisheries . The flesh is white , tender and has a moist , low oil content composition , making it easily digestible . Investigations into the aquaculture of the species began in the 1980s , and has led to the development of farmed sand whiting .
= = = Commercial fishery = = =
Although the sand whiting ranges down to Victoria and Tasmania , the species is not common enough to make up a significant part of their fisheries , with other sillaginids such as school whiting and stout whiting making up the bulk of the catch . In New South Wales and Queensland , however , it is one of the most common species taken , especially in lower Queensland . The species is often not differentiated from golden @-@ lined whiting or trumpeter whiting , meaning fisheries statistics do not reflect the total catch for the species . In 2000 , 238 tonnes of whiting were taken in Queensland , a decrease from the past 4 years . The species is primarily taken in estuaries in New South Wales , and is also included under the general heading of ' school whiting ' when taken from beaches . Research showed that the average commercial harvest from individual estuaries was around 1 @-@ 2 tonnes per year , with an increase in most rivers during the 1970s and 80 's .
The species is commonly taken by a number of fishing methods , with the most common being seine nets . Ring , fence , fyke netting and beam trawling are also used occasionally , but more often associated with sampling the entire population for research purposes . Research has focused on the effectiveness of different mesh sizes used to net the species in order to prevent juvenile individuals dying after becoming enmeshed . Associated research has also shown that those whiting that survive and are discarded tend to have much lower survival rates due to scale loss , which is a major issue , as many young fish are regularly taken in such nets and released by the fisherman after sustaining scale loss . These studies have led to a number of proposals and subsequent changes to net regulations .
At market , sand whiting is medium priced fish , sold fresh or frozen ; whole and in fillet form . In abundance , sand whiting is moderately priced , with fillets being slightly more expensive . The recovery rate of fillets from whole fish is about 40 % . Sand whiting may be used as sashimi .
= = = Recreational fishery = = =
Sand whiting are commonly sought after by anglers due to their reputation as a food fish , and due to their relative accessibility , with large catches possible from many shore @-@ based locations . The catches of recreational fishermen may exceed the catches of professionals , with studies showing Queensland had over twice the amount of fish taken by anglers in 2000 .
The species is commonly caught throughout its habitat , with sand flats , tidal gutters in estuaries and surf beaches commonly having producing good catches . Excessively shallow water , especially in proximity to Zostera beds may produce numerous undersized fish , and may be avoided if the young fish are too prevalent . Due to their preferred habitat , light lines with minimal weight added are employed to avoid spooking the fish , with a small running bean or ball sinker commonly rigged above a size 4 or 6 hook . Specialist whiting fishermen often use a red piece of tubing or beads to attract the whiting ; whether this works has yet to be proved , but anecdotal evidence shows the fishermen 's catches don 't suffer . Baits used resemble the species natural prey , with prawns , nippers , a variety of bivalves and beach worms most often used , with more successful catches obtained using live bait .
In New South Wales , sand whiting have a minimum legal length of 27 cm to be taken and a daily personal bag limit of 20 applies , while in Queensland there is a minimum size of 23 cm and a combined bag limit of 30 for all whiting species .
Sand whiting are used themselves as live bait for larger species such as mulloway , mangrove jack and large flathead , although anglers must still adhere to the minimum size limit .
= = = Aquaculture = = =
The aquaculture potential for sand whiting was first investigated in the late 1980s , with a number of reports detailing both successful trials and also a number of problems with such trials . A 1988 study showed that sand whiting were more likely to grow in captivity than other whiting species , but the mortality rate of over 50 % was unacceptable for use in an economic setting . A number of problems with diseases such as ulcerative dermatitis and the failure of the swim @-@ bladder to inflate properly were also documented , however many of these initial problems have been overcome , and some facilities are breeding around 2000 larvae with a 95 % survival rate . Some of these fingerlings are used to restock depleted estuaries , while others form the basis of commercial fish crops .
= Guitar Hero Mobile series =
Guitar Hero Mobile is a series of rhythm video games in the Guitar Hero series , adapting the normal console @-@ based gameplay which uses a guitar @-@ shaped controller to match notes of popular rock music songs to work with the face buttons on advanced mobile phones , including BlackBerry devices and those supporting the Windows Mobile platform . The first three games in the series — Guitar Hero III Mobile , Guitar Hero III Backstage Pass , and Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile — were developed by MachineWorks Northwest LLC and published by Hands @-@ On Mobile , while a mobile version of Guitar Hero 5 was developed by Glu Mobile . The series has proven to be popular ; the Guitar Hero III Mobile game has been downloaded more than 2 million times , and over 250 @,@ 000 songs are played each day across the series .
= = Development = =
Originally , the Guitar Hero Mobile series was published by Hands @-@ On Mobile and developed by MachineWorks Northwest LLC . For the first game , Guitar Hero III Mobile , Hands @-@ On Mobile received licensing from Activision to port 51 songs , two characters , three venues , and four guitars to the mobile version . The game was originally released on Verizon Wireless , but made available on other cellphone carriers in February 2008 . The game was programmed by Robinson Technologies ( shortened to RTSoft ) in affiliation with MachineWorks Northwest LLC . The game graphics were developed in collaboration with RTSoft and MachineWorks Northwest LLC by Anthem Game Group . The audio was taken from the original audio files used by Activision for Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock . The audio files were reduced in file size , but remained multichannel ; for example , separate channels were used for the guitar track , background instruments and vocals , audience , etc . Each song was reduced in length to two minutes to maintain shorter , " bite @-@ sized " gameplay . To reduce the file size used by the phone , only two songs are stored at any time . Accessing other songs requires them to be downloaded via a cellphone network . A five button setup — like in console versions — was considered , but testing showed the game to be more entertaining with only three buttons . Rapid transitions and simultaneous button presses were included to add difficulty to the gameplay and compensate for the missing buttons .
In June 2009 , it was announced that Glu Mobile would be developing versions of several Activision titles , including Guitar Hero 5 , Modern Warfare 2 , and Tony Hawk : Ride for release in the last quarter of 2009 . The mobile version of Guitar Hero 5 was developed for Android , BlackBerry , BREW , Java ME and Windows Mobile platforms . In a change from previous games in the series , players are given the option to download MP3 versions of songs via Internet data services instead of using the MIDI versions that come with the game .
= = Gameplay = =
Gameplay in Guitar Hero Mobile games was similar to its console counterparts , except instead of 5 frets , 3 frets are used , corresponding to each column of numbered keys on a cellphone 's keypad . The numbered keys used are " 1 " , " 4 " , and " 7 " for green notes , " 2 " , " 5 " , and " 8 " for red notes , and " 3 " , " 6 " , and " 9 " for yellow notes . Once the note ( s ) reach the bottom , the player must play the note ( s ) by pressing or holding down the number key ( s ) in order to score points ( similar to using the controller on the console versions instead of a guitar ) . Star Power is activated using the " * " ( star ) button on the keypad or the " OK " button in the center of the directional pad . Other features include online leader boards , file saves , and accomplishments achieved by meeting certain in @-@ game criteria . The game features only single player Career mode , working through fifteen songs sorted into three tiers similar to other Guitar Hero games , and Quickplay mode , allowing the player to play any unlocked song at any time . There are no multiplayer modes in the game .
Guitar Hero III Backstage Pass adds in role @-@ playing video game elements to the core rhythm game ; players not only play gigs as with Guitar Hero III Mobile but also must manage their band from near @-@ poverty to stardom by creating marketing buzz about their band to virtual fans , manage their band , and plan out their performances at venues . Successfully completing these tasks helps the player to earn more money from their performances and to unlock new guitars and equipment that can be used by the band to further improve their performance .
In alignment with the expansion of the console series to include drums and vocal parts in Guitar Hero World Tour , Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile adds in the option to play the drum track for all of the included songs in addition to lead guitar . While drums are played similarly to guitar , the game also includes the bass drum kick , marked as a horizontal line across the on @-@ screen fretboard , requiring the player to hit a button on the phone 's keypad below the row they are using for normal drum hits . The game , when played on advanced phones that recognize simultaneous keypresses , support the playing of chords on guitar or simultaneous drum hits . Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile also supports a two @-@ player competitive mode in a manner similar to the " boss battles " introduced in Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock ; a player may be able to collect power @-@ ups that can be triggered in the same manner as Star Power to affect their opponent 's ability to play for a brief period of time . No major gameplay additions were made for Guitar Hero 5 .
= = Soundtrack = =
= = = Guitar Hero III Mobile = = =
Guitar Hero III Mobile features 15 playable songs from Guitar Hero II and Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock with additional expansion packs released every month . Song quality and format varies by phone type . However , only the first two minutes of each song are available to play .
= = = = Main setlist = = = =
As with Guitar Hero III for consoles , the mobile version presents songs separated into three tiers , each with four songs that must be completed before the fifth encore song can be performed . Successfully completing the encore allows the player to unlock the next tier of songs and play them in Quickplay mode .
= = = = Monthly download packs = = = =
Each month since January 2008 , a three @-@ song pack has been released as additional content for the game . Songs downloaded this way can be played in Career mode and / or Quickplay mode .
= = = Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile = = =
Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile includes 15 songs with the core game ; one or more new songs are released each month .
= = = = Main setlist = = = =
= = = = Monthly Download Packs = = = =
= = = Guitar Hero 5 Mobile = = =
Guitar Hero 5 Mobile includes 20 songs , stored as MIDI files in the game , though players can download MP3 @-@ quality versions via their mobile 's data network prior to playing . The songs are a subset of those from the Guitar Hero 5 setlist .
= = Reception = =
Guitar Hero III Mobile was well received upon its release . IGN considered it to be a " successful adaptation " of the Guitar Hero games to the cellphone keypad . They commented that while it may be tricky to download the songs for the game , requiring the user to be persistent during the download , the sound quality was excellent and the simplification down to three buttons from five makes the game " accessible to anybody with even a passing curiosity . " CNET praised the quality of the sound and animations , as well as the ease of play . Cell Play referred to the game as " the true mobile port of rock , " and praised the level of difficulty accomplished with the three button setup . They considered the shortened song length a negligible downside compared to the overall package . 1UP 's review criticized the compact layout that led to hand cramps , and that the limited space on the mobile version only allowed two songs to be stored at a time . 1UP also lamented the shorted versions of the songs given the outstanding audio quality achieved on the mobile platform ; their review summarized their experience as " As a literal interpretation of the Guitar Hero formula , there was apparently no room to alter the game to emphasize the strengths of the mobile platform . " Guitar Hero III Mobile won two awards at the Qualcomm 2008 BREW Developers Conference for " Best Game " and " People 's Choice Award " . The game has been downloaded by users 2 @.@ 5 million times , with both Verizon and Hands @-@ On Mobile claiming that over 250 @,@ 000 songs are played a day on the platform .
Guitar Hero III : Backstage Pass was also praised for the addition of role @-@ playing elements and smaller minigames to bring the series in line with other mobile phone games . The mini @-@ games were said to help build up the anticipation of the performance element of the game , making these feel as necessary elements of the player 's band 's career progression . The game won the 2009 Webby Award for Best Mobile Gaming application .
Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile has also received similar praise to its predecessors . Both CNet and IGN commented on the improvement in sound quality for both low- and high @-@ end phones , with songs being " instantly recognizable " on low @-@ phones , but noted that this quality came with the tradeoff of a larger memory footprint and slow downloads of songs through the cellular networks . However , Pocket Gamer UK noted that on the Java ME version , the songs are only slightly improved over that of a MIDI file . The addition of drums , which is said to effectively double amount of gameplay , and multiplayer to the mobile game was also well received .
Guitar Hero 5 was seen by Pocket Gamer UK to be yet another iteration of the series on mobile platforms , though the game still stands on its own given the numerous other music @-@ based games for mobile phones . They praised the ability to use higher @-@ quality versions of the songs though still allowing those with limited data plans to enjoy the game with the MIDI versions .
= Clark State Forest =
Clark State Forest , located just north of Henryville , Indiana in the United States , is Indiana 's oldest state forest , formed in 1903 as a forest research facility and a nursery and later expanded by the Works Progress Administration . Originally 2 @,@ 028 acres ( 8 km ² ) of total land area , it is now almost 24 @,@ 000 acres ( 100 km2 ) and is bisected by Interstate 65 . It features three trails used exclusively for hikers trails : two internal trails , and the 59 @-@ mile ( 95 km ) Knobstone Trail . There are nine horse trails , and five miles ( 8 km ) of mountain bike trails . Two nature preserves are also situated within the forest . The forest also contains a 100 @-@ yard ( 91 m ) outdoor gun range .
= = History = =
A concern around the turn of the 20th century was that many woodworking facilities in Indiana would be forced to close due to dwindling timber supplies . This wood was used by furniture makers and shipbuilders such as the Howard Shipyards . The timber industry was a major part of southern Indiana 's agricultural income , but thousands of acres had been deforested . In response to the problem , the state of Indiana decided to establish a series of state forests to ensure the continued existence of timber for woodworking facilities , and to allow Indiana to maintain its ability to export hardwood . The Indiana General Assembly in 1901 created the Indiana State Board of Forestry .
In May 1903 , the Indiana state government purchased 2 @,@ 028 acres ( 8 @.@ 21 km2 ) of forest in the north of Clark County , noted for its knob features ( isolated conical hills ) , for use as Indiana 's first state forest , at a cost of US $ 16 @,@ 000 . Seedlings were planted at Clark State Forest , many of which were to be later moved to other parts of the state . This practice allowed more productive use of the land within the forest , and facilitated the teaching of the art of forestry . Charles C. Deam , a botanist who in 1909 became Indiana 's state forester , was in charge of making the state forest an experimental laboratory for 20th @-@ century forest care . Between the opening of the forest , and 1935 , over 150 different tree types were tested , many of which survive yet .
During the Great Depression , the Works Progress Administration chose to make Clark State Forest a training center for the Civilian Conservation Corps , and also made it Indiana 's largest CCC cantonment in November 1933 . They created artificial lakes within Clark State Forest , and built many bridges , to aid in water conservation , provide beauty spots within the forest , and teach forestry skills to members of the Civilian Conservation Corps . The state forest 's proximity to the Jeffersonville Quartermaster Depot was key in the decision to focus so much attention on it .
= = Features = =
Having grown from its original 2 @,@ 028 acres ( 8 km2 ) , Clark State Forest now covers 24 @,@ 000 acres ( 97 km2 ) , with many roads and paths . The area also includes 100 miles ( 160 km ) miles of horse trails , ranging from " easy " ( for novice riders ) to " rugged " ( experienced riders only ) . The existence of these horse trails is one reason why nearby Charlestown State Park did not include them in its development plans . Hunting is allowed , except in those areas designated specifically for more popular recreational activities . Species of wildlife of interest to hunters include deer , foxes , ruffed grouse , squirrels , turkeys , raccoons and woodcocks . All the campsites are by design primitive , and the only other areas in the forest that are allowed for camping are 100 feet ( 30 m ) off the Knobstone Trail . Other recreational pursuits for visitors include hiking , biking , fishing and picnicking . All of these human activities are however of secondary importance to the primary function of the state forest , which is timber management .
Both native and non @-@ native tree saplings are grown within the forest . Trees officially allowed to be sold for lumber within the state forest are between 70 and 100 years old . Often , the chosen trees are felled to provide an area for native deer to live in the open , and to give smaller animals a brush area for their subsistence . Included in some protected areas are the White Oak ( 160 acres or 0 @.@ 6 km2 ) and the Chestnut Oak / Virginia Pine ( 20 acres ) Nature Preserves . Other species of tree include black oak , black walnut , pignut hickory , sugar maples , and tulip trees . North of the Schlamm Lake is a fish hatchery .
The lakes of Clark State Forest include :
Bowen ( 7 acres or 2 @.@ 8 ha )
Franke ( 13 acres or 5 @.@ 3 ha )
Oak ( 2 @.@ 5 acres or 1 @.@ 0 ha )
Pine ( 2 acres or 0 @.@ 81 ha )
Schlamm ( 18 acres or 7 @.@ 3 ha )
Shaw ( 13 acres or 5 @.@ 3 ha )
Wilcox ( 5 acres or 2 @.@ 0 ha )
= Devil Pray =
" Devil Pray " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Madonna for her thirteenth studio album , Rebel Heart ( 2015 ) . It was written and produced by Madonna , Avicii , DJ Dahi , and Michael Diamonds , with additional writing by Arash Pournouri , Carl Falk , Rami Yacoub , and Savan Kotecha . During the early stages of the album , Madonna was encouraged by her manager to work with Avicii and his team of songwriters . Together , they worked on seven songs and " Devil Pray " was composed after Madonna desired to talk about her experiences with drugs and quest for spirituality . Lyrically , the song deals with themes of drug addiction , sin , temptation , and the desire for salvation and the allure , and destructiveness , of drug @-@ fueled revelry .
" Devil Pray " is a technopop song , which combines elements of country @-@ pop and folk , and has similarities with Madonna 's own single " Don 't Tell Me " , Avicii 's previous work and The Animals ' version of the traditional folk song " The House of the Rising Sun " . The song received high praise from critics for its musical elements , while also being highlighted for its self @-@ conscious lyrics . However , there were some criticism towards the list of drugs used in the chorus . Following its release as a pre @-@ ordered song from Rebel Heart , the song charted in many European territories , reaching the top @-@ 25 in Finland , Greece , Hungary and Lebanon . Madonna performed the song for the first time on the Italian TV show Che tempo che fa , wearing a black robe and various rosaries .
= = Background and release = =
Madonna and Avicii first met in 2012 when the singer appeared on the Ultra Music Festival to premiere a remix of her single " Girl Gone Wild " , produced by the DJ . Later , while developing her then upcoming album , Madonna 's manager Guy Oseary suggested the singer to work with Avicii 's songwriting team ; the singer accepted since she was a fan of Avicii 's work . On March 7 , 2014 , the singer posted a picture of herself on her Instagram account with the caption , " Doing some house work before heading to the studio with Avicii . " A week later , she posted photos with Avicii and his team of songwriters , claiming that they did " so many great songs " . In an interview with David Blaine for Interview , Madonna said of the song :
It 's about how people take drugs to connect to God or to a higher level of consciousness . I keep saying , ' Plugging into the matrix ' . If you get high , you can do that , which is why a lot of people drop acid or do drugs , because they want to get closer to God . But there 's going to be a short circuit , and that 's the illusion of drugs , because they give you the illusion of getting closer to God , but ultimately they kill you . They destroy you . I mean , I tried everything once , but as soon as I was high , I spent my time drinking tons of water to get it out of my system . As soon as I was high , I was obsessed with flushing it out of me . I was like , ' OK , I 'm done now ' .
In the same interview , she said the song was not written to anyone in particular and that she was merely sharing her experiences . Rolling Stone published an article in which Madonna advocated " intense personal exploration " over drug use . While being asked if " Devil Pray " could run the risk of being misunderstood as a song encouraging drugs , Madonna replied : " I 'm certainly not judging people who take drugs or saying ' don 't do drugs ' , however , I 'm saying you can do all of these things to connect to a higher level , but ultimately you 're going to be lost . People who are getting high are instinctively also trying to connect to a higher level of consciousness , but are doing it in a way that will not sustain them . "
The demo version of " Devil Pray " leaked onto the Internet in December 2014 , alongside 12 other demos from the upcoming album . Following this Madonna released the album , titled Rebel Heart , for pre @-@ order on December 20 , 2014 . When ordered , the first six tracks were automatically downloaded , including " Devil Pray " . Madonna stated that the songs were meant to be " an early Christmas gift " and added that she would prefer her fans hear the completed versions of some of the songs instead of the incomplete tracks that were circulating .
= = Recording and composition = =
" Devil Pray " was written and produced by Madonna , Avicii , DJ Dahi and Michael Diamonds , with additional writing done by Savan Kotecha , Carl Falk , Rami Yacoub and Arash Pournouri . Avicii and Falk were also responsible for providing keyboards and programming , with Falk also providing guitars . Additional recording and mixing was done by Angie Teo , while Demacio " Demo " Castellon was the song 's engineer and mixer . " Devil Pray " has been described as " moody mid @-@ tempo semi @-@ acoustic pop " and technopop song about overcoming addiction , with a more " country @-@ tinged " and " folksy " style in comparison to other tracks on the album . Critics found similarities between the song and Madonna 's own single " Don 't Tell Me " ( 2000 ) for its " country @-@ pop elements " and the traditional folk song " The House of the Rising Sun " , due to its " bluesy @-@ vibe " .
" Devil Pray " brings Madonna " as a devoted disciple , drawn to a darker kind of prayer " , as noted by The Quietus 's Amy Pettifer , and its story deals with sin , temptation and deliverance . The song starts with hand claps and guitar , " whose country edge is [ ... ] characteristic of Swedish producer Avicii 's own output " , claimed Pettifer . The chorus contains " an intoned , warning list of narcotic distractions " that " offer brief relief " , as she sings , " And we can do drugs , and we can smoke weed , and we can drink whiskey / Yeah , we can get high , and we can get stoned / And we can sniff glue , and we can do E , and we can drop acid . "
During the second verse , Madonna " seems to understand her own spiritual plight when she sings [ ... ] , ' Mother Mary , can 't you [ help ] me ? / ' Cause I 've gone astray / All the angels that were around me / Have all flown away ' , " before warning , " Lucifer is near " . Later , she advises that although providing brief relief , the use of those drugs will not provide any positive effect on the user , warning , " Yeah , we can run and we can hide / But we won 't find the answers " and invite them to " get help " for making the " devil pray " . Then , a " pitched down " voice joins in a " plea for [ her ] soul to be saved " . As she sings , " Ooh , save my soul , save my soul , save my / Devil 's here to fool ya " , a " bed of throaty , orgasmic samples rises in the mix , " and " a hundred tiny Madonna @-@ voices in coital abyss . "
= = Critical reception = =
" Devil Pray " received mostly positive response from music critics . While noting that the song " reaches back smartly , not only to the hoe @-@ down pop of [ her single ] ' Don 't Tell Me ' , but to the subject matter , and bluesy gait of ' The House of the Rising Sun ' , " Jim Farber of New York Daily News praised " [ t ] he addition of a pulsing house beat [ that ] gives it yet another lure . " Bernard Zuel of Sydney Morning Herald also found similarities in " Devil Pray " with both songs , defining it as an " acoustic guitar @-@ with @-@ electro @-@ cowboy " song , whose melody " doesn 't attempt to hide its familiarity with ' House of the Rising Sun ' . " The Huffington Post 's Matthew Jacobs pointed out that Madonna evoked " the more traditional dance palate for which she is known . " Jamieson Cox of Time enthusiastically wrote that the song " could fit in neatly on the radio beside this year 's British house @-@ pop crossovers and Avicii 's own ' Hey Brother ' . " Kathy Iandoli of Idolator praised Avicii and Blood Diamonds for " becom [ ing ] a divine pair for [ ' Devil Pray ' ] where you can hear both of their styles woven into the beat . " Andy Gill of The Independent found that " Devil Pray " recalled " the career @-@ apex achievements of ' Like a Prayer ' , while Gavin Haynes of NME opined that the song is " reminiscent of Lady Gaga 's crazed 2013 dance tune ' Aura ' . "
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic picked it as one of Rebel Heart 's best songs , calling it " an expert evocation of her folktronica Y2K . " Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone agreed , noting that " Avicii helps Madonna revive the strums @-@ and @-@ beats vibe of 2000 's Music . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine went further , calling it " her best song in 15 years " . He continued praising " Devil Pray " for " reimagin [ ing ] The Animals as a folktronica band with witch @-@ house tendencies ... Her ruminations on salvation and the existential pitfalls of sniffing glue [ that ] rid [ es ] an unexpected low @-@ end groove . " Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club also saw the song as a highlight , describing it as a " gospel @-@ tinged , acoustic @-@ guitar irresistible plea for salvation and divine guidance in the face of temptations such as drugs . " Sasha Geffen of Consequence of Sound considered " Devil Pray " as one of Madonna 's best release in years and its chorus as " one of her strongest in decades " . She praised " Madonna 's voice [ which ] is pitch @-@ shifted into a ghostly echo — and unlike those ' Bitch ' beats , the production slides in perfectly . It 's one hell of a song about getting fucked up on every molecule imaginable , but it 's also heavy with the longing for self @-@ purification and direction . " The New York Times also shared this view , noting that the song " showcase [ s ] some of Madonna 's best singing in years . " Saeed Saeed of The National felt that the song was similar to The Animals ' version of " The House of the Rising Sun " and praised it for being a better country @-@ dance song than Madonna 's cover of Don McLean 's " American Pie " .
However , there were some criticism directed at the list of drugs used in the chorus of " Devil Pray " . Chris Richards from The Washington Post criticized the fact that the " lyrics on Rebel Heart feel almost violently resistant to wisdom " , citing the menu of intoxicants used in the chorus and asking , " Which one will best help us forget that this is happening ? " Andrew Unterberger of Spin also wrote about the " laundry list of intoxicants " referenced in the song , noting that it " makes ' Devil Pray ' sound like a mid @-@ 80s PSA . " Jessica Hopper of Pitchfork Media went on to criticize the list for being " a strange , tender , comical thing , [ ... ] but ultimately , it 's a boring stadium @-@ throb lite @-@ EDM song about seeking sobriety and / or big @-@ G , God . It 's also a Madonna @-@ doing @-@ Madonna cliche [ sic ] , which is too often the downfall of Rebel Heart . " Alexis Petridis of The Guardian was negative about " Devil Pray " ' s production , claiming that " [ it 's ] a pretty transparent attempt by Avicii to come up with something along the lines of his hit ' Wake Me Up ' . "
= = Chart performance = =
" Devil Pray " charted in many European territories after its release along with the other album 's five tracks , on December 20 , 2014 . The song reached the top @-@ ten in Greece and Hungary , peaking at numbers 9 and 10 , respectively , while in Finland , Lebanon and Sweden , " Devil Pray " managed to reach the top @-@ twenty , reaching numbers 16 , 18 and 14 . In Spain , the song reached number 50 and was the album 's lowest charting song , while in France , " Devil Pray " was the third highest charting song , after " Living for Love " and " Ghosttown " , the album 's first and second single respectively , and peaked at number 62 .
= = Live performances = =
On March 1 , 2015 , Madonna performed the song for the first time on Italian TV show , Che tempo che fa , along with " Ghosttown " , the album 's second single . An episode featuring her appearance was aired on March 8 . For the performance of " Devil Pray " , Madonna wore " an extravagant black robe and various rosaries . " A writer for Yahoo ! noticed that both performances were warmly received by the audience , while Lionel Nicaise appreciated that Madonna put more emphasis on the melodies and her vocals during the performance , rather than costumes and stage props . Bianca Grace of Idolator noted that the performance " will have you repenting your weekend sins , as the singer emotionally sings the tune . " " Devil Pray " is currently being performed during Madonna 's 2015 – 16 Rebel Heart Tour . Following the Last Supper @-@ themed mashup performance of " Holy Water " and " Vogue " , Madonna climbed down to the center stage to perform " Devil Pray " ; during the performance she straddled one of her male dancers , who was dressed as a priest , and engaged in a dance @-@ off with other dancers . Jordan Zivitz from the Montreal Gazette said that she found the performance to be " challenging " . Previous to this the song was also used for promotional videos related to the tour 's rehearsals and dancer interviews .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Management
Webo Girl Publishing , Inc . ( ASCAP ) / EMI Blackwood Music Inc . ( BMI ) / EMI Music Publishing Scandinavia AB ( STIM ) / Sony / ATV Songs LLC ( BMI )
Sony / ATV Scandinavia AB ( STIM ) / Team 2101 Songs ( ASCAP ) / Rami Productions AB ( ASCAP ) / Kobalt Songs Music Publishing
Sony / ATV Sonata and Dahi Productions ( SESAC ) / Michael Tucker Music ( ASCAP ) c / o Kobalt Songs Music Publishing / These Are Songs of Pulse ( ASCAP ) / OWSLA Trax ( ASCAP )
Personnel
Personnel adapted from Madonna official website .
= = Charts = =
= Piers Gaveston , 1st Earl of Cornwall =
Piers Gaveston , 1st Earl of Cornwall ( c . 1284 – 19 June 1312 ) was an English nobleman of Gascon origin , and the favourite of King Edward II of England .
At a young age he made a good impression on King Edward I " Longshanks " , and was assigned to the household of the King 's son , Edward of Caernarfon . The prince 's partiality for Gaveston was so extravagant that Edward I sent the favourite into exile , but he was recalled a few months later , after the King 's death led to the prince 's accession as Edward II . Edward bestowed the Earldom of Cornwall on Gaveston , and arranged for him to marry his niece Margaret de Clare , sister of the powerful Earl of Gloucester .
Gaveston 's exclusive access to the King provoked several members of the nobility , and in 1307 the King was again forced to send him into exile . During this absence he served as the King 's Lord Lieutenant of Ireland . Edward managed to negotiate a deal with the opposition , however , and Gaveston returned the next year . Upon his return his behaviour became even more offensive , and by the Ordinances of 1311 it was decided that Gaveston should be exiled for a third time , to suffer outlawry if he returned . When he did return in 1312 , he was hunted down and executed by a group of magnates led by Thomas of Lancaster and Guy de Beauchamp , Earl of Warwick .
It was alleged by medieval chroniclers that Edward II and Piers Gaveston were lovers , a rumour that was reinforced by later portrayals in fiction , such as Christopher Marlowe 's late 16th @-@ century play Edward II . This assertion has received the support of some modern historians , while others have questioned it . According to Pierre Chaplais , the relationship between the two was that of an adoptive brotherhood , and Gaveston served as an unofficial deputy for a reluctant king . Other historians , like J. S. Hamilton , have pointed out that concern over the two men 's sexuality was not at the core of the nobility 's grievances , which rather centred on Gaveston 's exclusive access to royal patronage .
= = Family background and early life = =
Piers Gaveston 's father was Arnaud de Gabaston , a Gascon knight in the service of Gaston VII of Béarn . Gabaston had come into a substantial amount of land in Gascony through his marriage to Claramonde de Marsan , who was co @-@ heir with her brother of the great landowner Arnaud @-@ Guillaume de Marsan . Through the possessions of his wife , Gabaston also became a vassal of the King of England , in the King 's capacity of Duke of Aquitaine . His service to Edward I of England stretched over a long period of time , starting in the Welsh Wars of 1282 – 83 , in which he participated with a substantial contingent . Sometime before 4 February 1287 , Claramonde died , and for the rest of his life Gabaston struggled to retain his wife 's inheritance from
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
. In 1915 , the Irish League was suspended as a result of World War I. In its place , a temporary unofficial league known as the Belfast & District League was set up and ran for four seasons until the return of the Irish League in 1919 . As this was an unofficial competition , any titles during this time are not counted as Irish League Championships . Linfield won this competition twice , in 1915 – 16 along with the Irish Cup , and in 1917 – 18 .
= = = Two seven @-@ trophy seasons ( 1921 – 22 & 1961 – 62 ) = = =
In the 1921 – 22 season , the club achieved a clean sweep of all the domestic competitions they entered – the Irish League , Irish Cup , County Antrim Shield , Alhambra Cup , Belfast Charity Cup , Gold Cup and the City Cup . The club followed this up the next season by winning a treble including the Irish League , Irish Cup and County Antrim Shield in 1922 – 23 . In 1927 , Joe Bambrick signed for the Blues , and would become one of the club 's all @-@ time top goal scorers . In the 1929 – 30 season , Bambrick scored a remarkable 94 goals – a record that surprisingly stood for only one season , until Glentoran 's Fred Roberts scored an incredible 96 goals during the following campaign to break Bambrick 's record . In 1930 , Bambrick scored six goals in one game for Ireland – a 7 – 0 win over Wales . The 1931 – 32 , 1933 – 34 and 1934 – 35 league titles followed for Linfield , before Bambrick left the club to join Chelsea in 1935 having scored 286 league goals in just 183 games for Linfield – a remarkable ratio of 1 @.@ 56 goals per game . The Irish League was once again suspended in 1940 as a result of the Second World War , with another temporary unofficial league set up which was called the Northern Regional League . Linfield won this league three times – in 1942 – 43 , 1944 – 45 and 1945 – 46 . This league ran for seven seasons until the return of the Irish League once again in 1947 .
In 1957 , Jackie Milburn famously signed for the Blues as player @-@ manager from Newcastle United , and won the Ulster Footballer of the Year award for his performances during his first season at the club . Milburn 's presence dramatically increased average crowds at matches , with the Belfast Telegraph calling it the " signing of the century " . Milburn is famous for scoring Linfield 's first ever goals in European competition . In September 1959 , he scored both goals against IFK Göteborg in a 2 – 1 Linfield win at Windsor Park in the first leg of the 1959 – 60 European Cup preliminary round tie – the club 's European debut . Milburn was also the Irish league 's top goal scorer on two occasions before leaving the club in 1960 to join Yiewsley . In 1962 , forty years after Linfield 's remarkable seven @-@ trophy season , the club repeated the feat in the 1961 – 62 season under manager Isaac McDowell . They won another seven @-@ trophy haul including the Irish League , Irish Cup , County Antrim Shield , Gold Cup , City Cup and the Ulster Cup . They also won the North @-@ South Cup final that season , but it was actually the conclusion of the 1960 – 61 competition . Fixture congestion had meant that the final could not be played before the end of the previous season , so it was rescheduled to take place during the 1961 – 62 season . A commemorative event was held in April 2012 , celebrating the 90th and 50th anniversaries of the 1921 – 22 and 1961 – 62 seven @-@ trophy @-@ winning teams .
= = = Roy Coyle 's 31 @-@ trophy haul ( 1975 – 1997 ) = = =
Following a spell in England playing for Sheffield Wednesday and Grimsby Town , Roy Coyle joined the club as player @-@ manager , taking over the reigns from outgoing manager Billy Campbell . After a tough start to his managerial career at the club , Coyle went on to become the most successful Linfield manager in history , winning numerous trophies during his time at Windsor Park . His first season in charge was without silverware . In fact , having been Irish Cup runners @-@ up the previous season when Coleraine defeated the Blues 1 – 0 after two replays , Linfield suffered one of the biggest upsets in Northern Irish football history when B Division club Carrick Rangers defeated the Blues 2 – 1 in the 1975 – 76 Irish Cup final on 10 April 1976 . This giant @-@ killing act in which a junior club defeated a senior club in the Irish Cup final had only happened twice before in the cup 's history , and not since 1955 – 21 years earlier . The club stuck by Coyle however , and it was not long before he brought silverware to the club . His first honour arrived in the 1976 – 77 season in the form of the County Antrim Shield . However , the Blues suffered defeat in the Irish Cup final for the third consecutive season when they once again lost out against Coleraine – losing 4 – 1 . The 1977 – 78 season saw the club win an Irish League , Irish Cup and Ulster Cup treble . Runners @-@ up in the last three Irish Cup finals , this time they were not to be denied . A 3 – 1 victory over Ballymena United secured the club 's third trophy of the season .
Coyle retired from playing duties in 1980 , but continued as manager . In 1982 , future manager David Jeffrey joined the club following a stint in the Manchester United youth team and played for Coyle under many of his trophy successes , captaining the side for much of that time . One of Coyle 's biggest achievements as manager was leading the club to six consecutive league titles between 1981 – 82 and 1986 – 87 , equalling the record for the most consecutive titles which was set by Belfast Celtic in 1947 – 48 . 1986 was the year that Noel Bailie began what would turn out to be a 25 @-@ year career at the club . Although a defender for most of that time , Bailie began as a left midfielder .
Coyle 's final trophy as Linfield manager was the Gold Cup in 1989 – 90 . During his 15 years at the club he had amassed 10 League titles , 3 Irish Cups , 7 Gold Cups , 4 Ulster Cups , 5 County Antrim Shields , the Irish League Cup , and the Tyler Cup – 31 major honours in total . Coyle left the club in April 1990 . Eric Bowyer was appointed as Coyle 's replacement , but it was a relatively unsuccessful reign that only lasted for two years until he was sacked in 1992 , with David Jeffrey also leaving the club that year to join Ards . Next into the managerial hot seat was Trevor Anderson , who brought more silverware to the club during his five years in charge between 1992 and 1997 , including 2 Irish League titles and 2 Irish Cups . After retiring as a player in 1996 following a one @-@ year spell at Larne , David Jeffrey returned to the club as Anderson 's assistant manager . This partnership lasted until Anderson resigned on the morning of 4 January 1997 . Anderson later became Director of Football at Newry Town .
= = = The David Jeffrey years ( 1997 – 2014 ) = = =
Jeffrey took charge of the team in a caretaker capacity for a league match against Portadown that afternoon , and remained as caretaker manager for the following match against Ballyclare Comrades in the Floodlit Cup on 7 January . He was officially appointed as manager on a permanent basis on 8 January 1997 . In his first full season in charge he led the club to three trophies – the League Cup , County Antrim Shield , and Floodlit Cup – and narrowly missed out on the league title to champions Cliftonville by four points . Jeffrey won his first league title as manager in the 1999 – 2000 season however , along with a third consecutive League Cup triumph . The Blues retained the league title the following season , and also won the Charity Shield and the County Antrim Shield . The 2001 – 02 season saw the club win a cup double , lifting both the Irish Cup and the League Cup . In 2005 , the inauguration of the Setanta Cup meant the return of an all @-@ Ireland cup competition for the first time since 1980 . The Blues qualified as league champions , but started the competition poorly – losing 2 – 1 away to Longford Town . However , they recovered to eventually reach the final against Shelbourne , and although the Blues were major underdogs going into the match against professional League of Ireland opposition , they overcame the odds to become inaugural winners of the competition by defeating Shelbourne 2 – 0 . Incidentally , Linfield were in fact the reigning all @-@ Ireland champions at the time , having won the final staging of the Tyler Cup in 1980 before the competition was discontinued .
The 2005 – 06 season was the most successful of Jeffrey 's tenure , with the Blues achieving a clean sweep of all four domestic competitions ; the Irish Premier League , Irish Cup , Irish League Cup , and County Antrim Shield . However , they did fail to retain the Setanta Cup as defending champions when they were narrowly beaten 1 – 0 at Windsor Park in the semi @-@ finals by eventual winners , Drogheda United . In April 2010 , former captain Noel Bailie made his 1,000th appearance for the club when he played in a 0 – 0 draw against Crusaders in the league . A few days later , Linfield won their 49th league title after a 1 – 0 home win against Cliftonville . The following year , a landmark 50th league title arrived during the club 's 125th anniversary year . Bailie retired from football in April 2011 at the age of 40 , after making 1 @,@ 013 appearances for the club in all competitions since making his debut against Ballymena United in March 1989 . Linfield subsequently retired the number 11 shirt in his honour . In the 2011 – 12 season , Linfield won a league and cup double for the third consecutive season and the sixth time in seven seasons – a record 51st league title , 42nd Irish Cup win , and 23rd double overall .
The 2012 – 13 season was undoubtedly a low ebb for the club under Jeffrey 's reign . The Blues were off the pace for most of the league campaign – their season encapsulated in a 3 – 1 home defeat by newly promoted Ballinamallard United in October 2012 . Cliftonville were the eventual champions , securing their fourth league title after defeating Linfield 3 – 2 at Solitude on 13 April 2013 . Crusaders secured the runners @-@ up place , leaving the Blues in third place – a distant 29 points behind the champions . The club went out of the 2013 Setanta Sports Cup after a heavy aggregate defeat in the quarter @-@ finals , went out of the League Cup at the semi @-@ final stage , and exited the Irish Cup in the fifth round after a replay . The club 's first Irish Cup defeat in four years was also the first time in 16 years they had lost their opening tie of the competition .
When the 2014 Setanta Sports Cup was confirmed in December 2013 , the club opted not to enter the competition , citing inconvenient fixture scheduling , reduced prize money , and the difficulty faced by Linfield supporters attending away games as the reasons behind their withdrawal . However , the club did not rule out future participation . League champions Cliftonville also withdrew from the competition for similar reasons , with the next two highest placed sides from the previous season 's league table ( Ballinamallard United and Coleraine ) being drafted in as replacements . In February 2014 , Jeffrey announced that he would be stepping down at the end of the 2013 – 14 season , bringing an end to his trophy @-@ laden reign after 17 years . In March 2014 , the Blues lifted the County Antrim Shield for a record 43rd time by defeating Crusaders 4 – 1 on penalties following a 0 – 0 draw after extra time in the final . This was a significant milestone for Jeffrey – his 31st and last trophy as Linfield manager , equalling Roy Coyle 's record . Jeffrey still had the opportunity to win a record @-@ breaking 32nd trophy as manager in the form of the 2013 – 14 league title . However , despite topping the league table for much of the season , the Blues had to settle for the runners @-@ up spot , six points behind champions Cliftonville . Jeffrey 's reign came to a winning end with a 5 – 2 victory over Glenavon on the final day of the 2013 – 14 league season .
= = = Feeney & Healy ( 2014 – present ) = = =
Former Northern Ireland international Warren Feeney succeeded Jeffrey as Linfield manager . Feeney had been player @-@ assistant manager at English Conference Premier side Salisbury City at the time of his appointment . His cousin , Lee Feeney , played for Linfield in two different spells between 1997 – 1999 and 2002 – 2003 . Former Blackburn Rovers player , Andy Todd , was appointed as Feeney 's assistant . Feeney 's only full season in charge of the club ended without silverware . The Blues challenged for the league title for most of the season , but ultimately had to settle for the runners @-@ up spot for the second successive season , behind champions Crusaders . One positive for the season was the team 's record in the four " Big Two " league derbies against Glentoran , of which the Blues won three and drew the other . The lowest point of the season for the team was undoubtedly a shock 1 – 0 loss against second @-@ tier side Ballyclare Comrades in the second round of the 2014 – 15 League Cup , while their 2014 – 15 Irish Cup campaign ended when they were eliminated in the quarter @-@ finals after losing 3 – 2 to eventual runners @-@ up Portadown .
In May 2015 , the Blues were invited to compete in the Setanta Sports Cup scheduled to take place in June 2015 . The club declined once again , with inconvenient fixture scheduling still remaining a concern . The competition was ultimately cancelled , when suitable fixture dates could not be agreed upon . With the Blues top of the table after 10 games of the 2015 – 16 NIFL Premiership season , Feeney 's reign came to an end in October 2015 , when he resigned to become assistant manager ( and subsequently the manager ) of English Football League Two side Newport County .
Former Northern Ireland striker and the country 's all @-@ time record international goalscorer David Healy was appointed as Feeney 's successor , with Andy Todd staying on as Healy 's assistant manager . However , in January 2016 Todd also departed the club to join Newport County and reunite with Warren Feeney , who had subsequently been promoted to County 's manager following the departure of John Sheridan . Todd once again became Feeney 's assistant manager .
= = Stadium = =
Since 1905 , Windsor Park in south Belfast has been Linfield 's home ground . In the initial years after the club was formed in 1886 , Linfield had to change grounds several times for various reasons such as housing development . The numerous ground changes and the club 's desire to have a permanent home with which to build an identity resulted in the purchase of a piece of land known as the ' bog meadows ' just off lower Windsor Avenue on 1 October 1904 . Later known as Windsor Park , this became the club 's permanent home as well as the venue for international matches . The first game at Windsor took place on 29 August 1905 , with Linfield playing out a 0 – 0 draw against Distillery in a friendly match arranged to officially commemorate the opening of the stadium . The first competitive game played at the stadium took place just a few days later on 2 September 1905 , and ended with a 1 – 0 win for Linfield over Glentoran – the other half of Belfast 's Big Two – though Belfast Celtic were Linfield 's main rivals at the time .
Windsor Park is the largest Association football stadium in Northern Ireland , with Glentoran 's ground , the Oval , being the next largest . The governing body of Northern Irish football , the Irish Football Association , leases the ground for use by the Northern Ireland national football team . The club currently receives 15 % of Northern Ireland international gate receipts as rent . This is controversial as rival Irish League clubs see this as giving Linfield an unfair advantage by allowing them to offer more attractive wages and have a larger squad than all of the other clubs . In 2010 , UEFA provided € 500 @,@ 000 towards substantial refurbishment of the stadium , to increase capacity and improve safety .
In 2011 , the Northern Ireland Executive allocated £ 138 million for a major programme of stadium redevelopment throughout Northern Ireland , with £ 28 million allocated to the redevelopment of Windsor Park . In June 2012 , further details of the stadium 's redevelopment were released . The plan was to redevelop Windsor Park into an 18 @,@ 000 all @-@ seater stadium with a series of phased works originally intended to begin in the middle of 2013 . The redevelopment would include the demolition of the existing East and South Stand structures , to be replaced by new purpose built stands that would partially enclose the stadium ; complete renovation of the existing North and West Stands ; and construction of both new conferencing facilities and a new headquarters facility for the IFA .
In February 2013 , planning permission for the redevelopment was granted . The cost of the project was estimated to be around £ 29 @.@ 2 million , of which £ 25 @.@ 2 million would come from government funding . It was initially planned for the work to begin in September 2013 . Two months later however , Crusaders began legal proceedings against the redevelopment . The club called for the process to be judicially reviewed , believing it to be against European Union competition laws and also a form of State aid towards Linfield . When Crusaders played Linfield at Windsor Park at the end of April , their club officials were allegedly informed that they would not be welcome in the directors box or the boardroom during the game – an apparent reaction to Crusaders ' legal challenge of the stadium redevelopment . In a hearing that took place on 22 May 2013 , Crusaders ' request was granted . It was ruled that it was a possibility for the redevelopment to be classed as state aid towards Linfield . The aspect of the challenge concerning competition law however , was dismissed .
In July 2013 , Crusaders agreed to a possible settlement brought forward by the judicial review . The details of the settlement were not made public , but Crusaders said that it had the " potential to benefit the entirety of the football family " . In September 2013 , sports minister Carál Ní Chuilín said that she was still committed to making sure the redevelopment went ahead as scheduled , after previously stating that she would not sign off on the funding until the IFA resolved " governance issues " surrounding David Martin 's return to the role of deputy president .
In December 2013 , three months after the work was originally scheduled to begin , the redevelopment was finally given the green light . The sports minister signed off on £ 31 million to complete the project . The redevelopment finally got under way on 6 May 2014 after the 2013 – 14 domestic season had finished , eight months later than originally planned . The work is due to be completed in 2015 . On 31 March 2015 , the West Stand of the stadium was sealed off after cracks in the structure were discovered . Construction work related to the stadium redevelopment had been ongoing behind the stand in the weeks prior to the damage , but it was not known if that was directly related . Originally planned for refurbishment as part of the redevelopment , it was later decided that the West Stand would be demolished and eventually replaced .
= = Supporters and rivalry = =
= = = Big Two rivalry = = =
Linfield 's main rivals are Glentoran from east Belfast – a rivalry which is commonly known as Belfast 's Big Two . However , this term did not always refer to Linfield and Glentoran . Up until 1949 , the Big Two consisted of Linfield and Belfast Celtic , as they had traditionally been the two most successful clubs in Northern Irish football to that point . However , after Belfast Celtic withdrew from the league in 1949 , Glentoran gradually established themselves as Linfield 's biggest rivals . The earliest recorded match between the two clubs was played on 1 October 1887 – just over a year after Linfield 's formation . A friendly match played at King 's Field , Westbourne in Ballymacarrett was won 3 – 1 by Linfield ( then known as Linfield Athletic ) . In 1890 , the two teams played each other competitively for the first time , during the inaugural Irish League season . Linfield won 7 – 0 at Musgrave Park on 18 October , and 6 – 0 at Ulsterville Avenue on 21 March 1891 . The first meeting at the Oval took place on 8 October 1892 , and the first meeting at Windsor Park took place 13 years later on 2 September 1905 .
At the height of the second World War in 1941 , the Oval – including terraces , offices , kits and club records – was destroyed in a bombing raid on the nearby Harland & Wolff Shipyard . Glentoran approached Distillery to play at Grosvenor Park , which they did until the Oval was rebuilt with help from other clubs , most notably Cliftonville . During this time , Glentoran considered resigning from senior football to become a junior club , but after borrowing kits from Distillery and Crusaders they continued to compete at Grosvenor until 1949 . Out of 14 league games at Grosvenor Park however , they were only victorious over Linfield on one occasion .
Traditionally , the two clubs play each other in the league on Boxing Day every year , with the match usually attracting the biggest league attendance of the season . However , in 2009 the match was removed from the fixture list by the Irish Football Association due to crowd trouble at Windsor Park . The match returned in 2011 , and usually alternates venues between the Oval and Windsor Park each year .
= = = Trophy dominance = = =
Linfield and Glentoran have been the two most successful clubs in Northern Irish football to date , regularly being the two main contenders for honours . They have won more league titles , Irish Cups , and League Cups than any other clubs . Linfield hold the record for the most League titles ( 51 ) , Irish Cups ( 42 ) and League Cups ( nine ) . In comparison , Glentoran have won 23 league titles , 22 Irish Cups and seven League Cups . Almost half ( 47 @.@ 4 % ) of the 135 Irish Cup competitions to date have been won by one of the two clubs , with at least one of the clubs reaching the final on 88 occasions ( 65 @.@ 2 % of all finals ) , winning the cup a combined 64 times . Of those 88 finals , the two clubs have met in 15 of them – making it the most common final . Linfield have won eight of the head @-@ to @-@ head final meetings compared to Glentoran 's seven wins , with the most recent meeting between the two clubs in the final occurring in 2006 , when Linfield won 2 – 1 to lift the Cup for the 37th time . Approximately two @-@ thirds of all Irish League titles have been won by one of the Big Two . Of the 114 completed league seasons , the title has been won by either club on 74 occasions ( 64 @.@ 9 % of them ) . The duo also make up two of the three clubs that have appeared in every season of the Irish League since its inception in 1890 ; the other club being Cliftonville .
As of April 2016 , the two clubs have met a total of 262 times in the Irish League – excluding unofficial wartime results between 1915 – 1919 ( first World War ) and 1940 – 1947 ( second World War ) . Linfield have won 118 of the meetings , with 72 Glentoran victories and 72 drawn matches . Linfield 's record victory over their rivals is 8 – 0 . This occurred on 21 November 1891 , during the 1891 – 92 Irish League season . Linfield 's record post @-@ war win over Glentoran in all competitions is by a six @-@ goal margin – a 7 – 1 win over the Glens at Grosvenor Park in the 1961 – 62 North @-@ South Cup , and a 6 – 0 victory at Windsor Park in the 2006 Setanta Sports Cup group stage .
Since 2009 , the intensity of the rivalry has waned as the duo 's domination of the domestic game has decreased . This is partly due to the resurgence of North Belfast derby clubs , Cliftonville and Crusaders . In 2013 , Cliftonville became the first club other than Linfield or Glentoran to lift the league title since Portadown did so in 2002 . In 2014 , Cliftonville went on to retain the title for the first time in the club 's history , with Crusaders then winning the 2014 – 15 title in convincing fashion , finishing 10 points ahead of runners @-@ up Linfield . During this time , Glentoran lifted the Irish Cup in 2013 and again in 2015 , but their overall fortunes on the field have taken a relative downturn . The club has won only three league titles since the turn of the 21st century ; in 2002 – 03 , 2004 – 05 and 2008 – 09 . Since then , they have twice finished as low as sixth place ; in 2011 – 12 and 2014 – 15 . The last season in which the two clubs finished as champions and runners @-@ up in either order was 2008 – 09 , and they have not met in a major domestic cup final since 2006 , when they contested both the Irish Cup and the League Cup finals .
= = = Sectarianism and violence = = =
Linfield are generally regarded as a ' Protestant club ' and draw the vast majority of their support from one side of the community . However , the squad itself is one of the most diverse in the Irish League . The club has also been regarded as sectarian in the past , both in respect of its alleged employment policy and of the behaviour of its fans . This sectarian reputation is partly the result of the actions of fans who have a history of occasional anti @-@ Catholic behaviour ranging from sectarian chanting on the terraces to outright violence . Part of the problem has been attributed to Windsor Park 's location in a part of Belfast that is predominantly Protestant . A relatively small number of local Catholics played for the club during the Troubles , which led to an accusation that the club held a historical policy of not signing Catholic players . However , the existence of such a policy has been disputed :
Sectarian tensions have long been a cause of conflict at football matches in Northern Ireland , and crowd trouble occasionally marred games involving Linfield throughout the twentieth century . In 1948 , Belfast Celtic withdrew from the Irish League after years of sectarian crowd problems culminated in a Boxing Day match against Linfield at Windsor Park which ended in a pitch invasion and riot in which Belfast Celtic 's Protestant centre forward , Jimmy Jones , suffered a broken leg .
In the 1979 – 80 European Cup , Linfield were drawn to face Dundalk from the Republic of Ireland . In the first leg , which was played in Dundalk and ended in a 1 – 1 draw , crowd disturbance prompted UEFA to switch the second leg to the Haarlem Stadion , Netherlands . Linfield were held almost entirely accountable for the events , and were forced to pay Dundalk 's costs to travel to the Netherlands as well as an additional £ 5 @,@ 000 for damage sustained to Oriel Park . Dundalk were fined £ 870 for providing insufficient security at the match . Dundalk eventually won the match 2 – 0 to progress 3 – 1 on aggregate . In the 1987 – 88 campaign , Linfield 's home game against Lillestrøm was marred by missile throwing , resulting in UEFA sanctions which meant that the club had to play their next two home games in European competitions at Welsh club Wrexham in 1988 – 89 and 1989 – 90 .
A 1997 match against Coleraine was abandoned when Linfield fans hurled bottles onto the pitch after two Linfield players were sent off . In May 2005 there were disturbances in Dublin at the Setanta Cup final between Linfield and Shelbourne . In the same month , Linfield fans were banned from travelling to the Oval for a match against Glentoran , allegedly as a result of disturbances involving both sets of fans the previous month . However , Glentoran denied this was the reason behind the ban , citing health and safety regulations that forced them to close the away stand . In 2008 , three Linfield fans were charged in a Dublin court with public order offences at a Setanta Cup match against St Patrick 's Athletic , but were released . In November of the same year , Linfield player Conor Hagan was struck by a rocket that was fired from Cliftonville supporters in the crowd following Linfield 's 2 – 1 defeat , and the following month riot police were called into Glentoran supporters in the Boxing Day match after Linfield had taken a 2 – 0 lead .
The management of Linfield has attempted to reverse the stigma of negative press attached to the club . The club has moved forward in co @-@ operation with the Irish Football Association , which has launched a campaign called " Give sectarianism the boot . " It assisted a local Camogie team who needed space to train in 2005 , and also built links with the Gaelic Athletic Association which has traditionally had little support from the Protestant community in Northern Ireland . In 2006 FIFA President Sepp Blatter commended Linfield for their anti @-@ racism . A play dealing with the conflict between Linfield and Belfast Celtic , Lish and Gerry at the Shrine , was staged by the IFA at Windsor Park in October 2010 , with the co @-@ operation of the Linfield management .
Since 2008 , the number of incidents has decreased . However , in February 2014 , Linfield were fined £ 3 @,@ 000 and Cliftonville were fined £ 3 @,@ 250 by the IFA following sectarian chanting from sections of both sets of supporters during a County Antrim Shield semi @-@ final at Windsor Park in October 2013 . Cliftonville 's fine of an extra £ 250 came as a result of their fans causing an explosion during the game . Both clubs criticised the decision , and expressed their intent to appeal against the fines . In April 2014 , the punishments were rescinded on appeal . There was also crowd trouble at a league fixture between the clubs at Windsor Park in March 2014 , with reports of missiles being thrown after the game . The Northern Ireland Football League condemned the actions of a " small minority " of supporters .
In May 2014 , Linfield were fined £ 1 @,@ 200 by the Irish Football Association over the singing of sectarian songs by supporters , ruling that Linfield fans had been guilty of breaching the code of conduct during a league game at Coleraine .
= = Players = =
= = = First @-@ team squad = = =
As of 5 February 2016
Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality .
Insert non @-@ formatted text here = = = Players out on loan = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality .
= = = Retired numbers = = =
Numbers retired in June 2011 .
11 – In honour of Noel Bailie ( 1986 – 2011 ) 13 – Unlucky number
= = Managers = =
Below is a list of all the managers Linfield have appointed during the club 's history . In the early years after the club was formed in 1886 , the team was selected by club committee , a standard practice by football clubs at the time . Since then , 25 different men have held the position of Linfield first team coach / manager . However , only six have been appointed in the 40 years since Billy Campbell 's departure in 1975 . David Jeffrey holds the record for the longest reign as manager , having been in charge for 17 years and 16 weeks between 4 January 1997 and 26 April 2014 . Jeffrey and Coyle jointly hold the record for the most trophies won as manager , each having led the club to 31 trophies – a combined 62 major honours between them . Former Northern Ireland international Warren Feeney is the club 's last manager , having been appointed in May 2014 . He resigned in October 2015 to become assistant manager of Newport County .
= = Club officials = =
As of 17 March 2016
= = First @-@ team honours = =
= = = Active competitions = = =
= = = = Domestic = = = =
Irish League Championship : 51
1890 – 91 , 1891 – 92 , 1892 – 93 , 1894 – 95 , 1897 – 98 , 1901 – 02 , 1903 – 04 , 1906 – 07 , 1907 – 08 , 1908 – 09 , 1910 – 11 , 1913 – 14 , 1921 – 22 , 1922 – 23 , 1929 – 30 , 1931 – 32 , 1933 – 34 , 1934 – 35 , 1948 – 49 , 1949 – 50 , 1953 – 54 , 1954 – 55 , 1955 – 56 , 1958 – 59 , 1960 – 61 , 1961 – 62 , 1965 – 66 , 1968 – 69 , 1970 – 71 , 1974 – 75 , 1977 – 78 , 1978 – 79 , 1979 – 80 , 1981 – 82 , 1982 – 83 , 1983 – 84 , 1984 – 85 , 1985 – 86 , 1986 – 87 , 1988 – 89 , 1992 – 93 , 1993 – 94 , 1999 – 00 , 2000 – 01 , 2003 – 04 , 2005 – 06 , 2006 – 07 , 2007 – 08 , 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12
Irish Cup : 42
1890 – 91 , 1891 – 92 , 1892 – 93 , 1894 – 95 , 1897 – 98 , 1898 – 99 , 1901 – 02 , 1903 – 04 , 1911 – 12 , 1912 – 13 , 1914 – 15 , 1915 – 16 , 1918 – 19 , 1921 – 22 , 1922 – 23 , 1929 – 30 , 1930 – 31 , 1933 – 34 , 1935 – 36 , 1938 – 39 , 1941 – 42 , 1944 – 45 , 1945 – 46 , 1947 – 48 , 1949 – 50 , 1952 – 53 , 1959 – 60 , 1961 – 62 , 1962 – 63 , 1969 – 70 , 1977 – 78 , 1979 – 80 , 1981 – 82 , 1993 – 94 , 1994 – 95 , 2001 – 02 , 2005 – 06 , 2006 – 07 , 2007 – 08 , 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12
Irish League Cup : 9
1986 – 87 , 1991 – 92 , 1993 – 94 , 1997 – 98 , 1998 – 99 , 1999 – 00 , 2001 – 02 , 2005 – 06 , 2007 – 08
Charity Shield : 3
1993 ( shared ) , 1994 , 2000
County Antrim Shield : 42
1898 – 99 , 1903 – 04 , 1905 – 06 , 1906 – 07 , 1907 – 08 , 1912 – 13 , 1913 – 14 , 1916 – 17 , 1921 – 22 , 1922 – 23 , 1927 – 28 , 1928 – 29 , 1929 – 30 , 1931 – 32 , 1932 – 33 , 1933 – 34 , 1934 – 35 , 1937 – 38 , 1941 – 42 , 1946 – 47 , 1952 – 53 , 1954 – 55 , 1957 – 58 , 1958 – 59 , 1960 – 61 , 1961 – 62 , 1962 – 63 , 1965 – 66 , 1966 – 67 , 1972 – 73 , 1976 – 77 , 1980 – 81 , 1981 – 82 , 1982 – 83 , 1983 – 84 , 1994 – 95 , 1997 – 98 , 2000 – 01 , 2003 – 04 , 2004 – 05 , 2005 – 06 , 2013 – 14
= = = = All @-@ Ireland = = = =
Setanta Cup : 1
2005
= = = Defunct competitions = = =
= = = = Domestic = = = =
Gold Cup : 33
1915 – 16 , 1917 – 18 , 1918 – 19 , 1920 – 21 , 1921 – 22 , 1923 – 24 , 1926 – 27 , 1927 – 28 , 1928 – 29 , 1930 – 31 , 1935 – 36 , 1936 – 37 , 1948 – 49 , 1949 – 50 , 1950 – 51 , 1955 – 56 , 1957 – 58 , 1959 – 60 , 1961 – 62 , 1963 – 64 , 1965 – 66 , 1967 – 68 , 1968 – 69 , 1970 – 71 , 1971 – 72 , 1979 – 80 , 1981 – 82 , 1983 – 84 , 1984 – 85 , 1987 – 88 , 1988 – 89 , 1989 – 90 , 1996 – 97
City Cup : 24
1894 – 95 , 1895 – 96 , 1897 – 98 , 1899 – 00 , 1900 – 01 , 1901 – 02 , 1902 – 03 , 1903 – 04 , 1907 – 08 , 1909 – 10 , 1919 – 20 , 1921 – 22 , 1926 – 27 , 1928 – 29 , 1935 – 36 , 1937 – 38 , 1949 – 50 , 1951 – 52 , 1957 – 58 , 1958 – 59 , 1961 – 62 , 1963 – 64 , 1967 – 68 , 1973 – 74
Ulster Cup : 15
1948 – 49 , 1955 – 56 , 1956 – 57 , 1959 – 60 , 1961 – 62 , 1964 – 65 , 1967 – 68 , 1970 – 71 , 1971 – 72 , 1974 – 75 , 1977 – 78 , 1978 – 79 , 1979 – 80 , 1984 – 85 , 1992 – 93
Floodlit Cup : 2
1993 – 94 , 1997 – 98
Top Four Cup : 2
1966 – 67 , 1967 – 68
Belfast Charity Cup : 21
1890 – 91 , 1891 – 92 , 1892 – 93 , 1893 – 94 , 1894 – 95 , 1898 – 99 , 1902 – 03 , 1904 – 05 , 1912 – 13 , 1913 – 14 , 1914 – 15 , 1916 – 17 , 1917 – 18 , 1918 – 19 , 1921 – 22 , 1926 – 27 , 1927 – 28 , 1929 – 30 , 1932 – 33 , 1933 – 34 , 1934 – 35 , 1935 – 36 , 1937 – 38
Alhambra Cup : 1
1921 – 22
Jubilee Cup : 1
1935 – 36
Belfast & District League : 2 1915 – 16 , 1917 – 18
Northern Regional league : 3 1942 – 43 , 1944 – 45 , 1945 – 46
Substitute Gold Cup : 2
1942 – 43 , 1944 – 45
Manchester Charity Cup : 2
1945 – 46 , 1946 – 47
= = = = All @-@ Ireland = = = =
North @-@ South Cup : 1
1961 – 62
Blaxnit Cup : 1
1970 – 71
Tyler Cup : 1
1980 – 81
= = = Doubles and Trebles = = =
The club has achieved the double of winning the League title and the national cup in the same season on 23 occasions – more than any other club in the world . The club has also achieved the domestic treble of the League , national cup and League Cup in the same season on three occasions , and a domestic quadruple of those three trophies plus the regional County Antrim Shield in the same season once – in 2005 – 06 . Most notably absent from the list are the seven @-@ trophy hauls in the 1921 – 22 and 1961 – 62 seasons – achieved prior to the inauguration of the League Cup in 1987 .
Doubles :
League and Irish Cup : 23
1890 – 91 , 1891 – 92 , 1892 – 93 , 1894 – 95 , 1897 – 98 , 1901 – 02 , 1903 – 04 , 1921 – 22 , 1922 – 23 , 1929 – 30 , 1933 – 34 , 1949 – 50 , 1961 – 62 , 1977 – 78 , 1979 – 80 , 1981 – 82 , 1993 – 943 , 2005 – 064 , 2006 – 07 , 2007 – 083 , 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12
League and League Cup : 51986 – 87 , 1993 – 943 , 1999 – 00 , 2005 – 064 , 2007 – 083
Trebles :
League , Irish Cup and League Cup : 31993 – 94 , 2005 – 064 , 2007 – 08
3As part of a domestic treble.4Part of a domestic quadruple including the County Antrim Shield .
= = Reserve honours = =
Honours won by Linfield Swifts
Irish League B Division : 3
1951 – 52 , 1952 – 53 , 1975 – 76
B Division Section 2 / Reserve League : 18
1977 – 78 , 1978 – 79 , 1979 – 80 , 1982 – 83 , 1983 – 84 , 1984 – 85 , 1987 – 88 , 1988 – 89 , 1990 – 91 , 1991 – 92 , 1998 – 99 , 1999 – 00 , 2003 – 04 , 2004 – 05 , 2008 – 09 , 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2014 – 15
Irish Intermediate Cup : 11
1896 – 97 , 1898 – 99 , 1900 – 01 , 1928 – 29 , 1945 – 46 , 1948 – 49 , 1955 – 56 , 1956 – 57 , 1971 – 72 , 2001 – 02 , 2003 – 04
Steel & Sons Cup : 9
1895 – 96 , 1898 – 99 , 1915 – 16 , 1939 – 40 , 1946 – 47 , 1948 – 49 , 1972 – 73 , 1983 – 84 , 1997 – 98
George Wilson Cup : 9
1953 – 54 , 1961 – 62 , 1976 – 77 , 1980 – 81 , 1983 – 84 , 1984 – 85 , 1988 – 89 , 1998 – 99 , 2010 – 11
County Antrim Shield : 1
1948 – 49
= = Junior honours = =
Irish Junior Cup : 3
1890 – 91 † , 1893 – 94 ‡ , 1905 – 06ƒ
County Antrim Junior Shield : 1
1904 – 05ƒ
† Won by Linfield II ( reserve team )
‡ Won by Linfield Swifts ( reserve team )
ƒ Won by Linfield Pirates ( reserve team )
= = Linfield in Europe = =
As Northern Ireland 's most dominant club side , Linfield have been regular campaigners in European football . The club first participated in European competition in 1959 against Göteborg in the 1959 – 60 European Cup . In the first round of the 1961 – 62 European Cup , Linfield were drawn to face an East German team , Vorwärts . The away leg was played , which Linfield lost 3 – 0 . However , Vorwärts were denied visas for entry into the UK to play the second leg , and ( similarly to Glenavon the previous season ) travelling to play the game in a neutral country was not financially viable for Linfield . They were therefore forced to withdraw from the competition .
Linfield 's most notable achievement in European competition is reaching the quarter @-@ finals of the 1966 – 67 European Cup . After beating Aris of Luxembourg and Vålerengen of Norway they faced CSKA Red Flag in the last eight . This resulted in a 2 – 2 draw at home and 1 – 0 defeat away . In the 1984 – 85 season , after overcoming Shamrock Rovers on away goals ( the first and so far only series of meetings between the two Irish superpowers outside all @-@ Ireland tournaments ) , Linfield faced eventual semi @-@ finalists Panathinaikos in the second round . After a 2 – 1 defeat away , Linfield drew 3 – 3 at Windsor Park in the return leg after racing into a 3 – 0 lead at half @-@ time . Panathinaikos staged a remarkable comeback in the second half to level the match and eliminate Linfield 5 – 4 on aggregate .
The 1993 – 94 UEFA Champions League saw Linfield drawn with Dynamo Tbilisi of Georgia . After losing 3 – 2 on aggregate , they were reinstated when their opponents were expelled from the competition for alleged match fixing and paying the officials . Linfield faced Copenhagen in the first round proper . They won the first leg 3 – 0 , but lost the second leg 4 – 0 after extra time . This proved costly , as victory would have meant a financially lucrative tie against eventual champions A.C. Milan in the next round . The club then had to wait seven years to participate in the competition again , due to the format of the two European competitions being altered . The league 's relatively low ranking in the UEFA coefficient system has meant that the club has entered in the early qualifying rounds of either the UEFA Champions League or the UEFA Cup / Europa League , with the second qualifying round being the furthest the club has progressed in either competition . In the 2012 – 13 UEFA Champions League , the Blues entered the competition in the first qualifying round , and defeated B36 Tórshavn 4 – 3 on penalties to progress to the second qualifying round , after both legs ended as 0 – 0 draws . This was the first time since the 1984 – 85 season ( excluding their opponent 's expulsion in 1993 – 94 ) that the club had won a tie in the competition . However , they were defeated 3 – 0 on aggregate in the next round by AEL Limassol .
The 2013 – 14 UEFA Europa League campaign started in record @-@ breaking fashion . In July 2013 , the club won 2 – 0 away from home against ÍF Fuglafjørður of the Faroe Islands in the first qualifying round . This was the Blues ' first win in Europe since 2005 , and their first away win in Europe since 1966 , when they defeated Vålerengen 4 – 1 during their run to the quarter @-@ finals of the 1966 – 67 European Cup . In the second leg at Windsor Park , the Blues won 3 – 0 to go through to the next round 5 – 0 on aggregate . This was the club 's largest aggregate victory in a European tie since defeating Aris Bonnevoie 9 – 4 on aggregate in the first round of the 1966 – 67 European Cup . It was also the first time that a Northern Irish club had won both legs of a European tie in any competition . They followed this up in the next round by winning away from home again . Despite being massive underdogs for the tie , a 1 – 0 victory away to Xanthi of Greece made it three consecutive victories in Europe , without conceding a goal in the process – another first for the club . However , in the second leg at home they went down 2 – 1 after extra time , which eliminated them on the away goals rule . The following season , Linfield 's first venture into Europe under new manager Warren Feeney was in the Faroe Islands against B36 Tórshavn in the 2014 – 15 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round , which was also Feeney 's first competitive game in charge of the club . Linfield came out 2 – 1 victors with goals coming from Jamie Mulgrew and Michael Carvill . The return leg was played at Glenavon 's ground , Mourneview Park , due to the redevelopment of Windsor Park . Linfield had to settle for a 1 – 1 draw , but that was enough to secure passage into the second qualifying round for the second successive season , where they were drawn to face AIK from Sweden . An 87th @-@ minute Andrew Waterworth goal in the home leg at Mourneview Park ensured a 1 – 0 win for Linfield in their 100th competitive European match since 1959 .
= = = Summary = = =
Key : PR – Preliminary round ; QR – Qualifying round ; 1QR / 2QR – First / Second qualifying round ; 1R / 2R – First / Second round ; QF – Quarter @-@ final
Notes
= = = Overall record = = =
As of 24 July 2015
= = = UEFA club ranking = = =
Current ranking
As of the 2015 UEFA Club Rankings .
Ranking since 2011
= = In popular culture = =
The Northern Ireland comedy sketch show Dry Your Eyes featured a character called Derek , portrayed by Martin Reid , a fanatical fan of Linfield who is thrown into life @-@ threatening situations such as aircraft hijackings and bank robberies . The character remains placid until the situation causes him inconvenience at which point he confronts the terrorists , hijackers etc . , and while everyone else in the scene cowers in fear for their lives he responds to the demands of the villains with a catchphrase " Are ye by f * * * ! " and then verbally scares them into surrender , thus saving the situation .
= George Mouzalon =
George Mouzalon ( Greek : Γεώργιος Μουζάλων , Geōrgios Mouzalōn ; ca . 1220 – 25 August 1258 ) was a high official of the Empire of Nicaea under Theodore II Laskaris ( r . 1254 – 1258 ) . Of humble origin , he became Theodore 's companion in childhood and was raised to high state office upon the latter 's assumption of power . This caused great resentment from the aristocracy , which had monopolized high offices and opposed Theodore 's policies . Shortly before Theodore 's death in 1258 , he was appointed regent of Theodore 's under @-@ age son John IV Laskaris ( r . 1258 – 1261 ) . He was assassinated only a few days later by soldiers , as the result of a conspiracy led by the nobles under the soon @-@ to @-@ be emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos ( r . 1259 – 1282 ) .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life and service under Theodore II = = =
The Mouzalon family is first attested in the 11th century , but produced few notable members until the mid @-@ 13th century , with the exception of Nicholas IV Mouzalon , Patriarch of Constantinople in 1147 – 1151 . George Mouzalon was born at Adramyttium on the Anatolian coast in circa 1220 . His family was considered as low @-@ born , but he and his brothers became the childhood friends of Theodore II , being raised with him in the palace as his paidopouloi ( παιδόπουλοι , " pages " ) . It is assumed that they were also educated along with Theodore , sharing his classes under the scholar Nikephoros Blemmydes . There were also at least two sisters , one of whom was later married to a member of the Hagiotheodorites family .
When Theodore became emperor in November 1254 , he raised the Mouzalones to the highest state offices : George was made megas domestikos ( commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the army ) while two of his brothers , Andronikos and Theodore ( the eldest brother ) , were made protovestiarios ( grand chamberlain ) and protokynegos ( head huntsman ) respectively . According to the contemporary chroniclers , the emperor loved George " above all others " ; in some letters he calls him " son " and " brother " . During Theodore 's reign , George was the emperor 's senior minister and his most trusted advisor . Little is known , however , on his personal involvement in the governance of the state , except for his participation in the council convened to discuss the proper reaction to the invasion of Nicaea 's Macedonian holdings by the Bulgarians after Vatatzes 's death . George Mouzalon supported the majority opinion that Theodore himself should campaign against the invaders . During Theodore 's absence on campaign in 1255 , George was left behind as regent of the state . Upon his return , Theodore raised George further , naming him protosebastos and protovestiarios and instituting the new title of megas stratopedarches for him . Andronikos Mouzalon succeeded George as megas domestikos . It was an extremely high honour : the combined title " protosebastos and protovestiarios " was normally conferred only to close kinsmen of the emperor , while the offices of protovestiarios and megas domestikos had always until then been the preserve of aristocratic families .
The elevation of the Mouzalones was not only a mark of personal affection or favour , but also in line with Theodore 's policies , which aimed to curb the influence and independence of the powerful nobility . The appointment of low @-@ born " new men " to such high posts , and Theodore 's often harsh and arbitrary treatment of the nobles , aroused the ire of the traditional aristocracy , and especially the capable and ambitious Michael Palaiologos . The aristocrats ' hostility was further intensified when the emperor gave his low @-@ born favourites noble brides : George Mouzalon wedded Theodora Kantakouzene , a niece of Michael Palaiologos , and Andronikos married a daughter of the former protovestiarios Alexios Raoul . After Mouzalon 's murder , Theodora would marry the protovestiarios John Raoul Petraliphas ( in 1261 ) . A staunch opponent of her uncle 's unionist religious policies , she was exiled and became a nun . After Michael 's death , she restored the monastery of Saint Andrew in Krisei , to where she transferred the relics of Patriarch Arsenios Autoreianos , and was a prominent member of the capital 's literary circles .
= = = Appointment as regent and assassination = = =
Shortly before Theodore II died on 16 August 1258 , he left George Mouzalon as regent and guardian of his 8 @-@ year @-@ old son John IV . Patriarch Arsenios may have shared guardianship of John : although the later historians Nikephoros Gregoras and Makarios Melissenos say the Patriarch was so named , the contemporary historians Pachymeres and Acropolites name only Mouzalon . This appointment further enraged the aristocracy , and Mouzalon 's position became extremely precarious . Mouzalon was also unpopular with the clergy because he was associated with Theodore 's high @-@ handed treatment of the Church , and with the people , who feared that he would try to usurp the throne . Most importantly , however , he faced the hostility of the army , in particular the Latin mercenaries , who had apparently been denied the usual stipends and donatives . In addition , they probably resented Theodore 's intention to raise a " national " army composed solely of Byzantine Greeks , and Mouzalon is recorded by Pachymeres to have taken measures . Palaiologos , who as megas konostaulos held command over the Latins , was in a good position to exploit these grievances .
To prevent any action against his testament 's provisions for his son 's succession and the regency , Theodore on his deathbed demanded an oath to be taken by Senate , army , people and clergy , both those present at court and those absent elsewhere in the state . Immediately after his death , George Mouzalon , aware of his vulnerability and his complete lack of support , called an assembly of the leading nobles , officials , and military commanders . He offered to resign from his post in favour of any person that the assembly chose , but the dignitaries , led by Michael Palaiologos , dissuaded him and encouraged him to stay on and even accepted to take an oath of loyalty to him as well as to the young emperor . It was a sham , as a conspiracy by the leading aristocratic families was well under way to depose him , in which Palaiologos apparently played a covert but leading role .
Only a few days after the death of Theodore II ( the sources disagree on the exact date , although 25 August is the widely accepted date ) , a memorial service was held at the Monastery of Sosandra in Magnesia , founded by John III Vatatzes ( r . 1221 – 1254 ) and serving as his and Theodore 's burial place . The entire court attended , while the army was encamped on the plain below the monastery . As soon as George Mouzalon , his brothers and his retinue arrived , the service began . Outside the church , however , soldiers had assembled , many of them Latin mercenaries , and they began to clamour and demand to see the young emperor . John IV went outside and raised his hand to quiet them ; the soldiers , however , allegedly mistook this as a signal . Joined by a large mob , they stormed the church aiming to kill the Mouzalon brothers . They were warned of what was going on , but George only sent his secretary Theophylact to investigate . He was mistaken for Mouzalon and killed by the crowd . The mob , however , realized its error ( the secretary was wearing black shoes , while the protovestiarios wore green ones ) and entered the church , the soldiers with swords in hand .
As the people inside the church scattered , the Mouzalon brothers tried to hide : George hid under the altar , Andronikos behind a door , and Theodore in a corner by the emperor 's tomb . The mob , however , proceeded to search the church for them , and George was discovered by a Latin soldier named Karoulos ( " Charles " ) . Mouzalon was dragged from under the altar and , despite pleading to ransom his life , was executed . So great was the frenzy of the crowd that his corpse was repeatedly stabbed and hacked to pieces , so that the parts had to be gathered in a sack for burial afterwards . Andronikos and an unnamed brother @-@ in @-@ law too were slain , while Theodore 's fate is uncertain : some scholars believe he survived and is to be identified with Theodore Mouzalon , a chief minister to both Michael VIII and Andronikos II Palaiologos ( r . 1282 – 1328 ) . The Mouzalon family 's houses were then ransacked by the mob ; and when George Mouzalon 's wife fled to her uncle Michael Palaiologos and pleaded for her husband 's life , she was brusquely told to be quiet or she would share his fate . Palaiologos 's responsibility in the whole affair is further supported by the fact that none of the Mouzalones ' murderers were ever persecuted . Indeed , the mercenary Charles appears later as Palaiologos 's confidant .
Mouzalon 's death was followed by a purge of Theodore II 's other prominent " new men " , the protostrator John Angelos and the protovestiarites Karyanites : Angelos was recalled by Palaiologos but died ( or committed suicide ) on the way , while Karyanites was imprisoned . Among Theodore II 's protégés , only George Akropolites survived , apparently because he at the time was a prisoner in Epirus ; eventually , he reached high office under Michael Palaiologos . Michael Palaiologos in the meantime consolidated his position , being named regent with the rank of megas doux . Soon he took the title of despotes , and in early 1259 , he was crowned emperor . Ostensibly still the guardian and co @-@ emperor of John VI , after the recapture of Constantinople in 1261 he sidelined and imprisoned John , being crowned sole emperor at the Hagia Sophia and founding the Palaiologan dynasty , the last ruling house of Byzantium .
= = Treatment by historians = =
Of the contemporary sources , the history of Akropolites is the most negative towards the Mouzalon brothers , whom he calls " loathsome little men , worthless specimens of humanity " and " false of tongue , nimble of foot , peerless at beating the floor in dance " . Although otherwise reliable , Akropolites 's account on this issue is suspect : on the one hand , he evidently tries to disassociate himself from Theodore II 's " new men " , to whom he too originally belonged , while on the other he is generally strongly biased in favour of Michael Palaiologos , whom he tries to exculpate from the assassination . Other historians of the time paint a more favourable picture . The account of the near @-@ contemporary Theodore Skoutariotes , which otherwise generally follows Akropolites closely , notably fails to repeat the latter 's negative comments , and even records that it was the assembled nobles who persuaded the Mouzalones to stay in the church during the riot on the day of their murder . George Pachymeres too , whose treatment of Theodore Laskaris 's reign and the Laskarid emperors in general is far more favourable than Akropolites 's , considers the Mouzalones to have been promoted on merit , condemns their murder , and names Palaiologos as directly responsible . The later historian Nikephoros Gregoras likewise avoids negative comments , as do most modern historians .
= Forth Valley Royal Hospital =
Forth Valley Royal Hospital is a hospital located in Larbert , Scotland . With 860 inpatient beds , 25 wards , and 16 operating theatres , it was Scotland 's largest ever NHS construction project at the time but has been surpassed by the New Southern General hospital amongst others . Built at a cost of £ 300 million on the site of the old Royal Scottish National Hospital , it opened to its first patients in 2010 . It is operated by NHS Forth Valley .
The hospital is the first in Scotland to have a Forestry Commission ranger on site , whose job is to encourage the use of the 70 @-@ acre ( 28 ha ) grounds formerly belonging to the Larbert House estate . It has Scotland 's first fully robotic pharmacy , in which robots dispense and label medicines . The hospital also employs robots to carry out tasks such as removing waste , delivering food to wards , and cleaning operating theatres .
= = Background = =
The Forth Valley Royal Hospital was designed by Equion , a subsidiary of Laing O 'Rourke , and Keppie Designs in cooperation with builders Laing O 'Rourke . After a consultation process in 2003 , involving 5 @,@ 600 local residents , it was decided that a new acute hospital should be built to replace the ageing facilities at Stirling Royal Infirmary and Falkirk Royal Infirmary , which were to become community hospitals .
At the time of construction the hospital was Scotland 's largest ever NHS construction project , cost £ 300 million to build , most of which was provided by a private finance initiative arrangement ; it was built on the site of the old Royal Scottish National Hospital . Originally to be called Forth Valley Hospital , it was granted royal status by Queen Elizabeth II , becoming Forth Valley Royal Hospital . It was hoped the new hospital would be ready by 2009 , but medical services did not start to be transferred until August 2010 , when the first patients were admitted . The process was completed in June 2011 , and the queen officially opened the hospital on 6 July 2011 .
= = Facilities = =
Set in 70 acres ( 28 ha ) of woodland , the hospital has 860 inpatient beds spread over four floors , 25 wards and 16 operating theatres . The wards contain a mixture of single rooms or a maximum of four beds per ward section , and each bed has access to a personal television screen free of charge . The hospital contains the region 's only Accident and Emergency Department following the closure of the unit at Stirling Royal .
The hospital provides services for the 300 @,@ 000 residents of the Forth Valley area , stretching from Killin in the north to Bo 'ness in the south . Those services include :
For the use of staff , patients , and visitors the hospital has several catering establishments including Starbucks , a Marks & Spencer Simply Food shop and cafe , and a full restaurant open seven days a week .
The hospital 's design was criticised for not providing space for the storage of medical files . It was expected that all files would be stored electronically within five years . In the meantime , the paper medical files were transferred to the site of the old Falkirk Royal Infirmary . An old X @-@ ray department at the hospital was decontaminated and converted into a storage department at a cost of £ 40 @,@ 000 , and a taxi company was contracted to move the records between sites .
= = Radio Royal = =
Radio Royal is the hospital 's in house radio station . It operates 24 hours a day seven days a week , staffed by a team of around 27 volunteers . Founded in 1976 , it originally broadcast from the old Royal Scottish National Hospital in Larbert . It was latterly based at Falkirk Royal Infirmary , before returning to Larbert on the opening of Forth Valley Royal .
= = Grounds = =
The hospital is set in the grounds of the Old Larbert House estate , which until 2002 housed the Royal Scottish National Hospital , a state mental hospital . The 70 acres of land contain a loch , walled garden and woodland areas . The grounds were transformed into a " green oasis " for the use of those using the hospital and the local community with the help of a £ 101 @,@ 000 grant from the Forestry Commission Scotland . Forth Valley Royal is the first hospital in Scotland to have a Forestry Commission ranger on site . The ranger 's job is to encourage use of the green space and promote healthy lifestyles .
The hospital was fitted with large windows to give patients access to views of the surrounding countryside . On clear days the Forth Bridges and the Lomond and Ochil Hills can be seen .
Tunnels were discovered during the hospital 's construction , thought to have been built to allow wealthy guests staying at Larbert House , built in 1822 , to walk to the nearby loch unobserved .
= = Transport = =
The hospital is accessible by public transport via bus services operating from the main local towns . A shuttle bus used to but no longer runs every 20 minutes from Larbert railway station , ( it was free for passengers with a train ticket ) ; the station is thus now a 25 @-@ minute walk away from Larbert train station .
A large car park with 1 @,@ 500 spaces is provided , free with a maximum stay of four hours . Bicycle racks are provided for those cycling to the hospital .
= = Robotics = =
Forth Valley Royal was the first hospital in the UK to use a system of robotic porters . A fleet of 13 robotic vehicles operates within the hospital , supplied and maintained by services company Serco , part of its 30 @-@ year contract to provide cleaning , catering , portering and maintenance services . The robots have their own corridor system and lifts underneath the hospital , and navigate using guidance lasers . They can be called up to wards by staff using a portable computer , and are used for tasks such as removing waste , delivering food to wards , and cleaning operating theatres . To avoid any risk of cross @-@ contamination the fleet is divided into those robots performing " clean " tasks and those carrying out " dirty " tasks , each with their own network of corridors .
The hospital also has Scotland 's first fully robotic pharmacy , where robots dispense and label medicines . It is estimated that in reducing the number of errors and requiring less staff time the system , which cost £ 400 @,@ 000 to install , has cut the hospital 's drug bill by £ 700 @,@ 000 . Instead of completing prescription forms , staff on the wards order drugs via computer terminals .
= George Herriman =
George Joseph Herriman ( August 22 , 1880 – April 25 , 1944 ) was an American cartoonist best known for the comic strip Krazy Kat ( 1913 – 1944 ) . More influential than popular , Krazy Kat had an appreciative audience among those in the arts . Gilbert Seldes ' article " The Krazy Kat Who Walks by Himself " was the earliest example of a critic from the high arts giving serious attention to a comic strip . The Comics Journal placed the strip first on its list of the greatest comics of the 20th century . Herriman 's work has been a primary influence on cartoonists such as Will Eisner , Charles M. Schulz , Robert Crumb , Art Spiegelman , Bill Watterson , and Chris Ware .
Herriman was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , to mulatto Creole parents , and grew up in Los Angeles . After he graduated from high school in 1897 , he worked in the newspaper industry as an illustrator and engraver . He moved on to cartooning and comic strips — a medium then in its infancy — and drew a variety of strips until he introduced his most famous character , Krazy Kat , in his strip The Dingbat Family in 1910 . A Krazy Kat daily strip began in 1913 , and from 1916 the strip also appeared on Sundays . It was noted for its poetic , dialect @-@ heavy dialogue ; its fantastic , shifting backgrounds ; and its bold , experimental page layouts . In the strip 's main motif , Ignatz Mouse pelted Krazy with bricks , which the naïve , androgynous Kat interpreted as symbols of love . As the strip progressed , a love triangle developed between Krazy , Ignatz , and Offisa Pupp .
Herriman lived most of his life in Los Angeles , but made frequent trips to the Navajo deserts in the southwestern U.S. He was drawn to the landscapes of Monument Valley and the Enchanted Mesa , and made Coconino County the location of his Krazy Kat strips . His artwork made much use of Navajo and Mexican themes and motifs against shifting desert backgrounds . He was a prolific cartoonist who produced a large number of strips and illustrated Don Marquis 's books of poetry about Archy and Mehitabel , an alley cat and a cockroach . Newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst was a proponent of Herriman and gave him a lifetime contract with King Features Syndicate , which guaranteed Herriman a comfortable living and an outlet for his work despite its lack of popularity .
= = Personal history = =
= = = Early life = = =
George Joseph Herriman was born at 348 Villere Street in New Orleans on August 22 , 1880 . He came from a line of French @-@ speaking Louisiana Creole mulattoes who were considered free people of color , and were reportedly active in the early abolitionist movement . His paternal grandfather , George Herriman Sr. , owned a tailor shop on Royal Street in New Orleans . His maternal grandmother was born in Havana , Cuba . His parents were George Herriman , Jr . , born in New Orleans , and Clara Morel Herriman , born in Iberville . The family attended the St. Augustine Catholic Church in New Orleans ' Tremé neighborhood .
When he was ten , Herriman and his family moved to Los Angeles , where he grew up south of downtown near Main Street and Washington Boulevard . His father worked there as a tailor and , for a time , as a baker . Herriman attended the Catholic boys ' school St. Vincent 's Academy . He worked as a barber and later as a baker with his father while in school , though he pined for the opportunity to make art . Soon after graduating in 1897 , he sold a sketch of the Hotel Petrolia in Santa Paula to the Los Angeles Herald . This landed him a $ 2 @-@ per @-@ week job there as an assistant in the engraving department , where he occasionally did drawings for advertisements and political cartoons .
= = = Early career in New York ( 1900 – 1904 ) = = =
When he was 20 , Herriman sneaked aboard a freight train bound for New York City , hoping his chances as an artist would be better there . He was unsuccessful at first , and survived by working as a barker and billboard painter at Coney Island , until one of the leading humor magazines of the day , Judge , accepted some of his cartoons . Between June 15 and October 26 , 1901 , eleven of his cartoons appeared in that magazine 's pages , in the heavily crosshatched style of the day . He often used sequential images in his cartoons , as in the emerging comic strip medium . On September 29 that year , his first real comic strips were published , one in the Pulitzer chain of newspapers on a non @-@ contractual , one @-@ shot basis and another on a continuing basis in the Philadelphia North American Syndicate 's first comic strip supplement . His first color comic strips appeared in the T. C. McClure Syndicate beginning October 20 .
His success with these syndicated strips convinced Herriman to give up on magazine submissions . For the Pulitzer papers on February 16 , 1902 , he began his first strip that had a continuing character , Musical Mose . The strip featured an African @-@ American musician who impersonated other ethnicities , only to suffer the consequences when discovered by his audience . Professor Otto and his Auto , about a terrifyingly dangerous driver , followed in March , and Acrobatic Archie , a " kid strip " with a child protagonist , first appeared in April . With his future as a cartoonist seemingly assured , Herriman traveled back to Los Angeles to marry his childhood sweetheart and returned with her to New York .
In the November 1902 issue of the literary magazine The Bookman Herriman wrote of his profession self @-@ deprecatingly , while poet La Touche Hancock , in an article in that issue titled " The American Comic and Caricature Art " , wrote , " Art and poetry is the characteristic of George Herriman . Were his drawings not so well known one would think he had mistaken his vocation . " Herriman 's work was increasing in popularity , and he occasionally had front @-@ page , full @-@ color strips for the Pulitzer supplements , such as Two Jolly Jackies about two unemployed sailors , which began in January 1903 . He began drawing the cowboy strip Lariat Pete in September for the McClure syndicate after Two Jolly Jackies was ended .
In June , Herriman was employed by the New York World . There , he illustrated Roy McCardell 's commentaries on local events , beginning June 28 and running to the year 's end . Herriman still produced syndicate work , such as Major Ozone 's Fresh Air Crusade for the World Color Printing Company beginning January 2 , 1904 . Another of Herriman 's obsessive characters , the Major traveled the world in an unsuccessful search for the purest air and spouted poetic dialogue . Major Ozone was so popular that it soon was given the supplement 's front page . The same month , Herriman moved from the World to the New York Daily News , where he was given a larger quantity and variety of work , including cartoon reporting on sports and politics . In February and March , he had a short @-@ lived continuing character comic strip about domestic life called Home Sweet Home . That spring , he began illustrating a series of articles written by Walter Murphy called Bubblespikers .
Rudolph Block hired Herriman for the Hearst papers with " a salary commensurate with his talents " , starting April 22 at the New York American , which ran no daily comic strips at the time . Herriman drew sports cartoons in an office alongside Frederick Burr Opper , James Swinnerton , and Tad Dorgan , who was popularly known as " Tad " and was considered a star at another Hearst paper , the New York Evening Journal . Tad and Herriman were often assigned to cover the same sporting events and became close friends . In 1924 , Tad called Herriman " one of the best sporting artists in the world " and regretted that Herriman no longer did that kind of work . Herriman continued with Hearst until June 1905 when he left the paper , possibly because of the new sports editor 's unsympathetic attitude to cartoonists . He returned to Los Angeles in the latter half of 1905 .
= = = Return to California ( 1906 – 1910 ) = = =
In California , Herriman continued to mail in work to the World Color Printing Company . He revived Major Ozone and produced Grandma 's Girl — Likewise Bud Smith , which he combined from two earlier strips , and a two @-@ tiered children 's strip , Rosy Posy — Mama 's Girl . He began to work with the Los Angeles Times on January 8 , 1906 , before returning to Hearst that summer . Accompanying a front @-@ page illustration in Hearst 's Los Angeles Examiner , Herriman was announced as " the Examiner 's cartoonist " on August 21 . His artwork began to appear on nearly every page , resulting in greatly increased sales for the newspaper . In October , he stopped working for World Color .
Following the success of Bud Fisher 's daily strip A. Mutt , which debuted in late 1907 , Herriman began a similarly sports @-@ themed daily strip that December called Mr. Proones the Plumber . The strip was not as successful as Fisher 's , and it ceased to appear after December 26 . His next comic strip , Baron Mooch , starring the titular freeloader , debuted in the Examiner on October 12 , 1909 . Herriman began two more strips in November 1909 with the World Color Printing Company — Alexander the Cat and Daniel and Pansy , which both appeared in color . Daniel and Pansy was Herriman 's first strip to feature an all @-@ animal cast . This was followed in the Examiner on December 20 by the short @-@ lived Mary 's Home from College , a precursor to the " girl strips " such as Cliff Sterrett 's Polly and Her Pals and John Held Jr . ' s Merely Margie , and on December 23 by Gooseberry Sprig , about an aristocratic , cigar @-@ smoking duck who had previously and popularly appeared in Herriman 's sports cartoons . The bird @-@ populated fantasy was a precursor to Krazy Kat , and many of its characters reappeared in the later strip .
= = = New York again , and Krazy Kat ( 1910 – 1922 ) = = =
In 1910 , the sports editor of the New York Evening Journal called Herriman back to New York to cover for Tad Dorgan who was in San Francisco covering the " Fight of the Century " between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries . Six days after arriving in New York , Herriman began The Dingbat Family , starring E. Pluribus Dingbat and his family . Herriman used typed lettering on the strip on July 26 , 1910 , but quickly went back to hand @-@ lettering . On August 10 , 1910 , Herriman retitled the strip The Family Upstairs , " making it perhaps the first comic strip in which the title characters never appeared . " The original title return after the strip of November 15 , 1911 , when the Dingbats ' building was demolished to make room for a department store and they and their upstairs nemeses parted paths .
Critics do not regard the strip highly , but it provided the vehicle for a fruitful situation : in the July 26 episode , a mouse threw a brick at the family cat — called " Kat " — which hit the cat on the head . The antics of this mouse and " Kat " continued to appear in the bottom portion of The Dingbat Family . Herriman said he did this " to fill up the waste space " . About a month after its first appearance , the " Kat " crept up on the sleeping mouse and kissed it loudly . The mouse awoke saying , " I dreamed an angel kissed me " , while the " Kat " crept away and said , " Sweet thing " .
The gender of " Kat " was unclear from the start . Herriman experimented with a decision about the character 's gender , but it remained ambiguous and he would refer to " Kat " as " he " or " she " as he saw fit . Herriman incorporated unusual details into the mini @-@ strip 's backgrounds — cacti , pagodas , fanciful vegetation , or anything else that struck his fancy ; this became a signature of the later Krazy Kat strip . The cast grew and soon included the mainstay character Bull Pupp and characters from the Gooseberry Sprigg strip . The strip 's characters , relations and situations grew organically during its lifetime , encouraged by Herriman 's colleagues .
The cat @-@ and @-@ mouse substrip was gaining in popularity ; instead of filling up space in the bottom of The Dingbat Family 's panels , it began to occupy a tier of panels of its own . In July 1912 , while Herriman had the Dingbats on vacation , Krazy Kat and Ignatz Mouse took over the strip , which was retitled Krazy Kat and I. Mouse for the duration . On October 28 , 1913 , Krazy Kat debuted as an independent strip on the daily comics page .
During the first few years of publication , Krazy Kat 's humor changed from slapstick to a more vaudevillian kind . The shifting backgrounds became increasingly bizarre , presaging things to come . The strip expanded to a full @-@ page black @-@ and @-@ white Sunday strip on April 23 , 1916 . Herriman made full use of his imagination and used the whole page in the strip 's layout . The strips were unlike anything else on the comics page ; spontaneous , formally daring , yet impeccably composed .
Herriman visited Monument Valley in Arizona and similar places in New Mexico and southern Utah , and incorporated the distinct forms of the desert landscape into his strips . The Enchanted Mesa of New Mexico first appeared in Krazy Kat in the summer of 1916 . Herriman may have visited after reading an article by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913 , but he may have gone earlier — the desert Coconino County , Arizona , that became the backdrop to Krazy Kat was first mentioned in a 1911 Dingbat Family strip , though the real Coconino County was located further southwest than Herriman 's fanciful version .
The Dingbat Family finished in 1916 and was replaced by Baron Bean 's debut the next day . The strip 's title character , The Baron , was an impoverished English nobleman , a tramp inspired by Charles Dickens and Charlie Chaplin . He and his valet Grimes would plot ways to get by . Herriman later introduced the main characters ' wives , and after a run as a domestic strip , with occasional appearances of characters from Krazy Kat 's world , it ended in January 1919 . It was replaced the next day by Now Listen Mabel , which was about a young man courting a young woman ; he would be caught in a compromising situation , which he would try to explain away with " Now listen Mabel ... " The strip lasted until that December .
Krazy Kat gained an appreciative audience in the world of the arts . The character debuted in film in 1916 . The first animated films starring a cat were produced by Hearst 's International Film Service , though without Herriman 's direct involvement . In 1922 , Adolph Bolm choreographed a jazz @-@ pantomime Krazy Kat ballet written by John Alden Carpenter . It was first performed in New York in 1922 by Ballet Intime , and Herriman illustrated the libretto and designed the costumes and scenario . While it was not a great success , the critics Deems Taylor , Stark Young and Henrietta Straus wrote favorably about it . The strip itself was the subject of an article by literary critic Gilbert Seldes called " Golla , Golla the Comic Strip 's Art " , which appeared in the May 1922 issue of Vanity Fair . Seldes expanded this article as part of his book on the popular arts , The Seven Lively Arts ( 1924 ) , in which Seldes argued against conservative tendencies that excluded artists in the popular arts , such as Herriman and Chaplin , from being considered alongside traditional artists . Krazy Kat was the subject of a chapter entitled " The Krazy Kat That Walks by Himself " , which is the most famous piece of writing about the strip and the earliest example of a critic from the world of high art giving legitimacy to the comic strip medium . Vanity Fair inducted Herriman into its Hall of Fame in the April 1923 issue .
= = = California again , later career and death ( 1922 – 1944 ) = = =
Hearst , an admirer of Krazy Kat , had given Herriman a lifetime contract with his company King Features Syndicate , which gave Herriman the security to live anywhere he wanted . In 1922 , he moved back to Hollywood , into a two @-@ story Spanish @-@ style home at 1617 North Sierra Bonita , from where he made frequent visits to the Arizona desert . Herriman developed ties with members of the film industry ; he knew Hal Roach Studio members Tom McNamara and " Beanie " Walker from their newspaper days . Walker , Herriman 's best friend , was the head writer on the Our Gang shorts . In the early 1920s , Herriman occasionally drew his strips at the Roach Studio . He met celebrities , including Will Rogers and Frank Capra , and presented them with hand @-@ colored drawings . He loved Charlie Chaplin 's films , and reviewed The Gold Rush in the magazine Motion Picture Classics in October 1925 .
Autumn 1922 saw the first daily installment of Stumble Inn , the first non @-@ Krazy Kat strip Herriman had drawn since 1919 . A verbose strip whose Sundays were often overrun with prose , its lead characters were Uriah and Ida Stumble , who rented rooms to an assortment of strange characters . The daily strip was short @-@ lived , but the Sundays edition lasted three years .
From August 1925 until September 1929 , King Features required that Herriman design the Krazy Kat Sundays so that they could be run either as a full Sunday page or as two four @-@ panel dailies . Herriman lamented intrusion on his page designs , and the artwork of the period took on a rushed look . He was made to focus on the strip 's characterization , and during this period , the Krazy — Ignatz — Offisa Pupp love triangle for which the strip is remembered became fully developed . Pupp pined for Krazy , Krazy loved Ignatz , and Ignatz hated Krazy and pelted the annoying " Kat " with a brick , and Pupp imprisoned Ignatz .
Throughout the late 1920s , Herriman made frequent trips to Kayenta , Arizona , in Navajo country about 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Monument Valley . He also made winter trips to Mexico . The desert , Navajo artwork , and Mexican pottery and architecture became more prominent in Herriman 's strips , and he sometimes used Spanish vocabulary in the dialogue . Herriman did little work on these excursions , and it is likely that he drew his strips in hurried bursts when in Hollywood .
Stumble Inn finished in late 1925 , and it was replaced with the domestic strip Us Husbands ( with Mistakes Will Happen as a " topper " strip ) , which ran until the end of that year . In 1928 , Herriman took over the strip Embarrassing Moments , which had begun in 1922 and had been drawn by several cartoonists . The strip eventually became Bernie Burns , in which embarrassing moments would happen to the title character . The strip appeared in few papers , and after it ended in 1932 , Herriman worked only on Krazy Kat , although he provided illustrations for Don Marquis ' popular Archy and Mehitabel , a series of books of poetry about a cat and a cockroach .
In 1930 , Herriman sold his first Hollywood home to a friend and moved his family to 2217 Maravilla Drive , a Spanish @-@ style mansion atop a hill . It was adorned with paintings of Southwest and Native themes , and had a Mexican @-@ style garden paved with flagstones and decorated with painted pots and tropical plants . Herriman later bought the lot across the street and turned it into a public park .
The 1930s were a period of tragedy for Herriman . On September 29 , 1931 , his wife Mabel died after an automobile accident , and in 1939 , his youngest daughter Bobbie died unexpectedly at 30 . After his wife 's death , Herriman never remarried and lived in Los Angeles with his cats and dogs . He developed a close relationship with cartoonist James Swinnerton 's first wife Louise , with whom he frequently exchanged letters . Herriman underwent a kidney operation in spring 1938 , and during his ten @-@ week convalescence King Features reran old Krazy Kat strips .
Krazy Kat 's popularity fell considerably over the years , and by the 1930s it was running in only thirty @-@ five newspapers , while its contemporaries such as Bringing Up Father were reportedly running in up to a thousand . Herriman realized his $ 750 @-@ per @-@ week salary from Hearst 's King Features Syndicate was far more than the revenue the strip could be generating , but Hearst refused Herriman 's offer to take a pay cut . Hearst let it be known that Herriman was to continue the strip as long as he liked . From 1935 , Krazy Kat appeared in color , of which Herriman made bold use . He reduced the amount of hatchwork and used larger , more open panels .
Herriman died in his sleep in his home near Hollywood on April 25 , 1944 , after a long illness . An incompletely inked penciling of a week 's worth of daily strips was found on his drawing board . On his death certificate , the cause of death was listed as " non @-@ alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver " , and despite his mixed @-@ race heritage , he was listed as " caucasian " . The New York Journal @-@ American ran a front @-@ page obituary . His funeral at Little Church of Flowers at Forest Lawn Memorial Park was attended by few . Cartoonist Harry Hershfield spoke at the funeral , saying , " If ever there was a saint on earth , it was George Herriman " . According to his request , his body was cremated and his remains were scattered over Monument Valley .
On June 25 , 1944 , two months after Herriman 's death , the last of his completed Krazy Kat strips , a full @-@ page Sunday , was printed . At the time , Hearst usually engaged new cartoonists when the artists of popular strips quit or died , but he made an exception for Herriman , as he felt that no one could take his place .
= = Personal life = =
Herriman was described as self @-@ deprecatingly modest , and he disliked being photographed . The New York Journal @-@ American 's obituary described him as a devoted husband and father , of slight build , mild @-@ mannered and an anonymous contributor to charities . He was generous to his friends , and sold his first Hollywood house , which he had bought for $ 50 @,@ 000 , to a friend for $ 40 @,@ 000 . Though a private person , he was said to be an entertaining host to his friends . He would sometimes stay silent during social occasions and would often leave the room to wash dishes , which he said he enjoyed as it gave him the opportunity to think . His favorite game was poker , which he particularly enjoyed playing with his fellow cartoonists .
Herriman had a great love of animals , and had a large number of dogs and cats ; he had five dogs and thirteen cats in 1934 . He usually kept to a vegetarian diet , except when it made him feel too weak , and he refused to ride horses . He so admired Henry Ford 's pacifist stance that he would only buy Ford automobiles . He purchased a new model annually .
Herriman married his childhood sweetheart Mabel Lillian Bridge in Los Angeles on July 7 , 1902 . They had two daughters : Mabel ( May 10 , 1903 – November 13 , 1962 ) ; nicknamed " Toodles " , later " Toots " ) and Barbara ( 1909 – 1939 ; nicknamed " Bobbie " ) , who had epilepsy . His only grandchild Dinah ( nicknamed " Dee " ) was born to Bobbie and her husband , author @-@ scriptwriter Ernest Pascal .
= = Race and identity = =
Herriman was born to mixed @-@ race parents , and his birth certificate lists Herriman as " colored " . In the post- Plessy v. Ferguson U.S. , in which " separate but equal " racial segregation was enshrined , people of mixed race had to choose to identify themselves as either black or white . Herriman seems to have identified himself as white . According to comics academic Jeet Heer , his early work is " replete with black caricatures " , such as Musical Mose , in which the lead character , an African @-@ American musician , wishes his " color would fade " . Racial ambivalence crept into Krazy Kat , such as on two occasions where Krazy 's black fur was dyed white . Ignatz falls in love with the whitened Krazy , only to return to hatred and brick @-@ throwing when the truth is revealed . Similarly , in an oft @-@ repeated joke , Ignatz would accidentally become covered with coal dust and would be spurned by the normally love @-@ struck Krazy . In one such episode , a brick thrown by the blackened Ignatz hits Krazy , who declares , " A lil Eetiopium Mice , black like a month from midnights . Fuwi ! " Once Ignatz reverts to his white self , Krazy loves him again .
Herriman 's ethnic heritage was unknown to his colleagues . Fellow cartoonist Tad Dorgan nicknamed him " the Greek " , a label which stuck and was taken up by his biographers and the press , who called him the son of a Greek baker . At other times , he was identified as French , Irish , and Turkish . He told a friend that he was Creole , and speculated that he may have " Negro blood " in him , as he had " kinky hair " . The friend said that Herriman wore a hat to hide his hair , which may have been an attempt to pass as white . Herriman said that he dreamed of being reborn a Navajo . On his death certificate , he was listed as " Caucasian " , and his daughter Mabel had his father 's birthplace listed as Paris and his mother 's as Alsace @-@ Lorraine .
Sociologist Arthur Asa Berger made Herriman 's mixed @-@ race heritage known in 1971 . While researching for Herriman 's entry for the Dictionary of American Biography , Berger discovered the cartoonist 's race was listed as " colored " on his birth certificate obtained from the New Orleans Board of Health . The 1880 census for New Orleans listed his parents as " mulatto " . On reading this , African @-@ American poet Ishmael Reed dedicated his 1972 novel Mumbo Jumbo to " George Herriman , Afro @-@ American , who created Krazy Kat " . Herriman came to be identified as Black or Creole in comics literature , including his first book @-@ length biography , Krazy Kat : The Comic Art of George Herriman ( 1986 ) , while the " Greek " label stuck with some biographers , and was used by Bill Blackbeard in his introductions to the Krazy and Ignatz volumes in the early 2000s . Later research at the New Orleans Public Library by writer Brian Nelson showed that Herriman 's maternal grandmother was born in Havana , Cuba , that all his relatives were listed as " mulatto " on the 1890 census , and that Herriman may also have had Spanish or Native American ancestry .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Krazy Kat was popular with intellectuals , artists and critics , and in the 1920s Herriman 's modernist touches received praise . In 1921 , composer John Alden Carpenter , who had long been an admirer of Herriman 's work , approached him to collaborate on a Krazy Kat ballet . President Woodrow Wilson refused to miss any installment of Krazy Kat , and would take it into cabinet meetings .
Writer E. B. White praised Herriman 's illustrations for Archy and Mehitabel . Cartoonist Edward Sorel wrote that Krazy Kat 's lack of popularity later in its run was largely due to Hearst 's editorial policies , in that the " lowbrow " readership at whom he aimed his papers was unlikely to appreciate Herriman 's style of work , though Hearst personally championed the strip . Following Herriman 's death , the strip was discontinued , unlike most popular strips which were continued by other cartoonists after their creators ' deaths . His stature was such that decades after his death , his work was displayed in art galleries .
Critics found Herriman 's work difficult to classify and contextualize ; Seldes , E. E. Cummings , and writers Adam Gopnik and Robert Warshow were among critics who tempered their enthusiasm for the strip with qualifications about its perceived naïveté and its " lowbrow " origins on the comic strip page .
The strip has had a lasting influence on a large number of cartoonists . Mutts creator Patrick McDonnell calls Krazy Kat one of his foremost influences , and is co @-@ author of Krazy Kat : The Comic Art of George Herriman ( 1986 ) . Will Eisner discovered Herriman 's comics when he was selling newspapers in the 1930s and called Krazy Kat " the big strong influence " on his own work . Art Spiegelman called Herriman one of his " conscious influences " . Herriman 's widespread influence on American underground comix , particularly his shape @-@ shifting , psychedelic backgrounds , lack of respect for convention and his irreverence , is evident in the work of Robert Crumb , Denis Kitchen , and Bobby London . Journalist Paul Krassner called Crumb " the illegitimate offspring of Krazy Kat " . Cartoonist Chris Ware was so taken with Herriman 's work he made a pilgrimage to Monument Valley to see the desert landscapes that inspired much of Herriman 's art .
Krazy Kat was a primary influence on other cartoonists such as Charles M. Schulz of Peanuts , Bill Watterson of Calvin and Hobbes , and the Italian Massimo Mattioli . Walt Kelly paid homage to Herriman in some of his Pogo strips . Dr. Seuss expressed fondness for Krazy Kat , and children 's literature scholar Philip Nel has detected Herriman 's influence in Seuss 's works , especially in his zig @-@ zagging , Coconino County @-@ like backgrounds . Multimedia artist Öyvind Fahlström appropriated Krazy Kat in a series of works from 1963 to 1965 . Jay Cantor published a postmodern novel in 1987 called Krazy Kat : A Novel in Five Panels , in which the retired Krazy and Ignatz contemplate a comeback in a post @-@ atomic world .
Since 1997 , the Small Press Expo has held the annual Ignatz Awards in honor of Herriman 's mouse from Krazy Kat . It recognizes talent in independent comics publishing . Krazy Kat was ranked first on The Comics Journal 's list of the greatest comics of the twentieth century . The Society of Illustrators inducted Herriman into its Hall of Fame in 2013 .
= = Work = =
= = = Style = = =
Within the seeming strictures of the strip — the recurring characters , the Krazy – Ignatz – Offisa Pupp love triangle — Herriman improvised freely with the story , the shifting backgrounds , and the sex of the Krazy Kat 's title character . Among the multicultural influences Herriman mixed in his work were those of the Navajo and Mexican . He made creative use of language with a poetical sense , employing multilingual puns in a fanciful mix of dialects from different ethnic backgrounds . Herriman used metafictional techniques associated with postmodernism ; his characters were self @-@ aware , he frequently drew attention to himself and his drawings as drawings in his strips , and he emphasized the subjectivity of language and experience .
Herriman drew with what cartoonist Edward Sorel called a " liberated , spontaneous @-@ looking style ... a cartoon counterpart of expressionism " . It was organic , and his pen strokes had a dynamic , thick @-@ and @-@ thin range which Sorel describes as instantly recognizable and difficult to imitate . The Krazy Kat Sunday pages showed Herriman experimenting most freely — each had a unique panel layout and logo , and the jumbled panels could be circles , irregular shapes , or borderless . In his last few years , Herriman 's arthritis led to an ever @-@ scratchier style of art ; he used a knife to scratch out whites from inked surfaces , giving the artwork the look of a woodcut .
= = = Collections = = =
Krazy Kat has been collected in a variety of formats over the years , though Herriman 's other strips have been less frequently reprinted . George Herriman 's Krazy Kat ( 1946 ) was the first Krazy Kat collection ; it featured an introduction by poet E. E. Cummings . Comics historian Bill Blackbeard began compiling a complete collection of Krazy Kat Sundays beginning in 1988 , but the publisher Eclipse Comics went bankrupt in 1992 , before the series was complete . Blackbeard 's thirteen @-@ volume Krazy and Ignatz series was published by Fantagraphics Books beginning in 2002 , and was designed by Chris Ware . In 2010 , Sunday Press Books released Krazy Kat : A Celebration of Sundays , which reprinted a selection of Krazy Kat Sundays and some of Herriman 's pre @-@ Krazy Kat work in a 14 @-@ by @-@ 17 @-@ inch ( 36 cm × 43 cm ) format , which approximated the original printed size of the strips . In 2012 , IDW began issuing a three @-@ volume Baron Bean reprinting , and Fantagraphics will release George Herriman 's Stumble Inn . Fantagraphics has also announced plans to collect the complete Krazy Kat dailies at an unspecified time .
= = = List of comic strips = = =
= = = = Books = = = =
= = = = Journals and magazines = = = =
= = = = Newspapers = = = =
= = = = Web = = = =
= Running with Scissors ( " Weird Al " Yankovic album ) =
Running with Scissors is the tenth studio album by " Weird Al " Yankovic , released on June 29 , 1999 . It was the fourth studio album self @-@ produced by Yankovic . It was the first of four albums to be released by Volcano Records . The musical styles on the album are built around parodies and pastiches of pop and rock music of the late @-@ 1990s , largely targeting alternative rock and hip @-@ hop . The album 's lead single , " The Saga Begins " , however , was a parody of the 1971 single " American Pie " by Don McLean , and it recounts the plot of the film Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace , which was released around the same time . None of the album 's singles charted domestically , although " Pretty Fly for a Rabbi " charted at number 67 in Australia .
The album featured five parodies . Aside from the aforementioned " The Saga Begins " and " Pretty Fly for a Rabbi " , the album also contains lampoons of " One Week " by Barenaked Ladies , " It 's All About the Benjamins " by Puff Daddy , and " Zoot Suit Riot " by Cherry Poppin ' Daddies . The other half of the album is original material , featuring many " style parodies , " or musical imitations of existing artists . These style parodies include imitations of specific artists like Nine Inch Nails and The Rugburns , as well as imitations of different musical genres like zydeco , third @-@ wave ska , and truck @-@ driving country .
Running with Scissors was met with mostly positive reviews , with many critics praising " The Saga Begins " ; some , however , felt that the album was rushed . The album peaked at number 16 on the Billboard 200 . " The Saga Begins " went on to become one of Yankovic 's best @-@ known singles , although it never charted on the Billboard Hot 100 . Running with Scissors was Yankovic 's seventh Gold record in the United States , and went on to be certified Platinum for sales of over one million copies in the US . The album also was certified Gold in both Australia and Canada .
= = Production = =
= = = Recording = = =
In June 1997 , Yankovic entered the studio to begin the first of the Running with Scissors sessions , which Yankovic produced himself . Recording with Yankovic were Jon " Bermuda " Schwartz on drums , Steve Jay on bass , and Jim West on guitar . The album was recorded in six sessions . The first session started on June 29 , 1997 , in which Yankovic recorded the theme song to his television show , The Weird Al Show . The second session , which occurred on October 7 , 1998 , produced the original song " Germs " , and eight days later , on October 15 , Yankovic started the third session and recorded three more originals , " Albuquerque " , " My Baby 's in Love with Eddie Vedder " , and " Truck Driving Song " . The next day , the fourth session resulted in the song " Your Horoscope For Today " . On April 19 of the following year , Yankovic recorded four parodies during the fifth session , " Pretty Fly for a Rabbi " , " Jerry Springer " , " It 's All About the Pentiums " , and " Grapefruit Diet " . The album 's sixth and final session occurred on April 20 , and resulted in " The Saga Begins " , and the album 's polka medley , " Polka Power ! "
= = = Originals = = =
The album includes " The Weird Al Show Theme " , which is the theme song to Yankovic 's short @-@ lived television series . " Germs " , a style parody of industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails that tells of the narrator 's germophobia . " Your Horoscope for Today " , is a style parody of third wave ska , features Reel Big Fish members Tavis Werts on trumpet and Dan Regan on trombone , and has lyrics about ridiculous horoscopes . Yankovic attributes the lyrics ' inspiration to the satirical newspaper The Onion . After Ophiuchus was touted by some papers as the " 13th zodiac sign " , Yankovic released new lyrics on his Twitter for the sign .
" Albuquerque " , an eleven @-@ minute " hard @-@ driving rock narrative " , is a style parody of The Rugburns , and tells the fictional life of Yankovic and his various adventures in the town of Albuquerque , New Mexico . Yankovic originally wrote the song to " annoy people for 12 minutes " . He felt that it would be an " odyssey " for fans to successfully sit through it , and so it was placed at the end of the album . Instead , to Yankovic 's surprise , the song has become a fan favorite . " My Baby 's in Love with Eddie Vedder " is a style parody of zydeco about a man 's frustration that his girlfriend is obsessed with Eddie Vedder , the lead singer for the grunge band Pearl Jam . Musically , the song is in the style of zydeco . " Truck Driving Song " , a detailed account of a truck @-@ driver working , while at the same time worrying about their clothing and
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
up to the minute , [ Yankovic ] forgot to make [ ' The Saga Begins ' ] funny . " He wrote that the album " features recycled ideas ( fat jokes , alt @-@ rock hits redone as polkas ) , tunes that sound better than they play ( ' Pretty Fly for a Rabbi ' ) and weirdness for its own sake ( the 11 @-@ minute ' Albuquerque ' ) . "
= = = Commercial performance = = =
Running with Scissors was released on June 29 , 1999 . The album entered the Billboard 200 chart at number 35 on July 17 , and went up to its peak position of 16 the following week . The album also charted on the Top Internet Albums , a first for Yankovic , entering at number 7 , and eventually peaking at number 3 . The album was consecutively certified both Gold and Platinum by Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
= = Track listing = =
The following is adapted from the album liner notes .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Singles = = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
= Thinkin Bout You =
" Thinkin Bout You " is a song by American singer Frank Ocean , released as the lead single from his debut studio album Channel Orange ( 2012 ) . The song was written by Ocean and produced by Shea Taylor . Originally to be featured on Bridget Kelly 's debut album , Ocean released his original version of the track for free on his tumblr in 2011 . In May 2012 , the song was officially sent to radio and released on iTunes as a single by Ocean . Kelly would later release her own version of the track entitled " Thinking Bout Forever " .
Lyrically , the track is about a relationship just out of his reach and the turmoil that ensues . The track also explores feelings of regret and heartbreak . The song received highly positive reviews from music critics , who praised the atmospheric production , Ocean 's falsetto and writing ability . Some critics noted the possible bisexual undertones featured on the track .
In September 2012 , the song peaked at position 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 , 94 on the UK Singles Chart , and 13 on the Heatseekers Songs chart . In 2011 , the song received a music video directed by visual art group High5Collective released on September 15 . Ocean appears in the violent clip revolving around an inter @-@ dimensional love story and zombies . Ocean performed the track during his seven @-@ show tour through North America and Europe in November 2011 , at the April 2012 Coachella Musical Festival , and his supporting tour for Channel Orange . " Thinkin Bout You " has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold more than one million units in the United States . The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2013 for Record of the Year .
= = Background = =
In early 2011 , Roc Nation recording artist Bridget Kelly and her production team had approached Ocean to write a song for her debut studio album . The song in question eventually became " Thinking About You " , which Kelly commented ; “ it ’ s sort of a vulnerable track and I wanted everyone to feel me on it . ” On July 28 , 2011 , Ocean leaked his demo version of the song onto his tumblr account , with the title stylized as " Thinking Bout You " . The song was then promptly taken down by Ocean . Kelly , who had already performed an acoustic version of the song , retitled her version " Thinking About Forever " following the release of Ocean 's version . Kelly 's version found its way onto her debut EP Every Girl ( 2011 ) . Kelly was ultimately fine with Ocean 's decision , however she noted that she didn 't like how most people thought Ocean 's version was the original , and how people assumed her version was a cover version . About the confusion of the track , Kelly stated
Now that push has come to shove , we 're going to let the song have a life of its own . I think it 's an amazing , well @-@ written record . Frank Ocean is incredibly talented , I will never say anything against that . But at the same time , you know , he 's going to do what he wants to do , he 's an artist as well .
Ocean later stated why he chose to release his own version of the song , stating that it was still extremely personal to him . On March 8 , 2012 , a re @-@ mastered version of the song premiered on IHeartRadio , intended to be the lead single from Ocean 's debut album . At a listening party in June 2012 , it was confirmed that the track would appear on Ocean 's Channel Orange , which was released on July 17 , 2012 . The version of the track eventually featured on the album was remodified for a second time , this time to include additional strings and further remastered production . It was released as a digital download on April 17 , 2012 . The song was subsequently released to mainstream radio in the United States on January 29 , 2013 .
= = Composition = =
" Thinkin Bout You " is an R & B song with an atmospheric beat . The track is a tender ballad that " retains Ocean 's signature mellow , minimalist vibe , " reinforced with shimmering synths and silky production . Ocean croons smoothly on the song , while employing a falsetto vocal range in certain sections . MTV columnist Jenna Hally Rubenstein likens Ocean 's singing on " Thinkin Bout You " to Robin Thicke , Justin Timberlake , and Maxwell . The version of the song featured on Channel Orange features an additional string section , opening the track with a swell of strings .
Lyrically , " it 's a melancholy record discussing the torturous pain that comes with thinking about someone all the time , even if they may not reciprocate the sentiment . " The track , being originally written for a woman , can be viewed as unisex composition . Following Ocean 's revelation that he has been attracted to people of the same sex , some critics noted that lines such as " my eyes don 't shed tears , but boy they pour when I 'm thinkin bout you " had another additional message , expressing his own thoughts on love . The song has been called a forbidden love track , expressing Ocean 's turmoil about his own hidden sexuality . The refrain " boy " was originally viewed synonym for “ wow ” , though " new urgency " was pumped into the track , adding extra pathos . Ocean reminisces about his " first time " , with an ex @-@ lover who is addressed as " boy " during the song . The track is an apology to an unnamed lover . Lines like " a tornado flew around my room before you came , " serves as a confession , and " excuse the mess it made , it usually doesn 't rain in Southern California " outlines Ocean 's own grief about the situation , admitting the situation got out of control .
About Ocean 's writing , Pitchfork Media 's Jordan Sargent stated that the " strength of his songwriting is his ability to make the unfamiliar feel intensely personal , as if you 're a friend that has long known all the particulars of his relationships . " He continued , " Thinking About You " is also more primal , though . The yearning in his falsetto is almost palpable as he flips gender roles and admits that he 's been " thinking about forever , " while simultaneously questioning if the " girl " even had that kinda thing on her mind . " Erika Ramirez of Billboard wrote that the track " gives prominence to his songwriting prowess and sonic versatility , as he intertwines the parallel styles of soul , R & B , jazz and even a bit of funk . " The song has been described as incredibly personal in nature , the " sort of thing that 's best sung by the person who wrote it . " The track telepathically serenades the person who took Ocean 's virginity , and in the " motel room of memories Frank talks eternal love , breaking into a sublime Maxwell @-@ esque falsetto that makes a good case for restoring the style to contemporary mainstream R & B. "
= = Critical reception = =
" Thinkin Bout You " received highly positive reviews from music critics . Pitchfork Media called the song " bewitching " and complimented its crossover potential . Sputnikmusic 's Sobhi Youssef praised the track , commenting that Ocean 's ability to " emote within the confines of a ballad without making it saccharine or cheesy is nearly unparalleled by any of his contemporaries " , citing " Thinkin Bout You " as the framework of most of the album . Pitchfork Media critic Jordan Sargent praised the song , and wrote " this isn 't a tale of bedroom triumph ; instead it 's a beguiling sketch of a relationship just out of his reach . Like many of his songs , the magnetism of " Thinking About You " lies not in the details , but in the lack thereof . " Billboard stated that the " Odd Future member tries out different singing styles , showing off his beautiful falsetto vocal range in certain sections . " MTV journalist Jenna Hally commented that Ocean had a " surprisingly gorgeous falsetto " and " retains Frank 's classic laid @-@ back and relaxed R & B vibe . " Katherine Asaph of Popdust wrote that the track " might as well be Ocean ’ s final audition for R & B stardom " and that it was a " smooth ballad version of " Novacane " without the sleaze getting in the way of its purpose is just about the best thing possible for Ocean ’ s burgeoning fame . The track shatters no earth , and nobody will use it as a ( flawed ) example about how Ocean ’ s changing the R & B game , but in everyone ’ s career is a time for a solid ballad . "
John Calvert of The Quietus described " Thinkin Bout You " as a " slow @-@ release torch song the colour of caramel and bathed in low voltage lighting , a buzzing but soothing synth cycle and muffled beats evoke touching and kissing in a velveteen womb . Poised , considered , classy and moving , this is uniquely Frank Ocean . " Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune stated that the track " couldn ’ t be any less auspicious as an opening song , little more than a delicate , yearning falsetto vocal over vaporous keyboards and a muffled rhythm track . " Rolling Stone writer Jody Rosen described the song as " woozy " , featuring Ocean 's " falsetto rippling over murmuring electronic percussion " . She stated that " it 's a bisexual black bohemian New Orleanian @-@ turned @-@ Angeleno 's avant @-@ R & B torch ballad . And , of course , it 's just a love song – an anthem for anyone , anywhere , who 's found love , and lost it . "
Hayley Louise Brown of Clash viewed the song as an important part of the album , musing " opening with a reworked version of heartbreaking ballad ‘ Thinking About You ’ and an instant confrontation with the full force of Ocean ’ s vocal range , the whole record echoes with extra terrestrial Odd Future synths and clumsy piano chords . " Lane Billings of Paste noted the song as whispy in nature , and made a case for Ocean as an R & B revivalist . Consequence of Sound 's Harley Brown of stated that the song moves languidly , " like perfect thoughts about someone missed , until the muscle memory of Ocean ’ s falsetto bursts into the song ’ s upper register . " She continued , " while Ocean might feel this more acutely than either woman who sung those songs , there ’ s a reason Bey shed a tear the first time she heard it . Regardless of how much these lyrics were influenced by lines like , ' By the time I realized I was in love , it was malignant . It was hopeless , ' the ache in Ocean ’ s voice is universal . MSN Music 's Danielle Cheesman felt that Ocean did his followers a service by featuring the song as the album 's opener , describing the track as " the year @-@ old spacey serenade to a boy that became a fan favorite . " She continued , " despite now being enhanced with a strings intro , his falsetto - more importantly - remains in tact over the well @-@ known warped ebb and flow . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Rolling Stone named the song the 4th best song of 2012 , calling it " the year 's deepest love song [ that ] won us all . " Complex named the track the fourth best song of 2011 , writing that " Ocean 's voice explores those awkward spaces in a new relationship , making the eternal lover 's questions sound new and urgent . Whatever it is , Frank Ocean 's " Thinking About Forever " is one of those songs that will never get old . " Beyoncé reportedly cried while listening to the song , and wrote Ocean a poem of support . Knowles and Ocean had previously collaborated on the track " I Miss You " . The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll ranked " Thinkin Bout You " at number four to find the best music of 2012 .
= = Music video = =
On September 15 , 2011 , a music video directed by visual art group High5Collective was released . The Direction team 's " music videos are typically unofficial affair " but according to them the clip was the official video . Pitchfork Media reported , " it sure looks official , since Frank seems to appear in the bloody , somewhat tragic clip ( in doctor 's garb ) , and Frank posted it on his Tumblr . " It featured Native American cultural imagery and interdimensional elements in its plot . The music video plays out " more like a short film than something you ’ d see on MTV Jams , this visionary piece sees the OFWGKTA crooner play merely a supporting cast role as a doctor . Ocean makes a cameo as a doctor , though " mostly with the back of his head , his footage refreshingly entwined with a girl @-@ saving Native American mystical ritual . " The video explores the dreams of a sick girl , a " few primitive zombie @-@ looking people " , and some " celestial activity . "
The Huffington Post wrote that " the video is a dream within a story involving a little girl , a teepee and a few deaths . Cool ! It 's a surprisingly filmic effort , with a sepia mid @-@ century creepiness that calls to mind " Mad Men " plus " Justified , " with a little " Walking Dead " thrown in for good measure . " The Smoking Section commented , " he premise might sound out there , until you watch for yourself and your assumptions become trumped by the visually and mentally stimulating succession of supernatural events . " Prefix Magazine gave the video a positive review , writing " the vid sets Ocean 's doe @-@ eyed crooning against something of an inter @-@ dimensional love story , that or a dreamcatcher @-@ inspired fever dream . Either way , pioneer triage and white @-@ eyed shaman were not what we we 're expecting , but we couldn 't be more pleasantly surprised . "
= = Promotion = =
Ocean embarked on a solo tour through North America and Europe to promote his mixtape Nostalgia Ultra and his other musical projects . The set lists to the various shows varied , though " Thinking Bout You " was performed at all shows . The track was included during Ocean 's setlist at the April 2012 Coachella Musical Festival . Complex magazine stated the " his falsetto on “ Thinking About You ” made women in the audience swoon . "
Electronic artist SBTRKT released a remixed version of the track onto his own personal SoundCloud account , announcing " did this whilst on tour ... not mixed or official " . Pop artists Justin Bieber and Jaden Smith recorded a cover version of the track . MTV reported , " in his smooth , pop and R & B way Justin fantasizes about Selena Gomez delivers Frank 's sexy verse like a boss : " Do you not think so far ahead ? / ' Cause I 've been thinking ' bout forever . " American singer ZZ Ward performed a version of the song in April 2013 for The A.V. Club 's A.V. Undercover series .
= = Chart performance = =
On the week of March 22 , 2012 , the song debuted at number 91 on Billboard 's Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . It has since peaked at number 7 . Following the release of Channel Orange , the track rode a wave of momentum and charted at position 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 , 6 on the Billboard Heatseekers Songs chart , 94 on the UK Singles Chart and 16 on the UK R & B singles chart . On December 14 , 2012 , " Thinkin Bout You " was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 units in the United States . As of February 28 , 2013 , the song has sold over one million copies in the United States .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) =
" Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " is a song by American singer Lady Gaga , from her debut album , The Fame ( 2008 ) . It was released as the third single in Australia , New Zealand and selected European countries , and the fourth single in France . The song is a calypso @-@ styled , mid @-@ tempo ballad , and is about breaking up with one 's old partner and finding someone new . Although " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " was never released as a single in her home country , it received mostly negative reviews from US based critics ; who denoted it as " dry and lifeless " , blaming it for halting the " bad @-@ girl party atmosphere " of The Fame .
Failing to match the popularity of her previous singles , the song peaked at number fifteen on the Australian ARIA Charts and at number nine on the RIANZ charts of New Zealand . It proved to be successful in Sweden , where it managed to go as far as number two on the Sverigetopplistan chart , as well as Czech Republic , France , and Hungary where it reached the top @-@ ten of the singles charts . " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " received gold certifications from Australia , Denmark , New Zealand , and France .
The accompanying Italian @-@ American 1950s @-@ themed music video portrayed Gaga and her friends roaming around the streets of an Italian neighborhood , Gaga riding a Vespa and also singing the song while at home with her boyfriend . The video was noted for its contrasting portrayal of Gaga doing feminine work , as compared to her previous endeavours . She performed " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " on her first headlining The Fame Ball Tour , wearing a black @-@ and @-@ white leotard , and the 2009 shows of The Monster Ball Tour while standing inside a giant gyroscope .
= = Background and composition = =
" Eh , Eh " was written by Gaga with Martin Kierszenbaum , who also produced the track . It was recorded at Cherrytree Recording Studios , Santa Monica , California . In 2005 , Kierszenbaum founded Cherrytree Records along with Jimmy Iovine , then chairman of Interscope Records . After signing a number of artists , he worked with then @-@ unknown Gaga on her debut album , The Fame , producing and writing four songs with her , including the title track . One of these songs was " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " . During recording the track , Gaga fashioned a nickname for Kierszenbaum , called " Cherry Cherry Boom Boom " . They kept the nickname in all the four songs they had worked on . Kierszenbaum later carried on the nickname in all his future projects . Other personnel working on the song included Tony Ugval , who did the audio engineering , Robert Orton for audio mixing and Gene Grimaldi , who mastered the song at Oasis Mastering Studios , Burbank , California .
Musically , " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " is credited as a ballad compared to the rest of the dance fuelled tracks from The Fame . The song has a 1980s synthpop and bubblegum pop feeling in it while incorporating the " Eh , Eh " hook from Rihanna 's single " Umbrella " , according to Freedom du Lac from The Washington Post . Gaga stated that the lyrics of " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " are about love and she explained that : " ' Eh , Eh ' is my simple pop song about finding someone new and breaking up with the old boyfriend . " Writer James E. Perone mentioned in his book , The Album : A Guide to Pop Music 's Most Provocative , Influential , and Important Creations , that with the lyrics , Gaga maintained a focus on transitory relationships . Although the lyrics explained her former lover that she had found someone new and did not mean to hurt him with the news , the continuous repetition of the phrase " nothing else I can say " solidifies the transient nature of the relationship portrayed . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is set in the time signature of common time with a moderate tempo of 94 beats per minute . Gaga 's vocal range spans from B3 to C ♯ 5 with the main key in which the song is set being E major . The song follows in the chord progression of E – B – F ♯ m – E – B – F ♯ m . Synthpop musician Frankmusik remixed the track for Gaga 's 2010 album , The Remix , where he manipulated Gaga 's vocals and created a dreamy quality with them , as noted by Nicki Escuedo from Phoenix New Times .
The single was first released in New Zealand on January 10 , 2009 and later in Australia on January 30 , 2009 . " Eh , Eh " was the second most added song on Australian radio on the week beginning December 15 , 2008 . It first began to receive airplay on all Today Network stations . The song was confirmed as an Australian single on Lady Gaga 's official website on January 15 , 2009 . An official remix was also posted on her website that day followed by another one featuring the official cover art . On March 5 , 2009 , a Pet Shop Boys remix — named as " Random Soul Synthetic Mix " — became available for free download on Gaga 's Australian website .
= = Critical reception = =
" Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " received mixed to negative reviews from music critics . Alexis Petridis from The Guardian noted that " Eh , Eh " bears the influence of early 1990s Europop and " is the first song in a long time that warrants comparison to the œuvre of Ace of Base . Matthew Chisling of AllMusic gave a negative review of the song saying " The Fame has it 's [ sic ] ' ballad , ' however the breezy ' Eh , Eh ' doesn 't hold water on this album ; rather , it feels dry and lifeless , something which holds this album back " . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said that " the breezy island vibe and soft demeanor of ' Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) ' is hard to buy when sandwiched between songs like ' Poker Face ' and ' Beautiful , Dirty , Rich . ' " In another article analysing about the music videos released by Gaga , Oscar Moralde from Slant Magazine noted that " Eh , Eh " as a track " is an intriguing case : rather than the tech @-@ assisted sexy @-@ androgynous dance pop that dominates a good chunk of The Fame , it and its sister tracks ' Brown Eyes ' and ' Again Again ' are evidence of a stripped @-@ down , simpler , sincere Gaga .
Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said that the song is the most embarrassing moment of the album and as a result makes the album come to an intermediate halt thus ruining the " bad @-@ girl party atmosphere " . Joey Guerra of Houston Chronicle said that " Eh , Eh " is a bouncy standout with some vocal personality . He also added that " [ It ] would have made a killer Spice Girls single . " Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club called the track scaled @-@ back and criticized Gaga 's vocal abilities in the song . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times called the song listless . Catherine P. Lewis from The Washington Post called the song a chirpy ballad . Christina Martin from The Meridian Star felt that the song , along with " Summerboy " from The Fame , is breezy and upbeat in nature . Matt Busekroos from Quinnipiac Chronicle said that the song seemed like a filler to him .
= = Chart performance = =
" Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 38 on the issue of January 18 , 2009 . The following week it climbed to number 32 and ultimately peaked at number 15 , on the issue of March 1 , 2009 , making it Gaga 's third single to hit the top twenty there . After thirteen weeks on the chart , " Eh , Eh " was certified gold for shipment of 35 @,@ 000 copies by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . In New Zealand , " Eh , Eh " debuted at number 40 on the issue dated January 19 , 2009 . The following weeks it continued its rise on the chart and ultimately peaked at number nine , spending three weeks there , and becoming her third consecutive top ten hit in New Zealand . The song was certified gold on May 24 , 2009 , by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , for shipment of 7 @,@ 500 copies . The single sold 52 @,@ 000 copies in France .
On the Billboard issue dated February 21 , 2009 , " Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) " debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 chart at number 68 , despite not being released as a single , but dropped off the chart the following week . It entered the chart again for two weeks in August 2010 . The song also debuted at number 20 on the Swedish Singles Chart for the issue dated April 2 , 2009 , and peaked at number two . On the Digital Songs chart of Sweden , it peaked at the top in its fourth week . The song debuted on the Danish Singles Chart at number 28 on May 15 , 2009 , and peaked at number 14 . Due to the moderate chart performance in the European markets , " Eh , Eh " only reached a peak of number 40 on Billboard 's European Hot 100 Singles chart .
= = Music video = =
The Italian @-@ American 1950s @-@ inspired music video , directed by Joseph Kahn , was shot back to back with the video for the song " LoveGame " on the weekend of January 9 , 2009 in Los Angeles . About the video , Gaga explained that " I wanted to show a different side of myself — perhaps a more domestic girly side . And I wanted to create beautiful , stunning ' 50s futuristic fashion imagery that would burn holes in everyone 's brains . " She further clarified that for the fashion aspects in the video she wanted to go in an opposite direction to her usual image . She wanted a yellow based wardrobe believing the color to become a big hit in the fashion world in 2009 .
The video starts out showing Little Italy , an icon of the Madonna and Child , and then Gaga riding a Vespa . The first twenty seconds are mainly full of camera shots of different men , Gaga , and the city . The singer roams around with some friends , laughing and joking in a restaurant , while she stands on the seat . Gaga then comes from around the block walking with her friends in pace and singing in the camera . Next , she is shown sleeping in a bed , and waking up to reveal pink high @-@ heeled shoes . She sings and cooks for a man in a house while dancing . She irons clothes while the man is on phone screaming at someone . The two harlequin Great Danes who appear at the start of her " Poker Face " music video , also appear in this one . Finally she lies on a sofa with her legs up on the man . One of the last scene shows her in a yellow dress made of flowers and wearing a yellow watch while singing to the song with a unique hairstyle which shows her hair pulled up and folded over . Then the camera quickly goes back to her in bed .
David Balls from Digital Spy noted Gaga 's homage to her Italian @-@ American roots in the video , but wondered if Gaga would " overexpose herself " with the video . Like his review of the single , Moralde found the video to be complimenting the simplistic composition of the song . He believed that with the videos for previous singles , " Just Dance " and " Poker Face " , Gaga 's persona was established , but with the video for " Eh , Eh " she traversed her persona from the original Stefani Germanotta that she was born , to the character Lady Gaga . He explained : " What 's striking about it is how much it feels like Lady Gaga is playacting : the video has a nostalgic , dreamlike tone . Set in a stylized pastel 1950s Little Italy , the video plays heavily with stereotypical and historical shorthand as it displays moustached chefs , macho men in wife beaters , cute Vespas , and spaghetti and meatballs . " He noted that with all of these activities , Gaga created an essential fashion dollhouse , by playing feminine characters . But Gaga addressed the viewer directly in the video while singing the song , which led Morale to deduce that " She 's not in the moment , but is instead playing a feminized role in a dreamlike space ; this quality is accentuated by the bright and blown @-@ out color palette , and the numerous shots of Gaga in bed or sleeping . The cumulative effect is that it asserts the Lady Gaga of the previous videos to be the real one , and the Gaga in ' Eh , Eh ' is a character that she is playing . " His view was shared by Chris Kingston from The Harvard Crimson who noted during the release of the music video for Gaga 's 2010 single " Telephone " , that the video shows " the crazy party girl we know [ ... ] actually has a weirdly girlish , domestic side . " In The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media , author Carol Vernallis divided Gaga 's persona into three categories . The personality portrayed in the " Eh , Eh " video was named as " Friendly Peer " archetype ; someone with a girl @-@ next @-@ door image and approachable behavior .
= = Live performances = =
" Eh , Eh " was first performed in a beatbox version at the Cherrytree Studios and was released on Gaga 's first EP , The Cherrytree Sessions . " Eh , Eh " was majorly performed at Gaga 's The Fame Ball Tour in the second segment . Gaga was dressed in a white body plate leotard with black lightning shaped stripes and wore a hat made of toppled dominoes . It was accompanied by open toe shoe @-@ boots and fishnet stockings on her leg .
As the performance of previous song " Money Honey " ended Gaga appeared on the stage beside Space Cowboy on a Vespa whence the music for " Eh , Eh " starts . The backdrops change to reveal lightning shapes in contrast to the sunny nature of the song . Gaga sang the song in its actual form backed by vocals from DJ Space Cowboy who spun the music from a corner of the stage . As the song reached the chorus Gaga asked the crowd to join her while singing and wave their arms . The New York Times called the live performance as listless . However , The Hollywood Reporter said of the performance that , " In an age of too much information , one of the most refreshing things about Gaga is her mystery . She often hid behind shades , and her mostly incomprehensible , coy and semi @-@ robotic stage patter did little to tell us who 's that Lady . "
It was also performed on The Monster Ball Tour , where the song signified her rebirth as she descended from the top amidst white lights and mechanical fog . She wore a giant human sized gyroscope around her , which was developed by the Haus of Gaga and was named " The Orbit " .
= = Track listing and formats = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Lady Gaga – vocals , songwriting
Martin Kierszenbaum – songwriting , production
Tony Ugval – audio engineering
Robert Orton – audio mixing
Gene Grimaldi – audio mastering at Oasis Mastering , Burbank , California
Recorded at Cherrytree Recording Studios , Santa Monica , California
Credits adapted from The Fame album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Unitarian Universalist Church of Arlington =
Unitarian Universalist Church of Arlington ( UUCA ) , historically known as the Unitarian Church of Arlington , is a Unitarian Universalist church located at 4444 Arlington Boulevard ( U.S. 50 ) in Arlington County , Virginia . Founded in 1948 , UUCA was the first Unitarian church in Washington , D.C. ' s suburbs . Throughout its history , UUCA has taken part in progressive causes from the Civil Rights Movement to the legalization of same @-@ sex marriage in Virginia . During the Civil Rights Movement , UUCA was the only Virginia church to speak out in favor of racial integration . UUCA 's sanctuary building , designed by local architect Charles M. Goodman in 1964 , is a concrete Brutalist structure that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and Virginia Landmarks Register in 2014 . It is one of only three church buildings designed by Goodman and the only one in Virginia .
= = History = =
In the early 1940s , leaders from All Souls Church , established in 1821 as the first Unitarian church in Washington , D.C. , encouraged its suburban members to start new Unitarian communities in their respective areas . The first one established in the suburbs was the Unitarian Church of Arlington with support and funds from the " mother church " , All Souls . The first meeting was held in George A. Collier 's home , located at 832 South Courthouse Road , on September 16 , 1943 . The following services were held in various spaces on Sunday afternoons so members could still attend the morning services at All Souls . Meeting spaces included the Buckingham Community Room , Ashton Heights Women 's Club , and Kate Waller Barrett School . Gilbert A. Phillips , an associate pastor at All Souls , became the Arlington church 's minister in 1946 . Membership of the Arlington congregation reached 117 by 1948 while the church school had an enrollment of 103 . That same year members voted to establish their own independent church . Their approved resolution stated : " Be it therefore resolved that the Board of Trustees be petitioned to terminate the Fellowship as an instrumentality of All Souls Church as of March 31 , 1948 , and be it further resolved that this Fellowship then be organized as a Unitarian Church affiliated with the American Unitarian Association . "
As membership continued to grow , the congregation needed to find a permanent meeting place . The church purchased a 1 @.@ 07 acre ( 0 @.@ 43 ha ) lot at the intersection of present @-@ day Arlington Boulevard and South George Mason Drive . In November 1948 , ground was broken on the church 's first building , located at 4451 1st Place South , with assistance from the American Unitarian Association which gave the congregation a $ 15 @,@ 000 loan . The original building was designed by architect and church member Earl B. Bailey . It was a brick Colonial Revival building containing an auditorium , a kitchen , an office for the minister , and a few meeting rooms . The first service in the new building was held in June 1949 and it was dedicated on October 2 . By 1950 , church membership had reached almost 250 . The success of the Arlington church convinced All Souls minister Arthur Powell Davies to establish the Greater Washington Association for Unitarian Advance ( later renamed the Greater Washington Association for Unitarian Universalist Churches ) in 1950 . The organization was founded to assist with establishing additional Unitarian congregations in the Washington , D.C. metropolitan area , and All Souls and the Arlington church were its first members .
In 1953 a religious education wing , also designed by Bailey , was added to the church building , increasing the size of the auditorium and adding classrooms and offices . By the following year the church building had already reached its capacity and the congregation began holding two services on Sundays . The church school , with an enrollment of over 500 , also began holding two services on Sundays . The church purchased adjoining property and in 1958 constructed the parsonage , a one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half story brick Colonial Revival building . By 1959 , there were eight Unitarian congregations in Washington , D.C. ' s suburbs , with the Arlington church being the largest . The congregation began planning for a new facility and chose Charles M. Goodman , a prominent local architect known for his modernist work , to design the church building . A church committee wrote that it was " confident that Mr. Goodman ’ s concept of design , his wide experience , and his original and creative genius promise for us a distinctive building which will portray in structural form the spirit and aspiration of this congregation . " Church leaders invited the congregation to give suggestions for Goodman 's design which included " an architectural style which would express the inspiring tradition of Unitarianism in Virginia " and a " free form and no stained glass , [ resulting in ] a building to represent our cleavage with the past . " The congregation wanted the building to " reflect their liberal , progressive beliefs and that would signify the UUCA 's leadership position within the denomination . " According to one UUCA minister , " Charles Goodman spent a lot of time with the congregation and incorporating the values and theology of the congregation into the design of the building . " Goodman finished his design in late 1961 and the church began seeking financing shortly thereafter . His design included plans for a main sanctuary and adjoining wing , the latter which was not built at the time due to budget concerns . Construction of the sanctuary was carried out by the Martin Brothers contracting firm . The total cost was approximately $ 300 @,@ 000 , and the dedication was held on March 22 , 1964 , with a sermon by Dana McLean Greeley entitled " Building a Faith for the Future . " UUCA 's sanctuary is one of only three churches designed by Goodman and his only church building in Virginia . His other two church designs are Bethesda United Church of Christ in Bethesda , Maryland , and Christ Church of Washington ( now called Embassy Church ) in Washington , D.C.
In the mid @-@ to @-@ late 1960s , attendance at church services and enrollment at the church school experienced dramatic decreases . The congregation replaced their minister and began a campaign to attract new members . Attendance gradually increased over the next several years and by 1974 , membership had reached 724 . The church continued to thrive throughout the next decade and by the late 1980s , church members decided more space was needed . The congregation held meetings regarding the church expansion throughout the next several years . Finally , in 1993 , members approved the construction of an addition to the sanctuary . The new wing , designed by Kerns Group Architects of Washington , D.C. and built by Dustin Construction , Inc. of Gaithersburg , Maryland , was dedicated on October 2 , 1994 . The addition included classrooms and office space , a chapel , and meetings rooms . The design of the new wing was praised by architectural critics and Kerns Group Architects received an Excellence in Architecture award from the American Institute of Architects 's Virginia chapter . An additional expansion , designed by Intec Group of Fairfax , Virginia , and built by Sully Construction of Sterling , Virginia , was added in 2013 and includes a hall space and multipurpose activity room . UUCA 's 1964 sanctuary was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register in September 2014 and the National Register of Historic Places on November 19 , 2014 , following a two @-@ year effort for the building to be named a historic landmark . One of the church 's leaders said " We 're hoping by it being put on the national registry , people will realize that the physical presence of a group in a community matters . It says something to the world . " The 900 @-@ member congregation is currently led by Aaron McEmrys , a former union representative , and Linda Olson Peebles , an artist and musician who served on the Unitarian Universalist Board of Trustees for eight years and officiated the first same @-@ sex marriage in Virginia in 2014 . Prominent members , past and present , at UUCA include Representative William R. Ratchford of Connecticut and Arlington County Board Member Jay Fisette , Virginia 's first openly gay elected official .
= = = Activism = = =
Like other Unitarian congregations , UUCA is a liberal church that has been active in social justice causes and interfaith dialogue throughout its history . When UUCA was founded , church leaders wrote " Our Church like all Unitarian Churches , is dedicated to the progressive transformation and ennoblement of individual and social life through religion , in accordance with the advancing knowledge and the growing vision of mankind . " In 1949 , a time when most local organizations were segregated , the church operated a children 's summer camp open to all races . During the 1950s , the church was one of the few places in Northern Virginia where black and white individuals met to discuss race relations and ways to improve society . In 1951 , UUCA minister Ross Allen Weston founded the Community Council for Social Progress , an interracial , interfaith group that promoted " full development of democratic principles in human relationship " . UUCA 's members were active during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s , protesting against segregation and other unfair treatments of minorities . UUCA minister Weston , who was also president of the Unitarian Fellowship for Social Justice , even received a letter of gratitude from Martin Luther King , Jr . Following the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision , Bolling v. Sharpe , which made segregation in Washington , D.C. ' s public schools illegal , Virginia Governor Thomas B. Stanley sought input from the state 's citizens . UUCA was the only Virginia church who spoke out in favor of integration .
In October 1958 , the church received a bomb threat the morning of a sermon by Rabbi Emmet A. Frank of Temple Beth @-@ El . This was part of a larger effort by the American Nazi Party , headquartered in Arlington , to intimidate synagogues and other institutions affiliated with or friendly towards Judaism . The bomb threat was widely condemned by area churches and the Arlington congregation released a statement saying it would not be intimidated , harassed , or coerced to change the way it practiced religion . The church continued to support civil rights causes in the 1960s , registering black voters from Arlington County , and renaming its 1949 building ( now demolished ) Reeb Hall in honor of James Reeb , an All Souls minister who was killed by segregationists while protesting in Selma , Alabama . Since the 1970s , church members have continued to advocate social justice causes including , but not limited to , environmentalism , women 's rights , LGBT rights , and affordable housing . One of UUCA 's most prominent projects was the Culpepper Garden Senior Center , a nonprofit retirement housing community for low @-@ income senior citizens , which opened in 1975 and has expanded since then . From the 1990s until it was demolished in 2011 , Reeb Hall was rented out to nonprofit groups including the Northern Virginia chapter of Habitat for Humanity and Arlington Street People 's Assistance Network . Since the 1990s , Kol Ami , a Reconstructionist Jewish community , has met at UUCA in the library and fellowship rooms .
= = Design and location = =
The church is located on a 3 @.@ 97 acre ( 1 @.@ 61 ha ) lot on the southwest corner of Arlington Boulevard ( U.S. 50 ) and South George Mason Drive near the Arlington Forest neighborhood . The property extends south to First Place South , a residential street where the church parsonage is located . A large parking lot , where Reeb Hall once stood , is on the south and west sides of the property . Church attendees access the building 's 1994 wing from the parking lot via concrete walkways and a concrete pedestrian bridge beneath a steel canopy . South of the church is the Memorial Wall and Garden , dedicated in 1996 . The landscaped garden includes concrete walls , paths , and benches . Concrete blocks inscribed with the names of church members are also found throughout the garden . South of the garden is a playground , built in 2007 , that is enclosed by a wooden fence . The 1964 sanctuary , which faces the road intersection , is on the northeast corner of the property on a wooded knoll .
UUCA is composed of three sections : the 1964 sanctuary is a rectangular @-@ shaped , two @-@ story reinforced concrete building ; the 1994 addition is a two @-@ story rectangular @-@ shaped concrete structure on the south side of the sanctuary ; the 2013 addition is a two @-@ story square @-@ shaped concrete structure on the east side of the 1994 addition and southeast corner of the sanctuary . The two additions " complement the original building in their scale , style , material , and fenestration pattern , and fulfill Goodman ’ s original plans to expand the church with additional space for educational , administrative , and social functions . " They are set back and at a lower height in deference to the sanctuary .
The sanctuary is a precast concrete building designed in the brutalist style . It features an overhanging concrete flat roof , concrete block foundation , and corrugated concrete wall panels . Square clerestory windows are on the north , east , and west sides of the building 's top level and narrow fixed @-@ light windows are on the first floor . The east and west sides of the sanctuary are five bays wide while the north and south sides feature three bays , a large central bay with a smaller bay on each side . The bays are defined by tall concrete columns , spaced 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) apart , that stand from the ground to the underside of the roof . Pale blue wooden doors flanked by black wooden frames provide access to the sanctuary while there are two narrow doors on the north side . The main entrance to the sanctuary is on the south side where the 1994 addition is sited . The 1994 addition runs along the entire south side of the sanctuary and extends west past the building . It is a 26 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 2 @,@ 400 m2 ) building that includes a social hall , classrooms , and office space . Like the sanctuary , the 1994 addition features a flat roof and concrete foundation . The concrete walls are a lighter color than the sanctuary and are also smoother . A one @-@ story terrace was originally on the southeast corner of the 1994 addition , but this was replaced by the 2013 addition , named the Celebration Center . The Celebration Center is also faced with light @-@ colored concrete and has a random @-@ coursed stone facing on its east side . Similar to the sanctuary , it features an overhanging roof and wrapping clerestory windows .
The sanctuary 's meeting space measures 62 feet ( 19 m ) by 62 feet and features a polished reinforced concrete floor set in a large grid pattern . The north , east , and west walls are faced with beige brick while the ceiling is exposed concrete . The sanctuary 's design allows for the meeting space to have natural lighting which is complimented by patterned rows of light fixtures along the ceiling . The fixtures are the original black @-@ painted , metal cylinders designed by Goodman . A 2 @.@ 5 foot ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) high concrete platform stage , now covered with wood , is on the north wall . It features a wheelchair ramp obscured by a decorative wood screen . Seating in the meeting space is composed of padded , moveable pews and chairs . There are two staircase lobbies on the south side of the meeting space that lead to the first floor . The east staircase provides access to the choir balcony via concrete dogleg stairs and an elevator installed in 1974 . Goodman chose to place the choir on the south side of the space because he considered it " the most desirable location for a choir . " The balcony features stepped stairs for choir members and a large pipe organ . The ground floor is a north @-@ south corridor plan with an east @-@ west corridor on the south side giving access to the staircases . The lower floor , which includes meeting and storage spaces , features concrete floors in most areas , concrete block dividing walls , and concrete ceilings .
= New World Order ( conspiracy theory ) =
As a conspiracy theory , the term New World Order or NWO refers to the emergence of a totalitarian world government .
The common theme in conspiracy theories about a New World Order is that a secretive power elite with a globalist agenda is conspiring to eventually rule the world through an authoritarian world government — which will replace sovereign nation @-@ states — and an all @-@ encompassing propaganda whose ideology hails the establishment of the New World Order as the culmination of history 's progress . Many influential historical and present figures have been purported to be part of a cabal that operates through many front organizations to orchestrate significant political and financial occurrences as well as significant world events as steps in an ongoing plot to achieve world domination through secret political gatherings and decision @-@ making processes .
Before the early 1990s , New World Order conspiracism was limited to two American countercultures , primarily the militantly anti @-@ government right and secondarily that part of fundamentalist Christianity concerned with the end @-@ time emergence of the Antichrist . Skeptics such as Michael Barkun and Chip Berlet observed that right @-@ wing populist conspiracy theories about a New World Order had not only been embraced by many seekers of stigmatized knowledge but had seeped into popular culture , thereby inaugurating a period during the late 20th and early 21st centuries in the United States where people were actively preparing for apocalyptic millenarian scenarios . Those political scientists were concerned that mass hysteria could have what they judged to be devastating effects on American political life , ranging from the hegemony of right @-@ wing populism in politics to escalating lone @-@ wolf terrorism .
= = History of the term = =
During the 20th century , many politicians , such as Woodrow Wilson and Winston Churchill , used the term " new world order " to refer to a new period of history characterised by a dramatic change in world political thought and the balance of power after World War I and World War II . They all saw the period as an opportunity to implement idealistic proposals for global governance in the sense of new collective efforts to address worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation @-@ states to solve , while always respecting the right of nations to self @-@ determination . These proposals led to the creation of international organizations ( such as the UN and NATO ) , and international regimes ( such as the Bretton Woods system and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) ) , which were calculated both to maintain a balance of power in favor of the United States and to regularize cooperation between nations , in order to achieve a peaceful phase of capitalism . These creations in particular and liberal internationalism in general , however , were regularly criticized and opposed by American paleoconservative business nationalists from the 1930s on .
Progressives welcomed these new international organizations and regimes in the aftermath of the two World Wars , but argued that they suffered from a democratic deficit and were therefore inadequate not only to prevent another global war but to foster global justice . The United Nations was designed in 1945 by US bankers and State Department planners , and was always intended to remain a free association of sovereign nation @-@ states , not a transition to democratic world government . Thus , activists around the globe formed a world federalist movement , hoping in vain to create a " real " new world order .
British writer and futurist H. G. Wells went further than progressives in the 1940s , by appropriating and redefining the term " new world order " as a synonym for the establishment of a technocratic world state and planned economy . Despite the popularity of his ideas in some state socialist circles , Wells failed to exert a deeper and more lasting influence because he was unable to concentrate his energies on a direct appeal to the intelligentsias who would ultimately have to coordinate a Wellsian new world order .
During the Red Scare of 1947 – 1957 , agitators of the American secular and Christian right , influenced by the work of Canadian conspiracy theorist William Guy Carr , increasingly embraced and spread unfounded fears of Freemasons , Illuminati and Jews being the driving force behind an " international communist conspiracy " . The threat of " Godless communism " , in the form of a state atheistic and bureaucratic collectivist world government , demonized as the " Red Menace " , therefore became the focus of apocalyptic millenarian conspiracism . The Red Scare came to shape one of the core ideas of the political right in the United States , which is that liberals and progressives , with their welfare @-@ state policies and international cooperation programs such as foreign aid , supposedly contribute to a gradual process of collectivism that will inevitably lead to nations being replaced with a communist one @-@ world government .
Right @-@ wing populist advocacy groups with a paleoconservative world @-@ view , such as the John Birch Society , disseminated a multitude of conspiracy theories in the 1960s claiming that the governments of both the United States and the Soviet Union were controlled by a cabal of corporate internationalists , greedy bankers and corrupt politicians who were intent on using the U.N. as the vehicle to create a " One World Government " . This right @-@ wing anti @-@ globalist conspiracism fuelled the Bircher campaign for US withdrawal from the UN . American writer Mary M. Davison , in her 1966 booklet The Profound Revolution , traced the alleged New World Order conspiracy to the creation of the US Federal Reserve in 1913 by international bankers , who she claimed later formed the Council on Foreign Relations in 1921 as a shadow government . At the time the booklet was published , " international bankers " would have been interpreted by many readers as a reference to a postulated " international Jewish banking conspiracy " masterminded by the Rothschilds .
Claiming that the term " New World Order " is used by a secretive elite dedicated to the destruction of all national sovereignties , American writer Gary Allen — in his books None Dare Call It Conspiracy ( 1971 ) , Rockefeller : Campaigning for the New World Order ( 1974 ) , and Say " No ! " to the New World Order ( 1987 ) — articulated the anti @-@ globalist theme of much current right @-@ wing populist conspiracism in the US . Thus , after the fall of communism in the early 1990s , the main demonized scapegoat of the American far right shifted seamlessly from crypto @-@ communists , who plotted on behalf of the Red Menace , to globalists , who plot on behalf of the New World Order . The relatively painless nature of the shift was due to growing right @-@ wing populist opposition to corporate internationalism , but also in part to the basic underlying apocalyptic millenarian paradigm , which fed the Cold War and the witch @-@ hunts of the McCarthy period .
In his speech , Toward a New World Order , delivered on September 11 , 1990 during a joint session of the US Congress , President George H. W. Bush described his objectives for post @-@ Cold War global governance in cooperation with post @-@ Soviet states . He stated :
Until now , the world we 've known has been a world divided — a world of barbed wire and concrete block , conflict and cold war . Now , we can see a new world coming into view . A world in which there is the very real prospect of a new world order . In the words of Winston Churchill , a " world order " in which " the principles of justice and fair play ... protect the weak against the strong ... " A world where the United Nations , freed from cold war stalemate , is poised to fulfill the historic vision of its founders . A world in which freedom and respect for human rights find a home among all nations .
The New York Times observed that progressives were denouncing this new world order as a rationalization of American imperial ambitions in the Middle East , while conservatives rejected any new security arrangements altogether and fulminated about any possibility of a UN revival . However , Chip Berlet , an American investigative reporter specializing in the study of right @-@ wing movements in the US , writes :
When President Bush announced his new foreign policy would help build a New World Order , his phrasing surged through the Christian and secular hard right like an electric shock , since the phrase had been used to represent the dreaded collectivist One World Government for decades . Some Christians saw Bush as signaling the End Times betrayal by a world leader . Secular anticommunists saw a bold attempt to smash US sovereignty and impose a tyrannical collectivist system run by the United Nations .
American televangelist Pat Robertson , with his 1991 best @-@ selling book The New World Order , became the most prominent Christian popularizer of conspiracy theories about recent American history . He describes a scenario where Wall Street , the Federal Reserve System , the Council on Foreign Relations , the Bilderberg Group and the Trilateral Commission control the flow of events from behind the scenes , nudging people constantly and covertly in the direction of world government for the Antichrist .
Observers note that the galvanizing of right @-@ wing populist conspiracy theorists such as Linda Thompson , Mark Koernke and Robert K. Spear into militancy led to the rise of the militia movement , which spread its anti @-@ government ideology through speeches at rallies and meetings , books and videotapes sold at gun shows , shortwave and satellite radio , fax networks and computer bulletin boards . However , it is overnight AM radio shows and viral propaganda on the Internet that have most effectively contributed to their extremist political ideas about the New World Order finding their way into the previously apolitical literature of numerous Kennedy assassinologists , ufologists , lost land theorists and , most recently , occultists . From the mid – 1990s on , the worldwide appeal of those subcultures transmitted New World Order conspiracism like a " mind virus " to a large new audience of seekers of stigmatized knowledge .
Hollywood conspiracy @-@ thriller television shows and films also played a role in introducing a vast popular audience to various fringe theories related to New World Order conspiracism — black helicopters , FEMA " concentration camps " , etc . — which for decades were previously confined to radical right @-@ wing subcultures . The 1993 – 2002 television series The X @-@ Files , the 1997 film Conspiracy Theory and the 1998 film The X @-@ Files : Fight the Future are often cited as notable examples .
Following the start of the 21st century , and specifically during the late @-@ 2000s financial crisis , many politicians and pundits , such as Gordon Brown and Henry Kissinger , used the term " new world order " in their advocacy for a comprehensive reform of the global financial system and their calls for a " New Bretton Woods " that takes into account emerging markets such as China and India . These declarations had the unintended consequence of providing fresh fodder for New World Order conspiracism , which culminated in talk show host Sean Hannity stating on his Fox News Channel program Hannity that the " conspiracy theorists were right " . Fox News in general , and its opinion show Glenn Beck in particular , has been repeatedly criticized by progressive media watchdog groups , for not only mainstreaming the New World Order conspiracy theories of the radical right , but possibly agitating its lone wolves into action .
In 2009 , American film directors Luke Meyer and Andrew Neel released New World Order , a critically acclaimed documentary film which explores the world of conspiracy theorists , such as American radio host Alex Jones , who are committed to exposing and vigorously opposing what they perceive to be an emerging New World Order . The growing dissemination and popularity of conspiracy theories has also created an alliance between right @-@ wing populist agitators , such as Alex Jones , and hip hop music 's left @-@ wing populist rappers , such as KRS @-@ One , Professor Griff of Public Enemy and Immortal Technique , thus illustrating how anti @-@ elitist conspiracism can create unlikely political allies in efforts to oppose the political system .
= = Conspiracy theories = =
There are numerous systemic conspiracy theories through which the concept of a New World Order is viewed . The following is a list of the major ones in roughly chronological order :
= = = End Time = = =
Since the 19th century , many apocalyptic millennial Christian eschatologists , starting with John Nelson Darby , have predicted a globalist conspiracy to impose a tyrannical New World Order governing structure as the fulfillment of prophecies about the " end time " in the Bible , specifically in the Book of Ezekiel , the Book of Daniel , the Olivet discourse found in the Synoptic Gospels and the Book of Revelation . They claim that people who have made a deal with the Devil to gain wealth and power have become pawns in a supernatural chess game to move humanity into accepting a utopian world government that rests on the spiritual foundations of a syncretic @-@ messianic world religion , which will later reveal itself to be a dystopian world empire that imposes the imperial cult of an “ Unholy Trinity ” of Satan , the Antichrist and the False Prophet . In many contemporary Christian conspiracy theories , the False Prophet will be either the last pope of the Catholic Church ( groomed and installed by an Alta Vendita or Jesuit conspiracy ) , a guru from the New Age movement , or even the leader of an elite fundamentalist Christian organization like the Fellowship , while the Antichrist will be either the President of the European Union , the Secretary @-@ General of the United Nations , or even the Caliph of a pan @-@ Islamic state .
Some of the most vocal critics of end @-@ time conspiracy theories come from within Christianity . In 1993 , historian Bruce Barron wrote a stern rebuke of apocalyptic Christian conspiracism in the Christian Research Journal , when reviewing Robertson 's 1991 book The New World Order . Another critique can be found in historian Gregory S. Camp 's 1997 book Selling Fear : Conspiracy Theories and End @-@ Times Paranoia . Religious studies scholar Richard T. Hughes argues that " New World Order " rhetoric libels the Christian faith , since the " New World Order " as defined by Christian conspiracy theorists has no basis in the Bible whatsoever . Furthermore , he argues that not only is this idea unbiblical , it is positively anti @-@ biblical and fundamentally anti @-@ Christian , because by misinterpreting key passages in the Book of Revelation , it turns a comforting message about the coming kingdom of God into one of fear , panic and despair in the face of an allegedly approaching one @-@ world government . Progressive Christians , such as preacher @-@ theologian Peter J. Gomes , caution Christian fundamentalists that a " spirit of fear " can distort scripture and history through dangerously combining biblical literalism , apocalyptic timetables , demonization and oppressive prejudices , while Camp warns of the " very real danger that Christians could pick up some extra spiritual baggage " by credulously embracing conspiracy theories . They therefore call on Christians who indulge in conspiracism to repent .
= = = Freemasonry = = =
Freemasonry is one of the world 's oldest secular fraternal organizations and arose during late 16th – early 17th century Britain . Over the years a number of allegations and conspiracy theories have been directed towards Freemasonry , including the allegation that Freemasons have a hidden political agenda and are conspiring to bring about a New World Order , a world government organized according to Masonic principles and / or governed only by Freemasons .
The esoteric nature of Masonic symbolism and rites led to Freemasons first being accused of secretly practising Satanism in the late 18th century . The original allegation of a conspiracy within Freemasonry to subvert religions and governments in order to take over the world traces back to Scottish author John Robison , whose reactionary conspiracy theories crossed the Atlantic and influenced outbreaks of Protestant anti @-@ Masonry in the United States during the 19th century . In the 1890s , French writer Léo Taxil wrote a series of pamphlets and books denouncing Freemasonry and charging their lodges with worshiping Lucifer as the Supreme Being and Great Architect of the Universe . Despite the fact that Taxil admitted that his claims were all a hoax , they were and still are believed and repeated by numerous conspiracy theorists and had a huge influence on subsequent anti @-@ Masonic claims about Freemasonry .
Some conspiracy theorists eventually speculated that some Founding Fathers of the United States , such as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin , were having Masonic sacred geometric designs interwoven into American society , particularly in the Great Seal of the United States , the United States one @-@ dollar bill , the architecture of National Mall landmarks and the streets and highways of Washington , D.C. , as part of a master plan to create the first " Masonic government " as a model for the coming New World Order .
Freemasons rebut these claims of a Masonic conspiracy . Freemasonry , which promotes rationalism , places no power in occult symbols themselves , and it is not a part of its principles to view the drawing of symbols , no matter how large , as an act of consolidating or controlling power . Furthermore , there is no published information establishing the Masonic membership of the men responsible for the design of the Great Seal . While conspiracy theorists assert that there are elements of Masonic influence on the Great Seal of the United States , and that these elements were intentionally or unintentionally used because the creators were familiar with the symbols , in fact , the all @-@ seeing Eye of Providence and the unfinished pyramid were symbols used as much outside Masonic lodges as within them in the late 18th century , therefore the designers were drawing from common esoteric symbols . The Latin phrase " novus ordo seclorum " , appearing on the reverse side of the Great Seal since 1782 and on the back of the one @-@ dollar bill since 1935 , translates to " New Order of the Ages " , and alludes to the beginning of an era where the United States of America is an independent nation @-@ state ; it is often mistranslated by conspiracy theorists as " New World Order " .
Although the European continental branch of Freemasonry has organizations that allow political discussion within their Masonic Lodges and a few operate as active political lobbies for secularist causes , as exemplified by the Grand Orient of France , Masonic researcher Trevor W. McKeown argues :
The accusation that Freemasonry has a hidden agenda to establish a Masonic government ignores several facts . While agreeing on certain Masonic Landmarks , the many independent and sovereign Grand Lodges act as such , and do not agree on many other points of belief and practice . Also , as can be seen from a survey of famous Freemasons , individual Freemasons hold beliefs that span the spectrum of politics . The term " Masonic government " has no meaning since individual Freemasons hold many different opinions on what constitutes a good government .
= = = Illuminati = = =
The Order of the Illuminati was an Enlightenment @-@ age secret society founded by university professor Adam Weishaupt on 1 May 1776 , in Upper Bavaria , Germany . The movement consisted of advocates of freethought , secularism , liberalism , republicanism , and gender equality , recruited from the German Masonic Lodges , who sought to teach rationalism through mystery schools . In 1785 , the order was infiltrated , broken up and suppressed by the government agents of Charles Theodore , Elector of Bavaria , in his preemptive campaign to neutralize the threat of secret societies ever becoming hotbeds of conspiracies to overthrow the Bavarian monarchy and its state religion , Roman Catholicism .
In the late 18th century , reactionary conspiracy theorists , such as Scottish physicist John Robison and French Jesuit priest Augustin Barruel , began speculating that the Illuminati had survived their suppression and become the masterminds behind the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror . The Illuminati were accused of being subversives who were attempting to secretly orchestrate a revolutionary wave in Europe and the rest of the world in order to spread the most radical ideas and movements of the Enlightenment — anti @-@ clericalism , anti @-@ monarchism , and anti @-@ patriarchalism — and to create a world noocracy and cult of reason . During the 19th century , fear of an Illuminati conspiracy was a real concern of the European ruling classes , and their oppressive reactions to this unfounded fear provoked in 1848 the very revolutions they sought to prevent .
During the interwar period of the 20th century , fascist propagandists , such as British revisionist historian Nesta Helen Webster and American socialite Edith Starr Miller , not only popularized the myth of an Illuminati conspiracy but claimed that it was a subversive secret society which served the Jewish elites that supposedly propped up both finance capitalism and Soviet communism in order to divide and rule the world . American evangelist Gerald Burton Winrod and other conspiracy theorists within the fundamentalist Christian movement in the United States — which emerged in the 1910s as a backlash against the principles of Enlightenment secular humanism , modernism , and liberalism — became the main channel of dissemination of Illuminati conspiracy theories in the U.S .. Right @-@ wing populists , such as members of the John Birch Society , subsequently began speculating that some collegiate fraternities ( Skull and Bones ) , gentlemen 's clubs ( Bohemian Club ) , and think tanks ( Council on Foreign Relations , Trilateral Commission ) of the American upper class are front organizations of the Illuminati , which they accuse of plotting to create a New World Order through a one @-@ world government .
There is no evidence that the Bavarian Illuminati survived its suppression in 1785 .
= = = The Protocols of the Elders of Zion = = =
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is an antisemitic canard , originally published in Russian in 1903 , alleging a Judeo @-@ Masonic conspiracy to achieve world domination . The text purports to be the minutes of the secret meetings of a cabal of Jewish masterminds , which has co @-@ opted Freemasonry and is plotting to rule the world on behalf of all Jews because they believe themselves to be the chosen people of God . The Protocols incorporate many of the core conspiracist themes outlined in the Robison and Barruel attacks on the Freemasons , and overlay them with antisemitic allegations about anti @-@ Tsarist movements in Russia . The Protocols reflect themes similar to more general critiques of Enlightenment liberalism by conservative aristocrats who support monarchies and state religions . The interpretation intended by the publication of The Protocols is that if one peels away the layers of the Masonic conspiracy , past the Illuminati , one finds the rotten Jewish core .
Numerous polemicists , such as Irish journalist Philip Graves in a 1921 article in The Times , and British academic Norman Cohn in his 1967 book Warrant for Genocide , have proven The Protocols to be both a hoax and a clear case of plagiarism . There is general agreement that Russian @-@ French writer and political activist Matvei Golovinski fabricated the text for Okhrana , the secret police of the Russian Empire , as a work of counter @-@ revolutionary propaganda prior to the 1905 Russian Revolution , by plagiarizing , almost word for word in some passages , from The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu , a 19th @-@ century satire against Napoleon III of France written by French political satirist and Legitimist militant Maurice Joly .
Responsible for feeding many antisemitic and anti @-@ Masonic mass hysterias of the 20th century , The Protocols has been influential in the development of some conspiracy theories , including some New World Order theories , and appears repeatedly in certain contemporary conspiracy literature . For example , the authors of the 1982 controversial book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail concluded that The Protocols was the most persuasive piece of evidence for the existence and activities of the Priory of Sion . They speculated that this secret society was working behind the scenes to establish a theocratic " United States of Europe " . Politically and religiously unified through the imperial cult of a Merovingian Great Monarch — supposedly descended from a Jesus bloodline — who occupies both the throne of Europe and the Holy See , this " Holy European Empire " would become the hyperpower of the 21st century . Although the Priory of Sion itself has been exhaustively debunked by journalists and scholars as a hoax , some apocalyptic millenarian Christian eschatologists who believe The Protocols is authentic became convinced that the Priory of Sion was a fulfillment of prophecies found in the Book of Revelation and further proof of an anti @-@ Christian conspiracy of epic proportions signaling the imminence of a New World Order .
Skeptics argue that the current gambit of contemporary conspiracy theorists who use The Protocols is to claim that they " really " come from some group other than the Jews , such as fallen angels or alien invaders . Although it is hard to determine whether the conspiracy @-@ minded actually believe this or are simply trying to sanitize a discredited text , skeptics argue that it does not make much difference , since they leave the actual , antisemitic text unchanged . The result is to give The Protocols credibility and circulation .
= = = Round Table = = =
During the second half of Britain 's " imperial century " between 1815 and 1914 , English @-@ born South African businessman , mining magnate and politician Cecil Rhodes advocated the British Empire reannexing the United States of America and reforming itself into an " Imperial Federation " to bring about a hyperpower and lasting world peace . In his first will , written in 1877 at the age of 23 , he expressed his wish to fund a secret society ( known as the Society of the Elect ) that would advance this goal :
To and for the establishment , promotion and development of a Secret Society , the true aim and object whereof shall be for the extension of British rule throughout the world , the perfecting of a system of emigration from the United Kingdom , and of colonisation by British subjects of all lands where the means of livelihood are attainable by energy , labour and enterprise , and especially the occupation by British settlers of the entire Continent of Africa , the Holy Land , the Valley of the Euphrates , the Islands of Cyprus and Candia , the whole of South America , the Islands of the Pacific not heretofore possessed by Great Britain , the whole of the Malay Archipelago , the seaboard of China and Japan , the ultimate recovery of the United States of America as an integral part of the British Empire , the inauguration of a system of Colonial representation in the Imperial Parliament which may tend to weld together the disjointed members of the Empire and , finally , the foundation of so great a Power as to render wars impossible , and promote the best interests of humanity .
In 1890 , thirteen years after " his now famous will , " Rhodes elaborated on the same idea : establishment of " England everywhere , " which would " ultimately lead to the cessation of all wars , and one language throughout the world . " " The only thing feasible to carry out this idea is a secret society gradually absorbing the wealth of the world [ " and human minds of the higher order " ] to be devoted to such an object . "
Rhodes also concentrated on the Rhodes Scholarship , which had British statesman Alfred Milner as one of its trustees . Established in 1902 , the original goal of the trust fund was to foster peace among the great powers by creating a sense of fraternity and a shared world view among future British , American , and German leaders by having enabled them to study for free at the University of Oxford .
Milner and British official Lionel George Curtis were the architects of the Round Table movement , a network of organizations promoting closer union between Britain and its self @-@ governing colonies . To this end , Curtis founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs in June 1919 and , with his 1938 book The Commonwealth of God , began advocating for the creation of an imperial federation that eventually reannexes the U.S. , which would be presented to Protestant churches as being the work of the Christian God to elicit their support . The Commonwealth of Nations was created in 1949 but it would only be a free association of independent states rather than the powerful imperial federation imagined by Rhodes , Milner and Curtis .
The Council on Foreign Relations began in 1917 with a group of New York academics who were asked by President Woodrow Wilson to offer options for the foreign policy of the United States in the interwar period . Originally envisioned as a group of American and British scholars and diplomats , some of whom belonging to the Round Table movement , it was a subsequent group of 108 New York financiers , manufacturers and international lawyers organized in June 1918 by Nobel Peace Prize recipient and U.S. secretary of state Elihu Root , that became the Council on Foreign Relations on 29 July 1921 . The first of the council ’ s projects was a quarterly journal launched in September 1922 , called Foreign Affairs . The Trilateral Commission was founded in July 1973 , at the initiative of American banker David Rockefeller , who was chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations at that time . It is a private organization established to foster closer cooperation among the United States , Europe and Japan . The Trilateral Commission is widely seen as a counterpart to the Council on Foreign Relations .
In the 1960s , right @-@ wing populist individuals and groups with a paleoconservative worldview , such as members of the John Birch Society , were the first to combine and spread a business nationalist critique of corporate internationalists networked through think tanks such as the Council on Foreign Relations with a grand conspiracy theory casting them as front organizations for the Round Table of the " Anglo @-@ American Establishment " , which are financed by an " international banking cabal " that has supposedly been plotting from the late 19th century on to impose an oligarchic new world order through a global financial system . Anti @-@ globalist conspiracy theorists therefore fear that international bankers are planning to eventually subvert the independence of the U.S. by subordinating national sovereignty to a strengthened Bank for International Settlements .
The research findings of historian Carroll Quigley , author of the 1966 book Tragedy and Hope , are taken by both conspiracy theorists of the American Old Right ( W. Cleon Skousen ) and New Left ( Carl Oglesby ) to substantiate this view , even though Quigley argued that the Establishment is not involved in a plot to implement a one @-@ world government but rather British and American benevolent imperialism driven by the mutual interests of economic elites in the United Kingdom and the United States . Quigley also argued that , although the Round Table still exists today , its position in influencing the policies of world leaders has been much reduced from its heyday during World War I and slowly waned after the end of World War II and the Suez Crisis . Today the Round Table is largely a ginger group , designed to consider and gradually influence the policies of the Commonwealth of Nations , but faces strong opposition . Furthermore , in American society after 1965 , the problem , according to Quigley , was that no elite was in charge and acting responsibly .
Larry McDonald , the second president of the John Birch Society and a conservative Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives who represented the 7th congressional district of Georgia , wrote a foreword for Allen 's 1976 book The Rockefeller File , wherein he stated :
The drive of the Rockefellers and their allies is to create a one @-@ world government , combining super @-@ capitalism and Communism under the same tent , all under their control ... Do I mean conspiracy ? Yes I do . I am convinced there is such a plot , international in scope , generations old in planning , and incredibly evil in intent .
In his 2002 autobiography Memoirs , David Rockefeller wrote :
For more than a century ideological extremists at either end of the political spectrum have seized upon well @-@ publicized incidents ... to attack the Rockefeller family for the inordinate influence they claim we wield over American political and economic institutions . Some even believe we are part of a secret cabal working against the best interests of the United States , characterizing my family and me as ' internationalists ' and of conspiring with others around the world to build a more integrated global political and economic structure — one world , if you will . If that 's the charge , I stand guilty , and I am proud of it .
Barkun argues that this statement is partly facetious ( the claim of " conspiracy " and " treason " ) and partly serious — the desire to encourage trilateral cooperation among the U.S. , Europe , and Japan , for example — an ideal that used to be a hallmark of the internationalist wing of the Republican Party ( known as " Rockefeller Republicans " in honor of Nelson Rockefeller ) when there was an internationalist wing . The statement , however , is taken at face value and widely cited by conspiracy theorists as proof that the Council on Foreign Relations uses its role as the brain trust of American presidents , senators and representatives to manipulate them into supporting a New World Order in the form of a one @-@ world government .
In a 13 November 2007 interview with Canadian journalist Benjamin Fulford , Rockefeller countered :
I don 't think that I really feel that we need a world government . We need governments of the world that work together and collaborate . But , I can 't imagine that there would be any likelihood or even that it would be desirable to have a single government elected by the people of the world ... There have been people , ever since I 've had any kind of position in the world , who have accused me of being ruler of the world . I have to say that I think for the large part , I would have to decide to describe them as crackpots . It makes no sense whatsoever , and isn 't true , and won 't be true , and to raise it as a serious issue seems to me to be irresponsible .
Some American social critics , such as Laurence H. Shoup , argue that the Council on Foreign Relations is an " imperial brain trust " which has , for decades , played a central behind @-@ the @-@ scenes role in shaping U.S. foreign policy choices for the post @-@ World War II international order and the Cold War by determining what options show up on the agenda and what options do not even make it to the table ; others , such as G. William Domhoff , argue that it is in fact a mere policy discussion forum which provides the business input to U.S. foreign policy planning . Domhoff argues that " [ i ] t has nearly 3 @,@ 000 members , far too many for secret plans to be kept within the group . All the council does is sponsor discussion groups , debates and speakers . As far as being secretive , it issues annual reports and allows access to its historical archives . " However , all these critics agree that " [ h ] istorical studies of the CFR show that it has a very different role in the overall power structure than what is claimed by conspiracy theorists . "
= = = The Open Conspiracy = = =
In his 1928 book The Open Conspiracy British writer and futurist H. G. Wells promoted cosmopolitanism and offered blueprints for a world revolution and world brain to establish a technocratic world state and planned economy . Wells warned , however , in his 1940 book The New World Order that :
... when the struggle seems to be drifting definitely towards a world social democracy , there may still be very great delays and disappointments before it becomes an efficient and beneficent world system . Countless people ... will hate the new world order , be rendered unhappy by the frustration of their passions and ambitions through its advent and will die protesting against it . When we attempt to evaluate its promise , we have to bear in mind the distress of a generation or so of malcontents , many of them quite gallant and graceful @-@ looking people .
Wells 's books were influential in giving a second meaning to the term " new world order " , which would only be used by state socialist supporters and anti @-@ communist opponents for generations to come . However , despite the popularity and notoriety of his ideas , Wells failed to exert a deeper and more lasting influence because he was unable to concentrate his energies on a direct appeal to intelligentsias who would , ultimately , have to coordinate the Wellsian new world order .
= = = New Age = = =
British neo @-@ Theosophical occultist Alice Bailey , one of the founders of the so @-@ called New Age movement , prophesied in 1940 the eventual victory of the Allies of World War II over the Axis powers ( which occurred in 1945 ) and the establishment by the Allies of a political and religious New World Order . She saw a federal world government as the culmination of Wells ' Open Conspiracy but favorably argued that it would be synarchist because it was guided by the Masters of the Ancient Wisdom , intent on preparing humanity for the mystical second coming of Christ , and the dawning of the Age of Aquarius . According to Bailey , a group of ascended masters called the Great White Brotherhood works on the " inner planes " to oversee the transition to the New World Order but , for now , the members of this Spiritual Hierarchy are only known to a few occult scientists , with whom they communicate telepathically , but as the need for their personal involvement in the plan increases , there will be an " Externalization of the Hierarchy " and everyone will know of their presence on Earth .
Bailey 's writings , along with American writer Marilyn Ferguson 's 1980 book The Aquarian Conspiracy , contributed to conspiracy theorists of the Christian right viewing the New Age movement as the " false religion " that would supersede Christianity in a New World Order . Skeptics argue that the term " New Age movement " is a misnomer , generally used by conspiracy theorists as a catch @-@ all rubric for any new religious movement that is not fundamentalist Christian . By this logic , anything that is not Christian is by definition actively and willfully anti @-@ Christian .
Paradoxically , since the first decade of the 21st century , New World Order conspiracism is increasingly being embraced and propagandized by New Age occultists , who are people bored by rationalism and drawn to stigmatized knowledge — such as alternative medicine , astrology , quantum mysticism , spiritualism , and theosophy . Thus , New Age conspiracy theorists , such as the makers of documentary films like Esoteric Agenda , claim that globalists who plot on behalf of the New World Order are simply misusing occultism for Machiavellian ends , such as adopting 21 December 2012 as the exact date for the establishment of the New World Order for the purpose of taking advantage of the growing 2012 phenomenon , which has its origins in the fringe Mayanist theories of New Age writers José Argüelles , Terence McKenna , and Daniel Pinchbeck .
Skeptics argue that the connection of conspiracy theorists and occultists follows from their common fallacious premises . First , any widely accepted belief must necessarily be false . Second , stigmatized knowledge — what the Establishment spurns — must be true . The result is a large , self @-@ referential network in which , for example , some UFO religionists promote anti @-@ Jewish phobias while some antisemites practice Peruvian shamanism .
= = = Fourth Reich = = =
Conspiracy theorists often use the term " Fourth Reich " simply as a pejorative synonym for the " New World Order " to imply that its state ideology and government will be similar to Germany 's Third Reich . However , some conspiracy theorists use the research findings of American journalist Edwin Black , author of the 2009 book Nazi Nexus , to claim that some American corporations and philanthropic foundations — whose complicity was pivotal to the Third Reich 's war effort , Nazi eugenics and the Holocaust — are now conspiring to build a Fourth Reich .
Conspiracy theorists , such as American writer Jim Marrs , claim that some ex @-@ Nazis , who survived the fall of the Greater German Reich , along with sympathizers in the United States and elsewhere , given haven by organizations like ODESSA and Die Spinne , have been working behind the scenes since the end of World War II to enact at least some principles of Nazism ( e.g. , militarism , imperialism , widespread spying on citizens , corporatism , the use of propaganda to manufacture a national consensus ) into culture , government , and business worldwide , but primarily in the U.S. They cite the influence of ex @-@ Nazi scientists brought in under Operation Paperclip to help advance aerospace manufacturing in the U.S. with technological principles from Nazi UFOs , and the acquisition and creation of conglomerates by ex @-@ Nazis and their sympathizers after the war , in both Europe and the U.S.
This neo @-@ Nazi conspiracy is said to be animated by an " Iron Dream " in which the American Empire , having thwarted the Judeo @-@ Masonic conspiracy and overthrown its Zionist Occupation Government , gradually establishes a Fourth Reich formerly known as the " Western Imperium " — a pan @-@ Aryan world empire modeled after Adolf Hitler 's New Order — which reverses the " decline of the West " and ushers a golden age of white supremacy .
Skeptics argue that conspiracy theorists grossly overestimate the influence of ex @-@ Nazis and neo @-@ Nazis on American society , and point out that political repression at home and imperialism abroad have a long history in the United States that predates the 20th century . Some political scientists , such as Sheldon Wolin , have expressed concern that the twin forces of democratic deficit and superpower status have paved the way in the U.S. for the emergence of an inverted totalitarianism which contradicts many principles of Nazism .
= = = Alien invasion = = =
Since the late 1970s , extraterrestrials from other habitable planets or parallel dimensions ( such as " Greys " ) and intraterrestrials from Hollow Earth ( such as " Reptilians " ) have been included in the New World Order conspiracy , in more or less dominant roles , as in the theories put forward by American writers Stan Deyo and Milton William Cooper , and British writer David Icke .
The common theme in these conspiracy theories is that aliens have been among us for decades , centuries or millennia , but a government cover @-@ up enforced by " Men in Black " has shielded the public from knowledge of a secret alien invasion . Motivated by speciesism and imperialism , these aliens have been and are secretly manipulating developments and changes in human society in order to more efficiently control and exploit human beings . In some theories , alien infiltrators have shapeshifted into human form and move freely throughout human society , even to the point of taking control of command positions in governmental , corporate , and religious institutions , and are now in the final stages of their plan to take over the world . A mythical covert government agency of the United States code @-@ named Majestic 12 is often imagined being the shadow government which collaborates with the alien occupation and permits alien abductions , in exchange for assistance in the development and testing of military " flying saucers " at Area 51 , in order for United States armed forces to achieve full @-@ spectrum dominance .
Skeptics , who adhere to the psychosocial hypothesis for unidentified flying objects , argue that the convergence of New World Order conspiracy theory and UFO conspiracy theory is a product of not only the era 's widespread mistrust of governments and the popularity of the extraterrestrial hypothesis for UFOs but of the far right and ufologists actually joining forces . Barkun notes that the only positive side to this development is that , if conspirators plotting to rule the world are believed to be aliens , traditional human scapegoats ( Freemasons , Illuminati , Jews , etc . ) are downgraded or exonerated .
= = = Brave New World = = =
Antiscience and neo @-@ Luddite conspiracy theorists emphasize technology forecasting in their New World Order conspiracy theories . They speculate that the global power elite are reactionary modernists pursuing a transhumanist agenda to develop and use human enhancement technologies in order to become a " posthuman ruling caste " , while change accelerates toward a technological singularity — a theorized future point of discontinuity when events will accelerate at such a pace that normal unenhanced humans will be unable to predict or even understand the rapid changes occurring in the world around them . Conspiracy theorists fear the outcome will either be the emergence of a Brave New World @-@ like dystopia — a " Brave New World Order " — or the extinction of the human species .
Democratic transhumanists , such as American sociologist James Hughes , counter that many influential members of the United States Establishment are bioconservatives strongly opposed to human enhancement , as demonstrated by President Bush 's Council on Bioethics 's proposed international treaty prohibiting human cloning and germline engineering . Furthermore , he argues that conspiracy theorists underestimate how fringe the transhumanist movement really is .
= = Postulated implementations = =
Just as there are several overlapping or conflicting theories among conspiracists about the nature of the New World Order , so are there several beliefs about how its architects and planners will implement it :
= = = Gradualism = = =
Conspiracy theorists generally speculate that the New World Order is being implemented gradually , citing the formation of the U.S. Federal Reserve System in 1913 ; the League of Nations in 1919 ; the International Monetary Fund in 1944 ; the United Nations in 1945 ; the World Bank in 1945 ; the World Health Organization in 1948 ; the European Union and the euro currency in 1993 ; the World Trade Organization in 1998 ; the African Union in 2002 ; and the Union of South American Nations in 2008 as major milestones .
An increasingly popular conspiracy theory among American right @-@ wing populists is that the hypothetical North American Union and the amero currency , proposed by the Council on Foreign Relations and its counterparts in Mexico and Canada , will be the next milestone in the implementation of the New World Order . The theory holds that a group of shadowy and mostly nameless international elites are planning to replace the federal government of the United States with a transnational government . Therefore , conspiracy theorists believe the borders between Mexico , Canada and the United States are in the process of being erased , covertly , by a group of globalists whose ultimate goal is to replace national governments in Washington , D.C. , Ottawa and Mexico City with a European @-@ style political union and a bloated E.U.-style bureaucracy .
Skeptics argue that the North American Union exists only as a proposal contained in one of a thousand academic and / or policy papers published each year that advocate all manner of idealistic but ultimately unrealistic approaches to social , economic and political problems . Most of these are passed around in their own circles and eventually filed away and forgotten by junior staffers in congressional offices . Some of these papers , however , become touchstones for the conspiracy @-@ minded and form the basis of all kinds of unfounded xenophobic fears especially during times of economic anxiety .
For example , in March 2009 , as a result of the late @-@ 2000s financial crisis , the People 's Republic of China and the Russian Federation pressed for urgent consideration of a new international reserve currency and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development proposed greatly expanding the I.M.F. ' s special drawing rights . Conspiracy theorists fear these proposals are a call for the U.S. to adopt a single global currency for a New World Order .
Judging that both national governments and global institutions have proven ineffective in addressing worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation @-@ states to solve , some political scientists critical of New World Order conspiracism , such as Mark C. Partridge , argue that regionalism will be the major force in the coming decades , pockets of power around regional centers : Western Europe around Brussels , the Western Hemisphere around Washington , D.C. , East Asia around Beijing , and Eastern Europe around Moscow . As such , the E.U. , the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , and the G @-@ 20 will likely become more influential as time progresses . The question then is not whether global governance is gradually emerging , but rather how will these regional powers interact with one another .
= = = Coup d 'état = = =
American right @-@ wing populist conspiracy theorists , especially those who joined the militia movement in the United States , speculate that the New World Order will be implemented through a dramatic coup d 'état by a " secret team " , using black helicopters , in the U.S. and other nation @-@ states to bring about a totalitarian world government controlled by the United Nations and enforced by troops of foreign U.N. peacekeepers . Following the Rex 84 and Operation Garden Plot plans , this military coup would involve the suspension of the Constitution , the imposition of martial law , and the appointment of military commanders to head state and local governments and to detain dissidents .
These conspiracy theorists , who are all strong believers in a right to keep and bear arms , are extremely fearful that the passing of any gun control legislation will be later followed by the abolishment of personal gun ownership and a campaign of gun confiscation , and that the refugee camps of emergency management agencies such as FEMA will be used for the internment of suspected subversives , making little effort to distinguish true threats to the New World Order from pacifist dissidents .
Before year 2000 some survivalists wrongly believed this process would be set in motion by the predicted Y2K problem causing societal collapse . Since many left @-@ wing and right @-@ wing conspiracy theorists believe that the September 11 attacks were a false flag operation carried out by the United States intelligence community , as part of a strategy of tension to justify political repression at home and preemptive war abroad , they have become convinced that a more catastrophic terrorist incident will be responsible for triggering Executive Directive 51 in order to complete the transition to a police state .
Skeptics argue that unfounded fears about an imminent or eventual gun ban , military coup , internment , or U.N. invasion and occupation are rooted in the siege mentality of the American militia movement but also an apocalyptic millenarianism which provides a basic narrative within the political right in the U.S. , claiming that the idealized society ( i.e. , constitutional republic , Jeffersonian democracy , " Christian nation " , " white nation " ) is thwarted by subversive conspiracies of liberal secular humanists who want " Big Government " and globalists who plot on behalf of the New World Order .
= = = Mass surveillance = = =
Conspiracy theorists concerned with surveillance abuse believe that the New World Order is being implemented by the cult of intelligence at the core of the surveillance @-@ industrial complex through mass surveillance and the use of Social Security numbers , the bar @-@ coding of retail goods with Universal Product Code markings , and , most recently , RFID tagging by microchip implants .
Claiming that corporations and government are planning to track every move of consumers and citizens with RFID as the latest step toward a 1984 @-@ like surveillance state , consumer privacy advocates , such as Katherine Albrecht and Liz McIntyre , have become Christian conspiracy theorists who believe spychips must be resisted because they argue that modern database and communications technologies , coupled with point of sale data @-@ capture equipment and sophisticated ID and authentication systems , now make it possible to require a biometrically associated number or mark to make purchases . They fear that the ability to implement such a system closely resembles the Number of the Beast prophesied in the Book of Revelation .
In January 2002 , the Information Awareness Office ( IAO ) was established by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) to bring together several DARPA projects focused on applying information technology to counter asymmetric threats to national security . Following public criticism that the development and deployment of these technologies could potentially lead to a mass surveillance system , the IAO was defunded by the United States Congress in 2003 . The second source of controversy involved IAO ’ s original logo , which depicted the " all @-@ seeing " Eye of Providence atop of a pyramid looking down over the globe , accompanied by the Latin phrase scientia est potentia ( knowledge is power ) . Although DARPA eventually removed the logo from its website , it left a lasting impression on privacy advocates . It also inflamed conspiracy theorists , who misinterpret the " eye and pyramid " as the Masonic symbol of the Illuminati , an 18th @-@ century secret society they speculate continues to exist and is plotting on behalf of a New World Order .
American historian Richard Landes , who specializes in the history of apocalypticism and was co @-@ founder and director of the Center for Millennial Studies at Boston University , argues that new and emerging technologies often trigger alarmism among millenarians and even the introduction of Gutenberg 's printing press in 1436 caused waves of apocalyptic thinking . The Year 2000 problem , bar codes and Social Security numbers all triggered end @-@ time warnings which either proved to be false or simply were no longer taken seriously once the public became accustomed to these technological changes . Civil libertarians argue that the privatization of surveillance and the rise of the surveillance @-@ industrial complex in the United States does raise legitimate concerns about the erosion of privacy . However , skeptics of mass surveillance conspiracism caution that such concerns should be disentangled from secular paranoia about Big Brother or religious hysteria about the Antichrist .
= = = Occultism = = =
Conspiracy theorists of the Christian right , starting with British revisionist historian Nesta Helen Webster , believe there is an ancient occult conspiracy — started by the first mystagogues of Gnosticism and perpetuated by their alleged esoteric successors , such as the Kabbalists , Cathars , Knights Templar , Hermeticists , Rosicrucians , Freemasons , and , ultimately , the Illuminati — which seeks to subvert the Judeo @-@ Christian foundations of the Western world and implement the New World Order through a one @-@ world religion that prepares the masses to embrace the imperial cult of the Antichrist . More broadly , they speculate that globalists who plot on behalf of a New World Order are directed by occult agencies of some sort : unknown superiors , spiritual hierarchies , demons , fallen angels and / or Lucifer . They believe that these conspirators use the power of occult sciences ( numerology ) , symbols ( Eye of Providence ) , rituals ( Masonic degrees ) , monuments ( National Mall landmarks ) , buildings ( Manitoba Legislative Building ) and facilities ( Denver International Airport ) to advance their plot to rule the world .
For example , in June 1979 , an unknown benefactor under the pseudonym " R. C. Christian " had a huge granite megalith built in the U.S. state of Georgia , which acts like a compass , calendar , and clock . A message comprising ten guides is inscribed on the occult structure in many languages to serve as instructions for survivors of a doomsday event to establish a more enlightened and sustainable civilization than the one which was destroyed . The " Georgia Guidestones " have subsequently become a spiritual and political Rorschach test onto which any number of ideas can be imposed . Some New Agers and neo @-@ pagans revere it as a ley @-@ line power nexus while a few conspiracy theorists are convinced that they are engraved with the New World Order 's anti @-@ Christian " Ten Commandments . " Should the Guidestones survive for centuries as their creators intended , many more meanings could arise , equally unrelated to the designer ’ s original intention .
Skeptics argue that the demonization of Western esotericism by conspiracy theorists is rooted in religious intolerance but also in the same moral panics that have fueled witch trials in the Early Modern period , and satanic ritual abuse allegations in the United States .
= = = Population control = = =
Conspiracy theorists believe that the New World Order will also be implemented through the use of human population control in order to more easily monitor and control the movement of individuals . The means range from stopping the growth of human societies through reproductive health and family planning programs , which promote abstinence , contraception and abortion , or intentionally reducing the bulk of the world population through genocides by mongering unnecessary wars , through plagues by engineering emergent viruses and tainting vaccines , and through environmental disasters by controlling the weather ( HAARP , chemtrails ) , etc . Conspiracy theorists argue that globalists plotting on behalf of a New World Order are neo @-@ Malthusians who engage in overpopulation and climate change alarmism in order to create public support for coercive population control and ultimately world government . Agenda 21 is condemned as " reconcentrating " people into urban areas and depopulating rural ones , even generating a dystopian novel by Glenn Beck where single @-@ family homes are a distant memory .
Skeptics argue that fears of population control can be traced back to the traumatic legacy of the eugenics movement 's " war against the weak " in the United States during the first decades of the 20th century but also the Second Red Scare in the U.S. during the late 1940s and 1950s , and to a lesser extent in the 1960s , when activists on the far right of American politics routinely opposed public health programs , notably water fluoridation , mass vaccination and mental health services , by asserting they were all part of a far @-@ reaching plot to impose a socialist or communist regime . Their views were influenced by opposition to a number of major social and political changes that had happened in recent years : the growth of internationalism , particularly the United Nations and its programs ; the introduction of social welfare provisions , particularly the various programs established by the New Deal ; and government efforts to reduce inequalities in the social structure of the U.S ..
= = = Mind control = = =
Social critics accuse governments , corporations , and the mass media of being involved in the manufacturing of a national consensus and , paradoxically , a culture of fear due to the potential for increased social control that a mistrustful and mutually fearing population might offer to those in power . The worst fear of some conspiracy theorists , however , is that the New World Order will be implemented through the use of mind control — a broad range of tactics able to subvert an individual 's control of his or her own thinking , behavior , emotions , or decisions . These tactics are said to include everything from Manchurian candidate @-@ style brainwashing of sleeper agents ( Project MKULTRA , " Project Monarch " ) to engineering psychological operations ( water fluoridation , subliminal advertising , " Silent Sound Spread Spectrum " , MEDUSA ) and parapsychological operations ( Stargate Project ) to influence the masses . The concept of wearing a tin foil hat for protection from such threats has become a popular stereotype and term of derision ; the phrase serves as a byword for paranoia and is associated with conspiracy theorists .
Skeptics argue that the paranoia behind a conspiracy theorist 's obsession with mind control , population control , occultism , surveillance abuse , Big Business , Big Government , and globalization arises from a combination of two factors , when he or she : 1 ) holds strong individualist values and 2 ) lacks power . The first attribute refers to people who care deeply about an individual 's right to make their own choices and direct their own lives without interference or obligations to a larger system ( like the government ) , but combine this with a sense of powerlessness in one 's own life , and one gets what some psychologists call " agency panic , " intense anxiety about an apparent loss of autonomy to outside forces or regulators . When fervent individualists feel that they cannot exercise their independence , they experience a crisis and assume that larger forces are to blame for usurping this freedom .
= = Alleged conspirators = =
According to Domhoff , many people seem to believe that the United States is ruled from behind the scenes by a conspiratorial elite with secret desires , i.e. , by a small secretive group that wants to change the government system or put the country under the control of a world government . In the past the conspirators were usually said to be crypto @-@ communists who were intent upon bringing the United States under a common world government with the Soviet Union , but the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 undercut that theory . Domhoff notes that most conspiracy theorists changed their focus to the United Nations as the likely controlling force in a New World Order , an idea which is undermined by the powerlessness of the U.N. and the unwillingness of even moderates within the American Establishment to give it anything but a limited role .
Although skeptical of New World Order conspiracism , political scientist David Rothkopf argues , in the 2008 book Superclass : The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making , that the world population of 6 billion people is governed by an elite of 6 @,@ 000 individuals . Until the late 20th century , governments of the great powers provided most of the superclass , accompanied by a few heads of international movements ( i.e. , the Pope of the Catholic Church ) and entrepreneurs ( Rothschilds , Rockefellers ) . According to Rothkopf , in the early 21st century , economic clout — fueled by the explosive expansion of international trade , travel and communication — rules ; the nation @-@ state 's power has diminished shrinking politicians to minority power broker status ; leaders in international business , finance and the defense industry not only dominate the superclass , they move freely into high positions in their nations ' governments and back to private life largely beyond the notice of elected legislatures ( including the U.S. Congress ) , which remain abysmally ignorant of affairs beyond their borders . He asserts that the superclass ' disproportionate influence over national policy is constructive but always self @-@ interested , and that across the world , few object to corruption and oppressive governments provided they can do business in these countries .
Viewing the history of the world as the history of warfare between secret societies , conspiracy theorists go further than Rothkopf , and other scholars who have studied the global power elite , by claiming that established upper @-@ class families with " old money " who founded and finance the Bilderberg Group , Bohemian Club , Club of Rome , Council on Foreign Relations , Rhodes Trust , Skull and Bones , Trilateral Commission , and similar think tanks and private clubs , are illuminated conspirators plotting to impose a totalitarian New World Order — the implementation of an authoritarian world government controlled by the United Nations and a global central bank , which maintains political power through the financialization of the economy , regulation and restriction of speech through the concentration of media ownership , mass surveillance , widespread use of state terrorism , and an all @-@ encompassing propaganda that creates a cult of personality around a puppet world leader and ideologizes world government as the culmination of history 's progress .
Marxists , who are skeptical of right @-@ wing populist conspiracy theories , also accuse the global power elite of not having the best interests of all at heart , and many intergovernmental organizations of suffering from a democratic deficit , but they argue that the superclass are plutocrats only interested in brazenly imposing a neoliberal or neoconservative new world order — the implementation of global capitalism through economic and military coercion to protect the interests of transnational corporations — which systematically undermines the possibility of a socialist one @-@ world government . Arguing that the world is in the middle of a transition from the American Empire to the rule of a global ruling class that has emerged from within the American Empire , they point out that right @-@ wing populist conspiracy theorists , blinded by their anti @-@ communism , fail to see is that what they demonize as the " New World Order " is , ironically , the highest stage of the very capitalist economic system they defend .
= = Criticisms = =
Skeptics of New World Order conspiracy theories accuse its proponents of indulging in the furtive fallacy , a belief that significant facts of history are necessarily sinister ; conspiracism , a world view that centrally places conspiracy theories in the unfolding of history , rather than social and economic forces ; and fusion paranoia , a promiscuous absorption of fears from any source whatsoever .
Domhoff , a research professor in psychology and sociology who studies theories of power , writes in a March 2005 essay entitled There Are No Conspiracies :
There are several problems with a conspiratorial view that don 't fit with what we know about power structures . First , it assumes that a small handful of wealthy and highly educated people somehow develop an extreme psychological desire for power that leads them to do things that don 't fit with the roles they seem to have . For example , that rich capitalists are no longer out to make a profit , but to create a one @-@ world government . Or that elected officials are trying to get the constitution suspended so they can assume dictatorial powers . These kinds of claims go back many decades now , and it is always said that it is really going to happen this time , but it never does . Since these claims have proved wrong dozens of times by now , it makes more sense to assume that leaders act for their usual reasons , such as profit @-@ seeking motives and institutionalized roles as elected officials . Of course they want to make as much money as they can , and be elected by huge margins every time , and that can lead them to do many unsavory things , but nothing in the ballpark of creating a one @-@ world government or suspending the constitution .
Partridge , a contributing editor to the global affairs magazine Diplomatic Courier , writes in a December 2008 article entitled One World Government : Conspiracy Theory or Inevitable Future ? :
I am skeptical that " global governance " could " come much sooner than that [ 200 years ] , " as [ journalist Gideon Rachman ] posits . For one thing , nationalism — the natural counterpoint to global government — is rising . Some leaders and peoples around the world have resented Washington 's chiding and hubris over the past two decade of American unipolarity . Russia has been re @-@ establishing itself as a " great power " ; few could miss the national pride on display when China hosted the Beijing Olympics this summer ; while Hugo Chavez and his ilk have stoked the national flames with their anti @-@ American rhetoric . The departing of the Bush Administration could cause this nationalism to abate , but economic uncertainty usually has the opposite effect . [ ... ] Another point is that attempts at global government and global agreements have been categorical failures . The WTO ’ s Doha Round is dead in the water , Kyoto excluded many of the leading polluters and a conference to establish a deal was a failure , and there is a race to the bottom in terms of corporate taxes — rather than an existing global framework . And , where supranational governance structures exist , they are noted for their bureaucracy and inefficiency : The UN has been unable to stop an American @-@ led invasion of Iraq , genocide in Darfur , the slow collapse of Zimbabwe , or Iran 's continued uranium enrichment . That is not to belittle the structure , as I deem it essential , but the system ’ s flaws are there for all to see .
Although some cultural critics see superconspiracy theories about a New World Order as " postmodern metanarratives " that may be politically empowering , a way of giving ordinary people a narrative structure with which to question what they see around them , skeptics argue that conspiracism leads people into cynicism , convoluted thinking , and a tendency to feel it is hopeless even as they denounce the alleged conspirators .
Alexander Zaitchik from the Southern Poverty Law Center wrote a report titled " ' Patriot ' Paranoia : A Look at the Top Ten Conspiracy Theories " , in which he personally condemns such conspiracies are an effort of the radical right to undermine society .
Scholars continue to debate the psychological and sociological origins of conspiracy theories , but there is no arguing that these theories have seen a revival on the extreme right in recent years . Over the last two decades , a far @-@ right conspiracy culture of self @-@ proclaimed " Patriots " has emerged in which the United States government itself is viewed as a mortal threat to everything from constitutional democracy to the survival of the human race . This conspiracy revival — which has been accompanied by the explosive growth of Patriot groups over the last year and a half — kicked into overdrive with the 2008 election of President Barack Obama , who is seen by Patriots as a foreign @-@ born Manchurian candidate sent by forces of the so @-@ called " New World Order " to destroy American sovereignty and institute one @-@ world socialist government . [ 1 ]
Concerned that the improvisational millennialism of most conspiracy theories about a New World Order might motivate lone wolves to engage in leaderless resistance leading to domestic terrorist incidents like the Oklahoma City bombing , Barkun writes :
The danger lies less in such beliefs themselves ... than in the behavior they might stimulate or justify . As long as the New World Order appeared to be almost but not quite a reality , devotees of conspiracy theories could be expected to confine their activities to propagandizing . On the other hand , should they believe that the prophesied evil day had in fact arrived , their behavior would become far more difficult to predict .
Warning of the threat to American democracy posed by right @-@ wing populist movements led by demagogues who mobilize support for mob rule or even a fascist revolution by exploiting the fear of conspiracies , Berlet writes :
Right @-@ wing populist movements can cause serious damage to a society because they often popularize xenophobia , authoritarianism , scapegoating , and conspiracism . This can lure mainstream politicians to adopt these themes to attract voters , legitimize acts of discrimination ( or even violence ) , and open the door for revolutionary right @-@ wing populist movements , such as fascism , to recruit from the reformist populist movements .
Hughes , a professor of religion , warns that no religious idea has greater potential for shaping global politics in profoundly negative ways than " the new world order " . He writes in a February 2011 article entitled Revelation , Revolutions , and the Tyrannical New World Order :
The crucial piece of this puzzle is the identity of the Antichrist , the tyrannical figure who both leads and inspires the new world order . [ ... ] for many years , rapture theologians identified the Soviet Union as the Antichrist . But after Sept . 11 , they became quite certain that the Antichrist was closely connected with the Arab world and the Muslim religion . This means , quite simply , that for rapture theologians , Islam stands at the heart of the tyrannical " new world order . " Precisely here we discover why the idea of a " new world order " has such potential to move global politics in profoundly negative directions , for rapture theologians typically welcome war with the Islamic world . As Bill Moyers wrote of the rapture theologians , " A war with Islam in the Middle East is not something to be feared but welcomed — an essential conflagration on the road to redemption . " Further , rapture theologians co @-@ opt the United States as a tool in their cosmic vision — a tool God will use to smite the Antichrist and the enemies of righteousness . This is why Tim LaHaye , co @-@ author of the best @-@ selling series of end @-@ times books , could lend such strong support to the American invasion and occupation of Iraq . By virtue of that war , LaHaye believed , Iraq would become " a focal point of end @-@ times events . " Even more disturbing is the fact that rapture theologians blissfully open the door to nuclear holocaust . Rapture theologians have always held that God will destroy his enemies at the end of time in the Great Battle of Armageddon . But since World War II , they have increasingly identified Armageddon with nuclear weaponry , thereby lending biblical inevitability to the prospects of nuclear annihilation . As one prophecy writer put it , " The holocaust of atomic war would fulfill the prophecies . "
Criticisms of New World Order conspiracy theorists also come from within their own community . Despite believing themselves to be " freedom fighters " , many right @-@ wing populist conspiracy theorists hold views that are incompatible with their professed libertarianism , such as dominionism , white supremacism , and even eliminationism . This paradox has led Icke , who argues that Christian Patriots are the only Americans who understand the truth about the New World Order ( which he believes is controlled by a race of reptilians known as the " Babylonian Brotherhood " ) , to reportedly tell a Christian Patriot group :
I don 't know which I dislike more , the world controlled by the Brotherhood , or the one you want to replace it with .
= Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie =
Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie ( 1971 ) is the first collection of poems by African @-@ American writer and poet , Maya Angelou . Many of the poems in Diiie were originally song lyrics , written during Angelou 's career as a night club performer , and recorded on two albums before the publication of Angelou 's first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1969 ) . Angelou considers herself a poet and a playwright , but is best known for her seven autobiographies . She began , early in her writing career , of alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry . Although her poetry collections have been best @-@ sellers , they have not received serious critical attention and are more interesting when read aloud .
Diiie is made up of two sections of 38 poems . The 20 poems in the first section , " Where Love is a Scream of Anguish " , center on love . Many of the poems in this section and the next are structured like blues and jazz music , and have universal themes of love and loss . The eighteen poems in the second section , " Just Before the World Ends " , focus on the experience of the survival of African Americans despite living in a society dominated by whites .
Angelou uses the vernacular of African Americans , irony , understatement , and humor to make her statements about race and racism in America . She acts as a spokesperson for her race in these poems , in which her use of irony and humor allows her to speak for the collective and to assume a distance in order to make comments about her themes , topics , and subjects . Critic Kathy M. Essick have called the poems in Diiie " protest poems " . The metaphors in her poetry serve as " coding " , or litotes , for meanings understood by other Blacks , although her themes and topics are universal for most readers to understand .
Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie has received mixed reviews from critics , but was a best @-@ seller and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize . Many critics expected that the volume would be popular despite their negative reviews , but others considered it well @-@ written , lyrical , and a moving expression of social observation .
= = Background = =
Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie is Maya Angelou 's first volume of poetry . She studied and began writing poetry at a young age . After her rape at the age of eight , as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature , including poetry , which helped bring her out her self @-@ imposed muteness .
Angelou recorded two albums of poetry and songs she wrote during her career as a night club performer ; the first in 1957 for Liberty Records and the second " The Poetry of Maya Angelou " , for GWP Records the year before the publication of her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings ( 1969 ) . They were later incorporated into her volumes of poetry , including Diiie , which was published the year after Caged Bird became a best @-@ seller . Diiie also became a best @-@ seller , and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize . Despite thinking of herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird , she has been best known for her autobiographies . Many of Angelou 's readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second , yet like Lynn Z. Bloom , many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry . Critic William Sylvester agrees , and states that although her books have been best @-@ sellers , her poetry has not been perceived as seriously her prose . Bloom also believes that Angelou 's poetry is more interesting when she recites them . Bloom considers her performances dynamic , and says that Angelou " moves exuberantly , vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines , the tone of the words . Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases " .
Angelou 's began , early in her writing career , of alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry . Her publisher , Random House , placed the poems in Diiie , along with her next four volumes , in her first collection of poetry , The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou ( 1994 ) , perhaps to capitalize on her popularity following her reading of her poem " On the Pulse of Morning " at President Bill Clinton 's inauguration in 1993 . A year later , in 1995 , Angelou 's publisher placed four more poems in a smaller volume , entitled Phenomenal Woman .
= = = Title = = =
Angelou chose " Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie " as the volume 's title because of her interest in unconscious innocence , which she says is " even lovelier than trying to remain innocent . " The title is a reference to her belief that " we as individuals ... are still so innocent that we think if we asked our murderer just before he puts the final wrench upon the throat , ' Would you please give me a cool drink of water ? ' and he would do so ' " . Angelou has said that if she " didn 't believe that , [ she ] wouldn 't get up in the morning " .
= = Themes = =
Angelou uses rhyme and repetition throughout all her works , yet rhyme is only found in seven of the poems in Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie ; critic Lyman B. Hagen calls her use of rhythm " rather ordinary and unimaginative " . Death is an important theme throughout many of Angelou 's works , especially in Caged Bird , which opens with it and , according to scholar Liliane K. Arensberg , is resolved at the book 's end , when her son is born . Death is directly mentioned in 19 of the 38 poems in Diiie . According to scholar Yasmin Y. DeGout , many of the poems in Diiie , along with those in Angelou 's second volume Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well , " lack the overt empowerment themes of her later , better known works " , especially And Still I Rise ( 1978 ) and I Shall Not Be Moved ( 1990 ) .
= = = Part One : Where Love is a Scream of Anguish = = =
The themes in the first section of Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie focus on love . In Southern Women Writers , Carol Neubauer states that the first twenty poems in the volume " describe the whole gamut of love , from the first moment of passionate discovery to the first suspicion of painful loss " . Kirkus Review finds more truth in the poems in this section , which describe love from the perspective of a Black woman , compared to those in the second section . Hagen feels that Angelou 's best love poem in Diiie is " The Mothering Blackness " , which uses repetition and biblical allusions to state that the Black mother loves and forgives her children unconditionally .
In " To a Husband " , Angelou praises the Black slaves who helped in the development and growth of America . She idealizes Black men , especially in " A Zorro Man " and " To a Man " ; she dedicates Diiie to the subjects of both poems . DeGout views " A Zorro Man " as an example of Angelou 's ability to translate her personal experience into political discourse and the " textured liberation " she places in all her poetry . The use of concrete imagery and abstract symbolism to describe emotional and sexual experience , but also has another meaning , that of liberation from painful and poignant memories . According to DeGout , " A Zorro Man " lacks the clear themes of liberation that Angelou 's later poems such as " Phenomenal Woman " have , but its subtle use of themes and techniques infer the liberation theme and compliment her poems that are more overtly liberating . The poem and others in Diiie , with its focus on women 's sexual and romantic experiences , challenges the gender codes of poetry written in previous eras . She also challenges the male @-@ centered and militaristic themes and messages found in the poetry of the Black Arts movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s . Angelou 's use of sexual imagery , from a woman 's point of view , provides new interpretations " and excavates it from derogatory assessments " . Although the poem 's speaker feels trapped , women 's sexuality is depicted as powerful and controls her partner , which moves away from " the patriarchal assumption of male control over the sexual act " . Angelou 's depiction allows her readers , mostly women , to identify , celebrate , and universalize their sexuality to all races . DeGout states that " A Zorro Man " " enact [ s ] empowerment by liberating the reader from stigmas placed on women 's sexuality from gender assumptions of male ( sexual ) power , and from racialized notions of women 's experience " .
Librarian John Alfred Avant states that many of Angelou 's poems could be set to music like that of jazz singer and musician Nina Simone , especially the first poem in this section , " They Went Home , " which he says " fits into the torchy unrequited love bag " . Hagen considers Angelou 's best poems to be the ones meant to be song lyrics , such as " They Went Home " . In his analysis of " They Went Home " , Hagen calls Angelou a realist because she recognizes that the married man who dates other women usually returns to his wife . He states , " While the sentiment is psychologically sound , the lines are prosaic , reflecting the pitiful state of the abandoned " . Essick , when analyzing " When I Think About Myself " , states that the poem central theme is " one 's self @-@ exultation and self @-@ pride that prevent one from losing her will in spite of experiences involving pain and degradation " .
According to Hagen , in his analysis of " No Loser , No Weeper " , the speaker expresses the common experience of loss , beginning with childish and minor ones such as losing a dime , a doll , and a watch , and ending with the loss of the speaker 's boyfriend . Kirkus Review considers this poem , along with " They Went Home " , both slight and carrying " the weight of experience " .
= = = Part Two : Just Before the World Ends = = =
The poems in the second section of Diiie are more militant in tone ; according to critic Lyman B. Hagen , the poems in this section have " more bite " and express the experience of being Black in a white @-@ dominated world . He states that Angelou acts as a spokesperson , especially in " To a Freedom Fighter " , when she acknowledges a debt owed to those involved in the civil rights movement . According to Bloom , the themes in Angelou 's poetry , which tend to be made up of short lyrics with strong , jazz @-@ like rhythms , are common in the lives of many American Blacks . Angelou 's poems commend the survivors who have prevailed despite racism and a great deal of difficulty and challenges . Neubauer states that Angelou focuses on the lives of American Black people from the time of slavery to the 1960s , and that her themes " deal broadly with the painful anguish suffered by blacks forced into submission , with guilt over accepting too much , and with protest and basic survival " .
Critic William Sylvester states that the metaphors in Angelou 's poetry serve as " coding " , or litotes , for meanings understood by other Blacks . In her poem " Sepia Fashion Show " , for example , the last lines ( " I 'd remind them please , look at those knees / you got a Miss Ann 's scrubbing " ) is a reference to slavery , when Black women had to show their knees to prove how hard they had cleaned . Sylvester states that this is true in much of Angelou 's poetry , and that it elicits a change in the reader 's emotions ; in this poem , from humor to anger . Sylvester says that Angelou uses the same technique in " Letter to an Aspiring Junkie " , in which understatement contained in the repeated phrase " nothing happens " is a litotes for the prevalence of violence in society . Hagen connects this poem with the final scene in her second autobiography , Gather Together in My Name , which describes her encounter with her friend , a drug addict who shows her the effects of his drug habit . According to Hagen , the poem is full of disturbing images , such as drugs being a slave master and the junkie being tied to his habit like a monkey attached to the street vendor 's strap .
Hagen calls Angelou 's coding " signifying " and states , " A knowledge of black linguistic regionalisms and folklore enhances the appreciation of Angelou 's poems " . Line six in " Harlem Hopscotch , " for example ( " If you 're white , all right / If you 're brown , hang around / If you 're black stand back " ) , is a popular jingle used by African Americans that people of other cultures might not recognize . Hagen believes that despite the signifying that occurs in many of Angelou 's poems , the themes and topics are universal enough that all readers would understand and appreciate them .
In " When I Think About Myself " , Angelou presents the perspective of an aging maid to make an ironic statement about Blacks surviving in a world dominated by whites , and in " Times @-@ Square @-@ Shoeshine @-@ Competition " , a Black shoeshine boy defends his prices to a white customer , his words punctuated by the " pow pow " of his shoeshine rag . Her poems , such as " Letter to an Aspiring Junkie " , in this and other volumes deal with universal social problems from a Black perspective . African @-@ American literature professor Priscilla R. Ramsey , when analyzing the poem " When I Think About Myself , " states that the first @-@ person singular pronoun " I " , which Angelou uses often , is a symbol that refers to all her people . Ramsey calls this " a self @-@ defining function " , in which Angelou ironically views the world as an outsider , resulting in the loss of her direct and literal relationship to the world and providing her with the ability to " laugh at its characteristics no matter how politically and socially devastating " . Scholar Kathy M. Essick discusses the same poem , calling it and most of the poems in Diiie , Angelou 's " protest poems " .
According to critic Harold Bloom , in his analysis of " Times @-@ Square " , the first line of the fourth stanza ( " I ain 't playing dozens mister " ) is an allusion to the Dozens , a game in which the participants insult each other . The game is mentioned in later poems , " The Thirteens ( Black ) " and " The Thirteens ( White ) . " According to critic Geneva Smitherman , Angelou uses the Thirteens , a twist on the Dozens , to compare the insults of blacks and whites , which allows her to compare the actions of the two races . Bloom compares " Times @-@ Square " to Langston Hughes ' blues / protest poetry . He suggests that the best way to analyze the subjects , style , themes , and use of vernacular in this and most of Angelou 's poems is to use " a blues @-@ based model " , since like the blues singer , Angelou uses laughter or ridicule instead of tears to cope with minor irritations , sadness , and great suffering . Hagen compares the themes in " The Thirteens ( Black and White ) " with Angelou 's poems " Communication I " and " Communication II " , which appear in Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well , her second volume of poetry .
Neubauer analyzes two poems in Diiie , " Times @-@ Squares " and " Harlem Hopscotch " , that support her assertion that for Angelou , " conditions must improve for the black race " She states , " Both [ poems ] ring with a lively , invincible beat that carries defeated figures into at least momentary triumph " . In " Times @-@ Squares " , the shoeshiner claims to be the best at his trade and retains his pride despite his humiliating circumstances . " Harlem Hopscotch " celebrates survival and the strength , resilience , and energy necessary to accomplish it . Its rhythm echoes the beat of the player , and compares life to a brutal match . By the end of the poem , however , the speaker wins , both the game and in life . Neubauer states , " These poems are the poet 's own defense against the incredible odds in the game of life " .
Essick also analyzes " Times @-@ Square " , stating that the language and rhythm used by the poem 's subject , especially the repetitive onomatopoeia ( " pow pow " ) that punctuates the end of each line , parallels the sound of his work . The shoeshiner relies on the rhythm and repetition of his song to maintain his pace and to relieve his boredom . It also provides a way to help him brag about his abilities and talents . The shoeshiner takes on the role of the trickster , a common character in Black folklore , and demonstrates his control of vernacular language , especially when he refers to the Dozens .
= = Critical response = =
Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie was a best @-@ seller and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize . The poems in the volume have received mixed reviews . Critic John Alfred Avant recognized that the volume would be popular due to the success of Caged Bird , but he characterized it as " rather well done schlock poetry , not to be confused with poetry for people who read poetry " and stated , " This collection isn 't accomplished , not by any means ; but some readers are going to love it . " Martha Liddy , who reviewed the collection in the same issue of the Library Journal in 1971 , classified it , like Caged Bird , in the young adult category and called Diiie a " volume of marvelously lyrical , rhythmical poems " . Kirkus Review also found the poems in the volume unsophisticated yet sensitive to the spoken aspects of poetry , such as rhythm and diction , and considered her prose more poetic and unrestrained than her poetry .
A reviewer from Choice called the poems in Diiie " craftsmanlike and powerful though not great poetry " , and recommended it for libraries with a collection of African @-@ American literature . Critic William Sylvester , who says that Angelou " has an uncanny ability to capture the sound of a voice on a page " , places her poems , especially the ones in this volume , in the " background of black rhythms " . Chad Walsh , reviewing Diiie in Book World , calls Angelou 's poems " a moving blend of lyricism and harsh social observation " .
= = Poems = =
Of the 38 poems in Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie , twenty are in the first part , " Where Love is a Scream of Anguish , " and the remaining eighteen are in the second part , " Just Before the World Ends . " The volume is dedicated " to Amber Sam and the Zorro Man , " a reference to the poems " A Zorro Man " and " To a Man , " both of which are in the first part of the book . According to Liddy , " Part One contains poetry of love , and therefore of anguish , sharing , fear , affection and loneliness . Part Two features poetry of racial confrontation — of protest , anger , and irony " . Most of the poems are short in length and are freeform .
= Dolphin D. Overton =
Dolphin Dunnaha Overton III ( 2 April 1926 – 25 March 2013 ) was a United States Air Force aviator who became a flying ace during the Korean War . Overton 's controversial tour in Korea led to his being removed from combat and denied his medals and victory credits , but he was subsequently reinstated with these .
Born in Andrews , South Carolina , Overton took an early interest in flying , and attended The Citadel for a year before enlisting in the United States Navy briefly during World War II . Afterward , Overton graduated from West Point and began a career flying the F @-@ 84 Thunderjet . In 1952 , Overton volunteered to fly in the Korean War and flew 102 missions in an F @-@ 84 before transferring to the 16th Fighter @-@ Interceptor Squadron and flying the F @-@ 86 Sabre . During a four @-@ day time period in early 1953 , Overton claimed five MiG @-@ 15 victories in MiG alley , certifying him as a flying ace . However , he was subsequently returned to the United States in shame after commanders charged him with insubordination for crossing the Yalu River into Manchuria for his victories .
Subsequent research and debate has pointed to Overton as a scapegoat for an informal policy of US pilots regularly violating the Yalu River border into China , and that the US military dis
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Seventh Circuit judge Richard Posner disagreed with Scalia 's opinion , stating that the Second Amendment " creates no right to the private possession of guns " . Posner called Scalia 's opinion " faux originalism " and a " historicizing glaze on personal values and policy preferences " . In October 2008 Scalia stated that the court 's originalists only needed to show that at the time the Second Amendment was ratified , the right to bear arms did not have an exclusively military context , and that they were successful in so showing .
= = Legal philosophy and approach = =
= = = Judicial performance = = =
During oral argument before the Court , Scalia asked more questions and made more comments than any other justice — and a 2005 study found that he provoked laughter more often than any of his colleagues . His goal during oral arguments was to get across his position to the other justices . University of Kansas social psychologist Lawrence Wrightsman wrote of Scalia 's style , " he communicates a sense of urgency on the bench , and his style is forever forceful " . Since Chief Justice John Roberts joined the Court in 2005 , he has taken to questioning counsel in a manner similar to Scalia 's and sometimes the two questioned counsel in seeming coordination . Dahlia Lithwick of Slate described Scalia 's technique :
Scalia doesn 't come into oral argument all secretive and sphinxlike , feigning indecision on the nuances of the case before him . He comes in like a medieval knight , girded for battle . He knows what the law is . He knows what the opinion should say . And he uses the hour allocated for argument to bludgeon his brethren into agreement .
Scalia wrote numerous opinions from the start of his career on the Supreme Court . During his tenure , he wrote more concurring opinions than any other justice , and only two justices have written more dissents . According to Kevin Ring , who compiled a book of Scalia 's dissenting and concurring opinions , " His opinions are ... highly readable . His entertaining writing style can make even the most mundane areas of the law interesting . " Conor Clarke of Slate comments on Scalia 's written opinions , especially his dissents :
His writing style is best described as equal parts anger , confidence , and pageantry . Scalia has a taste for garish analogies and offbeat allusions — often very funny ones — and he speaks in no uncertain terms . He is highly accessible and tries not to get bogged down in abstruse legal jargon . But most of all , Scalia 's opinions read like they 're about to catch fire for pure outrage . He does not , in short , write like a happy man .
At the Supreme Court , justices meet after the case is briefed and argued , and vote on the result . The task of writing the opinion is assigned by the Chief Justice , or if they are in the minority or not participating , by the senior justice in the majority . After the assignment , the justices generally communicate about a case by sending notes and draft opinions to each other 's chambers . In the give and take of opinion writing , Scalia did not compromise his views in order to attract five votes for a majority ( unlike the late Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. who would accept less than he wanted in order to gain a partial victory ) . Scalia , known to his friends and colleagues as " Nino " , attempted to influence his colleagues by sending them " Ninograms " — short memoranda aimed at trying to get them to include his views in their opinions .
In an October 2013 issue of New York magazine , Scalia revealed that he scanned the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Times , got most of his news from talk radio and did not read The New York Times or The Washington Post . The latter he described as " shrilly liberal . "
= = = Statutory and constitutional interpretation = = =
Scalia was a textualist in statutory interpretation , believing that the ordinary meaning of the statute should govern . In 1998 , Scalia vociferously had opposed the idea of a living constitution , or the power of the judiciary to modify the meaning of constitutional provisions to adapt them to changing times . Scalia warned that if one accepted that constitutional standards should evolve with a maturing society , " the risk of assessing evolving standards is that it is all too easy to believe that evolution has culminated in one 's own views . " He compared the Constitution with statutes , which he contended were not understood to change their meaning through time . Constitutional amendments , such as the 1868 Fourteenth Amendment , according to Scalia , were to be interpreted based on their meaning at the time of ratification . Scalia was often asked how this approach justified the result in the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education , which held that segregated schools were unconstitutional , and which relied on the Fourteenth Amendment for the result .
In interpreting statutes , Scalia did not look to legislative history . In the 2006 case of Zedner v. United States , he joined the majority opinion written by Justice Samuel Alito — all except one paragraph of the opinion , in which Alito cited legislative history . In a concurring opinion in that case , Scalia noted , " The use of legislative history is illegitimate and ill advised in the interpretation of any statute . " His dislike of legislative history may have been a reason why other justices have become more cautious in its use . Gregory Maggs wrote in the Public Interest Law Review in 1995 that by the early 1990s , legislative history was being cited in only about forty percent of Supreme Court cases involving the interpretation of statutes , and no case of that era used legislative history as an essential reason for the outcome . Maggs suggested ,
With Justice Scalia breathing down the necks of anyone who peeks into the Congressional Record or Senate reports , the other members of the Court may have concluded that the benefit of citing legislative history does not outweigh its costs . It is likely for this reason that the percentage of cases citing it has decreased dramatically . No one likes an unnecessary fight , especially not one with as formidable an opponent as Justice Scalia .
Scalia described himself as an originalist , meaning that he interpreted the United States Constitution as it would have been understood when it was adopted . According to Scalia in 2008 , " It 's what did the words mean to the people who ratified the Bill of Rights or who ratified the Constitution . " In 2006 , before George W. Bush appointees Roberts and Alito had time to make an impact , Rossum , wrote that Scalia had failed to win converts among his conservative colleagues for his use of originalism , whereas Roberts and Alito , as younger men with an originalist approach greatly admired Scalia battling for what he believed in .
In a 2009 public conversation , Justice Stephen Breyer questioned Scalia , indicating that those who ratified the Fourteenth Amendment did not intend to end school segregation . Scalia called this argument " waving the bloody shirt of Brown " , and indicated that he would have joined the first Justice Harlan 's solitary dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson , the 1896 case that Brown overruled .
Scalia 's originalist approach came under attack from critics , who viewed it as " a cover for what they see as Scalia 's real intention : to turn back some pivotal court decisions of the 1960s and 70s " , reached by the Warren and Burger Courts . Ralph Nader argued in 2008 that Scalia 's originalist philosophy was inconsistent with the justice 's acceptance of the extension of certain constitutional rights to corporations when at the time of the Fourteenth Amendment 's ratification , corporations were not commonly understood to possess constitutional rights . Nader 's view preceded the Court 's 2010 decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission . Scalia , in his concurrence in that case , traced his understanding of the rights of groups of individuals at the time of the adoption of the Bill of Rights . His argument was based on the lack of an exception for groups such as corporations in the free speech guarantee in the Bill of Rights , and on several examples of corporate political speech from the time of the adoption of the Bill of Rights . Professor Thomas Colby of The George Washington University National Law Center argued that Scalia 's votes in Establishment Clause cases do not stem from originalist views , but simply from conservative political convictions . Scalia responded to his critics that his originalism " has occasionally led him to decisions he deplores , like his upholding the constitutionality of flag burning " , which according to Scalia was protected by the First Amendment .
In 2009 , after nearly a quarter century on the Court , Scalia characterized his victories as " damn few " .
Writing in The Jewish Daily Forward in 2009 , J.J. Goldberg described Scalia as " the intellectual anchor of the court 's conservative majority " . He traveled to the nation 's law schools , giving talks on law and democracy . His appearances on college campuses were often standing room only . Ginsburg indicated that Scalia was " very much in tune with the current generation of law students ... Students now put ' Federalist Society ' on their resumes . " John Paul Stevens , who served throughout Scalia 's tenure until his 2010 retirement , said of Scalia 's influence , " He 's made a huge difference . Some of it constructive , some of it unfortunate . " Of the nine sitting justices , Scalia was most often the subject of law review articles .
= = Public attention = =
= = = Requests for recusals = = =
Scalia recused himself from Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) , a claim brought by atheist Michael Newdow alleging that the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance ( including the words " under God " ) in school classrooms violated the rights of his daughter , who he said was also an atheist . Shortly after the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in Newdow 's favor , but before the case came before the Supreme Court , Scalia spoke at a Knights of Columbus event in Fredericksburg , Virginia , stating that the Ninth Circuit decision was an example of how the courts were trying to excise God from public life . The school district requested that the Supreme Court review the case , and Newdow asked that Scalia recuse himself because of this prior statement , which he did without comment .
Scalia declined to recuse himself from Cheney v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia ( 2005 ) , a case concerning whether Vice President Dick Cheney could keep secret the membership of an advisory task force on energy policy . Scalia was asked to recuse himself because he had gone on a hunting trip with various persons including Cheney , during which he traveled one way on Air Force Two . Scalia issued a lengthy in @-@ chambers opinion refusing to recuse himself , stating that though Cheney was a longtime friend , he was merely being sued in his official capacity , and that were justices to step aside in the cases of officials who are parties because of official capacity , the Supreme Court would cease to function . Scalia indicated that it was far from unusual for justices to socialize with other government officials , recalling that the late Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson played poker with President Harry Truman , and that Justice Byron White went skiing with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy . Scalia stated that he was never alone with Cheney during the trip , the two had not discussed the case , and the justice had saved no money since he had bought round @-@ trip tickets , the cheapest available . Scalia was part of the 7 – 2 majority once the case was heard which generally upheld Cheney 's position .
= = = Religious views = = =
Scalia was a devout Roman Catholic , and his son Paul entered the priesthood . Uncomfortable with the changes brought about following Vatican II , Scalia drove long distances to parishes that he felt were more in accord with his beliefs , such as the Tridentine Latin Mass in both Chicago and Washington and also the Latin version of the Mass of Paul VI at St. Catherine of Siena in Great Falls , Virginia . In a 2013 interview with Jennifer Senior for New York magazine , Scalia was asked if his beliefs extended to the Devil , and he stated , " Of course ! Yeah , he 's a real person . Hey , c 'mon , that 's standard Catholic doctrine ! Every Catholic believes that " . When asked if he had seen recent evidence of the Devil , Scalia replied , " You know , it is curious . In the Gospels , the Devil is doing all sorts of things . He 's making pigs run off cliffs , he 's possessing people and whatnot ... What he 's doing now is getting people not to believe in him or in God . He 's much more successful that way " . In another 2013 interview , Scalia stated that " In order for capitalism to work , in order for it to produce a good and stable society , traditional Christian virtues are essential " .
In 2006 , Scalia was asked by a reporter upon leaving church , if being a traditionalist Catholic had caused problems for him and responded by asking , " You know what I say to those people ? " , and with a gesture , cupping his hand under his chin and flicking his fingers out . The gesture , which was captured by a photographer , was initially reported by the Boston Herald as obscene . Scalia responded to the reports with a letter to the editor accusing the news staff of watching too many episodes of The Sopranos and stating that the gesture was a strong brush @-@ off . Roger Axtell , an expert on body language , described the gesture as possibly meaning " I 've had enough , go away " and noted , " It 's a fairly strong gesture " . The gesture would later be parodied by comedian Stephen Colbert during his performance at the White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner later that year , with the justice in attendance : cameras showed that unlike most of the butts of Colbert 's jokes that evening , Scalia was laughing .
= = = 1996 presidential election = = =
According to John Boehner , as chairman of the House Republican Conference , he sought to persuade Scalia to run for election as vice president with Bob Dole in 1996 . As related by Boehner , Scalia listened to the proposal and dictated the same reply Justice Charles Evans Hughes had once given to a similar query : " The possibility is too remote to comment upon , given my position . " Dole did put Scalia on his list of potential running mates , but eventually settled on Jack Kemp .
= = Personal life = =
On September 10 , 1960 , Scalia married Maureen McCarthy at St. Pius X church in Yarmouth , Massachusetts . The two had met on a blind date while he was at Harvard Law School . Maureen was an undergraduate student at Radcliffe College when they met and subsequently obtained a degree in English from the school .
The couple raised nine children , five boys and four girls . Two of the sons , Eugene Scalia and John Scalia , are attorneys . Paul Scalia is a Catholic priest , Matthew had a career in the Army , and Christopher is a writer . All four daughters , Catherine , Ann , Margaret and Mary , have families . According to Scalia , Maureen raised all nine children " with very little assistance from me . "
He resided in McLean , Virginia , a suburb of Washington , D.C.
Scalia enjoyed a warm relationship with fellow Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg , considered a member of the court 's liberal wing , with the two attending the opera together , and even appearing together onstage as supernumeraries in Washington National Opera 's 1994 production of Ariadne auf Naxos . Ginsburg was a colleague of Scalia 's on the D.C. Circuit , and the Scalias and Ginsburgs had dinner together every New Year 's Eve .
= = = Death = = =
Scalia died in his sleep on the night of February 12 or the morning of February 13 , 2016 , following an afternoon of quail hunting and dining at the Cibolo Creek Ranch in Shafter , Texas . He was pronounced dead of apparent natural causes . His physician , Rear Admiral Brian P. Monahan , said that Scalia had a history of heart trouble , including high blood pressure , and had recently been deemed too weak to undergo surgery for a torn rotator cuff .
For the month following Scalia 's death , his chair in the Supreme Court chamber and the front of the bench where he sat were draped with black wool crêpe , with more over the court 's entrance , a tradition dating from the death of Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase in 1873 . Flags on the Court 's front plaza were flown at half @-@ staff for 30 days . Scalia 's body lay in repose in the Great Hall of the Supreme Court of the United States on February 19 , 2016 . His son , Rev. Paul Scalia , delivered the homily at a Catholic funeral Mass the next day at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C. The interment was private , at Fairfax Memorial Park , Fairfax , Virginia .
= = Succession = =
Scalia 's death – only the second death of a serving justice in a span of sixty years – left eight justices remaining on the Supreme Court , split 4 – 4 between being fairly conservative and fairly liberal , during a presidential election year . Cases that were not decided before Scalia 's death will be decided by the remaining eight members of the Court . When the Court issues a split 4 – 4 ruling , the ruling of the lower court will be upheld , but the Supreme Court 's decision will have no precedential effect and the Court will not publish a written opinion with respect to the merits of the case . Citing the Court 's practices following the death of Justice Robert H. Jackson in 1954 , Tom Goldstein wrote that the Court is more likely to rehear evenly @-@ divided cases after a new justice is appointed to the Court .
In a 2012 interview , Scalia said that he would prefer Judge Frank H. Easterbrook of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals as his successor . President Barack Obama said at the time of Scalia 's death that he would nominate his successor in " due time " . On March 16 , 2016 , he nominated Merrick Garland , Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , to fill Scalia 's seat on the Court .
= Australia and the American Civil War =
Despite being across the world from the conflict , the Australian colonies were affected by the American Civil War both economically and by immigration . The Australian cotton crop became more important to England , which had lost its American sources , and it served as a supply base for Confederate blockade runners . Immigrants from Europe seeking a better life also found Australia preferable to war @-@ torn North America .
The Australian public was shocked by the revelation by a turncoat Russian officer , who claimed that a direct engagement was secretly planned by Russia in case the Confederacy was recognised by Britain . The Russian navy had just paid Australia a visit in preparation for launching attacks . Fear of a possible military confrontation led to a massive buildup of coastal defences and to the acquisition of an ironclad warship .
Australia became directly involved when the Confederate navy visited in order to repair one of their warships . This led to protests from the Union representative at Melbourne , while the citizenry of nearby Williamstown entertained the Confederates and some Australians joined the crew . Accounts disagree as to whether Australians generally favored the Union or the Confederacy , as sorrowful demonstrations were held in Sydney when news arrived of Abraham Lincoln 's assassination .
= = Economics = =
Together , 140 Australians and New Zealanders were veterans of the American Civil War , 100 of whom were native @-@ born . Some of these were originally Americans who came to Australia during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s . Officers during the war included one who gave Tasmania its first telegraph service , and another officer who mined for gold in Ballarat .
Confederate blockade runners occasionally obtained supplies there , despite a historic fear of possible naval attack by Americans , a fear rooted in the actions of American privateers during the War of 1812 .
The war also caused the Lancashire Cotton Famine . As a result , Queensland saw a rise in its cotton industry , while the National Colonial Emigration Society in Britain was founded , although it had little ongoing relevance . This came about as a result of so many individuals from northern England being affected by the inability of the Southern United States to ship cotton during the war . Once the war ended , little cotton from Southern Australia was imported to England . However , in the aftermath of the war some Australians were interested in acquiring the Fiji Islands and their cotton fields .
Another impact was the competition with Canada that Australia and New Zealand had with Irish immigration . The increasing Irish immigration was seen as an economic boon by these antipodean countries . One of the reasons for the increase was due to many Irish deciding against emigrating to the warring nations of North America .
= = Imperial Russian Navy = =
During the Civil War , the Union and Russia were allies against what they saw as their potential enemy , Britain . The Russian blue @-@ water navy was stationed in San Francisco and from 1863 in New York — with sealed orders to attack British naval targets in case war broke out between the United States and Britain . This was threatened if Britain gave diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy .
The flagship of the Russian Pacific squadron , Bogatyr under Rear Admiral Andrey Alexandrovich Popov , officially made a friendly visit to Melbourne in early 1863 . According to information passed on to Australian authorities in June 1864 , Rear Admiral A.A. Popov had in the first half of the year 1863 received orders and a plan of attack on the British naval ships positioned near the Australian shore . The plan also included shelling and destruction of the Melbourne , Sydney and Hobart coastal batteries . The information was attributed to the Polish lieutenant Władysław Zbyszewski of the Bogatyr , who had deserted from service in Shanghai soon after Bogatyr left Australia , and found his way to Paris to join the Polish January Uprising . This information about Popov 's plans was forwarded by a fellow Pole , a certain S. Rakowsky . Similar attack orders are known to have been given to the Atlantic squadron under Rear Admiral Lessovsky , that was sent to New York at the same time .
= = CSS Shenandoah = =
The CSS Shenandoah arrived in Australian waters on January 17 , 1865 . Off the coast of South Australia at 39 ° 32 ' 14 " S and 122 ° 16 ' 52 " E , her crew spotted an American @-@ made sailing ship named the Nimrod and boarded it . Having ascertained it was an English ship , the Shenandoah left it alone .
On January 25 , 1865 the Shenandoah made harbor at Williamstown , Victoria , near Melbourne , in order to repair damage received while capturing Union whaling ships . At seven o 'clock in the evening , Waddell sent a Lieutenant Grimball to gain approval from local authorities to repair their ship , with Grimball returning three hours later saying they were granted permission . The United States consul , William Blanchard , insisted that the Victorian government arrest the Confederates as pirates , but his pleas were ignored by Victoria 's governor , Sir Charles Henry Darling , who was satisfied with the Shenandoah ’ s pleading of neutrality when requesting to be allowed to undertake repairs . Aside from a few fist fights between Americans , there was no direct conflict between the two warring sides . However , there were eighteen desertions while ashore , and there were constant threats of Northern sympathisers joining the crew in order to capture the ship when it was at sea .
The local citizenry was very interested in the Confederate ship being in Port Phillip Bay . While at Williamstown , James Iredell Waddell , the captain of the Shenandoah and his men participated in several " official functions " the local citizens arranged in their honour , including a gala ball with the " cream of society " at Craig 's Royal Hotel in Ballarat and at the Melbourne Club . Thousands of tourists came to see the ship every day , requiring special trains to accommodate them . After being treated as " little lions " , the officers of the Shenandoah later reflected that the best time of their lives was given to them by the women of Melbourne .
After leaving Australia , the Shenandoah captured twenty @-@ five additional Union whaling ships before finally surrendering at Liverpool , England in November , 1865 . Those surrendering included 42 Australians who had joined the crew at Williamstown ; sources differ as to whether the Australians were stowaways or illegally recruited . Waddell did refuse Australian authorities to see if Australians were aboard the ship prior to sailing from Williamstown on February 18 . Four Australians were arrested to prevent them from joining the Confederate ships , and Governor Darling allowed the Shenandoah to sail away , instead of firing upon it . Waddell 's official report said that on February 18 they " found on board " the 42 men , and made 36 sailors and enlisted six as marines . One of the original Confederate crewmen , midshipman John Thomson Mason , stated that they just happened to find the stowaways , of various nationalities , and enlisted them outside of Australian waters . He further said one of the stowaways was the captain of an English steamer that was at Melbourne at the time ; the Englishman became the captain 's clerk .
= = Assassination of Abraham Lincoln = =
The news of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on 15 April , 1865 caused demonstrations of sorrow in Sydney . An editorial in Melbourne 's " The Age " newspaper on June 27 , 1865 reported that in Sydney the assassination of Lincoln had caused great indignation . There were many Australian sympathisers that wanted to put an end to slavery , a central issue with Lincoln and his Emancipation Proclamation . A memorial service was held in Sydney 's Prince of Wales Opera House on Sunday afternoon July 9 , 1865 . There were strong feelings of anger at public meetings against the killer of Lincoln , a person so dedicated to his country . They figured he was a genius who rose " from a log cabin to the White House . "
A public meeting was held in Sydney to express sympathy for Lincoln 's death and a meeting of American citizens held on June 26 , 1865 had decided to forward a letter of condolence to Mrs. Lincoln , to contribute for a monumental tablet , and wear mourning for a month . There was a letter of sympathy sent to Lincoln 's wife from the mayor of the city of Sydney expressing the city 's condolences .
News of Lincoln 's assassination was reported in the Melbourne 's " The Age " on June 24 , 1865 . In the Melbourne newspapers , editorials were prominent . There was mention in the Melbourne Herald for June 26 , 1865 that many of the American houses in town carried their national ensign at half @-@ mast as a mark of respect to the memory of the late President . William Blanchard , the U.S. Consul in Melbourne at the time , on finding out the news of Lincoln 's death , caused the consular flag to be kept at half @-@ mast until July 4 , 1865 . The City Council of Melbourne passed a resolution " expressive of its horror and detestation of the atrocious murder of the late Chief Magistrate . "
There were other letters of sympathy from Australia . They came from the Polish and Hungarian Refugees in Melbourne dated July 4 , 1865 ; Citizens of the Swiss Republic Residents in New South Wales ; Sydney Irish National League , NSW Branch , dated July 22 , 1865 ; and from the mayor of Sydney Municipal Council dated July 17 , 1865 . Another letter of sympathy came from the town of Geelong in Victoria , addressed to " Mrs. Lincoln , Washington , America " dated August 22 , 1865 .
= = Aftermath = =
The residents of Melbourne , realising they were vulnerable to attack by others , especially the Russians due to the events during the war , hurried to build coastal defence forts . This included the government of Victoria requesting an ironclad ship to be sent to protect the colony , after the values of ironclads were demonstrated during the American Civil War 's Battle of Hampton Roads . The monitor HMVS Cerberus was constructed during the late 1860s , and duly arrived in Victoria in 1871 .
In 1872 the British government paid the United States $ 3 @,@ 875 @,@ 000 as a result of the assistance provided to CSS Shenandoah and other Confederate ships in Victoria and other ports controlled by Great Britain , after an international jury ruled on the case in Geneva , Switzerland .
In 1972 , the American Civil War Round Table of Australia was founded . Its secretary , Barry Crompton , has the largest library dedicated to the American Civil War outside the United States , with over 4 @,@ 000 pieces as of 2005 .
= = = Self @-@ government = = =
When the six colonies of the Australian continent federated to form a self @-@ governing nation in 1901 , Australia favoured the British model of government as they had misgivings about America 's powerful postwar " monarchical " presidency . Australians also opposed the importation of " coloured labour " , in part due to fears of a similar civil war breaking out in Australia . A further precautionary measure was evident in the addition of the word " indissoluble " to the Federal Constitution of 1897 – 1898 in Adelaide , to prevent the " political heresy " of secession as engaged in by the Confederacy .
= Fossil Creek =
Fossil Creek ( Yavapai : Hakhavsuwa or Vialnyucha ) is a perennial stream near the community of Strawberry in the U.S. state of Arizona . A tributary of the Verde River , Fossil Creek flows from its headwaters on the Mogollon Rim to meet the larger stream near the former Childs Power Plant .
Fossil Springs , near the headwaters , emits upwards of 20 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 76 m3 ) per minute that flow into the creek year @-@ round . Calcium carbonate , precipitating from the 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) water from the springs , creates travertine dams and deposits for several miles downstream . The Fossil Creek system is the fourth largest producer of travertine in the United States .
Fossil Creek is one of only two streams in Arizona included in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System . The creek and its riparian corridor provide habitat for a wide variety of flora and fauna , some listed as endangered or otherwise imperiled . Its former power @-@ plant complex is listed as a National Historic District . Since restoration of the stream 's natural flow in 2008 , an increase in recreational visits has raised concerns about overuse and has led to road closings and other restrictions .
= = Course = =
Fossil Creek arises at an elevation of 6 @,@ 510 feet ( 1 @,@ 980 m ) above sea level on the Mogollon Rim in Coconino County north of Strawberry . For about the first 3 miles ( 5 km ) , the creek 's flow is intermittent .
From high on the rim , the creek runs generally north , entering Gila County almost immediately . It continues north through the wilderness to the confluence of an intermittent stream in Calf Pen Canyon , which enters from the right . Turning west , the creek receives another intermittent stream from the right in Sandrock Canyon , at the head of Fossil Creek Canyon . Before it reaches Fossil Springs , the creek becomes the boundary between Gila County on the stream 's left and Yavapai County on its right , and it remains the boundary all the way to the Verde River .
The perennial stretches of the stream begin at Fossil Springs , at river mile ( RM ) 14 or river kilometer ( RK ) 23 , in the Fossil Springs Wilderness of the Coconino National Forest at an elevation of about 4 @,@ 100 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) . Below the springs , the creek flows west and southwest , passing the remnants of a former dam . Unnamed intermittent streams enter from left and right . Before Fossil Creek reaches the former Irving Power Plant , it leaves the Fossil Springs Wilderness , and below the plant , it enters the Mazatzal Wilderness of the Tonto National Forest . Forest Road 708 ( Fossil Creek Road ) follows the creek for 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) along this stretch , crossing the creek once at Fossil Creek Bridge .
After Cimarron Creek Wash enters from the right , Fossil Creek turns sharply south . In the next stretch , Stehr Lake is to the right and Deadman Mesa to the left . Hardscrabble Creek enters from the left just before Fossil Creek turns west again and enters the Verde River .
= = = Discharge = = =
The flow of water from Fossil Springs has been estimated to range from 43 to 56 cubic feet per second ( 1 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 6 m3 / s ) ( 320 – 420 gal / s ) year @-@ round , and it emerges from underground at a constant 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) . The United States Geological Survey installed a stream gauge at the Fossil Creek Bridge in 2010 . The maximum daily discharge at that station was 885 cubic feet per second ( 25 @.@ 1 m3 / s ) on February 19 , 2011 , and the minimum was 39 cubic feet per second ( 1 @.@ 1 m3 / s ) on August 6 , 2011 .
= = Geology = =
Fossil Creek Canyon is about 1 @,@ 600 feet ( 490 m ) deep and varies in width from 2 miles ( 3 km ) at Fossil Springs to less than 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in places further downstream . Rocks in the canyon vary in age from the Precambrian through the Cenozoic . North of the springs the canyon cuts through Paleozoic sedimentary rocks including the Redwall Limestone , Naco Group , Supai Group , and Schnebly Hill Formations ; Coconino Sandstone , and Kaibab Formation . South of the springs , the canyon 's rocks are Tertiary volcanic , mostly dark @-@ gray basalt and yellow @-@ gray tuff .
Fossil Springs , the source of about 80 percent of the water in Fossil Creek , issues from several vents in close proximity to one another at the base of the Mogollon Rim . The rim is the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau . Water percolating through limestone layers in the rim becomes laden with dissolved carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate . When the water emerges at the springs , it begins to release carbon dioxide as a gas and calcium carbonate as travertine , a porous form of calcite often found around hot springs such as Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park . The release , affected by stream turbulence and other factors , does not occur all at once but continues downstream .
Nineteenth @-@ century observers of the creek reported seeing many naturally occurring travertine dams with deep pools behind them . A study conducted in 1996 identified the eroded remnants of at least 80 such dams . After the creek 's natural flow was restored in 2008 , hundreds of new travertine dams began to form along a 6 @-@ mile ( 10 km ) stretch below Fossil Springs . About 13 short tons ( 12 t ) of travertine per day are deposited along the stream . This rate of deposition makes Fossil Creek the fourth largest travertine system in the United States ; the three larger systems are Mammoth Hot Springs , Havasu Creek , and Blue Springs of the Little Colorado River .
= = History = =
= = = Early = = =
Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric use of the Fossil Creek watershed , and it is possible that people lived here as long as 10 @,@ 000 years ago . More recently , Yavapai and Apache peoples have lived in the area , also used by 19th @-@ century cattlemen and shepherds .
Fossil Creek first appeared on maps in Arizona in the 1860s , when Arizona Territory 's first governor , John Noble Goodwin , passed through the region . Members of the Goodwin group noted " petrifactions " , travertine @-@ encased rocks and twigs that looked like fossils , hence the name Fossil Creek .
= = = Hydroelectric plants = = =
Few streams in Arizona have a flow as large and steady as Fossil Creek 's . Although remote , the stream was seen in the early 20th century as a good place to produce electricity for the copper mines of Jerome and the gold and silver mines of the Bradshaw Mountains . In 1908 , construction began on a hydropower plant on the Verde River at Childs under the authority of the Arizona Power Company , later part of the Arizona Public Service Company ( APS ) . The project included creating a diversion dam , 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) high , across the creek . About 8 @,@ 800 feet ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) of concrete flumes carried water from the dam to the Childs plant . An artificial reservoir , Stehr Lake , held enough water to keep the plant operating at normal capacity for up to 3 @.@ 5 days when the flume system was closed for maintenance . In 1916 , the company constructed a second plant , the Irving Power Plant , along Fossil Creek .
Childs @-@ Irving was the first hydroelectric power plant built in Arizona , and in 1920 it was supplying as much as 70 percent of the power used by Phoenix . The complex was named an Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1976 and a National Historic District in 1991 .
= = = Stream restoration = = =
In 2004 invasive species were removed from the creek to maximize native fish survival . A fish barrier 5 miles ( 8 km ) from the mouth prevents invasive species from swimming further upstream . In 2005 , after assessing costs , the plants ' low output , and the goodwill to be generated from stream restoration , APS closed both power plants , and in 2008 APS removed the diversion dam .
In 2009 President Barack Obama signed legislation designating Fossil Creek as a National Wild and Scenic River , after a long campaign by the Arizona Nature Conservancy . The legislation , passed by Congress , protects 16 @.@ 8 miles ( 27 @.@ 0 km ) of stream . The 2 @.@ 7 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 3 km ) segment from the confluence of Sand Rock and Calf Pen canyons to where the stream leaves the Fossil Spring Wilderness is " wild " . The 7 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 12 @.@ 1 km ) stretch from there to the Mazatzal Wilderness boundary is " recreational " , and the remaining 6 @.@ 6 miles ( 10 @.@ 6 km ) of the stream is " wild " . Fossil Creek is one of only two streams in Arizona with Wild and Scenic segments ; the other is the Verde River .
= = Fauna and flora = =
The creek and its riparian zone support about 200 species of birds , mammals , reptiles , and amphibians . The list includes many special @-@ status species such as the southwestern willow flycatcher and Chiricahua leopard frog . The watershed supports 27 species of neotropical migratory birds such as the sage sparrow and 20 species such as the common black hawk that are rated sensitive by the U.S. Forest Service . Mammals found in or near Fossil Creek include otter and beaver , Merriam 's shrew , a variety of bats , and other species . Among the reptiles and amphibians are the Arizona toad , and the reticulated Gila monster .
Native fish in Fossil Creek include headwater chub , roundtail chub , speckled dace , longfin dace , Sonora sucker , and desert sucker . Between 2007 and 2010 , the Arizona Game and Fish Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service added native spikedace , loach minnows , Gila topminnows , and razorback suckers as well as more longfin dace above the barrier . All except speckled dace are special @-@ status fish listed as endangered , threatened , or sensitive by federal or state agencies . In addition , more than 100 macroinvertebrate species live in the Fossil Creek watershed . One , the fossil springsnail , is listed sensitive by the U.S. Forest Service .
Fossil Creek 's riparian zones provide high @-@ quality habitat for plant species native to the area . These include deciduous trees such as the Arizona alder and Fremont cottonwood as well as a wide variety of shrubs , grasses , ferns , and other understory plants . Species diversity is higher above the site of the former power @-@ plant dam , especially near Fossil Springs . In 1987 , a 26 @-@ acre ( 11 ha ) plot above the dam was set aside as the Fossil Springs Botanical Area . Plant inventories taken between 2003 and 2005 identified 166 plant species in the botanical area and 314 species of flowering plants and ferns in the larger Fossil Creek area .
= = Recreation = =
Fossil Creek 's steady flow , warmth , deep pools , and small waterfalls attract visitors who wade , swim , float , kayak , and snorkel in its waters . Four named hiking paths intersect the Fossil Creek corridor : the Flume – Irving , Fossil Springs , Mail , and Deadman Mesa trails . The U.S. Forest Service allows dispersed camping in some parts of the area but has made other parts , such as riparian zones , off @-@ limits to overnight stays . Other activities in the area include wildlife viewing , photography , fishing , and visits to the remains of the Childs @-@ Irving infrastructure .
Restoring the stream has made the area , a two @-@ hour drive from Phoenix , highly popular . As recreational use of Fossil Creek increased after 2008 , accumulations of trash and human waste as well as damage to forests and stream banks became problematic . The Forest Service at times closes parts of Forest Road 708 ( Fossil Creek Road ) to limit danger from traffic jams . Campfires are prohibited between the Fossil Creek headwaters and the dry bed of Stehr Lake , and other restrictions apply . Since 2009 , the Forest Service has been working on a comprehensive management plan for Fossil Creek .
= Borneo shark =
The Borneo shark ( Carcharhinus borneensis ) is a species of requiem shark , and part of the family Carcharhinidae . Extremely rare , it is known only from inshore waters around Mukah in northwestern Borneo , though it may once have been more widely distributed . A small , gray shark reaching 65 cm ( 26 in ) in length , this species is the only member of its genus with a row of enlarged pores above the corners of its mouth . It has a slender body with a long , pointed snout and a low second dorsal fin placed posterior to the anal fin origin .
Almost nothing is known about the natural history of the Borneo shark . It is viviparous like other requiem sharks ; the females bear litters of six pups , which are provisioned through gestation by a placental connection . The International Union for Conservation of Nature last assessed this species as Endangered , at which time it had not been seen since 1937 . While an extant population has since been found , the Borneo shark continues to merit conservation concern given its highly limited range within heavily fished waters .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker originally described the Borneo shark as Carcharias ( Prionodon ) borneensis in an 1858 issue of the scientific journal Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo @-@ Neêrlandicae . He based his account on a newborn male 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) long , caught off Singkawang in western Kalimantan , Borneo . Later authors have recognized this species as belonging to the genus Carcharhinus . Before 2004 , only five specimens of the Borneo shark were known , all of them immature and collected before 1937 . In April and May 2004 , researchers from Universiti Malaysia Sabah discovered a number of additional specimens while surveying the fishery resources of Sabah and Sarawak .
The evolutionary relationships of the Borneo shark are uncertain . Jack Garrick , in his 1982 morphological study , did not place it close to any other member of the genus . Leonard Compagno in 1988 tentatively grouped it with the smalltail shark ( C. porosus ) , blackspot shark ( C. sealei ) , spottail shark ( C. sorrah ) , creek whaler ( C. fitzroyensis ) , whitecheek shark ( C. dussumieri ) , hardnose shark ( C. macloti ) , and Pondicherry shark ( C. hemiodon ) . The Borneo shark resembles the sharpnose sharks ( Rhizoprionodon ) in certain traits , for example the enlarged pores by its mouth . Nevertheless , other aspects of its morphology firmly place it within Carcharhinus .
= = Description = =
The Borneo shark is slim @-@ bodied , with a long , pointed snout and oblique , slit @-@ like nostrils preceded by narrow , nipple @-@ shaped flaps of skin . The eyes are rather large and circular , and equipped with nictitating membranes . The corners of the sizable mouth bear short , indistinct furrows , and immediately above are a series of enlarged pores that are unique within the genus . There are 25 – 26 upper and 23 – 25 lower tooth rows . The upper teeth have a single , narrow , oblique cusp with strongly serrated edges , and large cusplets on the trailing side . The lower teeth are similar , but tend to be more slender and finely serrated . The five pairs of gill slits are short .
The pectoral fins are short , pointed , and falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) , while the pelvic fins are small and triangular with a nearly straight trailing margin . The first dorsal fin is fairly large and triangular , with a blunt apex sloping down to a sinuous trailing margin ; its origin lies over the free rear tips of the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin is small and low , and originates over the middle of the anal fin base . There is no ridge between the dorsal fins . The caudal peduncle bears a deep , crescent @-@ shaped pit at the origin of the upper caudal fin lobe . The asymmetrical caudal fin has a well @-@ developed lower lobe and a longer , narrow upper lobe with a strong ventral notch near the tip . The dermal denticles are small and overlapping , each with three horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth . This species is slate @-@ gray above , darkening towards the tips of the dorsal fins and upper caudal fin lobe ; some specimens have irregular rows of small , white blotches , which may be an artifact of handling . The underside is white , which extends onto the flanks as a vague pale band . There are faint , lighter edges on the pectoral , pelvic , and anal fin trailing margins . The largest known specimen measures 65 cm ( 26 in ) long .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
All recent specimens of the Borneo shark have been collected solely from fishery landing sites at Mukah in Sarawak , despite thorough surveys across the rest of Borneo ( including at the locality of the type specimen ) . Thus , its range may now be restricted to shallow , inshore waters in northwestern Borneo . Of the five earlier specimens , four came from Borneo and one from Zhoushan Island in China , hinting at a wider historical distribution . This species was also recorded from Borongan in the Philippines in 1895 , and Java in 1933 ; these records cannot be substantiated and there have been no subsequent sightings from these areas .
= = Biology and ecology = =
Bony fishes are probably the main food of the Borneo shark . It is viviparous like other requiem sharks , with the developing embryos provisioned by the mother through a placental connection formed from the depleted yolk sac . The litter size is six , and the pups are born at close to 24 – 28 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 – 11 @.@ 0 in ) long . From the available specimens , the length at sexual maturity can be surmised to be under 55 – 58 cm ( 22 – 23 in ) in males and under 61 – 65 cm ( 24 – 26 in ) in females .
= = Human interactions = =
The International Union for Conservation of Nature last assessed the Borneo shark as Endangered , based on 2005 data that do not include the recent specimens from Mukah . Previously , several fishery surveys within its supposed historical range had failed to find it . The Borneo shark 's conservation status remains precarious given its very small range in waters subjected to intensive artisanal and commercial fishing . It is caught by line gear and used for meat , though it has minimal commercial significance .
= Gone Too Soon =
" Gone Too Soon " is a ballad recorded and popularized by American musician Michael Jackson . It was written and composed by Larry Grossman and Buz Kohan . Dionne Warwick first performed the song in 1983 as a dedication to Janis Joplin and Karen Carpenter .
Jackson 's version of " Gone Too Soon " was dedicated to the memory of Jackson 's friend Ryan White , a teenager from Kokomo , Indiana who came to national attention , after being expelled from his school for having HIV / AIDS . This version was produced by Jackson and co @-@ produced by Bruce Swedien for Jackson 's eighth studio album , Dangerous ( 1991 ) . The song was also mixed by Swedien , and featured instrumentation by artists such as David Paich , Steve Porcaro , Michael Boddicker , Abraham Laboriel and Paulinho Da Costa .
The song was released on December 1 , 1993 , as the ninth and final single from the Dangerous album . Following its release — on World AIDS Day of 1993 — " Gone Too Soon " became a moderate chart success in several countries : France , Germany , The Netherlands , New Zealand , Switzerland and the UK . The song was released as a cassette single in the US , and became a hit in Zimbabwe , where it charted at number 3 . " Gone Too Soon " was not a significant critical success , as it received mixed reviews from music critics .
" Gone Too Soon " was promoted with a music video directed by Bill DiCicco , which showed footage of Jackson and White together , as well as scenes from the latter 's funeral . A live performance by Jackson at Bill Clinton 's inaugural celebration also served as a promotional platform , for both the song and AIDS @-@ related funding . " Gone Too Soon " later received more exposure , following the deaths of both Diana , Princess of Wales , and Jackson himself .
= = Background and production = =
Ryan White was an American teenager from Kokomo , Indiana who became a national poster child for HIV / AIDS in the United States after being expelled from school because of his infection . A hemophiliac , he became infected with HIV from a contaminated blood treatment and , when diagnosed in 1984 , was given six months to live . Though doctors said he posed no risk to other students , AIDS was poorly understood at the time , and when White tried to return to school , many parents and teachers in Kokomo rallied against his attendance . A lengthy legal battle with the school system ensued , and media coverage of the struggle made White into a national celebrity and spokesman for AIDS research and public education .
During this time , White was befriended by singer Michael Jackson . White 's mother Jeanne commented on the friendship , " It 's a really good relationship . They have a good time . [ Michael Jackson ] treats [ Ryan White ] like he 's not sick . And Ryan treats Michael like he 's not a celebrity . " The pop star bought the teenager a red Ford Mustang , and invited White and his mother to spend time at his Neverland Ranch in Santa Barbara County , California . Surprising his doctors , White lived five years longer than initially predicted and died in April 1990 , shortly before he would have completed high school . His funeral was attended by Jackson , as well as English musician Elton John , media personality Phil Donahue , First Lady of the United States Barbara Bush , and 1000 other mourners .
" Gone Too Soon " was written and composed by Larry Grossman and Buz Kohan and was originally performed by Dionne Warwick in February 1983 on a TV special as a tribute to many performers , including Janis Joplin and Karen Carpenter who had died days earlier . Later on the same day , Jackson called Kohan explaining he had wept while watching the performance and that he felt he wanted to record it some day .
Other projects took precedence for years , but Jackson ended up recording the song for his Dangerous album , in memory of White . The prelude to the song was composed , arranged and conducted by American musician Marty Paich . Bruce Swedien , who had worked extensively on Jackson 's Thriller , was drafted to record and mix the ballad . The music engineer also served as the co @-@ producer for " Gone Too Soon " , with Jackson producing the song . Prior to the production of the finalized version of " Gone Too Soon " , Jackson had recorded a demo version of the song , which featured different vocals and a " perfect sunflower " lyric . To date , the demo has not received an official release , but that lyric was used in the song by Jackson when he sung it at the 1993 Presidential Gala for then President @-@ Elect Bill Clinton .
= = Release and reception = =
" Gone Too Soon " was released on December 1 , 1993 — World AIDS Day — as the ninth and final single from the Dangerous album . It charted in numerous countries outside of the US . In the UK singles chart , " Gone Too Soon " — which featured an instrumental version on its B @-@ side — reached number 33 , becoming Jackson 's ninth Top 40 hit from the one album ( Dangerous ) . He thus equalled his own record , set with Bad and its accompanying singles . Outside of the UK , in the African country of Zimbabwe , " Gone Too Soon " became a hit , charting at number 3 on their singles chart . The song reached number three in The Netherlands , number 32 in France , and number 33 in Switzerland . In Germany , " Gone Too Soon " peaked at number 45 .
The Toronto Star 's Peter Howell described the song as a " simply beautiful ode to youthful AIDS victim Ryan White " . The staff of the Kansas City Star alleged that " Gone Too Soon " made syrup seem " tart in comparison " . The Miami Herald noted that Jackson " rediscover [ ed ] " his falsetto voice on the track , while the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel compared his tenor to that featured on a Broadway ballad . Edna Gundersen of USA Today , reviewing the songs on Dangerous , offered the opinion that Jackson 's " heartfelt " delivery redeemed the " fairy @-@ tale cliches " of " Gone Too Soon " . She felt that the song was " shamelessly Disneyesque " . The Worcester Telegram Gazette added to the reviews , stating that " Gone Too Soon " was a " orchestra @-@ drenched ballad full of insipid little boy innocence " . Journalist David Browne , writing for Entertainment Weekly , claimed that the song " recasts the equally melodramatic Off the Wall hit " She 's Out of My Life " ; he noted that Jackson sobs during the finale of both songs .
= = Promotion = =
" Gone Too Soon " was promoted with a short music video directed by Bill DiCicco . The footage in the music video featured scenes of Jackson and White together , as well as brief coverage from White 's funeral . Home movies , donated by White 's mother Jeanne , were also shown in the short film . At the time of its creation , Jeanne White revealed that the video for " Gone Too Soon " would demonstrate how much Jackson cared for her ill son . The music video was later featured on Jackson 's 1993 VHS Dangerous - The Short Films . An alternate video was released a few months after Michael 's death , and was later released on Michael Jackson 's Vision .
The song was further promoted with a live performance of " Gone Too Soon " at President @-@ elect Bill Clinton 's inauguration celebration , An American Reunion : The 52nd Presidential Inaugural Gala . The pop star dedicated his performance to White , and used the occasion to plead with the incoming president for funding toward AIDS @-@ related research :
I would like to take a moment from this very public ceremony to speak of something very personal . It concerns a dear friend of mine who is no longer with us . His name is Ryan White . He was a hemophiliac who was diagnosed with the AIDS virus when he was eleven . He died shortly after turning eighteen , the very time most young people are beginning to explore life 's wonderful possibilities . My friend Ryan was a very bright , very brave , and very normal young man who never wanted to be a symbol or a spokesperson for a deadly disease . Over the years , I 've shared many silly , happy , and painful moments with Ryan and I was with him at the end of his brief but eventful journey . Ryan is gone and just as anyone who has lost a loved one to AIDS , I miss him deeply and constantly . He is gone , but I want his life to have meaning beyond his passing . It is my hope , President @-@ elect Clinton , that you and your administration commit the resources needed to eliminate this awful disease that took my friend , and ended so many promising lives before their time .
= = Cover versions = =
Babyface and Stevie Wonder duetted on the song during an MTV Unplugged performance in 1997 , with the former performing and dedicating the song to Jackson in June and July 2009 . American hip @-@ hop artist b @-@ Rabbit recorded a song entitled " Broken Hearts ( R & B Remix ) " that sampled Jackson 's vocals in early 2012 .
= = Death of Diana , Princess of Wales = =
Following the death of Diana in August 1997 , Jackson permitted " Gone Too Soon " to be included on a Diana commemorative album entitled Tribute . The proceeds from the sale of the album went to the Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Fund .
= = Death of Michael Jackson = =
Michael Jackson died in June 2009 , after suffering a cardiac arrest . His memorial service was held on July 7 , 2009 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park 's Hall of Liberty . The event was reported to have been viewed by more than one billion people . At the memorial , R & B singer Usher performed " Gone Too Soon " as a tribute to the late singer . During the performance , the entertainer — wearing dark sunglasses and a yellow rose pinned to the lapel of his jacket — approached Jackson 's gold @-@ plated casket , which was in attendance . Usher placed his left hand upon the coffin , before completing the final lyric — " gone too soon " — through tears .
= = Personnel = =
Music by Larry Grossman
Lyrics by Buz Kohan
Produced by Michael Jackson
Co @-@ Produced by Bruce Swedien
Recorded and mixed by Bruce Swedien
Solo vocal by Michael Jackson
Rhythm arrangement by David Paich
Orchestra arranged and conducted by Marty Paich
David Paich – keyboards
David Paich , Steve Porcaro and Michael Boddicker – synthesizers
Abraham Laboriel – bass
Paulinho Da Costa – percussion
Prelude composed , arranged and conducted by Marty Paich
= = Track listing = =
CD single
" Gone Too Soon " – 3 : 22
" Human Nature " – 4 : 06
" She 's Out of My Life " – 3 : 38
" Thriller " – 5 : 57
CD promo
" Gone Too Soon " – 3 : 22
" Gone Too Soon " ( Instrumental ) – 3 : 22
= = Charts = =
= Off the Deep End =
Off the Deep End is the seventh studio album by " Weird Al " Yankovic , released in 1992 . This album was the first album self @-@ produced by Yankovic , after six albums with Rick Derringer . Recorded between June 1990 and January 1992 , the album was a follow @-@ up to the unsuccessful soundtrack to Yankovic 's 1989 film UHF . Off the Deep End and its lead single " Smells Like Nirvana " helped to revitalize Yankovic 's career after a lull in the late 80s .
The musical styles on Off the Deep End are built around parodies and pastiches of pop and rock music of the late 1980s and early 1990s , including the newly arisen grunge movement . Half of the album is made up of parodies of Nirvana , MC Hammer , New Kids on the Block , Gerardo , and Milli Vanilli . The other half of the album is original material , featuring many " style parodies , " or musical imitations of existing artists . These style parodies include imitations of specific artists like The Beach Boys and Jan and Dean .
Off the Deep End was met with mostly positive reviews and peaked at number seventeen on the Billboard 200 . The album also produced one of Yankovic 's most famous singles , " Smells Like Nirvana , " a parody of Nirvana 's major rock hit " Smells Like Teen Spirit , " which peaked at number thirty @-@ five on the Billboard Hot 100 . This song was Yankovic 's second @-@ highest charting single , after " Eat It , " which was released in 1984 . The cover also parodies the cover of Nirvana 's album , Nevermind . The original had a naked baby in the water with a dollar bill cast by a fishing rod , Yankovic 's replaced the baby with himself , and the dollar bill by a doughnut . Off the Deep End was Yankovic 's fourth Gold record , and went on to be certified Platinum for sales of over one million copies in the United States . In addition , the album was later nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Recording in 1993 .
= = Production = =
= = = Background = = =
In 1989 , Yankovic starred in a full @-@ length feature film , co @-@ written by himself and manager Jay Levey , and filmed in Tulsa , Oklahoma called UHF . A satire of the television and film industries , also starring Michael Richards , Fran Drescher , and Victoria Jackson , it brought floundering studio Orion their highest test scores since the movie RoboCop . Although the movie made a little over six million domestically – out of a budget of five million – it was considered unsuccessful .
Yankovic also released a quasi @-@ soundtrack for the film in late 1989 , entitled UHF – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff , which featured songs ( and commercials ) from the movie as well as new unrelated studio material from Yankovic . The album failed to be successful , charting at only 146 on the Billboard 200 and quickly falling off . After the release of UHF , Yankovic returned to the studio to record his follow @-@ up album .
= = = Originals = = =
On June 6 , 1990 , recording for Off the Deep End officially began at Santa Monica Sound Records , in Santa Monica , California . The first recording session started with " Airline Amy " . These recording sessions marked the first time Yankovic self @-@ produced his songs , after six albums with Rick Derringer . By late 1990 five originals — " Airline Amy , " " Trigger Happy " , " When I Was Your Age " , " You Don 't Love Me Anymore , " and " Waffle King " — were recorded .
" You Don 't Love Me Anymore " was one of the last original songs recorded during the 1990 sessions . The song is written as a soft acoustic ballad . However , the lyrics are of a — literally — destructive relationship between Yankovic and an unnamed girl . Although they were formerly in love , the " flames died down " and they are no longer passionate - in fact the girl hates Yankovic to such an extent that she repeatedly attempts to kill him . In 1992 , when the album was finally released , Yankovic desired to release the song as a single . His record label , Scotti Brothers , allowed it under the stipulation that the music video be a parody of another music video . " You Don 't Love Me Anymore " was subsequently released to radio on June 19 , 1992 . While the song was an original composition , the video was a parody of " More Than Words " by Extreme . Yankovic later explained that when the song was released , many people erroneously believed it was a parody of " More Than Words " , and thus , Yankovic crafted the music video to be a parody of " More Than Words . " The single received moderate radio attention , which surprised Yankovic , because he had always thought that radio stations " usually just go for the parodies . "
One of the original songs recorded in the 1990 sessions was " Waffle King . " However , when Yankovic resumed recording in 1992 , he recorded a new original called " I Was Only Kidding . " Originally , " Waffle King " was supposed to appear on Off the Deep End . However , by the time the recording of the parodies for this album began , Al had written all the original songs that were to appear on his next album , Alapalooza . Because he was concerned that one of the jokes from the song " I Was Only Kidding " might be dated by the time his next album would finally be released — a line that references the movie Wayne 's World : " I really love you ... not ! " — Yankovic included " I Was Only Kidding " on Off the Deep End in place of " Waffle King " . " Waffle King " was instead used as the b @-@ side of the " Smells Like Nirvana " single and would later resurface on Alapalooza .
The album also contains a hidden track at the end called " Bite Me . " The " song " , which consists of several seconds of loud music and Yankovic screaming , appears after 10 minutes of silence following " You Don 't Love Me Anymore " . According to Yankovic , the song was supposed to " come on [ ... ] and scare you to death . " Later pressings of Off the Deep End by Volcano and pressings outside the USA took away the hidden track and silence . The track is a nod to Nirvana ; certain pressings of Nevermind featured a hidden track entitled " Endless , Nameless " .
= = = Parodies and polka = = =
After recording the first batch of originals in 1990 , Yankovic focused his attention on parodies . By early 1991 , only three parodies had been recorded . Two of them , the cookie @-@ inspired New Kids on the Block parody " The White Stuff " and the television @-@ centric MC Hammer parody " I Can 't Watch This , " were slated to be released as singles . In fact , several cartons of promo singles were pressed , but they were deleted by the record company at the last second . These CDs were later discovered by Yankovic and his drummer , Jon " Bermuda " Schwartz , and have since become collector 's items . " The Plumbing Song , " a double parody of Milli Vanilli 's hit singles " Baby Don 't Forget My Number " and " Blame It on the Rain " was also recorded . Yankovic later described the parody as " redundant , " a reference to lip @-@ synching scandal that effectively destroyed the band .
Yankovic waited for almost two years for the next " big thing " to emerge . " I don 't have any really good reason why it took so long other than the fact that I was waiting for Michael Jackson 's new album to come out , " Yankovic explained . Unfortunately for Yankovic , the new album hit several snags . On November 26 , 1991 , Michael Jackson 's new album , Dangerous was released . After hearing the hit single " Black or White , " Yankovic approached Jackson about a potential parody entitled " Snack All Night . " Although Jackson was a big supporter of Yankovic 's work , he felt that a parody might damage the song 's message . Jackson told Yankovic that he could , if he wanted to , parody another song off his album , but just not " Black or White " .
Yankovic soon turned his attention in another direction . Guns N ' Roses had just released a version of Wings 's 70 's hit " Live and Let Die " . Yankovic approached Paul McCartney , leader of Wings , about a parody idea entitled " Chicken Pot Pie . " Although McCartney was a supporter of Yankovic 's work and he wanted to give Yankovic the chance to parody one of his songs , he begrudgingly turned him down due to the fact that , as a vegetarian , he could not condone the eating of animal flesh . Yankovic , a fellow vegetarian , has stated that he respects McCartney 's decision .
It was around this time that Nirvana 's Nevermind was making waves in the rock and pop scene . As the popularity of 80 's pop gave way to alternative rock , Yankovic decided it was time to record a parody of the Seattle @-@ based band 's huge hit single " Smells Like Teen Spirit " . Yankovic later said , " I wanted to make sure that when I came back after that long hiatus , it was with something strong , and it wasn 't until Nirvana that I felt I had a real contender . " To secure permission for the parody , Yankovic wanted to approve it with Kurt Cobain . After learning that Nirvana was to perform on Saturday Night Live , Yankovic called up his UHF co @-@ star , Victoria Jackson , who was , at the time , a regular cast member on the show . Jackson got Cobain on the phone so that Yankovic could make his request . Cobain agreed , although he asked if the new parody was " going to be a song about food " . Yankovic reassured him that it would actually be about how " no one can understand [ the ] lyrics " to the original , which Cobain thought was funny . After receiving permission , Yankovic wrote and recorded " Smells Like Nirvana " on January 27 , 1992 .
After " Smells Like Nirvana , " Yankovic recorded " Taco Grande , " a Mexican food @-@ themed parody of Gerardo 's " Rico Suave . " The latter features a cameo appearance from comedian Cheech Marin . Originally , Yankovic had wanted Marin to rap in Spanish , but it turned out that Marin knew only some basic Spanish . However , a bilingual secretary translated what Yankovic wanted him to say from English to Spanish and Marin read the resulting rap phonetically . One of the last songs to be recorded for the album was the obligatory polka medley , " Polka Your Eyes Out . " Yankovic had already performed the medley at Dr. Demento 's 20th Anniversary Special on Comedy Central before the album had been released .
= = Artwork = =
The cover for Off the Deep End parodies the famous cover of Nirvana 's album Nevermind , which depicts an infant in the deep end of a pool chasing after a dollar bill on a hook and line . The Off the Deep End cover shows Yankovic in the baby 's place apparently chasing after a doughnut on a string . While the Nirvana cover has a fully nude baby , Yankovic instead wore a bathing suit in a way that his body position hid it , as he jokingly explained , " I never really anticipated going full @-@ frontal on any of my album covers . " The CD , liner notes , and artwork continue the parody of Nirvana 's album , borrowing the same blue , wave @-@ light graphics from the printed surface of Nevermind .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Critical response to Off the Deep End was generally positive . Many critics praised not only Yankovic 's parodies , but also his originals . Barry Weber , of Allmusic , wrote , " In addition to re @-@ establishing his satirical craftsmanship , Deep End showcases some of Yankovic 's best originals ever ; " Trigger Happy , " " When I Was Your Age , " and " You Don 't Love Me Anymore " prove to be the album 's greatest songs . " Christopher Thelen , of the Daily Vault , wrote , " In fact , it 's strange to admit , but the originals on Off The Deep End actually are , at times , stronger than the parodies . " In The Rolling Stone Album Guide , Off the Deep End was awarded 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 , denoting that the album averaged between good and excellent . Not all reviews were so positive , however . Entertainment Weekly reviewer David Browne noted that the video for Off the Deep End ' lead single " Smells Like Nirvana " was " an old @-@ fashioned laugh riot " , but that half of Yankovic 's humor was merely visual , meaning that the songs without videos were not as funny .
The music video for " Smells Like Nirvana " achieved similar praise . Spy Magazine named it the " Video Of The Year " in 1993 , Rolling Stone ranked it as # 68 on their list of the Top 100 Videos of All Time , and it was nominated for the MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Performance in 1992 . At the 35th Grammy Awards
in 1993 , Off the Deep End was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album . However , the album lost to Peter Schickele 's Music for an Awful Lot of Winds and Percussion . In addition , Off the Deep End was also named the Best Selling Comedy Recording in 1992 by NARM .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
Off the Deep End was released April 1992 , and up to that point , became Yankovic 's best selling album . On June 17 , 1992 , Off the Deep End was certified gold . On January 25 , 2006 , the album was certified platinum . The album 's lead @-@ off single , " Smells Like Nirvana " was a hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , charting at number 35 . It also charted on Hot 100 Singles Sales at number 12 and the U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart at number 35 . Both the album and hit single helped propel Yankovic into the 1990s .
= = Track listing = =
The following is adapted from the album liner notes .
= = Credits and personnel = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Singles = = =
= Post @-@ traumatic epilepsy =
Post @-@ traumatic epilepsy ( PTE ) is a form of epilepsy that results from brain damage caused by physical trauma to the brain ( traumatic brain injury , abbreviated TBI ) . A person with PTE suffers repeated post @-@ traumatic seizures ( PTS , seizures that result from TBI ) more than a week after the initial injury . PTE is estimated to constitute 5 % of all cases of epilepsy and over 20 % of cases of symptomatic epilepsy ( in which seizures are caused by an identifiable organic brain condition ) .
It is not known how to predict who will develop epilepsy after TBI and who will not . However , the likelihood that a person will develop PTE is influenced by the severity and type of injury ; for example penetrating injuries and those that involve bleeding within the brain confer a higher risk . The onset of PTE can occur within a short time of the physical trauma that causes it , or months or years after . People with head trauma may remain at a higher risk for seizures than the general population even decades after the injury . PTE may be caused by several biochemical processes that occur in the brain after trauma , including overexcitation of brain cells and damage to brain tissues by free radicals .
Diagnostic measures include electroencephalography ( EEG ) and brain imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging , but these are not totally reliable . Antiepileptic drugs do not prevent the development of PTE after head injury , but may be used to treat the condition if it does occur . When medication does not work to control the seizures , surgery may be needed . Modern surgical techniques for PTE have their roots in the 19th century , but trepanation ( cutting a hole in the skull ) may have been used for the condition in ancient cultures .
= = Classification = =
Seizures may occur after traumatic brain injury ; these are known as post @-@ traumatic seizures ( PTS ) . However , not everyone who has post @-@ traumatic seizures will continue to have post @-@ traumatic epilepsy , because the latter is a chronic condition . However , the terms PTS and PTE are used interchangeably in medical literature . Seizures due to post @-@ traumatic epilepsy are differentiated from non @-@ epileptic post @-@ traumatic seizures based on their cause and timing after the trauma . A person with PTE suffers late seizures , those occurring more than a week after the initial trauma . Late seizures are considered to be unprovoked , while early seizures ( those occurring within a week of trauma ) are thought to result from direct effects of the injury . A provoked seizure is one that results from an exceptional , nonrecurring cause such as the immediate effects of trauma rather than a defect in the brain ; it is not an indication of epilepsy . Thus for a diagnosis of PTE , seizures must be unprovoked .
Disagreement exists about whether to define PTE as the occurrence of one or more late , unprovoked seizures , or whether the condition should only be diagnosed in people with two or more . Medical sources usually consider PTE to be present if even one unprovoked seizure occurs , but more recently it has become accepted to restrict the definition of all types of epilepsy to include only conditions in which more than one occur . Requiring more than one seizure for a diagnosis of PTE is more in line with the modern definition of epilepsy , but it eliminates people for whom seizures are controlled by medication after the first seizure .
As with other forms of epilepsy , seizure types in PTE may be partial ( affecting only part of one hemisphere of the brain ) or generalized ( affecting both hemispheres and associated with loss of consciousness ) . In about a third of cases , people with PTE have partial seizures ; these may be simple or complex . In simple partial seizures , level of consciousness is not altered , while in complex partial seizures consciousness is impaired . When generalized seizures occur , they may start out as partial seizures and then spread to become generalized .
= = Causes = =
It is not clear why some patients get PTE while others with very similar injuries do not . However , possible risk factors have been identified , including severity and type of injury , presence of early seizures , and genetic factors .
= = = Genetics = = =
Genetics may play a role in the risk that a person will develop PTE ; people with the ApoE @-@ ε4 allele may be at higher risk for PTE . The haptoglobin Hp2 @-@ 2 allele may be another genetic risk factor , possibly because it binds hemoglobin poorly and thus allows more iron to escape and damage tissues . However , most studies have found that having family members with epilepsy does not significantly increase the risk of PTS , suggesting that genetics are not a strong risk factor .
= = = Severity of trauma = = =
The more severe the brain trauma is , the more likely a person is to suffer late PTE . Evidence suggests that mild head injuries do not confer an increased risk of developing PTE , while more severe types do . In simple mild TBI , the risk for PTE is about 1 @.@ 5 times that of the uninjured population . By some estimates , as many as half of sufferers of severe brain trauma experience PTE ; other estimates place the risk at 5 % for all TBI patients and 15 – 20 % for severe TBI . One study found that the 30 @-@ year risk of developing PTE was 2 @.@ 1 % for mild TBI , 4 @.@ 2 % for moderate , and 16 @.@ 7 % for severe injuries , as shown in the chart at right .
= = = Nature of trauma = = =
The nature of the head trauma also influences the risk of PTE . People who suffer depressed skull fractures , penetrating head trauma , early PTS , and intracerebral and subdural haematomas due to the TBI are especially likely to suffer PTE , which occurs in more than 30 % of people with any one of these findings . About 50 % of patients with penetrating head trauma develop PTE , and missile injuries and loss of brain volume are associated with an especially high likelihood of developing the condition . Injuries that occur in military settings carry higher @-@ than @-@ usual risk for PTE , probably because they more commonly involve penetrating brain injury and brain damage over a more widespread area . Intracranial hematomas , in which blood accumulates inside the skull , are one of the most important risk factors for PTE . Subdural hematoma confers a higher risk of PTE than does epidural hematoma , possibly because it causes more damage to brain tissue . Repeated intracranial surgery confers a high risk for late PTE , possibly because people who need more surgery are more likely to have factors associated with worse brain trauma such as large hematomas or cerebral swelling . In addition , the chances of developing PTE differ by the location of the brain lesion : brain contusion that occurs on in one or the other of the frontal lobes has been found to carry a 20 % PTE risk , while a contusion in one of the parietal lobes carries a 19 % risk and one in a temporal lobe carries a 16 % chance . When contusions occur in both hemispheres , the risk is 26 % for the frontal lobes , 66 % for the parietal , and 31 % for the temporal .
= = = Post @-@ traumatic seizures = = =
The risk that a person will develop PTE is heightened but not 100 % if PTS occur . Because many of the risk factors for both PTE and early PTS are the same , it is unknown whether the occurrence of PTS is a risk factor in and of itself . However , even independent of other common risk factors , early PTS have been found to increase the risk of PTE to over 25 % in most studies . A person who has one late seizure is at even greater risk for having another than one who has early PTS ; epilepsy occurs in 80 % of people who have a late seizure . Status epilepticus , a continuous seizure or multiple seizures in rapid succession , is especially strongly correlated with the development of PTE ; status seizures occur in 6 % of all TBIs but are associated with PTE 42 % of the time , and quickly halting a status seizure reduces chances of PTE development .
= = Pathophysiology = =
For unknown reasons , trauma can cause changes in the brain that lead to epilepsy . There are a number of proposed mechanisms by which TBI causes PTE , more than one of which may be present in a given person . In the period between a brain injury and onset of epilepsy , brain cells may form new synapses and axons , undergo apoptosis or necrosis , and experience altered gene expression . In addition , damage to particularly vulnerable areas of the cortex such as the hippocampus may give rise to PTE .
Blood that gathers in the brain after an injury may damage brain tissue and thereby cause epilepsy . Products that result from the breakdown of hemoglobin from blood may be toxic to brain tissue . The " iron hypothesis " holds that PTE is due to damage by oxygen free radicals , the formation of which is catalyzed by iron from blood . Animal experiments using rats have shown that epileptic seizures can be produced by injecting iron into the brain . Iron catalyzes the formation of hydroxyl radicals by the Haber @-@ Weiss reaction ; such free radicals damage brain cells by peroxidizing lipids in their membranes . The iron from blood also reduces the activity of an enzyme called nitric oxide synthase , another factor thought to contribute to PTE .
After TBI , abnormalities exist in the release of neurotransmitters , chemicals used by brain cells to communicate with each other ; these abnormalities may play a role in the development of PTE . TBI may lead to the excessive release of glutamate and other excitatory neurotransmitters ( those that stimulate brain cells and increase the likelihood that they will fire ) . This excessive glutamate release can lead to excitotoxicity , damage to brain cells through overactivation of the biochemical receptors that bind and respond to excitatory neurotransmitters . Overactivation of glutamate receptors damages neurons ; for example it leads to the formation of free radicals . Excitotoxicity is a possible factor in the development of PTE ; it may lead to the formation of a chronic epileptogenic focus . An epileptic focus is the part of the brain from which epileptic discharges originate .
In addition to chemical changes in cells , structural changes that lead to epilepsy may occur in the brain . Seizures that occur shortly after TBI can reorganize neural networks and cause seizures to occur repeatedly and spontaneously later on . The kindling hypothesis suggests that new neural connections are formed in the brain and cause an increase in excitability . The word kindling is a metaphor : the way the brain 's response to stimuli increases over repeated exposures is similar to the way small burning twigs can produce a large fire . This reorganization of neural networks may make them more excitable . Neurons that are in a hyperexcitable state due to trauma may create an epileptic focus in the brain that leads to seizures . In addition , an increase in neurons ' excitability may accompany loss of inhibitory neurons that normally serve to reduce the likelihood that other neurons will fire ; these changes may also produce PTE .
= = Diagnosis = =
To be diagnosed with PTE , a person must have a history of head trauma and no history of seizures prior to the injury . Witnessing a seizure is the most effective way to diagnose PTE . Electroencephalography ( EEG ) is a tool used to diagnose a seizure disorder , but a large portion of people with PTE may not have the abnormal " epileptiform " EEG findings indicative of epilepsy . In one study , about a fifth of people who had normal EEGs three months after an injury later developed PTE . However , while EEG is not useful for predicting who will develop PTE , it can be useful to localize the epileptic focus , to determine severity , and to predict whether a person will suffer more seizures if they stop taking antiepileptic medications .
Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) is performed in people with PTE , and CT scanning can be used to detect brain lesions if MRI is unavailable . However , it is frequently not possible to detect the epileptic focus using neuroimaging .
For a diagnosis of PTE , seizures must not be attributable to another obvious cause . Seizures that occur after head injury are not necessarily due to epilepsy or even to the head trauma . Like anyone else , TBI survivors may suffer seizures due to factors including imbalances of fluid or electrolytes , epilepsy from other causes , hypoxia ( insufficient oxygen ) , and ischemia ( insufficient blood flow to the brain ) . Withdrawal from alcohol is another potential cause of seizures . Thus these factors must be ruled out as causes of seizures in people with head injury before a diagnosis of PTE can be made .
= = Prevention = =
Prevention of PTE involves preventing brain trauma in general ; protective measures include bicycle helmets and child safety seats . No specific treatment exists to prevent the development of epilepsy after TBI occurs . In the past , antiepileptic drugs were used with the intent of preventing the development of PTE . However , while antiepileptic drugs can prevent early PTS , clinical studies have failed to show that prophylactic use of antiepileptic drugs prevents the development of PTE . Why antiepileptic drugs in clinical trials have failed to stop PTE from developing is not clear , but several explanations have been offered . The drugs may simply not be capable of preventing epilepsy , or the drug trials may have been set up in a way that did not allow a benefit of the drugs to be found ( e.g. drugs may have been given too late or in inadequate doses ) . Animal studies have similarly failed to show much protective effect of the most commonly used seizure medications in PTE trials , such as phenytoin and carbamazepine . Antiepileptic drugs are recommended to prevent late seizures only for people in whom PTE has already been diagnosed , not as a preventative measure . On the basis of the aforementioned studies , no treatment is widely accepted to prevent the development of epilepsy . However , it has been proposed that a narrow window of about one hour after TBI may exist during which administration of antiepileptics could prevent epileptogenesis ( the development of epilepsy ) .
Corticosteroids have also been investigated for the prevention of PTE , but clinical trials revealed that the drugs did not reduce late PTS and were actually linked to an increase in the number of early PTS .
= = Treatment = =
Antiepileptic drugs may be given to prevent further seizures ; these drugs completely eliminate seizures for about 35 % of people with PTE . However , antiepileptics only prevent seizures while they are being taken ; they do not reduce the occurrence once the patient stops taking the drugs . Medication may be stopped after seizures have been controlled for two years . PTE is commonly difficult to treat with drug therapy , and antiepileptic drugs may be associated with side effects . The antiepileptics carbamazepine and valproate are the most common drugs used to treat PTE ; phenytoin may also be used but may increase risk of cognitive side effects such as impaired thinking . Other drugs commonly used to treat PTE include clonazepam , phenobarbitol , primidone , gabapentin , and ethosuximide . Among antiepileptic drugs tested for seizure prevention after TBI ( phenytoin , sodium valproate , carbamazepine , phenobarbital ) , no evidence from randomized controlled trials has shown superiority of one over another .
People whose PTE does not respond to medication may undergo surgery to remove the epileptogenic focus , the part of the brain that is causing the seizures . However surgery for PTE may be more difficult than it is for epilepsy due to other causes , and is less likely to be helpful in PTE than in other forms of epilepsy . It can be particularly difficult in PTE to localize the epileptic focus , in part because TBI may affect diffuse areas of the brain . Difficulty locating the seizure focus is seen as a deterrent to surgery . However , for people with sclerosis in the mesial temporal lobe ( in the inner aspect of the temporal lobe ) , who comprise about one third of people with intractable PTE , surgery is likely to have good outcome . When there are multiple epileptic foci or the focus cannot be localized , and drug therapy is not effective , vagus nerve stimulation is another option for treating PTE .
People with PTE have follow @-@ up visits , in which health care providers monitor neurological and neuropsychological function and assess the efficacy and side effects of medications . As with sufferers of other types of epilepsy , PTE sufferers are advised to exercise caution when performing activities for which seizures could be particularly risky , such as rock climbing .
= = Prognosis = =
The prognosis for epilepsy due to trauma is worse than that for epilepsy of undetermined cause . People with PTE are thought to have shorter life expectancies than people with brain injury who do not suffer from seizures . Compared to people with similar structural brain injuries but without PTE , people with PTE take longer to recover from the injury , have more cognitive and motor problems , and perform worse at everyday tasks . This finding may suggest that PTE is an indicator of a more severe brain injury , rather than a complication that itself worsens outcome . PTE has also been found to be associated with worse social and functional outcomes but not to worsen patients ' rehabilitation or ability to return to work . However , people with PTE may have trouble finding employment if they admit to having seizures , especially if their work involves operating heavy machinery .
The period of time between an injury and development of epilepsy varies , and it is not uncommon for an injury to be followed by a latent period with no recurrent seizures . The longer a person goes without developing seizures , the lower the chances are that epilepsy will develop . At least 80 – 90 % of people with PTE have their first seizure within two years of the TBI . People with no seizures within three years of the injury have only a 5 % chance of developing epilepsy . However , one study found that head trauma survivors are at an increased risk for PTE as many as 10 years after moderate TBI and over 20 years after severe TBI . Since head trauma is fairly common and epilepsy can occur late after the injury , it can be difficult to determine whether a case of epilepsy resulted from head trauma in the past or whether the trauma was incidental .
The question of how long a person with PTE remains at higher risk for seizures than the general population is controversial . About half of PTE cases go into remission , but cases that occur later may have a smaller chance of doing so .
= = Epidemiology = =
Studies have found that the incidence of PTE ranges between 1 @.@ 9 and more than 30 % of TBI sufferers , varying by severity of injury and by the amount of time after TBI for which the studies followed subjects .
Brain trauma is one of the strongest predisposing factors for epilepsy development , and is an especially important factor in young adults . Young adults , who are at the highest risk for head injury , also have the highest rate of PTE , which is the largest cause of new @-@ onset epilepsy cases in young people . Children have a lower risk for developing epilepsy ; 10 % of children with severe TBI and 16 – 20 % of similarly injured adults develop PTE . Being older than 65 is also a predictive factor in the development of epilepsy after brain trauma . One study found PTE to be more common in male TBI survivors than in females .
= = History = =
Records of PTE exist from as early as 3000 BC . Trepanation , in which a hole is cut in the skull , may have been used to treat PTE in ancient cultures . In the early 19th century , the surgeons Baron Larrey and WC Wells each reported having performed the operation for PTE . The French @-@ educated American surgeon Benjamin Winslow Dudley ( 1785 – 1870 ) performed six trepanations for PTE between the years of 1819 and 1832 in Kentucky and had good results despite the unavailability of antisepsis . The surgery involved opening the skull at the site of injury , debriding injured tissue , and sometimes draining blood or fluid from under the dura mater . Dudley 's work was the largest series of its kind that had been done up to that point , and it encouraged other surgeons to use trepanation for post @-@ traumatic seizures . His reports on the operations came before it was accepted that surgery to relieve excess pressure within the skull was effective in treating epilepsy , but it helped set the stage for trepanation for PTE to become common practice . The procedure became more accepted in the late 19th century once antisepsis was available and cerebral localization was a familiar concept . However , in 1890 , the prominent German physician Ernest von Bergmann criticized the procedure ; he questioned its efficacy ( except in particular circumstances ) and suggested that operations had been declared successful too soon after the procedures to know whether they would confer a long @-@ term benefit . The late 19th century saw the advent of intracranial surgery , operating on brain lesions believed to be causing seizures , a step beyond cranial surgery which involved just the skull and meninges . By 1893 , at least 42 intracranial operations had been performed for PTE in the US , with limited success .
Surgery was the standard treatment for PTE until the years following World War II , when the condition received more attention as soldiers who had survived head trauma developed it . The increased need for drugs to treat PTE led to trials with antiepileptics ; these early trials suggested that the drugs could prevent epileptogenesis ( the development of epilepsy ) . It was still thought that antiepileptic drugs could prevent epileptogeneis in the 1970s ; in 1973 , 60 % of physicians surveyed used them to prevent PTE . However , the clinical trials which had supported a protective effect of antiepileptics were uncontrolled ; in later , controlled trials the drugs failed to demonstrate an antiepileptogenic effect . Studies did show that antiepileptics prevented seizures occurring within a week after injury , and in 1995 the task force of the Brain Trauma Foundation published a recommendation suggesting their use to protect against seizures early after trauma . However , recommendations were published against the prophylactic use of antiepileptic drugs more than a week after injury by the Brain Injury Special Interest group of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in 1998 and by the American Association of Neurological Surgeons in 2000 .
= = Research = =
How epilepsy develops after an insult to the brain is not fully understood , and gaining such understanding may help researchers find ways to prevent it , or make it less severe or easier to treat . Researchers hope to identify biomarkers , biological indications that epileptogenesis is occurring , as a means to find drugs that can target pathways by which epilepsy develops . For example , drugs could be developed to interfere with secondary brain injury ( injury that does not occur at the moment of trauma but results from processes initiated by it ) , by blocking pathways such as free radical damage to brain tissue . An increase in understanding of age differences in epilepsy development after trauma may also help researchers find biomarkers of epileptogenesis . There is also interest in finding more antiepileptic drugs , with the potential to interfere with epileptogenesis . Some new antiepileptic drugs such as topiramate , gabapentin , and lamotrigine have already been developed and have shown promise in treatment of PTE . No animal model has all the characteristics of epileptogenesis in humans , so research efforts aim to identify one . Such a model may help researchers find new treatments and identify the processes involved in epileptogenesis .
= Palanga Amber Museum =
The Palanga Amber Museum ( Lithuanian : Palangos gintaro muziejus ) , near the Baltic Sea in Palanga , Lithuania , is a branch of the Lithuanian Art Museum . It is housed in the restored 19th @-@ century Tiškevičiai Palace and is surrounded by the Palanga Botanical Garden . The museum 's collection of amber comprises about 28 @,@ 000 pieces , of which about 15 @,@ 000 contain inclusions of insects , spiders , or plants . About 4 @,@ 500 pieces of amber are exhibited ; many of these are items of artwork and jewelry .
= = History and background = =
The Baltic Sea coast has been a source of Eurasian amber trade since prehistoric times ( see Amber Road ) . Neolithic artifacts made of amber were discovered in nearby Juodkrantė in the 19th century - these artifacts unfortunately disappeared during the 20th century . Lithuanian mythology , folklore , and art have long associations with amber ; the legend of Jūratė and Kastytis imagines an undersea palace of amber under the Baltic , which was shattered by Perkūnas , the god of thunder . Its fragments were said to be the source of the amber that still washes up on the beaches nearby .
Amber workshops appeared in Palanga during the 17th century ; guilds devoted to the material functioned in Brügge , Lübeck , Danzig , and Königsberg . By the end of the 18th century Palanga was the center of the Russian Empire 's amber industry . In the years preceding World War I about 2 @,@ 000 kilograms of raw amber were processed in Palanga annually .
In 1897 Feliks Tyszkiewicz , a member of an old Ruthenian / Lithuanian noble family that had long had a presence in Palanga , built the Neo @-@ Renaissance @-@ style palace that now houses the museum . Designed by the German architect Franz Heinrich Schwechten , it fell into disrepair after the disruptions of World War I and World War II . The palace was restored in 1957 according to plans by the architect Alfredas Brusokas . It opened as an amber museum in 1963 as a branch of the Lithuanian Museum of Fine Arts , with a small collection of about 480 pieces ; it received its millionth visitor on August 13 , 1970 . The palace was incorporated into the Lithuanian Art Museum during the 1990s , and continues to expand .
= = Exhibits = =
The exhibition areas open to the public include 15 rooms covering about 750 square meters ; a chapel connected to the palace houses temporary exhibitions . The museum is thematically divided into the scientific and cultural / artistic aspects of amber .
The first floor is dedicated to displays that illustrate the formation and composition of amber . Amber in the area arose from deltaic deposits of rivers flowing from Fennoscandia in the Eocene Period , about 40 to 45 million years ago . The processes via which resin is changed into amber by microorganisms , oxidation , and polymerization are illustrated . Samples of microdrops and microicicles ( i.e. " amber within amber " ) are among the displayed items . The museum holds Europe 's third largest amber specimen , the " Sun Stone " , of size 210x190x150 mm and weighing 3 @,@ 526 grams , which has been stolen twice . Amber from other areas of the world is also part of the collection .
The cultural and artistic exhibits include a 15th @-@ century ring , a 16th @-@ century cross , and amber jewelry from the past four centuries , as well as a number of rosaries , cigarette holders , and decorative boxes . The missing amber artifacts that were dated to the Neolithic era have been reconstructed by archeologists . Selections of modern amber work are part of the collection , including pieces by the Lithuanian artists Horstas Taleikis , Dionyzas Varkalis , Jonas Urbonas , and others .
= = Botanical garden = =
The gardens surrounding the museum cover about 100 hectares . They were designed by the French landscape architect and botanist Édouard André ( 1840 – 1911 ) and his son Rene Eduard Andre , assisted by the Belgian gardener Buyssen de Coulon . Local historians have estimated that they originally contained about 500 varieties of trees and shrubs , some brought from gardens in Berlin . About 250 imported and 370 native plant species are now represented at the park ; 24 of these are included in Lithuania 's 1992 list of endangered species . Pine and fir trees adapted to the sandy soil predominate .
The park features a rose garden , greenhouse , rotunda , a sculpture of Eglė , the Queen of Serpents , a Holocaust memorial , ponds , and gazebos ; during the summer it hosts concerts and festivals . It contains an ancient forested sand dune , known as Birutė 's Hill ( Lithuanian : Birutės kalnas ) , topped with a chapel dedicated to Saint George that was built in 1869 . According to legend , this dune is the place where Grand Duke of Lithuania Kęstutis met his wife Birutė , a pagan priestess , and where she is supposed to have been interred in 1382 ; it has been a pilgrimage site ever since .
= Operation Graffham =
Operation Graffham was a military deception employed by the Allies during the Second World War . It formed part of Operation Bodyguard , a broad strategic deception designed to disguise the imminent Allied invasion of Normandy . Graffham provided political support to the visual and wireless deception of Operation Fortitude North . These operations together created a fictional threat to Norway during the summer of 1944 .
Planning for the operation began in February 1944 . In contrast to the other aspects of Bodyguard , Graffham was planned and executed by the British , with no American involvement . Graffham 's aim was to convince German intelligence that the Allies were actively building political ties with Sweden , in preparation for an upcoming invasion of Norway . It involved meetings between several British and Swedish officials , as well as the purchase of Norwegian securities and the use of double agents to spread rumours . During the war , Sweden maintained a neutral stance and it was hoped that if the government were convinced of an imminent Allied invasion of Norway this would filter through to German intelligence .
The impact of Graffham was minimal . The Swedish government agreed to few of the concessions requested during the meetings , and few high @-@ level officials were convinced that the Allies would invade Norway . Overall , the influence of Graffham and Fortitude North on German strategy in Scandinavia is disputed .
= = Background = =
Operation Graffham formed part of Operation Bodyguard , a broad strategic military deception intended to confuse the Axis high command as to Allied intentions during the lead @-@ up to the Normandy landings . One of the key elements of Bodyguard was Operation Fortitude North , which promoted a fictional threat against Norway via wireless traffic and visual deception . Fortitude North played on German , and particularly Adolf Hitler 's , belief that Norway was a key objective for the Allies ( although they had earlier considered and rejected the option ) .
The Allies had previously employed several deceptions against the region ( for example Operation Hardboiled in 1942 and Operation Cockade in 1943 ) . As a result , John Bevan , head of the London Controlling Section ( LCS ) and charged with overall organisation of Bodyguard , was concerned that visual / wireless deception would not be enough to create a believable threat .
Bevan suggested a political deception with the aim of convincing the Swedish government that the Allies intended to invade Norway . During the war Sweden maintained a neutral position , and had relations with both Axis and the Allied nations . It was therefore assumed that if Sweden believed in an imminent threat to Norway this would be passed on to German intelligence . Graffham was envisioned as an extension of existing pressure the Allies were placing on Sweden to end their neutral stance , one example being the requests to end the export of ball bearings ( an important component in military hardware ) to Germany . By increasing this pressure with additional , false requests , Bevan hoped to further convince the Germans that Sweden was preparing to join the Allied nations .
= = Planning = =
On 3 February 1944 , the LCS proposed a plan " to induce the enemy to believe that we are enlisting the help of Sweden in connection with the British and Russian contemplated operations against northern Norway in the Spring of this year . " The department received approval to move forward with Graffham on 10 February 1944 . It would be an entirely British operation with no American involvement ( in contrast to the other Bodyguard components ) . Based on recommendations from the Chiefs of Staff , the LCS outlined seven requests to present to the Swedish government :
Access to Swedish airspace for the passage of Allied aircraft , including permission for emergency landings
Access to repair facilities at Swedish airfields for up to 48 hours
Permission for reconnaissance flights within Swedish airspace
Collaboration between British and Swedish transport experts to organise transport of equipment across Sweden following German withdrawal
Permission for Colonel H. V. Thornton ( the former military attaché to Sweden ) to meet Swedish officials
Agreement to the purchase of Norwegian securities by the British government
False wireless traffic between the two countries and the option for Norwegian exiles to move from Britain to Sweden
After some discussion , it was decided that requests to land at Swedish airfields and those related to Norwegian exiles would be dropped . The LCS devised a plan to present the requests in stages rather than all at once . Various envoys would build relations with the Swedish government and present the proposals over a period of time .
= = Operation = =
The
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
-@ in @-@ law to Asahel Bush ) and the Woman ’ s Club deeded the lot and the other library assets to the city of Salem .
On September 12 , 1912 , the new library opened on the property near Willamette University and the Oregon State Capitol , though construction on the structure was not completed , and much of the furniture had not been installed in the building . The completed structure included hardwood floors , crown molding , windows that were two @-@ stories tall , and a fireplace . The library cost $ 30 @,@ 000 to build , and within a year of operating had expanded to serve nearly 7 @,@ 700 patrons with a collection of nearly 10 @,@ 500 books . On January 4 , 1920 , a small fire damaged the furnace room and about 50 books at the library .
In 1914 , the YWCA of Salem was organized by the same Salem Women 's Club . Located in downtown on Cottage Street Northeast , the YWCA moved in 1954 to the lot adjoining the library . By the 1960s , the small library had a collection in excess of 100 @,@ 000 volumes , but needed a larger facility . A public campaign to build a new library began in 1968 , with the library to be part of a larger government center that included a city hall and fire station . In 1971 , the YWCA purchased the adjacent Carnegie library building for $ 150 @,@ 000 , and on July 6 , 1972 , the Salem Public Library vacated the Carnegie building and moved to Salem ’ s new Civic Center located west of the old library . Located next to the YWCA 's existing home , the old library was turned into the organization 's youth center . The building was remodeled from 1990 to 1991 .
= = = Legal center = = =
In 2003 , Willamette University purchased the old building from the YWCA . The $ 1 @.@ 35 million purchase included the main YWCA building adjacent to the former library for a total of 54 @,@ 000 square feet ( 5 @,@ 000 m2 ) , with the YWCA continuing their operations in the building for three years after the sale . After that group left the building in 2006 , Willamette spent $ 4 @.@ 6 million ( $ 2 million more than originally planned ) to remodel the old library building over a year 's time and convert it into the Oregon Civic Justice Center as part of the College of Law . The remodeling project began in the summer of 2007 and included removing a swimming pool structure that had been added to the south of the building , while also adding a new entrance to the former library on the same side as where the pool was located . Renovations also removed a mezzanine that the YWCA had added to the upper portion of the main floor . Other renovations included new heating , cooling , and ventilation systems , upgrades for technology , all while retaining the historical look and feel of the original 1912 building .
On September 12 , 2008 , the building was re @-@ dedicated exactly 96 years after the original dedication in a ceremony featuring sitting Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg . The ceremony was part of the College of Law 's 125th anniversary festivities and featured Oregon dignitaries such as Oregon Supreme Court Chief Justice and Willamette alum Paul De Muniz . Willamette President M. Lee Pelton , who also attended the ceremony , selected the law school as the new tenants after other departments and programs at the school submitted proposals for the use of the old library .
= = Amenities = =
The Beaux Arts style brick structure includes a portico on the State Street entrance on the north side . The façade includes an inscription , " PUBLIC LIBRARY " , in Roman type over the entryway , which is sheltered by a rigid metal awning on this north front . The roof of the square @-@ shaped structure is constructed of both metal and tile . Stone is used for architectural accents of lintels and cornices on the exterior . The building remains connected to the neighboring former offices of the YWCA , which is a Pietro Belluschi designed building also owned by Willamette University .
Inside , the main room is a conference room on the main floor that includes a large projection system that can be used for remote feeds , such as from the state capitol across the street . A painting by John Fery is displayed over the fireplace , which the fireplace was part of the original structure in the conference room . The remainder of the interior of the building has a modern look with glass @-@ enclosed offices surrounding an open common area . Artwork owned by the university 's Hallie Ford Museum of Art is displayed in this area . The main floor of the three @-@ story building is the second floor , which rests atop the look @-@ out basement . A small meeting room is located above a small portion of the main floor .
= = Programs = =
The center is utilized to connect the College of Law and Willamette as a whole to the larger Salem community . In this capacity , the center houses several law school programs with community outreach aspects . These include the Oregon Law Commission , the Center for Democracy , the Center for Religion and Law , the Center for Dispute Resolution , Willamette 's Clinical Law Program , the Center for Law and Government , and the school 's law journal , the Willamette Law Review . Each of these programs were chosen to be housed in the center due to having community outreach programs , with the goal of the center being to create a community atmosphere between students , faculty , and the community at large .
= Oerip Soemohardjo =
Oerip Soemohardjo ( [ uˈrɪp sumoˈhardʒo ] ; Perfected Spelling : Urip Sumoharjo , 22 February 1893 – 17 November 1948 ) was an Indonesian general and the first chief of staff of the Indonesian National Armed Forces . He received several awards from the Indonesian government , including the title National Hero of Indonesia in 1964 .
Born in Purworejo , Dutch East Indies , Oerip exhibited leadership skills from an early age . As his parents wanted him to become a regent , after elementary school Oerip was sent to the School for Native Government Employees in Magelang . His mother died during his second year at the school , and Oerip left to undertake military training in Meester Cornelis , Batavia ( modern @-@ day Jatinegara , Jakarta ) . Upon graduating in 1914 , he became a lieutenant in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army ; during almost 25 years of service he was stationed on three different islands and promoted several times , eventually becoming the highest @-@ ranking Native officer in the country .
Oerip resigned from his position in about 1938 after a disagreement with the regent of Purworejo , where he had been stationed . He and his wife Rohmah then moved to a village near Yogyakarta , where they established a large garden and villa . After Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands in May 1940 Oerip was recalled to active duty . When the Empire of Japan occupied the Indies less than two years later , Oerip was arrested and detained in a prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp for three and a half months . He spent the rest of the occupation at his villa .
On 14 October 1945 , several months after Indonesia proclaimed its independence , Oerip was declared the chief of staff and interim leader of the newly formed army . Working to build a united force from the fractured former military groups in the country , Oerip received little oversight owing to irregularities in the chain of command . On 12 November 1945 General Sudirman was selected as leader of the armed forces , while Oerip remained as chief of staff . The two oversaw almost three years of development during the Indonesian National Revolution , until Oerip resigned in early 1948 because of the political leadership 's lack of trust in the army . His health deteriorated ; he was already suffering from a weak heart , and he died of a heart attack a few months later . He was posthumously promoted to full general .
= = Early life = =
Oerip Soemohardjo was born Moehammad Sidik ( " Little Muhammad " ) in his family 's home in Sindurjan , Purworejo , Dutch East Indies ( a colony of the Netherlands ) , on 22 February 1893 . He was the first son born to Soemohardjo , a headmaster and son of a local Muslim leader , and his wife , the daughter of Raden Tumenggung Widjojokoesoemo , the regent of Trenggalek ; the family later had two more sons , Iskandar and Soekirno , as well as three daughters . The boys were raised partly by servants , and at a young age Sidik began showing leadership qualities , commanding groups of neighbourhood children in fishing and games of football . The brothers attended the school for Javanese headed by their father , and as a result received special treatment ; this led to them becoming complacent and frequently misbehaving .
In his second year of school , Sidik fell from a candlenut tree and lost consciousness . After he awoke , his mother sent a letter to Widjojokoesoemo , who decided that Sidik 's name was the cause of his misbehaviour . In reply , Widjojokoesoemo wrote that Sidik should be renamed Oerip , which means " alive " . When he recovered fully , his family decided that the newly renamed Oerip – who continued to misbehave – should study at the local Dutch School for Girls ( Europese Lagere Meisjesschool ) ; the schools for boys were full and they hoped that the girls ' school would improve Oerip 's skill in Dutch , the language of the regime , as well as his temperament . After a year in the girls ' school , in which Oerip became calmer , he was sent to a Dutch @-@ run school for boys . However , his academic results continued to be poor . Beginning in his final year of elementary school , he often visited his friend 's father , an ex @-@ soldier who had served in Aceh for twenty years , to listen to the old man 's stories , which inspired Oerip to join the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army ( Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger , or KNIL ) .
After passing an exam for would @-@ be state employees and several months of preparations , Oerip moved to Magelang in 1908 to attend the School for Native Government Employees ( Opleidingsschool Voor Inlandse Ambtenaren , or OSVIA ) ; his parents intended for him to become a regent like his grandfather . The following year his brothers joined him . After his mother died in 1909 , Oerip sank into a months @-@ long bout of depression and became withdrawn .
After finishing the year at OSVIA , he decided to enrol at the military academy in Meester Cornelis , Batavia ( modern @-@ day Jatinegara , Jakarta ) . He went there directly from Magelang , and told his brothers to inform their father , who disapproved of his son 's choice . Soemohardjo initially attempted to bribe his son with 1 @,@ 000 gulden to return to OSVIA , but eventually agreed to pay for Oerip 's tuition . After his training , during which he found military life enjoyable , Oerip graduated from the academy in October 1914 and became a second lieutenant in the KNIL .
= = Royal Netherlands East Indies Army = =
After several days visiting his father in Purworejo , Oerip returned to Meester Cornelis where he took up a posting to Battalion XII . Even though he was the smallest man in the unit and the only native , he was placed in a position of leadership . A year and half later he was sent to Banjarmasin , Borneo . After a period patrolling the jungles outside Puruk Cahu and Muara Tewe , he was sent to Tanah Grogot , followed by Balikpapan . While stationed there Oerip was promoted to first lieutenant but faced discrimination as a native in the Dutch forces . In Banjarmasin he had convinced his commander to strike an ordinance forbidding non @-@ Dutch officers from joining the football team , and by 1917 Oerip had received equal legal status with Dutch officers . After Balikpapan Oerip was further sent to Samarinda , Tarakan , and ultimately Malinau .
In Malinau , Oerip patrolled the border between the Dutch East Indies and the British @-@ controlled Kingdom of Sarawak ( part of modern @-@ day Malaysia ) ; he also worked to prevent conflicts and headhunting among Dayak tribes . One day , seven years after arriving in Borneo , Oerip returned from patrol to find his home had been burned down . Upon the recommendation of a passing doctor , Oerip went back to Java , via Tarakan and Surabaya , to Cimahi , where he spent several months in recovery from fatigue .
Fully recovered , in 1923 Oerip was stationed in his hometown , Purworejo . In September 1925 Oerip was transferred to Magelang to serve in the Maréchaussée te Voet ( Foot Marshalry ) , a gendarmerie . Initially known to avoid women and under pressure to marry quickly , in Magelang Oerip became involved with Rohmah Soebroto , the daughter of his former Javanese and Malay language teacher Soebroto and a distant relative of female emancipation figure Kartini . The pair were engaged on 7 May 1926 and married on 30 June of the same year . Also in Magelang , Oerip took on his father 's name , which he used as a family name for dealing with the Dutch . Afterwards he began referring to himself by the full name of Oerip Soemohardjo , although others continued to call him Oerip .
The year after his marriage , Oerip and his wife were stationed in Ambarawa , where Oerip was tasked with rebuilding a previously disbanded unit . While training local recruits in place of the Dutch commander who had yet to arrive , Oerip was promoted to captain . After the Dutch commander arrived , in July 1928 Oerip was given a year 's leave , which he used to travel throughout Europe on a sightseeing trip with his wife . Upon his return to the Indies , he was stationed at Meester Cornelis .
In Meester Cornelis , Oerip began running training exercises ; while stationed in Batavia , his father died . In 1933 , he was sent to Padang Panjang in Sumatra to deal with unrest that had already killed several Dutch officers . His time in Padang Panjang passed uneventfully , and in July 1935 he was given leave to go to Europe again . He was also promoted to major at that time , which made him the highest @-@ ranking native officer in the KNIL . The following year , upon his return to the Indies , he was stationed in Purworejo . In mid @-@ 1938 , after a disagreement with the local regent , Oerip was told to transfer to Gombong ; he refused , then left the KNIL and moved to his parents @-@ in @-@ law 's home in Yogyakarta .
= = Civilian life and Japanese occupation = =
In Yogyakarta , the unemployed Oerip took up orchid gardening . Soon after arriving , he and his wife bought a villa in Gentan , north of the city . Although the villa was small , the couple used its 2 hectares ( 4 @.@ 9 acres ) of land to open a large flower garden , with their income subsidised by Oerip 's pension from the KNIL . At his villa , named KEM ( for Klaarheid en Moed , or " Purity and Bravery " ) , Oerip often received guests , both military and civilian , from whom he received information about current events and to whom he gave advice regarding military matters and politics . In 1940 , the pair adopted a four @-@ year @-@ old Dutch girl named Abby from an orphanage in Semarang .
Shortly thereafter , on 10 May 1940 , when Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands , Oerip was recalled to active service . Three days after reporting to Colonel Pik in Magelang , he went to the KNIL headquarters in Bandung , where he was the first retired officer to report . Afterwards , he and his family – who had joined him – were transferred to Cimahi , where Oerip was tasked with establishing a new battalion depot . Several native officers were stationed in northern parts of the Indies during 1941 in preparation for an expected attack by the Empire of Japan , although Oerip stayed in Cimahi .
After the Japanese occupied the Indies in early 1942 , Oerip was held in a mixed prisoner of war camp in Cimahi . Upon his release three and a half months later , Oerip refused an offer to form a new , Japanese @-@ backed police force and returned to KEM , where he and his wife rented paddy fields to grow rice while continuing to operate their flower garden . To protect their land , they surrounded their property and home with a high bamboo fence . Although no longer active in the military , Oerip occasionally received former KNIL members , including Abdul Haris Nasution and Sunarmo , who brought news of events outside the village . The couple continued their work , harassed and surveilled by the Japanese and pro @-@ Japanese Indonesians , until the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945 signified that Japan would soon withdraw . It was during this period that Oerip began having heart problems .
= = Indonesian National Revolution and death = =
After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence on 17 August 1945 , Oerip and his family left KEM for Rohma 's parents ' home in Yogyakarta . When the People 's Safety Body ( Badan Keamanan Rakjat , or BKR ) was formed on 23 August , Oerip led a group of military commanders who petitioned for it to be set up as a national military formation ; a separate group , led by politician Oto Iskandar di Nata , wanted the BKR to fulfil the functions of a police organisation . The political leadership , consisting of President Sukarno and Vice President Mohammad Hatta , agreed to a compromise : it became a police @-@ style organisation , but most of its members had served in the military , either with the Defenders of the Homeland ( Pembela Tanah Air , or PETA ) or the Heihō .
On 14 October 1945 – nine days after the Indonesian National Armed Forces was formally established – Oerip was declared its Chief of Staff and interim leader , and left immediately for Jakarta . In a cabinet meeting the following day , he was ordered to build a national army , headquartered in Yogyakarta , in preparation for an expected assault by Dutch troops coming to reclaim the Indies . He departed for Yogyakarta on 16 October , and arrived the following day . He first established the headquarters in a room at Hotel Merdeka , which he used until the Sultan of Yogyakarta Hamengkubuwono IX donated land and a building for the army to use .
With the BKR scattered under independent leadership throughout the country , the newly formed People 's Security Army ( Tentara Keamaanan Rakjat or TKR , now known as the Tentara Nasional Indonesia ) drew officers mainly from the native members of the former KNIL . However , these officers were poorly received by Indonesian nationalists , who viewed them as mercenaries for having served in the Dutch forces . Meanwhile , rank and file members of the TKR were drawn from numerous groups , including former PETA , current Pemuda ( young Indonesian revolutionaries ) , and the BKR . Although Oerip set out a command structure , in reality the army 's hierarchy was provisional and depended heavily on the strength of local units .
Following a government decree on 20 October Oerip became subordinate to both the acting Minister of Defence Soeljoadikoesoemo and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces Soeprijadi . However , neither man showed up to assume his duties . Soeprijadi , a PETA soldier who had led an uprising against Japanese forces in Blitar in February 1945 , was thought dead . While Soeljohadikosomo 's position remained unfilled , the guerrilla leader Moestopo declared himself Minister of Defence . As such , Oerip had little oversight and felt pressured to quickly establish a stable command structure . On 2 November , he appointed leaders for military operations in various parts of the country : Didi Kartasasmita for western Java , Soeratman for central Java , Mohammad for eastern Java , and Soehardjo Hardjowardojo for Sumatra ; each of these sub @-@ commanders was given the rank of major general . Oerip also began appropriating weapons to different TKR commands . He took confiscated Japanese weapons from well @-@ equipped forces and distributed them as needed . However , the results were less successful than he had hoped . PETA had been organised locally during the Japanese occupation , and as such its members were unable to accept a centralised leadership .
On 12 November 1945 , at the first general meeting of army leadership , General Sudirman – the leader of the Fifth Division in Purwokerto , who had two years military experience and was 23 years younger than Oerip – was elected leader of the army following two deadlocked votes . In the third round , Oerip had 21 votes to Sudirman 's 22 . Divisional commanders from Sumatra , who had voted unanimously , swayed the vote in Sudirman 's favour ; Oerip had lost votes because some of the division leaders distrusted his history with the KNIL and the oath he had taken to the Dutch motherland upon graduation . Although Sudirman was surprised at his selection and offered to surrender the leadership position to Oerip , the meeting did not allow it ; Oerip himself was glad to no longer be in charge of the army . Sudirman kept Oerip , by then a lieutenant general , to serve as chief of staff under him . While Sudirman remained unconfirmed , Oerip remained de jure leader ; however , the Indonesian journalist Salim Said writes that Oerip 's orders were at times unintelligible owing to the leader 's poor command of Indonesian and often ignored unless approved by Sudirman .
When General Sudirman was approved on 18 December , he began working to consolidate and unite the army . Meanwhile , Oerip handled day @-@ to @-@ day organisational and technical issues . Many of the details , such as company uniforms , he left to regional commanders . However , to deal with more important issues , such as establishing a military police and preventing enemy paratroopers from landing , he passed edicts that applied nationally .
Together , Sudirman and Oerip were able to address many of the differences between former KNIL and PETA troops . The government also renamed the army twice in January 1946 , first to the People 's Security Army ( Tentara Keamanan Rakjat ) , then to the Army of the Republic of Indonesia ( Tentara Repoeblik Indonesia , or TRI ) . On 23 February 1946 , Oerip was appointed head of the 11 @-@ member Committee to Reorganise the Army ( Panitia Besar Reorganisasi Tentara ) , formed by presidential decree . After four months of discussion , on 17 May the committee gave its recommendations to Sukarno . Oerip was set to handle day @-@ to @-@ day operations of a downsized army , while the Ministry of Defence was given greater bureaucratic power . Sudirman was kept as leader of the army .
As Minister of Defence Amir Sjarifuddin began establishing pro @-@ leftist groups within the military , Oerip became distrustful of the political leadership and vehemently decried the government 's attempts to use soldiers ' political affiliations to control the military . Still , he and Sudirman continued to work to ensure that paramilitary troops ( laskar ) , which had arisen from the general populace , were included in the military . This was realised on 3 June 1947 , when the government declared the union of the laskar and TRI into a new military organisation , the Indonesian National Armed Forces ( Tentara Nasional Indonesia , or TNI ) . Meanwhile , Oerip established a military academy in Yogyakarta .
To meet the Dutch threat , Oerip intended to attack while the former colonists were still consolidating their forces , a plan that was quashed by the government 's attempts at diplomacy . He preferred guerrilla tactics to formal military conflicts , once telling a subordinate that the best attack would be one with a hundred snipers hidden behind enemy lines . Oerip was strongly against the Renville Agreement , an ultimately unsuccessful treaty that led to the withdrawal of 35 @,@ 000 troops from western Java and the formalisation of the Van Mook Line between Dutch and Indonesian forces . He saw the agreement , ratified on 17 January 1948 , as a stalling tactic , giving the Dutch the chance to strengthen their forces . Meanwhile , Amir Sjarifuddin – by then also serving as prime minister – began culling the army , predominantly keeping leftist @-@ leaning troops . Disgusted with what he perceived as the government 's lack of trust in the military , Oerip tendered his resignation , although he continued to serve as an advisor to the Minister of Defence , Vice President Hatta .
After several months of growing steadily weaker and undergoing treatment from Dr Sim Ki Ay , on the evening of 17 November 1948 Oerip collapsed and died from a heart attack in his room in Yogyakarta . After a night @-@ long viewing he was buried the next day in Semaki Heroes ' Cemetery and posthumously promoted to general . When Sudirman threatened to resign in 1949 , he blamed Oerip 's death – as well as his own tuberculosis – on the government 's inconsistency during the revolution . Oerip was survived by his wife and adopted daughter . Abby died of malaria in January 1951 , and Rohmah died on 29 October 1977 in Semarang ; she was buried in Ungaran .
= = Legacy = =
Oerip received numerous awards from the national government posthumously , including the Bintang Sakti ( 1959 ) , Bintang Mahaputera ( 1960 ) , Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna ( 1967 ) , and Bintang Kartika Eka Pakçi Utama ( 1968 ) . On 10 December 1964 he was declared a National Hero of Indonesia through Presidential Decree 314 of 1964 . Sudirman was also declared a National Hero by the same decree .
On 22 February 1964 the Indonesian military academy in Magelang dedicated a memorial to him , which described the military leader as " a son of Indonesia who valued work over words , who prioritised his Duty over his wants . " The academy 's Catholic chapel also includes a dedication to him from 1965 , prompted by a discussion between Rohmah and a missionary friend of hers . Several streets are named after Oerip , including in his hometown of Purworejo , nearby Yogyakarta , and the capital at Jakarta .
= Hud ( 1963 film ) =
Hud is a 1963 Western film directed by Martin Ritt and starring Paul Newman , Melvyn Douglas and Patricia Neal . It was produced by Ritt and Newman 's recently founded company , Salem Productions , and was their first film for Paramount Pictures . Hud was filmed on location on the Texas Panhandle and in Claude , Texas . Its screenplay was by Irving Ravetch and Harriet Frank , Jr. and was based on Larry McMurtry 's 1961 novel , Horseman , Pass By . The film 's title character , Hud Bannon , was a minor character in the original screenplay but was reworked as the lead role . With its main character an antihero , Hud was later described as a revisionist Western .
The film centers on the ongoing conflict between principled patriarch Homer Bannon and his unscrupulous and arrogant son , Hud , during an outbreak of foot @-@ and @-@ mouth disease putting the family 's cattle ranch at risk . Lonnie , Homer 's grandson and Hud 's nephew , is caught in the conflict and forced to choose which character to follow .
Hud premiered at the Venice International Film Festival , and was a critical and commercial success at its general release . It was nominated for seven Academy Awards , winning three ; Patricia Neal won Best Actress , Melvyn Douglas won Best Supporting Actor and James Wong Howe the Academy Award for Best Black and White Cinematography . Howe 's use of contrast to create space and his selection of black @-@ and @-@ white was favored by critics . In later reviews , the film received additional praise .
= = Plot = =
Hud Bannon ( Paul Newman ) is ambitious and self @-@ centered , the opposite of his deeply principled rancher father Homer ( Melvyn Douglas ) . Also living on the Bannon ranch is Hud 's teenage nephew , Lonnie ( Brandon deWilde ) , who looks up to both men but is most impressed by Hud . Lonnie and Hud are attracted to the Bannons ' housekeeper , Alma ( Patricia Neal ) . Although she is attracted to Hud , Alma keeps her distance because she has been mistreated in the past by men like him .
After the sudden , inexplicable death of a cow on the ranch , Homer sends Lonnie to town to bring Hud to the ranch for his opinion . Hud is annoyed by his father 's decision to summon the state veterinarian , and suggests selling the animals to other ranchers before the news spreads ; otherwise , government agents will kill all the cattle and destroy everything they have worked for . He blames his father for not realizing that the cheap Mexican cattle were sick before he bought them . Adhering to his principles , Homer ignores Hud 's idea and waits for the veterinarian . Upon his arrival , the state veterinarian immediately issues a legally binding State Livestock Transfer Order directing the quarantine of the ranch for a possible foot @-@ and @-@ mouth disease outbreak . This freezes the movement of all livestock to or from the Bannon ranch , while they await the test results . Aware of the possibility of bankruptcy to the ranch , Homer nevertheless complies .
One night , Hud takes Lonnie out and they prevail in a drunken barroom brawl . Back at the ranch he reflects on the past ( when he and Lonnie 's father did the same thing ) , revealing his feelings about his brother Norman 's death and his father 's coldness to him . When they enter the house Homer confronts Hud , accusing his son of trying to corrupt Lonnie . They argue , with Hud accusing Homer of hypocrisy and resentment of him for Norman 's death . Homer replies that his disappointment in Hud began before the accident ; Hud cares about no one but himself , and is " not fit to live with " . Hurt and angry , Hud retorts " My mama loved me , but she died " as he walks away . When Lonnie tells Homer that he was too harsh and other people act like him , Homer replies that one day he will have to decide for himself what is right and wrong .
After learning from Lonnie that Hud is trying to seize the ranch , Homer confronts Hud . Infuriated by his eroded inheritance , Hud threatens to have Homer declared legally incompetent so he can take over the ranch . Homer tells his son he will lose . He admits that he made mistakes raising Hud , and was too hard on him . When Hud accuses him of having a " shape up or ship out " policy , Homer wonders aloud how a man like Hud can be his son and storms off to his room . Hud , drunk , goes outside and tries to rape Alma before Lonnie comes to her aid .
When the herd tests positive for foot @-@ and @-@ mouth disease , the veterinarian orders them to be killed and buried on the ranch under state supervision to keep the disease from spreading . Hud points out that they could sell some oil leases to keep the ranch profitable , but Homer refuses as he only has pride in cattle , despite his ruinous decision to purchase the Mexican cattle .
Alma decides to leave the ranch . After Lonnie drops her off at the bus station , Hud sees her as she is waiting . He apologizes for his drunken assault but not his attraction to her , and he would remember her as " the one who got away " . Driving back to the ranch , Lonnie sees his grandfather lying on the side of the road after a fall from his horse during a survey of the ranch . Hud pulls up behind Lonnie and , despite their efforts , he dies .
Lonnie is repelled by his uncle 's treatment of Homer and Alma and leaves the ranch after his grandfather 's funeral , uncertain if he will ever return . When he tells Hud to put his half of their inheritance in the bank , his uncle replies that Lonnie now sees him as Homer did . Hud goes back into the Bannon house alone ; as he closes the door , the final fade @-@ out is the window shade 's pull @-@ ring swaying .
= = Cast = =
Paul Newman as Hud Bannon , the arrogant , self @-@ centered son of rancher Homer Bannon . To prepare for the role Newman worked for ten days on a Texas ranch , sleeping in a bunkhouse . For his Texas accent he was coached by Bob Hinkle , who coached James Dean for his role as Jett Rink in Giant .
Melvyn Douglas as Homer Bannon : Hud 's father , Lonnie 's grandfather and owner of the Bannon ranch . Although Paramount was doubtful about casting him due to his heart condition , Martin Ritt insisted that he was the right actor for the role .
Brandon De Wilde as Lonnie Bannon , Hud 's teenage nephew who idolizes him . De Wilde , a former child actor , was best known at the time for his award @-@ winning role in Shane .
Patricia Neal as Alma Brown , the Bannons ' housekeeper . Ritt decided to cast Neal ( whom he had met at the Actors Studio ) when he was impressed by her performance in The Untouchables episode , " The Maggie Storm Story " . The actress signed for $ 30 @,@ 000 ; although she had third billing and 25 minutes of screen time , the film had a major impact on her career .
Whit Bissell as Mr. Burris
Crahan Denton as Jesse
John Ashley as Hermy
Val Avery as Jose
George Petrie as Joe Scanlon
Curt Conway as Truman Peters
Sheldon Allman as Mr. Thompson
Pitt Herbert as Mr. Larker
Carl Low as Mr. Kirby
Robert Hinkle as Radio Announcer Frank
Don Kennedy as Charlie Tucker
Sharyn Hillyer as Myra
Yvette Vickers as Lily Peters
= = Production = =
After working together on other projects , director Martin Ritt and Paul Newman co @-@ founded Salem Productions and the company made a three @-@ film deal with Paramount Studios . For its first film Salem hired husband @-@ and @-@ wife scriptwriters Irving Ravetch and Harriet Frank , Jr . , who worked with Ritt and Newman on The Long , Hot Summer . Ravetch found Larry McMurtry 's novel , Horseman , Pass By , in an airport shop during a Dallas stopover and presented the project to Ritt and Newman after reading a description of Hud Bannon . The partners met Ravetch and Frank at their home , approved the project and the writers adapted the script .
Although McMurtry 's novel focuses on Lonnie Bannon , Ravetch and Frank expanded Hud 's character to the lead role . Ritt wanted Hud to be an antihero who did not regret his actions at the end of the film . He was changed from Homer 's stepson to his son , and the character of Homer 's wife was eliminated . Newman and Ritt initially named the project Wild Desire , followed by The Winners , Hud Bannon Against the World , Hud Bannon and finally Hud . Ravetch and Frank accompanied Ritt and Newman through pre @-@ production , casting and publicity design .
Ritt asked that the housekeeper character ( originally Halmea , a black woman ) be renamed Alma and played by a white actress , because he thought a relationship between Hud and a black woman would not work . According to Ravetch and Frank , " Neither American film nor American society was quite ready for that back then " . Although Halmea is raped by Hud in the novel , Ravetch and Frank added Lonnie 's intervention to " highlight " his significance and keep Hud " human " and not " totally and simplistically evil " . To accentuate the scene 's violence , Hud 's roughness was complemented by the use of shadows , while a camera was attached on Newman 's back to create a " man 's view angle " while he chased Neal . Film critic Pauline Kael described Neal 's performance as " perhaps the first female equivalent of the white @-@ negro " .
Cinematographer James Wong Howe shot Hud in black @-@ and @-@ white to " elevate its dramatic propensities " . Filmed in Panavision , Howe used high contrast with unbalanced light and dark tones . He highlighted the white ground and clear skies , making the shadows black . Dark tones were " overpowered " by light ones , creating a sense of " infinite space " . For faces and structures , Howe used light reflected from the ground . The contrast between the environment and objects silhouetted against the background provides a sense of depth . Ritt 's biographer , Carlton Jackson , wrote that in Hud " the scenery becomes a part of the thematic development itself " . According to Texas Monthly , " Howe 's austere rendition of Texas landscapes [ ... ] remains one of the film 's most distinctive pleasures " .
Hud was shot over a four @-@ week period in and around the Texas Panhandle , using the town of Claude as a setting . Location filming began on May 21 , 1962 , and was finished by the second week of June . Outdoor scenes were filmed at the Goodnight Ranch , To avoid surpassing the shooting schedule due to weather conditions , the cast had to cancel two scenes originally planned for the location that featured people from Claude and Amarillo . The rest of the scenes were shot at the Paramount sound stages in Hollywood beginning in the first week of July . The film was completed on August 1 , 1962 . The pig @-@ scramble scene , written by dialect coach Bob Hinkle , replaced a softball game in Ravetch and Frank 's script ; Hinkle played the announcer in the scene . For the filming of the cattle @-@ slaughter scene , the Humane Society was present to monitor the animals ' treatment . The herd was sprayed with a substance to make it appear ill , and bungee cords were tied to the cows ' legs . Camera angles were arranged by Ritt and Howe to avoid showing the death of the cattle . When a man was shown shooting , the camera would switch to the cattle ; the crew shook the cords , creating an effect of the herd being shot . During location shooting , Newman and De Wilde often changed hotel rooms due to female fans following them .
Elmer Bernstein used sparse arrangements for Hud 's score ; in its theme , Bernstein " insinuated " natural sounds with " poignant strings on the guitar " . Variety called the theme " vital and noteworthy " , " sombre , plaintive and foreboding " .
Hud 's budget was $ 2 @.@ 35 million , and Paramount executives were unhappy with the film . They felt it was too dark and were displeased by the black @-@ and @-@ white cinematography and Hud 's lack of remorse and unchanged behavior . Although Martin Rackin asked Ritt to change the film 's ending , he and Newman decided to keep the original . After Hud was previewed , Paramount considered dropping the project , feeling that it was not " commercial enough " , but Ritt flew to New York and convinced the executives to release the film unmodified . Advertising posters , with Newman in blue jeans in a " suggestive , full @-@ length pose " , read : " Paul Newman is " Hud " ! ... the man with the barbed @-@ wire soul " .
= = Release and reception = =
Hud was acclaimed during its premiere at the 24th Venice International Film Festival . After its general release on May 29 , 1963 the film grossed $ 10 million at the domestic box office , earning $ 5 million in theatrical rentals . It was the 19th @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of the year . Life called Hud an " arresting — almost great — movie " , describing Paul Newman 's acting as " faultless " . An Outlook reviewer wrote that the four main cast members acted " splendidly " ; Newman " speaks at times with an unpleasant nasal twang , but is clearly suited to the part . " They described Melvyn Douglas ' performance as " impeccable " , Brandon de Wilde 's as " [ successful ] in looking earnest unsure of himself " and praised Patricia Neal 's expressiveness . Time called the performances " splendid " , and Howe 's photography " brings the Texas panhandle to dusty , sweaty life . " The New York Times , in a favorable review , said Ritt 's direction had " [ a ] powerfully realistic style " and called Ravetch and Frank 's work " [ an ] excellent screenplay . " The newspaper called Newman 's acting " tremendous " , Douglas ' " magnificent " , de Wilde 's " eloquent of clean , modern youth " and Patricia Neal 's " brilliant . " The review also praised James Wong Howe 's " excellent " camera work and Elmer Bernstein 's " poignant " score . Variety called Hud " a near miss " ; its screenplay fails to " filter its meaning and theme lucidly through its characters and story " , although it called the four leads ' performances " excellent . "
Through the character of Hud , Ritt and Newman had intended to show the corruption of modern capitalism and the pitfalls of admiring an individual blindly , without observing his character . Critics , however , did not universally echo this view . Life 's review described Hud as " likable , smart , and [ with ] the potential to measure up to his tough , honorable father " and Saturday Review called him a " charming , raffish monster " . According to Outlook , " Hud Bannon is a mean , unscrupulous man who never has even a momentary twinge of conscience or change of heart " ; in the end scene , Hud " [ p ] ulls down the shade on the world of goodness and decency " . Pauline Kael initially described the film as an " anti @-@ Western " ; she called it an " Anti @-@ american film " , which was " so astutely made and yet such a mess that it ( was ) redeemed by its fundamental dishonesty . "
Although Hud was conceived as an outwardly charming but morally repugnant character , audiences , especially young people , found him likeable , even admirable . Paul Newman said , " We thought [ the ] last thing people would do was accept Hud as a heroic character ... His amorality just went over [ the audience 's ] head ; all they saw was this western , heroic individual " . Martin Ritt later attributed audience interpretation of the character to the counterculture of the 1960s which " changed the values " of the young audiences who saw Hud as a hero .
= = = Later evaluation in film guides = = =
Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide gave Hud four stars out of four . Maltin called the story " excellent " and its performances " impeccable " . Steven H. Scheuer 's Movies on TV also gave the film four stars out of four ; Scheuer called it " a must for movie @-@ drama fans " , and said the cast was " superb " . In Film and Video Guide Leslie Halliwell gave Hud four stars out of four , calling it " unique " . Allmovie gave Hud five stars out of five , calling the film " a warning shot for the Sixties " and saying that its " generational conflict would prove prescient " . It praised Howe 's cinematography , which gave the film " an authentic Western feel " .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
Hud was nominated for seven Academy Awards at the 36th Annual Academy Awards in 1963 . It won three , including Best Actress ( Neal ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Douglas ) and Best Cinematography ( Wong ) . Neal also won the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress . The film was nominated for five Golden Globe Awards , won four Laurel Awards ( Top Drama , Top Male Dramatic Performance , Top Female Dramatic Performance and Top Male Supporting Performance ) and received the Best Written American Drama Writers Guild of America Award .
= Battle of Bautzen ( 1945 ) =
The Battle of Bautzen ( or Battle of Budziszyn , April 1945 ) was one of the last battles of the Eastern Front during World War II . It was fought on the extreme southern flank of the Spremberg @-@ Torgau Offensive , seeing days of pitched street fighting between forces of the Polish Second Army and elements of the Soviet 52nd Army and 5th Guards Army on one side and elements of German Army Group Center in the form of the remnants of the 4th Panzer and 17th armies on the other .
The battle took place during Ivan Konev 's 1st Ukrainian Front 's push toward Berlin , which was part of the larger Soviet Berlin Offensive . The battle was fought in the town of Bautzen ( Polish : Budziszyn ) and the rural areas to the northeast situated primarily along the Bautzen – Niesky line . Major combat began on 21 April 1945 and continued until 26 April although isolated engagements continued to take place until 30 April . The Polish Second Army under Karol Świerczewski suffered heavy losses , but , with the aid of Soviet reinforcements , prevented the German forces from breaking through to their rear . According to one historian , the Battle of Bautzen was one of the Polish Army 's bloodiest battles .
After the battle both sides claimed victory and modern views as to who won the battle remain contradictory . Because the war was almost over and the battle had no strategic impact on the ongoing Battle of Berlin , German historiography has focused more on its tactical aspects . The German operation successfully recaptured Bautzen and its surroundings , which were held until the end of the war . Polish historiography during the People 's Republic of Poland portrayed the battle as difficult , but victorious . After the fall of communism , Polish historians became much more critical of Świerczewski 's command , blaming the near destruction of the Polish force on his incompetence and desire to capture Dresden . The battle 's outcome is now generally seen in Poland as a very costly victory for the Soviets and their Polish allies .
= = Background = =
In the last months of World War II , the Polish Second Army , under General Karol Świerczewski , took part in the Soviet drive on Berlin . Part of Marshal Ivan Konev 's 1st Ukrainian Front , the Poles operated in the centre of the front , flanked on the right by the 5th Guards Army and on the left by the 7th Mechanized Corps . Opposing these forces was the 4th Panzer Army under General Fritz @-@ Hubert Gräser , of Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner 's Army Group Center .
On 17 April , the Polish Second Army breached German defenses on the rivers Weisser Schöps and Neisse . Their pursuit of retreating German forces toward Dresden threatened to cut off additional forces in the Muskauer Forst region . On 18 and 19 April elements of the Second Army ( the 8th Infantry Division and 1st Armored Corps ) engaged the Germans in the south and pushed them back while the remaining units ( 5th , 7th , 9th and 10th infantry divisions ) drove on to Dresden , gaining bridgeheads on the River Spree north of Bautzen and destroying German forces in the Muskauer Forst . The following day Soviet units of the 7th Mechanized Corps captured parts of Bautzen and secured the line south of Niesky , taking Weißenberg and trapping several German formations .
Świerczewski decided to prioritize the taking of Dresden over securing his southern flank , deviating from the plan he was given by Konev . Meanwhile , Schörner was concentrating his units ( the " Görlitz Group " ) in the Görlitz ( Zgorzelec ) and Reichenbach region , and planned to launch a counteroffensive at the southern flank of the Polish Army . His aim was to stop the 1st Front 's advance and break through to Berlin to relieve the trapped 9th Army . The Germans were pinning their hopes on the idea that the Soviets might be fended off long enough for the city to be surrendered to the Western Allies . The concentration of Schörner 's units went unnoticed by Soviet and Polish reconnaissance .
= = Prelude = =
= = = Opposing forces = = =
German forces were composed of elements of the 4th Panzer Army and commanded by the headquarters for the Grossdeutschland and 57th Armored Corps . For the battle , the Germans had two armored divisions ( the 20th and Hermann Göring ) , two mechanized divisions ( the Brandenburg and Hermann Göring 2 ) , an infantry division ( the 17th ) as well as an infantry division battle group ( the remnants of the 545th Volksgrenadier Division ) . This force counted some 50 @,@ 000 soldiers , 300 tanks , and 600 guns . The supply train of the 10th SS Panzer Division was also present near Bautzen .
The Polish Second Army consisted of five infantry divisions : ( 5th , 7th , 8th , 9th and 10th , the 1st Armored Corps , and smaller units ) , about 84 @,@ 000 – 90 @,@ 000 men , and 500 tanks . Many of them were new recruits inexperienced in combat , incorporated from the recently retaken Polish territories . The quality of the officer corps has also been questioned . One of the major problems facing the People 's Army was lack of a qualified cadre ; a 1944 estimate showed that the army had one officer for each 1 @,@ 200 soldiers . Many of the officers in the Polish Army were Soviet officers of Polish descent .
Overall , the German units were less numerous than the Polish forces , their equipment worn and supplies inferior . Polish sources describe the Germans as more experienced , however the German sources accentuate their mixed structure of experienced soldiers and inexperienced recruits of Hitlerjugend and Volkssturm units .
= = Battle = =
= = = Drive on Dresden = = =
On 21 April , a gap had formed between the Polish infantry units ( 8th and 9th infantry divisions ) and the 1st Armored Corps pushing towards Dresden , and the Polish units which were securing the Muskauer Forst region . The 7th and 10th infantry divisions were engaged near Neisse and the 5th Infantry Division and the 16th Tank Brigade were in transit in between those two groups . The Polish units were stretched over a line of 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) . The Germans took the opportunity presented to them and pushed into this gap . The events of 21 April marked the beginning of this battle . In the west , the 20th Panzer Division commenced its drive on Bautzen , while in the east the 17th Infantry Division advanced on Niesky and Weißenberg , freeing a number of trapped German troops on its way . The Germans drove in between the Polish Second Army and the Soviet 52nd Army around Bautzen , some 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) north @-@ east of Dresden and 25 kilometers ( 16 mi ) west of Görlitz , sweeping the Soviet units of the 48th Rifle Corps , and driving towards Spremberg . Major General M. K. Puteiko , commander of the 52nd Army 's 254 Rifle Division of the 73rd Rifle Corps was mortally wounded around Bautzen . At first , Polish general Świerczewski continued with his attempt to take Dresden , which contributed to the growing chaos in the Polish forces , as many communication lines were cut .
The Germans succeeded in linking up with the remnants of their forces in the Muskauer Forst , and throwing the local Polish and Soviet forces into chaos . The Polish Second Army lost cohesion and split into four groups . Several units of the Polish Second Army found themselves surrounded . In particular , the Polish 5th Infantry Division and 16th Tank Brigade were struck in the rear , suffering severe losses . The headquarters of the 5th Division , defended only by sapper and training battalions , came under attack . The command group managed to break through to the 16th Tank Brigade , but that unit itself was almost annihilated at Förstgen ( Forsiegen ) , losing over 90 percent of its personnel ; out of 1 @,@ 300 soldiers , only about 100 survived . The commanding general of the Polish 5th Infantry Division , Aleksander Waszkiewicz , was killed . In the village of Niederkaina , today a part of Bautzen , between 196 and 300 captured German members of the Volkssturm were locked in a barn which was set on fire by retreating Polish or Soviet troops .
By 23 April the German breakthrough reached the Schwarzer Schöps River in the east , and Lohsa , Oppitz and Grossdubrau in the west . The main body of the German force was located in the forested region around Lohsa . The Germans continued their push toward Königswartha and Hoyerswerda .
= = = Polish retreat = = =
Eventually , Świerczewski halted his force 's advance on Dresden , and ordered it to pull back and secure the breach . On 22 April he ordered the 1st Armored Corps to change direction , retreat from Dresden and support the centre . The 8th Infantry Division was also recalled ; however , the 9th remained near Dresden . For a while Świerczewski was out of communication with his superiors , including Marshal Konev . Konev also sent his chief of staff , General Ivan Yefimovich Petrov , and his chief of operations , General Vladimir Ivanovich Kostylev , to look at the situation . Petrov managed to re @-@ establish communications , and left Kostylev in charge . Świerczewski was briefly relieved of his command for incompetence . To stabilize the situation , Konev ordered eight divisions from the Ukrainian Front to reinforce the Polish positions . Soviet 14th and Soviet 95th guards rifle divisions , as well as the Soviet 4th Guards Tank Corps , were ordered to attack toward Kamenz , Königswartha and Sdier to stop the Germans from advancing further north . The 2nd Air Army was also assigned to this theater .
Meanwhile , the German advance to the southeast of Bautzen was successful . The Soviet 294th Rifle Division was encircled at Weißenberg by the Brandenburg Division . In its subsequent breakout on 24 April , large parts of the 294th Division were destroyed . At the same time at Bautzen the 20th Panzer Division was able to make contact with the trapped units in the town from the south . Bronikowski then lost no time and immediately ordered an attack into Bautzen . Coordinating with the trapped troops , he was able to break into the town . A hastily assembled Polish counterattack was not successful and most of Bautzen was then recaptured after several days of bloody house @-@ to @-@ house combat . Several remaining pockets of resistance in the town were cleared during the next days . Outside the town the German advance stalled , as their troops were running low on fuel supplies . The recapture of Bautzen was one of the last successful German tactical victories on the Eastern Front .
By 25 April , Polish units were able to stabilize a defense on the line Kamenz – Kuckau – north Bautzen – Spree – Spreewiese – Heideanger . On that day , Hitler congratulated Schörner on his " victory " . The Polish 7th and 10th infantry divisions were ordered to advance toward Sdier @-@ Heideanger . The 7th and 10th Polish infantry divisions slowly advanced , with the 10th reaching north of Spreefurt . With the Soviet units on their right flank they also secured a road to Königswartha .
The 9th Division found itself alone at the spearhead of the abandoned Polish push towards Dresden . It received orders to retreat on 26 April . Attempting to withdraw quickly and to form back with the main forces , it was intercepted by the Germans and sustained heavy losses . The units were moving with insufficient security , on the assumption that the line of retreat was safe ; at the same time the Germans captured Polish orders with details of their planned withdrawal routes . Coordination between the units was also lacking . 26th Infantry Regiment from the 9th Division took very heavy casualties ( 75 percent ) in the " valley of death " around Panschwitz @-@ Kuckau and Crostwitz . A Polish military hospital convoy from the same division was ambushed near Horka , with most of its personnel and wounded executed ( about 300 casualties ) . There was only one survivor , chaplain Jan Rdzanek . The division commander , Colonel Aleksander Łaski , was taken captive . As a result of these losses , the 9th Division ceased to be an effective force ; the remaining personnel were merged into the Soviet 19th Guards Rifle Division .
According to some sources , 26 April marks the end of this battle , although less severe and isolated clashes in that region continued until 30 April . Other sources note that heavy fighting still took place on 27 April , and that the German advance was only completely halted by 28 April . By the end of the month , the Polish Second Army and the Soviet forces had repelled the German attack , forming a line toward Kamenz – Doberschütz – Dauban , and was preparing to launch an offensive toward Prague .
= = Aftermath = =
Both sides suffered heavy casualties . The Polish casualties were particularly severe . In a relatively short time the Polish Second Army lost more than 22 percent of its personnel and 57 percent of its tanks and armored vehicles ( about 200 total ) . Official estimates claimed about 18 @,@ 000 casualties ( including almost 5 @,@ 000 dead ) . Some other estimates give the Polish casualties as up to 25 @,@ 000 . According to Polish historian Zbigniew Wawer , this was the most bloody battle that the Polish Army had been involved in since the battle of Bzura in 1939 .
German casualties were significant , but less than the Polish and Soviet ones ; contemporary Polish sources estimated German losses at 6 @,@ 500 personnel , which is now seen as an inflated estimate . The German forces failed in their objective of breaking through the 1st Ukrainian Front and coming to the aid of Berlin . They managed , however , to inflict very serious casualties on the local Polish and Soviet units and stopped the Polish drive on Dresden ( it was still in German hands at the time of the German capitulation on May 9 ) . The successful recapture of Bautzen , Weißenberg and surroundings is called one of the last successful German armored counterattacks of the war . Bautzen and surroundings stayed in German hands until Germany 's capitulation . Although the battle had no strategic impact on the battle raging in Berlin , it allowed most of the participating German units as well as numerous refugees from the east to escape to the west , surrendering to the Western Allies .
= = Historiography = =
Despite the heavy Polish casualties — or according to one historian , possibly because of them — the battle has been largely neglected in Polish historiography . During the period of the People 's Republic of Poland it was portrayed merely as a difficult but victorious battle . However , since the fall of communism modern Polish historians have been much more critical of Świerczewski 's command , blaming his drive on Dresden for the near destruction of the Polish force . Świerczewski 's lack of competence , according to some sources , included commanding the battle while drunk . He was briefly relieved of command by Marshal Konev , but due to the backing of the Soviet high command ( most likely the NKVD ) he not only retained his position but all controversies were hushed up , and after the war was hailed as a hero . The actions of other Polish officers have also been questioned , such as the 9th Infantry Division commander 's decision to advance without sufficient reconnaissance and escort .
In modern Polish historiography the battle 's outcome is seen as a victory , if a very costly one , for the Polish and Soviet troops . As noted by historians such as Wawer and Komorowski , despite the heavy casualties , the Polish – Soviet frontline was not seriously breached , and thus the German offensive was a failure .
= Bristol =
Bristol ( / ˈbrɪstəl / ) is a city , unitary authority area and county in South West England with an estimated population of 442 @,@ 500 in 2015 . It is England 's sixth and the United Kingdom 's eighth most populous city , and the most populous city in Southern England after London . People from Bristol are known as Bristolians . The city borders the Unitary Authority areas of North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the historic cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south @-@ east and north @-@ east , respectively .
Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon , and around the beginning of the 11th century the settlement was known as Brycgstow ( Old English " the place at the bridge " ) . Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was in Gloucestershire until 1373 , when it became a county . From the 13th to the 18th century , Bristol was among the top three English cities after London ( with York and Norwich ) in tax receipts . Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester , Liverpool and Birmingham during the Industrial Revolution .
Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World . On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot , a Venetian , became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America . In 1499 William Weston , a Bristol merchant , was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America . The Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock .
Bristol 's modern economy is built on the creative media , electronics and aerospace industries , and the city @-@ centre docks have been redeveloped as centres of heritage and culture . The city has two universities , the University of the West of England and the University of Bristol and a variety of artistic and sporting organisations and venues including the Royal West of England Academy , the Arnolfini , Spike Island , Ashton Gate and the Memorial Stadium . It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road , rail , sea and air by the M5 and M4 ( which connects to the city centre by the M32 ) , Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations , and Bristol Airport . One of the UK 's most popular tourist destinations , Bristol was selected in 2009 as one of the world 's top ten cities by international travel publishers Dorling Kindersley in their Eyewitness guides for young adults . In 2014 The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live , and Bristol also won the EU 's European Green Capital Award in 2015 .
= = History = =
Archaeological finds , including flint tools believed to be between 300 @,@ 000 and 126 @,@ 000 years old made with the Levallois technique , indicate the presence of Neanderthals in the Shirehampton and St Annes areas of Bristol during the Middle Palaeolithic . Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down , on the side of the Avon Gorge , and on Kings Weston Hill near Henbury . A Roman settlement , Abona , existed at what is now Sea Mills ( connected to Bath by a Roman road ) ; another was at the present @-@ day Inns Court . Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were also scattered throughout the area .
= = = Middle Ages = = =
Brycgstow ( Old English " the place at the bridge " ) was founded by 1000 ; by about 1020 , it was a trading centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name . By 1067 Brycgstow was a well @-@ fortified burh , and that year the townsmen beat off a raiding party from Ireland led by three of Harold Godwinson 's sons . Under Norman rule , the town had one of the strongest castles in southern England . Bristol was the place of exile for Diarmait Mac Murchada , the Irish king of Leinster , after being overthrown . The Bristol merchants subsequently played a prominent role in funding Richard Strongbow de Clare and the Norman invasion of Ireland .
The port developed in the 11th century around the confluence of the Rivers Frome and Avon , adjacent to Bristol Bridge just outside the town walls . By the 12th century Bristol was an important port , handling much of England 's trade with Ireland , including slaves . The stone bridge built in 1247 was replaced by the current bridge during the 1760s . The town incorporated neighbouring suburbs and became a county in 1373 , the first town in England to be given this status . During this period , Bristol became a shipbuilding and manufacturing centre . By the 14th century Bristol , York and Norwich were England 's largest medieval towns after London . One @-@ third to one @-@ half the population died in the Black Death of 1348 – 49 , which checked population growth , and its population remained between 10 @,@ 000 and 12 @,@ 000 for most of the 15th and 16th centuries .
= = = 15th and 16th centuries = = =
During the 15th century Bristol was the second most important port in the country , trading with Ireland , Iceland and Gascony . It was the starting point for many voyages , including Robert Sturmy 's ( 1457 – 58 ) unsuccessful attempt to break the Italian monopoly of Eastern Mediterranean trade . Bristol merchants then turned west , launching voyages of exploration in the Atlantic by 1480 in search of the phantom island of Hy @-@ Brazil . These Atlantic voyages , also aimed at China , culminated in Venetian John Cabot 's 1497 exploration of North America and subsequent expeditions to the New World , underwritten by Bristol merchants and King Henry VII until 1508 . A 1499 voyage , led by merchant William Weston of Bristol , was the first expedition commanded by an Englishman to North America .
During the 16th century , Bristol merchants concentrated on developing trade with Spain and its American colonies . This included the smuggling of prohibited goods , such as food and guns , to Iberia during the Anglo @-@ Spanish War ( 1585 – 1604 ) . Bristol 's illicit trade grew enormously after 1558 , becoming integral to its economy .
The original Diocese of Bristol was founded in 1542 , when the former Abbey of St. Augustine ( founded by Robert Fitzharding four hundred years earlier ) became Bristol Cathedral . Bristol also gained city status that year . During the English Civil War in the 1640s the city was occupied by Royalists , who built the Royal Fort House on the site of an earlier Parliamentarian stronghold .
= = = 17th and 18th centuries = = =
Growth of the city and trade came with the rise of England 's American colonies in the 17th century . Bristol 's location on the west side of Great Britain gave its ships an advantage in sailing to and from the New World , and the city 's merchants made the most of it . The 18th century saw an expansion of England 's role in the Atlantic trade in Africans taken for slavery to the Americas . Bristol and Liverpool became centres of the triangular trade . In the first side of the slavery triangle , manufactured goods were shipped to West Africa and exchanged for Africans ; the enslaved captives were transported across the Atlantic to the Americas in the Middle Passage under brutal conditions . In the third side of the triangle , plantation goods such as sugar , tobacco , rum , rice , cotton and a few slaves ( sold to the aristocracy as house servants ) returned across the Atlantic . Some household slaves were baptised in the hope this would mean their freedom in England . The Somersett Case of 1772 clarified that slavery was illegal in England . At the height of the Bristol slave trade from 1700 to 1807 , more than 2 @,@ 000 slave ships carried a conservatively estimated 500 @,@ 000 people from Africa to slavery in the Americas . The Seven Stars public house , where abolitionist Thomas Clarkson collected information on the slave trade , is still operating .
Fishermen from Bristol ( who had fished the Grand Banks of Newfoundland since the 15th century ) began settling Newfoundland permanently in larger numbers during the 17th century , establishing colonies at Bristol 's Hope and Cuper 's Cove . Because of Bristol 's nautical environment , maritime safety was an important issue in the city . During the 19th century , Samuel Plimsoll ( known as " the sailor 's friend " ) campaigned to make the seas safer ; shocked by overloaded vessels , he successfully fought for a compulsory load line on ships .
In 1739 John Wesley founded the first Methodist chapel , the New Room , in Bristol . Wesley , along with his brother Charles Wesley and George Whitefield , preached to large congregations in Bristol and the neighbouring village of Kingswood , often in the open air .
= = = 19th century = = =
The city was associated with Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel , who designed the Great Western Railway between Bristol and London Paddington , two pioneering Bristol @-@ built oceangoing steamships ( SS Great Britain and SS Great Western ) , and the Clifton Suspension Bridge . The new railway replaced the Kennet and Avon Canal , which had fully opened in 1810 as the main route for the transport of goods between Bristol and London . Competition from Liverpool ( beginning around 1760 ) , disruptions of maritime commerce due to war with France ( 1793 ) and the abolition of the slave trade ( 1807 ) contributed to Bristol 's failure to keep pace with the newer manufacturing centres of Northern England and the West Midlands . The tidal Avon Gorge , which had secured the port during the Middle Ages , had become a liability . An 1804 – 09 plan to improve the city 's port with a floating harbour designed by William Jessop was a costly error , requiring high harbour fees .
By 1867 , ships were getting larger and the meanders in the river Avon prevented boats over 300 feet ( 90 m ) from reaching the harbour , resulting in falling trade . The port facilities were migrating downstream to Avonmouth and new industrial complexes were founded there . Some of the traditional industries including copper and brass manufacture went into decline , but the import and processing of tobacco flourished with the expansion of the W.D. & H.O. Wills business .
Supported by new industry and growing commerce , Bristol 's population ( 66 @,@ 000 in 1801 ) , quintupled during the 19th century , resulting in the creation of new suburbs such as Clifton and Cotham . These provide architectural examples from the Georgian to the Regency style , with many fine terraces and villas facing the road , and at right angles to it . In the early 19th century , the romantic medieval gothic style appeared , partially as a reaction against the symmetry of Palladianism , and can be seen in buildings such as the Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery , the Royal West of England Academy , and The Victoria Rooms . Riots broke out in 1793 and 1831 ; the first over the renewal of tolls on Bristol Bridge , and the second against the rejection of the second Reform Bill by the House of Lords . The Diocese of Bristol had undergone several boundary changes by 1897 when it was " reconstituted " into the configuration which has lasted into the 21st century .
= = = 20th century = = =
From a population of about 330 @,@ 000 in 1901 , Bristol grew steadily during the 20th century , peaking at 428 @,@ 089 in 1971 . Its docklands were enlarged during the early 1900s by the Royal Edward Dock . Another new dock , the Royal Portbury Dock , opened during the 1970s . As air travel grew in the first half of the century , aircraft manufacturers built factories .
Bristol was heavily damaged by Luftwaffe raids during World War II ; about 1 @,@ 300 people living or working in the city were killed and nearly 100 @,@ 000 buildings were damaged , at least 3 @,@ 000 beyond repair . The original central market area , near the bridge and castle , is now a park containing two bombed churches and fragments of the castle . A third bomb @-@ damaged church nearby , St Nicholas , has been restored and is a museum housing a 1756 William Hogarth triptych painted for the high altar of St Mary Redcliffe . The museum also has statues of King Edward I ( moved from Arno 's Court Triumphal Arch ) and King Edward III ( taken from Lawfords ' Gate in the city walls when they were demolished about 1760 ) , and 13th @-@ century statues of Robert , 1st Earl of Gloucester ( builder of Bristol Castle ) and Geoffrey de Montbray ( who built the city 's walls ) from Bristol 's Newgate .
The rebuilding of Bristol city centre was characterised by 1960s and 1970s skyscrapers , mid @-@ century modern architecture and road improvements . Beginning in the 1980s some main roads were closed , the Georgian @-@ era Queen Square and Portland Square were restored , the Broadmead shopping area regenerated , and one of the city centre 's tallest mid @-@ century towers was demolished . Bristol 's road infrastructure changed dramatically during the 1960s and 1970s with the development of the M4 and M5 motorways , which meet at the Almondsbury Interchange just north of the city and link Bristol with London ( M4 eastbound ) , Swansea ( M4 westbound across the Severn Estuary ) , Exeter ( M5 southbound ) and Birmingham ( M5 northbound ) .
The 20th century relocation of the docks to Avonmouth Docks and Royal Portbury Dock , 7 miles ( 11 km ) downstream from the city centre , has allowed the redevelopment of the old dock area ( the Floating Harbour ) . Although the docks ' existence was once in jeopardy ( since the area was seen as a derelict industrial site ) , the inaugural 1996 International Festival of the Sea held in and around the docks affirmed the area as a leisure asset of the city .
= = Government = =
Bristol City council consists of 70 councillors representing 35 wards , with two per ward serving four @-@ year terms . Councillors are elected in thirds , with elections held in three years out of every four @-@ year period . Thus , since wards do not have both councillors up for election at the same time , two @-@ thirds of the wards participate in each election . Although the council was long dominated by the Labour Party , the Liberal Democrats have grown strong in the city and ( as the largest party ) took minority control of the council after the 2005 election . In 2007 , Labour and the Conservatives united to defeat the Liberal Democrat administration ; Labour ruled the council as a minority administration , with Helen Holland as council leader .
In February 2009 , the Labour group resigned and the Liberal Democrats took office with a minority administration . In the 4 June 2009 council elections the Liberal Democrats gained four seats and , for the first time , overall control of the city council . In 2010 they increased their representation to 38 seats , giving them a majority of 6 . In 2011 they lost their majority , leading to a hung council . In the 2013 local elections , in which a third of the city 's wards were up for election , Labour gained 7 seats and the Green party doubled their seats from 2 to 4 . The Liberal Democrats lost 10 seats .
These trends were continued into the next election in May 2014 , in which Labour gained three seats to take their total to 31 , the Green Party won two more seats , the Conservative party gained one seat , and UKIP won their first @-@ ever seat on the council . The Liberal Democrats lost a further seven seats .
On 3 May 2012 , Bristol held a referendum on the question of a directly elected mayor replacing one elected by the council . There were 41 @,@ 032 votes in favour of a directly elected mayor and 35 @,@ 880 votes against , with a 24 % turnout . An election for the new post was held on 15 November 2012 , and Independent candidate George Ferguson became Mayor of Bristol .
The Lord Mayor of Bristol , not to be confused with the Mayor of Bristol , is a figurehead elected each May by the city council . Councillor Faruk Choudhury was selected by his fellow councillors for the position in 2013 . At 38 , he was the youngest person to serve as Lord Mayor of Bristol and the first Muslim elected to the office .
Bristol constituencies in the House of Commons also included parts of other local authority areas until the 2010 general election , when their boundaries were aligned with the county boundary . The city is divided into Bristol West , East , South and North West . Since the 2015 election , the city has had three Labour members of parliament ( MPs ) and one Conservative .
The city has a tradition of political activism . Edmund Burke , MP for the Bristol constituency for six years beginning in 1774 , insisted that he was a member of parliament first and a representative of his constituents ' interests second . Women 's @-@ rights advocate Emmeline Pethick @-@ Lawrence ( 1867 – 1954 ) was born in Bristol , and left @-@ wing politician Tony Benn was MP for Bristol South East in 1950 – 1960 and 1963 – 83 . In 1963 the Bristol Bus Boycott , following the Bristol Omnibus Company 's refusal to hire black drivers and conductors , drove the passage of the UK 's 1965 Race Relations Act . The 1980 St. Pauls riot protested against racism and police harassment and showed mounting dissatisfaction with the social and economic circumstances of the city 's Afro @-@ Caribbean residents . Local support of fair trade was recognised in 2005 , when Bristol became a Fairtrade zone .
Bristol is both a city and a county , since Edward III granted it a county charter in 1373 . The county was expanded in 1835 to include suburbs such as Clifton , and it was named a county borough in 1889 when that designation was introduced . On 1 April 1974 , Bristol became a local government district of the county of Avon . The city regained its independence and county status on 1 April 1996 , when Avon was abolished and Bristol became a unitary authority .
= = Geography and environment = =
= = = Boundaries = = =
Bristol 's boundaries are defined in several ways , depending on whether they are those of the city , the developed area , or Greater Bristol . The narrowest definition of the city is the city council boundary , which includes a large section of the western Severn Estuary up to ( but not including ) the islands of Steep Holm and Flat Holm .
A slightly broader definition used by the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) includes developed areas adjoining Bristol but outside the city @-@ council boundary , such as Whitchurch village , Filton , Patchway and Bradley Stoke , but excludes undeveloped areas within that boundary . The ONS has defined a Bristol Urban Area , which includes Kingswood , Mangotsfield , Stoke Gifford , Winterbourne , Frampton Cotterell , Almondsbury and Easton in Gordano . The North Fringe of Bristol , a developed area in South Gloucestershire between the Bristol city boundary and the M4 and M5 motorways , was so named as part of a 1987 plan prepared by the Northavon District Council .
= = = Greater Bristol = = =
The term Greater Bristol , used by the Government Office of the South West ( now abolished ) , the Office for National Statistics and others , refers to the city and portions of the three neighbouring local authorities — Bath and North East Somerset , North Somerset and South Gloucestershire — an area sometimes called the " former Avon area " or the West of England Partnership ( WEP ) area . Greater Bristol does not include Bath or Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare , which are included in the WEP area . The Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways ( FOSBR ) conflates the terms Greater Bristol and Suburban Bristol .
= = = Geography = = =
Bristol is part of a limestone area running from the Mendip Hills in the south to the Cotswolds in the northeast . The rivers Avon and Frome cut through the limestone to the underlying clay , creating Bristol 's characteristically hilly landscape . The Avon flows from Bath in the east , through flood plains and areas which were marshes before the city 's growth . To the west the Avon cuts through the limestone to form the Avon Gorge , aided by glacial meltwater after the last ice age .
The gorge , which helped protect Bristol Harbour , has been quarried for stone to build the city , and its surrounding land has been protected from development as The Downs and Leigh Woods . The Avon estuary and the gorge are the county boundary with North Somerset , and the river flows into the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth . Another gorge , cut by the Hazel Brook ( which flows into the River Trym ) , crosses the Blaise Castle estate in northern Bristol .
= = = Climate = = =
Located in southern England , Bristol is one of the warmest cities in the UK with a mean annual temperature of approximately 10 @.@ 5 ° C ( 50 @.@ 9 ° F ) . It is among the sunniest , with 1 @,@ 541 – 1 @,@ 885 hours of sunshine per year . Although the city is partially sheltered by the Mendip Hills , it is exposed to the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel . Annual rainfall increases from north to south , with totals north of the Avon in the 600 – 900 mm ( 24 – 35 in ) range and 900 – 1 @,@ 200 mm ( 35 – 47 in ) south of the river . Rain is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year , with autumn and winter the wetter seasons . The Atlantic Ocean influences Bristol 's weather , keeping its average temperature above freezing throughout the year , but winter frosts are frequent and snow occasionally falls from early November to late April . Summers are warm and drier , with variable sunshine , rain and clouds , and spring weather is unsettled .
The weather stations nearest Bristol for which long @-@ term climate data are available are Long Ashton ( about 5 miles ( 8 km ) south west of the city centre ) and Bristol Weather Station , in the city centre . Data collection at these locations ended in 2002 and 2001 , respectively , and Filton Airfield is currently the nearest weather station to the city . Temperatures at Long Ashton from 1959 to 2002 ranged from 33 @.@ 5 ° C ( 92 @.@ 3 ° F ) in July 1976 to − 14 @.@ 4 ° C ( 6 @.@ 1 ° F ) in January 1982 . Monthly high temperatures since 2002 at Filton exceeding those recorded at Long Ashton include 25 @.@ 7 ° C ( 78 @.@ 3 ° F ) in April 2003 , 34 @.@ 5 ° C ( 94 @.@ 1 ° F ) in July 2006 and 26 @.@ 8 ° C ( 80 @.@ 2 ° F ) in October 2011 . The lowest recent temperature at Filton was − 10 @.@ 1 ° C ( 13 @.@ 8 ° F ) in December 2010 . Although large cities in general experience an urban heat island effect , with warmer temperatures than their surrounding rural areas , this phenomenon is minimal in Bristol .
= = = Environment = = =
Bristol was ranked as Britain 's most @-@ sustainable city ( based on its environmental performance , quality of life , future @-@ proofing and approaches to climate change , recycling and biodiversity ) , topping environmental charity Forum for the Future 's 2008 Sustainable Cities Index . Local initiatives include Sustrans ( creators of the National Cycle Network , founded as Cyclebag in 1977 ) and Resourcesaver , a non @-@ profit business established in 1988 by Avon Friends of the Earth . In 2014 The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live , The city received the 2015 European Green Capital Award , becoming the first UK city to receive this award .
= = Demography = =
In 2014 , the Office for National Statistics estimated the Bristol unitary authority 's population at 442 @,@ 474 , making it the 43rd @-@ largest ceremonial county in England . The ONS , using Census 2001 data , estimated the city 's population at 441 @,@ 556 and that of the contiguous urban area at 551 @,@ 066 . In 2006 the ONS estimated Bristol 's urban @-@ area population at 587 @,@ 400 , making it England 's sixth @-@ most @-@ populous city and ninth @-@ most @-@ populous urban area . At 3 @,@ 599 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 9 @,@ 321 / sq mi ) it has the seventh @-@ highest population density of any English district .
According to the 2011 census , 84 % of the population was White ( 77 @.@ 9 % White British , 0 @.@ 9 % White Irish , 0 @.@ 1 % Gypsy or Irish Travellers and 5 @.@ 1 % Other White ) ; 3 @.@ 6 % mixed @-@ race ( 1 @.@ 7 % white @-@ and @-@ black Caribbean , 0 @.@ 4 % white @-@ and @-@ black African , 0 @.@ 8 % white and Asian and 0 @.@ 7 % other mixed ) ; 5 @.@ 5 % Asian ( 1 @.@ 5 % Indian , 1 @.@ 6 % Pakistani , 0 @.@ 5 % Bangladeshi , 0 @.@ 9 % Chinese and one percent other Asian ) ; 6 % Black ( 2 @.@ 8 % African , 1 @.@ 6 % Caribbean , 1 @.@ 6 % Other Black ) , 0 @.@ 3 % Arab and 0 @.@ 6 % with other heritage . Bristol is unusual among major British towns and cities in its larger black than Asian population . These statistics apply to the Bristol Unitary Authority area , excluding areas of the urban area ( 2006 estimated population 587 @,@ 400 ) in South Gloucestershire , Bath and North East Somerset ( BANES ) and North Somerset — such as Kingswood , Mangotsfield , Filton and Warmley .
= = Economy and industry = =
Bristol has a long history of trade , originally exporting wool cloth and importing fish , wine , grain and dairy products ; later imports were tobacco , tropical fruits and plantation goods . Major imports are motor vehicles , grain , timber , produce and petroleum products . Since the 13th century , the rivers have been modified for docks ; during the 1240s , the Frome was diverted into a deep , man @-@ made channel ( known as Saint Augustine 's Reach ) which flowed into the River Avon .
Ships occasionally departed Bristol for Iceland as early as 1420 , and speculation exists that sailors from Bristol made landfall in the Americas before Christopher Columbus or John Cabot . Beginning in the early 1480s , the Bristol Society of Merchant Venturers sponsored exploration of the North Atlantic in search of trading opportunities . In 1552 , Edward VI granted a royal charter to the Merchant Venturers to manage the port .
By 1670 the city had 6 @,@ 000 tons of shipping ( of which half was imported tobacco ) , and by the late 17th and early 18th centuries shipping played a significant role in the slave trade . During the 18th century , Bristol was Britain 's second @-@ busiest port ; business was conducted in the trading area around The Exchange in Corn Street over bronze tables known as Nails . Although the Nails are cited as originating the phrase " cash on the nail " ( immediate payment ) , the phrase was probably in use before their installation .
The city 's economy also relies on the aerospace , defence , media , information technology , financial services and tourism industries . The Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) ' s Procurement Executive , later known as the Defence Procurement Agency and Defence Equipment and Support , moved to its headquarters at Abbey Wood , Filton , in 1995 . This organisation , with a staff of 7 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 , procures and supports MoD equipment . One of the UK 's most popular tourist destinations , Bristol was selected in 2009 as one of the world 's top @-@ ten cities by international travel publishers Dorling Kindersley in their Eyewitness guides for young adults .
Bristol is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the Core Cities Group , and is ranked as a gamma world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , the fourth highest ranked English city . In 2014 Bristol 's gross domestic product was £ 30 @.@ 502 billion . Its per capita GDP was £ 46 @,@ 000 ( $ 65 @,@ 106 , € 57 @,@ 794 ) , which was some 65 % above the national average , the third highest of any English city ( after London and Nottingham ) and the sixth highest of any city in the United Kingdom ( behind London , Edinburgh , Glasgow , Belfast and Nottingham ) . Bristol 's March 2007 unemployment rate was 4 @.@ 8 % , compared with four percent for South West England and the national average of 5 @.@ 5 % .
Although Bristol 's economy no longer relies upon its port , which was moved to docks at Avonmouth during the 1870s and to the Royal Portbury Dock in 1977 as ship size increased , it is the largest importer of cars to the UK . Until 1991 , the port was publicly owned ; it is leased , with £ 330 million invested and its annual tonnage increasing from 3 @.@ 9 million long tons ( 4 million tonnes ) to 11 @.@ 8 million ( 12 million ) . Tobacco importing and cigarette manufacturing have ceased , but the importation of wine and spirits continues .
The financial services sector employs 59 @,@ 000 in the city , and 50 micro @-@ electronics and silicon design companies employ about 5 @,@ 000 . In 1983 Hewlett @-@ Packard opened its national research laboratory in Bristol . In 2014 the city was ranked seventh in the " top 10 UK destinations " by TripAdvisor .
During the 20th century , Bristol 's manufacturing activities expanded to include aircraft production at Filton by the Bristol Aeroplane Company and aircraft @-@ engine manufacturing by Bristol Aero Engines ( later Rolls @-@ Royce ) at Patchway . Bristol Aeroplane was known for their World War I Bristol Fighter and World War II Blenheim and Beaufighter planes . During the 1950s they were a major English manufacturer of civilian aircraft , known for the Freighter , Britannia and Brabazon . The company diversified into automobile manufacturing during the 1940s , producing hand @-@ built , luxury Bristol Cars at their factory in Filton , and the Bristol Cars company was spun off in 1960 . The city also gave its name to Bristol buses , which were manufactured in the city from 1908 to 1983 : by Bristol Tramways until 1955 , and from 1955 to 1983 by Bristol Commercial Vehicles .
Filton played a key role in the Anglo @-@ French Concorde supersonic airliner project during the 1960s . The British Concorde prototype made its maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969 , five weeks after the French test flight . In 2003 British Airways and Air France decided to discontinue Concorde flights , retiring the aircraft to locations ( primarily museums ) worldwide . On 26 November 2003 Concorde 216 made the final Concorde flight , returning to Bristol Filton Airport as the centrepiece of a proposed air museum which is planned to include the existing Bristol Aero collection ( including a Bristol Britannia ) .
The aerospace industry remains a major sector of the local economy . Major aerospace companies in Bristol include BAE Systems , a merger of Marconi Electronic Systems and BAe ( the latter a merger of BAC , Hawker Siddeley and Scottish Aviation ) . Airbus and Rolls @-@ Royce are also based at Filton , and aerospace engineering is an area of research at the University of the West of England . Another aviation company in the city is Cameron Balloons , who manufacture hot air balloons ; each August the city hosts the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta , one of Europe 's largest hot @-@ air balloon festivals .
In 2005 Bristol was named by the UK government one of England 's six science cities . A £ 500 million shopping centre , Cabot Circus , opened in 2008 amidst predictions by developers and politicians that the city would become one of England 's top ten retail destinations . The Bristol Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone , focused on creative , high @-@ tech and low @-@ carbon industries around Bristol Temple Meads railway station , was announced in 2011 and launched the following year . The 70 @-@ hectare ( 170 @-@ acre ) Urban Enterprise Zone has streamlined planning procedures and reduced business rates . Rates generated by the zone are channelled to five other designated enterprise areas in the region : Avonmouth , Bath , Bristol and Bath Science Park in Emersons Green , Filton , and Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . Bristol is the only big city whose wealth per capita is higher than that of Britain as a whole . With a highly skilled workforce drawn from its universities , Bristol claims to have the largest cluster of computer chip designers and manufacturers outside Silicon Valley . The wider region has one of the biggest aerospace hubs in the UK , centred on Airbus , Rolls @-@ Royce and GKN at Filton airfield .
= = Culture = =
= = = Arts = = =
Bristol has a thriving current and historical arts scene . Some of the modern venues and modern digital production companies have merged with legacy production companies based in old buildings around the city . In 2008 the city was a finalist for the 2008 European Capital of Culture , although the title was awarded to Liverpool .
The Bristol Old Vic , founded in 1946 as an offshoot of The Old Vic in London , occupies the 1766 Theatre Royal ( 607 seats ) on King Street ; the 150 @-@ seat New Vic ( a studio @-@ type theatre ) , and a foyer and bar in the adjacent Coopers ' Hall ( built in 1743 ) . The Theatre Royal , a grade I listed building , is the oldest continuously operating theatre in England . The Bristol Old Vic Theatre School ( which originated in King Street ) is a separate company , and the Bristol Hippodrome is a 1 @,@ 951 @-@ seat theatre for national touring productions . Other smaller theatres include the Tobacco Factory , QEH , the Redgrave Theatre at Clifton College and the Alma Tavern . Bristol 's theatre scene features several companies as well as the Old Vic , including Show of Strength , Shakespeare at the Tobacco Factory and Travelling Light . Theatre Bristol is a partnership between the city council , Arts Council England and local residents to develop the city 's theatre industry . Several organisations support Bristol theatre ; the Residence ( an artist @-@ led community ) provides office , social and rehearsal space for theatre and performance companies , and Equity has a branch in the city .
The city has many venues for live music , its largest the 2 @,@ 000 @-@ seat Colston Hall named after Edward Colston . Others include the Bristol Academy , The Fleece , The Croft , the Exchange , Fiddlers , the Victoria Rooms , Trinity Centre , St George 's Bristol and several pubs , from the jazz @-@ oriented The Old Duke to rock at the Fleece and Firkin and indie bands at the Louisiana . In 2010 PRS for Music called Bristol the UK 's most musical city , based on the number of its members born there relative to the city 's population . Since the late 1970s Bristol has been home to bands combining punk , funk , dub and political consciousness , and trip hop and Bristol Sound artists such as Tricky , Portishead and Massive Attack ; the list of bands from Bristol is extensive . The city is a stronghold of drum and bass , with artists such as Roni Size 's Mercury Prize @-@ winning Reprazent , as DJ Krust and More Rockers . This music is part of the Bristol urban @-@ culture scene which received international media attention during the 1990s .
The Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery houses a collection encompassing natural history , archaeology , local glassware , Chinese ceramics and art . The M Shed museum opened in 2011 on the site of the former Bristol Industrial Museum . Both are operated by Bristol Museums , Galleries and Archives , which also runs three historic houses — the Tudor Red Lodge , the Georgian House and Blaise Castle House — and Bristol Record Office . The 18th- and 19th @-@ century portrait painter Thomas Lawrence , 19th @-@ century architect Francis Greenway ( designer of many of Sydney 's first buildings ) were born in the city . The graffiti artist Banksy is believed to be from Bristol , and many of his works are on display in the city .
The Watershed Media Centre and Arnolfini gallery ( both in dockside warehouses ) exhibit contemporary art , photography and cinema , and the city 's oldest gallery is at the Royal West of England Academy in Clifton . The nomadic Antlers Gallery opened in 2010 , moving into empty spaces on Park Street , on Whiteladies Road and in the Purifier House on Bristol 's Harbourside . Stop motion animation films and commercials ( produced by Aardman Animations ) are made in Bristol . Bristol is home to the regional headquarters of BBC West and the BBC Natural History Unit . Locations in and around Bristol have featured in the BBC 's natural @-@ history programmes , including Animal Magic ( filmed at Bristol Zoo ) .
Bristol is the birthplace of 18th @-@ century poets Robert Southey and Thomas Chatterton . Southey ( born on Wine Street in 1774 ) and his friend , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , married the Fricker sisters from the city . William Wordsworth spent time in Bristol , where Joseph Cottle published Lyrical Ballads in 1798 . Comedians from the city include Justin Lee Collins , Lee Evans Russell Howard and writer @-@ comedian Stephen Merchant .
= = = Architecture = = =
Bristol has 51 Grade I , 500 Grade II * and over 3 @,@ 800 Grade II listed buildings in a variety of architectural styles , from medieval to modern . During the mid @-@ 19th century Bristol Byzantine , a style unique to the city , was developed , and several examples have survived . Buildings from most architectural periods of the United Kingdom can be seen in the city . Surviving elements of the fortifications and castle date to the medieval period , and the Church of St James dates back to the 12th century .
The oldest Grade I listed buildings in Bristol are religious . St James ' Priory was founded in 1129 as a Benedictine priory by Earl Robert of Gloucester , the illegitimate son of Henry I. The second oldest is Bristol Cathedral and its associated Great Gatehouse . Founded in 1140 , the church became the seat of the bishop and cathedral of the new Diocese of Bristol in 1542 . Most of the medieval stonework , particularly the Elder Lady Chapel , is made from limestone taken from quarries around Dundry and Felton with Bath stone being used in other areas . Amongst the other churches included in the list is the 12th century St Mary Redcliffe which is the tallest building in Bristol . The church was described by Queen Elizabeth I as " the fairest , goodliest , and most famous parish church in England . "
Secular buildings include The Red Lodge , built in 1580 for John Yonge as a lodge for a larger house that once stood on the site of the present Colston Hall . It was subsequently added to in Georgian times and restored in the early 20th century . St Bartholomew 's Hospital is a 12th @-@ century town house which was incorporated into a monastery hospital founded in 1240 by Sir John la Warr , 2nd Baron De La Warr ( c . 1277 – 1347 ) , and became Bristol Grammar School from 1532 to 1767 , and then Queen Elizabeth 's Hospital 1767 – 1847 . The round piers predate the hospital , and may come from an aisled hall , the earliest remains of domestic architecture in the city , which was then adapted to form the hospital chapel . Three 17th @-@ century town houses which were attached to the hospital were incorporated into model workers ' flats in 1865 , and converted to offices in 1978 . St Nicholas 's Almshouses were built in 1652 to provide care for the poor . Several public houses were also built in this period , including the Llandoger Trow on King Street and the Hatchet Inn .
Manor houses include Goldney Hall , where the highly decorated Grotto dates from 1739 . Commercial buildings such as the Exchange and Old Post Office from the 1740s are also included in the list . Residential buildings include the Georgian Portland Square and the complex of small cottages around a green at Blaise Hamlet , which was built around 1811 for retired employees of Quaker banker and philanthropist John Scandrett Harford , who owned Blaise Castle House . The 18th @-@ century Kings Weston House , in northern Bristol , was designed by John Vanbrugh and is the only Vanbrugh building in any UK city outside London . Almshouses and pubs from the same period intermingle with modern development . Several Georgian squares were designed for the middle class as prosperity increased during the 18th century . During World War II , the city centre was heavily bombed during the Bristol Blitz . The central shopping area near Wine Street and Castle Street was particularly hard @-@ hit , and the Dutch House and St Peter 's Hospital were destroyed . Nevertheless , in 1961 John Betjeman called Bristol " the most beautiful , interesting and distinguished city in England " .
= = = Sport = = =
Bristol has teams representing all the major national sports . Bristol City and Bristol Rovers are the city 's main football clubs . Bristol Rugby ( Rugby Union ) and Gloucestershire County Cricket Club are also based in the city .
The two Football League clubs are Bristol City and Bristol Rovers — the former being the only club from the city to play in the precursor to the Premier League . Non @-@ league clubs include Mangotsfield United , Bristol Manor Farm and Brislington . Bristol City , formed in 1897 , were Division One runners @-@ up in 1907 and lost the FA Cup final in 1909 . In the First Division in 1976 , they then sank to the bottom professional tier before reforming after a 1982 bankruptcy . Bristol City were promoted to the second tier of English football in 2007 , losing to Hull City in the playoff for promotion to the Premier League that season .
Bristol Rovers , the oldest professional football team in the city , were formed in 1883 and promoted back into the football league in 2015 . They were third @-@ tier champions twice ( Division Three South in 1952 – 53 and Division Three in 1989 – 90 ) , Watney Cup Winners ( 1972 ) and runners @-@ up for the Johnstone 's Paint Trophy ( 2006 – 07 ) although have never played in England 's top Division . The club has planning permission for a new 21 @,@ 700 @-@ capacity all @-@ seater stadium at the University of the West of England 's Frenchay campus . Construction was due to begin in mid @-@ 2014 , but in March 2015 the sale of the Memorial Stadium site ( needed to finance the new stadium ) was in jeopardy . Bristol Academy Women 's Football Club is based at South Gloucestershire and Stroud College .
The city is also home to Bristol Rugby , formed in 1888 as Bristol Football Club by the merger of the Carlton club with rival Redland Park . Westbury Park declined the merger and folded , with many of its players joining Bristol . Bristol Rugby has often competed at the highest level of the sport since its formation in 1888 . The club played at the Memorial Ground , which it shared with Bristol Rovers from 1996 . Although Bristol Rugby owned the stadium when the football club arrived , a decline in the rugby club 's fortunes led to a transfer of ownership to Bristol Rovers . In 2014 Bristol Rugby moved to their new home , Ashton Gate Stadium ( home to Bristol Rovers ' rivals Bristol City ) , for the 2014 – 15 season . Dating from 1901 , the Bristol Combination and its 53 clubs promote rugby union in the city and help support Bristol Rugby . The most prominent of Bristol 's smaller rugby clubs include Clifton Rugby , Dings Crusaders , and Cleve . Rugby league is represented in Bristol by the Bristol Sonics .
The first @-@ class cricket club Gloucestershire County Cricket Club has its headquarters and plays the majority of its home games at the Bristol County Ground , the only major international sports venue in the south west of England . It was formed by the family of W. G. Grace . The club is arguably Bristol 's most successful , achieving a period of success between 1999 and 2006 when it won nine trophies and became the most formidable one @-@ day outfit in England , including winning a " double double " in 1999 and 2000 ( both the Benson and Hedges Cup and the C & G Trophy ) , and the Sunday League in 2000 . Gloucestershire CCC also won the Royal London One @-@ Day Cup in 2015 .
The Bristol Flyers basketball team have competed in the British Basketball League , the UK 's premier professional basketball league , since 2014 . Bristol Aztecs play in Britain 's premier American football competition , the BAFA National Leagues . In 2009 ice hockey returned to Bristol after a 17 @-@ year absence , with the Bristol Pitbulls playing at Bristol Ice Rink ; after its closure , it shared a venue with Oxford City Stars . Bristol sponsors an annual half marathon and hosted the 2001 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . Athletic clubs in Bristol include Bristol and West AC , Bitton Road Runners and Westbury Harriers . Bristol has staged finishes and starts of the Tour of Britain cycle race and facilities in the city were used as training camps for the 2012 London Olympics . The Bristol International Balloon Fiesta , a major UK hot @-@ air ballooning event , is held each summer at Ashton Court .
= = = Media = = =
Bristol is home to the regional headquarters of BBC West and the BBC Natural History Unit based at Broadcasting House , which produces television , radio and online content with a natural history or wildlife theme . These include nature documentaries , including The Blue Planet and Planet Earth . The city has a long association with David Attenborough 's authored documentaries , including Life on Earth .
Bristol has two daily newspapers , the Western Daily Press and the Bristol Post ; a weekly free newspaper , the Bristol Observer ; and a Bristol edition of the free Metro newspaper . All are owned by the Trinity Mirror Group .
The city has several radio stations , including BBC Radio Bristol . Bristol 's television productions include Points West for BBC West , Endemol productions such as Deal or No Deal , and ITV News West Country for ITV West & Wales ( formerly HTV West ) and ITV Westcountry . The hospital drama Casualty , formerly filmed in Bristol , moved to Cardiff in 2012 . Bristol has been a location for the Channel 4 comedy @-@ drama Teachers , the BBC drama Mistresses , the E4 teen drama Skins and the BBC3 comedy @-@ drama Being Human ; the latter moved to Barry after series two .
Publishers in the city have included 18th @-@ century Bristolian Joseph Cottle , who helped introduce Romanticism by publishing the works of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge . During the 19th century , J.W. Arrowsmith published the Victorian comedies Three Men in a Boat ( by Jerome K. Jerome ) and The Diary of a Nobody by George and Weedon Grossmith . The contemporary Redcliffe Press has published over 200 books covering all aspects of the city . Bristol is home to YouTube video producers The Yogscast , with founders Simon Lane and Lewis Brindley moving their operations from Reading to Bristol in 2012 .
= = = Dialect = = =
A dialect of English , known as Bristolian , Bristolese , Brizzle or Bristle ( after the publication of Derek Robson 's " Krek Waiters peak Bristle " ) is spoken by longtime residents , who are known as Bristolians . Bristol natives have a rhotic accent , in which the post @-@ vocalic r in " car " and " card " is pronounced ( unlike in Received Pronunciation ) . The unique feature of this accent is the " Bristol ( or terminal ) l " , in which l is appended to words ending in a or o . Whether this is a broad l or a w is a subject of debate , with " area " pronounced " areal " or " areaw " . The ending of " Bristol " is another example of the Bristol l . Bristolians pronounce -a and -o at the end of a word as -aw ( cinemaw ) . To non @-@ natives , the pronunciation suggests an l after the vowel .
Until recently Bristolese was characterised by retention of the second @-@ person singular , as in the doggerel " Cassn 't see what bist looking at ? Cassn 't see as well as couldst , casst ? And if couldst , ' ouldn 't , ' ouldst ? " The West Saxon bist is used for the English " art " , and children were admonished with " Thee and thou , the Welshman 's cow " . In Bristolese , as in French and German , the second @-@ person singular was not used when speaking to a superior ( except by the egalitarian Quakers ) . The pronoun " thee " is also used in the subject position ( " What bist thee doing ? " ) , and " I " or " he " in the object position ( " Give he to I. " ) . Linguist Stanley Ellis , who found that many dialect words in the Filton area were linked to aerospace work , described Bristolese as " a cranky , crazy , crab @-@ apple tree of language and with the sharpest , juiciest flavour that I 've heard for a long time " .
= = = Religion = = =
In the 2011 United Kingdom census , 46 @.@ 8 % of Bristol 's population identified as Christian and 37 @.@ 4 % said they were not religious ; the English averages were 59 @.@ 4 % and 24 @.@ 7 % , respectively . Islam is observed by 5 @.@ 1 % of the population , Buddhism by 0 @.@ 6 % , Hinduism by 0 @.@ 6 % , Sikhism by 0 @.@ 5 % , Judaism by 0 @.@ 2 % and other religions 0 @.@ 7 % ; 8 @.@ 1 % did not identify with a religion .
Bristol has several Christian churches ; the most notable are the Anglican Bristol Cathedral and St Mary Redcliffe and the Roman Catholic Clifton Cathedral . Nonconformist chapels include Buckingham Baptist Chapel and John Wesley 's New Room in Broadmead . After St James ' Presbyterian Church was bombed on 24 November 1940 , it was never again used as a church ; although its bell tower remains , its nave was converted into offices . The city has eleven mosques , several Buddhist meditation centres , a Hindu temple , Reform and Orthodox @-@ Jewish synagogues and four Sikh temples .
= = Education , science and technology = =
Bristol has two major institutions of higher education : the University of Bristol , a " redbrick " chartered in 1909 , and its main building opened in 1925 . A polytechnic university opened in 1969 , giving the city a second institute of higher education which became the University of the West of England in 1992 . The University of Law also has a campus in the city . Bristol has two further education institutions ( City of Bristol College and South Gloucestershire and Stroud College ) and three theological colleges : Trinity College , Wesley College and Bristol Baptist College . The city has 129 infant , junior and primary schools , 17 secondary schools , and three learning centres . After a section of north London , Bristol has England 's second @-@ highest number of independent @-@ school places . Independent schools in the city include Clifton College , Clifton High School , Badminton School , Bristol Grammar School , Redland High School , Queen Elizabeth 's Hospital ( the only all @-@ boys school ) and the Red Maids ' School ( founded in 1634 by John Whitson , which claims to be England 's oldest girls ' school ) .
In 2005 Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown named Bristol one of six English " science cities " , and a £ 300 million science park was planned at Emersons Green . Research is conducted at the two universities , the Bristol Royal Infirmary and Southmead Hospital , and science is demonstrated at At @-@ Bristol , the Bristol Zoo , the Bristol Festival of Nature and the Create Centre .
The city has produced a number of scientists , including 19th @-@ century chemist Humphry Davy ( who worked in Hotwells ) . Physicist Paul Dirac ( from Bishopston ) received the 1933 Nobel Prize for his contributions to quantum mechanics . Cecil Frank Powell was the Melvill Wills Professor of Physics at the University of Bristol when he received the 1950 Nobel Prize for , among other discoveries , his photographic method of studying nuclear processes . Colin Pillinger was the planetary scientist behind the Beagle 2 project , and neuropsychologist Richard Gregory founded the Exploratory ( a hands @-@ on science centre which was the predecessor of At @-@ Bristol ) .
Initiatives such as the Flying Start Challenge encourage an interest in science and engineering in Bristol secondary @-@ school pupils ; links with aerospace companies impart technical information and advance student understanding of design . The Bloodhound SSC project to break the land speed record is based at the Bloodhound Technology Centre on the city 's harbourside .
= = Transport = =
Bristol has two principal railway stations . Bristol Temple Meads ( near the city centre ) has First Great Western service which includes high @-@ speed trains to London Paddington station and local , regional and CrossCountry trains . Bristol Parkway , north of the city centre , has high @-@ speed First Great Western service to Swansea , Cardiff Central and London Paddington and CrossCountry service to Birmingham and the North East . Limited service to London Waterloo via Clapham Junction from Bristol Temple Meads is operated by South West Trains , and there are scheduled coach links to most major UK cities .
The M4 motorway connects the city on an east @-@ west axis from London to West Wales , and the M5 is a north – south west axis from Birmingham to Exeter . The M49 motorway is a shortcut between the M5 in the south and the M4 Severn Crossing in the west , and the M32 is a spur from the M4 to the city centre .
The runway , terminal and other facilities at Bristol Airport ( BRS ) , Lulsgate , have been upgraded since 2001 . Public transport in the city consists primarily of a FirstGroup ( formerly the Bristol Omnibus Company ) bus network . Other providers are Abus , Wessex and Wessex Star , operated by Wessex for the two universities . Bristol 's bus service has been criticised as unreliable and expensive , and in 2005 FirstGroup was fined for delays and safety violations .
Private car use is high in the city , leading to traffic congestion costing an estimated £ 350 million per year . Bristol allows motorcycles to use most of the city 's bus lanes and provides secure , free parking for them . Although the city council has included a light rail system in its local transport plan since 2000 , it has not yet funded the project ; Bristol was offered European Union funding for the system , but the Department for Transport did not provide the required additional funding .
A new bus rapid transit system ( BRT ) called MetroBus , is currently under construction across Bristol , as of 2015 , to provide a faster and reliable service than buses , improve transport infrastructure and reduce congestion . The MetroBus rapid transit scheme will run on both bus lanes and segregated guided busways on three routes ; Ashton Vale to Temple Meads ( AVTM ) , North Fringe to Hengrove and South Bristol Link ( SBL ) . MetroBus services are expected to start in 2017 .
Several road @-@ construction plans , including re @-@ routing and improving the South Bristol Ring Road , are supported by the city council . Three park and ride sites serve Bristol . The city centre has water transport operated by Bristol Ferry Boats , Bristol Packet Boat Trips and Number Seven Boat Trips , providing leisure and commuter service in the harbour .
Bristol 's principal surviving suburban railway is the Severn Beach Line to Avonmouth and Severn Beach . Although Portishead Railway 's passenger service was a casualty of the Beeching cuts , freight service to the Royal Portbury Dock was restored from 2000 to 2002 with a Strategic Rail Authority rail @-@ freight grant . The MetroWest scheme , formerly known as The Greater Bristol Metro , proposes to increase the city 's rail capacity as well as the restoration of a further 3 miles ( 5 km ) of track to Portishead ( a dormitory town with one connecting road ) , despite concerns about insufficient funds to rebuild stations , is scheduled for completion by 2019 .
Bristol was designated as England 's first " cycling city " in 2008 and is home to Sustrans , the sustainable transport charity . The city has urban cycle routes and links with National Cycle Network routes to Bath , London , Gloucester , Wales and South West England . Cycling trips have increased by 21 % from 2001 to 2005 .
= = Twin cities = =
Bristol was among the first cities to adopt town twinning after World War II . Twin towns include :
Bordeaux , France ( since 1947 )
Hanover , Germany ( since 1947 ; one of the first post @-@ war twinnings of British and German cities )
Porto , Portugal ( since 1984 )
Tbilisi , Georgia ( since 1988 )
Puerto Morazán , Nicaragua ( since 1989 )
Beira , Mozambique ( since 1990 )
Guangzhou , China ( since 2001 )
= Mansur al @-@ Atrash =
Mansur al @-@ Atrash ( Arabic : منصور الأطرش ; 3 February 1925 – 14 November 2006 ) was a Syrian politician and journalist . Together with fellow university students , Atrash became a founding member of the Ba 'ath Party and its Syrian regional branch in 1947 . During the presidency of Adib Shishakli ( 1951 – 54 ) , he became an anti @-@ government activist and was imprisoned twice , only to be released in an unsuccessful attempt by Shishakli to gain the support of Atrash 's father , Sultan . In the year Shishakli was overthrown , Atrash was elected to parliament and turned down an offer to serve in Said al @-@ Ghazzi 's government . During the period of the United Arab Republic ( 1958 – 61 ) , Atrash became a strong supporter of Egyptian president and pan @-@ Arab leader Gamal Abdel Nasser . He opposed Syria 's secession from the UAR and turned down offers to serve in successive separatist governments in protest .
When the Ba 'ath Party gained power in the 1963 coup , Atrash became Minister of Social Affairs and in 1965 the head of the Revolutionary Command Council ( RCC ) . A second coup by left @-@ wing Ba 'athist officers resulted in a split within the party between the coup officers led by the Military Committee and the founders led by Michel Aflaq , with Atrash being an ardent supporter of the latter . He was subsequently imprisoned , but released in the aftermath of Syria 's defeat in the 1967 War with Israel . After two years of self @-@ imposed exile in Lebanon , he returned to Syria where he mostly abandoned political life . He died on 14 November 2006 and was buried near his hometown of al @-@ Qurayya .
= = Early life = =
Atrash was born 3 February 1925 in the Druze community of al @-@ Qurayya in Jabal al @-@ Druze ( Jabal al @-@ Arab ) , months before the Great Syrian Revolt , which was launched and led by his father Sultan al @-@ Atrash . At the time , the Jabal al @-@ Druze area constituted an autonomous zone ( existing between 1922 and 1936 ) within the French Mandate of Syria ( established in 1920 ) . Tensions between the Druze and the French authorities stemmed from a number of reasons , particularly what the local Druze leaders saw as French encroachment into their domestic affairs and self @-@ governance . The revolt began in the summer of 1925 and had soon spread throughout Syria , ending with the military defeat of Syrian rebels in 1927 and the self @-@ imposed exile of Sultan to Transjordan after the Mandatory authorities issued a warrant for his arrest . He returned in 1937 after being pardoned by the authorities .
It was in Transjordan , and later in Damascus and Beirut , that Mansur completed his primary and secondary education . In 1946 , Mansur went to study at the American University in Beirut ( AUB ) , and graduated in 1948 with a BA in political science . In 1951 , he attained a law degree from the Sorbonne University . He also served as a lecturer on Arabic literature in the University of Damascus .
= = Ba 'ath Party and conflict with Shishkali = =
In 1947 Atrash , an ardent socialist and Arab nationalist ' in principle and practice , " according to historian Sami Moubayed , became a founding member of the Ba 'ath Party . He joined the organization during his time at the AUB and then left with his party colleagues Salah al @-@ Din al @-@ Bitar and Michel Aflaq for further studies in Paris . He became part of its Syrian regional branch , and actively participated in party strikes , marches and parades . Atrash wrote regularly for the party newspaper al @-@ Ba 'ath . He was the only prominent Druze member in the Ba 'ath Party who hailed from a major clan , the al @-@ Atrash .
General Adib Shishakli seized power in 1951 , establishing a military @-@ backed autocracy . Atrash participated in anti @-@ Shishakli activity , including throwing explosives at Shishakli 's residence in 1952 , an action which resulted in Atrash 's arrest . In 1953 Shishakli launched a crackdown on the Druze community , claiming they were being funded by Hashemite @-@ ruled Jordan and Iraq to establish a Hashemite government in Syria . Jabal al @-@ Druze was bombarded by government forces and Atrash 's father Sultan was put under house arrest for his vocal criticism of Shishakli
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
to 113 mm ( 4 @.@ 4 in ) of precipitation in the northwestern Netherlands . Consequently , streets and homes in the village of Hippolytushoef were reportedly inundated . The large amounts of precipitation broke the daily and monthly rainfall records for October , which were previously set in 2006 . Gradually passing through Norway , the remnants of the storm caused significant damage to electric utilities . As a result , more than 10 @,@ 000 people lost power in southern parts of the country .
= European Coal and Steel Community =
The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) was an international organisation serving to unify certain Continental European countries after World War II . It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris , which was signed by Belgium , France , West Germany , Italy , the Netherlands and Luxembourg . The ECSC was the first international organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism , and would ultimately lead the way to the founding of the European Union .
The ECSC was first proposed by French foreign minister Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950 as a way to prevent further war between France and Germany . He declared his aim was to " make war not only unthinkable but materially impossible " which was to be achieved by regional integration , of which the ECSC was the first step . The Treaty would create a common market for coal and steel among its member states which served to neutralise competition between European nations over natural resources , particularly in the Ruhr .
The ECSC was run by four institutions : a High Authority composed of independent appointees , a Common Assembly composed of national parliamentarians , a Special Council composed of nation ministers , and a Court of Justice . These would ultimately form the blueprint for today 's European Commission , European Parliament , the Council of the European Union and the European Court of Justice .
The ECSC was joined by two other similar communities in 1957 , the European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community , with whom it shared its membership and some institutions . In 1967 all its institutions were merged with that of the European Economic Community , but it retained its own independent legal personality . In 2002 the Treaty of Paris expired and all the ECSC activities and resources were absorbed by the European Community .
= = History = =
As Prime Minister and Foreign Minister , Schuman was instrumental in turning French policy away from the Gaullist policy of permanent occupation or control of parts of German territory such as the Ruhr or the Saar . Despite stiff ultra @-@ nationalist , Gaullist and communist opposition , the French Assembly voted a number of resolutions in favour of his new policy of integrating Germany into a community . The International Authority for the Ruhr changed in consequence . Schuman 's guiding principles were moral , based on the equality of states ( international democracy ) , not the power politics of domination .
= = = Schuman declaration = = =
The Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950 ( later known as Europe Day ) occurred after two Cabinet meetings , when the proposal became French government policy . France was thus the first government to agree to surrender sovereignty in a supranational Community . That decision was based on a text , written and edited by Schuman 's friend and colleague , the Foreign Ministry lawyer , Paul Reuter with the assistance of Jean Monnet and Schuman 's Directeur de Cabinet , Bernard Clappier . It laid out a plan for a European Community to pool the coal and steel of its members in a common market .
Schuman proposed that " Franco @-@ German production of coal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority , within the framework of an organisation open to the participation of the other countries of Europe . " Such an act was intended to help economic growth and cement peace between France and Germany , who were historic enemies . Coal and steel were vital resources needed for a country to wage war , so pooling those resources between two such enemies was seen as more than symbolic . Schuman saw the decision of the French government on his proposal as the first example of a democratic and supranational Community , a new development in world history . The plan was also seen by some , like Monnet , who crossed out Reuter 's mention of ' supranational ' in the draft and inserted ' federation ' , as a first step to a " European federation " .
The Schuman Declaration that created the ECSC had several distinct aims :
It would mark the birth of a united Europe .
It would make war between member states impossible .
It would encourage world peace .
It would transform Europe in a ' step by step ' process ( building through sectoral supranational communities ) leading to the unification of Europe democratically , unifying two political blocks separated by the Iron Curtain .
It would create the world 's first supranational institution .
It would create the world 's first international anti @-@ cartel agency .
It would create a common market across the Community .
It would , starting with the coal and steel sector , revitalise the whole European economy by similar community processes .
It would improve the world economy and the developing countries , such as those in Africa .
Firstly , it was intended to prevent further war between France and Germany and other states by tackling the root cause of war . The ECSC was primarily conceived with France and Germany in mind : " The coming together of the nations of Europe requires the elimination of the age @-@ old opposition of France and Germany . Any action taken must in the first place concern these two countries . " The coal and steel industries being essential for the production of munitions , Schuman believed that by uniting these two industries across France and Germany under an innovative supranational system that also included a European anti @-@ cartel agency , he could " make war not only unthinkable but materially impossible . " Schuman had another aim : " With increased resources Europe will be able to pursue the achievement of one of its essential tasks , namely , the development of the African continent . " Industrial cartels tended to impose " restrictive practices " on national markets , whereas the ECSC would ensure the increased production necessary for their ambitions in Africa .
= = = Political pressures = = =
In West Germany , Schuman kept the closest contacts with the new generation of democratic politicians . Karl Arnold , the Minister President of North Rhine @-@ Westphalia , the province that included the coal and steel producing Ruhr , was initially spokesman for German foreign affairs . He gave a number of speeches and broadcasts on a supranational coal and steel community at the same time as Robert Schuman began to propose this Community in 1948 and 1949 . The Social Democratic Party of Germany ( German : Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands , SPD ) , in spite of support from unions and other socialists in Europe , decided it would oppose the Schuman plan . Kurt Schumacher 's personal distrust of France , capitalism , and Konrad Adenauer aside , he claimed that a focus on integrating with a " Little Europe of the Six " would override the SPD 's prime objective of German reunification and thus empower ultra @-@ nationalist and Communist movements in democratic countries . He also thought the ECSC would end any hopes of nationalising the steel industry and lock in a Europe of " cartels , clerics and conservatives . " Younger members of the party like Carlo Schmid , were , however , in favor of the Community and pointed to the long socialist support for the supranational idea .
In France , Schuman had gained strong political and intellectual support from all sections of the nation and many non @-@ communist parties . Notable amongst these were ministerial colleague Andre Philip , president of the Foreign Relations Committee Edouard Bonnefous , and former prime minister , Paul Reynaud . Projects for a coal and steel authority and other supranational communities were formulated in specialist subcommittees of the Council of Europe in the period before it became French government policy . Charles de Gaulle , who was then out of power , had been an early supporter of " linkages " between economies , on French terms , and had spoken in 1945 of a " European confederation " that would exploit the resources of the Ruhr . However , he opposed the ECSC as a faux ( false ) pooling ( " le pool , ce faux semblant " ) because he considered it an unsatisfactory " piecemeal approach " to European unity and because he considered the French government " too weak " to dominate the ECSC as he thought proper . De Gaulle also felt that the ECSC had insufficient supranational authority because the Assembly was not ratified by a European referendum and he did not accept Raymond Aron 's contention that the ECSC was intended as a movement away from United States domination . Consequently , de Gaulle and his followers in the RPF voted against ratification in the lower house of the French Parliament .
Despite these attacks and those from the extreme left , the ECSC found substantial public support , and so it was established . It gained strong majority votes in all eleven chambers of the parliaments of the Six , as well as approval among associations and European public opinion . In 1950 , many had thought another war was inevitable . The steel and coal interests , however , were quite vocal in their opposition . The Council of Europe , created by a proposal of Schuman 's first government in May 1948 , helped articulate European public opinion and gave the Community idea positive support .
= = = Treaties = = =
The 100 @-@ article Treaty of Paris , which established the ECSC , was signed on 18 April 1951 by " the inner six " : France , West Germany , Italy , Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ( Benelux ) . The ECSC was the first international organisation to be based on supranational principles and was , through the establishment of a common market for coal and steel , intended to expand the economies , increase employment , and raise the standard of living within the Community . The market was also intended to progressively rationalise the distribution of high level production whilst ensuring stability and employment . The common market for coal was opened on 10 February 1953 , and for steel on 1 May 1953 . Upon taking effect , the ECSC gradually replaced the International Authority for the Ruhr .
On 11 August 1952 , the United States was the first non @-@ ECSC member to recognise the Community and stated it would now deal with the ECSC on coal and steel matters , establishing its delegation in Brussels . Monnet responded by choosing Washington , D. C. as the site of the ECSC 's first external presence . The headline of the delegation 's first bulletin read " Towards a Federal Government of Europe " .
Six years after the Treaty of Paris , the Treaties of Rome were signed by the six ECSC members , creating the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( EAEC or ' Euratom ' ) . These Communities were based , with some adjustments , on the ECSC . The Treaties of Rome were to be in force indefinitely , unlike the Treaty of Paris , which was to expire after fifty years . These two new Communities worked on the creation of a customs union and nuclear power community respectively . The Rome treaties were hurried through just before de Gaulle was given emergency powers and proclaimed the Fifth Republic . Despite his efforts to ' chloroform ' the Communities , their fields rapidly expanded and the EEC became the most important tool for political unification , overshadowing the ECSC .
= = = Merger and expiration = = =
Despite being separate legal entities , the ECSC , EEC and Euratom initially shared the Common Assembly and the European Court of Justice , although the Councils and the High Authority / Commissions remained separate . To avoid duplication , the Merger Treaty merged these separate bodies of the ECSC and Euratom with the EEC . The EEC later became one of the three pillars of the present day European Union .
The Treaty of Paris was frequently amended as the EC and EU evolved and expanded . With the treaty due to expire in 2002 , debate began at the beginning of the 1990s on what to do with it . It was eventually decided that it should be left to expire . The areas covered by the ECSC 's treaty were transferred to the Treaty of Rome and the financial loose ends and the ECSC research fund were dealt with via a protocol of the Treaty of Nice . The treaty finally expired on 23 July 2002 . That day , the ECSC flag was lowered for the final time outside the European Commission in Brussels and replaced with the EU flag .
= = = Timeline of treaties = = =
= = Institutions = =
The institutions of the ECSC were the High Authority , the Common Assembly , the Special Council of Ministers and the Court of Justice . A Consultative Committee was established alongside the High Authority , as a fifth institution representing civil society . This was the first international representation of consumers in history . These institutions were merged in 1967 with those of the European Community , which then governed the ECSC , except for the Committee , which continued to be independent until the expiration of the Treaty of Paris in 2002 .
The Treaty stated that the location of the institutions would be decided by common accord of the members , yet the issue was hotly contested . As a temporary compromise , the institutions were provisionally located in the City of Luxembourg , despite the Assembly being based in Strasbourg .
= = = High Authority = = =
The High Authority ( the predecessor to the European Commission ) was a nine @-@ member executive body which governed the Community . The Authority consisted of nine members in office for a term of six years . Eight of these members were appointed by the governments of the six signatories . These eight members then themselves appointed a ninth person to be President of the High Authority .
Despite being appointed by agreement of national governments acting together , the members were to pledge not to represent their national interest , but rather took an oath to defend the general interests of the Community as a whole . Their independence was aided by members being barred from having any occupation outside the Authority or having any business interests ( paid or unpaid ) during their tenure and for three years after they left office . To further ensure impartiality , one third of the membership was to be renewed every two years ( article 10 ) .
The Authority 's principal innovation was its supranational character . It had a broad area of competence to ensure the objectives of the treaty were met and that the common market functioned smoothly . The High Authority could issue three types of legal instruments : Decisions , which were entirely binding laws ; Recommendations , which had binding aims but the methods were left to member states ; and Opinions , which had no legal force .
Up to the merger in 1967 , the authority had five Presidents followed by an interim President serving for the final days .
= = = Other institutions = = =
The Common Assembly ( which later became the European Parliament ) was composed of 78 representatives and exercised supervisory powers over the executive High Authority . The Common Assembly representatives were to be national MPs delegated each year by their Parliaments to the Assembly or directly elected ' by universal suffrage ' ( article 21 ) , though in practice it was the former , as there was no requirement for elections until the Treaties of Rome and no actual election until 1979 , as Rome required agreement in the Council on the electoral system first . However , to emphasise that the chamber was not a traditional international organisation composed of representatives of national governments , the Treaty of Paris used the term " representatives of the peoples " . The Assembly was not originally specified in the Schuman Plan because it was hoped the Community would use the institutions ( Assembly , Court ) of the Council of Europe . When this became impossible because of British objections , separate institutions had to be created . The Assembly was intended as a democratic counter @-@ weight and check to the High Authority , to advise but also to have power to sack the Authority for incompetence , injustice , corruption or fraud . The first President ( akin to a Speaker ) was Paul @-@ Henri Spaak .
The Special Council of Ministers ( equivalent to the current Council of the European Union ) was composed of representatives of national governments . The Presidency was held by each state for a period of three months , rotating between them in alphabetical order . One of its key aspects was the harmonisation of the work of the High Authority and that of national governments , which were still responsible for the state 's general economic policies . The Council was also required to issue opinions on certain areas of work of the High Authority . Issues relating only to coal and steel were in the exclusive domain of the High Authority , and in these areas the Council ( unlike the modern Council ) could only act as a scrutiny on the Authority . However , areas outside coal and steel required the consent of the Council .
The Court of Justice was to ensure the observation of ECSC law along with the interpretation and application of the Treaty . The Court was composed of seven judges , appointed by common accord of the national governments for six years . There were no requirements that the judges had to be of a certain nationality , simply that they be qualified and that their independence be beyond doubt . The Court was assisted by two Advocates General .
The Consultative Committee ( similar to the Economic and Social Committee ) had between 30 and 50 members equally divided between producers , workers , consumers and dealers in the coal and steel sector . Again , there was no national quotas , and the treaty requires representatives of European associations to organise their own democratic procedures . They were to establish rules to make their membership fully ' representative ' for democratic organised civil society . Members were appointed for two years and were not bound by any mandate or instruction of the organisations which appointed them . The Committee had a plenary assembly , bureau and president . Again , the required democratic procedures were not introduced and nomination of these members remained in the hands of national ministers . The High Authority was obliged to consult the Committee in certain cases where it was appropriate and to keep it informed . The Consultative Committee remained separate ( despite the merger of the other institutions ) until 2002 , when the Treaty expired and its duties were taken over by the Economic and Social Committee ( ESC ) . Despite its independence , the Committee did cooperate with the ESC when they were consulted on the same issue .
= = Achievements and failures = =
Its mission ( article 2 ) was general : to ' contribute to the expansion of the economy , the development of employment and the improvement of the standard of living ' of its citizens . The Community had little effect on coal and steel production , which was influenced more by global trends . Trade between members did increase ( tenfold for steel ) which saved members ' money by not having to import resources from the United States . The High Authority also issued 280 modernization loans to the industry which helped the industry to improve output and reduce costs . Costs were further reduced by the abolition of tariffs at borders .
Among the ECSC 's greatest achievements are those on welfare issues . Some mines , for example were clearly unsustainable without government subsidies . Some miners had extremely poor housing . Over 15 years it financed 112 @,@ 500 flats for workers , paying US $ 1 @,@ 770 per flat , enabling workers to buy a home they could not have otherwise afforded . The ECSC also paid half the occupational redeployment costs of those workers who have lost their jobs as coal and steel facilities began to close down . Combined with regional redevelopment aid the ECSC spent $ 150 million creating 100 @,@ 000 jobs , a third of which were for unemployed coal and steel workers . The welfare guarantees invented by the ECSC were extended to workers outside the coal and steel sector by some of its members .
Far more important than creating Europe 's first social and regional policy , it is argued that the ECSC introduced European peace . It involved the continent 's first European tax . This was a flat tax , a levy on production with a maximum rate of one percent . Given that the European Community countries are now experiencing the longest period of peace in more than seventy years , this has been described as the cheapest tax for peace in history . Another world war , or ' world suicide ' as Schuman called this threat in 1949 , was avoided . In October 1953 Schuman said that the possibility of another European war had been eliminated . Reasoning had to prevail among member states .
However the ECSC failed to achieve several fundamental aims of the Treaty of Paris . It was hoped the ECSC would prevent a resurgence of large coal and steel groups such as the Konzerne , which helped Adolf Hitler rise to power . In the Cold War trade @-@ offs , the cartels and major companies re @-@ emerged , leading to apparent price fixing ( another element that was meant to be tackled ) . With a democratic supervisory system the worst aspects of past abuse were avoided with the anti @-@ cartel powers of the Authority , the first international anti @-@ cartel agency in the world . Efficient firms were allowed to expand into a European market without undue domination . Oil , gas , electricity became natural competitors to coal and also broke cartel powers . Furthermore , with the move to oil , the Community failed to define a proper energy policy . The Euratom treaty was largely stifled by de Gaulle and the European governments refused the suggestion of an Energy Community involving electricity and other vectors that was suggested at Messina in 1955 . In a time of high inflation and monetary instability ECSC also fell short of ensuring an upward equalisation of pay of workers within the market . These failures could be put down to overambition in a short period of time , or that the goals were merely political posturing to be ignored . It has been argued that the greatest achievements of the European Coal and Steel Community lie in its revolutionary democratic concepts of a supranational Community .
= Old Dan Tucker =
" Old Dan Tucker " , also known as " Ole Dan Tucker " , " Dan Tucker " , and other variants , is a popular American song . Its origins remain obscure ; the tune may have come from oral tradition , and the words may have been written by songwriter and performer Dan Emmett . The blackface troupe the Virginia Minstrels popularized " Old Dan Tucker " in 1843 , and it quickly became a minstrel hit , behind only " Miss Lucy Long " and " Mary Blane " in popularity during the antebellum period . " Old Dan Tucker " entered the folk vernacular around the same time . Today it is a bluegrass and country music standard . It is no . 390 in the Roud Folk Song Index .
The first sheet music edition of " Old Dan Tucker " , published in 1843 , is a song of boasts and nonsense in the vein of previous minstrel hits such as " Jump Jim Crow " and " Gumbo Chaff " . In exaggerated Black Vernacular English , the lyrics tell of Dan Tucker 's exploits in a strange town , where he fights , gets drunk , overeats , and breaks other social taboos . Minstrel troupes freely added and removed verses , and folk singers have since added hundreds more . Parodies and political versions are also known .
The song falls into the idiom of previous minstrel music , relying on rhythm and text declamation as its primary motivation . Its melody is simple and the harmony little developed . Nevertheless , contemporary critics found the song more pleasant than previous minstrel fare . Musicologist Dale Cockrell argues that the song represents a transition between early minstrel music and the more European @-@ style songs of minstrelsy 's later years .
= = Lyrics = =
" Old Dan Tucker " as originally published exemplifies the masculine boasting songs that predominated in early minstrelsy . Modern analysts emphasize the song 's rawness , racism , and disdain for social taboos . In ersatz Black Vernacular English , the song uses short , active words such as runnin and cryin , to portray Dan Tucker as a rough @-@ and @-@ ready black man in the mold of Jim Crow , Gumbo Chaff , and ultimately the tall tale frontiersman :
I come to town de udder night ,
I hear de noise an saw de fight ,
De watchman was a runnin roun ,
Cryin Old Dan Tucker 's come to town .
Gran ' Chorus .
So get out de way ! Get out de way !
Get out de way ! Old Dan Tucker .
You 're too late to come to supper .
Tucker is an animalistic character , driven by sex , violence , and strong drink . He is ugly , unrefined , and unintelligent , even infantilized . As a stranger in town , his devil @-@ may @-@ care actions show his problems with or ambivalence to adapting to local mores . More broadly , Tucker 's disdain for social norms allows the song to send up respectable middle class American society , as evidenced by the final verse :
Tucker was a hardened sinner ,
He nebber said his grace at dinner ;
De ole sow squeel , de pigs did squall
He ' hole hog wid de tail and all .
Other verses are simply nonsense that do not go along with the main narrative . Their lines seem to serve no other purpose than to make a rhyme or extend the patter scheme . The third verse is one example :
Here 's my razor in good order
Magnum bonum — jis hab bought ' er ;
Sheep shell oats , Tucker shell de corn ,
I 'll shabe you soon as de water get warm .
Dan Tucker is both the teller and subject of the story . Verses 1 , 3 , and 5 of the 1843 edition are in the first person , whereas verses 2 , 4 , and 7 are in the third . This reflects the song 's intended performance by an entire minstrel troupe . The lead minstrel played Tucker and began the song , but backup singers took over at times to allow Tucker to act out the scenario , dance , and do another comedy bit . There was probably an element of competition to the various dance and music solos . The third @-@ person verses also allowed for commentary to suggest to the audience how they were to judge the character and his antics .
Individual companies probably selectively performed verses from the song or added new ones . For example , the Virginia Serenaders added verses about the Irish , Dutch , and French . At least four versions of the song were published with different lyrics during the 19th century . A parody called " Clar de Track " appears in some playbills and songsters .
= = = Folk versions = = =
" Old Dan Tucker " entered American folklore soon after it was written . Its simple and malleable nature means that singers may begin or end it at any point or invent new verses on the spot . In fact , hundreds of folk verses have been recorded . This is a common folk variant :
Old Daniel Tucker wuz a mighty man ,
He washed his face in a fryin ' pan ;
Combed his head wid a wagon wheel
And he died wid de toofache in his heel .
A common chorus variant goes :
So , git outa de way for old Dan Tucker ,
He 's come too late to git his supper .
Supper 's over and breakfast cookin ' ,
Old Dan Tucker standin ' lookin ' .
For decades " Old Dan Tucker " was used as part of a dancing game . The players formed a ring , and one man moved to the center . He selected women to swing around according to the lyrics :
Here 's old Dan , he comes to town ;
He swings the ladies round and round .
He swings one east , he swings one west ,
He swings with the one he loves the best .
The third woman chosen then became his new partner , and her old partner now took the role of " Old Dan " .
These folk versions can be quite ribald . This one , recalled by a man from his boyhood in Benton County , Arkansas , in the 1910s , is one example :
Old Dan Tucker was a fine old soul ,
Buckskin belly and a rubber ass @-@ hole ,
Swallowed a barrel of cider down
And then he shit all over town .
Another version , sung by Charles Edward Carpenter — a Lawrenceburg , Tennessee business man and World War II Veteran ( born in Crewstown , TN ) — to his children and grandchildren in Middle Tennessee during the mid- to late 1900s speaks of Old Dan Tucker 's love of a hard drink . The last line appears to have been sung in the first person ( " Oh my goodness , what 'll I do ? ) :
Old Dan Tucker , he got drunk ,
He fell in the far ( fire ) and kicked up a chunk ,
A red hot coal fell down his shoe ,
Oh my goodness , what 'll I do ?
Go on home , ole Dan Tucker ,
You 're too late to get your supper .
" Old Dan Tucker " entered the folklore of slaves as well . This version from Orange County , North Carolina , was recorded in the 1850s :
Marster and Missus look ' might fine —
Gwine to take a journey , gwine whar dey gwine ,
Crab grass a @-@ dyin ' , red sun in de west ,
Saturday 's comin ' , nigger gwine to rest .
= = = Political versions = = =
The original " Old Dan Tucker " and most folk variants are not political in nature . However , as early as 1844 , the Hutchinson Family Singers were performing " Get off the Track ! " to its tune , billed as " A song for emancipation " One verse and the chorus say :
Ho ! the car Emancipation
Rides majestic thro ' our nation ,
Bearing on its train the story ;
Liberty ! a nation 's glory .
Get out the way ! Every station !
Freedom 's car , Emancipation !
That same year , supporters of Henry Clay at a Whig rally sang a version that makes references to Clay ( " Ole Kentucky " ) , Martin Van Buren , and James Buchanan :
The people 's fav 'rite , Henry Clay , is now the ' fashion ' of the day ;
And let the track be dry or mucky , we 'll stake our pile on Ole Kentucky .
Get out of the way , he 's swift and lucky ; clear the track for Ole Kentucky !
In 1856 , supporters of John C. Frémont 's run for the Republican Party nomination adopted the tune as his campaign song with the changed refrain " Get out the way , old Buchanan " . William Jennings Bryan 's campaign song for the 1900 Democratic National Convention in Kansas City , Missouri , changed the lyrics to say :
Voters , come and hear my ditty ,
What was done at Kansas City :
David Hill , the New York lion ,
Nominated Billy Bryan .
Get out of the way , you Grand Old Party ,
You 're so old , you 're getting warty .
A version popular during the American Civil War adds references to Abraham Lincoln :
Old Abe is coming down to fight ,
And put the Democrats to flight ;
He 's coming with the wedge and maul
And he will split ' em one and all .
Get out the way , you little giant
You can 't come in , you 're too short and pliant .
= = Structure = =
" Old Dan Tucker " is a breakdown , a dance song wherein the rhythmic accent falls on the second and fourth beats rather than on the third . The song is largely Anglo @-@ American in nature , although it has black influences . Its repetitive melodic idiom matches that of earlier minstrel standards , such as " Jump Jim Crow " , " Coal Black Rose " , and " Old Zip Coon " .
The song consists of 28 bars . It begins with a boisterous eight @-@ bar introduction . Four bars follow to frame the coda . The remainder consists of sixteen bars with lyrics , half devoted to verse , and half to refrain . Each phrase gives way directly to the next with no rests between sections .
Rhythm is perhaps the most important component of " Old Dan Tucker " . It begins with a cadenced introduction and little melody . Even when the tune begins in earnest , it is flat and non @-@ harmonized and does little more than provide a beat on which words are uttered . The refrain is syncopated in a way that had only previously been used in the minstrel song " Old Zip Coon " . The intense rhythm on the line " Get out the way ! " generates a forward momentum and is answered by instruments in one example of the song 's black @-@ influenced call and response .
" Old Dan Tucker " was , of course , intended for stage performance . The verses are not only to be played but also acted out and danced to . Minstrels could begin leaping about at the introduction and coda , beginning the full music at the vocal section . Performers probably included instrumental versions of the chorus while they played , a rare practice in early minstrelsy .
Musicologist Dale Cockrell argues that " Old Dan Tucker " in fact represents a bridge between the percussive blackface songs of the 1830s and the more refined compositions of songwriters such as Stephen Foster . Cockrell says that , unlike previous minstrel songs , " Old Dan Tucker " is meant for more than just dancing ; its tune is developed enough to stand on its own . Contemporary critics certainly noticed the difference . Y. S. Nathanson called it " the best of what I have denominated the ancient negro ballads . The melody is far superior to anything that had preceded it . " Nathanson compared the song to works by Gaetano Donizetti and Daniel Auber .
= = Composition = =
The origin of the music of " Old Dan Tucker " has always been obscure , and no sheet music edition from 1843 , its year of its first publication , names a composer . The first performance of the tune ( but not lyrics ) may have happened as early as 1841 . The music may in fact be from the oral tradition or may have been a product of collaboration .
Nevertheless , " Old Dan Tucker " has been credited to at least three different songwriters : Dan Emmett , J. R. Jenkins , and Henry Russell . In his old age , Emmett related the traditional story to his biographer , H. Ogden Wintermute : " I composed Old Dan Tucker in 1830 or 1831 , when I was fifteen or sixteen years old . " The biography claims that Emmett first played the song in public at a performance by a group of traveling entertainers . They lacked a fiddle player , and the local innkeeper suggested young Emmett to fill in . Emmett played " Old Dan Tucker " to the troupe manager 's liking , and he debuted on the Mount Vernon , Ohio , village green in blackface to perform the song on the Fourth of July . Wintermute claims that the name Dan Tucker is a combination of Emmett 's own name and that of his dog . However , there is no evidence for any of this . Instead , Emmett may merely have written the words . Even these seem to partially derive from an earlier minstrel song called " Walk Along John " or " Oh , Come Along John " , first published in various songsters in the early 1840s . Some verses have clear echoes in versions of " Old Dan Tucker " :
Johnny law on de rail road track ,
He tied de engine on his back ;
He pair 's his corn wid a rail road wheel ,
It gib ' em de tooth ache in de heel .
The Charles Keith company published " Old Dan Tucker " in Boston , Massachusetts , in 1843 . The sheet music credits words to Dan Emmett but says that the song is from " Old Dan Emmit 's Original Banjo Melodies " . The lack of attribution of the melody may be another sign that Emmett did not write it .
= = = Possible slave origin = = =
A story dating to at least 1965 claims that " Old Dan Tucker " was written by slaves about a man named Daniel Tucker who lived in Elbert County , Georgia . Tucker was a farmer , ferryman , and minister who appears in records from the late 18th and early 19th centuries . The story , as related by Mrs. Guy Rucker , the great @-@ great @-@ granddaughter of one of Tucker 's neighbors , claims that Tucker became quite well liked by the slaves in his area through his ministry to them .
According to this interpretation , the lyrics address Tucker directly . The chorus , " You 're too late to get your supper " is a kindhearted taunt to a man who often arrived after dark , forcing his hosts to scrape up a meal for him . The song 's occasional lewdness is explained by the natural impromptu nature of its supposed origin .
" Old Dan Tucker " does show evidence of black influence . For example , bizarre imagery in folk versions of the song ( e.g. , " toothache in his heel " ) may be a sign of legitimate black input ( or of someone poking fun of slaves who had an incomplete knowledge of English ) . " Old Dan Tucker " most closely resembles African music in its call @-@ and @-@ response refrain .
Daniel Tucker was buried in Elbert County in 1818 . The Elbert County Chamber of Commerce today promotes his grave as a tourist attraction due to his possible connection with the character from the song .
= = Popularity = =
In December 1842 and January 1843 , Dan Emmett portrayed the character Old Dan Tucker in solo and duo performances ; the playbills do not indicate whether he included the song in his act . The Virginia Minstrels probably made " Old Dan Tucker " a regular part of their show beginning with their first performance at the Bowery Amphitheatre on February 6 , 1843 . Their minstrel show also included a comic scene loosely based on the song , " Dan Tucker on Horseback " , about a black riding master . The piece starred Richard Pelham in the title role and Frank Brower as a black clown . " Old Dan Tucker " did not appear on a Virginia Minstrels playbill until a March 7 and 8 performance at Boston 's Masonic Temple . There , the playbill described it as " OLD DAN TUCKER , a Virginian Refrain , in which is described the ups and downs of Negro life . " As early as February 15 , Emmett billed himself as " Old Dan Emmett " .
By the end of March , " Old Dan Tucker " was a hit , and it quickly became the Virginia Minstrels ' most popular song . Robert Winans found the song on 49 % of the minstrel playbills he surveyed from the 1843 – 1847 period ( behind only " Miss Lucy Long " ) , and research by musicologist William J. Mahar suggests that it was behind only " Mary Blane " and " Lucy Long " in its frequency of publication in antebellum songsters . The next year , Dan Tucker returned in the popular " Ole Bull and Old Dan Tucker " , which pits him against Ole Bull in a contest of skill . Sequels such as " De New Ole Dan Tucker " and " Old Dan Tucker 's Wedding " followed . Other companies adopted Tucker for comedy sketches , such as burlesques of La sonnambula by Buckley 's Serenaders in 1850 and Sanford 's Opera Troupe in 1853 .
The song became so identified with Emmett and the Virginia Minstrels that it became part of their foundation myth . Billy Whitlock and George B. Wooldridge both claimed that the troupe members played " Old Dan Tucker " in their first impromptu performance together :
. . . as if by accident , each one picked up his tools and joined in a chorus of " Old Dan Tucker , " while Emmett was playing and singing . It went well , and they repeated it without saying a word . Each did his best , and such a rattling of the principal and original instruments in a minstrel band was never heard before .
Emmett repeated this story in the May 19 , 1877 , New York Clipper , although other details changed . The press began to refer to Emmett as " Ole Dan Tucker " , and Emmett eventually adopted the nickname . The Virginia Minstrels sometimes went by " Ole Dan Tucker and Co . " They were called " Old Dan Tucker & Co . , " either by themselves or by the press , as early as February 16 , 1843 .
The song 's disdain for the customs of the upper classes hit a chord with working class audiences . On January 28 , 1843 , The New York Sporting Whip reported that the song had been adopted by a Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , street gang called the Hallow Guards . As their leader , Stovepipe Bill , led them against a military raid , he sang the verses followed by the gang singing the chorus . Two years later , The Knickerbocker remarked , " At this present moment , a certain ubiquitous person seems to be in the way of the whole people of these United States simultaneously . " Nathanson claimed that " Old Dan Tucker " had " been sung , perhaps , oftener than any melody ever written . "
In 1871 , 28 years after its first published edition , Board and Trade listed editions of " Old Dan Tucker " in print from seven different publishers . The song had by default fallen into the public domain . In later decades , " Old Dan Tucker " became a standard of bluegrass and country music , with recordings by such artists as Fiddlin ' John Carson , Uncle Dave Macon , Pete Seeger , and Gid Tanner and his Skillet Lickers . It is referred to in John Steinbeck 's novel The Grapes of Wrath . More recently , rock musician Bruce Springsteen made a recording . Children 's music collections frequently feature the song and it has been covered by children 's group The Wiggles with Australian country performer Troy Cassar @-@ Daley . In Joel Chandler Harris ' Uncle Remus , it appears in the context of powerless Crawfish trying to be heard in an assembly of animals , and Harris writes , " but dey might ez well er sung Ole Dan Tucker ter a harrycane . " In the 1935 novel Little House on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder , the character Mr. Edwards sings the song as his trademark ; accordingly , the Little House on the Prairie television series from the 1970s and 1980s uses the song as a leitmotif for the character .
= Dinosaur =
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria that first appeared during the Triassic period . Although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research , the current scientific consensus places their origin between 231 and 243 million years ago . They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic – Jurassic extinction event 201 million years ago . Their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and ended when the Cretaceous @-@ Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups 66 million years ago .
Until the late 20th century , all groups of dinosaurs were believed to be extinct ; however , the fossil record indicates that birds are the modern descendants of feathered dinosaurs , having evolved from theropod ancestors during the Jurassic Period , and are now termed " avian dinosaurs " . As such , birds were the only dinosaur lineage to survive the mass extinction event . Throughout the remainder of this article , the term " dinosaur " is sometimes used generically to refer to both the avian and non @-@ avian dinosaurs combined , while at other times it is used to refer to the non @-@ avian dinosaurs specifically , and the avian dinosaurs are sometimes simply referred to as " birds " . This article deals primarily with non @-@ avian dinosaurs .
Dinosaurs are a varied group of animals from taxonomic , morphological and ecological standpoints . Birds , at over 10000 living species , are the most diverse group of vertebrates besides perciform fish . Using fossil evidence , paleontologists have identified over 500 distinct genera and more than 1000 different species of non @-@ avian dinosaurs .
Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both extant species and fossil remains . Some are herbivorous , others carnivorous . While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal , many extinct groups included quadrupedal species , and some were able to shift between these stances . Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups , and some extinct groups developed skeletal modifications such as bony armor and spines . Evidence suggests that egg laying and nest building are additional traits shared by all dinosaurs .
While the modern @-@ day surviving lineage of dinosaurs ( birds ) are generally small due to the constraints of flight , many prehistoric dinosaurs were large @-@ bodied — the largest sauropod dinosaurs are estimated to have reached lengths of 39 @.@ 7 meters ( 130 feet ) and heights of 18 meters ( 59 feet ) and were the largest land animals of all time . Still , the idea that non @-@ avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is a misconception based in part on preservation bias , as large , sturdy bones are more likely to last until they are fossilized . Many dinosaurs were quite small : Xixianykus , for example , was only about 50 cm ( 20 in ) long .
Although the word dinosaur literally means " terrible lizard " , the name is something of an etymological misnomer ; even though dinosaurs are reptiles , they are not lizards , nor are they descended from them . Instead , dinosaurs , like many extinct forms of reptile sub @-@ groups , did not exhibit characteristics which were traditionally regarded as reptilian , such as a sprawling limb posture or ectothermy ( colloquially referred to as " cold @-@ bloodedness " ) . Additionally , many other prehistoric animals , including mosasaurs , ichthyosaurs , pterosaurs , plesiosaurs , and Dimetrodon , while often popularly conceived of as dinosaurs , are not taxonomically classified as dinosaurs .
Through the first half of the 20th century , before birds were recognized to be dinosaurs , most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to have been sluggish and cold @-@ blooded . Most research conducted since the 1970s , however , has indicated that all dinosaurs were active animals with elevated metabolisms and numerous adaptations for social interaction .
Since the first dinosaur fossils were recognized in the early 19th century , mounted fossil dinosaur skeletons have been major attractions at museums around the world , and dinosaurs have become an enduring part of world culture . The large sizes of some dinosaur groups , as well as their seemingly monstrous and fantastic nature , have ensured dinosaurs ' regular appearance in best @-@ selling books and films , such as Jurassic Park . Persistent public enthusiasm for the animals has resulted in significant funding for dinosaur science , and new discoveries are regularly covered by the media .
= = Etymology = =
The taxon Dinosauria was formally named in 1842 by paleontologist Sir Richard Owen , who used it to refer to the " distinct tribe or sub @-@ order of Saurian Reptiles " that were then being recognized in England and around the world . The term is derived from the Greek words δεινός ( deinos , meaning " terrible " , " potent " , or " fearfully great " ) and σαῦρος ( sauros , meaning " lizard " or " reptile " ) . Though the taxonomic name has often been interpreted as a reference to dinosaurs ' teeth , claws , and other fearsome characteristics , Owen intended it merely to evoke their size and majesty .
= = Definition = =
Under phylogenetic nomenclature , dinosaurs are usually defined as the group consisting of Triceratops , Neornithes [ modern birds ] , their most recent common ancestor ( MRCA ) , and all descendants . It has also been suggested that Dinosauria be defined with respect to the MRCA of Megalosaurus and Iguanodon , because these were two of the three genera cited by Richard Owen when he recognized the Dinosauria . Both definitions result in the same set of animals being defined as dinosaurs : " Dinosauria = Ornithischia + Saurischia " , encompassing theropods ( mostly bipedal carnivores and birds ) , ankylosaurians ( armored herbivorous quadrupeds ) , stegosaurians ( plated herbivorous quadrupeds ) , ceratopsians ( herbivorous quadrupeds with horns and frills ) , ornithopods ( bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores including " duck @-@ bills " ) , and sauropodomorphs ( mostly large herbivorous quadrupeds with long necks and tails ) .
Birds are now recognized as being the sole surviving lineage of theropod dinosaurs . In traditional taxonomy , birds were considered a separate class that had evolved from dinosaurs , a distinct superorder . However , a majority of contemporary paleontologists concerned with dinosaurs reject the traditional style of classification in favor of phylogenetic taxonomy ; this approach requires that , for a group to be natural , all descendants of members of the group must be included in the group as well . Birds are thus considered to be dinosaurs and dinosaurs are , therefore , not extinct . Birds are classified as belonging to the subgroup Maniraptora , which are coelurosaurs , which are theropods , which are saurischians , which are dinosaurs .
= = = General description = = =
Using one of the above definitions , dinosaurs can be generally described as archosaurs with hind limbs held erect beneath the body . Many prehistoric animal groups are popularly conceived of as dinosaurs , such as ichthyosaurs , mosasaurs , plesiosaurs , pterosaurs , and pelycosaurs ( especially Dimetrodon ) , but are not classified scientifically as dinosaurs , and none had the erect hind limb posture characteristic of true dinosaurs . Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates of the Mesozoic , especially the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods . Other groups of animals were restricted in size and niches ; mammals , for example , rarely exceeded the size of a cat , and were generally rodent @-@ sized carnivores of small prey .
Dinosaurs have always been an extremely varied group of animals ; according to a 2006 study , over 500 non @-@ avian dinosaur genera have been identified with certainty so far , and the total number of genera preserved in the fossil record has been estimated at around 1850 , nearly 75 % of which remain to be discovered . An earlier study predicted that about 3400 dinosaur genera existed , including many that would not have been preserved in the fossil record . By September 17 , 2008 , 1047 different species of dinosaurs had been named . Some are herbivorous , others carnivorous , including seed @-@ eaters , fish @-@ eaters , insectivores , and omnivores . While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal ( as are all modern birds ) , some prehistoric species were quadrupeds , and others , such as Ammosaurus and Iguanodon , could walk just as easily on two or four legs . Cranial modifications like horns and crests are common dinosaurian traits , and some extinct species had bony armor . Although known for large size , many Mesozoic dinosaurs were human @-@ sized or smaller , and modern birds are generally small in size . Dinosaurs today inhabit every continent , and fossils show that they had achieved global distribution by at least the early Jurassic period . Modern birds inhabit most available habitats , from terrestrial to marine , and there is evidence that some non @-@ avian dinosaurs ( such as Microraptor ) could fly or at least glide , and others , such as spinosaurids , had semi @-@ aquatic habits .
= = = Distinguishing anatomical features = = =
While recent discoveries have made it more difficult to present a universally agreed @-@ upon list of dinosaurs ' distinguishing features , nearly all dinosaurs discovered so far share certain modifications to the ancestral archosaurian skeleton , or are clear descendants of older dinosaurs showing these modifications . Although some later groups of dinosaurs featured further modified versions of these traits , they are considered typical for Dinosauria ; the earliest dinosaurs had them and passed them on to their descendants . Such modifications , originating in the last common ancestor of a certain taxonomic group , are called the synapomorphies of such a group .
A detailed assessment of archosaur interrelations by Sterling Nesbitt confirmed or found the following twelve unambiguous synapomorphies , some previously known :
in the skull , a supratemporal fossa ( excavation ) is present in front of the supratemporal fenestra , the main opening in the rear skull roof
epipophyses , obliquely backward pointing processes on the rear top corners , present in the anterior ( front ) neck vertebrae behind the atlas and axis , the first two neck vertebrae
apex of deltopectoral crest ( a projection on which the deltopectoral muscles attach ) located at or more than 30 % down the length of the humerus ( upper arm bone )
radius , a lower arm bone , shorter than 80 % of humerus length
fourth trochanter ( projection where the caudofemoralis muscle attaches on the inner rear shaft ) on the femur ( thighbone ) is a sharp flange
fourth trochanter asymmetrical , with distal , lower , margin forming a steeper angle to the shaft
on the astragalus and calcaneum , upper ankle bones , the proximal articular facet , the top connecting surface , for the fibula occupies less than 30 % of the transverse width of the element
exoccipitals ( bones at the back of the skull ) do not meet along the midline on the floor of the endocranial cavity , the inner space of the braincase
in the pelvis , the proximal articular surfaces of the ischium with the ilium and the pubis are separated by a large concave surface ( on the upper side of the ischium a part of the open hip joint is located between the contacts with the pubic bone and the ilium )
cnemial crest on the tibia ( protruding part of the top surface of the shinbone ) arcs anterolaterally ( curves to the front and the outer side )
distinct proximodistally oriented ( vertical ) ridge present on the posterior face of the distal end of the tibia ( the rear surface of the lower end of the shinbone )
concave articular surface for the fibula of the calcaneum ( the top surface of the calcaneum , where it touches the fibula , has a hollow profile )
Nesbitt found a number of further potential synapomorphies , and discounted a number of synapomorphies previously suggested . Some of these are also present in silesaurids , which Nesbitt recovered as a sister group to Dinosauria , including a large anterior trochanter , metatarsals II and IV of subequal length , reduced contact between ischium and pubis , the presence of a cnemial crest on the tibia and of an ascending process on the astragalus , and many others .
A variety of other skeletal features are shared by dinosaurs . However , because they are either common to other groups of archosaurs or were not present in all early dinosaurs , these features are not considered to be synapomorphies . For example , as diapsids , dinosaurs ancestrally had two pairs of temporal fenestrae ( openings in the skull behind the eyes ) , and as members of the diapsid group Archosauria , had additional openings in the snout and lower jaw . Additionally , several characteristics once thought to be synapomorphies are now known to have appeared before dinosaurs , or were absent in the earliest dinosaurs and independently evolved by different dinosaur groups . These include an elongated scapula , or shoulder blade ; a sacrum composed of three or more fused vertebrae ( three are found in some other archosaurs , but only two are found in Herrerasaurus ) ; and a perforate acetabulum , or hip socket , with a hole at the center of its inside surface ( closed in Saturnalia , for example ) . Another difficulty of determining distinctly dinosaurian features is that early dinosaurs and other archosaurs from the late Triassic are often poorly known and were similar in many ways ; these animals have sometimes been misidentified in the literature .
Dinosaurs stand with their hind limbs erect in a manner similar to most modern mammals , but distinct from most other reptiles , whose limbs sprawl out to either side . This posture is due to the development of a laterally facing recess in the pelvis ( usually an open socket ) and a corresponding inwardly facing distinct head on the femur . Their erect posture enabled early dinosaurs to breathe easily while moving , which likely permitted stamina and activity levels that surpassed those of " sprawling " reptiles . Erect limbs probably also helped support the evolution of large size by reducing bending stresses on limbs . Some non @-@ dinosaurian archosaurs , including rauisuchians , also had erect limbs but achieved this by a " pillar erect " configuration of the hip joint , where instead of having a projection from the femur insert on a socket on the hip , the upper pelvic bone was rotated to form an overhanging shelf .
= = Evolutionary history = =
= = = Origins and early evolution = = =
Dinosaurs diverged from their archosaur ancestors during the middle to late Triassic period , roughly 20 million years after the Permian – Triassic extinction event wiped out an estimated 95 % of all life on Earth . Radiometric dating of the rock formation that contained fossils from the early dinosaur genus Eoraptor at 231 @.@ 4 million years old establishes its presence in the fossil record at this time . Paleontologists think that Eoraptor resembles the common ancestor of all dinosaurs ; if this is true , its traits suggest that the first dinosaurs were small , bipedal predators . The discovery of primitive , dinosaur @-@ like ornithodirans such as Marasuchus and Lagerpeton in Argentinian Middle Triassic strata supports this view ; analysis of recovered fossils suggests that these animals were indeed small , bipedal predators . Dinosaurs may have appeared as early as 243 million years ago , as evidenced by remains of the genus Nyasasaurus from that period , though known fossils of these animals are too fragmentary to tell if they are dinosaurs or very close dinosaurian relatives .
When dinosaurs appeared , they were not the dominant terrestrial animals . The terrestrial habitats were occupied by various types of archosauromorphs and therapsids , like cynodonts and rhynchosaurs . Their main competitors were the pseudosuchia , such as aetosaurs , ornithosuchids and rauisuchians , which were more successful than the dinosaurs . Most of these other animals became extinct in the Triassic , in one of two events . First , at about 215 million years ago , a variety of basal archosauromorphs , including the protorosaurs , became extinct . This was followed by the Triassic – Jurassic extinction event ( about 200 million years ago ) , that saw the end of most of the other groups of early archosaurs , like aetosaurs , ornithosuchids , phytosaurs , and rauisuchians . Rhynchosaurs and dicynodonts survived ( at least in some areas ) at least as late as early @-@ mid Norian and early Rhaetian , respectively , and the exact date of their extinction is uncertain . These losses left behind a land fauna of crocodylomorphs , dinosaurs , mammals , pterosaurians , and turtles . The first few lines of early dinosaurs diversified through the Carnian and Norian stages of the Triassic , possibly by occupying the niches of the groups that became extinct .
= = = Evolution and paleobiogeography = = =
Dinosaur evolution after the Triassic follows changes in vegetation and the location of continents . In the late Triassic and early Jurassic , the continents were connected as the single landmass Pangaea , and there was a worldwide dinosaur fauna mostly composed of coelophysoid carnivores and early sauropodomorph herbivores . Gymnosperm plants ( particularly conifers ) , a potential food source , radiated in the late Triassic . Early sauropodomorphs did not have sophisticated mechanisms for processing food in the mouth , and so must have employed other means of breaking down food farther along the digestive tract . The general homogeneity of dinosaurian faunas continued into the middle and late Jurassic , where most localities had predators consisting of ceratosaurians , spinosauroids , and carnosaurians , and herbivores consisting of stegosaurian ornithischians and large sauropods . Examples of this include the Morrison Formation of North America and Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania . Dinosaurs in China show some differences , with specialized sinraptorid theropods and unusual , long @-@ necked sauropods like Mamenchisaurus . Ankylosaurians and ornithopods were also becoming more common , but prosauropods had become extinct . Conifers and pteridophytes were the most common plants . Sauropods , like the earlier prosauropods , were not oral processors , but ornithischians were evolving various means of dealing with food in the mouth , including potential cheek @-@ like organs to keep food in the mouth , and jaw motions to grind food . Another notable evolutionary event of the Jurassic was the appearance of true birds , descended from maniraptoran coelurosaurians .
By the early Cretaceous and the ongoing breakup of Pangaea , dinosaurs were becoming strongly differentiated by landmass . The earliest part of this time saw the spread of ankylosaurians , iguanodontians , and brachiosaurids through Europe , North America , and northern Africa . These were later supplemented or replaced in Africa by large spinosaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods , and rebbachisaurid and titanosaurian sauropods , also found in South America . In Asia , maniraptoran coelurosaurians like dromaeosaurids , troodontids , and oviraptorosaurians became the common theropods , and ankylosaurids and early ceratopsians like Psittacosaurus became important herbivores . Meanwhile , Australia was home to a fauna of basal ankylosaurians , hypsilophodonts , and iguanodontians . The stegosaurians appear to have gone extinct at some point in the late early Cretaceous or early late Cretaceous . A major change in the early Cretaceous , which would be amplified in the late Cretaceous , was the evolution of flowering plants . At the same time , several groups of dinosaurian herbivores evolved more sophisticated ways to orally process food . Ceratopsians developed a method of slicing with teeth stacked on each other in batteries , and iguanodontians refined a method of grinding with tooth batteries , taken to its extreme in hadrosaurids . Some sauropods also evolved tooth batteries , best exemplified by the rebbachisaurid Nigersaurus .
There were three general dinosaur faunas in the late Cretaceous . In the northern continents of North America and Asia , the major theropods were tyrannosaurids and various types of smaller maniraptoran theropods , with a predominantly ornithischian herbivore assemblage of hadrosaurids , ceratopsians , ankylosaurids , and pachycephalosaurians . In the southern continents that had made up the now @-@ splitting Gondwana , abelisaurids were the common theropods , and titanosaurian sauropods the common herbivores . Finally , in Europe , dromaeosaurids , rhabdodontid iguanodontians , nodosaurid ankylosaurians , and titanosaurian sauropods were prevalent . Flowering plants were greatly radiating , with the first grasses appearing by the end of the Cretaceous . Grinding hadrosaurids and shearing ceratopsians became extremely diverse across North America and Asia . Theropods were also radiating as herbivores or omnivores , with therizinosaurians and ornithomimosaurians becoming common .
The Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event , which occurred approximately 66 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period , caused the extinction of all dinosaur groups except for the neornithine birds . Some other diapsid groups , such as crocodilians , sebecosuchians , turtles , lizards , snakes , sphenodontians , and choristoderans , also survived the event .
The surviving lineages of neornithine birds , including the ancestors of modern ratites , ducks and chickens , and a variety of waterbirds , diversified rapidly at the beginning of the Paleogene period , entering ecological niches left vacant by the extinction of Mesozoic dinosaur groups such as the arboreal enantiornithines , aquatic hesperornithines , and even the larger terrestrial theropods ( in the form of Gastornis , eogruiids , bathornithids , ratites , geranoidids , mihirungs , and " terror birds " ) . It is often cited that mammals out @-@ competed the neornithines for dominance of most terrestrial niches but many of these groups co @-@ existed with rich mammalian faunas for most of the Cenozoic . Terror birds and bathornithids occupied carnivorous guilds alongside predatory mammals , and ratites are still being fairly successful as mid @-@ sized herbivores ; eogruiids similarly lasted from the Eocene to Pliocene , only becoming extinct very recently after over 20 million years of co @-@ existence with many mammal groups .
= = Classification = =
Dinosaurs are archosaurs , like modern crocodilians . Within the archosaur group , dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait . Dinosaur legs extend directly beneath the body , whereas the legs of lizards and crocodilians sprawl out to either side .
Collectively , dinosaurs as a clade are divided into two primary branches , Saurischia and Ornithischia . Saurischia includes those taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with birds than with Ornithischia , while Ornithischia includes all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with Triceratops than with Saurischia . Anatomically , these two groups can be distinguished most noticeably by their pelvic structure . Early saurischians — " lizard @-@ hipped " , from the Greek sauros ( σαῦρος ) meaning " lizard " and ischion ( ἰσχίον ) meaning " hip joint " — retained the hip structure of their ancestors , with a pubis bone directed cranially , or forward . This basic form was modified by rotating the pubis backward to varying degrees in several groups ( Herrerasaurus , therizinosauroids , dromaeosaurids , and birds ) . Saurischia includes the theropods ( exclusively bipedal and with a wide variety of diets ) and sauropodomorphs ( long @-@ necked herbivores which include advanced , quadrupedal groups ) .
By contrast , ornithischians — " bird @-@ hipped " , from the Greek ornitheios ( ὀρνίθειος ) meaning " of a bird " and ischion ( ἰσχίον ) meaning " hip joint " — had a pelvis that superficially resembled a bird 's pelvis : the pubis bone was oriented caudally ( rear @-@ pointing ) . Unlike birds , the ornithischian pubis also usually had an additional forward @-@ pointing process . Ornithischia includes a variety of species which were primarily herbivores . ( NB : the terms " lizard hip " and " bird hip " are misnomers – birds evolved from dinosaurs with " lizard hips " . )
= = = Taxonomy = = =
The following is a simplified classification of dinosaur groups based on their evolutionary relationships , and organized based on the list of Mesozoic dinosaur species provided by Holtz ( 2007 ) . A more detailed version can be found at Dinosaur classification . The dagger ( † ) is used to signify groups with no living members .
Dinosauria
Saurischia ( " lizard @-@ hipped " ; includes Theropoda and Sauropodomorpha )
Theropoda ( all bipedal ; most were carnivorous )
† Herrerasauria ( early bipedal carnivores )
† Coelophysoidea ( small , early theropods ; includes Coelophysis and close relatives )
† Dilophosauridae ( early crested and carnivorous theropods )
† Ceratosauria ( generally elaborately horned , the dominant southern carnivores of the Cretaceous )
Tetanurae ( " stiff tails " ; includes most theropods )
† Megalosauroidea ( early group of large carnivores including the semi @-@ aquatic spinosaurids )
† Carnosauria ( Allosaurus and close relatives , like Carcharodontosaurus )
Coelurosauria ( feathered theropods , with a range of body sizes and niches )
† Compsognathidae ( common early coelurosaurs with reduced forelimbs )
† Tyrannosauridae ( Tyrannosaurus and close relatives ; had reduced forelimbs )
† Ornithomimosauria ( " ostrich @-@ mimics " ; mostly toothless ; carnivores to possible herbivores )
† Alvarezsauroidea ( small insectivores with reduced forelimbs each bearing one enlarged claw )
Maniraptora ( " hand snatchers " ; had long , slender arms and fingers )
† Therizinosauria ( bipedal herbivores with large hand claws and small heads )
† Oviraptorosauria ( mostly toothless ; their diet and lifestyle are uncertain )
† Archaeopterygidae ( small , winged theropods or primitive birds )
† Deinonychosauria ( small- to medium @-@ sized ; bird @-@ like , with a distinctive toe claw )
Avialae ( modern birds and extinct relatives )
† Scansoriopterygidae ( small primitive avialans with long third fingers )
† Omnivoropterygidae ( large , early short @-@ tailed avialans )
† Confuciusornithidae ( small toothless avialans )
† Enantiornithes ( primitive tree @-@ dwelling , flying avialans )
Euornithes ( advanced flying birds )
† Yanornithiformes ( toothed Cretaceous Chinese birds )
† Hesperornithes ( specialized aquatic diving birds )
Aves ( modern , beaked birds and their extinct relatives )
† Sauropodomorpha ( herbivores with small heads , long necks , long tails )
† Guaibasauridae ( small , primitive , omnivorous sauropodomorphs )
† Plateosauridae ( primitive , strictly bipedal " prosauropods " )
† Riojasauridae ( small , primitive sauropodomorphs )
† Massospondylidae ( small , primitive sauropodomorphs )
† Sauropoda ( very large and heavy , usually over 15 m ( 49 ft ) long ; quadrupedal )
† Vulcanodontidae ( primitive sauropods with pillar @-@ like limbs )
† Eusauropoda ( " true sauropods " )
† Cetiosauridae ( " whale reptiles " )
† Turiasauria ( European group of Jurassic and Cretaceous sauropods )
† Neosauropoda ( " new sauropods " )
† Diplodocoidea ( skulls and tails elongated ; teeth typically narrow and pencil @-@ like )
† Macronaria ( boxy skulls ; spoon- or pencil @-@ shaped teeth )
† Brachiosauridae ( long @-@ necked , long @-@ armed macronarians )
† Titanosauria ( diverse ; stocky , with wide hips ; most common in the late Cretaceous of southern continents )
† Ornithischia ( " bird @-@ hipped " ; diverse bipedal and quadrupedal herbivores )
† Heterodontosauridae ( small basal ornithopod herbivores / omnivores with prominent canine @-@ like teeth )
† Thyreophora ( armored dinosaurs ; mostly quadrupeds )
† Ankylosauria ( scutes as primary armor ; some had club @-@ like tails )
† Stegosauria ( spikes and plates as primary armor )
† Neornithischia ( " new ornithischians " )
† Ornithopoda ( various sizes ; bipeds and quadrupeds ; evolved a method of chewing using skull flexibility and numerous teeth )
† Marginocephalia ( characterized by a cranial growth )
† Pachycephalosauria ( bipeds with domed or knobby growth on skulls )
† Ceratopsia ( quadrupeds with frills ; many also had horns )
= = Biology = =
Knowledge about dinosaurs is derived from a variety of fossil and non @-@ fossil records , including fossilized bones , feces , trackways , gastroliths , feathers , impressions of skin , internal organs and soft tissues . Many fields of study contribute to our understanding of dinosaurs , including physics ( especially biomechanics ) , chemistry , biology , and the earth sciences ( of which paleontology is a sub @-@ discipline ) . Two topics of particular interest and study have been dinosaur size and behavior .
= = = Size = = =
Current evidence suggests that dinosaur average size varied through the Triassic , early Jurassic , late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods . Predatory theropod dinosaurs , which occupied most terrestrial carnivore niches during the Mesozoic , most often fall into the 100 to 1000 kg ( 220 to 2200 lb ) category when sorted by estimated weight into categories based on order of magnitude , whereas recent predatory carnivoran mammals peak in the 10 to 100 kg ( 22 to 220 lb ) category . The mode of Mesozoic dinosaur body masses is between one and ten metric tonnes . This contrasts sharply with the size of Cenozoic mammals , estimated by the National Museum of Natural History as about 2 to 5 kg ( 4 @.@ 4 to 11 @.@ 0 lb ) .
The sauropods were the largest and heaviest dinosaurs . For much of the dinosaur era , the smallest sauropods were larger than anything else in their habitat , and the largest were an order of magnitude more massive than anything else that has since walked the Earth . Giant prehistoric mammals such as Paraceratherium ( the largest land mammal ever ) were dwarfed by the giant sauropods , and only modern whales approach or surpass them in size . There are several proposed advantages for the large size of sauropods , including protection from predation , reduction of energy use , and longevity , but it may be that the most important advantage was dietary . Large animals are more efficient at digestion than small animals , because food spends more time in their digestive systems . This also permits them to subsist on food with lower nutritive value than smaller animals . Sauropod remains are mostly found in rock formations interpreted as dry or seasonally dry , and the ability to eat large quantities of low @-@ nutrient browse would have been advantageous in such environments .
= = = = Largest and smallest = = = =
Scientists will probably never be certain of the largest and smallest dinosaurs to have ever existed . This is because only a tiny percentage of animals ever fossilize , and most of these remain buried in the earth . Few of the specimens that are recovered are complete skeletons , and impressions of skin and other soft tissues are rare . Rebuilding a complete skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar , better @-@ known species is an inexact art , and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of the living animal is , at best , a process of educated guesswork .
The tallest and heaviest dinosaur known from good skeletons is Giraffatitan brancai ( previously classified as a species of Brachiosaurus ) . Its remains were discovered in Tanzania between 1907 and 1912 . Bones from several similar @-@ sized individuals were incorporated into the skeleton now mounted and on display at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin ; this mount is 12 meters ( 39 ft ) tall and 21 @.@ 8 – 22 @.@ 5 meters ( 72 – 74 ft ) long , and would have belonged to an animal that weighed between 30000 and 60000 kilograms ( 70000 and 130000 lb ) . The longest complete dinosaur is the 27 meters ( 89 feet ) long Diplodocus , which was discovered in Wyoming in the United States and displayed in Pittsburgh 's Carnegie Natural History Museum in 1907 .
There were larger dinosaurs , but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of fragmentary fossils . Most of the largest herbivorous specimens on record were all discovered in the 1970s or later , and include the massive Argentinosaurus , which may have weighed 80000 to 100000 kilograms ( 90 to 110 short tons ) ; some of the longest were the 33 @.@ 5 meters ( 110 ft ) long Diplodocus hallorum ( formerly Seismosaurus ) and the 33 – 34 meters ( 108 – 112 ft ) long Supersaurus ; and the tallest , the 18 meters ( 59 ft ) tall Sauroposeidon , which could have reached a sixth @-@ floor window . The heaviest and longest dinosaur may have been Amphicoelias fragillimus , known only from a now lost partial vertebral neural arch described in 1878 . Extrapolating from the illustration of this bone , the animal may have been 58 meters ( 190 ft ) long and weighed 122400 kg ( 270000 lb ) . However , as no further evidence of sauropods of this size has been found , and the discoverer , Edward Cope , had made typographic errors before , it is likely to have been an extreme overestimation . The largest known carnivorous dinosaur was Spinosaurus , reaching a length of 12 @.@ 6 to 18 meters ( 41 to 59 ft ) , and weighing 7 – 20 @.@ 9 tonnes ( 7 @.@ 7 – 23 short tons ) . Other large carnivorous theropods included Giganotosaurus , Carcharodontosaurus and Tyrannosaurus . Therizinosaurus and Deinocheirus were among the tallest of the theropods .
The smallest dinosaur known is the bee hummingbird , with a length of only 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) and mass of around 1 @.@ 8 g ( 0 @.@ 063 oz ) . The smallest known non @-@ avialan dinosaurs were about the size of pigeons and were those theropods most closely related to birds . For example , Anchiornis huxleyi is currently the smallest non @-@ avialan dinosaur described from an adult specimen , with an estimated weight of 110 grams and a total skeletal length of 34 cm ( 1 @.@ 12 ft ) . The smallest herbivorous non @-@ avialan dinosaurs included Microceratus and Wannanosaurus , at about 60 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 ft ) long each .
= = = Behavior = = =
Many modern birds are highly social , often found living in flocks . There is general agreement that some behaviors that are common in birds , as well as in crocodiles ( birds ' closest living relatives ) , were also common among extinct dinosaur groups . Interpretations of behavior in fossil species are generally based on the pose of skeletons and their habitat , computer simulations of their biomechanics , and comparisons with modern animals in similar ecological niches .
The first potential evidence for herding or flocking as a widespread behavior common to many dinosaur groups in addition to birds was the 1878 discovery of 31 Iguanodon bernissartensis , ornithischians that were then thought to have perished together in Bernissart , Belgium , after they fell into a deep , flooded sinkhole and drowned . Other mass @-@ death sites have been discovered subsequently . Those , along with multiple trackways , suggest that gregarious behavior was common in many early dinosaur species . Trackways of hundreds or even thousands of herbivores indicate that duck @-@ bills ( hadrosaurids ) may have moved in great herds , like the American bison or the African springbok . Sauropod tracks document that these animals traveled in groups composed of several different species , at least in Oxfordshire , England , although there is no evidence for specific herd structures . Congregating into herds may have evolved for defense , for migratory purposes , or to provide protection for young . There is evidence that many types of slow @-@ growing dinosaurs , including various theropods , sauropods , ankylosaurians , ornithopods , and ceratopsians , formed aggregations of immature individuals . One example is a site in Inner Mongolia that has yielded the remains of over 20 Sinornithomimus , from one to seven years old . This assemblage is interpreted as a social group that was trapped in mud . The interpretation of dinosaurs as gregarious has also extended to depicting carnivorous theropods as pack hunters working together to bring down large prey . However , this lifestyle is uncommon among modern birds , crocodiles , and other reptiles , and the taphonomic evidence suggesting mammal @-@ like pack hunting in such theropods as Deinonychus and Allosaurus can also be interpreted as the results of fatal disputes between feeding animals , as is seen in many modern diapsid predators .
The crests and frills of some dinosaurs , like the marginocephalians , theropods and lambeosaurines , may have been too fragile to be used for active defense , and so they were likely used for sexual or aggressive displays , though little is known about
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
dinosaur mating and territorialism . Head wounds from bites suggest that theropods , at least , engaged in active aggressive confrontations .
From a behavioral standpoint , one of the most valuable dinosaur fossils was discovered in the Gobi Desert in 1971 . It included a Velociraptor attacking a Protoceratops , providing evidence that dinosaurs did indeed attack each other . Additional evidence for attacking live prey is the partially healed tail of an Edmontosaurus , a hadrosaurid dinosaur ; the tail is damaged in such a way that shows the animal was bitten by a tyrannosaur but survived . Cannibalism amongst some species of dinosaurs was confirmed by tooth marks found in Madagascar in 2003 , involving the theropod Majungasaurus .
Comparisons between the scleral rings of dinosaurs and modern birds and reptiles have been used to infer daily activity patterns of dinosaurs . Although it has been suggested that most dinosaurs were active during the day , these comparisons have shown that small predatory dinosaurs such as dromaeosaurids , Juravenator , and Megapnosaurus were likely nocturnal . Large and medium @-@ sized herbivorous and omnivorous dinosaurs such as ceratopsians , sauropodomorphs , hadrosaurids , ornithomimosaurs may have been cathemeral , active during short intervals throughout the day , although the small ornithischian Agilisaurus was inferred to be diurnal .
Based on current fossil evidence from dinosaurs such as Oryctodromeus , some ornithischian species seem to have led a partially fossorial ( burrowing ) lifestyle . Many modern birds are arboreal ( tree climbing ) , and this was also true of many Mesozoic birds , especially the enantiornithines . While some early bird @-@ like species may have already been arboreal as well ( including dromaeosaurids such as Microraptor ) most non @-@ avialan dinosaurs seem to have relied on land @-@ based locomotion . A good understanding of how dinosaurs moved on the ground is key to models of dinosaur behavior ; the science of biomechanics , pioneered by Robert McNeill Alexander , has provided significant insight in this area . For example , studies of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on dinosaurs ' skeletal structure have investigated how fast dinosaurs could run , whether diplodocids could create sonic booms via whip @-@ like tail snapping , and whether sauropods could float .
= = = Communication = = =
Modern birds are known to communicate using visual and auditory signals , and the wide diversity of visual display structures among fossil dinosaur groups suggests that visual communication has always been important in dinosaur biology . However , the evolution of dinosaur vocalization is less certain . In 2008 , paleontologist Phil Senter examined the evidence for vocalization in Mesozoic animal life , including dinosaurs . Senter found that , contrary to popular depictions of roaring dinosaurs in motion pictures , it is likely that most Mesozoic dinosaurs were not capable of creating any vocalizations ( though the hollow crests of the lambeosaurines could have functioned as resonance chambers used for a wide range of vocalizations ) . To draw this conclusion , Senter studied the distribution of vocal organs in modern reptiles and birds . He found that vocal cords in the larynx probably evolved multiple times among reptiles , including crocodilians , which are able to produce guttural roars . Birds , on the other hand , lack a larynx . Instead , bird calls are produced by the syrinx , a vocal organ found only in birds , and which is not related to the larynx , meaning it evolved independently from the vocal organs in reptiles . The syrinx depends on the air sac system in birds to function ; specifically , it requires the presence of a clavicular air sac near the wishbone or collar bone . This air sac leaves distinctive marks or opening on the bones , including a distinct opening in the upper arm bone ( humerus ) . While extensive air sac systems are a unique characteristic of saurischian dinosaurs , the clavicular air sac necessary to vocalize does not appear in the fossil record until the enantiornithines ( one exception , Aerosteon , probably evolved its clavicular air sac independently of birds for reasons other than vocalization ) .
The most primitive dinosaurs with evidence of a vocalizing syrinx are the enantironithine birds . Any bird @-@ line archosaurs more primitive than this probably did not make vocal calls . Rather , several lines of evidence suggest that early dinosaurs used primarily visual communication , in the form of distinctive @-@ looking ( and possibly brightly colored ) horns , frills , crests , sails and feathers . This is similar to some modern reptile groups such as lizards , in which many forms are largely silent ( though like dinosaurs they possess well @-@ developed senses of hearing ) but use complex coloration and display behaviors to communicate .
In addition , other , non @-@ vocal , methods of producing sound for communication include hissing , jaw grinding or clapping , use of environment ( such as splashing ) , and wing beating ( possible in winged maniraptoran dinosaurs ) .
= = = Reproductive biology = = =
All dinosaurs lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate . Eggs are usually laid in a nest . Most species create somewhat elaborate nests , which can be cups , domes , plates , beds scrapes , mounds , or burrows . Some species of modern bird have no nests ; the cliff @-@ nesting common guillemot lays its eggs on bare rock , and male emperor penguins keep eggs between their body and feet . Primitive birds and many non @-@ avialan dinosaurs often lay eggs in communal nests , with males primarily incubating the eggs . While modern birds have only one functional oviduct and lay one egg at a time , more primitive birds and dinosaurs had two oviducts , like crocodiles . Some non @-@ avialan dinosaurs , such as Troodon , exhibited iterative laying , where the adult might lay a pair of eggs every one or two days , and then ensured simultaneous hatching by delaying brooding until all eggs were laid .
When laying eggs , females grow a special type of bone between the hard outer bone and the marrow of their limbs . This medullary bone , which is rich in calcium , is used to make eggshells . A discovery of features in a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton provided evidence of medullary bone in extinct dinosaurs and , for the first time , allowed paleontologists to establish the sex of a fossil dinosaur specimen . Further research has found medullary bone in the carnosaur Allosaurus and the ornithopod Tenontosaurus . Because the line of dinosaurs that includes Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus diverged from the line that led to Tenontosaurus very early in the evolution of dinosaurs , this suggests that the production of medullary tissue is a general characteristic of all dinosaurs .
Another widespread trait among modern birds is parental care for young after hatching . Jack Horner 's 1978 discovery of a Maiasaura ( " good mother lizard " ) nesting ground in Montana demonstrated that parental care continued long after birth among ornithopods , suggesting this behavior might also have been common to all dinosaurs . There is evidence that other non @-@ theropod dinosaurs , like Patagonian titanosaurian sauropods , also nested in large groups . A specimen of the Mongolian oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae was discovered in a chicken @-@ like brooding position in 1993 , which may indicate that they had begun using an insulating layer of feathers to keep the eggs warm . Parental care being a trait common to all dinosaurs is supported by other finds . For example , a dinosaur embryo ( pertaining to the prosauropod Massospondylus ) was found without teeth , indicating that some parental care was required to feed the young dinosaurs . Trackways have also confirmed parental behavior among ornithopods from the Isle of Skye in northwestern Scotland . Nests and eggs have been found for most major groups of dinosaurs , and it appears likely that all dinosaurs cared for their young to some extent either before or shortly after hatching .
= = = Physiology = = =
Because both modern crocodilians and birds have four @-@ chambered hearts ( albeit modified in crocodilians ) , it is likely that this is a trait shared by all archosaurs , including all dinosaurs . While all modern birds have high metabolisms and are " warm blooded " ( endothermic ) , a vigorous debate has been ongoing since the 1960s regarding how far back in the dinosaur lineage this trait extends . Scientists disagree as to whether non @-@ avian dinosaurs were endothermic , ectothermic , or some combination of both .
After non @-@ avian dinosaurs were discovered , paleontologists first posited that they were ectothermic . This supposed " cold @-@ bloodedness " was used to imply that the ancient dinosaurs were relatively slow , sluggish organisms , even though many modern reptiles are fast and light @-@ footed despite relying on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature . The idea of dinosaurs as ectothermic and sluggish remained a prevalent view until Robert T. " Bob " Bakker , an early proponent of dinosaur endothermy , published an influential paper on the topic in 1968 .
Modern evidence indicates that even non @-@ avian dinosaurs and birds thrived in cooler temperate climates , and that at least some early species must have regulated their body temperature by internal biological means ( aided by the animals ' bulk in large species and feathers or other body coverings in smaller species ) . Evidence of endothermy in Mesozoic dinosaurs includes the discovery of polar dinosaurs in Australia and Antarctica as well as analysis of blood @-@ vessel structures within fossil bones that are typical of endotherms . Scientific debate continues regarding the specific ways in which dinosaur temperature regulation evolved .
In saurischian dinosaurs , higher metabolisms were supported by the evolution of the avian respiratory system , characterized by an extensive system of air sacs that extended the lungs and invaded many of the bones in the skeleton , making them hollow . Early avian @-@ style respiratory systems with air sacs may have been capable of sustaining higher activity levels than mammals of similar size and build could sustain . In addition to providing a very efficient supply of oxygen , the rapid airflow would have been an effective cooling mechanism , which is essential for animals that are active but too large to get rid of all the excess heat through their skin .
Like other reptiles , dinosaurs are primarily uricotelic , that is , their kidneys extract nitrogenous wastes from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia via the ureters into the intestine . In most living species , uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste . However , at least some modern birds ( such as hummingbirds ) can be facultatively ammonotelic , excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia . They also excrete creatine , rather than creatinine like mammals . This material , as well as the output of the intestines , emerges from the cloaca . In addition , many species regurgitate pellets , and fossil pellets that may have come from dinosaurs are known from as long ago as the Cretaceous period .
= = = Number of Species = = =
As of March 2016 the estimated number of dinosaur species that existed in the Mesozoic era is 1 @,@ 543 – 2 @,@ 468 species .
= = Origin of birds = =
The possibility that dinosaurs were the ancestors of birds was first suggested in 1868 by Thomas Henry Huxley . After the work of Gerhard Heilmann in the early 20th century , the theory of birds as dinosaur descendants was abandoned in favor of the idea of their being descendants of generalized thecodonts , with the key piece of evidence being the supposed lack of clavicles in dinosaurs . However , as later discoveries showed , clavicles ( or a single fused wishbone , which derived from separate clavicles ) were not actually absent ; they had been found as early as 1924 in Oviraptor , but misidentified as an interclavicle . In the 1970s , John Ostrom revived the dinosaur – bird theory , which gained momentum in the coming decades with the advent of cladistic analysis , and a great increase in the discovery of small theropods and early birds . Of particular note have been the fossils of the Yixian Formation , where a variety of theropods and early birds have been found , often with feathers of some type . Birds share over a hundred distinct anatomical features with theropod dinosaurs , which are now generally accepted to have been their closest ancient relatives . They are most closely allied with maniraptoran coelurosaurs . A minority of scientists , most notably Alan Feduccia and Larry Martin , have proposed other evolutionary paths , including revised versions of Heilmann 's basal archosaur proposal , or that maniraptoran theropods are the ancestors of birds but themselves are not dinosaurs , only convergent with dinosaurs .
= = = Feathers = = =
Feathers are one of the most recognizable characteristics of modern birds , and a trait that was shared by all other dinosaur groups . Based on the current distribution of fossil evidence , it appears that feathers were an ancestral dinosaurian trait , though one that may have been selectively lost in some species . Direct fossil evidence of feathers or feather @-@ like structures has been discovered in a diverse array of species in many non @-@ avian dinosaur groups , both among saurischians and ornithischians . Simple , branched , feather @-@ like structures are known from heterodontosaurids , primitive neornithischians and theropods , and primitive ceratopsians . Evidence for true , vaned feathers similar to the flight feathers of modern birds has been found only in the theropod subgroup Maniraptora , which includes oviraptorosaurs , troodontids , dromaeosaurids , and birds . Feather @-@ like structures known as pycnofibres have also been found in pterosaurs , suggesting the possibility that feather @-@ like filaments may have been common in the bird lineage and evolved before the appearance of dinosaurs themselves . Research into the genetics of American alligators has also revealed that crocodylian scutes do possess feather @-@ keratins during embryonic development , but these keratins are not expressed by the animals before hatching .
Archaeopteryx was the first fossil found that revealed a potential connection between dinosaurs and birds . It is considered a transitional fossil , in that it displays features of both groups . Brought to light just two years after Darwin 's seminal The Origin of Species , its discovery spurred the nascent debate between proponents of evolutionary biology and creationism . This early bird is so dinosaur @-@ like that , without a clear impression of feathers in the surrounding rock , at least one specimen was mistaken for Compsognathus . Since the 1990s , a number of additional feathered dinosaurs have been found , providing even stronger evidence of the close relationship between dinosaurs and modern birds . Most of these specimens were unearthed in the lagerstätte of the Yixian Formation , Liaoning , northeastern China , which was part of an island continent during the Cretaceous . Though feathers have been found in only a few locations , it is possible that non @-@ avian dinosaurs elsewhere in the world were also feathered . The lack of widespread fossil evidence for feathered non @-@ avian dinosaurs may be because delicate features like skin and feathers are not often preserved by fossilization and thus are absent from the fossil record .
The description of feathered dinosaurs has not been without controversy ; perhaps the most vocal critics have been Alan Feduccia and Theagarten Lingham @-@ Soliar , who have proposed that some purported feather @-@ like fossils are the result of the decomposition of collagenous fiber that underlaid the dinosaurs ' skin , and that maniraptoran dinosaurs with vaned feathers were not actually dinosaurs , but convergent with dinosaurs . However , their views have for the most part not been accepted by other researchers , to the point that the scientific nature of Feduccia 's proposals has been questioned .
= = = Skeleton = = =
Because feathers are often associated with birds , feathered dinosaurs are often touted as the missing link between birds and dinosaurs . However , the multiple skeletal features also shared by the two groups represent another important line of evidence for paleontologists . Areas of the skeleton with important similarities include the neck , pubis , wrist ( semi @-@ lunate carpal ) , arm and pectoral girdle , furcula ( wishbone ) , and breast bone . Comparison of bird and dinosaur skeletons through cladistic analysis strengthens the case for the link .
= = = Soft anatomy = = =
Large meat @-@ eating dinosaurs had a complex system of air sacs similar to those found in modern birds , according to a 2005 investigation led by Patrick M. O 'Connor . The lungs of theropod dinosaurs ( carnivores that walked on two legs and had bird @-@ like feet ) likely pumped air into hollow sacs in their skeletons , as is the case in birds . " What was once formally considered unique to birds was present in some form in the ancestors of birds " , O 'Connor said . In 2008 , scientists described Aerosteon riocoloradensis , the skeleton of which supplies the strongest evidence to date of a dinosaur with a bird @-@ like breathing system . CT @-@ scanning of Aerosteon 's fossil bones revealed evidence for the existence of air sacs within the animal 's body cavity .
= = = Behavioral evidence = = =
Fossils of the troodonts Mei and Sinornithoides demonstrate that some dinosaurs slept with their heads tucked under their arms . This behavior , which may have helped to keep the head warm , is also characteristic of modern birds . Several deinonychosaur and oviraptorosaur specimens have also been found preserved on top of their nests , likely brooding in a bird @-@ like manner . The ratio between egg volume and body mass of adults among these dinosaurs suggest that the eggs were primarily brooded by the male , and that the young were highly precocial , similar to many modern ground @-@ dwelling birds .
Some dinosaurs are known to have used gizzard stones like modern birds . These stones are swallowed by animals to aid digestion and break down food and hard fibers once they enter the stomach . When found in association with fossils , gizzard stones are called gastroliths .
= = Extinction of major groups = =
The discovery that birds are a type of dinosaur showed that dinosaurs in general are not , in fact , extinct as is commonly stated . However , all non @-@ avian dinosaurs as well as many groups of birds did suddenly become extinct approximately 66 million years ago . It has been suggested that because small mammals , squamata and birds occupied the ecological niches suited for small body size , non @-@ avian dinosaurs never evolved a diverse fauna of small @-@ bodied species , which led to their downfall when large @-@ bodied terrestrial tetrapods were hit by the mass extinction event . Many other groups of animals also became extinct at this time , including ammonites ( nautilus @-@ like mollusks ) , mosasaurs , plesiosaurs , pterosaurs , and many groups of mammals . Significantly , the insects suffered no discernible population loss , which left them available as food for other survivors . This mass extinction is known as the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event . The nature of the event that caused this mass extinction has been extensively studied since the 1970s ; at present , several related theories are supported by paleontologists . Though the consensus is that an impact event was the primary cause of dinosaur extinction , some scientists cite other possible causes , or support the idea that a confluence of several factors was responsible for the sudden disappearance of dinosaurs from the fossil record .
At the peak of the Mesozoic , there were no polar ice caps , and sea levels are estimated to have been from 100 to 250 meters ( 330 to 820 ft ) higher than they are today . The planet 's temperature was also much more uniform , with only 25 ° C ( 45 ° F ) separating average polar temperatures from those at the equator . On average , atmospheric temperatures were also much higher ; the poles , for example , were 50 ° C ( 90 ° F ) warmer than today .
The atmosphere 's composition during the Mesozoic is a matter for debate . While some academics argue that oxygen levels were much higher than today , others argue that biological adaptations seen in birds and dinosaurs indicate that respiratory systems evolved beyond what would be necessary if oxygen levels were high . By the late Cretaceous , the environment was changing dramatically . Volcanic activity was decreasing , which led to a cooling trend as levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide dropped . Oxygen levels in the atmosphere also started to fluctuate and would ultimately fall considerably . Some scientists hypothesize that climate change , combined with lower oxygen levels , might have led directly to the demise of many species .
= = = Impact event = = =
The asteroid collision theory , which was brought to wide attention in 1980 by Walter Alvarez and colleagues , links the extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period to a bolide impact approximately 66 million years ago . Alvarez et al. proposed that a sudden increase in iridium levels , recorded around the world in the period 's rock stratum , was direct evidence of the impact . The bulk of the evidence now suggests that a bolide 5 to 15 kilometers ( 3 @.@ 1 to 9 @.@ 3 miles ) wide hit in the vicinity of the Yucatán Peninsula ( in southeastern Mexico ) , creating the approximately 180 km ( 110 mi ) Chicxulub Crater and triggering the mass extinction . Scientists are not certain whether dinosaurs were thriving or declining before the impact event . Some scientists propose that the meteorite caused a long and unnatural drop in Earth 's atmospheric temperature , while others claim that it would have instead created an unusual heat wave . The consensus among scientists who support this theory is that the impact caused extinctions both directly ( by heat from the meteorite impact ) and also indirectly ( via a worldwide cooling brought about when matter ejected from the impact crater reflected thermal radiation from the sun ) . Although the speed of extinction cannot be deduced from the fossil record alone , various models suggest that the extinction was extremely rapid , being down to hours rather than years .
= = = Deccan Traps = = =
Before 2000 , arguments that the Deccan Traps flood basalts caused the extinction were usually linked to the view that the extinction was gradual , as the flood basalt events were thought to have started around 68 million years ago and lasted for over 2 million years . However , there is evidence that two thirds of the Deccan Traps were created in only 1 million years about 66 million years ago , and so these eruptions would have caused a fairly rapid extinction , possibly over a period of thousands of years , but still longer than would be expected from a single impact event .
The Deccan Traps could have caused extinction through several mechanisms , including the release into the air of dust and sulfuric aerosols , which might have blocked sunlight and thereby reduced photosynthesis in plants . In addition , Deccan Trap volcanism might have resulted in carbon dioxide emissions , which would have increased the greenhouse effect when the dust and aerosols cleared from the atmosphere . Before the mass extinction of the dinosaurs , the release of volcanic gases during the formation of the Deccan Traps " contributed to an apparently massive global warming . Some data point to an average rise in temperature of 8 ° C ( 14 ° F ) in the last half million years before the impact [ at Chicxulub ] . "
In the years when the Deccan Traps theory was linked to a slower extinction , Luis Alvarez ( who died in 1988 ) replied that paleontologists were being misled by sparse data . While his assertion was not initially well @-@ received , later intensive field studies of fossil beds lent weight to his claim . Eventually , most paleontologists began to accept the idea that the mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous were largely or at least partly due to a massive Earth impact . However , even Walter Alvarez has acknowledged that there were other major changes on Earth even before the impact , such as a drop in sea level and massive volcanic eruptions that produced the Indian Deccan Traps , and these may have contributed to the extinctions .
= = = Possible Paleocene survivors = = =
Non @-@ avian dinosaur remains are occasionally found above the Cretaceous – Paleogene boundary . In 2001 , paleontologists Zielinski and Budahn reported the discovery of a single hadrosaur leg @-@ bone fossil in the San Juan Basin , New Mexico , and described it as evidence of Paleocene dinosaurs . The formation in which the bone was discovered has been dated to the early Paleocene epoch , approximately 64 @.@ 5 million years ago . If the bone was not re @-@ deposited into that stratum by weathering action , it would provide evidence that some dinosaur populations may have survived at least a half million years into the Cenozoic Era . Other evidence includes the finding of dinosaur remains in the Hell Creek Formation up to 1 @.@ 3 m ( 51 in ) above the Cretaceous – Paleogene boundary , representing 40000 years of elapsed time . Similar reports have come from other parts of the world , including China . Many scientists , however , dismissed the supposed Paleocene dinosaurs as re @-@ worked , that is , washed out of their original locations and then re @-@ buried in much later sediments . Direct dating of the bones themselves has supported the later date , with U – Pb dating methods resulting in a precise age of 64 @.@ 8 ± 0 @.@ 9 million years ago . If correct , the presence of a handful of dinosaurs in the early Paleocene would not change the underlying facts of the extinction .
= = History of study = =
Dinosaur fossils have been known for millennia , although their true nature was not recognized . The Chinese , whose modern word for dinosaur is kǒnglóng ( 恐龍 , or " terrible dragon " ) , considered them to be dragon bones and documented them as such . For example , Hua Yang Guo Zhi , a book written by Chang Qu during the Western Jin Dynasty ( 265 – 316 ) , reported the discovery of dragon bones at Wucheng in Sichuan Province . Villagers in central China have long unearthed fossilized " dragon bones " for use in traditional medicines , a practice that continues today . In Europe , dinosaur fossils were generally believed to be the remains of giants and other biblical creatures .
Scholarly descriptions of what would now be recognized as dinosaur bones first appeared in the late 17th century in England . Part of a bone , now known to have been the femur of a Megalosaurus , was recovered from a limestone quarry at Cornwell near Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , in 1676 . The fragment was sent to Robert Plot , Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and first curator of the Ashmolean Museum , who published a description in his Natural History of Oxfordshire in 1677 . He correctly identified the bone as the lower extremity of the femur of a large animal , and recognized that it was too large to belong to any known species . He therefore concluded it to be the thigh bone of a giant human similar to those mentioned in the Bible . In 1699 , Edward Lhuyd , a friend of Sir Isaac Newton , was responsible for the first published scientific treatment of what would now be recognized as a dinosaur when he described and named a sauropod tooth , " Rutellum implicatum " , that had been found in Caswell , near Witney , Oxfordshire .
Between 1815 and 1824 , the Rev William Buckland , a professor of geology at Oxford , collected more fossilized bones of Megalosaurus and became the first person to describe a dinosaur in a scientific journal . The second dinosaur genus to be identified , Iguanodon , was discovered in 1822 by Mary Ann Mantell – the wife of English geologist Gideon Mantell . Gideon Mantell recognized similarities between his fossils and the bones of modern iguanas . He published his findings in 1825 .
The study of these " great fossil lizards " soon became of great interest to European and American scientists , and in 1842 the English paleontologist Richard Owen coined the term " dinosaur " . He recognized that the remains that had been found so far , Iguanodon , Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus , shared a number of distinctive features , and so decided to present them as a distinct taxonomic group . With the backing of Prince Albert , the husband of Queen Victoria , Owen established the Natural History Museum , London , to display the national collection of dinosaur fossils and other biological and geological exhibits .
In 1858 , William Parker Foulke discovered the first known American dinosaur , in marl pits in the small town of Haddonfield , New Jersey . ( Although fossils had been found before , their nature had not been correctly discerned . ) The creature was named Hadrosaurus foulkii . It was an extremely important find : Hadrosaurus was one of the first nearly complete dinosaur skeletons found ( the first was in 1834 , in Maidstone , England ) , and it was clearly a bipedal creature . This was a revolutionary discovery as , until that point , most scientists had believed dinosaurs walked on four feet , like other lizards . Foulke 's discoveries sparked a wave of dinosaur mania in the United States .
Dinosaur mania was exemplified by the fierce rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh , both of whom raced to be the first to find new dinosaurs in what came to be known as the Bone Wars . The feud probably originated when Marsh publicly pointed out that Cope 's reconstruction of an Elasmosaurus skeleton was flawed : Cope had inadvertently placed the plesiosaur 's head at what should have been the animal 's tail end . The fight between the two scientists lasted for over 30 years , ending in 1897 when Cope died after spending his entire fortune on the dinosaur hunt . Marsh ' won ' the contest primarily because he was better funded through a relationship with the US Geological Survey . Unfortunately , many valuable dinosaur specimens were damaged or destroyed due to the pair 's rough methods : for example , their diggers often used dynamite to unearth bones ( a method modern paleontologists would find appalling ) . Despite their unrefined methods , the contributions of Cope and Marsh to paleontology were vast : Marsh unearthed 86 new species of dinosaur and Cope discovered 56 , a total of 142 new species . Cope 's collection is now at the American Museum of Natural History in New York , while Marsh 's is on display at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University .
After 1897 , the search for dinosaur fossils extended to every continent , including Antarctica . The first Antarctic dinosaur to be discovered , the ankylosaurid Antarctopelta oliveroi , was found on James Ross Island in 1986 , although it was 1994 before an Antarctic species , the theropod Cryolophosaurus ellioti , was formally named and described in a scientific journal .
Current dinosaur " hot spots " include southern South America ( especially Argentina ) and China . China in particular has produced many exceptional feathered dinosaur specimens due to the unique geology of its dinosaur beds , as well as an ancient arid climate particularly conducive to fossilization .
= = = " Dinosaur renaissance " = = =
The field of dinosaur research has enjoyed a surge in activity that began in the 1970s and is ongoing . This was triggered , in part , by John Ostrom 's discovery of Deinonychus , an active predator that may have been warm @-@ blooded , in marked contrast to the then @-@ prevailing image of dinosaurs as sluggish and cold @-@ blooded . Vertebrate paleontology has become a global science . Major new dinosaur discoveries have been made by paleontologists working in previously unexploited regions , including India , South America , Madagascar , Antarctica , and most significantly China ( the amazingly well @-@ preserved feathered dinosaurs in China have further consolidated the link between dinosaurs and their living descendants , modern birds ) . The widespread application of cladistics , which rigorously analyzes the relationships between biological organisms , has also proved tremendously useful in classifying dinosaurs . Cladistic analysis , among other modern techniques , helps to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary fossil record .
= = = Soft tissue and DNA = = =
One of the best examples of soft @-@ tissue impressions in a fossil dinosaur was discovered in Pietraroia , Italy . The discovery was reported in 1998 , and described the specimen of a small , very young coelurosaur , Scipionyx samniticus . The fossil includes portions of the intestines , colon , liver , muscles , and windpipe of this immature dinosaur .
In the March 2005 issue of Science , the paleontologist Mary Higby Schweitzer and her team announced the discovery of flexible material resembling actual soft tissue inside a 68 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old Tyrannosaurus rex leg bone from the Hell Creek Formation in Montana . After recovery , the tissue was rehydrated by the science team . When the fossilized bone was treated over several weeks to remove mineral content from the fossilized bone @-@ marrow cavity ( a process called demineralization ) , Schweitzer found evidence of intact structures such as blood vessels , bone matrix , and connective tissue ( bone fibers ) . Scrutiny under the microscope further revealed that the putative dinosaur soft tissue had retained fine structures ( microstructures ) even at the cellular level . The exact nature and composition of this material , and the implications of Schweitzer 's discovery , are not yet clear .
In 2009 , a team including Schweitzer announced that , using even more careful methodology , they had duplicated their results by finding similar soft tissue in a duck @-@ billed dinosaur , Brachylophosaurus canadensis , found in the Judith River Formation of Montana . This included even more detailed tissue , down to preserved bone cells that seem even to have visible remnants of nuclei and what seem to be red blood cells . Among other materials found in the bone was collagen , as in the Tyrannosaurus bone . The type of collagen an animal has in its bones varies according to its DNA and , in both cases , this collagen was of the same type found in modern chickens and ostriches .
The extraction of ancient DNA from dinosaur fossils has been reported on two separate occasions ; upon further inspection and peer review , however , neither of these reports could be confirmed . However , a functional peptide involved in the vision of a theoretical dinosaur has been inferred using analytical phylogenetic reconstruction methods on gene sequences of related modern species such as reptiles and birds . In addition , several proteins , including hemoglobin , have putatively been detected in dinosaur fossils .
In 2015 , researchers reported finding structures similar to blood cells and collagen fibers , preserved in the bone fossils of six Cretaceous dinosaur specimens , which are approximately 75 million years old .
= = Cultural depictions = =
By human standards , dinosaurs were creatures of fantastic appearance and often enormous size . As such , they have captured the popular imagination and become an enduring part of human culture . Entry of the word " dinosaur " into the common vernacular reflects the animals ' cultural importance : in English , " dinosaur " is commonly used to describe anything that is impractically large , obsolete , or bound for extinction .
Public enthusiasm for dinosaurs first developed in Victorian England , where in 1854 , three decades after the first scientific descriptions of dinosaur remains , a menagerie of lifelike dinosaur sculptures were unveiled in London 's Crystal Palace Park . The Crystal Palace dinosaurs proved so popular that a strong market in smaller replicas soon developed . In subsequent decades , dinosaur exhibits opened at parks and museums around the world , ensuring that successive generations would be introduced to the animals in an immersive and exciting way . Dinosaurs ' enduring popularity , in its turn , has resulted in significant public funding for dinosaur science , and has frequently spurred new discoveries . In the United States , for example , the competition between museums for public attention led directly to the Bone Wars of the 1880s and 1890s , during which a pair of feuding paleontologists made enormous scientific contributions .
The popular preoccupation with dinosaurs has ensured their appearance in literature , film , and other media . Beginning in 1852 with a passing mention in Charles Dickens ' Bleak House , dinosaurs have been featured in large numbers of fictional works . Jules Verne 's 1864 novel Journey to the Center of the Earth , Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1912 book The Lost World , the iconic 1933 film King Kong , the 1954 Godzilla and its many sequels , the best @-@ selling 1990 novel Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton and its 1993 film adaptation are just a few notable examples of dinosaur appearances in fiction . Authors of general @-@ interest non @-@ fiction works about dinosaurs , including some prominent paleontologists , have often sought to use the animals as a way to educate readers about science in general . Dinosaurs are ubiquitous in advertising ; numerous companies have referenced dinosaurs in printed or televised advertisements , either in order to sell their own products or in order to characterize their rivals as slow @-@ moving , dim @-@ witted , or obsolete .
= The Political Cesspool =
The Political Cesspool is a weekly far @-@ right talk radio show founded by Tennessean political activist James Edwards and syndicated by the organizations Liberty News Radio Network and Accent Radio Network in the United States . First broadcast in October 2004 twice a week from radio station WMQM , per Edwards it has been simulcast on Stormfront Radio , a service of the white nationalist Stormfront website and as of 2011 is broadcast on Saturday nights on WLRM , a Christian radio station in Millington , Tennessee . Its sponsors include the white separatist Council of Conservative Citizens and the Institute for Historical Review , a Holocaust denial group .
According to its statement of principles , the show stands for the " Dispossessed Majority " and represents " a philosophy that is pro @-@ White . " It has attracted criticism — including from The Nation , The New Republic , the Stephen Roth Institute , the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) , and the Anti @-@ Defamation League — for its promotion of anti @-@ semitic , white nationalist and white supremacist views . According to the SPLC , the show has featured a " Who 's Who of the radical right " , including members of the Ku Klux Klan ; they say Edwards has probably done more than anyone in America to promote neo @-@ Nazis , Holocaust deniers and other extremists .
The show features Edwards and his co @-@ hosts Keith Alexander , Bill Rolen , Winston Smith , and Eddie Miller , as well as producer Art Frith . Former staffers include Geoff Melton , Jess Bonds and co @-@ founder Austin Farley . Its guests have included author Jerome Corsi , Minuteman Project leader Jim Gilchrist , former Constitution Party presidential candidate Michael Peroutka , actor Sonny Landham , British National Party leader Nick Griffin , Vermont secessionist Thomas Naylor , and paleoconservative activist Pat Buchanan . It is carried by at least three licensed terrestrial radio stations in the United States and on network feeds on the Galaxy 19 communications satellite .
= = Background = =
= = = James Edwards = = =
Edwards is a far @-@ right political activist from Memphis , Tennessee , described by the Southern Poverty Law Center as a rising star of the modern white @-@ nationalist movement . They write that he is articulate , charming , and at ease in front of the public , as well as in television and radio studios . He attended Briarcrest Christian School , a private school in Memphis , and in ninth grade transferred into a Christian @-@ nationalist homeschooling program , a decision that he said led him into political activism . In 2000 he volunteered for Pat Buchanan 's presidential campaign , and in 2002 ran unsuccessfully for the Tennessee House of Representatives . It was during this campaign that he met fellow activist Austin Farley , who was on the ballot against him . In October of that year , he and Farley established The Political Cesspool .
In 2007 , Edwards was part of a panel that appeared on CNN 's Paula Zahn Now , along with Roland S. Martin and Jesse Lee Peterson . The purpose was to discuss racial segregation in American cities . He told Zahn that white children should seek out those who share " the same values and traditions and heroes , " and that " forced integration " was a " march toward totalitarianism . " He said : " Crime and violence follow African @-@ Americans wherever they go , and if you think that is racist , then spend some time on the mean streets of south Memphis . " Martin described his remarks as unfit for national television . Edwards made a second appearance on Paula Zahn Now in 2009 , during which he said : " Whites are in for the fight of their lives . America is becoming balkanized . We are being robbed of having a future in the very nation our ancestors carved from the wilderness . "
In 2010 , he became involved with a new party , the American Third Position Party , which advocates white nationalism and a form of economic nationalism known as the Third Position . Also in 2010 he self @-@ published a book , Racism , Schmacism : How Liberals use the " R " Word to Push the Obama Agenda , distributed by CreateSpace , a self @-@ publishing printer .
= = = Staff and show history = = =
Other staff at The Political Cesspool include Bill Rolen , Eddie " The Bombardier " Miller , Keith Alexander , and Winston Smith . According to the show 's website , most of the staff claim descent from Confederate soldiers . The show was initially broadcast on AM 1600 WMQM , a Memphis @-@ based radio station , on Tuesdays and Thursdays . Edwards and Farley invited friends Bill Rolen , a board member of the Council of Conservative Citizens , and Jess Bonds as guest hosts , as well as radio technician Art Frith . Frith had previously worked for a number of other radio stations including American Forces Radio and Television Service ( AFRTS ) ( in Keflavik , Iceland ; Anchorage , Alaska ; and Nea Makri , Greece ) , KFQD ( in Anchorage ) , and WBCK ( in Battle Creek , Michigan ) .
In 2005 the group moved to WMQM 's Millington @-@ based sister station , AM 1380 WLRM , and switched to a nightly schedule , Monday through Friday . Farley left the program in November of that year . Two years later , Geoff Melton , a former co @-@ host , joined to help set up the show 's website and the show entered syndication with Dixie Broadcasting Radio Network . The program went on hiatus on February 15 , 2008 , because staff members said they needed a break , but returned to the airwaves in June 2008 on WLRM on Saturday nights . One year later , it switched from Republic Broadcasting Network to Liberty News Radio Network . As of August 2009 , Bonds and Melton are no longer affiliated with the program . Frith now lives in Nashville , Michigan , but remains a part of the show 's staff . Since WLRM is not audited by Arbitron , the show 's ratings are unknown . The show is listener @-@ supported and , according to Edwards , receives more donations from Florida than from any other state .
= = Statement of principles = =
The Political Cesspool describes its philosophy as " pro @-@ White " and " against political centralization " . Its statement of principles , with material borrowed from the Council of Conservative Citizens , reads :
The Political Cesspool Radio Program stands for The Dispossessed Majority . We represent a philosophy that is pro @-@ White and are against political centralization . You can trust The Political Cesspool to give you the " other side of the news " — to report on events which are vital to your welfare but which would otherwise be hushed up or distorted by the controlled press .
We make no attempt to give you " both sides . " We 'll leave the establishment side to your daily newspaper , television and other radio shows . We will bring to you some of the most renowned thinkers , writers , pundits , activists , entertainers and elected officials each broadcast as our guests . Furthermore , we pledge that The Political Cesspool will correct any meaningful error or fact . Make up your own mind who is being honest with you : the establishment media or The Political Cesspool Radio Program .
The United States government should be independent of any international organization of governments and American law should not be imposed by organizations such as the United Nations .
America would not be as prosperous , ruggedly individualistic , and a land of opportunity if the founding stock were not Europeans .
Since family is the foundation of any strong society , we are against feminism , abortion , and primitivism .
Private property rights are inviolable . They come from our God @-@ given right to life .
We wish to revive the White birthrate above replacement level fertility and beyond to grow the percentage of Whites in the world relative to other races .
Issues such as education , environmental law , and police should be decentralized down to the lowest level to insure natural rights and efficiency .
Secession is a right of all people and individuals . It was successful in 1776 and this show honors those who tried to make it successful in 1865 .
We are cultural conservatives because we have certain morals to which we adhere . We are against homosexuality , vulgarity , loveless sex , and masochism .
We wish for American government to stop interfering politically , militarily , and socially outside of the borders of the United States of America . We want non @-@ interventionism .
= = Guests = =
The Political Cesspool has over the years featured many guest appearances , including political activists , Holocaust deniers , economists , and musicians . Former Tennessee gubernatorial candidate Carl " Twofeathers " Whitaker , who claims partial Native @-@ American ancestry and is known for his strong support of the Minuteman movement , has appeared on the show , as has conservative Native @-@ American activist David Yeagley . Filmmakers Merlin Miller ( A Place to Grow , Jericho ) , who is the 2012 presidential nominee of the American Third Position Party , and Craig Bodeker ( A Conversation about Race ) have featured .
Author Jerome Corsi was interviewed in July 2008 . During the discussion he spoke about his financial newsletter , and promoted his book The Obama Nation , which includes several statements that have been widely described as racist ; for example , he opined that US President Barack Obama identifies more with his " African blood " than his American roots and that the President " rejects everyone white , including his mother and his grandparents " . Corsi scheduled another promotional appearance on The Political Cesspool , but one month later he canceled this appearance , citing " travel plans that changed " . Edwards said that he believed the incident " just goes to show what incredible pressure everyone in public life is under to never have anything to do with anyone who speaks up for the interests of white people . " Fellow authors John Derbyshire and Steve Sailer have also been guests . In July 2011 , WorldNetDaily columnist Ilana Mercer appeared on the show .
Constitution Party nominee Michael Peroutka used his appearance in 2004 to promote his presidential campaign . Party member Michael Goza described the show as " Christian / Constitutionalist " , and " a great blessing to our cause " . Thomas Naylor , of the Vermont secessionist organization Second Vermont Republic , appeared on the show to celebrate Confederate History Month in April 2007 , while American Third Position Party Chairman Bill Johnson appeared to promote his party .
On May 8 , 2006 , Minuteman Project leader Jim Gilchrist spoke on the program . Co @-@ host Bill Rolen agreed with Gilchrist 's view that illegal immigrants ' intentions are to " just squat here and plunder whatever social benefits our programs provide them " . However , Rolen disagreed with Gilchrist 's claim that illegal immigration was " the 21st century slave trade " . Gilchrist 's colleague in the Minuteman movement , Chris Simcox , has also been a guest of the show .
Paul Babeu , the sheriff of Pinal County , Arizona , appeared on The Political Cesspool on July 10 , 2010 to discuss illegal immigration ; during the interview , he referred to James Edwards as a " great American " . Less than two weeks later , Babeu 's spokesman issued an apology , saying that he had not researched the show thoroughly enough before scheduling the interview and that Babeu has a policy of not conducting interviews with hate groups . Babeu himself said that he was " hoodwinked " into appearing on the show and that he rejects " any hate or bigotry " . Prior to the interview , cohost Eddie Miller said that " Of all the people we ’ ve interviewed on this radio show , I would say the only people that came close to getting me this excited was Dr. David Duke . " Following Babeu 's spokesman 's apology , Edwards alleged that Babeu was aware of the show 's true ideology prior to appearing on the show , saying : " For Sheriff Babeu to change his mind and now regret coming on our show , for whatever reason , is his right . For him to act as though he had no idea of our ideology is a lie . " As a result of the controversy surrounding Babeu 's appearance on the show , Arizona U.S. Senate candidate J. D. Hayworth asked his primary opponent , John McCain , to drop several campaign ads featuring McCain and Babeu . In 2011 , another sheriff , Dennis Spruell of Montezuma County , Colorado , also apologized after appearing on the show without knowing its actual agenda .
Paleoconservative activist and former presidential candidate Pat Buchanan has appeared twice as of 2011 . In a June 2008 interview initiated and arranged by his publicist , he promoted his book Churchill , Hitler and the Unnecessary War . During the broadcast , Buchanan defended Charles Lindbergh against charges of antisemitism , stating that his reputation " has been blackened because of a single speech he gave and a couple of paragraphs in it where he said that ... the Jewish community is beating the drums for war but frankly , no one has said what he said was palpably untrue . " At the end of the interview , James Edwards said , " Mr. Buchanan , thank you so much for coming back on our program , for fighting for our people . " Previously , in September 2006 , Buchanan had made an appearance to promote his book State of Emergency ; during this interview , he said that " we are being invaded by people of different cultures " and argued that Americans " cannot survive a bifurcated culture or a heavily Hispanicized culture , tilted towards Mexico ... I think that 's the beginning of the end of the United States . "
Self @-@ proclaimed " racial realist " Jared Taylor , whom James Edwards considers to be a close friend , has appeared on at least ten occasions . In an article he wrote for VDARE , Taylor described the program as " racially oriented " . Although describing itself as " America First " , the show has also hosted foreign guests , including Croatian white nationalist Tomislav Sunić , Australian white nationalist Drew Fraser , Russian Austrian School economist Yuri Maltsev , British lawyer Adrian Davies , Canadian white supremacist Paul Fromm , Canadian conservative blogger Kathy Shaidle , and British National Party ( BNP ) leaders Simon Darby and Nick Griffin ; Griffin appeared as a guest before and after his election to the European Parliament . During his post @-@ election appearance , Griffin attributed the BNP 's electoral successes to a fear of " creeping process of Islamification " .
Actor Mel Gibson 's father , Hutton Gibson , has also appeared on the show . During his appearance , he referred to Pope Benedict XVI as a " homosexual " and claimed that " half the people in the Vatican are queer . "
= = Controversy and criticism = =
The show has frequently been criticised by anti @-@ racist groups and individuals ( such as the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) , Anti @-@ Defamation League ( ADL ) , Stephen Roth Institute , and journalist Max Blumenthal ) over its stated ideology . The Political Cesspool was added to the Southern Poverty Law Center 's hate group watch list in 2006 . James Edwards was " ecstatic " , saying " I don 't think you 've arrived in the conservative movement until you 've made it to the Southern Poverty Law Center 's Hate Watch " . Edwards describes the SPLC as a group composed of " communists and civil rights hustlers " . The SPLC 's Hatewatch has referred to The Political Cesspool as " an overtly racist , anti @-@ Semitic radio show hosted by [ a ] self @-@ avowed white nationalist " and as " the nexus of hate in America " . The Anti @-@ Defamation League has also criticized the show ; Edwards has attacked the ADL as " America 's most powerful hate group " and has claimed that its definition of a " neo @-@ Nazi [ is ] any white person who disagrees with a Jew " .
Author John Avlon , a former speechwriter for Rudy Giuliani , has described The Political Cesspool as " avowedly white supremacist " . Investigative journalist Max Blumenthal , who reported on an attempt by one of the show 's staff to advertise at a rally for Republican vice @-@ presidential candidate Sarah Palin , described The Political Cesspool as having a " racist ideology " , and highlighted anti @-@ Semitic , racist , and homophobic comments that Edwards had made on his blog . The Stephen Roth Institute has also commented on the show , noting that " [ James ] Edwards openly espoused many of his guests ' views and during speeches to extremist audiences , including members of the white supremacist Council of Conservative Citizens and the racist League of the South , he gained the support of a wide array of extremists . " In an article about antisemitism in Belgium , the Institute commented on the show 's interview with Filip Dewinter , a member of the Belgian Parliament and a leader of the extremist Vlaams Belang movement .
Newsweek used one of Winston Smith 's statements to argue that the rise in popularity of white nationalism and supremacy is due to the combination of the late @-@ 2000s recession and the election of a black president . Many such groups have been attempting to gain new recruits and increase their political influence by rebranding themselves as defenders of " white heritage " while de @-@ emphasizing their dislike of minorities and Jews . Smith states , " [ t ] he emphasis is different now . We don 't talk as much about what blacks have done to us ; we 're more focused on ourselves and our own culture . "
= = = City Park demonstration = = =
In 2005 , the staff of The Political Cesspool organized a rally at the Tennessee area known as Confederate Park , which , along with two other Confederacy @-@ themed parks in downtown Memphis , has been the subject of a longtime controversy for honoring Confederate soldiers and ideals . The park had been criticized earlier by a black Shelby County official , which attracted the notice of New York @-@ based activist Al Sharpton , who was invited by the Reverend LaSimba Gray to hold a demonstration in Memphis . Sharpton planned a march called the Rally for Dignity from downtown Memphis to another park honoring Confederate Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest who was involved early in the organization of the Ku Klux Klan . Sharpton canceled the march after Edwards and The Political Cesspool staff obtained a permit to demonstrate in Confederate Park , located along Sharpton 's planned march route .
Sharpton settled for a protest at Forrest Park . At the demonstration , he argued that " We need to show the rest of the world that the day for honoring people like this is over " , and said in an interview that his objections were not related to race but to Forrest 's Civil War @-@ era ( 1861 – 1865 ) actions against the United States . Estimates of attendance at the rallies vary ; according to the Southern Poverty Law Center , James Edwards attracted about 200 white counter @-@ demonstrators to the Confederate Park vigil , while Sharpton 's protest at Forrest Park attracted a few dozen black demonstrators , whom Edwards referred to as " rabble " . The Memphis Flyer estimated that Sharpton attracted about 250 supporters . In the aftermath of the city park controversy , show affiliates Edwards , Farley , Bonds , and Rolen received the " Dixie Defender Award " from the Sons of Confederate Veterans .
Later that year , Memphis city councilman E. C. Jones awarded Edwards and Farley with a certificate " in appreciation of outstanding contributions to the community " . Edwards and Farley also received an honorary city council membership from Jones , who had previously appeared on The Political Cesspool . According to The Commercial Appeal , Jones had not listened to the show before the incident , and was unaware of its ideology . After a reporter informed him of the program 's agenda , Jones initially refused to apologize . However , after another reporter confronted him with more details about the show 's ideology , he changed his view , saying that he probably would not appear again . Carol Chumney , another member of the Memphis City Council , was also invited to appear on The Political Cesspool , but ultimately declined the invitation after listening to an episode of the show ; Chumney said , " what I heard was about advocating for prostitution ... So I told them I had other commitments . "
= = = Le Journal du Dimanche interview = = =
In an interview with the French newspaper Le Journal du Dimanche , cohost Eddie " Bombardier " Miller described the United Nations as " Satan on Earth " .
= = = Donald Trump Jr. interview = = =
In 2016 , Edwards co @-@ hosted a Super Tuesday broadcast that interviewed Donald Trump Jr . , the son of Republican party presidential candidate Donald Trump . Edwards praised the elder Trump and encouraged his supporters to vote for him .
= = Radio stations that air the show = =
As of 2011 , The Political Cesspool airs on WLRM in Memphis , Tennessee , KHQN in Spanish Fork , Utah ; and the Florida @-@ based Accent Radio Network . The Accent Radio Network and KHQN air a shortened two @-@ hour version of the show , in contrast to the three @-@ hour Liberty News Radio Network ( WLRM ) version .
ARN and Liberty News Radio Network broadcasts their feeds on separate channels on the Galaxy 19 communications satellite .
= Final Fantasy XII : Revenant Wings =
Final Fantasy XII : Revenant Wings ( ファイナルファンタジーXII レヴァナント ・ ウイング , Fainaru Fantajī Revananto Uingu ) is a real @-@ time tactical role @-@ playing game developed by Think & Feel and published by Square Enix for the Nintendo DS . It is a sequel to the 2006 PlayStation 2 role @-@ playing game Final Fantasy XII .
One year after the events of Final Fantasy XII , the protagonist Vaan is now a sky pirate possessing his own airship . He is joined in a new quest by his friend and navigator Penelo , other returning characters from the original title , along with new characters such as Llyud , a member of the Aegyl race who have wings protruding from their backs . Their treasure @-@ hunting adventures take them to the purvama ( floating continent ) of Lemurés and the ground below , where the story begins .
Revenant Wings is the first title announced in the Ivalice Alliance series of video games . The North American release of the game was rebalanced to be more difficult than the Japanese version , and was released on November 20 , 2007 .
= = Gameplay = =
After completing a prologue sequence , the player starts the game with an airship , named after their clan ( with a default name of Galbana , or Beiluge ( ベイルージュ ) in the Japanese version ) . The airship is used as a base where the player can check on their current mission and view other tasks , customize equipment in the synthesis shop , or travel between the four islands of Lemurés . The airship 's interior can also be customized by the player .
= = = Battle system = = =
Revenant Wings is a real @-@ time strategy game , but with elements reminiscent of the turn @-@ based Final Fantasy Tactics and Tactics Advance . It can be played entirely with the Nintendo DS stylus . Battles are initiated when the player begins a mission or chooses to fight a melee battle in a particular area . The characters attack automatically once the enemy is within range . The player is given the option to give commands to the characters by tapping on them with the stylus . Possible commands include changing the character 's target , setting their gambit , or using various abilities .
Each character is distinguished according to three types : melee , ranged and flying . Melee characters attack at a close range , and ranged from afar , while flying are able to travel unbound to terrain . The types oppose each other in the manner where melee wins over ranged , ranged wins over flying and flying wins over melee .
= = = Summoning = = =
Summoning magic returns from Final Fantasy XII in Revenant Wings and has a larger role ; director Motomu Toriyama stated that Revenant Wings has more summons , or Espers , than any previous Final Fantasy game . Summon abilities are learned via the new Ring of Pacts system , which is used to allow the summoning of Espers . Each slot in the Ring of Pacts is placed with an Auracite to create a pact with the Esper . The number of summons available to the player is fifty @-@ one , and they are classified in different categories , with each character able to summon a large number depending on the party 's combined capacity .
Summoning Espers to aid in battle is accomplished by using a Summon Gate located in the play field area . The ability to summon the different creatures depend on the Affinity of the player characters . Additionally , two Espers per character are automatically summoned at the beginning of each battle where Espers are allowed . Espers can be linked to battle groups using a system reminiscent of the earlier Square game Bahamut Lagoon . Summons are ranked from 1 to 3 , with Rank 1 and 2 able to manifest in large numbers , as opposed to Rank 3 which summons only one entity . Before the battle begins , players can select up to five Espers to possibly summon through Esper Gates in the upcoming battle ( Esper Troupes ) ; one Rank 3 Esper , two Rank 2 Espers , and two Rank 1 Espers . Summons are also differentiated by varying elements , which are fire , water , earth , and lightning . Recovery and non @-@ elemental are two other types .
= = = Synthesizing = = =
An element of alchemy and synthesizing is used in the game , where the player obtains recipes and materials necessary for the synthesis process . Only leader characters can obtain the materials , of which can be synthesized into weapons and armor and the stats of being dependent on the materials ' grade .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
A few locations in the Ivalice of Final Fantasy XII and Final Fantasy Tactics Advance return in Revenant Wings , along with a new setting : Lemurés , described in the official website as a legendary purvama ( floating continent ) raised into the skies by the god Feolthanos long before the events of the game . Because of the effect of Cloudstones or " Auraliths " , magical stones used to erect barriers , this purvama is shielded from the rest of the world . In time , the " Legend of the Floating Land " became an ambition for sky pirates who seek the island and what riches are on it . The ruins of Lemurés are where the Aegyl reside ; the Aegyl are a human @-@ like race with wings sprouting from their backs and a life @-@ span of forty years . Due to being shielded within Lemurés , the Aegyl have no knowledge of the outside world but what they learn from intruding sky pirates .
The magicite in Lemurés are known as Auracite . Fragments of Auralith , Auracites are used in the Ring of Pacts to summon beasts known as the Yarhi , referred by others of Ivalice as Espers . However , extended use of Auracite can purge the user of his or her anima , which becomes a new Yarhi and continues the cycle until the user becomes a soulless shell .
= = = Characters = = =
Revenant Wings added four additional main playable characters to the six in Final Fantasy XII : Kytes and Filo , two orphans from Rabanastre ; Llyud , a resident of Lemures ; and Ba 'Gamnan , a sinister bounty hunter who has a grudge against Vaan and company for having involved themselves in his affairs during the first game . Kytes and Filo appeared as a NPCs in XII , while Ba 'Gamnan had been a recurring antagonist . All three characters gain larger roles in this game .
Summon designs have also been changed . The lizard design of Salamander , for example , was changed to be boar @-@ like to ensure the designs would come out well and distinguishable within the DS ' graphical capabilities . Each summon has three Ranks , and the designs of each Rank are so that there are relations between one Rank and another .
= = = Story = = =
Revenant Wings begins a year after the events of Final Fantasy XII , with Vaan flying his own airship with Penelo after Balthier and Fran " stole " the Strahl . The foursome is revisited in Bervenia and decide to accompany each other inside to obtain the Cache of Glabados .
While obtaining a treasure , two strange crystals , the building begins to collapse on itself . In the ensuing chaos , Vaan loses his airship and are forced to flee the site on Balthier 's airship . Balthier soon drops Vaan and Penelo back in Rabanastre where they , along with Kytes and Filo , witness a strange object flying overhead : a derelict airship . After sneaking aboard the airship and defeating the Bangaa headhunter Ba 'Gamnan , Vaan and company christen the airship whatever the player decides ( default Galbana ) and find themselves on the purvama Lemurés by accident . While looking around the unknown ruins , they meet Llyud of the Aegyl race and learn his people are locked in battle with sky pirates who are raiding the island for treasure . Lemurés is said to possess summoning crystals called Auracite . Deciding to aid the Aegyl in defending Lemurés , Vaan 's group learns the pirates were recruited by the mysterious Judge of Wings , who seeks out the three Auraliths , grand masses of Auracite that protect Lemurés from the outside world .
When the group confronts the Judge of Wings at the site of the first auralith , the Judge of Wings destroys the auralith , leading Vaan and his friends to have visions of Balthier confronting the Judge of Wings and losing , after which they hear sky pirates are gathering at the Skysea , and they go there to find Rikken , a friend of Vaan 's . He says he may know something about the Judge of Wings , but to get answers , Vaan must compete in Rikken 's tournament .
After saving Rikken , it is revealed Rikken knows nothing about the Judge , but Tomaj discovers there is an auracite shrine beneath the Skysea . When venturing there , the group encounters Ba 'Gamnan who kidnaps Filo , taking her deeper within the shrine . When the group catches up with him , Rikken agrees to help rescue Filo , and once she is rescued , the party moves on to confront the esper Belias , the Gigas , that was summoned by the Judge of Wings . Once defeated , the Judge summons the massive esper Bahamut , who destroys the Skysea , and the party becomes island @-@ trapped .
While stranded , the group meets Velis , a man who was at Nalbina and got lost while searching for his lover , Mydia . After a lot of character development , it is discovered Velis is , in fact , dead , and actually an esper who you later must battle when the Judge of Wings comes and controls him . After Velis is defeated ( as the esper Odin ) , it is discovered the Judge of Wings is Mydia , but she then flees the island . Tomaj runs to the group , tells them the airship is fixed , and that he has spotted the Strahl , Balthier 's ship .
When the group finds the ship , they find Fran , who says Balthier is within a mountain on the island they are now on . Once inside , the group discovers an auralith , and the group plus Fran must defeat Mydia and the esper Mateus while protecting Balthier . Once defeated , Mydia flees without destroying the auralith , but Balthier then turns on the group and destroys the auralith , which sends the party into an illusion .
While within the illusion , the team discovers the Aegyl are so emotionless because they are deprieved of anima , which is harvested by their god , Feolthanos , and stored in the auraliths . It is discovered this illusion is the world of the espers , and they find Velis , who makes everything clear : Mydia is a body , stripped of its anima , controlled by Feolthanos to reap anima for him , and if the auraliths are destroyed , the Aegyl 's anima will return and as such , they must destroy the auraliths .
Once awoken from the illusion , Vaan confronts Balthier , who already knew these newly discovered facts , and Balthier and Fran join the team . The group then finds the Leviathan , the ship of Queen Ashe and Judge Magister Basch , who join the team as they venture through Ivalice , Emperor Larsa also joining . Mydia , as it turns out , is a Feol Viera , more commonly known as an Exiled , of which have white skin and shorter ears and hair as compared to the normal Viera who are darker @-@ skinned and longer @-@ haired . While in Roda Volcano , the team battles Mydia and the esper Chaos , and , as Mydia takes her dying breath , requests the team go to Feolthanos ' palace above Lemurés and kill him . Her anima guides them up as they prepare to open the final chapter of their story .
Above Lemurés , the team battles reincarnations of dead Aegyl , and then battle the reincarnated form of Mydia 's anima , while discovering Feolthanos , the god , is , himself , the last auralith . When the team ventures all the way to the seat of Feolthanos ' power , they battle him and the anima @-@ stripped Aegyl he commands . When he is almost defeated , he summons Bahamut to do battle with the team . After his giant shrine is destroyed , there is a one @-@ on @-@ one battle between Vaan and Feolthanos in which Feolthanos is apparently stronger , but as Vaan begins to lose , his friends come to back him up : first Ashe and Basch , Balthier and Fran , then Filo and Kytes , Llyud , and finally Penelo---the only battle in the game where every group leader is involved . In the end , Llyud deals the final blow to Feolthanos , releasing all the remaining stored anima .
After the end of the battle with Feolthanos , the game ends , and the characters going their separate ways as the credits roll is shown . If 100 % game completion is reached then you are treated to an extended ending which shows Vaan and Penelo leaving together as a couple on a new adventure only to be interrupted by Filo , Kytes and Tomaj with some Yarhi and Cuit Sith in toe .
= = Development = =
The game was directed and its story written by Motomu Toriyama , who also directed Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 and Final Fantasy XIII . According to Toriyama , the game is aimed at Nintendo DS owners who are not experienced with Final Fantasy games , and will remove " overly complicated elements from the battle system ... that will allow [ the player ] to defeat the enemies with minimal controls . "
The game features a sprite @-@ based graphics engine with 3D backgrounds and character designs by Ryoma Itō ( Final Fantasy Tactics Advance ) . Producer Eisuke Yokoyama cited Warcraft and Age of Empires as sources of inspiration and expressed a desire to " extract the pure ' fun ' of those games " and bring it to Final Fantasy . Itō based some of his designs on those of Final Fantasy XII character designer Akihiko Yoshida . Itō " traded secrets " with him , with the confidence he gained from Final Fantasy XII creator Yasumi Matsuno 's praise on his tampering with Final Fantasy Tactics Advance 's Moogle designs .
For the North American localization , Revenant Wings was rebalanced to make it more difficult because the North American market is judged as " more familiar " with the real @-@ time strategy genre .
= = Audio = =
Revenant Wings was scored by Final Fantasy XII composer Hitoshi Sakimoto , joined by Kenichiro Fukui , who had arranged the English version of " Kiss Me Good @-@ Bye " . Most of the music for the game is arrangements from the previous title . While the Nintendo DS has more technical limitations than the PlayStation 2 , Sakimoto considers it not particularly noticeable in practice .
Unlike in Final Fantasy XII , the music is entirely dynamic and context @-@ dependent . Each track possesses different parts , ranging from musical themes of peaceful moments to frantic battle cries , which are activated when the actions of the players require it and are looped until the context is changed again .
= = Reception = =
As of August 8 , 2008 , Revenant Wings has sold 1 @.@ 04 million units worldwide , with 540 @,@ 000 units sold in Japan , 220 @,@ 000 units in North America , and 280 @,@ 000 in Europe . It was the best @-@ selling Japanese console game in the week of its release , then the second best @-@ selling in the following week .
The Japanese version of the game scored 32 / 40 in the Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu . The game also received praise from reviewers of Dengeki DS & Wii Style . Praise was given to the mission @-@ based storyline and battles for being " simple and more involved " . The large number of characters who can enter the fray at one given time gives a sense of involvement for the player as if they were " close to the action " , and the game 's difficulty may appeal even to those who " do not normally play role @-@ playing games " . The only criticism found was with the usage of the stylus , as its usage in selecting areas on the battlefield can be difficult .
The North American version of the game scored mainly positive reviews . Nintendo Power gave it a 7 @.@ 5 / 10 , IGN gave it an 8 @.@ 3 / 10 , 1up gave it a B + , GameSpot and GameZone both gave it an 8 @.@ 5 / 10 , and X @-@ Play gave it a 4 / 5 .
Electronic Gaming Monthly also gave it generally favorable reviews , with staff giving it scores of 8 , 7 @.@ 5 , and 6 ( all out of 10 ) . The reviewers praised the game 's combination of role @-@ playing and strategy , but criticized the screen size relative to the amount of action . IGN named it Nintendo DS Game of the Month for November 2007 .
= Amon of Judah =
Amon of Judah ( Hebrew : אָמוֹן ’ Āmōn ; Greek : Αμων ; Latin : Amon ) was a 7th @-@ century BC King of Judah who , according to the biblical account , succeeded his father Manasseh of Judah . Amon is most remembered for his idolatrous practices while king , which led to a revolt against him and eventually his assassination in c . 641 BC .
= = Life = =
Amon was the son of King Manasseh of Judah and Meshullemeth , a daughter of Haruz of Jotbah . Although the date is unknown , the Hebrew Bible records that he married Jedidah , the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath . Amon began his reign of Judah at the age of 22 , and reigned for two years . Biblical scholar and archeologist William F. Albright has dated his reign to 642 – 640 , while professor E. R. Thiele offers the dates 643 / 642 – 641 / 640 . Thiele 's dates are tied to the reign of Amon 's son Josiah , whose death at the hands of Pharaoh Necho II occurred in the summer of 609 . Josiah 's death , which is independently confirmed in Egyptian history , places the end of Amon 's reign , 31 years earlier , in 641 or 640 and the beginning of his rule in 643 or 642 .
The Hebrew Bible records that Amon continued his father Manasseh 's practice of idolatry and set up pagan images as his father had done . II Kings states that Amon " did that which was evil in the sight of YAWEH , as did Manasseh his father . And he walked in all the way that his father walked in , and served the idols that his father served , and worshipped them . " Similarly , II Chronicles records that " … he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord , as did Manasseh his father ; and Amon sacrificed unto all the graven images which Manasseh his father had made , and served them . " The Talmudic tradition recounts that " Amon burnt the Torah , and allowed spider webs to cover the altar [ through complete disuse ] ... Amon sinned very much . " Like other textual sources , Flavius Josephus too criticizes the reign of Amon , describing his reign similarly to the Bible .
After reigning two years , Amon was assassinated by his servants , who conspired against him , and was succeeded by his son Josiah , who at the time was eight years old . After Amon 's assassination his murderers became unpopular with the people , and were ultimately killed . Some scholars , such as Abraham Malamat , assert that Amon was assassinated because people disliked the heavy influence that Assyria , an age @-@ old enemy of Judah responsible for the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel , had upon him .
= = Era = =
Amon 's reign was in the midst of a transitional time for the Levant and the entire Mesopotamian region . To the east of Judah , the Assyrian Empire was beginning to disintegrate while the Babylonian Empire had not yet risen to replace it . To the west , Egypt was still recovering under Psamtik I from its Assyrian occupation , transforming from a vassal state to an autonomous ally . In this power vacuum , many smaller states such as Judah were able to govern themselves without foreign intervention from larger empires .
= Implacable @-@ class aircraft carrier =
The Implacable @-@ class aircraft carrier was a class of two aircraft carriers built for the Royal Navy during World War II . Derived from the design of the Illustrious class , they were faster and carried more aircraft than the older ships . They were initially assigned to the Home Fleet when completed in 1944 and attacked targets in Norway as well as the German battleship Tirpitz . Subsequently they were assigned to the British Pacific Fleet ( BPF ) .
Indefatigable was the first ship to go to the Pacific and attacked Japanese @-@ controlled oil refineries in Sumatra en route . She participated in Operation Iceberg , the invasion of Okinawa in March – April 1945 . Implacable 's arrival in the Pacific was delayed by a refit and she did not begin operations against the Japanese until June . The sister ships participated in the attacks on the Japanese Home Islands in July and August . Indefatigable was the only carrier chosen to continue operations after most of the BPF withdrew to prepare for further operations in early August . After the Japanese formal surrender in September , Implacable ferried Allied troops and prisoners of war back to Australia and Canada for the rest of the year .
The sisters returned home in 1946 ; Indefatigable was used for the rest of the year to transport troops before being placed in reserve in 1947 and Implacable became the training carrier for Home Fleet . Indefatigable was converted into a training ship and reactivated in 1950 for service with the Home Fleet . Implacable was relegated to the reserve that same year and modified into a training ship in 1952 . The sisters were scheduled for modernisation during the mid @-@ 1950s , but it was cancelled as the modernisation of the carrier in the queue ahead of them proved to be too expensive and lengthy . The sisters were decommissioned in 1954 and sold for scrap in 1955 – 56 .
= = Background and description = =
The Implacable class had its origin as an improved version of the Illustrious @-@ class aircraft carriers for the 1938 Naval Programme while still remaining within the 23 @,@ 000 long tons ( 23 @,@ 000 t ) available from the tonnage allowed by the Second London Naval Treaty . The initial change was to increase the carriers ' speed to no less than 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) which required the addition of a fourth steam turbine and associated propeller shaft . Offsetting the additional weight of the machinery meant reductions in armour thicknesses in the hangar deck and the bulkheads at the ends of the hangar . At the same time the Director of Naval Construction ( DNC ) was developing a different modified Illustrious design ( Design D ) to carry an additional dozen aircraft ( a total of 48 ) in a lower hangar that also incorporated the additional machinery of the initial design with the sacrifice of even more armour . Hangar height was initially planned as 13 feet 6 inches ( 4 @.@ 1 m ) in the upper hangar to accommodate the new Fairey Albacore torpedo bomber and 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) in the lower hangar to accommodate taller amphibious aircraft , but a later change in policy raised the upper hangar height to 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) . Design D was submitted to the Board of Admiralty on 2 August 1938 and approved on 17 November . In April 1939 the lower hangar 's height was reduced to 14 feet to compensate for the thickening of the hangar side armour to 2 inches ( 51 mm ) and the idea of carrying amphibians in the hangar was abandoned .
The Implacable @-@ class ships were 766 feet 6 inches ( 233 @.@ 6 m ) long overall and 730 feet ( 222 @.@ 5 m ) at the waterline . Their beam was 95 feet 9 inches ( 29 @.@ 2 m ) at the waterline and they had a draught of 29 feet ( 8 @.@ 8392 m ) at deep load . The ships were significantly overweight and displaced 32 @,@ 110 long tons ( 32 @,@ 630 t ) at deep load . Their complement was approximately 2 @,@ 300 officers and enlisted men in 1945 . They had metacentric heights of 4 @.@ 06 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) at light load and 6 @.@ 91 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) at deep load as completed .
The ships had four Parsons geared steam turbines , each driving one shaft , using steam supplied by eight Admiralty 3 @-@ drum boilers . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 148 @,@ 000 shp ( 110 @,@ 000 kW ) , enough to give them a maximum speed of 32 @.@ 5 knots ( 60 @.@ 2 km / h ; 37 @.@ 4 mph ) . On sea trials , the ships reached speeds of 31 @.@ 89 – 32 @.@ 06 knots ( 59 @.@ 06 – 59 @.@ 38 km / h ; 36 @.@ 70 – 36 @.@ 89 mph ) with 150 @,@ 935 – 151 @,@ 200 shp ( 112 @,@ 552 – 112 @,@ 750 kW ) . The Implacable class carried a maximum of 4 @,@ 690 – 4 @,@ 810 long tons ( 4 @,@ 770 – 4 @,@ 890 t ) of fuel oil which gave them a range of 6 @,@ 720 – 6 @,@ 900 nautical miles ( 12 @,@ 450 – 12 @,@ 780 km ; 7 @,@ 730 – 7 @,@ 940 mi ) at 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) .
The 760 @-@ foot ( 231 @.@ 6 m ) armoured flight deck had a maximum width of 102 feet ( 31 @.@ 1 m ) . The arrestor cables , crash barricades , aircraft catapult and lifts were designed to handle aircraft up to 20 @,@ 000 pounds ( 9 @,@ 100 kg ) in weight . The carriers were fitted with nine arrestor cables aft that were designed to stop landing , at speeds of up to 60 knots ( 110 km / h ; 69 mph ) . They were backed up by three crash barricades to prevent landing aircraft from crashing into aircraft parked on the ship 's bow . In case of damage to the rear flight deck , the Implacable @-@ class ships also mounted three additional forward arrestor cables to permit aircraft to land over the bow . A single BH3 hydraulic catapult was fitted on the forward part of the flight deck to launch 20 @,@ 000 @-@ pound aircraft at 56 knots ( 104 km / h ; 64 mph ) ; lighter aircraft could be launched at a maximum speed of 66 knots ( 122 km / h ; 76 mph ) . The ships were equipped with two lifts on the centreline , the forward of which measured 45 by 33 feet ( 13 @.@ 7 by 10 @.@ 1 m ) and served only the upper hangar , and the aft lift ( 45 by 22 feet ( 13 @.@ 7 by 6 @.@ 7 m ) ) which served both hangars . The upper hangar was 458 feet ( 139 @.@ 6 m ) long and the lower hangar was 208 feet ( 63 @.@ 4 m ) long ; both had a uniform width of 62 feet ( 18 @.@ 9 m ) . Both hangars had a height of only 14 feet which precluded storage of Lend @-@ Lease Vought F4U Corsair fighters as well as many post @-@ war aircraft and helicopters . In case of fire the upper hangar could be divided by two fire curtains and the lower hangar had one fire curtain . Designed to stow 48 aircraft in their hangars , the use of a permanent deck park allowed the Implacable class to accommodate up to 81 aircraft . The crewmen , maintenance personnel and facilities needed to support these additional aircraft were housed in the lower hangar . The ships were provided with 94 @,@ 650 imperial gallons ( 430 @,@ 300 l ; 113 @,@ 670 US gal ) of aviation gasoline , only enough for approximately five sorties per aircraft .
= = = Armament , electronics , and armour = = =
The ships ' main armament consisted of sixteen quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 110 mm ) dual @-@ purpose guns in eight powered RP 10 Mk II * * twin @-@ gun turrets , four in sponsons on each side of the hull . Unlike the Illustrious @-@ class ships , the roofs of the gun turrets were flat and flush with the flight deck . The gun had a maximum range of 20 @,@ 760 yards ( 18 @,@ 980 m ) at an elevation of + 45 ° and a ceiling of 41 @,@ 000 feet ( 12 @,@ 000 m ) . Their light anti @-@ aircraft defences included five octuple mounts for QF 2 @-@ pounder ( " pom @-@ pom " ) anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns , two on the flight deck forward of the island , one on the aft part of the island and two in sponsons on the port side of the hull . A single quadruple 2 @-@ pounder mount was also fitted on the port side of the hull . The 2 @-@ pounder gun had a maximum range of 6 @,@ 800 yards ( 6 @,@ 200 m ) . The two ships were also fitted with approximately sixty Oerlikon 20 mm autocannon in varying numbers of single and twin @-@ gun mounts . These guns had a maximum range of 4 @,@ 800 yards ( 4 @,@ 400 m ) , but many were replaced by 40 mm Bofors AA guns when the ships were transferred to the Pacific Theater as the 20 mm shell was unlikely to destroy a kamikaze before it hit the ship . The Bofors gun had a maximum range of 10 @,@ 750 yards ( 9 @,@ 830 m ) . Two additional quadruple " pom @-@ pom " mounts were added to Implacable before she joined the British Pacific Fleet in 1945 . After the war , more Oerlikons were exchanged for Bofors guns . By April 1946 , the sisters had 11 – 12 Bofors guns and 19 – 30 Oerlikons each .
The 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns were controlled by four Mk V * ( M ) fire @-@ control directors , each mounting a Type 285 gunnery radar . Two of the directors were positioned on the flight deck , one each fore and aft of the island , a third was on the island , aft of the funnel , and the fourth director was on the port side of the hull , below the flight deck . Each director sent its data to a Fuze Keeping Clock AA fire @-@ control system for gunnery calculations . Each " pom @-@ pom " was provided with its own Mk IV director that carried a range @-@ only Type 282 gunnery radar .
The specifics of the Implacable @-@ class ships ' radar suite is not readily available . They were fitted with the Type 277 surface @-@ search / height @-@ finding radar on top of the bridge and a Type 293 target indicator radar on the foremast . The ships probably carried Type 279 and Type 281B early @-@ warning radars , based on the radars fitted aboard the Illustrious @-@ class carrier Victorious late in the war .
The Implacable @-@ class ships had a flight deck protected by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of armour . The sides of the hangars were designed to be 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) thick to protect the hangar from low @-@ level attacks with 500 @-@ pound ( 230 kg ) semi @-@ armour @-@ piercing bombs , but were supposedly thickened to 2 inches ( 51 mm ) late in the design process at the cost of reducing the height of the lower hangar . Naval historian Norman Friedman wrote : " Ironically , it appears that the ships were actually built with 1 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ... armour . " The ends of the hangars were protected by 2 @-@ inch bulkheads and the armour of the hangar deck ranged from 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 to 64 mm ) in thickness .
The waterline armour belt was 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) thick , but only covered the central portion of the ship to form the armoured citadel . The belt was closed by 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @-@ inch transverse bulkheads fore and aft . The underwater defence system was a layered system of liquid- and air @-@ filled compartments as used in the Illustrious class and was estimated to be able to resist a 750 @-@ pound ( 340 kg ) explosive charge . The magazines for the 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns lay outside the armoured citadel and were protected by 2 to 3 @-@ inch roofs , 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch sides and 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @-@ inch ends .
= = = Planned modernisation = = =
The two Implacables were tentatively scheduled to be modernised in 1953 – 55 with Implacable following Victorious . The draft Staff Requirements were drawn up in July 1951 . This included combining the two hangars into a single 17 @-@ foot @-@ 6 @-@ inch ( 5 @.@ 33 m ) hangar , strengthening the flight deck and aircraft handling equipment to deal with 30 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 14 @,@ 000 kg ) aircraft , enlarging the lifts to 55 by 32 feet ( 16 @.@ 8 by 9 @.@ 8 m ) , adding a gallery deck between the hangar and the flight deck to accommodate the additional personnel required , the addition of steam catapults , and the increase of her aviation fuel stowage to 240 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 l ; 290 @,@ 000 US gal ) . Other desired improvements were new boilers to increase her endurance , more space for the latest radars , and the replacement of her anti @-@ aircraft armament with the British version of the 3 " / 70 Mark 26 gun and sextuple mounts for the Bofors guns .
By October 1951 , the estimated completion date for Victorious 's modernisation was already a year past the initial estimate of April 1954 . Implacable was scheduled to begin her modernisation in April 1953 for completion in 1956 , but the Director of Dockyards pointed out that existing schedules prevented her from beginning any earlier than April 1955 unless the modernisations of two cruisers and the guided missile test ship RFA Girdle Ness were delayed . The Controller of the Navy asked if the time and cost of the reconstruction could be reduced , but the minimum modifications were the most expensive as they involved structural alterations . The Controller ordered the Director of Dockyards to plan for rebuilding Implacable between June 1953 and December 1956 even after the latter protested that even a limited modernisation would require about three @-@ quarters of the structural work of the original plan and that the shortage of skilled workers ( already insufficient for Victorious by herself ) would delay work on both ships . In order to reduce the amount of structural work , the requirement to replace the boilers was cancelled and the ship would receive existing radars instead of systems then still under development . In January 1952 , the ship 's new armament was finalized at six twin @-@ gun 3 " / 70 mounts and three sextuple Bofors mounts . Five months later the Admiralty decided that Victorious would be the last fleet carrier modernised as experience showed that the process would take longer and cost more than was practicable .
= = Ships = =
= = Construction and service = =
Two ships were originally planned , but only one carrier was included in the 1938 Naval Programme as the other was delayed a year by the government . While under construction , the ships had their forward lift enlarged to take non @-@ folding aircraft like the Hawker Sea Hurricane and the early models of the Supermarine Seafire , the flight deck was widened abreast the forward lift , splinter protection was added as were seven diesel generators , each in their own watertight compartment . All these changes increased the ships ' displacement by 540 long tons ( 550 t ) at deep load .
Implacable 's construction was suspended in 1940 in favour of escorts needed in the Battle of the Atlantic so that the two carriers were launched within days of each other . She embarked portions of her air wing for training in late August and was assigned to the Home Fleet on 7 October at Scapa Flow after working up . She joined ships searching for Tirpitz a week later and some of her Fairey Fireflies spotted the battleship off Håkøya Island near Tromsø . Subsequently her Fireflies successfully attacked targets in Norway . In late October , the carrier 's Seafires arrived and she participated in Operation Athletic off the Norwegian coast , sinking four warships and two merchant ships and damaging a German submarine . In November and December , Implacable provided air cover for minelaying operations and attacked German shipping off the Norwegian coast . On 15 December she began a refit at Rosyth preparatory to her transfer to the BPF , which included augmenting her light AA armament .
When the refit was completed on 10 March 1945 , the ship embarked an enlarged air wing with 81 aircraft ( 48 Seafires , 12 Fireflies , and 21 Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers ) , the largest number of aircraft aboard a British carrier up to that time . Implacable arrived at Sydney , Australia in May and joined the other carriers of the 1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron ( 1st ACS ) at Manus Island after their return from the invasion of Okinawa in June . On 14 – 15 June , the carrier attacked the Japanese naval base at Truk . After working up with the other carriers , the ship sailed with the 1st ACS on 6 July to rendezvous with the American carriers of Task Force 38 off the Japanese home island of Honshu ten days later . The British carriers began flying sorties against Japanese targets on Honshu on 17 July and Implacable 's aircraft , before departing the area on 11 August to replenish , flew over 1 @,@ 000 sorties . She arrived at Sydney on 24 August and spent most of the rest of the year ferrying Allied prisoners of war and soldiers back to Australia and Canada . In January 1946 , together with her sister Indefatigable and several other ships , she made a number of port visits in Australia and New Zealand . The ship was refitted in Sydney in preparation for her return home on 3 June where she became the deck @-@ landing training carrier for the Home Fleet .
Implacable temporarily became a trials carrier in October 1947 as her own air group was not yet ready and she was refitted from October to December 1948 in preparation of service as the Home Fleet flagship . She embarked a squadron each of de Havilland Sea Hornets and Blackburn Firebrands in April 1949 and became the flagship of Admiral Sir Philip Vian on 29 April . A squadron of de Havilland Sea Vampires flew from her deck later that year and her air group was augmented by a squadron of Fairey Barracudas in 1950 . Implacable was placed in reserve in September 1950 and slowly converted into a training ship by the addition of extra accommodation and classrooms , including the addition of a deckhouse on her flight deck . She was recommissioned on January 1952 as the flagship of the Home Fleet Training Squadron . Together with Indefatigable , she was present during the Coronation Fleet Review of Queen Elizabeth II on 15 June 1953 . Four months later , Implacable ferried a battalion of troops from Plymouth to Trinidad in response to a crisis in British Guiana . She was decommissioned on 1 September 1954 and sold for breaking up on 27 October 1955 .
While Indefatigable was still conducting builder 's trials , a de Havilland Mosquito landed aboard on 25 March 1944 , piloted by Lieutenant Eric Brown . This was the first landing by a twin @-@ engined aeroplane on a carrier . After working up the ship was assigned to the Home Fleet in early July 1944 with an air group of Seafires , Fireflies and Barracudas . On 17 July , she participated in Operation Mascot , an attack on Tirpitz that was foiled by German smoke screens . The following month , Indefatigable 's aircraft provided air cover to minelaying operations and attacked targets in Norway . She was also assigned to a series of attacks on Tirpitz , Operation Goodwood , in late August which failed to significantly damage the battleship .
Indefatigable was assigned to the BPF in November and she arrived in Colombo , Ceylon on 10 December where
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
tour , often preceded by a prank call by Bono as his alter @-@ egos Mirror Ball Man or Mr. MacPhisto . The Edge played the song on his Gibson Explorer . It was staged with silver @-@ and @-@ mauve lights thrown against two glitter balls , causing light fragments to swirl around the audience , and with lasers flashing in quick rhythms . Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone characterised its essence as " desperately searching " and said that it helped transition the Zoo TV show towards an ambiguous , introspective conclusion . It became writer Beeaff 's favourite live song on the tour , with Bono 's intense , unrestrained singing producing a strong communal energy ; she singled out the March 1992 Hampton Coliseum show as one in which Bono 's fervent performance approached the point of emotional breakdown and generated " a transcendent and draining experience for everyone . " Although acknowledging the song is an " epic ... with some gorgeous aspects " , Edge has said the song is unwieldy to play live . During Zoo TV , almost all of the numbers from Achtung Baby ( and the rest of the set list ) were augmented by sequencers to fill out the sound ; on " Ultraviolet " , under @-@ the @-@ stage keyboard tech Des Broadberry playing a sampled guitar figure in the background during Edge 's solo parts . Its last performance as part of the tour was on 28 August 1993 in Dublin , after which the song was retired and did not appear on any of U2 's next three subsequent tours ( PopMart , Elevation , and Vertigo ) .
The song was revived a decade and a half later with the launch of the U2 360 ° Tour on 30 June 2009 in Barcelona , where it was once again performed as part of the encore . It was introduced by a robotic voice reading excerpts from the poem " Funeral Blues " by W. H. Auden , followed by Bono 's appearance wearing a laser @-@ studded jacket on a darkened stage illuminated only by a glowing steering wheel @-@ shaped microphone that hangs from above . During the performance , Bono would alternatively embrace or hang from the microphone , or twirl around it , or swing it overhead to emphasize the lyrics . The New York Times said its use as " a love song that can double as devotional " helped keep the show 's music and messages in balance , while the Chicago Tribune said that Bono sang the song with fervor as part of an encore during which " the show 's outsized ambitions produced a neon @-@ lighted moment that nearly justified the costly enterprise . " Rolling Stone called the song 's performance " one of the show 's highpoints . " " Ultraviolet " continued to be performed during the encore throughout the first two legs of the tour , with minor changes such as the use of a different introduction .
The band also played the song during its television appearance on Saturday Night Live on 26 September 2009 . In an appearance that avoided both their recent singles and best @-@ known hits , " Ultraviolet " was played as the group 's third number , in full 360 ° Tour staging style as the show 's end credits ran by .
= = Covers = =
The Killers reworked the song for the 2011 tribute album AHK @-@ toong BAY @-@ bi Covered . " Achtung Baby was U2 's ' Holy shit ! ' moment , " remarked drummer Ronnie Vannucci , Jr . " I was in high school when it came out and we 'd drive around in my friend 's mom 's car and rock that shit all the time . When we were asked to record a cover , ' Ultraviolet ' was a unanimous choice . It 's reassuring to know that we 're still on the same page after all these years . We brought it back to its bare bones , dumbed it down a little , took it back to the rock song underneath . "
The beginning of the song was also sampled by Enigma in their 1994 song " The Eyes of Truth " .
= December 1992 nor 'easter =
The December 1992 nor 'easter produced record high tides and snowfall across the northeastern United States . It developed as a low pressure area on December 10 over Virginia , and for two days it remained over the Mid @-@ Atlantic states before moving offshore . In Maryland , the snowfall unofficially reached 48 in ( 1 @,@ 200 mm ) ; if verified , the total would have been the highest in the state 's history . About 120 @,@ 000 people were left without power in the state due to high winds . Along the Maryland coast , the storm was less severe than the Perfect Storm in the previous year , although the strongest portion of the storm remained over New Jersey for several days . In the state , winds reached 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) in Cape May , and tides peaked at 10 @.@ 4 ft ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) in Perth Amboy . The combination of high tides and 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) waves caused the most significant flooding in the state since the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 . Several highways and portions of the New York City Subway and Port Authority Trans @-@ Hudson systems were closed due to the storm . Throughout New Jersey , the nor 'easter damaged about 3 @,@ 200 homes and caused an estimated $ 750 million in damage ( 1992 USD ) .
The nor 'easter increased tides across the northeastern United States for several days due to its slow movement . In New York City , tides reached 8 @.@ 04 ft ( 2 @.@ 45 m ) at Battery Park , which flooded Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive . Along Long Island , the nor 'easter destroyed over 130 homes and left 454 @,@ 000 people without power . In New England , 230 @,@ 684 people lost power during the storm . Five houses were destroyed in Massachusetts , and flooding reached 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) deep in Boston . Further inland , the storm produced significant snowfall , estimated at around 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) in The Berkshires . The high snow totals closed schools for a week in western Massachusetts . Overall , the storm caused between $ 1 – 2 billion in damage ( 1992 USD ) and 19 deaths , of which four were directly related to the storm . In March of the following year , the Storm of the Century caused worse damage across a larger region of the eastern United States .
= = Meteorological history = =
A storm complex moved eastward from the Texas coast into Georgia on December 9 . On December 9 , the National Weather Service ( NWS ) issued a coastal flood watch in anticipation of the developing storm . On December 10 , an upper @-@ level trough was located along the East Coast of the United States . At around 1200 UTC that day , cyclogenesis – the development of an low pressure area – occurred over southeastern Virginia . The cyclone moved quickly northward through the Chesapeake Bay until reaching a position just west of Chestertown , Maryland on December 11 . By that time , the system had intensified to a pressure of 985 mbar ( 29 @.@ 1 inHg ) , while the parent trough extended from Maryland through the New York metropolitan area to around Cape Cod . On December 11 , the NWS issued gale warnings and advised for boats to avoid the ocean . The storm turned to the southeast and briefly stalled near Georgetown , Delaware . This was due to a high pressure area north of Maine halting its motion . The interaction between the two systems produced strong easterly winds from Virginia to New England . The nor 'easter finally moved offshore on December 12 , and later that day passed to the southeast of Long Island .
= = Impact = =
The storm affected a large region of the northeastern United States from West Virginia to Massachusetts with heavy snowfall , sleet , rain , and high winds . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention attributed four deaths to the nor 'easter , but only included those directly related ; the agency did not include storm @-@ induced traffic accidents or heart attacks . The National Climatic Data Center reported 19 deaths related to the nor 'easter , although news reports shortly after the storm reported 20 deaths . Overall damage was estimated between $ 1 – 2 billion ( 1992 USD ) , mostly in New England .
The storm 's widespread snowfall ranked it as the equivalence of a Category 2 , or " significant " , on the Regional Snowfall Index scale .
= = = Mid @-@ Atlantic = = =
In the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia , the nor 'easter dropped over 30 in ( 760 mm ) of snow . Officials restricted travel on roads to emergency vehicles only in the state 's two easternmost counties . In the state , the storm left 15 @,@ 000 people without power . In northern Virginia , 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) of snow stranded 2 @,@ 500 people in Winchester . In western Maryland , snowfall totals unofficially reached 42 in ( 1 @,@ 100 mm ) in Garrett County . If verified , the total would have been the highest snowfall amount in the state 's history . High winds produced up to 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) snow drifts , which stranded trucks on Interstate 68 . High winds knocked down trees and power lines , leaving 120 @,@ 000 people across the state without power , including some without any heat . At least 10 people required rescue from their homes . In the Washington Metropolitan Area , the mixture of rain and snow caused hundreds of traffic accidents .
The nor 'easter struck about 14 months after the 1991 Perfect Storm produced similarly high tides across the region , and only 11 months after another nor 'easter in January 1992 . In Wilmington , North Carolina , the storm dropped 1 @.@ 79 in ( 45 mm ) of rainfall , which broke the daily rainfall record set in 1888 . High tides damaged much of the dune system along the Assateague Island National Seashore and about a third of the newly installed dunes in Ocean City , Maryland . Along the Maryland coast , the storm dropped heavy rainfall , with a total of 2 @.@ 90 in ( 74 mm ) in Salisbury ; the high rains flooded local streams . At Assateague National Seashore , wind gusts peaked at 54 mph ( 87 km / h ) . The storm struck shortly after a full moon , and the combination of high tides and waves breached dunes in some locations . Despite its longevity , the nor 'easter was less severe than its predecessors along the Delaware Bay , mostly because the stronger northeast quadrant was over the coastline for one tidal cycle , and the predominant southeast winds were blocked by Cape Henlopen . However , there were still high tides and flooding along the Delaware Bay . In Lewes , the nor 'easter produced a high tide of 6 @.@ 33 ft ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) , which at the time was the seventh highest on record . High tides continued in Delaware until December 15 . Several days of high tides caused minor beach erosion and damaged dune systems . In Dewey Beach , there was property damage from coastal flooding . The storm produced significantly more rainfall than the storm in January 1992 , including a total of 3 @.@ 12 in ( 79 mm ) in Wilmington , Delaware . A station in New Castle County reported a record 24 ‑ hour rainfall total of 3 @.@ 25 in ( 83 mm ) . The rains caused flooding and the third highest discharge on record at Duck Creek in Smyrna . Wind in Delaware peaked at 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) at a station along the Indian River . Further north along the Delaware River , a high tide of 7 @.@ 69 ft ( 2 @.@ 34 m ) was reported in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . High winds in the city broke the steeple of a church , and the resulting debris briefly closed the Ben Franklin Bridge . Hurricane @-@ force wind gusts left about 160 @,@ 000 residents without power . Heavy snowfall spread across the state , reaching 37 in ( 940 mm ) . State College reported a total of 18 @.@ 1 in ( 460 mm ) , which contributed to its snowiest December on record .
In contrast to Delaware and Maryland , the strong northeast portion of the nor 'easter affected New Jersey for several days , producing strong winds and record high tides . Wind gusts reached 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) in Cape May , which were the strongest winds in association with the storm . Sustained winds were around 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) in the region . High winds in Atlantic City destroyed the windows of storefronts . Along the Jersey coast , the nor 'easter produced waves of up to 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) in height . About 25 mi ( 40 km ) offshore Long Branch , waves reached heights of 44 ft ( 13 m ) . In South Jersey , the storm surge struck the coast near low tide , which restricted flooding . The highest tide in South Jersey was 7 @.@ 89 ft ( 2 @.@ 40 m ) in Ocean City , which broke the previous record of 7 @.@ 53 ft ( 2 @.@ 30 m ) set in 1984 . Further north , the surge coincided with several days of high tides and a lunar tide , causing significant flooding and beach erosion . The highest tide was 10 @.@ 4 ft ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) in Perth Amboy along the Raritan River , which broke the record set in 1960 . In many locations , the storm produced the highest tides since the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 . The storm also dropped rainfall across the state , peaking at 3 @.@ 80 in ( 97 mm ) in Morristown , along with gusts peaking at 58 mph ( 93 kph ) at Morristown Municipal Airport . The rainfall caused higher discharge rates along rivers . The storm also produced high snowfall totals , including 14 in ( 360 mm ) in Sussex County . Throughout the coastline , the cost to replace the lost beach from erosion was estimated at $ 300 million ( 1992 USD ) .
Most of the impact in New Jersey was from the high tides , which caused the worst flooding in 30 years in some locations . In Hoboken , high tides flooded portions of the New York City Subway and Port Authority Trans @-@ Hudson systems , leaving them closed for a few days . High tides destroyed portions of the boardwalks in Bradley Beach and Belmar , and also destroyed a century @-@ old fishing pier in Ocean Grove . Flooding closed portions of roads across North Jersey , including the Garden State Parkway near Cheesequake State Park and six state highways . At Newark International Airport , dozens of flights were canceled . The storm left 102 @,@ 000 customers of Jersey Central Power & Light without power . Damage to short circuits caused house fires in Monmouth County . Damage was heaviest near Raritan , Newark , and Sandy Hook along Raritan Bay . High winds in Jersey City destroyed the roof of an apartment ; the debris struck and killed a woman walking along a nearby sidewalk . Throughout the state , the nor 'easter damaged about 3 @,@ 200 homes , primarily in Monmouth and Ocean counties , and caused an estimated $ 750 million in damage ( 1992 USD ) . Then @-@ governor Jim Florio declared a state of emergency and activated the New Jersey National Guard . About 19 @,@ 000 people were evacuated in six towns in Monmouth County . Statewide , about 2 @,@ 000 people in 20 towns had to be evacuated by helicopter or National Guard truck . The American Red Cross opened at least 30 shelters across the state , housing over 5 @,@ 000 people affected by floods or lack of heat . Damage in the state was less than the nor 'easter of 1962 due to 30 years of disaster mitigation , including beach replenishment , dune construction , and improved building codes .
= = = New York and New England = = =
Before the storm 's circulation passed the New York area , its associated trough produced sustained easterly winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) along Long Island . Wind gusts reached 77 mph ( 124 km / h ) at LaGuardia Airport . The strong easterly winds produced high tides in the region that increased gradually after three consecutive tidal cycles ; this was due to the nor 'easter 's slow movement . There was a storm surge of about 3 ft ( 1 m ) at Battery Park at the southern end of Manhattan . The same station reported a high tide of 8 @.@ 04 ft ( 2 @.@ 45 m ) above sea level , which was high enough to surpass the sea walls for a few hours . The ensuing flooding submerged portions of Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive to about 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) deep . At least 50 cars were stuck , and some drivers required rescue . Low @-@ lying neighborhoods of New York City were also flooded . High waves canceled ferry service to Staten Island . A power outage closed the New York City subway system for about five hours . The highest tide in Long Island was 11 @.@ 27 ft ( 3 @.@ 44 m ) at Willets Point , Queens . The tides and flooding decreased after the winds shifted to the north , ending on December 14 . High tides canceled ferry service to Fire Island , and the only bridge onto the island was closed to all but emergency personnel and homeowners . High waves washed away dunes and severely eroded beaches along the island , destroying over 100 summer homes . On nearby Westhampton Beach , 30 homes were destroyed , and about 100 houses were isolated due to two new inlets created during the storm . Flooding closed all three bridges connecting Long Beach Island to the mainland . Flooding up to 8 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) forced about 3 @,@ 000 people to evacuate from one village on northern Long Island . About 700 homes were damaged in Bayville along the north coast . High winds downed trees and power lines , leaving more than 454 @,@ 000 Long Island Lighting Company customers without power . In Mamaroneck to the northeast of New York City , a man drowned after being swept away by floodwaters . In the Albany area , where the storm was known as the Downslope Nor 'easter , there was little snow accumulation during the storm 's closest approach due to above freezing temperatures . After the storm moved by the region and the winds shifted to the north , about 6 in ( 150 mm ) fell in the city . To the west of Albany in the Helderberg Escarpment and the Catskill Mountains , snowfall totals reached 39 in ( 990 mm ) . Heavy snowfall spread across the state , including a total of 14 in ( 360 mm ) in Niagara Falls .
In New England , local TV stations named the storm Beth . Across the region , the Northeast Utilities power company reported that 230 @,@ 684 customers lost electricity during the storm , although all outages were restored within three days . In Connecticut , the nor 'easter produced a storm surge of about 3 ft ( 1 m ) , and a high tide of 7 @.@ 2 ft ( 2 @.@ 2 m ) was reported in Bridgeport . This was the highest tide since Hurricane Carol in 1954 . The rising tides killed one man in the state , and there was also one fatality in neighboring Rhode Island . Along Cape Cod , 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) waves eroded beaches , and evacuations were recommended in two cities . The storm destroyed four houses on Nantucket and one in Plymouth . During the storm , more than 20 pilot whales were beached along the cape , of which seven died . Boston reported a peak tide of 9 @.@ 35 ft ( 2 @.@ 85 m ) , which was 1 @.@ 05 ft ( 0 @.@ 32 m ) less than the record set in 1978 . The high tides caused up to 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) of flooding . The nor 'easter produced 27 in ( 690 mm ) of snowfall in a 24 period to the west of the city . Further west , snowfall totals reached around 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) in The Berkshires , which created 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) snow drifts . The high accumulations closed schools for a week in the Berkshires , and the cities required National Guard assistance to remove the snow . To the west of the Berkshires , strong east winds prevented significant snow accumulation in valleys . High tides extended as far north as Portland , Maine , which reported a peak of 7 @.@ 71 ft ( 2 @.@ 35 m ) .
= = Aftermath = =
On December 17 , President George H. W. Bush declared three Connecticut counties as disaster areas . The next day , the president declared 12 New Jersey counties as disaster areas , including all of the counties along the Atlantic coast . The declaration allowed for $ 46 million in relief for public damages and $ 265 million for insured damage in the state . On December 21 , the president declared 9 Massachusetts counties and 5 New York counties as disaster areas . On January 15 , 1993 , Sussex County , Delaware was also declared a disaster area . Across the nor 'easter 's path , 25 @,@ 142 people received assistance from Federal Emergency Management Agency , equating to $ 346 @,@ 150 @,@ 356 in federal aid . Only three months after the nor 'easter struck , another nor 'easter caused more severe damage across a larger region of the eastern United States . The March nor 'easter , known as the Storm of the Century , killed 310 people and left over $ 1 @.@ 5 billion in damage ( 1993 USD ) .
= Madonna in the Church =
Madonna in the Church ( or The Virgin in the Church ) is a small oil panel by the early Netherlandish painter Jan van Eyck . Probably executed between c . 1438 – 40 , it depicts the Virgin Mary holding the Child Jesus in a Gothic cathedral . Mary is presented as Queen of Heaven wearing a jewel @-@ studded crown , cradling a playful child Christ who gazes at her and grips the hem of her red dress in a manner that recalls the 13th @-@ century Byzantine tradition of the Eleusa icon ( Virgin of Tenderness ) . Tracery in the arch at the rear of the nave contains wooden carvings depicting episodes from Mary 's life , while a faux bois sculpture in a niche shows her holding the child in a similar pose . Erwin Panofsky sees the painting composed as if the main figures in the panel are intended to be the sculptures come to life . In a doorway to the right , two angels sing psalms from a hymn book . Like other Byzantine depictions of the Madonna , van Eyck depicts a monumental Mary , unrealistically large compared to her surroundings . The panel contains closely observed beams of light flooding through the cathedral 's windows . It illuminates the interior before culminating in two pools on the floor . The light has symbolic significance , alluding simultaneously to Mary 's virginal purity and God 's ethereal presence .
Most art historians see the panel as the left wing of a dismantled diptych ; presumably its opposite wing was a votive portrait . Near @-@ contemporary copies by the Master of 1499 and Jan Gossaert pair it with two very different right @-@ hand images : one is of a donor kneeling in an interior setting ; the other is set outdoors , with the donor being presented by St Anthony . Both painters made significant alterations to van Eyck 's composition , which may have brought the image more up to date with contemporary styles , but the copies have been described as " spiritually if not aesthetically disastrous to the original concept " .
Madonna in the Church was first documented in 1851 . Since then its dating and attribution have been widely debated amongst scholars . At first thought an early work by Jan van Eyck , and for a period attributed to his brother Hubert van Eyck , it is now definitively attributed to Jan and believed to be a later work , demonstrating techniques present in work from the mid @-@ 1430s and later . The panel was acquired for the Berlin Gemäldegalerie in 1874 . It was stolen in 1877 and soon returned , but without its original inscribed frame , which was never recovered . Today Madonna in the Church is widely considered one of van Eyck 's finest ; Millard Meiss wrote that its " splendor and subtlety of [ its depiction ] of light is unsurpassed in Western art . "
= = Attribution and dating = =
The attribution of the panel reflects the progression and trends of 19th and 20th @-@ century scholarship on Early Netherlandish art . It is now thought to have been completed c . 1438 – 40 , but there are still arguments for dates as early as 1424 – 29 . As with the pages ascribed to Hand G in the Turin @-@ Milan Hours manuscript , the panel was attributed to Jan 's brother Hubert van Eyck in the 1875 Gemäldegalerie catalogue , and by a 1911 claim by art historian Georges Hulin de Loo . This is no longer considered credible and Hubert , today , is credited with very few works . By 1912 the painting had been definitively attributed to Jan in the museum catalogue .
Attempts to date it have undergone similar shifts of opinion . In the 19th century the panel was believed to be an early work by Jan completed as early as c . 1410 , although this view changed as scholarship progressed . In the early 20th century , Ludwig von Baldass placed it around 1424 – 29 , then for a long period it was seen as originating from the early 1430s . Erwin Panofsky provided the first detailed treatise on the work and placed it around 1432 – 34 . However , following research from Meyer Schapiro , he revised his opinion to the late 1430s in the 1953 edition of his Early Netherlandish Painting . A 1970s comparative study of van Eyck 's 1437 Saint Barbara concluded that Madonna in the Church was completed after c . 1437 . In the 1990s , Otto Pächt judged the work as probably a late van Eyck , given the similar treatment of an interior in the 1434 Arnolfini Portrait . In the early 21st century , Jeffrey Chipps Smith and John Oliver Hand placed it between 1426 and 1428 , claiming it as perhaps the earliest extant signed work confirmed as by Jan.
= = The panel = =
= = = Description = = =
At 31 cm × 14 cm , the painting 's dimensions are small enough to be almost considered miniature , consistent with most 15th @-@ century devotional diptychs . A reduced size increased portability and affordability , and encouraged the viewer to approach the piece to more closely see its intricate details . The work shows Mary wearing a dark blue robe – the colour traditionally used to emphasise her humanity – over a red dress of different textured fabrics . Her hem is embroidered in gold with gilded lettering that reads " SOL " and " LU " , or perhaps SIOR SOLE HEC ES , in all probability , fragments of the Latin words for " sun " ( sole ) and " light " ( lux ) . On her head is an elaborately tiered and jeweled crown and in her arms she carries the infant Jesus , his feet resting on her left hand . Swaddled in a white cloth from hips trailing down beyond his feet , his hand rests on her neckline clutching the jeweled hem of his mother 's dress .
Further depictions of Mary are found in the church background . They include a statue of the Virgin and Child positioned between two lit candles in the choir screen behind the main figures , and to the right two angels stand in the choir singing her praises ( perhaps singing the hymn inscribed on the frame ) . Above her is an annunciation relief , and in the recessed bay a relief depicting her coronation ; the crucifixion is shown on the rood . Thus , the stages of Mary 's life as mother of Jesus are depicted in the painting . A two @-@ column prayer tablet – similar to the one depicted in Rogier van der Weyden 's large Seven Sacraments Altarpiece ( 1445 – 50 ) – hangs on a pier to the left . It contains words alluding to and echoing the lines on the original frame . The windows of the clerestory overlook flying buttresses , and cobwebs are visible between the arches of the vault . Several different building phases can be seen in the arched gallery , while the choral balcony and transept are depicted in a more contemporary style than the nave .
Closely detailed beams of light spill through the high windows and illuminate the interior , filling the portal and flowing across the tiled floors before it hits the clerestory windows . The brilliance of the daylight is juxtaposed with the gentle glow of the candles in the choir screen altar , while the lower portion of the pictorial space is relatively poorly lit . Shadows cast by the cathedral can be seen across the choir steps and near aisle . Their angle is rendered in an unusually realistic manner for early 15th century , and the detail is such that their description is likely based on observation of the actual behaviour of light , a further innovation in 15th @-@ century art . Yet while the light is portrayed as it might appear in nature , its source is not . Panofsky notes that the sunlight enters from the north windows , but contemporary churches normally had east @-@ facing choirs , so the light should enter from the south . He suggests the light is not intended to be natural , but rather to represent the divine , and hence subject to " the laws of symbolism and not those of nature . "
= = = Frame and inscriptions = = =
According to Elisabeth Dhanens , the shape and rounded top of the original frame is reminiscent of those found on the top register of panels of the Ghent altarpiece , which are accepted as designed by Jan 's brother Hubert . She believes the current frame is too narrow and small , and contains " clumsy marbling " . From a detailed 1851 inventory , we know the text of the hymn inscribed on original frame . The text is written in a poetic form and begun on the lower border and then extended upwards on the vertical borders , ending on the top border . The lower border of the frame read FLOS FLORIOLORUM APPELLARIS ; the sides and top MATER HEC EST FILIA PATER EST NATUS QUIS AUDIVIT TALIA DEUS HOMO NATUS ETCET ( " The mother is the daughter . This father is born . Who has heard of such a thing ? God born a man " ) . The fifth stanza of the hymn ( not included in van Eyck 's transcription ) reads , " As the sunbeam through the glass . Passeth but not staineth . Thus , the Virgin , as she was . Virgin still remaineth . " The lettering on the hem of her robe echoes the inscription on the frame , words similar to those found on Mary 's dress in van Eyck 's 1436 Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele , a passage from the Book of Wisdom ( 7 : 29 ) reading EST ENIM HAEC SPECIOSIOR SOLE ET SUPER OMNEM STELLARUM DISPOSITIONEM . LUCI CONPARATA INVENITUR PRIOR ( " For she is more beautiful than the sun , and excels every constellation of the stars . Compared with the light she is found to be superior " ) .
Some historians have suggested that the inscriptions were intended to breathe life into the other statues and depictions of Mary . Others , including Craig Harbison , believe they were purely functional ; given that contemporary diptychs were commissioned for private devotion and reflection , the inscriptions were meant to be read as an incantation or were personalised indulgence prayers . Harbison notes that van Eyck 's privately commissioned works are unusually heavily inscribed with prayer , and that the words may have served a similar function to prayer tablets , or more exactly " Prayer Wings " , of the type seen in the reconstructed London Virgin and Child triptych .
= = = Architecture = = =
Van Eyck 's earlier work often shows churches and cathedrals in older Romanesque style , sometimes to represent the Temple in Jerusalem as an appropriate historical setting , with decoration drawn exclusively from the Old Testament . That is clearly not the case here – the Christ Child occupies the same space as a large rood cross depicting him being crucified . The church in this panel is contemporary Gothic – a choice perhaps intended to associate Mary with the Ecclesia Triumphans – while her pose and oversized scale are indebted to the forms and conventions of Byzantine art and the International Gothic . Van Eyck details the architecture with a precision not seen before in northern European painting .
The different elements of the cathedral are so specifically detailed and the elements of Gothic and contemporary architecture so well delineated , that art and architecture historians have concluded that van Eyck must have had enough architectural knowledge to make nuanced distinctions . More so , given the finesse of the descriptions , many scholars have tried to link the painting with a particular building . Yet , and as with all buildings in van Eyck 's work , the structure is imagined and probably an idealised formation of what he viewed as a perfect architectural space . This is evident from a number of features that would be unlikely in a contemporary church , such as the placing of a round arched triforium above a pointed colonnade .
Several art historians have reasoned why van Eyck did not model the interior on any actual building . Most agree that he sought to create an ideal and perfect space for Mary 's apparition , and aimed for visual impact rather than physical possibility . Buildings suggested as possible ( at least partial ) sources include Saint Nicholas ' Church , Ghent , the Basilica of St Denis , Dijon Cathedral , Liège Cathedral and Cologne Cathedral , as well as the basilica of Our Lady in Tongeren , which contains a very similar triforium gallery and clerestory . Tongeren is one of a minority of churches in the region aligned on a north @-@ east to south @-@ west axis , so that the lighting conditions in the painting can be seen on summer mornings . In addition , the church contains a standing statue of the Virgin and Child ( the Virgin with a tall crown ) , once credited with miraculous powers , though the current statue post @-@ dates van Eyck .
Pächt described the work in terms of an " interior illusion " , noting the manner in which the viewer 's eye falls across the nave , the crossing , but " only then , [ is he ] looking through and over the rood screen , the choir . " From this Pächt views the perspective as deliberately lacking cohesion , as " the relationship between the parts of the building is not shown in full ... The transition from foreground to background is ingeniously masked by the figure of the Madonna herself , who obscures the crossing pier ; the middle ground is practically eliminated and our eye crosses over it without our becoming aware of it . " The illusion is enhanced by the use of colour to suggest light : the interior is dim and in shadow while the unseen exterior seems bathed in bright light .
= = = Windows and stained glass = = =
Unusual for a 13th @-@ century Gothic cathedral , most of the windows are of clear glass . Looking at the windows running along the nave , John L. Ward observed that the window directly above the suspended crucifix is the only one whose uppermost portion is visible . That window directly faces the viewer , revealing intricately designed stained glass panels that show intertwined red and blue flowers . Because the window is so far back in the pictorial space , where perspective is becoming faint , the proximity of the flowers to the crucifix lends them the appearance of coming " forward in space , as if [ they ] had suddenly grown from the top of the crucifix in front of it . "
Ward does not believe this a trick of the eye resulting from loss of perspective towards the high reaches of the panel . Instead he sees it as a subtle reference to the iconography and mythology of the Book of Genesis ' Tree of life , which he describes here as " reborn in Christ 's death " . He does acknowledge the subtlety of the illusion , and the fact that neither of the two well known near copies include the motif . The idea of flowers shown as if sprouting from the top of the cross may have been borrowed from Masaccio 's c . 1426 Crucifixion , where flowers are placed on the upper portion of the vertical beam of the cross . Ward concludes than van Eyck took the idea even further by showing the flowers emanating from another source , and sought to depict the actual moment where the tree of life is reborn and " the cross comes to life and sprouts flowers as one watches " .
= = Interpretation and iconography = =
= = = Light = = =
In the early 15th century , Mary held a central position in Christian iconography and was often portrayed as the one in whom the " Word was made flesh " , a direct result of the work of the divine light . During the medieval period , light acted as a visual symbol for both the immaculate conception and Christ 's birth ; it was believed that he was made manifest by God 's light passing through Mary 's body , just as light shines through a window pane .
The divine represented by light is a motif in keeping with the sentiment of both the Latin text on the hem of Mary 's dress ( which compares her beauty and radiance to that of divine light ) and on the frame . A separate source of light , which also behaves as if from a divine rather than natural source , illuminates her face . The two pools of light behind her have been described as lending the painting a mystical atmosphere , indicating the presence of God . In the niche behind her , the statues are lit by two candles - symbols of the incarnation , whereas she is bathed in natural light . The artificial light adds to the overall illusion of the interior of the church , which Pächt views as achieved mainly through colour .
Light became a popular means for 15th @-@ century Northern painters to represent the mystery of the Incarnation , utilising the idea of light passing through glass without shattering it to convey the paradox of conception and " virgo intacta " . This is reflected in a passage attributed to Bernard of Clairvaux from his " Sermones de Diversis " ; " Just as the brilliance of the sun fills and penetrates a glass window without damaging it , and pierces its solid form with imperceptible subtlety , neither hurting it when entering nor destroying it when emerging : thus the word of God , the splendor of the Father , entered the virgin chamber and then came forth from the closed womb . "
Before the early Netherlandish period , divine light was not well described : if a painter wanted to depict heavenly radiance , he typically painted an object in reflective gold . There was a focus on describing the object itself rather than the effect of the light as it fell across it . Van Eyck was one of the first to portray light 's saturation , illuminating effects and gradations as it poured across the pictorial space . He detailed how an object 's colour could vary depending on the amount and type of light illuminating it . This play of light is evident across the panel , and especially seen on Mary 's gilded dress and jewelled crown , across her hair and on her mantle .
= = = Eleusa icon = = =
The panel is , with the Antwerp Madonna at the Fountain , broadly accepted as one of van Eyck 's two late " Madonna and Child " paintings before his death in about 1441 . Both show a standing Virgin dressed in blue . In both works , Mary 's positioning and colourisation contrasts with his earlier surviving treatments of the subject , in which she was typically seated and dressed in red . Models for standing Virgins existed in the icons of Byzantine art , and both paintings also represent modified versions of the eleusa type , sometimes called the Virgin of Tenderness in English , where the Virgin and Child touch cheeks , and the child caresses Mary 's face .
During the 14th and 15th centuries , a large number of these works were imported into northern Europe , and were widely copied by the first generation of Netherlandish artists , among others . The iconography of both the late Byzantine – typified by the unknown artist responsible for the Cambrai Madonna – and 14th @-@ century successors such as Giotto favoured presenting the Madonna on a monumental scale . Undoubtedly van Eyck absorbed these influences , though when and through which works is disputed . It is believed that he had first @-@ hand exposure to them during his visit to Italy , which occurred either in 1426 or 1428 , before the Cambrai icon was brought to the North . Van Eyck 's two Madonna panels carried forward the habit of reproduction and were themselves frequently copied by commercial workshops throughout the 15th century .
It is possible that the Byzantine flavour to these images was also connected with contemporary attempts through diplomacy to achieve reconciliation with the Greek Orthodox Church , in which van Eyck 's patron Philip the Good took a keen interest . Van Eyck 's Portrait of Cardinal Niccolò Albergati ( c . 1431 ) depicts one of the papal diplomats most involved with these efforts .
= = = Mary as the Church = = =
Van Eyck gives Mary three roles : Mother of Christ , the personification of the " Ecclesia Triumphans " and Queen of Heaven , the latter apparent from her jewel @-@ studded crown . The painting 's near miniature size contrasts with Mary 's unrealistically large stature compared with her setting . She physically dominates the cathedral ; her head is almost level with the approximately sixty feet high gallery . This distortion of scale is found in a number of other van Eyck 's Madonna paintings , where the arches of the mostly gothic interior do not allow headroom for the virgin . Pächt describes the interior as a " throne room " , which envelopes her as if a " carrying case " . Her monumental stature reflects a tradition reaching back to an Italo @-@ Byzantine type – perhaps best known through Giotto 's Ognissanti Madonna ( c . 1310 ) – and emphasises her identification with the cathedral itself . Till @-@ Holger Borchert says that van Eyck did not paint her as " the Madonna in a church " , but instead as metaphor , presenting Mary " as the Church " . This idea that her size represents her embodiment as the church was first suggested by Erwin Panofsky in 1941 . Art historians in the 19th century , who thought the work was executed early in van Eyck 's career , attributed her scale as the mistake of a relatively immature painter .
The composition is today seen as deliberate , and opposite to both his Madonna of Chancellor Rolin and Arnolfini Portrait . These works show interiors seemingly too small to contain the figures , a device van Eyck used to create and emphasise an intimate space shared by donor and saint . The Virgin 's height recalls his Annunciation of 1434 – 36 , although in that composition there are no architectural fittings to give a clear scale to the building . Perhaps reflecting the view of a " relatively immature painter " , a copy of the Annunciation by Joos van Cleve shows Mary at a more realistic proportion scale to her surroundings .
Mary is presented as a Marian apparition ; in this case she probably appears before a donor , who would have been kneeling in prayer in the now lost opposite panel . The idea of a saint appearing before laity was common in Northern art of the period , and is also represented in van Eyck 's Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele ( 1434 – 36 ) . There , the Canon is portrayed as if having just momentarily paused to reflect on a passage from his hand @-@ held bible as the Virgin and Child with two saints appear before him , as if embodiments of his prayer .
= = = Pilgrimage = = =
As a prayer tablet placed on a pier was a distinctive trait of pilgrimage churches , Harbison sees the panel as partly concerned with the phenomenon of pilgrimage . This type of tablet contained specific prayers whose recitation in front of a particular image or in the church was believed to attract an indulgence , or remission of time in Purgatory . The statue of the Virgin and Child in the niche behind Mary 's left shoulder might represent such an image , whereas the inscription of a Nativity hymn around the lost frame , ending in ETCET , i.e. " etcetera " , would have told the viewer to recite the whole hymn , perhaps for an indulgence . The purpose of the picture , therefore , may have been to represent and bring the act of pilgrimage to a domestic setting . This would have been attractive to Philip the Good who , though he made many pilgrimages in person , is recorded as paying van Eyck to perform one on his behalf in 1426 , apparently an acceptable practice in Late Medieval celestial accounting .
The Virgin and Child at the forefront might represent the background statues coming to life ; at the time such an apparition was considered the highest form of pilgrimage experience . Their poses are similar and her tall crown is typical of those seen on statues rather than either royalty or painted figures of the Virgin . Harbison further suggests that the two pools of light on the floor echo the two candles on either side of one of the statues , and notes that the copies described below retain the prayer tablet , one bringing it nearer to the foreground .
= = Lost diptych and copies = =
Most art historians believe that there are a number of indicators that the panel was the left @-@ hand wing of a dismantled diptych . The frame contains clasps , implying it was once hinged to a second panel . The work seems composed to be symmetrically balanced towards an accompanying right @-@ hand wing : Mary is positioned slightly to the right of centre , while her downward , almost coy glance is directed at a space beyond the edge of the panel , suggesting that she is looking at , or in the direction of , a kneeling donor in a right @-@ hand wing . The visible architectural features – with the exception of the niches , the crucifixion and the windows directly behind it , which are at a right angle to the nave and centre front , facing the viewer – are at the left of the panel , facing right .
Harbison believes the panel is " almost certainly only the left @-@ hand half of a devotional diptych " . Dhanens observes how Mary 's eyeline extends beyond the horizon of her panel , a common feature of Netherlandish diptychs and triptychs , where the saint 's gaze is directed towards an accompanying image of a donor . Other indicators include the unusually oblique architectural aspect of the church , which suggests that its depiction was intended to extend across to a sister wing – in a manner similar to the Master of Flemalle 's Annunciation , and especially in van der Weyden 's c . 1452 Braque Triptych , where continuity between the panels is especially emphasised .
Two near @-@ contemporary copies , usually attributed to the Ghent Master of 1499 and Jan Gossaert , were completed while the original was in the collection of Margaret of Austria , great @-@ granddaughter of Philip the Good . Both present variants of the Madonna panel as the left wing of a devotional diptych , with a donor portrait as the right wing . However , the two donor panels have very different settings . The 1499 version shows the Cistercian abbot Christiaan de Hondt praying in his luxurious quarters , while Gossaert presents the donor Antonio Siciliano , accompanied by Saint Anthony , in a panoramic landscape setting . It is not known if either work is based on an original left @-@ hand panel painted by van Eyck .
The 1499 Madonna panel is a free adaption , in that the artist has changed and repositioned a number of elements . However , art historians usually agree that they are to the detriment of the balance and impact of the composition . The panel attributed to Gossaert shows even more significant , though perhaps more successful , alterations , including shifting the centre of balance by adding a section to the right @-@ hand side , dressing the Virgin entirely in dark blue and changing her facial features . Both copies omit the two pools of bright light on the floor across from her , thus removing the mystical element of van Eyck 's original , perhaps because its significance was not grasped by the later artists . That Gossaert followed other aspects of the original so closely , however , is evidence of the high regard he held for van Eyck 's technical and aesthetic ability , and his version has been seen by some as a homage . The Master of 1499 's admiration for van Eyck can be seen in his left @-@ hand panel , which contains many features reminiscent of van Eyck 's Arnolfini Portrait , including the rendering of the ceiling beams and the colour and texture of the red fabrics .
Around 1520 – 30 , the Ghent illuminator and miniaturist Simon Bening produced a half @-@ length Virgin and Child that closely resembles van Eyck 's panel , to the extent that it can be considered a loose copy . However , it can be more closely related to the original Cambrai Madonna especially in its retention of the halo , which was considered old fashioned by the 15th century . Bening 's Madonna is distinct to the two earlier copies of van Eyck ; it was intended as a stand @-@ alone panel , not part of a diptych , and though compositionally similar , radically departs from the original , especially in its colourisation . It is thought that Bening 's work was informed by Gossaert 's panel rather than directly by van Eyck 's .
= = Provenance = =
The provenance of the work contains many gaps , and even the better @-@ documented periods are often complicated or " murky " , according to Dhanens . There is almost no record from the early 16th century through 1851 , and the theft in 1877 leaves doubt for some as to what exactly was returned . Historian Léon de Laborde documented an altarpiece in a village near Nantes in 1851 – a Madonna in a church nave holding the Christ Child in her right arm – which he described as " painted on wood , very well preserved , still in its original frame " . The description contains a detailing of the frame 's inscription . A document from 1855 records a Virgin in the Church thought to be by Hubert and Jan van Eyck , which may be the same painting . It belonged to a Monsieur Nau , who had bought it for 50 francs from the housekeeper of Francois Cacault , a French diplomat who had acquired a number of paintings from Italy .
A panel very similar in description was purchased by the Aachen art collector Barthold Suermondt sometime during the 1860s and catalogued in 1869 with a detailing of the frame 's inscription . This work was thought to have come from Nantes , suggesting it was the same as the panel mentioned in 1851 . The Suermondt collection was acquired by the Berlin museum in May 1874 , as part of an acquisition of 219 paintings . The painting was stolen in March 1877 , generating worldwide news coverage ; it was recovered ten days later , but without the original frame . The 1875 Berlin museum catalogue attributes a van Eyck imitator ; the 1883 catalogue describes the original as lost and the Berlin painting a copy . Soon after , however , its authenticity was verified , and the 1904 Berlin catalogue attributed Jan.
Philip the Good may have been the original patron , given that a painting matching its description was recorded in a 1567 inventory of his great @-@ granddaughter Margaret of Austria , who inherited the majority of Philip 's collection . The description in her record reads , " Un autre tableau de Nostre @-@ Dame , du duc Philippe , qui est venu de Maillardet , couvert de satin brouché gris , et ayant fermaulx d 'argent doré et bordé de velours vert . Fait de la main Johannes . " From the naming conventions known from the collection 's inventory , " Johannes " probably refers to van Eyck , " duc Philippe " to Philip .
= Ape Escape ( video game ) =
Ape Escape is a platform video game , developed by SCE Japan Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was released for the PlayStation in May 1999 in North America , and June 1999 in Japan . The first in the Ape Escape series , the game tells the story of an ape named Specter who gains enhanced intelligence and a malevolent streak through the use of an experimental helmet . Specter produces an army of apes , which he sends through time in an attempt to rewrite history . Spike , the player character , sets out to capture the apes with the aid of special gadgets .
Ape Escape is played from a third @-@ person perspective . Players use a variety of gadgets to pursue and capture the apes , traversing across several environments . The game 's controls are heavily centred around the analog sticks , being the first game to require the use of the PlayStation 's DualShock . Development of Ape Escape lasted over two years , and was generally focused on adapting to the use of the controller , which was a significant challenge for the development team .
Ape Escape was met with critical acclaim from professional critics , with praise particularly directed at the innovative use of the dual analog controls , as well as the graphics and music ; the voice acting received minor criticism . The game is widely considered to be one of the greatest on the PlayStation console , and received several re @-@ releases . The game also spawned numerous sequels and spin @-@ offs , beginning with Ape Escape 2 in 2001 . A remake , Ape Escape : On the Loose , was released for the PlayStation Portable in 2005 to mixed reviews .
= = Gameplay = =
Ape Escape is a platform game that is viewed from a third @-@ person perspective . Players traverse several different environments to advance through the game . For most of the game , players control Spike — a boy tasked with pursuing and capturing the apes across time , preventing them from rewriting history . Players use various gadgets to pursue and capture the apes , such as the Stun Club , used as an offensive measure against enemies , and the Time Net , used to capture apes and transport them to present day . More gadgets become available as players progress through the game . Players also control vehicles throughout the game , including a rubber raft , which allows travel over water , and the water net , which assists in traversing underwater . The game 's controls are heavily centered around the analog sticks : the left stick is used to move players , while the right stick manipulates the various gadgets .
The apes are equipped with helmets , which feature a siren representing their alarm level : blue means relaxed , and unaware of the player characters ' presence ; yellow is alert ; and red indicates fully alarmed , resulting in attempting to escape or becoming hostile . An ape 's personality can also be determined by the colour of shorts : yellow is standard , light blue means timid , and red represents aggressive . Some apes are equipped with weaponry , allowing them to attack players , or binoculars that allow them to identify players from long distances . Players are required to capture a specific amount of apes to clear a level ; remaining apes can be captured upon revisiting the level .
Should players take damage , they lose a life . Players can recharge their health by collecting cookies . Throughout the game , players can gather Specter Coins , which can be found in hidden locations in each stage . Collecting enough Specter Coins unlocks three bonus mini @-@ games : Ski Kidz Racing , a skiing game in which players race against opponents ; Galaxy Monkey , a shoot ' em up where players fight against aliens ; and Specter Boxing , a boxing game where players dodge and punch using the analog sticks .
= = Plot = =
The story begins when Specter , a white @-@ haired monkey at a monkey park , puts on an experimental Pipo Helmet created by a Professor , which increases his intelligence beyond that of a regular monkey , but also twists his mind , turning him evil . Imbued with this new power , Specter gives Pipo Helmets to all the monkeys in the park and sets them loose , having them take over the local laboratory where the Professor and his assistant Katie ( Natalie / Natsumi ) are currently building a time machine . As Spike ( Kakeru ) and his best friend Buzz ( Jake / Hiroki ) arrive at the laboratory , they find themselves transported by Specter , along with all the other monkeys , to the various reaches of time . Realising that leaving the monkeys to their own devices could rewrite history in disastrous ways , the Professor tasks Spike with finding all of the monkeys scattered across time and sending them back to the present .
Spike must also face off against Specter , who has not only built himself an advanced Peak Point Helmet further increasing his own intelligence , but has also brainwashed Buzz to his side . After a lengthy series of captures and battles in segments of history ranging from the roam of the dinosaurs , medieval times and present day , Spike is eventually able to capture all of the apes . Spike chases Specter to his deranged theme park , where he is holding a recently captured Professor , Katie , and his friend Buzz . Spike frees Buzz of his and releases both the professor and Katie , and goes on to find Specter in an alternative universe he calls the " Peak Point Matrix " . Spike defeats Specter after a final battle , and he is captured and sent back to the zoo .
= = Development = =
The development of Ape Escape lasted approximately two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years . Shortly after the development team began conceiving the design and concept for Ape Escape , they attended a meeting regarding the development of the DualShock . Intrigued by the potential of the controller , the team implemented its use in Ape Escape , making it the first video game to require the use of the DualShock for gameplay . Conceptualizing the controls for the controller 's analog sticks was the greatest challenge for the team , and the controls underwent great testing prior to finalization .
The game 's music was composed by Soichi Terada . After a game director listened to Terada 's track " Sumo Jungle " , he was given the opportunity to compose the music for Ape Escape . The music changes in @-@ game depending on the situation and level ; for example , should players act stealthily , the music alters slightly to give a mellow atmosphere . Music from the game was included in Ape Escape Originape Soundtracks , published on November 18 , 2011 by Terada 's label Far East Recording . The gameplay sound effects were designed by Masaaki Kaneko , while the sound effects in the cutscenes were provided by Masatoshi Mizumachi . The English voice acting was recorded at Dubey Tunes Studios in San Francisco , California , with Sara Holihan and Hunter A. Pipes III serving as voice @-@ over director and producer , respectively .
Ape Escape was officially announced in the April 1999 issue of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine . Promotions for the game were held on Cartoon Network during Sony 's winter holiday marketing campaign of 1999 . A remake of the game , titled Ape Escape : On the Loose , was announced on May 11 , 2004 , during Sony 's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo . It was released as a launch title for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) on March 24 , 2005 . The remake features altered controls , due to the lack of a right analog stick on the PSP , as well as some slightly different graphics and mini @-@ games .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Ape Escape received critical acclaim . Metacritic calculated an average score of 90 out of 100 , indicating " universal acclaim " , based on 19 reviews . Japanese publication Famitsu awarded the game 32 out of 40 , based on four reviews . Reviewers praised the game 's use of analog controls , as well as its graphics and music , with minor criticism directed towards the voice acting .
Reviewers praised the gameplay , and the game 's use of analog controls . Johnny Liu of Game Revolution wrote that the innovative controls were one of the game 's standout features . GameSpot 's Peter Bartholow declared the controls " beautifully executed " , praising the ease of use . Doug Perry of IGN felt that , while the controls are initially difficult , using the analog sticks became " new and refreshing " . Scott Alan Marriott of AllGame similarly noted the initial difficulty of the controls , but found it easier upon continued play , particularly praising the raft controls .
The graphics were met with generally positive comments . GameSpot 's Bartholow praised the visuals , naming the game " a sight to behold " and commending the use of colour and detail . IGN 's Perry wrote that the textures " aren 't terribly stunning " , and found the character design " rather fundamental " , but felt that the game 's lighting and camera blended to create " a fantastic and gratifying effect " . Game Revolution 's Liu named the graphics " good , but not the best " , noting frame rate slowdown . Marriott of AllGame similarly mentioned pop @-@ up issues and other glitches , but ultimately commended the graphics , noting the " distinct Japanese style " .
The game 's audio was commended by many reviews . AllGame 's Marriott praised the appropriateness of the music to the game 's setting . GameSpot 's Bartholow echoed similar remarks , applauding the interactivity of the soundtrack . Liu of Game Revolution felt that the music improves as the game progresses , similarly commending its use with gameplay . IGN 's Perry described the soundtrack as " a weird concoction of J @-@ pop and techno @-@ synth " , and noted that the " poppy tunes " were catchier than the " techno tunes " . Conversely , particular criticism was directed at the voice acting in the game ; GameSpot 's Bartholow described it as " uniformly atrocious " , while IGN 's Perry referred to Spike 's voice as " nothing special " . The game 's other sound effects , such as the ape noises , were met with positive reactions .
= = = PlayStation Portable version = = =
Ape Escape : On the Loose , the game 's remake for PlayStation Portable , was met with mixed reviews . Metacritic calculated a score of 66 out of 100 , indicating " mixed or average reviews " , based on 35 critics . Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot lamented the loss of the " finely tuned control " of the original , but felt that the game " still has considerable charm " . GameSpy 's David Chapman felt that , despite the noticeable flaws of the game , particularly the controls , it still remains " a lot of fun to play " . Juan Castro of IGN praised the game 's use of colour , noting its enhancement on the PlayStation Portable screen . Castro also warned that " fans of the series will probably miss the second analog stick " , but felt that the gadgets mapped to the PSP 's face buttons would suffice . 1UP 's Jeremy Parish criticised the porting of the game for being outdated , declaring it " a game that was better in another time , on another system , ported simply for cynical convenience " . Parish felt that On the Loose served " to blemish the PSP 's reputation ... as a dumping ground for warmed over 32 @-@ bit offerings far beyond their sell @-@ by date " .
= = Legacy = =
Ape Escape is considered one of the most significant titles on the PlayStation console . Doug Perry of IGN declared it " the best 3D platform game on the PlayStation " , and GameSpot 's Peter Bartholow named it " one of the best 3D platformers to date " . Scott Alan Marriott of AllGame described the game as " one of the most enjoyable 3D platform games " on the PlayStation . IGN included Ape Escape in an article documenting the greatest PlayStation 3D platform games , and later named it the eighth greatest game on the console . In March 2004 , Official UK PlayStation Magazine named it the ninth greatest game of all time . Game Informer ranked it 100 on its list of best games in 2001 , praising its gameplay and innovation .
Ape Escape spawned a series of games , including sequels and spin @-@ offs . A direct sequel , Ape Escape 2 , was released for the PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) in July 2001 , followed by Ape Escape 3 for PS2 in July 2005 . Several spin @-@ off titles were released exclusively in Japan : Pipo Saru 2001 in July 2001 and Saru ! Get You ! Million Monkeys in July 2006 for the PS2 , followed by Saru Get You : Pip Saru Racer in December 2006 and Saru ! Get You ! SaruSaru Big Mission in July 2007 for the PSP . Another spin @-@ off , Ape Quest , was also released worldwide for PSP in January 2008 . A series of party games has also been released : Ape Escape : Pumped & Primed in July 2004 and EyeToy : Monkey Mania in August 2004 for PS2 , as well as Ape Academy 2 for PSP in December 2005 , and PlayStation Move Ape Escape for the PlayStation 3 in December 2010 . The character of Spike is available as a playable character in PlayStation All @-@ Stars Battle Royale ( 2012 ) , and an ape costume is available as a downloadable outfit in some of the LittleBigPlanet games ( 2008 – 12 ) . A mini @-@ game featuring an ape from Ape Escape is included in Metal Gear Solid 3 : Snake Eater ( 2004 ) .
= Tropical Storm Debbie ( 1965 ) =
Tropical Storm Debbie of the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season broke the daily rainfall record in Mobile , Alabama , despite dissipating offshore . It developed on September 24 in the western Caribbean Sea , and moved northwestward for several days without intensifying . On September 27 , Debbie turned toward the northeast in the Gulf of Mexico , and the next day briefly attained tropical storm status . However , the intrusion of cooler air imparted weakening , and the storm dissipated on September 30 just off the east coast of Louisiana . It initially threatened areas of Louisiana that sustained significant damage from Hurricane Betsy in early September , although Debbie only caused light rainfall and some flooding in the state . In southern Alabama , the storm dropped 17 @.@ 2 in ( 440 mm ) of rainfall , which resulted in significant flooding of roads and cars . Damage totaled $ 25 million in the Mobile , Alabama area , although there was little damage elsewhere .
= = Meteorological history = =
A low @-@ pressure area developed into a weak tropical depression on September 24 off the north coast of Honduras in the western Caribbean Sea . It was initially disorganized , without a well @-@ developed circulation . On September 25 , while still a tropical depression , the system was named Debbie . Without intensifying further , the depression crossed the northeastern Yucatán Peninsula on September 26 . The next day , the depression turned toward the north in the central Gulf of Mexico before beginning a northeast motion . On September 28 , Debbie intensified into a tropical storm , attaining peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . This occurred after the storm developed two distinct spiral rainbands .
As Debbie approached the northern Gulf Coast , it failed to intensify , despite warm sea surface temperatures , abundant moisture , and an anticyclone aloft . In addition , the storm never developed good outflow , partially due to stable air related to Tropical Storm Hazel in the eastern Pacific Ocean . After maintaining peak winds for about 12 hours , Debbie weakened due to cooler , drier air , deteriorating to a tropical depression on September 29 . That day , it turned to the northwest , passing just east of the Mississippi Delta . On September 30 , the circulation of Debbie dissipated just offshore Mississippi . Its remnants made landfall , accelerated northeastward , and were eventually absorbed by an extratropical cyclone .
= = Impact = =
The precursor to Debbie produced heavy rainfall across the western Caribbean Sea . Swan Island off the north coast of Honduras reported 5 @.@ 43 in ( 138 mm ) in a 24 @-@ hour period . In Belize City , Belize , the storm produced high tides and 1 @.@ 04 in ( 26 mm ) of rainfall . Grand Cayman reported light rains for two days . The government of Cuba advised residents to restrict boating activities around the country . Similarly , the Weather Bureau issued a small craft warning for the Dry Tortugas and for the Florida Keys through Key Largo .
Before Debbie dissipated , local Weather Bureau offices issued a gale warning and a hurricane watch from the mouth of the Mississippi River to Cedar Key , Florida . Small boat owners throughout the region were advised to remain at port . The threat of the storm prompted the evacuation of oil platforms , as well as thousands of residents in low @-@ lying areas of St. Bernard Parish , Louisiana . Along the northern Gulf Coast , no gale force winds were reported inland , although oil rigs and ships off the southeast Louisiana coast reported such winds . Debbie produced above @-@ normal tides that generally ranged upwards to 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) above normal ; however , New Orleans reported a storm tide of 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) . The tides resulted in flooding along highways in southeastern Louisiana , closing several roads . The storm affected areas that were severely damaged by Hurricane Betsy earlier in September .
Despite being a weak storm , Debbie dropped heavy rainfall along the coast , peaking at 17 @.@ 2 in ( 440 mm ) in Mobile , Alabama . Of the total , 15 in ( 380 mm ) fell in 15 hours , which broke the daily rainfall record in the city . The rains resulted in 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) of flooding that closed several businesses and roads , causing the worst traffic jam on record in the city . Hundreds of cars were flooded , and more than 200 people had to leave their inundated homes . Damage in the city was estimated at $ 25 million , which was the only significant damage from the storm . Rainfall extended from Louisiana to the east coast of Florida , and as far north as North Carolina . In eastern Georgia near Brunswick , the storm dropped more than 9 in ( 230 mm ) of precipitation , causing flooding in airfields and along canals .
= Jon Corzine =
Jon Stevens Corzine ( born January 1 , 1947 ) is an American financial executive and former politician . A Democrat , he was a United States Senator from New Jersey from 2001 to 2006 and was the 54th Governor of New Jersey from 2006 to 2010 . He also worked as CEO of Goldman Sachs during the 1990s and was CEO of MF Global from 2010 to 2011 . He was charged by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ) in connection with MF 's bankruptcy in 2011 .
Corzine began his career in banking and finance . In the early and mid @-@ 1970s , he worked for Midwestern banks ( Continental @-@ Illinois National Bank in Chicago , Illinois and BancOhio National Bank in Columbus , Ohio ) during and after his Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) studies at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business . In 1975 he moved to New Jersey to work for Goldman Sachs . He became Chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs and the leading advocate in the firm 's decision to go public . In 1999 , having lost a power struggle with Henry M. Paulson , Corzine left the firm . After his departure from Goldman Sachs , he earned what has been estimated to be $ 400 million during the 1999 initial public offering of the company .
Corzine served five years of a six @-@ year U.S. Senate term representing New Jersey before being elected governor in 2005 . He was defeated for re @-@ election in 2009 by Republican Chris Christie . In March 2010 , Corzine was named chairman and CEO of MF Global Inc . , a financial services firm specializing in futures brokerage . The company filed for bankruptcy protection in October 2011 after losing $ 1 @.@ 6 billion of customer money and Corzine resigned on November 4 , 2011 .
= = Early years , education , and early business career = =
Corzine was born in central Illinois , the son of Nancy June ( née Hedrick ) and Roy Allen Corzine . He grew up on a small family farm in Willey Station , Illinois , and near Taylorville . After completing high school at Taylorville High School , where he had been the football quarterback and basketball captain , he attended the University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign , where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity , and graduated in 1969 , earning Phi Beta Kappa honors . While in college , he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve and served from 1969 until 1975 , attaining the rank of sergeant . In 1970 he enrolled in the University of Chicago Booth School of Business , from which he received a Master of Business Administration degree in 1973 .
His first business experience was in the bond department of Continental Illinois National Bank , where he worked days while attending the Booth School of Business MBA program at night . He then moved to BancOhio National Bank , a regional bank in Columbus , Ohio , that was acquired in 1984 by National City Bank . Corzine worked at BancOhio until 1975 when he moved his family to New Jersey and was hired as a bond trader for Goldman Sachs .
= = Goldman Sachs = =
Over the years , he worked his way up to Chairman and CEO of the company in 1994 and successfully converted the investment firm from a private partnership to a publicly traded corporation . Corzine also chaired a presidential commission for Bill Clinton and served on the U.S. Treasury Department 's borrowing committee . As a Goldman Sachs senior partner , he was summoned to help develop a rescue package for the hedge fund Long Term Capital Management when the leveraged fund 's collapse in the fall of 1998 threatened contagion across the U.S. financial system . According to U.S. News & World Report , Corzine did not get along with co @-@ CEO Henry Paulson , who came from the other major area of the bank , investment banking . When Corzine decided to help the bailout , Paulson seized control of the firm . As co @-@ chairman of the firm , he oversaw its expansion into Asia . When Goldman Sachs went public after Corzine 's departure , Corzine made $ 400 million .
Corzine has participated in meetings of the Bilderberg Group , a network of leaders in the fields of politics , business , and banking , from 1995 – 1997 , 1999 , 2003 and 2004 . He is a former member of the group 's Steering Committee .
Corzine is a member of Kappa Beta Phi .
= = U.S. Senate = =
= = = 2000 election = = =
After being forced from Goldman Sachs in January 1999 , Corzine campaigned for a New Jersey Senate seat after Frank Lautenberg announced his retirement . Despite initially trailing behind his opponent in the Democratic primary by 30 percentage points , Corzine won the nomination and was subsequently elected to the Senate by a four @-@ percent margin over his Republican opponent , four @-@ term United States Congressman Bob Franks , in the November 2000 election and was sworn into the Senate in January 2001 .
He spent more than $ 62 million of his own money on his campaign , the most expensive Senate campaign in U.S. history – over $ 33 million of this was spent on the primary election alone , where he defeated former Governor James Florio 58 – 42 % . Franks had been a last @-@ minute choice because New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman had been expected to run for the Senate . The record $ 62 million amount surpassed Michael Huffington , who spent nearly $ 28 million in an unsuccessful 1994 Senate race .
During the campaign , Corzine refused to release his income tax return records . He claimed an interest in doing so , but he cited a confidentiality agreement with Goldman Sachs . Skeptics argued that Corzine should have followed the example of his predecessor Robert Rubin , who converted his equity stake into debt upon leaving Goldman .
Corzine campaigned for state government programs including universal health care , universal gun registration , mandatory public preschool , and more taxpayer funding for college education . He pushed affirmative action and same @-@ sex marriage . David Brooks opined that Corzine was so liberal that his election , although the fact that his predecessor was also a Democrat , helped push the Senate to the left .
During Corzine 's campaign for the United States Senate , he made some controversial off @-@ color statements . When introduced to a man with an Italian name who said he was in the construction business , Corzine quipped : “ Oh , you make cement shoes ! " according to Emanuel Alfano , chairman of the Italian @-@ American One Voice Committee . Alfano reported that when introduced to a lawyer named David Stein , Corzine said : " He 's not Italian , is he ? Oh , I guess he 's your Jewish lawyer who is here to get the rest of you out of jail . " Corzine denied mentioning religion , but did not deny the quip about Italians , stating that some of his own ancestors were probably Italian , or maybe French .
Also in 2000 , Corzine denied having made payments to African @-@ American ministers , although the foundation controlled by Jon and Joanne Corzine had paid one influential black church $ 25 @,@ 000 . Rev. Reginald T. Jackson , director of the Black Ministers Council , had campaigned against a form of racial profiling whereby police officers stop minority drivers and had gotten New Jersey state police superintendent , Carl A. Williams , fired . Corzine had donated to Jackson prior to getting what appears to be a reciprocal endorsement .
= = = Tenure = = =
Corzine entered Congress in a class of ten new senators , eight of whom were Democrats . According to U.S. News & World Report , Corzine , Hillary Clinton and Jean Carnahan were the more notable new Senators in 2000 . During his five @-@ year senatorial career , he was present at 1503 of 1673 votes , co @-@ sponsored 1014 bills , sponsored 145 bills ( only 11 of which made it out of committee ) , and had one sponsored bill enacted .
He co @-@ authored the Sarbanes @-@ Oxley Act . In the aftermath of Enron , he co @-@ sponsored ( with Barbara Boxer ) legislation , which was later propounded by Ted Kennedy , that reforms the 401 ( k ) plan to minimize the risk of investment portfolios . The plan was opposed by President George W. Bush and faced strong opposition in Congress . Restrictions on retirement account allocations were in direct opposition to the contemporaneous movement towards self @-@ directed individual retirement accounts for Social Security .
Corzine was a sponsor of the Start Healthy , Stay Healthy Act . He supported providing a two @-@ year tax break to victims of the September 11 , 2001 attacks and help grant citizenship to victims who were legal resident aliens . He supported gun control laws , outlawing racial profiling , and subsidies for Amtrak . He was the chief sponsor , along with U.S. Senator Sam Brownback , of the Darfur Accountability Act . He voted against the Iraq War Resolution . Corzine was the prime sponsor , along with fellow New Jersey U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg , of a federal version of John 's Law , in memory of Navy Ensign John R. Elliott ( a native of New Jersey ) , a U.S. Naval Academy graduate who was killed by a drunk driver . The legislation provides federal highway safety grant incentives to encourage states to impound the cars of DUI suspects . He was an early contributing blogger at The Huffington Post .
In the aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 , attacks , Corzine and Peter Fitzgerald attempted to mold a more disciplined bailout of the airline industry , but even the redesigned plan was not entirely satisfactory to Corzine . Corzine opposed the reduction in low @-@ income student eligibility for Pell Grant funding caused by changes in the " expected family contribution " .
Corzine tried and failed to introduce legislation for chemical plant regulation six weeks after the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Subsequent efforts by then @-@ Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and former New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 2002 were also squelched . Along with Hillary Clinton , he was one of the few senators who attempted to pressure the Bush administration to clamp down on regulation of the chemical and nuclear @-@ power industries . His efforts helped make New Jersey one of the stricter states in the nation in terms of chemical plant regulation .
In 2001 , Corzine coauthored ( with Bob Graham ) a tax @-@ cut proposal aimed at lowering the marginal tax bracket from 15 % to 10 % on the first $ 19 @,@ 000 of taxable income . In 2002 , he proposed a tax cut that exempted the first $ 10 @,@ 000 of income from the $ 765 of Social Security taxes for both employers and employees . Corzine also proposed making dividend payments tax deductible to companies as a form of economic stimulus .
While in
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
co @-@ hosted Clinton 's October 25 , 2007 60th @-@ birthday party . He remained a committed Clinton superdelegate late into the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primary season . In the event the Democratic National Committee would have decided to recontest the Michigan and Florida primaries , Corzine and Ed Rendell were prepared to spearhead Clinton 's fundraising in for those races . Towards the end of the primary season in April 2008 , Corzine made it clear that although he was a Clinton supporter , his superdelegate vote would be determined by the popular vote . After her win in the April 22 , 2008 Pennsylvania Democratic primary and a calculation of popular votes that excluded caucuses and included the controversial Michigan and Florida Democratic primaries , Corzine reaffirmed his support for her . Once Barack Obama became the presumptive nominee , Corzine became a prominent spokesperson for Obama 's agenda .
Corzine was among a group of big ( in terms of population ) state governors , such as Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger , who moved his state Republican and Democratic primaries to February 5 , 2008 , the date of Super Tuesday , 2008 . He was also among a group of prominent Democratic politicians ( that included Ted Kennedy and Barack Obama ) who received political contributions from Norman Hsu that he ended up donating to charity .
In November 2008 , in response to the ongoing economic downturn , Corzine proposed an economic recovery package consisting of additional massive spending , accelerated capital improvement spending and reforms and cuts to the corporate income tax . As of December 2008 many elements of the plan had been approved by the Democrats in the NJ Legislature . On January 2 , 2009 , Corzine joined the governors of four other states in urging the federal government to provide $ 1 trillion in aid to the country 's 50 state governments to help pay for education , welfare and infrastructure as states struggle with steep budget deficits amid a deepening recession .
= = = Government shutdown = = =
Corzine , in attempting to pass the 2007 fiscal year budget , clashed with a few fellow state Democrats in the New Jersey General Assembly , particularly over the proposed increase of the state 's sales tax from 6 % to 7 % . Corzine said that he would not accept a budget that did not include the sales tax increase . After the legislature failed to pass Corzine 's budget by the midnight deadline of July 1 , 2006 , he signed an executive order that immediately closed down all non @-@ essential state government services , such as road construction projects . Legislators failed to resolve the situation by July 4 and casinos , among other governmentally @-@ regulated industries , closed their doors at 8 : 00 am on July 5 . Corzine called the shutdown " deplorable , " though he refused to negotiate with legislators and accept alternate plans that did not increase the sales tax . It is estimated that the state lost several hundred millions of dollars of revenue every day the casinos remained closed , because of the budget impasse .
After six days of state government shutdown , Corzine and Assembly Democrats agreed to raise the state sales tax to 7 % with half of the 1 % increase going to the state budget and the other half going to property tax relief . On July 8 , 2006 , the $ 30 billion state budget , with the sales tax agreement , passed both houses and Governor Corzine signed the budget into law ending the budget impasse .
= = = Toll hike plan = = =
Initially , Corzine opposed privatization of the New Jersey Turnpike . On January 8 , 2008 , to address ongoing structural budget issues , Governor Corzine proposed a four @-@ part proposal including an overall reduction in spending , a constitutional amendment to require more voter approval for state borrowing , an executive order prohibiting the use of one @-@ time revenues to balance the budget and a controversial plan to raise some $ 38 billion by leasing the Garden State Parkway , the New Jersey Turnpike , and other toll roads for at least 75 years to a new public benefit corporation that could sell bonds secured by future tolls , which it would be allowed to raise by 50 % plus inflation every four years beginning in 2010 . Corzine vowed to get that plan through the state legislature by March , but held off for nearly a month before releasing the details . Upon learning how the plan would work , New Jersey native residents railed against it , comparing it to using one credit card to pay off another , pointing out that it would create hardship for commuters and noting that it would actually increase the state 's $ 32 billion debt .
= = = Carla Katz = = =
Corzine , who was running for the United State Senate in the spring of 1999 , met Carla Katz , the then married president of Local 1034 of the Communications Workers of America ( CWA ) , in the same apartment building where he resided in Hoboken ; the CWA represents the largest number of state workers in New Jersey . As Katz later recalled , Corzine offered her a job on his Senate campaign , but she declined the offer . Corzine and the still married Katz were soon dating , and they began appearing in public as a couple in early 2002 , shortly after Corzine 's unofficial separation from his wife , Joanne . ( The Corzines divorced the following year . ) For more than two years Corzine was romantically involved and living with Katz . She lived with him at his apartment building in Hoboken from April 2002 until August 2004 .
After Corzine 's breakup with Katz , their lawyers negotiated a financial payout in November 2004 . According to press accounts , the settlement for Katz exceeded $ 6 million , including cash ( in part used to buy her $ 1 @.@ 1 million condominium in Hoboken ) , a college trust fund to educate her children , a 2005 Volvo sport utility vehicle , and Corzine forgave a $ 470 @,@ 000 loan he had made to Katz in 2002 to buy out her ex @-@ husband 's share of their home in Alexandria Township . Katz enrolled in Seton Hall University School of Law on a full scholarship in 2004 . Corzine later acknowledged he had given $ 15 @,@ 000 to Katz 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Rocco Riccio , a former state employee who was forced to resign after being accused of examining income tax returns for political purposes . At the time , Katz was president of the CWA Local 1034 , which bargains on behalf of many state employees .
In the summer of 2005 , when Corzine was running in the New Jersey gubernatorial election , news first emerged of his relationship with Katz and the money she had received . Corzine was elected governor despite the scandal . In the fall of 2006 , during an impasse in contract negotiations between the Corzine administration and the state 's seven major state employee unions ( including the CWA ) , Katz contacted the governor by phone and e @-@ mail to lobby for a renewal of the negotiations . Their relationship and the financial settlement Katz received after their breakup led to allegations of many potential conflicts of interest in labor negotiations while Corzine was governor . A state ethics panel , acting on a complaint from Bogota mayor Steve Lonegan , ruled in May 2007 that Katz 's contact with Corzine during negotiations did not violate the governor 's code of conduct .
Separately , New Jersey Republican State Committee Chairman Tom Wilson filed a lawsuit to release all e @-@ mail correspondence between Corzine and Katz during the contract negotiations . On May 30 , 2008 , New Jersey Superior Court Judge Paul Innes ruled that at least 745 pages of e @-@ mail records should be made public , but Corzine 's lawyers immediately appealed the decision to the New Jersey Supreme Court .
Corzine won his case on appeal . On March 18 , 2009 , the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled it would not hear arguments in the case , effectively ending the legal battle to make his e @-@ mails with Katz public . Corzine spent approximately $ 127 @,@ 000 of taxpayer funds to keep the e @-@ mails secret . Nonetheless , on August 1 , 2010 , The Star @-@ Ledger published 123 of the Corzine @-@ Katz e @-@ mails , revealing the extent of their personal contact during negotiations over a new state government workers contract in early 2007 .
= = = Appointments = = =
Corzine continued to serve in the U.S. Senate while running for governor , which ensured that he could resign from the Senate and appoint a Democrat as his successor if he won and allowed him to retain his Senate seat if he lost . Speculation was that he would appoint a Democrat from one of the congressional districts in New Jersey , perhaps Congressmen Rob Andrews , Rush Holt , or Frank Pallone . He appointed Governor Richard Codey although on November 23 , 2005 , he announced that he was not interested in pursuing the seat . On December 9 , 2005 , Corzine named his friend , who lived and lives in the same apartment building , U.S. Rep. Robert Menendez , a Democrat , to succeed him .
One of Corzine 's first nominations was that of Zulima Farber as New Jersey Attorney General . She served for approximately seven months until an ethics investigation concluded that she had acted improperly by going to the location where local police in Fairview , New Jersey had stopped her boyfriend , Hamlet Gore , for driving with a suspended license and an expired vehicle registration . Corzine said he did not ask for Farber 's resignation .
On February 9 , 2006 , after many scandals regarding financial mishandling at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey , Corzine nominated Robert Del Tufo , the former Attorney General of New Jersey and U.S. Attorney , as chairman of the board of trustees . Corzine also nominated Oliver Quinn , Prudential Financial 's vice president and chief ethics officer , as vice chairman of the board .
Corzine 's commissioner of the Department of Environmental Protection and Chief of Staff , Lisa P. Jackson was nominated as the administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency . She was confirmed by the Senate on January 22 , 2009 .
= = = Motorcade accident = = =
On April 12 , 2007 , Corzine and 25 @-@ year @-@ old aide Samantha Gordon were injured in an automobile accident on the Garden State Parkway near Galloway Township while traveling from the New Jersey Conference of Mayors in Atlantic City to Drumthwacket , his residence in Princeton , to meet with radio personality Don Imus and the Rutgers University women 's basketball team .
The New Jersey State Police determined that Corzine 's SUV , driven by a state trooper , was traveling in excess of 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) with its emergency lights flashing when the collision occurred . A pickup truck drifted onto the shoulder and swerved back onto the lane , and another pickup truck swerved to avoid the truck and hit the Governor 's SUV , causing the SUV to hit the guardrail . The State Police reviewed roadside camera recordings and E @-@ ZPass records to track down the driver of the truck ; he was not charged with any violation .
Corzine and the trooper were flown by helicopter to Cooper University Hospital in Camden , a Level I trauma center . The aide was taken by ambulance to Atlantic City Medical Center . Neither the NJ State Trooper nor the aide was seriously injured , but Corzine suffered broken bones , including an open fracture of the left femur , 11 broken ribs , a broken sternum , a broken collarbone , a fractured lower vertebra , and a facial cut that required plastic surgery . The Governor was not wearing a seat belt . Friends had long said that they had rarely seen him wear one . When asked why the state trooper who was driving would not have asked Corzine to put on his seat belt , a staffer said the governor was " not always amenable to suggestion " . The Superintendent of State Police has also noted that the trooper could be charged if the crash was preventable .
By April 23 , 2007 , Corzine 's doctors had upgraded him from critical to stable condition . He was sedated and unable to speak because of a breathing tube in his throat , and as such , was unable to perform his duties as governor . In accordance with the New Jersey State Constitution , New Jersey Senate President Richard Codey assumed the position of acting governor for the short period from April 12 until May 7 , 2007 . In 2005 , voters had approved an amendment to the state constitution to provide for a lieutenant governor who would succeed the governor in the event of a vacancy or assume gubernatorial duties in the event of incapacitation , but that position would not be filled until 2010 .
Corzine left the hospital on April 30 , 2007 . , sped to Drumthwacket , where he recuperated and which had been outfitted with a videoconferencing center ( at his expense ) so he could communicate with legislators . He issued an apology , paid a $ 46 ticket for not wearing a seat belt , and he appeared in a public service announcement advocating seat belts which opened with the words " I 'm New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine , and I should be dead . "
It was reported that Corzine would pay his own medical bills rather than bill taxpayers .
= = = Public opinion = = =
During the first months of his administration , Corzine experienced favorable approval ratings . According to a March 2006 Fairleigh Dickinson PublicMind Poll , 47 % of New Jersey voters approved of the job Corzine was doing , while 16 % disapproved . Peter Woolley , director of the PublicMind , noted , " the numbers are pretty good for a New Jersey governor heading full tilt into an unprecedented budget crisis " . Much of the good will that was indicated by the March poll was quickly diminished , and in April 2006 , a PublicMind poll showed that Corzine 's approval rating had eroded to 39 % while his disapproval rating increased to 36 % . By July 2006 , the Governor 's ratings recovered to some extent from the April decline and in September of the same year it was clear that Corzine 's approvals had not suffered from the summer conflict over the budget and the sales tax hike ; 51 % of New Jersey voters approved of the governor 's handling of his job while 31 % disapproved . His PublicMind poll ratings remained relatively stable and healthy through the rest of 2006 and 2007 with his average approvals at 54 % and his average disapprovals at 29 % .
In January 2008 , prior to the State of the State address Corzine was at 48 % approving 32 % disapproving , according to the PublicMind poll . But another FDU PublicMind poll taken in late January , after the State of the State address , showed that governor 's ratings were slipping ; 41 % of voters approved of the job Corzine was doing while 39 % reported that they disapproved . The decline was largely in response to the governor ’ s plan to raise tolls on the New Jersey Turnpike and the Garden State Parkway . February 2008 was not any kinder , as a PublicMind poll indicated that his numbers continued to slip with disapprovals catching up to approvals with 42 % of voters approving and 43 % of voters disapproving . Woolley remarked on the decline saying , " Considering the beating he has taken on his toll plan , it 's remarkable that his numbers are not a good deal worse . " The governor 's approval ratings showed no recovery through September 2008 with his approvals and disapprovals averaging 42 % and 43 % respectively . Coincident with the presidential campaign , Corzine 's approval ratings saw some improvement .
In January 2009 he stood at 46 % approving and 40 % disapproving . Woolley asserted that the governor was faring relatively well in public opinion considering " the enormous and growing pressure on the state budget and on the governor to protect various constituencies " . Come March 2009 , the PublicMind Poll found that , " Gov. Jon Corzine 's standing with the New Jersey public is suffering along with the economy , " and as a result his approvals began to slip with 40 % of voters approving and 43 % disapproving . His approvals continued to decline in April as he contended with the budget and the financial crisis with 40 % approving and 49 % disapproving . At the end of his term , in January 2010 , Corzine ’ s approvals landed at their lowest point during the administration with 33 % approving and 58 % disapproving .
= = Post @-@ gubernatorial career = =
= = = MF Global = = =
Corzine was appointed CEO and Chairman of MF Global , a multinational futures broker and bond dealer , in March 2010 .
MF Global 's stock price declined two @-@ thirds in the final week of October 2011 and its credit rating was reduced making its debt high @-@ yield debt following huge quarterly losses . On October 31 , 2011 , trading was halted on shares of MF Global prior to the market opening , and soon thereafter MF Global announced that it had declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy . Shortly afterwards , federal regulators began an investigation into hundreds of millions of dollars in missing customer funds . Corzine resigned as CEO on November 4 , 2011 , after having retained the services of defense attorney Andrew J. Levander . It was reported that Corzine declined a severance package worth $ 12 @.@ 1 million . MF Global 's collapse was one of the ten biggest bankruptcies in U.S. history .
Corzine was subpoenaed to appear before a House committee on December 8 , 2011 , to answer questions regarding 1 @.@ 2 billion dollars of missing money from MF Global client accounts . He testified before the committee , " I simply do not know where the money is , or why the accounts have not been reconciled to date " , and that given the number of money transfers in the final days of trading at MF Global , he didn 't know specifics of the movement of the funds . He also denied authorizing any misuse of customer funds . On January 30 , 2012 , it was reported that officials investigating the case believed most of the money is unrecoverable . In March 2012 , Bloomberg reported that a memo produced by congressional investigators quotes an internal company e @-@ mail as saying Corzine gave " direct instructions " to use customer money to cover the company 's own shortfalls prior to bankruptcy . A Corzine spokesperson responded that Corzine " never gave any instruction to misuse customer funds and never intended anyone at MF Global to misuse customer funds " .
In February 2013 , a court approved a settlement deal among commodities firm MF Global 's bankruptcy trustees that will reimburse its customers for 93 percent of the value of their accounts , from which about $ 1 @.@ 6 billion had disappeared during the firm 's bankruptcy .
In June 2013 , the Commodity Futures Trading Commission filed civil charges against Corzine for using funds from MF 's customer accounts for corporate purposes . " Corzine is charged with one count of failure to segregate and misuse of customer funds and one count of failure to supervise diligently " , a news report said . The commission drew on extensive taped Corzine phone conversations in filing the complaint . Corzine 's attorney Levander issued a statement contesting the charges when they were filed .
Corzine , and managers including Bradley Abelow and Henri Steenkamp , are appealing a court ruling calling for 100 percent repayment to customers of the bankrupt brokerage . The ruling was made on November 5 , 2013 , by U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Martin Glenn and would allow all missing customer funds to be returned by the end of the year .
= = = J.C. Flowers = = =
As of 2010 Corzine served as a partner at J.C. Flowers & Co . , the private equity firm founded by a personal friend , J. Christopher Flowers . Flowers owned a 10 percent stake in MF Global and is also a former Goldman Sachs partner .
= = Electoral history = =
= = Personal life = =
Corzine married his high school sweetheart , Joanne Dougherty , in 1969 at the age of 22 , and their 33 @-@ year marriage produced three children – Jennifer , Josh , and Jeffrey . The couple separated in 2002 and were divorced in November 2003 . Jeffrey Corzine , Jon 's younger son committed suicide on March 13 , 2014 in Mexico , age 31 .
Corzine had lived with his wife in Summit , New Jersey . After their separation , Corzine moved to a condominium apartment in Hoboken .
In April 2010 , The Huffington Post announced the engagement of Corzine and psychotherapist Sharon Elghanayan ( née Levine ) , whom he had been dating since 2004 . On November 23 , 2010 , Corzine married Elghanayan in a ceremony presided over by Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Stuart Rabner , according to an announcement in The New York Times .
= Postal codes in Canada =
A Canadian postal code is a six @-@ character string that forms part of a postal address in Canada . Like British and Dutch postcodes , Canada 's postal codes are alphanumeric . They are in the format A1A 1A1 , where A is a letter and 1 is a digit , with a space separating the third and fourth characters . As of September 2014 , there were 855 @,@ 815 postal codes using Forward Sortation Areas from A0A in Newfoundland to Y1A in the Yukon .
Canada Post provides a free postal code look @-@ up tool on its website , via its mobile application , and sells hard @-@ copy directories and CD @-@ ROMs . Many vendors also sell validation tools , which allow customers to properly match addresses and postal codes . Hard @-@ copy directories can also be consulted in all post offices , and some libraries .
When writing out the postal address for a location within Canada , the postal code follows the abbreviation for the province or territory .
= = History = =
= = = City postal zones = = =
Numbered postal zones were first used in Toronto in 1925 . Mail to a Toronto address in zone 5 would be addressed in this format :
37 Bloor Street West
Toronto 5 , Ontario
As of 1943 , Toronto was divided into 14 zones , numbered from 1 to 15 , except that 7 and 11 were unused , and there was a 2B zone .
By the early 1960s , other cities in Canada had been divided into postal zones , including Quebec , Montreal , Ottawa , Winnipeg and Vancouver as well as Toronto . For example , an address in Vancouver would be addressed as :
804 Robson Street ,
Vancouver 1 , B. C
In the late 1960s , however , the Post Office began implementing a three @-@ digit zone number scheme in major cities to replace existing one and two @-@ digit zone numbers , starting in Montreal , Toronto and Vancouver . For example , an address in Metropolitan Toronto would be addressed as :
1253 Bay Street
Toronto 185 , Ontario
Toronto 's renumbering took effect 1 May 1969 , accompanied by an advertising campaign under the slogan " Your number is up " . However , with impending plans for a national postal code system , Postmaster General Eric Kierans announced that the Post Office would begin cancelling the new three @-@ digit city zone system . Companies changed their mail addressing at their own expense , only to find the new zoning would prove to be short @-@ lived .
= = = Planning = = =
As the largest Canadian cities were growing in the 1950s and 1960s , the volumes of mail passing through the country 's postal system also grew , reaching billions by the 1950s , and tens of billions by the mid @-@ 1960s . Consequently , it was becoming progressively more difficult for employees who handsorted mail to memorize and keep track of all the individual letter @-@ carrier routes within each city .
New technology that allowed mail to be delivered faster also contributed to the pressure for these employees to properly sort the mail . Canada was one of the last Western countries to get a nationwide postal code system .
A report tabled in the House of Commons in 1969 dealt with the expected impact of " environmental change " on the Post Office operations over the following 25 years . A key recommendation was the " establishment of a task force to determine the nature of the automation and mechanization the Post Office should adopt , which might include design of a postal code " .
= = = Implementation = = =
In December 1969 , Communications Minister Eric Kierans announced that a six @-@ character postal code would be introduced , superseding the three @-@ digit zone system . He later tabled a report in February 1970 , entitled " A Canadian Public Address Postal Coding System " , submitted by the firm of Samson , Belair , Simpson , Riddell Inc .
The introduction of the postal code with a test in Ottawa on 1 April 1971 . Coding of Ottawa was followed by a provincial @-@ level rollout of the system in Manitoba , and the system was gradually implemented in the rest of the country from 1972 to 1974 , although the nationwide use of the code by the end of 1974 was only 38 @.@ 2 per cent .
The introduction of such a code system allowed Canada Post to speed up easily , as well as simplify , the flow of mail in the country , with sorting machines being able to handle 26 640 objects an hour . However , when the automated sorting system was initially conceived , the Canadian Union of Postal Workers and other relevant unions objected to it , mainly because the wages of those who ran the new automated machines were much lower than those who had hand @-@ sorted mail .
The unions ended up staging job action and public information campaigns , with the message that they did not want people and business to use postal codes on their mail . The union declared 20 March 1975 National " Boycott the Postal Code " Day , also demanding a reduction in the work week from 40 to 30 hours . The boycott was called off in February 1976 .
One 1975 advertisement in the Toronto magazine Byliner generated controversy by showing a man writing a postal code on the bottom of a thonged woman with the following ditty :
" We 're not ' stringing ' you along ,
Use postal codes — you 'll ' thing our ' thong ' ,
Don 't be cheeky — you 've all got ' em
Please include them on the bottom . "
The advertisement was denounced as " sexist garbage " in the House of Commons by NDP MP John Rodriguez , prompting an apology from Postmaster General Bryce Mackasey .
= = Components of a postal code = =
= = = Forward sortation areas = = =
A forward sortation area ( FSA ) is a geographical region in which all postal codes start with the same three characters . The first letter of an FSA code denotes a particular " postal district " , which , outside of Quebec and Ontario , corresponds to an entire province or territory .
Owing to Quebec 's and Ontario 's large populations , those two provinces are sub @-@ divided into three and five postal districts respectively , and each has at least one urban area so populous that it has a dedicated postal district ( " H " for the Montréal region , and " M " for Toronto ) . On the other hand , the low populations in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories ( NWT ) mean that even after Nunavut separated from the Northwest Territories and became its own territory in 1999 , they continue to share a postal district .
The digit specifies if the FSA is urban or rural . A zero indicates a wide @-@ area rural region , while all other digits indicate urban areas . The second letter represents a specific rural region , an entire medium @-@ sized city , or a section of a major metropolitan area .
A directory of FSAs is provided , divided into separate articles by postal district . Individual FSA lists are in a tabular format , with the numbers ( known as zones ) going across the table and the second letter going down the table .
The FSA lists specify all communities covered by each rural FSA . Medium @-@ sized cities may have one dedicated FSA , while larger cities have more than one FSA within their limits .
For FSAs spanning more than one city , the city which is allocated the most codes in each such FSA is listed . For cities with a small number of FSAs ( but more than one ) , the lists specify the relative location of each FSA in those cities . For cities with a large number of FSAs , applicable neighbourhoods and boroughs are specified .
= = = Local delivery units = = =
The last three characters denote a local delivery unit ( LDU ) . An LDU denotes a specific single address or range of addresses , which can correspond to an entire small town , a significant part of a medium @-@ sized town , a single side of a city block in larger cities , a single large building or a portion of a very large one , a single ( large ) institution such as a university or a hospital , or a business that receives large volumes of mail on a regular basis .
LDUs ending in zero correspond to postal facilities , from post offices and small franchised retail postal outlets all the way up to sortation plants . In urban areas , LDUs may be specific postal carriers ' routes . In rural areas where direct door @-@ to @-@ door delivery is not available , an LDU can describe a set of post office boxes or a rural route . LDU 9Z9 is used exclusively for Business Reply Mail . In rural FSAs , the first two characters are usually assigned in alphanumerical order by the name of each community .
LDU 9Z0 refers to large regional distribution centre facilities , and is also used as a placeholder , appearing in some regional postmarks such as the " K0H 9Z0 " which formerly appeared on purely local mail within the Kingston , Ontario area .
= = Number of possible postal codes = =
Postal codes do not include the letters D , F , I , O , Q or U , and the first position also does not make use of the letters W or Z. This means the maximum number of FSAs available is 3 @,@ 600 . With 2 @,@ 000 possible LDUs in each FSA , there is a theoretical limit of 7 @.@ 2 million postal codes . The practical limit is a bit lower , as Canada Post reserves some FSAs for special functions , such as for test or promotional purposes , ( e.g. the H0H 0H0 for Santa Claus , see below ) as well as for sorting mail bound for destinations outside Canada . The current Statistics Canada estimate of over 830 @,@ 000 active postal codes represents about 12 % of the entire postal code " space " , leaving more than ample room for expansion .
= = Urbanization = =
" Urbanization " is the name Canada Post uses to refer to the process where it replaces a rural postal code ( a code with a zero as its second character ) with urban postal codes . The vacated rural postal code can then be assigned to another community or retired . Canada Post decides when to urbanize a certain community when its population reaches a certain level , though different factors may also be involved .
For example , in early 2008 , the postal code G0N 3M0 ( covering Sainte @-@ Catherine @-@ de @-@ la @-@ Jacques @-@ Cartier , Fossambault @-@ sur @-@ le @-@ Lac and Lac @-@ Saint @-@ Joseph , Quebec ) was urbanized to postal codes beginning with G3N to remove ambiguities and confusions caused by similar street names . Unique among province @-@ wide districts , New Brunswick ( postal district E ) is completely urbanized , its rural codes having been phased out .
= = Santa Claus = =
In 1974 , staff at Canada Post 's Montreal office were noticing a considerable number of letters addressed to Santa Claus entering the postal system , and those letters were being treated as undeliverable . Since employees handling those letters did not want the writers , mostly young children , to be disappointed at the lack of response , they started answering the letters themselves .
The amount of mail sent to Santa Claus increased every Christmas , up to the point that Canada Post established an official Santa Claus letter @-@ response program in 1983 . By 2011 , Santa 's mail was being handled with the assistance of eleven thousand volunteers , mostly current or former postal workers , at multiple locations across Canada devoting an average twenty @-@ one hours to this seasonal task .
Approximately one million letters are addressed to Santa Claus each Christmas , including some originating outside of Canada , and all of them are answered in the same language in which they are written . Canada Post introduced a special address for mail to Santa Claus , complete with its own postal code :
SANTA CLAUS
NORTH POLE H0H 0H0
CANADA
In French , Santa 's name Père Noël translates as " Father Christmas " , addressed as :
PÈRE NOËL
PÔLE NORD H0H 0H0
CANADA
The postal code H0H 0H0 was chosen for this special seasonal use as it reads as " Ho ho ho " .
The H0- prefix is an anomaly : the 0 indicates a very small , rural village , but H is used to designate Montreal , the second @-@ largest city in Canada . As such , the H0- prefix is almost completely empty . H0M , assigned to the international Akwesasne tribal reserve on the Canada @-@ US border , is the only other H0- postal code in active use .
In 2013 , Santa Claus was dragged into the ongoing Arctic sovereignty debate to support Canadian territorial claims extending to the North Pole . In response to attacks from Conservative MP Paul Calandra , parliamentary secretary to then @-@ Prime Minister Stephen Harper , Justin Trudeau , at the time leader of the third party Liberals , stated " Everyone knows that Santa Claus is Canadian . His postal code is H0H 0H0 . "
= = Transition points to the Canadian Forces Postal Service = =
For transition of mail from the civilian to the Canadian Forces Postal Service , the postal codes of the three corresponding military post offices on Canadian soil are used . These being , depending upon the final destination .
the Fleet Mail Offices ( FMO ) in Victoria , BC : V9A 7N2
FMO in Halifax , NS : B3K 5X5
the Canadian Forces Post Office ( CFPO ) in Belleville , ON : K8N 5W6
These postal codes each represent a number of military post offices abroad , which are specified not by postal code but by CFPO or FMO number . The LDUs in this case corresponding not so much to a physical as to a virtual delivery unit since mail is not delivered locally but is forwarded to the actual delivery units at Canadian military bases and ships abroad .
Name
Slot #
PO Box 5053 Stn Forces
Belleville ON K8N 5W6
CANADA
In this example , Canada Post will deliver to the CFPO at Belleville and the Canadian Forces Postal System will continue transport to the addressee at CFPO 5053 ( in Geilenkirchen , Germany ) by whatever means and timing the military will deem appropriate .
= = Alternate uses = =
Postal codes can be correlated with databased information from censuses or health registries to create a geographic profile of an area 's population . For instance , postal codes have been used to compare children 's risk of developing cancer and to describe a neighbourhood 's entrenched poverty ( " Vancouver 's Downtown Eastside is Canada 's poorest postal code " ) .
As Canadian electoral districts frequently follow postal code areas , citizens can identify their local elected representative using their postal code . Provincial and federal government websites offer an online " look @-@ up " feature based on postal codes . Although A1A 1A1 is sometimes displayed as a generic code for this purpose , it is actually a genuine postal code in use in the Lower Battery , St. John 's Harbour , Newfoundland . Another common " example " code in Canada Post materials , K1A 0B1 , is the valid code for the Canada Post office building in Ottawa .
= Green Lantern Coaster =
Green Lantern Coaster is a steel roller coaster at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia . The ride is themed after DC Comics ' Green Lantern and is located within the park 's DC Comics superhero hub . The ride is an El Loco roller coaster manufactured by S & S Worldwide , characterised by a tight circuit featuring a beyond @-@ vertical drop and an outward banked turn . It holds the record for the steepest drop of any roller coaster in the Southern Hemisphere , and the second steepest in the world . Green Lantern Coaster officially opened on 23 December 2011 .
= = History = =
In May 2011 , preliminary groundwork began on a plot of land in front of Warner Bros. Movie World . On 31 July 2011 , the firm announced a multimillion @-@ dollar attraction coming before Christmas 2011 . In early September , pieces of S & S Worldwide roller coaster track began appearing in the car park . On 13 September 2011 , Warner Bros. Movie World began releasing cropped images of the ride 's concept art . On 17 September 2011 , the final clues were released before the official announcement that evening . It was announced that the Green Lantern Coaster would feature the steepest drop in the Southern Hemisphere . Also on 17 September 2011 , the DC Super Heroes Store opened adjacent to Batman Adventure : The Ride 2 , Batwing Spaceshot and Green Lantern Coaster . By early October , most of the support structure and the lift hill were complete . By the end of October , the ride 's construction was complete and work had begun on the entrance pathway . In early November , six trains arrived on site . Another was showcased by S & S Worldwide at the 2011 IAAPA Attractions Expo . Kevin Rohwer , an S & S Worldwide spokesman , stated that the ride would be ready on 15 December 2011 . On 28 November 2011 , testing began . The ride entered a soft opening phase on 16 December 2011 , before its official opening on 23 December 2011 .
= = = Drop angle = = =
When the Green Lantern Coaster was announced , few details were released about the ride 's drop angle other than it would be the Southern Hemisphere 's steepest . On 2 November , Warner Bros. Movie World announced via Facebook that the ride would have a drop angle of 120 ° . On 27 November , Warner Bros. Movie World released the television commercial , which promoted that the ride would have the steepest drop in the world . Later that day they confirmed the drop would be 122 @.@ 4 ° instead of the originally announced 120 ° . Following the soft opening television commercials began advertising the ride . On 20 December , Warner Bros. Movie World revised the angle yet again to 120 @.@ 5 ° ; this was the final measurement given . Only Takabisha exceeded it with a drop of 121 ° .
= = Characteristics = =
Green Lantern Coaster is an El Loco roller coaster manufactured by S & S Worldwide . Warner Bros. Movie World collaborated with S & S Worldwide to develop an coaster that was unlike the previous models ( Mumbo Jumbo , Steel Hawg and Timber Drop ) .
= = = Trains = = =
The coaster 's seven trains double the capacity of the traditional El Loco ride from 4 seats per train to 8 seats per train . The trains are articulated in such a way that the first row of four riders moves independently from the second row . Each seat features a pair of stereo speakers in the head rest . These speakers are capable of playing multiple tracks for up to 9 minutes on a single charge . Riders are harnessed to the ride through the use of lap bars . The front of each car features a pulsing LED Green Lantern logo while the back of each car features the Green Lantern oath . All of these operational and thematic characteristics are new for this type of ride and were developed specifically for this coaster .
= = = Statistics = = =
Green Lantern Coaster features 488 metres ( 1 @,@ 601 ft ) of track on which riders reach speeds of up to 66 kilometres per hour ( 41 mph ) and experience 3 @.@ 5 Gs . The 33 @-@ metre @-@ tall ( 108 ft ) ride features a first drop with an angle of 120 @.@ 5 ° ranking it the steepest drop in the Southern Hemisphere and the second steepest in the world . The track and structure , which weigh approximately 300 tonnes ( 330 tons ) , were shipped to Australia from Italy and China , respectively , in twenty @-@ five 40 @-@ foot ( 12 m ) shipping containers .
= = = Theme = = =
The Green Lantern Coaster is themed around the Green Lantern series of comic books that originated in 1940 . This theme is showcased throughout the ride 's queue and the station . The ride 's theming was developed by Sculpt Studios .
= = Experience = =
= = = Queue = = =
The queue begins adjacent to the DC Super Heroes Store , opposite Batwing Spaceshot . The queue weaves its way alongside the park 's original boundary wall . Along this route several billboards inform guests of the story behind the Green Lantern . Riders turn left and enter a courtyard featuring 2D cutouts of villains as well as a 3D model of the Green Lantern . The queue turns left again and follows an upwards path to the station .
= = = Ride = = =
Green Lantern Coaster begins with a u @-@ turn out of the station . It ascends a chain lift hill before going down a small dip and into an s @-@ bend followed by a u @-@ turn . After a slight ascent , the car enters a 120 @.@ 5 ° drop – the steepest in the southern hemisphere . The track then returns to approximately two thirds of its original height before entering the first set of block brakes . These brakes lead into a left turn with reverse or outward banking . It then drops under the block brakes and into the first inversion – a Dive Loop . The inversion begins with half of an inline twist which transitions into half of a vertical loop . Upon exiting the inversion the track inclines into a second set of block brakes . The train then goes around a right u @-@ turn and into the second inversion – a downwards inline twist . This leads into a cutback @-@ style turnaround before entering the final brake run and returning to the station .
= = = Exit = = =
Upon the completion of the ride , guests exit via a path that runs under the lift hill and alongside the park 's boundary before returning to the DC Super Heroes Store . Inside guests can purchase a variety of merchandise related to Green Lantern , Batman and Superman .
= = Reception = =
Village Roadshow Theme Parks , the owners of Warner Bros. Movie World attributed a rise in attendance to the opening of the Green Lantern Coaster . The company labelled the launch of the ride as a success . The attraction 's downtime has been reported several times by local media , however , this behaviour is not unusual for amusement rides . Green Lantern Coaster , along with other El Loco roller coasters , ranked 182 out of the 365 steel roller coasters in the worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll for 2012 .
= = Incidents = =
On 15 March 2015 , one car of a train became detached from rails when a wheel mechanism broke . A Queensland Fire Service Inspector described it as " a fairly catastrophic failure of the carriage " that was the " first time we 'd ever seen the actual failure of the machinery " . An investigation revealed that there was a design flaw in the wheel assembly dealing with a bolted joint , and that there was " really nothing that Movie World could have done to prevent it . S & S Worldwide redesigned the flawed components , and tested the ride , before it reopened to the public on 16 December 2015 .
= A Christmas Carol ( Doctor Who ) =
" A Christmas Carol " is an episode of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who . It is the sixth Doctor Who Christmas special since the programme 's revival in 2005 , and was broadcast on 25 December 2010 on both BBC One and BBC America , making it the first episode to premiere on the same day in both the United Kingdom and United States . It was written by Steven Moffat and directed by Toby Haynes .
In the episode , newly wedded companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and Rory Williams ( Arthur Darvill ) are trapped on a crashing space liner which has been caught in a strange cloud belt . They call the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) , who lands on the planet below and meets the miserly Kazran Sardick ( Michael Gambon ) , a man who can control the cloud layer but refuses to help . Inspired by Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol , the episode has the Doctor attempting to use time travel to alter Kazran 's past and make him kinder so he will save the spaceship .
Moffat enjoyed writing the episode and was a fan of Dickens ' story himself . The story features flying sharks and fish , which were things Moffat was afraid of as a child . The episode features the acting debut of Welsh singer Katherine Jenkins , who also sang in the episode with a song written specifically for her . " A Christmas Carol " was filmed through July and August 2010 mainly on sets designed by the show 's new set designer Michael Pickwood . The special was seen by 12 @.@ 11 million viewers in the UK and received generally positive reviews from critics .
= = Plot = =
= = = Synopsis = = =
A space liner carrying 4003 passengers , including Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and Rory Williams ( Arthur Darvill ) on their honeymoon , loses control when passing through strange electrified clouds over a human @-@ inhabited planet . The Doctor ( Matt Smith ) , summoned by Amy , is unable to use the TARDIS to save the ship , and instead lands on the planet and discovers that a spire in the centre of a large city is influencing the atmosphere . Its owner , the bitter and peevish old Kazran Sardick ( Michael Gambon ) , refuses to operate the " isomorphic " controls to deactivate the spire and allow the ship to land safely . The Doctor observes Kazran 's fear of his father who had built the spire , and creates a scheme inspired by Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol to make Kazran kinder .
He ventures to Kazran 's past and meets him as a kind @-@ hearted young boy , interested in the unique properties of the planet 's atmosphere that allow fish to swim in it . The Doctor experiments with Kazran , leading to a shark entering the room and swallowing the Doctor 's sonic screwdriver . Though the Doctor is able to recover part of the screwdriver , the shark is wounded in the effort , unable to swim back into the atmosphere . Kazran offers a solution by taking him to a cryogenic storeroom where his father has kept people in storage as " security " for loans , including Abigail ( Katherine Jenkins ) , a young woman with whom Kazran has been enamored . Abigail , once released , sings to soothe the shark while the Doctor uses Abigail 's cryo @-@ unit to transport the shark back to the atmosphere . As the Doctor and Kazran return Abigail to storage , Kazran promises her they will see her every Christmas Eve . The Doctor keeps this promise , using the TARDIS to jump forward each year , helping to reunite Kazran and Abigail and watching their relationship blossom with the two falling in love and eventually kissing . However , after one such visit , Abigail tells the now young adult Kazran a secret , and Kazran requests the Doctor end the practice , keeping Abigail in storage indefinitely . Though old Kazran in the present becomes pleased with his new memories , he remains bitter at Abigail 's fate and refuses to help save the ship . As a result of the Doctor 's actions , instead of being cruel and heartless , Kazran is bitter and heartbroken .
Old Kazran is soon visited by holographic images of the ship 's crew in the present . After observing the effects of Abigail 's singing , the crew is singing Christmas carols , the sound frequencies of which are helping to stabilise the ship but cannot prevent it from crashing . Amy appears to Kazran and implores his help , but he waves away the holograms . The Doctor appears , and Kazran surmises that he is there to show Kazran his future , but he could not care less if he dies old and alone ; he reveals that Abigail had an incurable disease on entering cryostorage and will only have one more day to live . As he cannot decide which day that should be , Kazran chastises the Doctor for believing he could change his mind . Unbeknownst to Kazran , the Doctor has brought young Kazran with him ; the realisation of how much his bitter future self now resembles his feared father causes a change of heart in Kazran ( making his own memory of his future self the show 's version of the ghost of Christmas yet to come ) , and he quickly agrees to release the controls to save the ship .
The Doctor finds his changes to Kazran 's past have locked him out from the spire 's controls , but the Doctor devises a solution : by having Abigail sing through one half of the broken sonic screwdriver , the other half , still in the shark , will resonate in the atmosphere and disrupt the storm to allow the ship to land safely . Kazran releases Abigail knowing this will be the last time , but Abigail understands and believes it is time for them to share a Christmas Day . The plan works successfully , and the resulting cloud break @-@ out creates snowfall that falls around the city . As the Doctor rejoins Amy and Rory and prepares to take young Kazran back to the past , old Kazran and Abigail enjoy one last shark @-@ led carriage @-@ ride together .
= = = Continuity = = =
Several nods to earlier outfits in the series appear in " A Christmas Carol " . Amy Pond wears her kissogram policewoman 's outfit from " The Eleventh Hour " , while Rory wears a Roman centurion 's outfit as seen in " The Pandorica Opens " . In one of the many Christmas Eves the Doctor and Kazran spend with Abigail , they present themselves to her in long , stripy scarves , the Fourth Doctor 's trademark accessory . The two also appear in fezzes , an item of clothing the Doctor became fond of in " The Big Bang " . Kazran 's controls are " isomorphic " , which means that only he can use them . In Pyramids of Mars ( 1975 ) , the TARDIS 's controls are said to be isomorphic , though in subsequent adventures this feature was retained or ignored as the plot demands .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
Writer Steven Moffat , who is also head writer and executive producer of the series , wanted to make the special " really Christmassy " because the previous Christmas special , The End of Time , had been darker than usual as it led to the Tenth Doctor 's ( David Tennant ) regeneration . He stated that he had " never been so excited about writing anything . I was laughing madly as I typed along to Christmas songs in April " . Moffat stated that A Christmas Carol was " probably [ his ] favourite Christmas story " and that it lent itself to Doctor Who , as there was an aspect similar to time travel in the story . He also pointed out that the Doctor intentionally based his reform of Kazran on Dickens ' story ; Dickens exists as a character in the Doctor Who universe , having appeared in the 2005 episode " The Unquiet Dead " . The concept of the sky shark was based on Moffat 's childhood fear of sharks which had evolved to swim outside the water .
Moffat noted that Kazran was unlike other villains found in Doctor Who , as he was not completely " wicked " . Instead he was more of a " damaged " character ; the Doctor recognises this when Kazran demonstrates his inability to hit a little boy , due to it reminding him of when his father beat him . This allowed the Doctor to want to change his past and " defrost " his soul . The phrase " halfway out of the dark " is used in the episode , a reference to the fact that the hard winter is almost over as well as a metaphor for Kazran .
= = = Casting = = =
Starting with this episode , Arthur Darvill achieved regular status . British actor Michael Gambon was cast in the role of Kazran . Andy Pryor , the casting director , did not believe Gambon would be available , and was surprised when Gambon accepted the role . Smith , Gillan , and Darvill were very honoured to work with him . Moffat stated , " Michael Gambon is as distinguished an actor as I can imagine and the fact that he was Dumbledore means that he is already known to millions of children " . Kazran was played as a boy by Laurence Belcher and as a young adult by Danny Horn . Director Toby Haynes said that acting came naturally to Belcher and he " captured the story " and drew the audience in .
The episode also features the acting debut of Welsh singer Katherine Jenkins . Shortly before her 30th birthday in June 2010 , Jenkins was asked about the part , and she accepted . Moffat was unaware that Jenkins had no former acting experience . Jenkins originally was not interested in acting , but thought that she would " like to try " Doctor Who , as it was " such an iconic show " . Producer Sanne Wohlenberg believed that Jenkins was " a perfect fit " for the role . Though she was nervous , Jenkins found the Doctor Who team " encouraging and supportive " and believed she would act again " if the right thing came along " .
= = = Filming and effects = = =
A read @-@ through took place in Cardiff on Thursday , 8 July and production started on 12 July 2010 and lasted into August 2010 . The episode marked the debut of Michael Pickwood as the new set designer . Pickwood and Haynes worked together to create the town , incorporating elements that would be needed in a society that shared its daily life with fish . Nearly all windows in the town are round , reminiscent of submarines . The structures were made out of metal , filmed at a local steel works . Kazran 's study was designed to be very large , as Kazran spent several scenes in there alone and would feel " dwarfed " by it . The walls were intended to look like copper that had turned green , which when combined with the red drapes created the Christmas colours of red and green . The painting of Kazran 's father was created by taking a picture of Gambon , lightly printing it on a canvas , and painting in the details . Kazran 's controls were inspired by a church organ .
The Doctor 's first scene in the episode is falling down the chimney and presenting himself to Kazran . Smith was pleased with the entrance of his character , noting similarities between the Doctor and Santa Claus . However , a stuntman performed the scene . For the scene in which a sky fish nibbles on the sonic screwdriver , the screwdriver was dangled in front of a greenscreen and tapped with a pen to create the effect of the fish nudging it . To maintain secrecy of the episode 's plot , the model shark was given the codename " Clive " . The scenes in which the characters ride through the air in a sleigh pulled by one of the flying sharks was filmed in front of a greenscreen . The sleigh was in fact a rickshaw which crew members rocked back and forth as a wind machine created the effect of flying through the air . As it was impossible to film underneath the rickshaw , a miniature model of the sleigh was used for the shots underneath the sleigh rather than computer @-@ generated effects .
= = = Music = = =
The episode features a song specifically written for Jenkins , titled " Abigail 's Song " . In the script it was written that the song was unique and specific to Doctor Who , and composer Murray Gold was contacted to write the song . Jenkins did a demo and then sang the song while filming the actual scene , as she thought it would look more natural . Afterwards she sang the final version and new , lighter arrangement was composed by the National Orchestra of Wales . Selected pieces of music from this special , as composed by Gold , were released on a soundtrack 21 March 2011 by Silva Screen Records .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" A Christmas Carol " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on Christmas Day 2010 . According to overnight figures , " A Christmas Carol " was tied with Come Fly with Me as the second most @-@ watched programme on Christmas Day in the United Kingdom , behind EastEnders , and with an average viewership of 10 @.@ 3 million peaking at 10 @.@ 7 million . The final rating for BBC One was 12 @.@ 11 , making the episode the fourth highest rated of the entire canon since the series was revived in 2005 , behind previous specials " Voyage of the Damned " ( 13 @.@ 31 million , 2007 ) , " The Next Doctor " ( 13 @.@ 10 million , 2008 ) , and Part Two of The End of Time ( 12 @.@ 27 million , 2010 ) . " A Christmas Carol " was the third highest rated show on all UK TV for the week ending 26 December 2010 . In addition , 716 @,@ 000 watched the show on the BBC 's iPlayer , making it the eighth most downloaded show for December 2010 . This special had an Appreciation Index of 83 .
" A Christmas Carol " is the first episode of Doctor Who that was broadcast the same day in the United Kingdom and in the United States on BBC America . In the United States , 727 @,@ 000 viewers watched " A Christmas Carol " , an 8 % increase on the previous holiday special , part one of The End of Time . The special was broadcast in Canada on Space on 26 December and in Australia on ABC1 on the same day , where it had overnight ratings of 880 @,@ 000 viewers .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode received generally positive reviews . Dan Martin of The Guardian described the episode as a " sumptuous triumph " . Website Den of Geek 's Simon Brew applauded Moffat for " not taking the easy way out " with the adaptation , saying it was " really quite mad , undoubtedly festive , and it treats the Dickens source material with respect " . However , he also wondered if young children " would have enjoyed ' A Christmas Carol ' quite as much " as adults " . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the special an A- , naming it the " best Doctor Who Christmas special " he had seen . He praised Gambon , Smith , both actors playing the younger Kazran and thought Gillan and Darvill " [ made ] the most of what they 're given " , though he commented that " Katherine Jenkins is more an ethereal presence with a lovely voice ... than an actress " .
Dave Golder of SFX gave the episode four and a half out of five stars , explaining that , although there were " creaky " moments , it was " the most adult Christmas special we 've yet been given , with some complex story @-@ telling techniques , a plot driven by the characters and some quite mind @-@ bending concepts " . He praised Jenkins ' debut and Smith , whom he described as " a force of nature unleashed on screen " . IGN 's Cindy White rated the episode 8 out of 10 , describing it as a " clever remix " of A Christmas Carol and praising Smith , Gambon , and Jenkins . Brad Trechak , writing for TV Squad , praised Moffat 's " expertly woven story " . MTV 's Rick Marshall called it " easily one of the best episodes of the series ' modern era ... populated with just the right amount of humor , drama , scares , and sentimental reverence for the classic story that inspired its narrative " .
Sam McPherson of Zap2it said that he " enjoyed ' A Christmas Carol ' more than I have almost any other special that has aired since the series restarted in 2005 " , but thought that " some parts were absolutely silly , and others were absolutely incoherent " due to the frantic pace . While he considered Amy and Rory " criminally underused " , they were responsible for " heavy laughs " and left the Doctor to be the " delight of the episode " . The Daily Telegraph 's Chris Harvey was less enthusiastic about the episode , saying that it " started nicely " , but that " by the time she was singing to the shark , I 'd had enough , " while thinking that , " It 's not really for old curmudgeons like me , who got more of a kick out of Michael Gambon 's miserly Kazran Sardick when he was sneering and snarling at the beginning of the episode than when he had been thoroughly heartwarmed by the end . "
" A Christmas Carol " was nominated for the 2011 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) , but lost to the preceding series finale " The Pandorica Opens " / " The Big Bang " .
= = DVD and Blu @-@ ray release = =
" A Christmas Carol " was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray as a standalone in Region 2 on 24 January 2011 , followed by Region 1 release in the two formats on 15 February 2011 . It contained the associated Doctor Who Confidential for the episode , as well as a cut @-@ down version of the Doctor Who Prom . The special was also included in the Complete Sixth Series box set released on 21 November 2011 ( Region 2 ) and 22 November ( Region 1 ) .
The ten Christmas specials between " The Christmas Invasion " and " Last Christmas " inclusive were released in a boxset titled Doctor Who – The 10 Christmas Specials on 19 October 2015 .
= LIM @-@ 49 Nike Zeus =
Nike Zeus was an anti @-@ ballistic missile ( ABM ) system developed by the US Army during the late 1950s and early 1960s , designed to destroy Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile warheads before they could hit targets in the United States . It was designed by Bell 's Nike team , and was initially based on the earlier Nike Hercules anti @-@ aircraft missile . The original Zeus A , given the tri @-@ service identifier XLIM @-@ 49 , was designed to intercept warheads in the upper atmosphere , mounting a 25 kiloton W31 nuclear warhead to guarantee a kill . During development it was greatly enlarged and extended into a totally new design , Zeus B , intended to intercept warheads over a much larger area , and mounting a 400 kiloton W50 warhead . In several successful tests , the B model proved itself able to intercept warheads , and even satellites .
The nature of the strategic threat changed dramatically during the period that Zeus was being developed . Originally expected to face only a few dozen ICBMs , a nationwide defense was feasible , although expensive . In 1957 , growing fears of a Soviet sneak attack led it to be repositioned as a way to protect Strategic Air Command 's bomber bases , ensuring a retaliatory strike force would survive . But when the Soviets claimed to be building hundreds of missiles , the US faced the problem of building enough Zeus missiles to match them . The Air Force suggested they close this missile gap by building more ICBMs of their own instead . Adding to the debate , a number of technical problems emerged that suggested Zeus would have little capability against any sort of sophisticated attack .
The system was the topic of intense inter @-@ service rivalry throughout its lifetime . When the ABM role was given to the Army in 1958 , the United States Air Force began a long series of critiques on Zeus , both within defense circles and in the press . The Army returned these attacks in kind , taking out full page advertisements in popular mass market news magazines to promote Zeus , as well as spreading development contracts across many states in order to garner the maximum political support . As deployment neared in the early 1960s , the debate became a major political issue . The question ultimately became whether or not a system with limited effectiveness would be better than nothing at all .
The decision whether to proceed with Zeus eventually fell to President John F. Kennedy , who became fascinated by the indecision surrounding the ABM system . In 1963 , the United States Secretary of Defense , Robert McNamara , convinced Kennedy to cancel Zeus . McNamara directed its funding towards studies of new ABM concepts being considered by ARPA , selecting the Nike @-@ X concept which addressed Zeus ' various problems by using an extremely high @-@ speed missile , Sprint , along with greatly improved radars and computer systems . The Zeus test site built at Kwajalein was briefly used as an anti @-@ satellite weapon .
= = History = =
= = = Early ABM studies = = =
The first known serious study on attacking ballistic missiles with interceptor missiles was carried out by the Army Air Force in 1946 , when two contracts were sent out as Project Wizard and Project Thumper to consider the problem of shooting down missiles of the V @-@ 2 type . These projects identified the main problem being one of detection ; the target could approach from anywhere within of hundreds of miles , and reached their targets in only five minutes . Existing radar systems would have difficulty seeing the missile launch at those ranges , and even assuming one had detected the missile , existing command and control arrangements would have serious problems forwarding that information to the battery in time for them to attack . The task appeared impossible at that time .
However , these results also noted that the system might be able to work against longer @-@ ranged missiles . Although these traveled at very high speeds , their higher altitude trajectories made detection simpler , and the longer flight times provided more time to prepare . Both projects were allowed to continue as research efforts , and were transferred to the US Air Force when that force separated from the Army in 1947 . The Air Force faced significant budget constraints and cancelled Thumper in 1949 in order to use its funds to continue their GAPA surface @-@ to @-@ air missile ( SAM ) . The next year they merged the Wizard and GAPA projects to develop a new long @-@ range SAM design , which would emerge a decade later as the CIM @-@ 10 Bomarc . ABM research at the Air Force practically , although not officially , ended .
= = = Nike II = = =
By the early 1950s the Army was firmly established in the surface @-@ to @-@ air missile field with their Nike and Nike B missile projects . These projects had been led by Bell Labs , working with Douglas .
The Army contacted the Johns Hopkins University Operations Research Office ( ORO ) to consider the task of shooting down ballistic missiles using a Nike @-@ like system . The ORO report took three years to complete , and the resulting The Defense of the United States Against Aircraft and Missiles was comprehensive . While this study was still progressing , in February 1955 the Army began initial talks with Bell , and in March they contracted Bell 's Nike team to begin a detailed 18 @-@ month study of the problem under the name Nike II .
The first section of the Bell study was returned to the Army Ordnance department at the Redstone Arsenal on 2 December 1955 . It considered the full range of threats including existing jet aircraft , future ramjet powered aircraft flying at up to 3 @,@ 000 knots ( 5 @,@ 600 km / h ) , short @-@ range ballistic missiles of the V @-@ 2 type flying at about the same speed , and an ICBM reentry vehicle ( RV ) traveling at 14 @,@ 000 knots ( 26 @,@ 000 km / h ) . They suggested that a missile with a common rocket booster could serve all of these roles by changing between two upper stages ; one with fins for use in the atmosphere against aircraft , and another with vestigial fins and thrust vectoring for use above the atmosphere against missiles .
Considering the ICBM problem , the study went on to suggest that the system would have to be effective between 95 and 100 % of the time in order to be worthwhile . They considered attacks against the RV while the missile was in the midcourse , just as it reached the highest point in its trajectory and was traveling at its slowest speed . Practical limitations eliminated this possibility , as it required the ABM to be launched at about the same time as the ICBM in order to meet in the middle , and they could not imagine a way to arrange this . Working at much shorter ranges , during the terminal phase , seemed the only possible solution .
Bell returned a further study , delivered on 4 January 1956 , that demonstrated the need to intercept the incoming warheads at 100 @-@ mile ( 160 km ) altitude , and suggested that this was within the abilities of an upgraded version of the Nike B missile . Given a terminal speed up to 5 miles per second ( 18 @,@ 000 miles per hour ( 29 @,@ 000 km / h ) ) , combined with the time it would take an interceptor missile to climb to the RV 's altitude , the system required that the RV be initially detected at about 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) range . Due to the RV 's relatively small size and limited radar signature , this would demand extremely powerful radars .
To ensure the destruction of the RV , or at least render the warhead within it unusable , the W31 would have to be fired when it was within a few hundred feet of the RV . Given the angular resolution of existing radars , this limited range significantly . Bell considered an active radar seeker , which improved in accuracy as it flew toward the RV , but these proved too large to be practical . A command guidance system like the early Nikes seemed to be the only solution .
The interceptor would lose maneuverability as it climbed out of the atmosphere and its aerodynamic surfaces became less effective , so it would have to be directed onto the target as rapidly as possible , leaving only minor fine tuning later in the engagement . This required that accurate tracks be developed for both the warhead and outgoing missile very quickly in comparison to a system like Nike B where the guidance could be updated throughout the engagement . This demanded new computers and tracking radars with much higher processing rates than the systems used on earlier Nikes . Bell suggested that their transistor offered the solution to the data processing problem .
After running 50 @,@ 000 simulated intercepts on analog computers , Bell returned a final report on the concept in October 1956 , indicating that the system was within the state of the art . A 13 November 1956 memo gave new names to the entire Nike series ; the original Nike became Nike Ajax , Nike B became Nike Hercules , and Nike II became Nike Zeus .
= = = Army vs. Air Force = = =
The Army and Air Force had been involved in interservice fighting over missile systems since they split in 1947 . The Army considered surface @-@ to @-@ surface missiles ( SSM ) an extension of conventional artillery , and surface @-@ to @-@ air designs as the modern replacement for their anti @-@ aircraft artillery . The Air Force considered the nuclear SSM to be an extension of their strategic bombing role , and any sort of long @-@ range anti @-@ aircraft system to be their domain as it would integrate with their fighter fleet . Both forces were developing missiles for both roles , leading to considerable duplication of effort which was widely seen as wasteful .
By the mid @-@ 1950s some of these projects were simply tit @-@ for @-@ tat efforts . When the Army 's Hercules began deployment , the Air Force complained that it was inferior to their Bomarc and that the Army was " unfit to guard the nation " . When the Army started its Jupiter missile efforts , the Air Force responded by starting its own IRBM , Thor . So when the Army announced Nike II , the Air Force reactivated Wizard , this time as a long @-@ range anti @-@ ICBM system of much greater performance than Zeus .
In a 26 November 1956 memorandum , US Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson attempted to end the fighting and prevent duplication . His solution was to limit the Army to weapons with 200 @-@ mile ( 320 km ) range , and those involved in surface @-@ to @-@ air defense to only 100 miles ( 160 km ) . The memo also placed limits on Army air operations , severely limiting the weight of the aircraft it was allowed to operate . To some degree this simply formalized what had largely already been the case in practice , but Jupiter fell outside the range limits and the Army was forced to hand them to the Air Force .
The result was another round of fighting between the two forces . Jupiter had been designed to be a highly accurate weapon able to attack Soviet military bases in Europe , as compared to Thor , which was intended to attack Soviet cities and had accuracy on the order of several miles . Losing Jupiter , the Army was eliminated from any offensive strategic role . In return , the Air Force complained that Zeus was too long @-@ ranged and the ABM effort should center on Wizard . But the Jupiter handover meant that Zeus was now the only strategic program being carried out by the Army , and its cancellation would mean " virtually the surrender of the defense of America to the U.S.A.F at some future date . "
= = = Gaither Report , missile gap = = =
In May 1957 , Eisenhower tasked the President 's Science Advisory Committee ( PSAC ) to provide a report on the potential effectiveness of fallout shelters and other means of protecting the US population in the event of a nuclear war . Chaired by Horace Rowan Gaither , the PSAC team completed their study in September , publishing it officially on 7 November as Deterrence & Survival in the Nuclear Age , but today known as the Gaither Report . After ascribing an expansionist policy to the USSR , along with suggestions that they were more heavily developing their military than the US , the Report suggested that there would be a significant gap in capability in the late 1950s due to spending levels .
While the report was being prepared , in August 1957 the Soviets launched their R @-@ 7 Semyorka ( SS @-@ 6 ) ICBM , and followed this up with the successful launch of Sputnik 1 in October . Over the next few months , a series of intelligence reviews resulted in ever increasing estimates of the Soviet missile force . National Intelligence Estimate ( NIE ) 11 @-@ 10 @-@ 57 , issued in December 1957 , stated that the Soviets would have perhaps 10 prototype missiles in service by mid @-@ 1958 . But after Nikita Khrushchev claimed to be producing them " like sausages " , the numbers began to rapidly inflate . NIE 11 @-@ 5 @-@ 58 , released in August 1958 , suggested there would be 100 ICBMs in service by 1960 , and 500 by 1961 or 1962 at the latest .
With the NIE reports suggesting the existence of the gap Gaither predicted , near panic broke out in military circles . In response , the US began to rush its own ICBM efforts , centered on the SM @-@ 65 Atlas . These missiles would be less susceptible to attack by ICBM than bombers , especially in future versions which would be launched from underground silos . But even as Atlas was rushed , it appeared there would be a missile gap ; NIE estimates made during the late 1950s suggested the Soviets would have significantly more ICBMs than the US between 1959 and 1963 , at which point US production would finally catch up .
With even a few hundred missies , the Soviets could afford to target every US bomber base . With no warning system in place , a sneak attack could destroy a significant amount of the US bomber fleet on the ground . The US would still have the airborne alert force and its own small ICBM fleet , but the USSR would have its entire bomber fleet and any missiles they did not launch , leaving them with a massive strategic advantage . To ensure this could not happen , the Report called for the installation of active defenses at SAC bases , Hercules in the short term and an ABM for the 1959 period , along with new early warning radars for ballistic missiles to allow alert aircraft to get away before the missiles hit . Even Zeus would come too late to cover this period , and some consideration was given to an adapted Hercules or a land based version of the Navy 's RIM @-@ 8 Talos as an interim ABM .
= = = Zeus B = = =
Douglas Aircraft had been selected to build the missiles for Zeus , known under the company designation DM @-@ 15 . This was essentially a scaled @-@ up Hercules with an improved , more powerful single piece booster replacing Hercules ' cluster of four smaller boosters . Intercepts could take place at the limits of the Wilson requirements , at ranges and altitudes of about 100 miles ( 160 km ) . Prototype launches were planned for 1959 . For more rapid service entry there had been some consideration given to an interim system based on the original Hercules missile , but these efforts were dropped . Likewise , early requirements for a secondary anti @-@ aircraft role were also eventually dropped .
Wilson signaled his intention to retire in early 1957 , and Eisenhower began looking for a replacement . During his exit interview , only four days after Sputnik , Wilson told Eisenhower that " trouble is rising between the Army and the Air Force over the ' anti @-@ missile @-@ missile ' . " The new Secretary of Defense , Neil McElroy , took office on 9 October 1957 . McElroy was previously president of Procter & Gamble and was best known for the invention of the concept of brand management and product differentiation . He had little federal experience , and the launch of Sputnik left him little time to ease into the position .
Shortly after taking office , McElroy formed a panel to investigate ABM issues . The panel examined the Army and Air Force projects , and found the Zeus program considerably more advanced than Wizard . McElroy told the Air Force to stop work on ABM missiles and use Wizard funding for the development of long @-@ range radars for early warning and raid identification . These were already under development as the BMEWS network . The Army was handed the job of actually shooting down the warheads , and McElroy gave them free hand to develop an ABM system as they saw fit , free of any range limitations .
The team designed a much larger missile with a greatly enlarged upper fuselage and three stages , more than doubling the launch weight . This version extended range , with interceptions taking place as far as 200 miles ( 320 km ) downrange and over 100 miles ( 160 km ) in altitude . An even larger booster took the missile to hypersonic speeds while still in the lower atmosphere , so the missile fuselage had to be covered over completely with a phenolic ablative heat shield to protect the airframe from melting . Another change was to combine the aerodynamic controls used for control in the lower atmosphere with the thrust vectoring engines , using a single set of movable jet vanes for both roles .
The new DM @-@ 15B Nike Zeus B ( the earlier model retroactively becoming the A ) received a go ahead for development on 16 January 1958 , the same date the Air Force was officially told to stop all work on a Wizard missile . On 22 January 1958 , the National Security Council gave Zeus S @-@ Priority , the highest national priority . Additional funds were requested to the Zeus program to ensure an initial service date in the fourth quarter of 1962 , but these were denied , delaying service entry until some time in 1963 .
= = = Exchange ratio and other problems = = =
With their change of fortunes after McElroy 's 1958 decision , Army General James M. Gavin publicly stated that Zeus would soon replace strategic bombers as the nation 's main deterrent . In response to this turn of events , the Air Force stepped up their policy by press release efforts against the Army , as well as agitating behind the scenes within the Defense Department .
As part of their Wizard research , the Air Force had developed a formula that compared the cost of an ICBM to the ABM needed to shoot it down . The formula , later known as the cost @-@ exchange ratio , could be expressed as a dollar figure ; if the cost of the ICBM was less than that figure , the economic advantage was in favor of the offense - they could build more ICBMs for less money than the ABMs needed to shoot them down . A variety of scenarios demonstrated that it was almost always the case that the offense had the advantage . The Air Force ignored this inconvenient problem while they were still working on Wizard , but as soon as the Army was handed sole control of the ABM efforts , they immediately submitted it to McElroy . McElroy identified this as an example of interservice fighting , but was concerned that the formula might be correct .
For an answer , McElroy turned to the Re @-@ entry Body Identification Group ( RBIG ) , a sub @-@ group of the Gaither Committee led by William E. Bradley , Jr. that had been studying the issue of penetrating a Soviet ABM system . The RBIG had delivered an extensive report on the topic on 2 April 1958 which suggested that defeating a Soviet ABM system would not be difficult . Their primary suggestion was to arm US missiles with more than one warhead , a concept known as Multiple Re @-@ entry Vehicles ( MRV ) . Each warhead would also be modified with radiation hardening , ensuring only a near miss could damage it . This would mean that the Soviets would have to launch at least one interceptor for each US warhead , while the US could launch multiple warheads without building a single new missile . If the Soviets added more interceptors to counter the increased number of US warheads , the US could counter this with a smaller number of new missiles of their own . The cost balance was always in favor of the offense . This basic concept would remain the primary argument against ABMs for the next two decades .
Turning this argument about , the RBIG delivered a report to McElroy that agreed with the Air Force 's original claims on the ineffectiveness of ABMs based on cost . But then they went on to consider the Zeus system itself , and noted that its use of mechanically steered radars , with one radar per missile , meant that Zeus could only launch a small number of missiles at once . If the Soviets also deployed MRV , even a single ICBM would cause several warheads to arrive at the same time , and Zeus would simply not have time to shoot at them all . They calculated that only four warheads arriving within one minute would result in one of them hitting the Zeus base 90 % of the time . Thus one or two Soviet missiles would destroy 100 Zeus 's . The RBIG noted that an ABM system " demands such a high rate of fire from an active defense system , in order to intercept the numerous reentry bodies which arrive nearly simultaneously , that the expense of the required equipment may be prohibitive " . They went on to question the " ultimate impossibility " of an ABM system .
= = = Project Defender = = =
McElroy responded to the RBIG report in two ways . First , he turned to the newly created ARPA group to examine the RBIG report . APRA , directed by Chief Scientist Herbert York , returned another report broadly agreeing with everything they said . Considering both the need to penetrate a Soviet ABM and a potential US ABM system , York noted that :
When this report was received , McElroy then charged ARPA to begin studying long term solutions to the ICBM defense , looking for systems that would avoid the apparently insurmountable problem presented by the exchange ratio .
ARPA responded by forming Project Defender , initially considering a wide variety of far out concepts like particle beam weapons , lasers and huge fleets of space @-@ borne interceptor missiles , the latter known as Project BAMBI . In May 1958 , York also began working with Lincoln Labs , MIT 's radar research lab , to begin researching ways to distinguish warheads from decoys by radar or other means . This project emerged as the Pacific Range Electromagnetic Signature Studies , or Project PRESS .
= = = More problems = = =
In the midst of the growing debate over Zeus ' abilities , the US conducted its first high yield , high altitude tests – Hardtack Teak on 1 August 1958 , and Hardtack Orange on 12 August . These demonstrated a number of previously unknown or underestimated effects , notably that nuclear fireballs grew to very large size and caused all of the air in or immediately below the fireball to become opaque to radar signals , an effect that became known as nuclear blackout . This was extremely worrying for any system like Zeus , which would not be able to track warheads in or behind such a fireball , including those of the Zeus ' own warheads .
If this were not enough , there was a growing awareness that simple radar reflectors could be launched along with the warhead that would be indistinguishable to Zeus ' radars . This problem was first alluded to in 1958 in public talks that mentioned Zeus ' inability to discriminate targets . If the decoys spread apart further than the lethal radius of the Zeus ' warhead , several interceptors will be required to guarantee that the warhead hiding among the decoys will be destroyed . Decoys are lightweight , and would slow down when they began to reenter the upper atmosphere , allowing them to be picked out , or decluttered . But by that time it would be so close to the Zeus base that there might not be time for the Zeus to climb to altitude .
In 1959 the Defense Department ordered one more study on the basic Zeus system , this time by the PSAC . They put together a heavyweight group with some of the most famous and influential scientists forming its core , including Hans Bethe who had worked on the Manhattan Project and later on the hydrogen bomb , Wolfgang Panofsky , the director of the High @-@ Energy Physics Lab at Stanford University , and Harold Brown , director of the Lawrence Livermore weapons lab , among similar luminaries . The PSAC report was almost a repeat of the RBIG . They recommended that Zeus should not be built , at least without significant changes to allow it to better deal with the emerging problems .
Throughout , Zeus was the focus of fierce controversy in both the press and military circles . Even as testing started , it was unclear if development would continue . President Eisenhower 's defense secretaries , McElroy ( 1957 – 59 ) and Thomas S. Gates , Jr . ( 1959 – 61 ) , were unconvinced that the system was worth the cost . Eisenhower was highly skeptical , questioning whether an effective ABM system could be developed in the 1960s . Another harsh critic on cost grounds was Edward Teller , who simply stated that the exchange ratio meant the solution was to build more ICBMs .
= = = Kennedy and Zeus = = =
John F. Kennedy campaigned on the platform that Eisenhower was weak on defense and that he was not doing enough to solve the looming missile gap . After his win in the 1960 elections he was flooded with calls and letters urging that Zeus be continued . This was a concentrated effort on the part of the Army , who fought back against similar Air Force tactics . They also deliberately spread the Zeus contracts over 37 states in order to gain as much political and industrial support as possible , while taking out advertisements in major mass @-@ market magazines like Life and The Saturday Evening Post promoting the system .
Kennedy appointed Army General Maxwell D. Taylor as his Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Taylor , like most Army brass , was a major supporter of the Zeus program . Kennedy and Taylor initially agreed to build a huge Zeus deployment with seventy batteries and 7 @,@ 000 missiles . McNamara was also initially in favor of the system , but suggested a much smaller deployment of twelve batteries with 1 @,@ 200 missiles . A contrary note was put forth by Jerome Wiesner , recently appointed as Kennedy 's scientific advisor , and chair of the 1959 PSAC report . He began to educate Kennedy on the technical problems inherent to the system . He also had lengthy discussions with David Bell , the budget director , who came to realize the enormous cost of any sort of reasonable Zeus system .
Kennedy was fascinated by the Zeus debate , especially the way that scientists were lined up on diametrically opposed positions for or against the system . He commented to Wiesner , " I don ’ t understand . Scientists are supposed to be rational people . How can there be such differences on a technical issue ? " His fascination grew and he eventually compiled a mass of material on Zeus which took up one corner of a room where he spent hundreds of hours becoming an expert on the topic . In one meeting with Edward Teller , Kennedy demonstrated that he knew more about the Zeus and ABMs than Teller . Teller then expended considerable effort to bring himself up to the same level of knowledge . Wiesner would later note that the pressure to make a decision built up until " Kennedy came to feel that the only thing anybody in the country was concerned about was Nike @-@ Zeus . "
To add to the debate , it was becoming clear that the missile gap was fictional . The first Corona spy satellite mission in August 1960 put limits on their program that appeared to be well below the lower bound of any of the estimates , and a follow @-@ up mission in late 1961 clearly demonstrated the US had a massive strategic lead . A new intelligence report published in 1961 reported that the Soviets had no more than 25 ICBMs and would not be able to add more for some time .
Nevertheless , Zeus continued slowly moving towards deployment . On 22 September 1961 , McNamara approved funding for continued development , and approved initial deployment of a Zeus system protecting twelve selected metropolitan areas . These included Washington / Baltimore , New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Philadelphia , Detroit , Ottawa / Montreal , Boston , San Francisco , Pittsburgh , St. Louis , and Toronto / Buffalo . However , the deployment was later overturned , and in January 1962 only the development funds were released .
= = = Nike @-@ X = = =
In 1961 , McNamara agreed to continue development funding through FY62 , but declined to provide funds for production . He summed up both the positives and the concerns this way :
Looking for a near term solution , McNamara once again turned to ARPA , asking it to consider the Zeus system in depth . The agency returned a new report in April 1962 that contained four basic concepts . First was the Zeus system in its current form , outlining what sort of role it might play in various war fighting scenarios . Zeus could , for instance , be used to protect SAC bases , thereby requiring the Soviets to expend more of their ICBMs to attack the base . This would presumably mean less damage to other targets . Another considered the addition of new passive electronically scanned array radars and computers to the Zeus , which would allow it to attack dozens of targets at once over a wider area . Finally , in its last concept , ARPA replaced Zeus with a new very high speed , short range missile designed to intercept the warhead at altitudes as low as 20 @,@ 000 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 km ) , by which time any decoys or fireballs would be long gone . This last concept became Nike @-@ X , an ad hoc name suggested by Jack Ruina while describing the ARPA report to the President 's Science Advisory Committee ( PSAC ) .
= = = Perfect or nothing = = =
As work on Nike @-@ X began , high @-@ ranking military and civilian officials began to press for Zeus deployment as an interim system in spite of the known problems . They argued the system could be upgraded in @-@ place as the new technologies became available . McNamara was opposed to early deployment , while Congressman Daniel J. Flood would be a prime force for immediate deployment .
McNamara 's argument against deployment rested on two primary issues . One was the apparent ineffectiveness of the system , and especially its benefit @-@ cost ratio compared to other options . For instance , fallout shelters would save more Americans for far less money , and in an excellent demonstration of his approach to almost any defense issue , he noted :
The second issue , ironically , came about due to concerns about a Soviet ABM system . The US 's existing SM @-@ 65 Atlas and SM @-@ 68 Titan both used re @-@ entry vehicles with blunt noses that greatly slowed the warheads as they entered the lower atmosphere and made them relatively easy to attack . The solution was the LGM @-@ 30 Minuteman missile , which used new sharp nosed reentry shapes that traveled at much higher terminal speeds , and included a number of decoy systems that were expected to make interception very difficult for the Soviet ABMs . If there was a budget choice to be made , McNamara supported Minuteman , although he tried not to say this .
In one particularly telling exchange between McNamara and Flood , McNamara initially refuses to choose one option over the other :
Flood : Which comes first , the chicken or the egg ? Which comes first , Minuteman because he may develop a good Zeus , or our own Zeus ?
McNamara : I would say neither comes first . I would carry on each simultaneously with the maximum rate of activity that each could benefit from .
But later , Flood managed to get a more accurate statement out of him :
Flood : I thought we had broken through this problem in this country , of wanting things to be perfect before we send them to the troops . I have an enemy who can kill me and I cannot defend myself against him , and I say I should hazard all risks within the rule of reason , to advance this by 2 or 3 years .
McNamara : We are spending hundreds of millions of dollars , not to stop things but to accelerate the development of an anti @-@ ICBM system ... I do not believe it would be wise for us to recommend the procurement of a system which might not be an effective anti @-@ ICBM device . That is exactly the state in which we believe the Zeus rests today.Flood : ... You may not be aware of it , but you have just about destroyed the Nike @-@ Zeus . That last paragraph did that .
= = = Cancellation and the ABM gap = = =
By 1963 McNamara had convinced Kennedy that the Zeus was simply not worth deploying . The earlier concerns about cost and effectiveness , as well as new difficulties in terms of attack size and decoy problems , led McNamara to cancel the Zeus project on 5 January 1963 . In its place they decided to continue work on Nike @-@ X. Nike @-@ X development was based in the existing Nike Zeus Project Office until their name was changed to Nike @-@ X on 1 February 1964 .
While reporting to the Senate Armed Services Committee in February , McNamara noted that they expected the Soviets to have an initial ABM system deployed in 1966 , and then later stated that the Nike @-@ X would not be ready for use until 1970 . Noting a " defensive gap " , Strom Thurmond began an effort to deploy the existing Zeus as an interim system . Once again the matter spilled over into the press .
On 11 April 1963 , Thurmond led Congress in an effort to fund deployment of Zeus . In the first closed session of the Senate in twenty years , Zeus was debated and the decision was made to continue with the planned development of Nike @-@ X with no Zeus deployment . The Army continued the testing program until December 1964 at White Sands Missile Range , and May 1966 at Kwajalein Missile Range .
= = Testing = =
As the debate over Zeus raged , the Nike team was making rapid progress developing the actual system . Test firings of the original A models of the missile began in 1959 at White Sands Missile Range . The first attempt on 26 August 1959 was of a live booster stage and dummy sustainer , but the booster broke up shortly before booster / sustainer separation . A similar test on 14 October was a success , followed by the first two @-@ stage attempt on 16 December . The first complete test of both stages with active guidance and thrust vectoring was successfully carried out on 3 February 1960 . Data collected from these tests led to changes to the design to improve speed during the ascent . The first test of the Zeus B took place in May 1961 . A number of Zeus missiles broke up during early test flights due to excessive heating of the control surfaces , and numerous changes were worked into the system to address this .
Additional tracking tests were carried out by Target Tracking Radars ( TTRs ) at Bell 's Whippany , NJ labs and an installation on Ascension Island . The latter was first used in an attempt to track a SM @-@ 68 Titan on 29 March 1961 , but the data download from Cape Canaveral simulating Zeus Acquisition Radar ( ZAR ) information failed . A second test on 28 May was successful . Later in the year the Ascension site tracked a series of four test launches , two Atlas , two Titan , generating tracking information for as long as 100 seconds . A ZAR at White Sands reached initial operation in June 1961 , and was tested against balloons , aircraft , parachutes deployed from sounding rockets and Hercules missiles . A TTR was completed at White Sands in November , and testing with the complete system of ZAR , TTR and MTR ( " all @-@ up " tests ) began that month . On 14 December a Zeus passed within 100 feet ( 30 m ) of a Nike Hercules being used as a test target , a success that was repeated in March 1962 . On 5 June 1963 , President Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon Johnson visited White Sands to view missile launches , including a Zeus launch .
The need to test Zeus against targets flying realistic ICBM profiles presented a problem . While White Sands was fine for testing the basic missile and guidance systems , it was too small to test Zeus at its maximum range . Such testing began at Point Mugu in California. where the Zeus missiles could fly out over the Pacific . Consideration was given to using Point Mugu to launch against ICBMs flying from Cape Canaveral , but range safety requirements placed limits on the potential tests . The Atlantic Test Range , to the northeast of Canaveral , had a high population density and little land available for building accurate downrange tracking stations , Ascension being the only suitable location .
Eventually Kwajalein Island was selected , as it was 4 @,@ 800 miles from California , perfect for ICBMs , and already had a US Navy base with considerable housing stocks and an airstrip . The Zeus site , known as the Kwajalein Test Site , was officially established on 1 October 1960 . As it grew in size , it eventually led to the entire island complex being handed over to the Army from the Navy on 1 July 1964 . The site took up a considerable amount of the empty land to the north side of the airfield . The launchers were located on the far southwestern corner of the island , with the Target Tracking Radars , Missile Tracking Radars ( MTRs ) and various control sites and generators running along the northern side of the airfield . The ZAR transmitter and receiver were some distance away , off the northeastern edge of the airfield .
A minor Army @-@ Air Force fight then broke out about what targets would be used for the Kwajalein tests . The Army favored using its Jupiter design , fired from Johnston Atoll in the Pacific , while the Air Force recommended using Atlas fired from Vandenberg AFB in California . The Army had already begun converting the former Thor launchers to Jupiter when an Ad Hoc Panel formed by the Department of Defense considered the issue . On 26 May 1960 they decided in favor of Atlas , and this was made official on 29 June when the Secretary of Defense ended pad conversion and additional Jupiter production earmarked for Zeus testing .
A key development of the testing program was a miss @-@ distance indicator system , which independently measured the distance between the Zeus and the target at the instant the computers initiated the detonation of the warhead . There were concerns that if the Zeus ' own radars were used for this ranging measure , any systematic error in ranging would also be present in the test data , and thus would be hidden . The solution was the use of a separate UHF @-@ frequency transmitter in the warhead reentry vehicle , and a receiver in the Zeus . The received signal was retransmitted to the ground , where its Doppler shift was examined to extract the range information . These instruments eventually demonstrated that the Zeus ' own tracking information was accurate . For visual tracking , a small conventional warhead was used , which provided a flash that could be seen on long exposure photographs of the interceptions .
On 24 January 1962 , the Zeus Acquisition Radar at Kwajalein achieved its first returns from an ICBM target , and on 18 April was used to track Kosmos 2 . On the 19 January it reacquired Kosmos 2 and successfully transferred the track to one of the TTRs . On 26 June the first all @-@ up test against an Atlas target was attempted . The ZAR began successfully tracking the target at 446 nautical miles ( 826 km ) and properly handed off to a TTR . The TTR switched tracks from the missile fuselage to the warhead at 131 nautical miles ( 243 km ) . When the fuselage began to break up , the computer switched to clutter mode , which watched the TTR data for any derivation from the originally calculated trajectory , which would indicate that it had begun tracking debris . It also continued to predict the location of the warhead , and if the system decided it was tracking debris , it would wait for the debris and warhead to separate enough to begin tracking them again . However , the system failed to properly record when the warhead was lost , and tracking was never regained .
A second test on 19 July was a partial success , with the Zeus passing within 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of the target . The control system ran out of hydraulic fluid during the last 10 seconds of the approach , causing the large miss distance , but the test was otherwise successful . The guidance program was updated to stop the rapid control cycling that led to the fluid running out . A third attempt on 12 December successfully brought the missile to very close distances , but the second missile of the planned two missile salvo failed to launch due to an instrument problem . A similar test on 22 December also suffered a failure in the second missile , but the first passed only 200 metres ( 660 ft ) from its target .
Of the tests carried out over the two year test cycle , ten of them were successful in bringing the Zeus within its lethal range .
= = Anti @-@ satellite use = =
In April 1962 , McNamara asked the Nike team to consider using the Zeus site on Kwajalein as an operational anti @-@ satellite base after the main Zeus testing had completed . The Nike team responded that a system could be readied for testing by May 1963 . The concept was given the name Project Mudflap .
Development was a straightforward conversion of the DM @-@ 15B into the DM @-@ 15S . The changes were mainly concerned with providing more upper stage maneuverability through the use of a new two @-@ stage hydraulic pump , batteries providing 5 minutes of power instead of 2 , and an improved fuel in the booster to provide higher peak altitudes . A test of the new booster with a DM @-@ 15B upper was carried out at White Sands on 17 December 1962 , reaching an altitude of 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ) , the highest of any launch from White Sands to that point . A second test with a complete DM @-@ 15S on 15 February 1963 reached 151 nautical miles ( 280 km ) .
Testing then moved to Kwajalein . The first test on 21 March 1963 failed when the MTR failed to lock onto the missile . A second on 19 April also failed when the missile 's tracking beacon failed 30 seconds before intercept . The third test , this time using an actual target consisting of an Agena @-@ D upper stage equipped with a Zeus miss @-@ distance transmitter , was carried out on 24 May 1963 , and was a complete success . From that point until 1964 , one DM @-@ 15S was kept in a state of instant readiness and teams continually trained on the missile .
After 1964 the Kwajalein site was no longer required to be on alert , and returned primarily to Zeus testing . The system was kept active in a non @-@ alert role between 1964 and 1967 , known as Program 505 . In 1967 it was replaced by a Thor based system , Program 437 . A total of 12 launches , including those at White Sands , were carried out as part of the 505 program between 1962 and 1966 .
= = Description = =
Nike Zeus was originally intended to be a straightforward development of the earlier Hercules system giving it the ability to hit ICBM warheads at about the same range and altitude as the maximum performance of the Hercules . In theory , hitting a warhead is no more difficult than an aircraft ; the interceptor does not have to travel any further or faster , the computers that guide it simply have to select an intercept point farther in front of the target to compensate for the target 's much higher speed . In practice , the difficulty is detecting the target early enough that the intercept point is still within range of the missile . This demands much larger and more powerful radar systems , and faster computers .
= = = Early detection = = =
When Zeus was still in the early stages of design , Bell Labs suggested using two similar radars to provide extended range tracking and improve reaction times . Located at the Zeus bases would be the Local Acquisition Radar ( LAR ) , a UHF monopulse radar able to track between 50 and 100 targets . The Forward Acquisition Radar ( FAR ) would be positioned 300 to 700 miles ( 480 – 1 @,@ 130 km ) ahead of the Zeus bases to provide early warning of up to 200 to 300 seconds of tracking data on up to 200 targets . The FAR would broadcast 10 MW pulses at UHF between 405 – 495 MHz , allowing it to detect a 1 square metre radar reflection at 1 @,@ 020 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 890 km ) or a more typical 0 @.@ 1 m2 target at 600 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) . Each track would be stored as a 200 bit file including location , velocity , time of measure and a measure of the quality of the data . Clouds of objects would be tracked as a single object with additional data indicating the width and length of the cloud . Tracks could be updated every five seconds while the target was in view , but the antenna rotated at a relatively slow 4 RPM so targets moved significantly between rotations . Each FAR could feed data to up to three Zeus sites .
By the time the Zeus plans were being finalized in 1957 , plans for FAR were deemphasized , and LAR had been upgraded to become the Zeus Acquisition Radar ( ZAR ) which provided wide area early warning and initial tracking information . This enormously powerful radar was driven by multiple 1 @.@ 8 MW klystrons and broadcast through three 80 @-@ foot ( 24 m ) wide antennas arranged as the outside edges of a rotating equilateral triangle . The ZAR spun at 10 RPM , but with three antennas it simulated a single antenna rotating three times as fast . Each target was scanned every two seconds , providing much more data than the earlier FAR / LAR concept .
The signal was received on a separate set of three antennas , situated at the centre of an 80 foot ( 24 m ) diameter Luneburg lens , which rotated synchronously with the broadcaster under a 120 @-@ foot ( 37 m ) diameter dome . Multiple feed horns were used in the receiver to allow reception from many vertical angles at once . Around the receiver dome was a large field of wire mesh , forming a flat ground plane reflector . The ZAR operated in the UHF on various frequencies between 495 – 605 MHz , giving it frequency agility . ZAR had detection range on the order of 460 nautical miles ( 850 km ) on a 0 @.@ 1 m2 target .
The entire transmitter was surrounded by a 65 @-@ foot ( 20 m ) high clutter fence located 350 feet ( 110 m ) away from the antenna , which reflected the signal away from local objects on the ground that would otherwise create false returns . The ZDR was so powerful that the microwave energy at close range was far beyond the mandated safety limits and potentially lethal within 100 yards ( 91 m ) . In order to allow for maintenance while the radar was operating , the equipment areas were shielded in a partial Faraday cage of metal foil , and a metal tunnel was run from the outside of the clutter fence , which blocked the signal outside the fence line . The other radars completing the system featured similar protection .
= = = Battery layout = = =
Data from the ZARs were passed to the appropriate Zeus Firing Battery to attack , with each ZAR being able to send its data to up to ten batteries . Each battery was self @-@ contained after handoff , including all of the radars , computers and missiles needed to perform an intercept . In a typical deployment , a single Zeus Defense Center would be connected to three to six batteries , spread out by as much as 100 miles ( 160 km ) .
Targets picked out by the ZAR were then illuminated by the Zeus Discrimination Radar ( ZDR , also known as Decoy Discrimination Radar , DDR or DR ) . ZDR imaged the entire cloud using a chirped signal that allowed the receiver to accurately determine range within the cloud by passing each frequency in the chirp to a separate range gate . The range resolution was 0 @.@ 25 microseconds , about 75 metres ( 246 ft ) . As the signal was spread out over the entire cloud , it had to be very powerful ; the ZDR produced 40 MW 2 µs pulses in the L @-@ band between 1270 – 1400 MHz . To ensure no signal was lost by scanning areas that were empty , the ZDR used a Cassegrain reflector that could be moved to focus the beam as the cloud approached to keep the area under observation constant .
Data from the ZDR was passed to the All @-@ Target Processor ( ATP ) , which ran initial processing on as many as 625 objects in a cloud . As many as 50 of these could be picked out for further processing in the Discrimination and Control Computer ( DCC ) , which ran more tests on those tracks and assigned each one a probability of being the warhead or decoy . The DCC was able to run 100 different tests . For exoatmospheric signals the tests included measure of radar return pulse @-@ to @-@ pulse to look for tumbling objects , as well as variations in signals strength due to changes in frequency . Within the atmosphere , the primary method was examining the velocities of the objects to determine their mass .
Any target with a high probability was then passed to the Battery Control Data Processor ( BCDP ) , which selected missiles and radars for an attack . This started with the assignment of a Target Tracking Radar ( TTR ) to a target passed to it from the DCC . TTRs operated in the C @-@ band from 5250 – 5750 MHz at 10 MW , allowing tracking of a 0 @.@ 1 m2 target at 300 nautical miles ( 560 km ) , a range they expected to be able to double with a new maser @-@ based receiver design . Once targets were being successfully tracked and a firing order was received , the BCDP selected available Zeus missiles for launch and assigned a Missile Tracking Radar ( MTR ) to follow them . These were much smaller radars operating in the X @-@ band between 8500 – 9600 MHz and assisted by a transponder on the missile , using only 300 kW to provide missile tracking to 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) . The wide variety of available frequencies allowed up to 450 MTRs to be operating in a single Defense Center . Information from the ZDR , TTR and MRTs was all fed to the Target Intercept Computer ( TIC ) which handled the interceptions . This used twistor memory for ROM and core memory for RAM . Guidance commands were sent to the missiles in @-@ flight via modulation of the MTR signal .
The nominal battery consisted of a single DR , three TTRs , two TICs driving six MRTs , and 24 missiles . This basic battery layout could attack three warheads at once , normally using two missiles per salvo in case one failed in flight . More typically , two targets would be attacked while the third system stood by as a hot backup that could take over in @-@ flight . A maximally expanded battery included three DRs , ten TTRs , six TICs driving eighteen MTRs and 72 missiles . Sites requiring higher traffic handling would not build larger systems , but instead deploy additional batteries fed from the same ZAR and Defense Center .
It was expected that the ZAR would take 20 seconds to develop a track and hand off a target to one of the TTRs , and 25 seconds for the missile to reach the target . With these sorts of salvo rates , a fully expanded Zeus installation was expected to be able to successfully attack 14 " bare " warheads per minute . Its salvo rate against warheads with decoys is not recorded , but would depend on the ZDR 's processing rate more than any physical limit . The actual engagement would normally take place at about 75 nautical miles ( 139 km ) due to accuracy limitations , beyond that missiles could not be guided accurately enough to bring them within their lethal 800 foot ( 240 m ) range against a shielded warhead .
= = = Zeus missiles = = =
The original Zeus A was similar to the original Hercules , but featured a revised control layout and gas puffers for maneuvering at high altitudes where the atmosphere was too thin for the aerodynamic surfaces to be effective . The Zeus B interceptor was longer at 14 @.@ 7 metres ( 48 ft ) , 2 @.@ 44 metres ( 8 ft 0 in ) wide , and 0 @.@ 91 metres ( 3 ft 0 in ) in diameter . This was so much larger than the earlier Hercules that no attempt was made to have them fit into the existing Hercules / Ajax launchers . Instead , the B models were launched from silos , thus the change of numbering from MIM ( mobile surface launched ) to LIM ( silo launched ) . Since the missile was designed to intercept its targets in space , it did not need the large maneuvering fins of the A model . Rather , it featured a third rocket stage with small control jets to allow it to maneuver in space . Zeus B had a maximum range of 250 miles ( 400 km ) and altitude of 200 miles ( 320 km ) .
Zeus A was designed to attack warheads through shock effects , like the Hercules , and was to be armed with a relatively small nuclear warhead . As the range and altitude requirements grew , along with a better understanding of weapons effects at high altitude , the Zeus B was intended to attack its targets through the action of neutron heating . This relied on the interceptor 's warhead releasing a huge number of high energy neutrons ( similar to the neutron bomb ) , some of which would hit the enemy warhead . These would cause fission to occur in some of the warhead 's own nuclear fuel , rapidly heating the " primary " , hopefully enough to cause it to melt . For this to work , the Zeus mounted the W50 , a 400 kt enhanced radiation warhead , and had to maneuver within 1 km of the target warhead . Against shielded targets , the warhead would be effective to as little as 800 feet ( 0 @.@ 24 km ) .
= = Specifications = =
There are at least five Zeus models mentioned in various sources , A , B , C , S and X2 , the last of which became Spartan . None of the sources explicitly list the differences of all of these in a single table . Different sources appear to confuse measures between the Zeus A , B and Spartan . The A and Spartan figures are taken from US Strategic and Defensive Missile Systems 1950 – 2004 , B from the Bell Labs history .
= English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2009 – 10 =
The England cricket team toured Bangladesh at the end of the 2009 – 10 cricket season , playing three One Day Internationals ( ODI ) and two Test matches . Regular England captain Andrew Strauss controversially missed the tour to rest for the 2010 – 11 Ashes series , so the team was led by Alastair Cook . Bangladesh were captained by all @-@ rounder Shakib Al Hasan .
England whitewashed Bangladesh in both the Test and ODI series , maintaining their record as the only Test @-@ playing nation not to have been beaten by the Bangladeshis . England gave debuts to five players during the series , including South African @-@ born Craig Kieswetter , which drew criticism over the number of foreign @-@ born players in the England team , particularly from former England captain Michael Vaughan .
= = Background = =
In the 12 previous matches between the two sides – four Test matches and eight ODIs – England had a 100 % winning record against Bangladesh , the only international team able to boast such a record . The previous year , Bangladesh had claimed their first Test series victory against a senior Test nation , though it came against a West Indies side that was heavily weakened because of an industrial dispute . England came into the tour on the back of a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ month series against South Africa in which they had tied the Test and Twenty20 International series , and secured a 2 – 1 ODI series win .
= = Squads = =
The England and Wales Cricket Board ( ECB ) announced in September 2009 that it " [ had ] to prioritise " and would most likely be sending a weakened squad to tour Bangladesh . The press theorised that possible candidates to be rested included captain Andrew Strauss , Paul Collingwood , Stuart Broad and James Anderson . When the squad was officially announced in January 2010 , only Strauss and Anderson were omitted from the touring squad . The reason given for Anderson 's break was to give him opportunity to undergo a specialist review and rehabilitation for a chronic injury to his right knee , to enable him to return to full fitness for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 . The decision to rest Strauss was rationalised by national selector Geoff Miller as " the selectors feel it is important that he takes a break ahead of an extremely busy programme of international cricket " . This decision was not universally accepted , with former England captains Ian Botham and Michael Atherton among those who spoke out against the move ; Botham claimed : " As captain you need to be there with your team ... I think it ’ s a major mistake . "
England called up three uncapped players , naming bowlers Ajmal Shahzad and James Tredwell in both squads , and opening batsman Michael Carberry in the Test squad . Following a string of impressive performances for the England Lions , South African @-@ born wicket @-@ keeper batsman Craig Kieswetter was added to the ODI squad . Kieswetter had only completed his qualification period for England on the day before his first Lions match , and had previously represented South Africa Under @-@ 19s . Former England captain Michael Vaughan was unhappy with the inclusion of Kieswetter in the squad , and said that in an ideal world he would like to see " 11 complete Englishmen in the team , " and complained that he had " a problem , that we have almost got a ' ship @-@ in ' system of looking at talent " . Injuries to Ryan Sidebottom , Graham Onions and Broad prompted England to call up Steven Finn as cover for the Test series , and Tim Bresnan remained with the squad after originally only being part of the ODI squad .
In contrast
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
by the quaestor sacri palatii ( " Quaestor of the Sacred Palace " ) Anastasius . He held the post until some time before 576 , being appointed as comes sacrarum largitionum ( " Count of the Sacred Largess " ) thereafter ; in the same year , he also led an unsuccessful embassy to Persia to end the ongoing war over the Caucasus .
= = Assessment = =
As one of the leading officials of the age , Peter was a controversial figure , receiving greatly differing assessments from his contemporaries . To John Lydus , a mid @-@ level bureaucrat of the praetorian prefecture of the East , Peter was a paragon of every virtue , an intelligent , firm but fair administrator and a kind man . Procopius also attests to his mild manners and desire to avoid giving insult , however at the same time he accuses him of " robbing the scholares " ( the members of the Scholae ) and being " the biggest thief in the world and absolutely filled with shameful avarice " , as well as being responsible for the murder of Amalasuntha .
From quite early in his career , Peter was renowned for his learning , his passion for reading , and his discussions with scholars . As a speaker , he was eloquent and persuasive ; Procopius calls him " fitted by nature to persuade men " , while Cassiodorus , who witnessed his embassies to the Ostrogoth court , also praises him as vir eloquentissimus and disertissimus ( " most eloquent man " ) , and as sapientissimus ( " most wise " ) . On the other hand , the late 6th @-@ century historian Menander Protector , who relied on Peter 's work for his own history , accuses him of boastfulness and of rewriting the records to enhance his own role and performance in the negotiations with the Persians .
= = Writings = =
Peter wrote three books , all of which survive only in fragments : a history of the first four centuries of the Roman Empire , from the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BC to the death of Emperor Constantius II ( r . 337 – 361 ) in 361 AD , of which about twenty fragments are extant ; a history of the office of magister officiorum from its institution under Emperor Constantine the Great ( r . 306 – 337 ) to the time of Emperor Justinian , containing a list of its holders and descriptions of various imperial ceremonies , several of which are reproduced in chapters 84 – 95 of the first volume of the 10th @-@ century De Ceremoniis of Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos ( r . 913 – 959 ) ; and an account of his diplomatic mission to the Persian Empire in 561 – 562 , which has been used as a source by Menander Protector . Until recently , Peter was also ascribed the authorship of the 6th @-@ century Peri Politikes Epistemes ( " On Political Science " ) , a six @-@ volume book discussing political theory , drawing extensively from Classical texts such as Plato 's The Republic and Cicero 's De re publica . It too survives only in fragments .
Peter was the first late Roman / Byzantine author to write on imperial ceremonies , beginning a tradition that lasted unto the 14th century . His histories are also an important historical source ; for instance , his work alone preserves the negotiations and provisions of the Roman – Persian treaty of 298 between Galerius and Narseh .
The Lost History of Peter the Patrician , published by Routledge in 2015 , is an annotated translation from the Greek by Thomas M. Banchich of the fragments of Peter ’ s History , including additional fragments which used to be considered the work of the Roman historian Cassius Dio 's so @-@ called Anonymous Continuer .
= Trondheim Central Station =
Trondheim Central Station ( Norwegian : Trondheim sentralstasjon ) or Trondheim S is the main railway station serving the city of Trondheim , Norway . Located at Brattøra in the north part of the city centre , it is the terminus of the Dovre Line , running southwards , and the Nordland Line , which runs north . The railway is electrified south of the station but not north of it , so through trains must change locomotives at the station .
The Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) serves the station with express trains to Oslo and Bodø , regional trains to Røros and Östersund in Sweden , and the Trøndelag Commuter Rail . The Trondheim Bus Station located at the station serves all long @-@ distance buses , and some city buses . From 1913 to 1968 the station was also the terminus for two lines of the Trondheim Tramway .
Trondheim 's first station , dating from 1864 , was located at Kalvskinnet . In 1877 the current station was built to serve the Meråker Line line to Sweden — since integrated into the Nordland Line . At the same time a connection was built between the two stations , and the central station took over as the main station serving Trondheim . In 1910 construction of a new station for the Dovre Line was started , finishing in 1921 . The main station building consists of an older section in historicism brick , while the annex is in postmodernistic concrete and glass .
= = Services = =
Train services are provided by the Norwegian State Railways both north- and southbound . Four services a day and one night train operate to Oslo Central Station , while there is one day and one night train to Bodø , with an additional afternoon departure to Mo i Rana . Two daily departures serve Sweden and Östersund as part of the Mittnabotåget service that connects Trondheim in Norway to Sundsvall in Sweden , in addition there are three services to Røros , with connections onwards to Østerdalen . The most frequent service is the hourly Trøndelag Commuter Rail from Steinkjer via Trondheim Airport , Værnes and Trondheim S to Lerkendal , with some extending to Oppdal .
The station is manned , but also equipped with ticket machines . There are several kiosks and cafés , as well as a car park , taxicabs , bicycle stands and baggage lockers . The station and platforms are wheelchair accessible , and a pre @-@ booked escort service is available . Trafikanten Midt @-@ Norge , which sells bus tickets and provides information on public transport routes in Trøndelag , can be found in the new section . The station is closed at night .
The commuter trains serve other railway stations in neighborhoods in Trondheim ; Heimdal , Selsbakk , Marienborg , Skansen to the south , and Lademoen / Nedre Elvehavn , Lilleby , Leangen and Rotvoll to the east .
= = = Connections to other modes of transport = = =
= = = = Buses = = = =
In 1995 , the city bus station was moved from Lüthenhaven close to the city 's main square to the central station , with the opening of a new section to the station . The original building has been preserved by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage as a cultural heritage .
Some city buses operated by Team Trafikk stop at the station ; routes 2 , 11 , 19 , 46 , 47 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 63 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 76 , 94 . Munkegata Terminal remains the most important , with all buses stopping there . NOR @-@ WAY Bussekspress operates coaches to Oslo via Røros , Namsos and Bergen via Førde. while Lavprisekspressen operates day and night expresses to Oslo . Gauldal Billag operates coaches to Støren , Oppdal and Røros , while TrønderBilene operates to Fosen , Orkanger , Agdenes and Snillfjord . Nettbuss operates coaches to Malvik , Stjørdal , Meråker , Selbu , Tydal , Skaun , Melhus , Orkdal and Meldal , while Klæburuten operates buses to Klæbu and to the airport .
= = = = Ferries = = = =
Trondheim S is located about ten minutes walk , or a two @-@ minute bus ride , from Pirterminalen where Fosen Trafikklag operates passenger ferries across the fjord to Vanvikan , and out of the fjord to Brekstad , Sistranda and Kristiansund .
= = = = Trams = = = =
Between 1913 and 1968 the station was the terminus for the Trondheim Tramway on the Elgeseter Line ( no . 2 ) and Singsaker Line ( no . 3 ) . In 2005 plans to extend the only current line , the Gråkallen Line , from the St. Olavs gate via Trondheim S to Pirterminalen were launched .
= = History = =
= = = Two stations = = =
The first railway station to be built in Trondheim was located at Kalvskinnet , to serve the narrow gauge Trondhjem – Støren Line railway that was completed in 1864 . The station was designed by Georg Andreas Bull , and still exists as a synagogue . In 1877 the state and city made an agreement to build a new station at Brattøra to serve the new Meråker Line that was being built to Sweden . Brattøra was chosen because it was located directly beside the port , and would allow direct transshipment from ships to the railway of both goods and passengers . The station would become the main station for both railways ; this caused a major protest among the local population , who felt it was necessary to have two terminal stations , one for each line , and the city brought the matter before the courts — the case was settled in 1895 in favor of one station . The lack of planning and coordination between the two lines made the new station a large budget cost for the Meråker Line ; and described as one of few exceptions to the small @-@ and @-@ cheap policy dominating the state railways i Norway at the time .
Two lots were sold to the state railways from the city , allowing the building of two station buildings , the eastern cargo building for the Meråker Line and the western for Røros Line . The main station in the east served all passenger trains , and was designed by the architect Balthazar Lange . A new route for Røros Line was built from Sluppen to Skansen , along the west side of Nidelva , and the old station taken into disuse after the Røros Line reached the central station on 24 June 1884 . To solve the challenge of the break @-@ of @-@ gauge , the entire station area had dual gauge with both 1 @,@ 435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ) and 1 @,@ 067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) .
The station at Brattøra has had four names , following the name changes of the city . It was opened as Throndhjem , changed in 1894 to Trondhjem , on 1 January 1930 to Nidaros and to Trondheim on 6 March 1931 . The station at Brattøra is physically divided in two parts by the bridge over Ravnkloa . From 1884 , the western part was officially called Throndhjem V and the eastern part Throndhjem Ø . The freight station for the Røros Line was located at Throndhjem V , while the passenger station for both lines was located at Throndhjem Ø , just like today . While there were two stations in 1882 – 84 , they were ' probably ' referred to as Brattøra and Kalvskinnet .
On 23 April 1888 a landslide hit the station , with 180 metres ( 590 ft ) of track — three wide and including the main Rørosbanen line — was washed into the sea . The slide was caused by the seabed sinking about seven meters , and it was followed by several smaller slides .
= = = The Dovre Line arrives = = =
In 1910 , the Parliament of Norway announced a competition for the redesign of the station since it had been decided that the Dovre Line would be built to Trondheim , including the line from Støren to Trondheim being converted to standard gauge . On 18 August 1913 construction of a new station and port was started . Traffic had increased to the limits of capacity ; there were too few tracks and too small cargo buildings . By 1912 some freight cars were stopping at Hommelvik and Storlien ; a counting showed 900 cars at the station . The construction removed a gap filled by the canal between the two stations — filling up the canal in the process . Instead the 92 metres ( 302 ft ) Skansen Bridge was built on the west side of the station , along with a double track to Marienborg where the new depot would be located . The main station building designed by Lange remained the passenger and administration building , with the conversion of the smaller , western one into cargo facilities .
The amount of trackage for cargo was increased , with a wide section of land mass being filled into the sea to create a larger rail and port facility at Brattøra , though the filling of a large part of the seabed to create artificial land . The railways allowed the transshipment of cargo from ships from Northern Norway to rail , as well as from rail from Central Sweden to ships to the British Isles . The port was supplemented by a new line to Ilsvika would allow the loading of ore there . The suggestion to build double track to Leangen was dropped .
While the original plans for the Dovre Line involved completion in 1916 , it was not until 1921 the first train could travel from Oslo to Trondheim via Dovre , mostly due to the First World War . The new depot opened in 1916 , and in 1917 the double track and dual gauge to Marienborg as well as the new freight terminal was finished . Instead of using one track for each direction on the double track , the Dovre Line would use the one line while the other would be used for transport from the station to the depot . Skansen Bridge opened on 22 March 1918 . In 1922 , Norsk Spisevognselskap established a kiosk , and on 1 October 1925 , they took over the station restaurant .
The main building designed by Lange is in historicism and was originally built in two stories in brick . A third was added in the 1950s , some with some of the original feel being lost in the addition , since it was not stylistically true . In 1965 two annexes were built , one on each side and in two stories . The western was used for offices and the other as part of the waiting area — these were both in line with the historicist style . They replaced a cargo expedition and a restaurant building , respectively . In 1995 the bus station was moved from the city center at Leüthenhaven to the central station , and the eastern annex was razed in favor of a postmodernistic glass and concrete building . In addition to the bus station it features and extension of the waiting area , offices , a restaurant and a parking lot .
= County Road 595 ( Marquette County , Michigan ) =
County Road 595 ( CR 595 , Co . Rd . 595 ) is a proposed primary county road in Marquette County in the US state of Michigan . The road would provide access from the northern part of the county , near the Eagle Mine in Michigamme Township , to US Highway 41 ( US 41 ) and M @-@ 28 in Humboldt Township . The approximately 21 @.@ 5 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 34 @.@ 6 km ) road would be used primarily for commercial truck traffic hauling rock from the Eagle Mine to a processing facility south of US 41 / M @-@ 28 in Humboldt Township . At present , such traffic has to use existing county roads which involves passing through the cities of Marquette , Negaunee , and Ishpeming . The northern end would be northeast of the mine in Champion Township at an intersection with the Triple A Road ( Co . Rd . AAA ) .
In 2003 , a flood along the Dead River destroyed or forced the closure of several bridges over the river , isolating the northern half of the county . In 2007 , Kennecott Minerals received permission to operate the Eagle Mine in the northern part of Marquette County . The company , in a consortium with other local businesses , proposed the construction of a new road to connect their mine with their mill at the former Humboldt Mine . This project , called Woodland Road , was to be built by these private interests . After encountering permitting issues , the private companies involved canceled the project .
The Marquette County Road Commission ( MCRC ) applied for permits from the state and federal governments in 2010 , reviving the road as CR 595 . Kennecott pledged to finance construction , but removed its support in early 2011 over uncertainty in the permit timetable . After protests from the City of Marquette and local residents , Kennecott restored its commitments to the project . The MCRC moved forward through the permitting process in 2012 . The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) filed two formal objections to the road . In response , the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ( DEQ ) , the state @-@ level agency handling the permit application , opened a public comment period and held a public hearing on the matter . Several groups spoke in support and opposition , various local , state and federal officials expressed support for the project , and the EPA maintained its objections . After several deadline extensions , the agency lifted one objection and reiterated a second , setting a 30 @-@ day timetable in December 2012 for a final decision . The DEQ was forced to deny the permit on January 3 , 2013 , based on the EPA position on CR 595 . With that action , Kennecott Minerals diverted its financial support from the project to upgrade existing roads instead . In late December 2014 , state legislators announced interest in suing the EPA in an effort to force federal permits to be issued to build the roadway ; the MCRC announced their intent to sue the EPA in January 2015 , and the suit was filed on July 8 , 2015 .
= = Route description = =
The county road would start at its southern end at an intersection with US 41 / M @-@ 28 in Humboldt Township . This intersection will be east of the intersection known as Koski Corners , where US 41 / M @-@ 28 intersects M @-@ 95 . From its terminus , CR 595 would run north and pass into Champion Township near a crossing of a line of the Canadian National Railway before turning eastward . The road would cross the Middle Branch of the Escanaba River and continued northeasterly into the adjacent Ely Township . Planning maps from late 2011 show CR 595 following what is now Wolf Lake Road in the area but bypassing some curves to follow a straighter route . South of Brocky Lake , the new county road would have crossed the Second River and turned northwesterly parallel to Dishno Road back into Champion Township . This proposed route would have turned back northward near Wolf Lake , crossed Voelkers Creek and passed to the west of Silver Lake through hilly terrain . Immediately west of Silver Lake , CR 595 would have crossed the Dead River and Wildcat Canyon Creek . Through this area , the road was to pass through land owned by one of a few timber companies and other developers . To the north , there would have been a crossing of Mulligan Creek in Michigamme Township south of the mine property . North of the mine , CR 595 was to turn northeasterly through the Yellow Dog Plains and cross the Yellow Dog River before re @-@ entering Champion Township . Immediately after crossing that political boundary , CR 595 would have terminated at the intersection with the Triple A Road ( Co . Rd . AAA ) near the Salmon Trout River . Along the proposed route , the terrain is heavily forested and hilly , except in the vicinity of the lakes , rivers and streams where there are wetlands .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
On May 14 , 2003 , a section of the Silver Lake Dam failed in northwestern Marquette County . The area received 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of rain , and an earthen dike breached . The failure sent 9 billion US gallons ( 34 Gl ) of water rushing down the Dead River . The flood waters forced the closure of the Steel Bridge carrying CR 510 over the river . As the waters approached the city of Marquette , the old CR 550 bridge was submerged , and the newer parallel structure that carries CR 550 was closed to traffic as well . The effect of these road closures isolated Big Bay from the rest of the county . The flooding damaged or destroyed the bridges carrying county roads AAO and AAT over the river , as well as the Lakeshore Boulevard and old CR 550 bridges . Several other bridges on tributaries of the Dead River were impacted by flooding . The MCRC and City of Marquette estimated that the road @-@ related damages were in the neighborhood of $ 650 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 915 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) .
Since the flood a new , roughly 100 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 30 m ) bridge has been constructed on CR 510 , ensuring that any future flooding on the Dead River would not necessitate closure of the modern bridge . This structure was built at that height in order to benefit commercial interests in the area , as well as to provide the area with reliable public and emergency access .
Rio Tinto Group , the British @-@ based parent company of Kennecott Minerals received permission in 2007 to operate a nickel mine on the Yellow Dog Plains in Marquette County . The mine , dubbed Project Eagle or the Eagle Mine by the company , has been controversial with area residents . Some residents have praised the project as good for the economy , while others including area Indian tribes , have opposed the development citing environmental concerns . Lawsuits have delayed construction and operation of the mine , in addition to economic concerns . Kennecott started construction on the mine in 2011 , and they expect to begin mineral extraction in 2013 . Opposition to the mine and its operation has also extended to plans to construct a new road to carry the ore from the mine to a mill for processing .
= = = Woodland Road = = =
Kennecott Minerals , in a consortium with other businesses , originally proposed a privately built road in the area called Woodland Road . The group included the Michigan Forest Products Council , a local construction company , and local landowners . Kennecott wanted the road to shorten the truck route from the Eagle Mine to its processing mill in Humboldt Township from 60 to 22 miles ( 97 to 35 km ) over the previously approved route along the Triple A Road ( Co . Rd . AAA ) , CR 510 , CR 550 and US 41 / M @-@ 28 . According to the permit application , the road was also to improve access to the forest lands in the area used by timber companies for logging , and it was to provide enhanced recreational access to remote areas of Marquette County . The private interests involved planned to build and maintain Woodland Road to state and county road standards at no cost to the county road commission .
By March 2010 the project had encountered permit issues . The US Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS ) had asked the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment ( DNRE ) to deny the necessary wetlands mitigations permits and to reconsider " alternative transportation routes that utilize existing main roads " . The US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and the US Army Corps of Engineers ( CoE ) were also critical of the project . Based on the actions by the EPA , if the DNRE did not deny the permits , and EPA objections were not resolved , the project would require clearance through the CoE under the Clean Water Act . Local citizens ' groups joined the federal agencies in criticizing the road .
In the face of the federal agency opposition , the consortium withdrew their permit applications in May 2010 . The businesses involved indicated at the time that they would revise their proposals and reapply . Local government leaders supported the road as a means to support economic activity and reduce truck traffic through populated areas in the county .
= = = County involvement = = =
The MCRC became involved with the roadway , which they gave the CR 595 designation , in October 2010 . The commission approved a resolution to authorize planning of an all @-@ weather , 22 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 35 km ) road . Members of the public present for the meeting expressed opposition to the project that would have been funded by Kennecott Minerals . The company provided assurances to the county that they would pay the $ 50- to 80 @-@ million cost to plan and construct CR 595 . The director of the DNRE said that the department was weighing the options between environmental impacts of the road and impacts of mine truck traffic using the previously approved route through Marquette , Negaunee and Ishpeming .
Kennecott removed its support for the project during January 2011 . In a statement , the company said that the timeline for the permit process was uncertain , and they considered their currently permitted route to the best option . This move angered city officials in Marquette because it meant a return to trucking ore through the city along CR 550 , Sugarloaf Avenue and Wright Street . MCRC officials had stated that " we 're going to push it as hard and as fast as we can " , according to the board chairman . After the company backed away , local officials protested Kennecott 's return to its previously approved trucking route between the mine and the mill .
Within a month however , the company reinstated support for the project after the MCRC asked Kennecott to reconsider . The company held a series of public forums starting in April 2011 about their operations , including transportation plans , and the road commission did the same that August .
= = = Moving forward with the permit process = = =
In September 2011 , the MCRC voted to move forward with a modified routing to CR 595 ; the new route was to pass to the west of Brocky Lake instead of the east to address concerns from the public . The new route decreased the length by 1 @.@ 3 miles ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) while adding another creek crossing . The EPA and local environmental groups opposed the road , while Humboldt Township officials supported it .
As part of the permitting process the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ( DEQ ) held public hearings in 2012 about the CR 595 project . In drafting its application , the MCRC said that the purpose of the project is :
To construct a primary county north – south road that
connects and improves emergency , commercial , industrial and recreational access to a somewhat isolated but key industrial and recreational area in northwest Marquette County to US 41 ; and
reduces truck travel from this area through Marquette County population centers .
Hearings were held by the DEQ on February 15 , 2012 , and a decision at the state level was due by June 15 , 2012 . The EPA was to make its decision on the federal level based on input from the USFWS , the DEQ and the CoE ; the CoE , USFWS and EPA all submitted comments that were extremely critical of the CR 595 proposal . EPA had recommended that the road commission re @-@ examine two alternative routings ; one would add a crossing of the Yellow Dog River immediately downstream of Pinnacle Falls , which the MCRC said would entail high construction costs . The second alignment would increase the length of the road by 19 @.@ 9 miles ( 32 @.@ 0 km ) . In May 2012 the EPA filed a formal objection to the project which gave the MCRC until July 22 to address its concerns . Until the objection could be cleared , the DEQ could only issue a state @-@ level permit for the project which would then require federal approval from the CoE , similar to the situation encountered by the Woodland Road proposal in 2010 . The DNR expressed concerns over the potential for vehicle – wildlife accidents but also that these concerns could be minimized . The department expressed a willingness to work with the MCRC to address these concerns through consultations over several recommendations .
In related news , the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) announced a Transportation Economic Development Fund grant that would pay to reconstruct CR 601 , which connects M @-@ 95 with the Humboldt Mill , and Co . Rd . AAA . The grant money was being provided to the MCRC , with local matching funds provided by Kennecott , to upgrade the two roads to " all @-@ weather " status . Additional improvements were to include a left @-@ turn lane for southbound traffic turning onto CR 601 from M @-@ 95 and the flattening of a small hill on CR 601 . By the end of May 2012 , the DEQ had lodged an objection to the CR 595 permit application ; however , the MCRC was working to address it to receive the permits by the following July .
The county expected a permit decision the week of June 23 , 2012 . One of the opponents of both the mine and the road , the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community , drew criticism of their stance during a meeting of the Marquette County Commission on June 26 , 2012 , that was discussing the tribe 's plans to move its casino from Chocolay Township to the site of the former Marquette County Airport in Negaunee Township . On July 12 , it was announced that the deadline for a permit decision by the DEQ has been extended until October 1 , 2012 , with the permission of the MCRC ; state law allows a permit applicant to approve or request such extensions . The MCRC has stated that any funding for the project by Kennecott Minerals may be impacted if the permit process runs longer than the new time frame . While there was no formal contract , the company has said it would provide funding if permits are granted and work on the road is started before May 2013 . The EPA scheduled a public hearing on August 28 , 2012 , as part of a public comment period that ran through September 4 . The DEQ had asked the EPA to render a decision on its objections by October 1 .
= = = Political support and bureaucratic opposition = = =
According to Jim Iwanicki , the engineer @-@ manager of the MCRC , and Gerald Corkin , a member of the County Commission , US Senator Carl Levin were willing to help local officials obtain the necessary EPA clearances . In addition , 28 of Michigan ’ s 38 state senators signed a letter to the EPA in support of the roadway . The MCRC staged an event on August 27 , 2012 , where several logging and aggregate trucks drove through the city of Marquette along the route currently used to connect between CR 550 and US 41 / M @-@ 28 . Bill Hennigan , one of the drivers from a local timber company , said , " we want people to understand there 's a lot of truck traffic through Marquette now coming from the northern part of the county going to various points , and once the mine starts , there 's going to be even more truck traffic going through Marquette . " Hennigan and Iwanicki both commented in the press to the fact that the current routes from the northern end of the county south to US 41 / M @-@ 28 involve passing through populated areas in Ishpeming , Negaunee or Marquette , and that the new road would provide a north – south corridor that was west of the Dead River . Officials were pushing the roadway as a multi @-@ purpose facility , aimed to benefit other businesses like logging , tourism , recreation as well as the mine .
At the EPA hearing on August 28 , 2012 , statements of support were read on behalf of US Senator Debbie Stabenow , US Representative Dan Benishek , Governor Rick Snyder , State Senator Tom Casperson , and State Rep. Matt Huuki . The Michigan departments of Agriculture and Rural Development , Natural Resources , and Transportation also sent letters of support for the road project , which is also supported by the Lake Superior Community Partnership ( LSCP ) , and the Central Upper Peninsula Planning & Development Regional Commission . The township supervisors for Michigamme and Powell townships expressed desire for minor routing changes . Michigamme Township wanted the southern terminus shifted away from Wolf Lake Road ( Co . Rd . FY ) and Powell Township wanted the roadway extended into Big Bay . Supporters speaking at the meeting cited the benefits to public safety , job creation , less pollution , and moving truck traffic out of populated areas . Opponents cited concerns over the ability of the MCRC to maintain the road based on its budgets , destruction of wetlands , and concerns related to Rio Tinto . An official with the National Wildlife Federation questioned why a road was needed instead of a rail line to haul materials in and out of the area . The EPA objection was primarily based on inadequate consideration of alternative routes and unacceptable impacts to aquatic resources ; they asked for more information on two alternatives . The Mulligan Plains East route that would run for 25 @.@ 9 miles ( 41 @.@ 7 km ) at a project cost of $ 126 million and the Red Road / Sleepy Hollow route that was 39 @.@ 9 miles ( 64 @.@ 2 km ) and $ 107 million . Both alternatives involved less wetland area ( 15 @.@ 7 or 18 @.@ 3 acres respectively vs. 24 @.@ 3 , that is , 6 @.@ 4 or 7 @.@ 4 hectares respectively vs. 9 @.@ 8 ) and fewer stream crossings , but each runs east of Silver Lake and crosses the Dead River .
At the time of the meeting , MCRC announced a plan to preserve additional wetlands as part of the McCormick Wilderness to expand its wetlands mitigation plan for the CR 595 project . The land measured 1 by 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 1 @.@ 6 km × 4 @.@ 0 km ) and would be called the " Dishno Creek Headwaters Wetland Preservation Area " . Conservation easements would limit development activities on the parcel owned by various timber companies . The new proposal would mean that 26 @.@ 6 acres ( 10 @.@ 8 ha ) of wetlands mitigation would be provided for every 1 acre ( 0 @.@ 40 ha ) of wetlands used to build the roadway . This compared to the 2 : 1 and 1 @.@ 5 : 1 ratios from the county road commission 's original plan . Compensation to the land owners would be provided by Rio Tinto if the plan was approved . The deadline was later extended to December 1 , 2012 , with assurances that Rio Tinto would still finance the road if construction started in the spring of 2013 ; the delay was to allow the EPA additional time to consider the comments from the public hearing in August . The DEQ had asked the EPA to withdraw its objections so that the project could be approved , reiterating the state 's support for the project . The backup plan was to upgrade CR 550 to " all @-@ weather status " if CR 595 is not approved ; currently weight restrictions are enacted each spring on that roadway .
CR 595 was even a topic of discussion as part of the 2012 US presidential election as a family member of Mitt Romney discussed the road at a campaign event in Marquette . The EPA dropped one of its two remaining objections to CR 595 on December 4 , 2012 . The agency no longer found fault with the MCRC 's methods for determining the route of the proposed road , but reaffirmed its objection to how the road commission 's plan would minimize impacts to wetlands and streams . The MCRC and DEQ had 30 days to modify plans for the road to account for the remaining objection , or the permitting process would restart under the review of the CoE .
= = = Cancellation = = =
The DEQ announced in a letter to the EPA and MCRC on January 3 , 2013 , that the department would not be issuing a permit for the project . The department supported the road plan , but said that the complexities of the EPA 's outstanding objection prevented the roadway from meeting the requirements of the Clean Water Act . After this action , authority to issue construction permits for the road transferred to the CoE in a new permit process . Iwanicki , the MCRC engineer @-@ manager , went on record in an interview with The Mining Journal to say that the EPA changed the requirements to satisfy the agency 's objections to the project throughout discussions in December 2012 . " The EPA moved the bar every time we got close . Throughout the whole process , it 's been an ever @-@ changing target " , he said . The last changes to the project were made on December 27 , 2012 , to comply with EPA objections , but the DEQ staff working on the permit were sent on vacation rather than continue to work on the project . In the wake of these developments , Kennecott Minerals transferred its financial support from the CR 595 project toward improving existing county roads in the area . The MCRC will not apply for a permit through the CoE , canceling the project instead . Mine trucks would instead use existing roads from the Big Bay area south to Marquette and west to Humboldt Township , including streets that pass through the campus of Northern Michigan University ( NMU ) .
Reaction to the decision included disappointment from various elected officials . Congressman Benishek faulted the EPA 's regulations for placing " too high a hurdle for this project " and for killing jobs in the area . Benishek also stated that he would fight for the project and investigate what can be done to move it forward . The congressman has requested a hearing on the matter as well . Marquette County Board Chair Deborah Pellow expressed interest in suing the EPA for its denial of the permits to build the road . The county board thanked the road commission in a letter of thanks , approved unanimously at their January 8 , 2013 , meeting . Casperson was also of the opinion that the EPA and other regulatory agencies had an " agenda " against projects related to the mine .
On the other side of the controversy , Catherine Parker said that the MCRC could not have done enough mitigation work to satisfy concerns over the road , and that she was " relieved that we can finally lay this issue to rest and direct our resources elsewhere , namely to improving existing roads . " Officials with the KBIC were also " gratified " by the decision , and called it a " victory for the integrity of the nation 's Clean Water Act " . Margaret Comfort , president of Save the Wild U.P. , was " relieved " about the decision , but expressed the sentiment that the fight over the road was not concluded yet .
= = = Revival = = =
Iwanicki authored a white paper in June 2013 on transportation and road needs in the county . Of the four stages of the proposal endorsed by local governments , the first is a resurrection of the CR 595 proposal . The paper carries the endorsements of Marquette County , the City of Marquette , Marquette Township . NMU also " strongly supports the construction of [ CR 595 ] . " The university is concerned with the levels of truck traffic between the Eagle Mine and the processing mill passing near its campus . State officials are supporting the collaboration between the local governments and NMU ; Casperson and State Rep. John Kivela received copies of the white paper , and Casperson 's office is looking for ways to provide funding in support of continued efforts to build CR 595 . The MCRC estimates that it will cost $ 500 @,@ 000 to move forward with a permit application through the CoE . Most of the needed environmental studies have already been completed , and they can " repurposed before they are out @-@ of @-@ date " . Since the cancellation of CR 595 in early 2013 , Rio Tinto has sold the Eagle Mine to Lundin Mining , and there are no funding guarantees for construction of CR 595 if the permitting process is resumed . The MCRC board voted in November 2013 to continue consideration of the project , over the recommendations of the county commission .
A truck hauling ore from the Eagle Mine down CR 550 tipped over on December 13 , 2014 , and was not removed from the roadway until the next day ; about 1 @,@ 000 pounds ( 450 kg ) of ore was spilled in the accident . The roadway , called " a notoriously dangerous highway " by a local state representative , was the site of the first accident involving an ore hauler since the mine began production . The accident " created major delays for drivers " of up to two hours on the primary road between Big Bay and Marquette , which was upgraded and designated as part of a truck route into and through the City of Marquette to enable the mine 's ore to pass to the processing mill . The accident prompted additional renewed interest in building CR 595 .
In an interview with WLUC @-@ TV that aired on December 26 , 2014 , State Senator Casperson ( R @-@ Escanaba ) and State Representatives Kivela ( D @-@ Marquette ) , Scott Dianda ( D @-@ Calumet ) and Ed McBroom ( R @-@ Escanaba ) said that they had been discussing options to get the roadway built . The MCRC was expected to file suit against the EPA in January 2015 over the denied permits for the road . Opponents like the group Save the Wild UP are disappointed that the road commission is once again moving forward with the road . Just days later , the chair of the MCRC board said that there had been no decision on a lawsuit , although there are " possibilities " and interest in a suit . However , during its January 19 , 2015 regular meeting , the road commission board went into closed session with their attorneys and emerged with a resolution to sue , which the board unanimously voted to support . The board 's chairman , Dave Hall , said " [ the board ] believes strongly in how we feel about this road and the need for its existence . " Hall cited the December 2014 accident , and a second in early January 2015 , as factors prompting the MCRC to move forward with the lawsuit . The Marquette County Board of Commissioners has opposed the suit , citing issues related to the private funding of the suit , provocation of the EPA when permits related to the Eagle Mill are pending , and funding for the road if it is eventually built . In contrast , the Marquette County Townships Association , a group representing the townships in the county , has supported the suit while Lundin Mining is staying neutral . A local group called Stand UP formed to fund the costs of the lawsuit , soliciting donations from supporters of the road ; the group 's leaders include former chairman of the County Board of Commissioners and current Tilden Township Supervisor Deborah Pellow , Tony Retaskie of the Upper Peninsula Construction Council in Escanaba , and retired banker Stu Bradley .
On July 8 , 2015 , the MCRC filed their lawsuit in the Marquette division of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan . According to Deb Pellow , chairwoman of the Stand UP board of directors , a Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) request to the EPA resulted in the disclosure of documents that show that the EPA had pre @-@ determined its decision on the road before the permitting process had begun , The agency , according to Pellow , had told various environmental groups as well as " staff members for a California senator " that the road would not be allowed before the permit application had been submitted The state senator and state representatives for the Western and Central UP all repeated their bipartisan support for the lawsuit after it was filed , which is also supported by the LSCP .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire road is in Marquette County .
= Prime7 =
Prime7 is an Australian television network owned by Prime Media Group Limited , and an affiliate of the Seven Network . Prime Television launched on 17 March 1962 as CBN / CWN in Orange and Dubbo , New South Wales , and has since expanded to cover regional New South Wales , Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory .
Prime7 ( along with GWN7 national broadcast facilities are based in Canberra . Prime Media Group head office / administration is located in Pyrmont , Sydney .
= = History = =
= = = Origins = = =
Prime Television originally began as a group of separate stations and networks – Midstate Television in Orange , Dubbo and Griffith , RVN / AMV in Albury and Wagga Wagga , and 'NEN / ECN in Tamworth and Taree .
CBN @-@ 8 Orange began on 17 March 1962 , followed by CWN @-@ 6 Dubbo on 1 December 1965 . The two stations were both licensed to Country Broadcasting Services ( also the owner of radio station 2GZ in Orange ) . CWN was a full @-@ time relay of CBN — the first Australian television station to relay another . The two stations thus formed the country 's first regional television network .
At the same time , RVN @-@ 2 Wagga Wagga began on 19 June 1964 , and MTN @-@ 9 Griffith began on 15 December 1965 . The two stations merged in 1971 as the Riverina and North East Victoria Television Service Pty Ltd with the callsign RVN / AMV on air .
In northern New South Wales , NEN @-@ 9 Tamworth began transmission on 27 September 1965 , with a relay in Armidale ( NEN @-@ 1 , later NEN @-@ 10 ) on 15 July 1966 . ECN @-@ 8 Taree started on 27 May 1966 . At one stage , ECN @-@ 8 was tied NRN @-@ 11 Coffs Harbour ( now owned by Southern Cross Broadcasting as Southern Cross Ten ) , however the two stations split . NEN later merged with ECN as NEN / ECN .
= = = Television 6 @-@ 8 @-@ 9 = = =
As a result of the financial difficulties that many independent stations faced , MTN @-@ 9 joined CWN @-@ 6 and CBN @-@ 8 to form Television 6 @-@ 8 @-@ 9 in 1973 . Relays were launched in Portland , Lithgow , Mudgee , Cobar , Kandos and Rylstone and Bathurst . In 1981 , 6 @-@ 8 @-@ 9 changed its name to Midstate Television .
Colour television was introduced at the same time as the rest of the country , on 1 March 1975 – one of the single most expensive processes undertaken by CBN to date . The station was a prominent broadcaster of local sporting events including Tennis and Rugby . In 1979 a documentary titled Goin ' Down The Road , about the 1978 National Rodeo Titles won the network a Logie award for an ' Outstanding Contribution by a Regional Station ' .
Midstate produced a number of local programs , including the Weekend Report , Early Shift , Rural Roundup and Around the Schools . Since 1968 CBN was able to access the Postmaster General 's microwave link for national news and other major events .
= = = Aggregation = = =
Midstate Television was bought out by media magnate Paul Ramsay 's Ramcorp Ltd. in October 1987 . It was soon merged with Ramcorp 's other stations , RVN / AMV and NEN / ECN . In 1988 , Midstate Television was renamed Prime Television and began to show increased Seven Network programming in readiness for aggregation .
When aggregation took place , Prime began broadcasting to both southern New South Wales and northern Victoria . Transmission problems meant that aggregation in southern New South Wales took place in two stages – first the Australian Capital Territory and NSW south coast on 31 March 1989 , followed by Orange , Dubbo , and Wagga Wagga on 31 December 1989 . These changes led to the de @-@ merger of RVN @-@ AMV , with RVN becoming CBN @-@ 2 .
Griffith remained a one @-@ station market , however instead of taking programming from Prime in line with the network 's other stations , MTN @-@ 9 relayed programming mainly from WIN Television in southern New South Wales . A supplementary licence , AMN @-@ 31 , was successfully bid for by MTN in 1996 , providing a relay of Prime Television . Soon after the station was purchased by WIN Television , which undertook a number of minor changes – mainly changing the news service to WIN News , and using entirely WIN branding . AMN @-@ 31 remains a relay of Prime . Similarly , the Mildura licence area remained separate from the remainder of Victoria , albeit with a single station , STV @-@ 8 , later bought out by WIN Television in 1996 . In 1997 Prime was successful in bidding for a new licence for the area at a cost of $ 3 @.@ 2 million . PTV @-@ 31 began broadcasting the following year .
Although advertising revenue increased post @-@ aggregation , local programming declined as a result of the costs incurred by the network 's expansion – an estimated $ 45 million had been spent by Ramcorp during and in the lead @-@ up to aggregation . After losses of $ 50 million , it was not until 1993 that the renamed Prime Television Limited posted a profit .
Prime Television became the first commercial network in Australia to add a watermark to the networks broadcasts , starting in the early 90 's the first watermark consisted of the Prime text from the networks former circle logo , located on the top right of the screen . The watermark was updated once again in 2001 to coincide with Primes new logo , still at the top right of the screen . This lasted up until Prime Televisions relaunch to Prime7 in 2011 , the watermark is now seen at the bottom right of the screen , like all common watermarks .
In November 1996 , Prime 's parent company , Prime Television Limited , purchased the Golden West Network , a merged group of four stations in regional Western Australia ; BTW @-@ 3 Bunbury , VEW @-@ 8 Kalgoorlie , GTW @-@ 11 Geraldton and GSW @-@ 9 Albany . Western Australia , similar to Griffith and Mildura , remained a one @-@ station commercial market until 1999 when GWN became a Seven Network affiliate , after WIN Television began transmission as an affiliate of both the Nine Network and Network Ten .
The network began to expand into New Zealand in 1997 , when a number of licences were purchased from United Christian Broadcasters for an estimated $ 3 @.@ 6 million . Prime Television New Zealand began broadcasting on 30 August 1998 , with a nightly local news program in both Waikato and Christchurch . Prime also expanded into Argentina with the purchase of the Canal 9 network .
= = = 2000s = = =
The renamed Argentine network Azul Televisión was sold for $ 108 million in early 2000 due to lower @-@ than @-@ expected performance . During the same year , Prime benefited greatly from its affiliation with the Seven Network throughout its carriage of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . The network 's relationship with Seven was further developed throughout the early 2000s , leading to the unsuccessful introduction of 7onPrime branding for Seven Network @-@ produced programs .
Local news bulletins for Newcastle , the Gold Coast , Canberra , and Wollongong were axed in 2001 due to falling ratings and the anticipated costs of the switch to digital television . This , and the closure of a number of news bulletins by Southern Cross Broadcasting , prompted the Australian Broadcasting Authority to investigate the adequacy of regional news services The ABA later mandated that stations broadcast a minimum level of local content , based on a points system – two points per minute for local news , and one point per minute for other local content , excluding paid advertisements .
Prime formed a partnership with the Nine Network ( affiliated in Australia to competitor WIN Television ) , giving its owner , PBL Media the option to purchase a 50 % share of Prime Television New Zealand in return for access to original programming , and cross @-@ promotion in PBL 's New Zealand magazine titles . Following this , Prime Television New Zealand began to take on branding and programming similar to that of the Nine Network . In November 2005 , Prime Television New Zealand was purchased by subscription television provider SKY Network Television for $ NZ30 million , completed after approval by New Zealand 's Commerce Commission in February 2006 .
Mildura Digital Television , a digital @-@ only station in Mildura began transmissions in 2006 as a joint venture between Prime Television Limited and WIN Corporation . Section 38B of the Broadcasting Services Act allowed for the provision of a third station owned by either one or both existing networks . MDT is a direct relay of Ten Melbourne , albeit with local advertising .
Prime Television announced on 21 December 2009 that it would start broadcasting 7TWO on 23 December 2009 .
= = = 2010s = = =
On 25 September 2010 , Prime began transmission of the new HD digital channel 7mate aimed at men 16 – 49 . The first program to be broadcast was the drawn 2010 AFL Grand Final . On 15 January 2011 , Prime Media Group reported that Prime and GWN were to rebrand as Prime7 and GWN7 respectively . The news bulletins has changed to Prime7 News and GWN7 News , during that , 7TWO and 7MATE dropped the " Prime " logo on the multichannels . Prime and GWN relaunched on 16 January 2011 at 6 : 00pm .
= = Programming = =
Prime 's programming schedule is almost identical to those of metropolitan counterparts ATN in Sydney and HSV in Melbourne , with some differences . Since the network 's inception it has featured a broad range of original local programming , currently including children 's program Possum 's Club with Madelaine Collignon and station mascot Prime Possum as well as community service segment Prime7 InfoNet , a series of short updates listing local community events .
Prime 's overnight schedule also differs from the Seven Network feed , containing infomercials from Danoz Direct , Home Shopping , and a feed from pay television channel Expo . Past programming from Prime Television has been recognised nationally , with some local productions winning the Logie Award for ' Outstanding Contribution by a Regional Television Station ' . The network has won Logies for Goin ' Down The Road ( CBN @-@ 8 , 1979 ) , Naturally ( NEN @-@ 9 / ECN @-@ 8 , 1984 ) , Stranded ( Prime Television , 1993 ) , Rest in Peace ( Prime Television , 1994 ) , and No Time For Frailty ( Prime Television , 1996 ) .
= = Prime7 News = =
Prime7 News is the network 's local news service . Full bulletins are produced for the towns and surrounding regions originally covered by the stations " Midstate 6 @,@ 8 @,@ 9 Television " , Dubbo / Orange , " RVN @-@ 2 / AMV @-@ 4 " , Wagga Wagga / Albury and " 9 / 8 Television " ( NEN @-@ 9 / ECN @-@ 8 ) Tamworth / Taree , prior to the aggregation of regional television services in New South Wales that occurred in the early 1990s . In other areas two @-@ minute news updates are shown at various times of the day .
Prime7 News bulletins are presented from Canberra weeknightly at 6pm in the Albury @-@ Wodonga Border , North West , North Coast , Central West and Wagga Wagga broadcast areas . Prime7 News at 6 : 30 ( with Daniel Gibson ) also comes from the Canberra news centre .
= = Availability = =
Prime7 is available in standard definition digital format . Since June 2007 a 1080i high definition simulcast has also been available , replacing the network 's former 576p service . Prime is viewed mainly through free @-@ to @-@ air terrestrial transmitters , although subscription cable also provided by TransACT and Neighbourhood Cable in the Australian Capital Territory and Ballarat , respectively .
Prime broadcasts to southern New South Wales through stations based in Orange and Dubbo , northern New South Wales from stations in Tamworth and Taree , Victoria from its Albury @-@ Wodonga @-@ based station AMV , and Mildura via PTV .
= = Logos = =
Prime Television became a network in November 1988 , with a shared logo produced and used across the regional stations , featuring the word Prime Television above an outlined rectangle . Aggregation occurred across the network on 31 December 1989 , along with the introduction of a green logo featuring the word Prime with the letter i dotted with a globe . This logo was used across the network until 1991 , when a new gold logo was introduced . Following a decade in use , 2001 saw the launch of a new simplified yellow logo , with the removal of the circle . This logo has been used since , and was launched concurrently with a similarly design logo on the Golden West Network . Following the 2011 relaunch , a new logo was introduced which incorporates the Seven Network logo .
= Ontario Highway 407 =
Highway 407 ( pronounced " four @-@ oh @-@ seven " ) is a tolled 400 @-@ series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario . Comprising a privately @-@ leased segment as well as a publicly @-@ owned segment , the route begins in Burlington and travels through the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) suburbs of Oakville , Mississauga , Brampton , Vaughan , Markham , Pickering and Whitby before ending in Oshawa . The segment between Burlington and Brougham in Pickering is leased to and operated by the 407 ETR Concession Company Limited and is officially known as the 407 Express Toll Route ( 407 ETR ) . It begins at the junction of the Queen Elizabeth Way ( QEW ) and Highway 403 in Burlington , and travels 107 @.@ 9 km ( 67 @.@ 0 mi ) across the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) to Brock Road in Pickering . East of Brock Road , the freeway continues east as Highway 407 East ( a provincially @-@ owned toll route ) for 21 @.@ 2 km ( 13 @.@ 2 mi ) to Harmony Road in Oshawa . Highway 407 is the first electronically @-@ operated toll highway opened in the world ; there are no toll booths along the length of the route . Distances are calculated automatically using transponders or licence plates , which are scanned at entrance and exit points . Major interchanges along the route include the QEW , Highway 403 , Highway 401 , Highway 410 , Highway 427 , Highway 400 , Highway 404 , and Highway 412 .
Highway 407 was planned in the late 1950s as a freeway bypassing the Toronto segment of Highway 401 , the busiest highway in the world . However , construction did not begin until 1987 . During the early 1990s , the provincial government proposed tolling the highway to alleviate a revenue shortfall . The central sections of Highway 407 opened 1997 . The remaining sections were built quickly over the following four years , with the final segment of opening in mid @-@ 2001 . Despite being included in the 400 @-@ series network , the Highway 407ETR section is not considered part of the provincial highway network due to it now being privately operated . The route is operated privately under a 99 @-@ year lease agreement with the provincial government . The lease was sold in 1998 for approximately C $ 3 @.@ 1 billion to a consortium of Canadian and Spanish investors operating under the name 407 International Inc . The privatization of the Highway 407 ETR section has been the source of significant criticism , especially regarding the increases in tolls , plate denial , and false charges . In addition , the safety of segments constructed following the sale of the freeway has been called into question . Many have come to regard Highway 407 ETR as a luxury , as opposed to the bypass of Highway 401 it was originally conceived to be .
A 42 @-@ kilometre ( 26 mi ) provincially owned and tolled extension to the route , known as Highway 407 East ( 407E ) , is currently under construction through Pickering , Whitby , Oshawa , and Clarington . It opened to Harmony Road in Oshawa on June 20 , 2016 , including a tolled north – south link to Highway 401 known as Highway 412 . A further extension will push the highway east to Highway 35 / Highway 115 in Clarington by 2020 , with a second link to Highway 401 known as Highway 418 .
= = Route description = =
Highway 407 is a 129 @.@ 3 @-@ kilometre ( 80 @.@ 3 mi ) controlled @-@ access highway that encircles the GTA , passing through Burlington , Oakville , Mississauga , Brampton , Vaughan , Markham , Pickering , Whitby , and Oshawa as well as travelling immediately north of Toronto . Although the general public felt that tolling made the highway a luxury rather than its original purpose of relieving traffic on Highway 401 , Highway 407 ETR has had average daily trip counts of over 350 @,@ 000 vehicles in June 2014 . The 407 ETR is contractually responsible for maintaining high traffic levels as justification for increasing tolls , but conduct their own traffic studies . Despite increased usage , parallel roads that Highway 407 was intended to supplement continue to grow congested , forcing the MTO to revisit costly widening projects of Highway 401 and the QEW .
Highway 407 has been designed with aesthetics and environmental concerns in mind by featuring landscaped embankments , 79 storm drainage ponds , as well as a curb and gutter system . Unlike most other Ontario highways , it features concrete pavement as opposed to top @-@ coated asphalt . Because of this , the high @-@ mast lighting along the urban portions of the route feature fewer luminaires than asphalt @-@ surfaced freeways .
= = = Burlington – Brampton = = =
Highway 407 begins in Burlington within Halton Region at the Freeman Interchange between Highway 403 and the QEW , from which it branches off northward . The six @-@ lane route passes under Brant Street , Upper Middle Road and Guelph Line ( Halton Regional Road 1 ) before it interchanges with Dundas Street ( Halton Regional Road 5 and former Highway 5 ) . It briefly enters greenspace as it curves gently to the northeast , avoiding the nearby Niagara Escarpment . The route is crossed by Walkers Line , east of which residential subdivisions line the south side and greenspace lines the north . At an interchange with Appleby Line ( Halton Regional Road 20 ) , the highway straightens and travels parallel to Dundas Street before passing over Bronte Creek and under the Canadian National Railway 's ( CN ) Halwest Subdivision .
East of Bronte Creek , Highway 407 enters an agricultural area , interspersed with woodlots . It enters Oakville at the Tremaine Road ( Halton Regional Road 22 ) overpass , then gradually swerves to the north as it encounters an interchange with Bronte Road ( Halton Regional Road 25 and former Highway 25 ) . The route crosses Sixteen Mile Creek just north of Glenarchy Conservation Area , then travels parallel to the creek for several kilometres . It swerves north after an interchange with Neyagawa Boulevard , near the hamlet of Glenarchy . After diverging from the creek , it curves northeast , parallel to and north of Burnhamthorpe Road , where it interchanges with Trafalgar Road ( Halton Regional Road 3 ) . Highway 407 then encounters Highway 403 at a large interchange where curves sharply to the northwest ; Highway 403 , meanwhile , curves from the southeast to the northeast .
Now travelling parallel to and immediately west of the Halton – Peel regional boundary and Oakville – Mississauga city boundary , the six @-@ lane Highway 407 progresses northwest alongside a power transmission corridor , with subdivisions to the east and greenspace to the west . The route continues as such northwest to Highway 401 , passing under Lower Base Line ( which continues east as Eglinton Avenue ) and interchanging at Britannia Road and Derry Road before crossing the Canadian Pacific Railway 's ( CP ) Galt Subdivision . At Highway 401 , the route makes a sharp curve to the northeast , while ramps weave across both freeway over several kilometres , interconnecting them . It enters Peel Region at the Winston Churchill Boulevard ( Peel Regional Road 19 ) overpass and follows another power transmission corridor just north of the Brampton – Mississauga boundary .
Highway 407 swerves east and encounters an interchange with Mississauga Road ( Peel Regional Road 1 ) just prior to crossing the Credit River and the Orangeville Brampton Railway , after which it enters the urban GTA . After passing interchanges with Mavis Road ( Peel Regional Road 18 ) and Hurontario Street ( Former Highway 10 ) , the route encounters Highway 410 at another sprawling interchange located over Etobicoke Creek . Over the next 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) , the route nudges northward into Brampton , interchanging with Dixie Road ( Peel Regional Road 4 ) and Bramalea Road , as well as a CN railway line , before crossing Steeles Avenue ( Peel Regional Road 15 ) . Highway 407 curves back to the northeast as it interchanges with Airport Road ( Peel Regional Road 7 ) and passes beneath another CN line , before encountering the final interchange in Peel Region at Goreway Drive . It crosses the West Humber River and former Highway 50 in Claireville Conservation Area before curving east into York Region .
= = = Vaughan – Pickering = = =
Immediately after crossing into Vaughan , Highway 407 encounters the first of three large interchanges with other 400 @-@ series highways in York Region . The Highway 427 interchange is a four @-@ level partial stack located just north of Steeles Avenue in Vaughan and adjacent to the 407 ETR Concession Company offices . The interchange features weaved ramps which connect to former Highway 27 , located just east . The route continues eastward , parallel and between Steeles Avenue and Highway 7 . It dives through the Humber River valley alongside a CN line and along the northern border of Thackeray Conservation Lands , passing beneath a CP line . After an interchange with Pine Valley Drive ( York Regional Road 57 ) , the route becomes sandwiched between the industrial lands of the Pine Valley Business Park and the Emery Creek Corporate Park . A partial interchange with Weston Road ( York Regional Road 56 ) lies just west of the large four @-@ level stack interchange with Highway 400 , the only of its kind in Ontario . An interchange with Jane Street ( York Regional Road 55 ) is interwoven into the east side of the Highway 400 interchange , below which the future Spadina Subway Extension will travel .
Still travelling alongside a power transmission corridor , Highway 407 crosses a complex rail wye which provides access to the CN freight yards to the north . After interchanging with Keele Street ( York Regional Road 6 ) , the route gently curves northward , passing under the CN Newmarket Subdivision , which carries the GO Transit Barrie Line and crossing the Don River . It curves back eastward as it interchanges with Dufferin Street ( York Regional Road 53 ) , travelling adjacent and south of Highway 7 . After interchanges with Bathurst Street ( York Regional Road 38 ) and Yonge Street ( York Regional Road 1 ) , the Vaughan – Markham boundary , Highway 407 crosses the CN Bala Subdivision , which carries the GO Transit Richmond Hill Line . After an interchange with Bayview Avenue ( York Regional Road 34 ) , the highway serves south . A partial interchange with Leslie Street ( York Regional Road 12 ) precedes the third and final large freeway – freeway junction at Highway 404 .
East of Highway 404 , the freeway travels generally parallel to the Rouge River . It interchanges with Woodbine Avenue ( York Regional Road 8 ) and Warden Avenue ( York Regional Road 65 ) , east of which the route travels alongside a CN line and crosses the GO Transit Unionville Line . Highway 407 continues straight eastward into a residential area , interchanging with Kennedy Road ( York Regional Road 3 ) , McCowan Road ( York Regional Road 67 ) and Markham Road ( York Regional Road 68 ) where it crosses the river and diverges from both the CN line and power transmission corridor . The route interchanges with Ninth Line ( York Regional Road 69 ) and Donald Cousens Parkway ( York Regional Road 48 ) before exiting the urban GTA and curving northeast over a CP line and into Rouge Park .
Until the opening of the first phase of 407E in June 2016 , the final interchange along Highway 407 was with York – Durham Line ( York / Durham Regional Road 30 ) , the boundary between York Region and Durham Region as well as Markham and Pickering . The route curves eastward then crosses West Duffins Creek north of the community of Whitevale and south of the future Pickering Airport and planned community of Seaton . Sandwiched between farm fields , the highway is crossed by North Road , where a future interchange is planned , and Sideline 24 . Highway 407 ended just south of Brougham at a signalized intersection with Brock Road ( Durham Regional Road 1 ) until the end of 2015 , where it continued eastward as Highway 7 . A new interchange has been built in conjunction with the provincially maintained and tolled extension , Highway 407E , which was constructed east of this point , and ties in with the current freeway , eliminating the at @-@ grade intersection .
= = = Pickering – Oshawa = = =
Immediately east of Brock Road , this tollway falls under the ownership of the Province of Ontario and is now referred to as Ontario Highway 407 ( Or Highway 407 East ) instead of 407 ETR . This route runs parallel both Highway 7 and Durham Regional Road 3 ( with some crossovers ) through the North of Pickering , Whitby , and Oshawa , until its eastern terminus at Harmony Road . A major interchange of this route includes with Highway 412 , which is a spur connecting the 407 with Highway 401 in Whitby . Both the 407 East Extension and Highway 412 opened to traffic on June 20 , 2016 , with tolls waived off until the end of 2016 . This highway will be further extended eastward through Clarington .
= = Tolls = =
Unlike most other toll highways , Highway 407 features no toll booths . Rather , a system of cameras and transponders allows for automatic toll collection . It is one of the earliest examples of a highway to exclusively use open road tolling . Highway 407 is otherwise designed as a normal freeway ; interchanges connect directly to surface streets . A radio antenna detects when a vehicle with a transponder has entered and exited the highway , calculating the toll rate . For vehicles without a transponder , an automatic number plate recognition system is used . In both cases , monthly statements are mailed to users . The automatic number plate recognition system is linked to several provincial and U.S. state motor vehicle registries . Toll rates are set by both the 407 ETR and the Province of Ontario for each of the respective sections they own . However , the province set out limitations in the 407 ETR lease contract for maintaining traffic volumes to justify toll rates . Despite this , rates have increased annually against the requests of the provincial government , resulting in several court battles and the general public regarding the route as a luxury .
= = = Plate denial = = =
As part of the contractual agreement with the government , the MTO is required to deny licence plate validation stickers to drivers who have an outstanding 407 ETR bill over 125 days past due . This process was temporarily halted in February 2000 due to numerous false billing claims . Following a judicial decision by the Ontario Divisional Court on November 7 , 2005 , the Ontario Registrar of Motor Vehicles was ordered to begin denying the validation or issue of Canadian license plates and vehicle permits for 407 ETR users who have failed to pay owed fees . On November 22 , 2005 , the MTO announced that it would appeal the decision but would begin to deny plates until the appeal was decided . On February 24 , 2006 , the Ontario Court of Appeals denied the government leave to appeal the 2005 decision . As a result , plate denial remains in place .
= = = Rates = = =
= = = = 407 ETR = = = =
All dollar amounts listed are Canadian dollars .
As of February 1 , 2016 , the base tolls for driving on the 407 ETR are as follows :
The toll rate that applies to a specific trip is determined by the time at which a vehicle enters the highway .
Off peak rates are in effect from 19 : 00 - 06 : 00 Monday to Friday except public holidays , and 19 : 00 - 11 : 00 Saturday , Sunday and holidays .
Midday weekday rates are in effect from 10 : 00 - 15 : 00 , Mondays to Fridays except for holidays .
Midday weekend / holiday rates are in effect from 11 : 00 - 19 : 00 , Saturday , Sunday and holidays .
Peak period rates are in effect from 06 : 00 - 07 : 00 , 09 : 00 - 10 : 00 , 15 : 00 - 16 : 00 and from 18 : 00 - 19 : 00 , Monday to Friday except for public holidays .
Peak hours rates are in effect from 07 : 00 - 09 : 00 and from 16 : 00 - 18 : 00 , Mondays to Fridays except for public holidays .
The light zone lies between Highway 401 and Highway 427 as well as section east of Highway 404 . All other sections lie within the regular zone .
Heavy goods vehicles and lorries are assessed a minimum toll regardless of the length of their trip .
* Light goods vehicles without transponders are assessed an additional Video Toll . Motorcycles are not charged a video toll because there is rarely a reasonable place to mount a transponder .
* * Heavy duty vehicles are legally required to have transponders in order to use the highway ; offenders may be penalised under the Highway Traffic Act .
= = = = Highway 407 East = = = =
Upon opening of the new freeways in June 2016 , no tolls were initially set in place . However as of 2017 , the following tolls will come into effect for motorist utilizing the Highway 407E , 412 , and 418 tollways :
All end times displayed are rounded up to the nearest minute for simplicity purposes ( i.e. 6am is actually 5 : 59 : 59am )
The toll rate that applies to a specific trip is determined by the time at which a vehicle enters the highway .
Users of both 407 ETR and Highways 407E / 412 / 418 will only receive one bill invoice , with trips on each highway specified .
407 ETR Transponders will be compatible with Highways 407E , 412 , and 418 .
As seen above , the costs of utilizing these provincially owned tollways are less than that of the 407 ETR .
Light vehicles without transponders may be assessed an additional Video Toll .
Vehicles weighing over 5 @,@ 000 kilograms are divided into two categories : Heavy Single Units and Heavy Multiple Units . Heavy Multiple Unit Vehicles will be charged two or three time the passenger rate , depending on the size of the vehicle .
All Heavy Unit vehicles are legally required to have transponders in order to use the highway ; offenders may be penalized under the Highway Traffic Act .
= = History = =
= = = Planning and initial construction = = =
Although construction of Highway 407 did not begin until 1987 , planning for the bypass of Highway 401 north of Toronto began in the late @-@ 1950s . Concepts for the new " dual highway " first appeared in the 1959 plan for Metropolitan Toronto . Land adjacent to several hydro corridors was acquired for the future freeway in the 1960s , but sat vacant as the Ontario Department of Highway ( predecessor to the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario ( MTO ) opted instead to widen Highway 401 to a twelve @-@ lane collector @-@ express system . The Highway 401 expansion project was considered a success and construction of Highway 407 was shelved for almost thirty years . The plan was revisted in the mid @-@ 1980s as congestion in Toronto pushed roads beyond capacity . In 1986 , Premier David Peterson was given a helicopter tour of the city during rush @-@ hour ; construction of the highway was announced soon thereafter , and began in 1987 .
The Ontario government 's normal process for highway construction was not possible given the financial constraints of the recession of the early 1990s . The Peterson government sought out private sector partnerships and acquired innovative electronic tolling technology . Two firms bid on the project , with the Canadian Highways International Corporation being selected as the operator of the highway . Financing for the highway was to be paid by user tolls lasting 35 years , after which it would return to the provincial system as a toll @-@ free 400 @-@ series highway . The succeeding government of Bob Rae announced on March 31 , 1995 , that the corridor reserved for Highway 403 between Burlington and Oakville would instead be built as a western extension of Highway 407 .
The first segment of Highway 407 , between Highway 410 and Highway 404 , was ceremoniously opened to traffic on June 7 , 1997 ; no tolls were charged for a month to allow motorists to test @-@ drive the freeway . Several other sections were well underway at this point . A 13 @-@ kilometre ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) extension westwards to Highway 401 was opened just months later on December 13 , 1997 . That section was connected with Highway 403 to the south on September 4 , 1998 , with a temporary two lane ramp connecting to Trafalgar Road . In the east , an extension to Markham Road , at what was then the southern terminus of Highway 48 , was completed in early 1998 . However , due to the protest of local residents and officials concerning traffic spill @-@ off ( a scenario revisited with the extension to Oshawa ) , the freeway was opened only as far as McCowan Road on February 18 . The short segment from McCowan Road to Markham Road remained closed for over a year , as locals feared the funneling of traffic onto Main Street , which is named Markham Road south of the freeway . Both Markham and McCowan were widened to four lanes between Highway 407 and Steeles Avenue at this time . This did not alleviate concerns , but on June 24 , 1999 , the extension opened to continued protest regardless .
= = = Privatization and extensions = = =
When Mike Harris was elected Premier in 1995 on his platform of the Common Sense Revolution , the Ontario government faced a $ 11 billion annual deficit and a $ 100 billion debt . Seeking to balance the books , a number of publicly owned services were privatized over the following years . Although initially spared , Highway 407 was sold quickly in the year leading up to the 1999 provincial elections . The highway was leased to a conglomerate of private companies for $ 3 @.@ 1 billion . The route was subsequently renamed the 407 ETR . The Ontario corporation , known as 407 International Inc . , is jointly owned by the Spanish multinational Cintra Infraestructuras ( 43 @.@ 23 % ) , as well as various subsidiaries of the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board ( 40 % ) and the Montreal @-@ based engineering firm SNC @-@ Lavalin ( 16 @.@ 77 % ) . The deal included a 99 @-@ year lease agreement with unlimited control over the highway and its tolls , dependent on traffic volume ; however , the government maintains the right to build a transport system within the highway right @-@ of @-@ way .
When purchased , the highway travelled from the junction of Highway 403 in Mississauga to Markham Road in Markham . Extensions westward to the QEW and eastward to Highway 7 and Brock Road in Pickering were constructed by the corporation , as mandated in the lease agreement . The western extension , from Highway 403 southwest to the QEW , was not part of the original Highway 407 concept in 1987 ; rather , the corridor was originally intended to connect the Hamilton and Mississauga sections of Highway 403 . Highway 407 was originally slated to assume the temporary routing for Highway 403 along the Mississauga @-@ Oakville boundary to end at the QEW . However , the Bob Rae led Ontario government altered these plans in 1995 , and the corporation constructed this section quickly upon obtaining the lease . Sections opened throughout the middle of 2001 : between Neyagawa Boulevard and Highway 403 on June 17 ; between Bronte Road and Neyagawa Boulevard on June 29 ; between Dundas Street and Bronte Road on July 18 ; and between the Freeman Interchange and Dundas Street on July 30 . In the east , a final extension between Markham Road and Highway 7 opened a month later on August 30 .
On October 5 , 2010 , the Canadian Pension Plan announced that an agreement was reached with the owners of the roadway to purchase 10 % stake for $ 894 million . This implies a value of close to $ 9 billion for the highway in its current state . However , in 1998 , MPP E.J. Douglas Rollins found that as much as $ 104 billion had been spent by the province to that point .
= = = Controversy = = =
Highway 407 ETR has been the subject of several controversies over its two decades of existence . While the privatization of the route and toll rate increases have been routinely criticized by the general public and politicians , cost @-@ savings measures and the ensuing safety concerns resulted in an independent Ontario Provincial Police investigation shortly before the opening of the freeway . Finally , the public has accused the 407 ETR of predatory billing practices , including false billing and continued plate denial after bankruptcy .
An expert panel of engineers released a report outlining concerns regarding the decreased loop ramp radii and a lack of protective guardrail at sharp curves , in addition to the lack of a concrete median barrier to separate the opposite directions of travel . However , it was also argued that the large grass median was sufficient to prevent cross @-@ over collisions , given that Highway 410 has a similar median .
The Ontario provincial government has quarrelled with 407 ETR over toll rates and customer service , but is largely tied down by the lease contract . On February 2 , 2004 , the government delivered notice to 407 ETR that they are considered to be in default of their contract because of 407 ETR 's decision to raise toll rates without first obtaining provincial clearance . The court 's initial decision sided with 407 ETR : on July 10 , 2004 , an independent arbitrator affirmed that 407 ETR has the ability to raise toll rates without first consulting the government . The government filed an appeal of this decision but was overruled by an Ontario Superior Court decision released on January 6 , 2005 ; however , a subsequent ruling by the Ontario Court of Appeal on June 13 , 2005 granted the government permission to appeal the decision . The government also faced off against 407 ETR in court regarding plate denial around this time .
= = 407 East Extension = =
A provincially owned 65 @-@ kilometre ( 40 mi ) long extension to the 407 ETR , known as Highway 407 East ( or 407E ) , is currently under development in two separate phases . Phase 1 was opened on June 20 , 2016 , consisting of a 22 @-@ kilometre ( 14 mi ) extension to Harmony Road in Oshawa , as well as the 10 @-@ kilometre ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) Highway 412 . The extension is free of tolls until 2017 . Phase 2A will add a 9 @.@ 3 @-@ kilometre ( 5 @.@ 8 mi ) extension to Taunton Road and Highway 418 and is scheduled for completion in 2017 . Phase 2B will add a further 23 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 14 @.@ 5 mi ) , consisting of an east @-@ west extension from Taunton Road to Highway 35 and Highway 115 , as well as Highway 418 , the north @-@ south connector to Highway 401 ; Phase 2B is scheduled for completion in 2020 .
An environmental assessment ( EA ) to analyze the proposed extension was undertaken in the early 2000s . The assessment also included studies of the two north – south connectors . A preferred route was announced in June 2007 , and the EA was complete in June 2009 . On March 6 , 2007 , as part of the FLOW initiative , the Government of Canada and the Province of Ontario confirmed the extension of the 407 to Highway 35 and Highway 115 in Clarington , including the connector highways , with an announced completion date of 2013 . On January 27 , 2009 , the provincial government announced that the extension would be a tolled highway but owned by the province and with tolls set by the province . The announcement also indicated that the province expected to issue a Request for Proposals later in the year . The contract , which is valued at $ 1 @.@ 6 billion and includes construction and operation of the highway , was eventually awarded to the same consortium that owns 407 ETR .
On June 9 , 2010 , the MTO approved the extension as far east as Simcoe Street in Oshawa , announcing plans to phase construction of the extension . Local residents and politicians rejected the plan , as had happened with the section between McCowan Road and Markham Road . A motion was proposed in the Ontario Legislature to build the full extension in one project , but failed to pass . Instead , a compromise was issued on March 10 , 2011 : the first phase would extend Highway 407 to Harmony Road in Oshawa by 2015 , including Highway 412 ; the second phase would then complete the extension to Highway 35 / 115 by 2020 , including Highway 418 . This timeline was confirmed by Premier Dalton McGuinty on May 24 , 2012 , and construction began in the first quarter of 2013 .
In early December 2015 , it was announced that contractor delays would push the opening of the first phase from December 18 to the spring of 2016 . However the extension did not open until June 20 , 2016 , the first day of Summer 2016 .
= = Exit list = =
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 407 , as noted by the 407 ETR Concession Company Limited .
= 1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season =
The 1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season featured two deadly tropical cyclones that killed approximately 20 @,@ 000 people collectively in East Pakistan ( present @-@ day Bangladesh ) . The Indian subcontinent divides the North Indian Ocean into two areas : the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories . On average , five storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with dual peaks in activity during May and November . Cyclones that occurred between 45 ° E and 100 ° E were included in seasonal records by the IMD .
Fifteen depressions developed during the 1960 season , with five becoming cyclonic storms . The majority of the activity took place in the Bay of Bengal , where eleven systems formed ; however , the season 's first storm formed over the Arabian Sea on May 10 . The storm produced hurricane @-@ force winds and attained a barometric air pressure of 974 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 77 inHg ) . The deadliest and most intense cyclone of the season was Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten , which killed 14 @,@ 174 in East Pakistan in early November . With peak winds estimated at 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) and a pressure of 966 @.@ 7 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 55 inHg ) , it struck just three weeks after the previous system devastated the same area . The storm produced a 6 @.@ 1 m ( 20 ft ) storm tide that swept 16 km ( 10 mi ) inland , submerging several small islands . The two storms left a combined 200 @,@ 000 – 300 @,@ 000 people homeless . These systems marked the start of an unusually active period of cyclones impacting East Pakistan , culminating ten years later with the 1970 Bhola cyclone , which killed between 300 @,@ 000 and 500 @,@ 000 people . During the 1960 season , several depressions impacted India with heavy rainfall . Collectively , these systems killed 167 people .
= = Storms = =
= = = Severe Cyclonic Storm One = = =
On May 10 , an area of low pressure was identified over the Arabian Sea roughly 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the northwest of the Maldives . Moving northwestward , it gradually organized , becoming a depression during by the evening of May 12 . After turning more toward the west , the system continued to slowly deepen . On May 14 , the S.S. Kampala sailed into the system , encountering 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) winds and rough seas . Over the following two days , the depression intensified into a cyclonic storm , with gale @-@ force winds extending 150 km ( 90 mi ) from the center . During the overnight hours of May 16 through 17 , the S.S. Mohammedi sailed almost directly into the center of the cyclone , reporting a barometric pressure of 974 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 77 inHg ) and 9 @.@ 1 m ( 30 ft ) waves . Several other vessels , such as the S.S. Saudi and S.S. Exchequer , encountered the storm . Both ships reported hurricane @-@ force winds , and the latter endured seas as high as 15 @.@ 2 m ( 50 ft ) early on May 18 . Later that day , the storm weakened so rapidly the crew of the S.S. Exchequer were able to watch the pressure on their barometer actively rise . Continuing westward , the system degraded to a remnant low before dissipating on May 19 off the coast of Hadhramaut , Yemen .
As a developing cyclone , the system brought monsoon @-@ like moisture to much of the Maldives , Ceylon ( present @-@ day Sri Lanka ) , and southern India between May 14 and 17 . The heaviest rains fell on May 17 , with 190 mm ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) recorded at Kochi , India , that day .
= = = Deep Depression Two = = =
On May 25 , an upper @-@ level low pressure system developed over the northern Bay of Bengal . The following day , a surface low formed in association with this feature . By May 27 , the low further consolidated into a depression while situated 285 km ( 175 mi ) south of Kolkata , India . Tracking northward , it intensified into a deep depression before making landfall on the Sundarbans region of West Bengal — near the border of East Pakistan — early on May 28 . Though it was classified a deep depression , stronger winds of up to 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) were reported from Sagar Island . Based on measurements from nearby stations , it is estimated that the system attained a minimum pressure of 988 mb ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 18 inHg ) just as it moved ashore . Once inland , the system quickly weakened and accelerated northeastward . It later dissipated over Assam on May 30 .
The system produced torrential rains across eastern India and East Pakistan . In Cherrapunji , 540 mm ( 21 in ) of rain fell during a two @-@ day span , while many other areas recorded over 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) . No rainfall data were available from West Bengal and Assam . Strong winds from the storm destroyed numerous homes in West Bengal , and at least seven people were killed .
= = = Deep Depression Three = = =
On June 29 , a trough , associated with an upper @-@ level low , extended over the northwestern Bay of Bengal . Following a drop in sea @-@ level pressure over the next day , a depression formed in this area . Moving slowly westward , the storm intensified into a deep depression early on July 2 . Shortly thereafter , the system made landfall near Angul , India , and accelerated toward the northwest . The system later dissipated on July 4 over Madhya Pradesh after being absorbed back into the trough that it developed from .
Widespread heavy rains accompanied the depression along portions of the coast from Orissa to West Bengal and as far inland as Madhya . Sagar Island recorded at least 360 mm ( 14 in ) of rain over the span of two days , while Vishakhapatnam received 300 mm ( 12 in ) in just one . As much as 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) of precipitation fell across Madhya Pradesh .
= = = Depression Four = = =
On June 26 , a slow @-@ moving trough developed over Gujarat . By July 2 , the system developed into a shallow land depression while situated 80 km ( 50 mi ) north of Veraval . Winds in the area were measured up to 45 km / h ( 30 mph ) ; however , as the system moved offshore , winds quickly increased to 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . Low pressures were recorded across the area , with a minimum of 990 @.@ 8 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 26 inHg ) measured in Dwarka . Becoming nearly stationary off the coast of Gujarat , the depression began to interact with an approaching monsoon . This interaction caused winds to increase , with two vessels reporting 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) winds during the late morning hours of July 4 . Later that day , the system began moving to the northwest and quickly weakened . It was last noted the following day as a dissipating low over the northeastern Arabian Sea .
Between July 2 and 4 , heavy rains amounting to more than 300 mm ( 12 in ) fell across much of the Saurashtra region of Gujarat . These rains triggered severe flooding that killed at least 35 people and left 6 @,@ 000 others homeless . At least 500 homes were destroyed in the region .
= = = Depression Five = = =
On August 6 , a westward moving area of low pressure was identified over Burma . Initially an upper @-@ level system , it gradually propagated to the surface , becoming a depression on August 9 . Tracking west @-@ northwestward , the system crossed the Indian coastline later that day near Balasore , where a pressure of 996 @.@ 1 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 42 inHg ) was measured . Sustained winds reached just 30 km / h ( 15 mph ) . Once onshore , the depression degenerated into a remnant low on August 10 . The remnants continued northwestward , ultimately merging with a trough over Uttar Pradesh on August 12 .
The depression dropped heavy rains over parts of India between August 8 and August 14 . The highest totals were recorded on August 14 when 240 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) of rain fell in Jhansi . Significant flooding took place along the Ganges River as a result of the rains . Forty villages along the river near Fatehgarh were inundated .
= = = Deep Depression Six = = =
As the previous depression dissipated over India , a new circulation developed over the Bay of Bengal on August 12 . This system quickly became a depression . Moving slowly northwestward , it became a deep depression on August 14 before making landfall in the Sundarbans region . Winds up to 45 km / h ( 30 mph ) were reported in Sandheads . Once onshore , it turned westward and slowed while maintaining its intensity . The system finally weakened on August 18 as it resumed moving northwestward again , and two days later it dissipated over southeastern Rajasthan .
Large portions of India were affected by rains from the depression , with Orissa and Madhya receiving the heaviest rains . According to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , up to 1 @,@ 000 mm ( 40 in ) of rain fell across portions of Orissa . The tremendous precipitation triggered disastrous floods that killed at least 65 people . Continued rains over the next two weeks exacerbated the situation and by August 30 , an estimated 2 @.@ 5 million people were homeless . Most affected were areas around the Mahanadi River and its tributaries where flood waters reached 3 @.@ 7 m ( 12 ft ) in depth . At least 85 villages were reportedly destroyed . Orissa government officials described the disaster as " the worst in living memory . " Rail lines and roads were severely damaged across the state , hampering initial relief efforts . A total of 1 @.@ 87 million acres of crops were flooded and overall damage amounted to ₹ 112 million .
= = = Depression Seven = = =
On August 20 , a wave of low pressure formed over Burma . Moving westwards , this upper @-@ level system triggered the development of a surface low two days later over the Bay of Bengal . Turning northwestward , the low consolidated into a depression by August 24 before making landfall in the Sundarbans region later that day . Once onshore , the depression degenerated into a remnant low ; the remnants persisted until August 28 when they were absorbed into a trough over Rajasthan Pradesh .
Heavy rains affected much of Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , Punjab , and Uttar Pradesh . The highest daily precipitation total was measured in Ghatsila at 190 mm ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) . These rains triggered severe flooding along the Beas , Ganges , Jamuna , and Sutlej rivers . Large areas of Uttar Pradesh were left submerged , and significant crop and property damage took place in Punjab . At least 55 people were killed in Punjab alone , and losses overall amounted to $ 9 @.@ 24 million ( 1960 USD ) .
= = = Deep Depression Eight = = =
On September 22 , an area of low pressure was identified over the Andaman Sea . Tracking northwestward , the system consolidated into a depression two days later over the Bay of Bengal . During the evening of September 24 , it further strengthened to a deep depression , with winds of 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) . Early the next day it made landfall in Orissa between Balasore and Chandabali . Once onshore , the system slowed and turned northeastward . It later dissipated over Nepal on September 28 as it interacted with the Himalayas .
Heavy rains accompanying the depression affected much of Bihar , Orissa , and West Bengal . Many areas recorded more than 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) during a four @-@ day span ; the highest single @-@ day total was 270 mm ( 11 in ) in Bahadurganj .
= = = Severe Cyclonic Storm Nine = = =
In late September , a tropical storm developed over the South China Sea . Striking Vietnam , the storm slowly moved over Indochina , ultimately crossing 100 ° E and entering the basin on October 5 while over Thailand . After crossing southern Burma , the low moved northwestward over the Bay of Bengal and reorganized . Following a report of 45 km / h ( 30 mph ) winds from the S.S. Glenpark on October 8 , the system was classified as a depression . Moving slowly northwestwards , the system further deepened into a cyclonic storm on October 9 . Several ships in the path of the storm recorded gale @-@ force winds , depicting its strengthening . Early on October 10 , it became a severe cyclonic storm and soon reached its peak intensity with winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) . Its central pressure at this time was estimated to be 986 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 12 inHg ) . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) estimated that the storm attained one @-@ minute sustained winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) . Turning northeastward , the system made landfall between Barisal and Noakhali in East Pakistan , with the eye passing directly over the islands of Bhola , Hatia , and Ramgati . Once onshore , the system quickly weakened and ultimately dissipated over Assam early on October 12 .
Across coastal areas of East Pakistan , the storm wrought catastrophic damage . A 5 @.@ 8 m ( 19 ft ) tidal surge washed over the islands of Hatia , Sandwip , Kutubdia . Communications across the region were crippled , and it took six days for word of the scale of damage to reach officials . Entire villages were reportedly wiped out by the storm . Approximately 35 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed , most of which were thatched huts made of bamboo and mud . About 300 schools were also damaged . The worst damage took place on Ramgati Island where 3 @,@ 500 people were killed . Roughly 95 percent of the island 's structure were destroyed , forcing residents to cling to trees for survival . Only two police officers survived and were able to inform government officials of the disaster . An estimated 6 @,@ 000 people perished while another 100 @,@ 000 were left homeless . Heavy rain accompanied the storm , with Cox 's Bazar reporting 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) . Relief efforts in the wake of the storm were hampered by the nation 's poor infrastructure and debris left behind . On October 18 , members of the East Pakistani military were deployed to the hardest hit areas to provide stable communication and clean drinking water .
= = = Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten = = =
On October 26 , a trough formed over the south Andaman Sea and extended into the southern Bay of Bengal . By October 28 , the system consolidated into a depression as it moved northwestward . Steadily intensifying , several ships encountered the storms increasing winds as it moved northward in the Bay . On October 30 , it attained gale @-@ force winds and further became a severe cyclonic storm early the next morning . During the evening of October 31 , the IST Barisal recorded winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) , indicating that the system had acquired a core of hurricane @-@ force winds . The maximum winds of this system is unknown , though reports indicated that winds peaked between 150 and 215 km / h ( 90 and 135 mph ) . NOAA estimated that the storm peaked with one @-@ minute sustained winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) and a pressure of 966 @.@ 7 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 55 inHg ) . The storm soon made landfall with great intensity near Noakhali , East Pakistan , just three weeks after the previous storm devastated the country . Once onshore , cold , dry air quickly wrapped around the backside of the cyclone . Within four hours of landfall , little rainfall was reported near the storm 's eye . The cyclone rapidly weakened and dissipated the following day over the Lushai Hills .
Striking East Pakistan as a powerful storm , the system produced a storm tide of 6 @.@ 1 m ( 20 ft ) that moved 16 km ( 10 mi ) inland , devastating many communities . A storm surge of 6 @.@ 7 m ( 22 ft ) was measured in Halishahar . In addition to the surge , there was a series of tidal waves that followed the storm , causing additional damage . Offshore , these waves were estimated at 12 @.@ 2 m ( 40 ft ) ; though they significantly decreased before impacting land . Cittagong and surrounding communities were regarded as the hardest hit , with most being submerged in 3 m ( 10 ft ) of water . The city 's port was largely destroyed , with almost every vessel washed ashore . Some were found 16 km ( 10 mi ) away and one even at another port . The storm 's intense winds , estimated as high as 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) on Sandwip Island , leveled buildings and scattered debris over large distances . Crops were flattened by the storm and in some instances had been " burnt " by the sheer force of the wind . A total of 14 @,@ 174 people perished in the storm while another 200 @,@ 000 were left homeless . Following the mass casualties from the two storms , the Government of Pakistan requested the assistance of former National Hurricane Center director , Gordon E. Dunn , to improve the warning system .
= = = Depression Eleven = = =
On November 5 , an area of low pressure was identified over Lakshadweep . Tracking generally northwestward , it gradually organized into a depression by November 7 . No further development took place over the following days and the system eventually degraded into a remnant low on November 10 . Though the storm itself did not impact land , associated moisture combined with a low over the Bay of Bengal to produce heavy rains across Madras State and nearby islands from November 5 to 10 .
= = = Shallow Depression Twelve = = =
On November 7 , an area of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal formed and gradually moved towards India . By November 9 , it was located just of the Coromandel Coast . The following day , it deepened into a depression while situated off the northern edge of Ceylon . Becoming nearly stationary , the system failed to develop and soon weakened into a remnant low . The low dissipated early on November 12 . Heavy rains fell across much of Madras State in association with the system ; a 24 ‑ hour total of 240 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) was reported in Nagapattinam . These rains triggered significant flooding that disrupted travel and communications . Severe damage took place in Madurai where 10 @,@ 000 people were left homeless . Overall , five people were killed and 150 @,@ 000 were left homeless .
= = = Cyclonic Storm Thirteen = = =
On November 14 , an area of low pressure formed to the west of Lakshadweep . Tracking generally westward , it eventually developed into a depression three days later . Gradual intensification took place over the following two days , with the system becoming a cyclonic storm on November 19 . On November 20 , the system attained its peak intensity with winds of 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 994 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 36 inHg ) . Continuing westward , the cyclone entered the Gulf of Aden on November 22 before becoming nearly stationary . During this time , it weakened to a depression before dissipating the following day .
= = = Cyclonic Storm Fourteen = = =
A well @-@ defined area of low pressure was identified over the southwestern Bay of Bengal on November 17 . The following day , the system developed into a depression as it moved slowly northwestward . On November 20 , as it neared the coast of Tamil Nadu , it intensified into a cyclonic storm , with gusts estimated as high as 135 km / h ( 84 mph ) . Shortly thereafter , it made landfall near Chennai . In nearby Tambaram , a pressure of 995 @.@ 7 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 41 inHg ) was recorded , the lowest in relation to the cyclone . A small storm , it quickly weakened once onshore and was last noted early on November 21 as a dissipating low .
Heavy rains impacted most of southern Madras State , with a maximum daily total of 110 mm ( 4 @.@ 3 in ) in Punalur . The most significant damage took place in Madras City where gale @-@ force winds uprooted trees and disrupted transport and communications . Many poorly constructed homes were damaged or destroyed by the storm , leaving numerous low @-@ income families homeless .
= = = Depression Fifteen = = =
On November 24 , the S.S. Rajula sailed under a well @-@ defined trough over the southwest Bay of Bengal and reported 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) winds . Two days later , a tropical wave interacted with the system and resulted in the development of a depression . Over the following several days , the system drifted northwestward without change in intensity . By December 3 , it degenerated into a remnant low , ultimately tracking over southern India , near Circars , on December 4 before dissipating . The system brought locally heavy rains to parts of the Andaman Islands and Andhra Pradesh .
= = Season effects = =
This is a table of all storms in the 1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season . It mentions all of the season 's storms and their names , durations , peak intensities ( according to the IMD storm scale ) , areas affected , damages , and death totals . Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low , and all of the damage figures are in 1960 USD .
= Crab dip =
Crab dip , sometimes referred to as Maryland crab dip , is a thick , creamy dip that is typically prepared from cream cheese and lump crab meat . Other primary ingredients such as mayonnaise may be used . Various types of crab preparations , species and superfamilies are used , as are a variety of added ingredients . It is typically served hot , although cold versions also exist . Hot versions are typically baked or broiled . It is sometimes served as an appetizer . Accompaniments may include crackers and various breads . Some U.S. restaurants offer crab dip , commercially produced varieties exist , and some stadiums offer it as a part of their concessions .
= = Ingredients = =
Fresh , frozen or canned crab meat may be used in the preparation of crab dip . Different types of crab meat may be used , such as jumbo lump , lump backfin , leg and claw , among others . Various types of crab species and superfamilies are also used , such as blue crab , Dungeness crab and Alaska king crab , among others .
Some versions may use mayonnaise , other types of cheese , such as pepper jack cheese , brie cheese or Cheddar cheese instead of cream cheese as primary ingredients . Some may incorporate other seafoods in addition to crab , such as imitation crab , lobster , shrimp and surimi . Additional ingredients may include mushrooms , artichoke , onion , green onion , shallot , green pepper , bread crumbs ( such as panko ) , heavy cream and others . Bread crumbs may be used to top the dish , which may be browned during the cooking process creating a crust . Sometimes Parmesan cheese is combined with the bread crumbs . Some versions use Old Bay Seasoning as an ingredient to add flavor , and some are prepared spicy with the addition of ingredients such as hot sauce and red pepper .
Crab dips
= = Preparation and service = =
Some U.S. restaurants offer crab dip on their menus . Commercially mass @-@ produced crab dips are also manufactured . Crab dip can be prepared in advance , refrigerated , and cooked at a later time . It may be served in bread that has been hollowed @-@ out , such as a sourdough loaf . Crab dip may be served with crackers , flatbread , pita bread , bread , crostino , pretzels and sliced vegetables , among other accompaniments .
= = Stadium concessions = =
The Nationals Park baseball park in the Navy Yard neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , the home ballpark for the Washington Nationals , offers a sandwich prepared with a half @-@ smoke , Maryland crab dip and Virginia ham called " The DMV " as part of its concessions . It was reported in August 2014 that Byrd Stadium on the campus of the University of Maryland in College Park , Maryland planned to offer a large 1 @.@ 5 pound soft pretzel baked with crab dip and melted cheese that serves four people as part of its concessions . Byrd Stadium also offers other foods prepared with crab , such as nachos and " crab fries " .
= Action of 15 July 1798 =
The Action of 15 July 1798 was a minor naval battle of the French Revolutionary Wars , fought off the Spanish Mediterranean coast by the Royal Navy ship of the line HMS Lion under Captain Manley Dixon and a squadron of four Spanish Navy frigates under Commodore Don Felix O 'Neil . Lion was one of several ships sent into the Western Mediterranean by Vice @-@ Admiral Earl St Vincent , commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet based at the Tagus in Portugal during the late spring of 1798 . The Spanish squadron was a raiding force that had sailed from Cartagena in Murcia seven days earlier , and was intercepted while returning to its base after an unsuccessful cruise . Although together the Spanish vessels outweighed the British ship , individually they were weaker and Commodore O 'Neil failed to ensure that his manoeuvrees were co @-@ ordinated . As a result , one of the frigates , Santa Dorotea , fell out of the line of battle and was attacked by Lion .
Despite ineffectual long @-@ range gunfire towards the British ship by the remainder of the Spanish squadron , the isolated Santa Dorotea was rapidly forced to surrender , O 'Neil eventually turning the other three frigates back towards Cartagena . Unopposed , Dixon was able to consolidate his prize and send it to St Vincent 's fleet off Cadiz , where it was subsequently purchased into the Royal Navy . Lion remained in the Mediterranean during the year , later participating in the blockades of Malta and Alexandria . The Spanish , their seaports carefully guarded by Royal Navy squadrons , launched no further expeditions into the Mediterranean during the year .
= = Background = =
At the start of 1798 , the Mediterranean Sea was entirely under the control of the French Navy and their allies , including Spain , which had switched sides in the French Revolutionary Wars in late 1796 at the Treaty of San Ildefonso . Denied access to deep water ports and adequate supplies , the Royal Navy fleet deployed in the Mediterranean under Vice @-@ Admiral Sir John Jervis was forced to withdraw to the nearest friendly fleet anchorage , at the mouth of the Tagus River in Portugal . Although forced to retreat , Jervis ' force was not defeated and on 14 February 1797 he achieved a victory over the Spanish Navy at the Battle of Cape St Vincent , capturing four Spanish ships of the line . A blockade of the Spanish Atlantic ports was instituted , especially Cadiz , the large southern fleet anchorage , and the Spanish did not again attempt to break out during the remainder of the year .
Early in 1798 , rumours reached Jervis , recently ennobled as Earl St Vincent , of a buildup of French forces around the Mediterranean seaport of Toulon under General Napoleon Bonaparte . Similar rumours had reached the Admiralty in London , and St Vincent therefore sent Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson and three ships of the line to observe French activity . Nelson arrived too late however , and the French fleet had already sailed , carrying over 30 @,@ 000 men into the Eastern Mediterranean . Nelson , joined by a fleet of ten ships sent by St Vincent under Captain Thomas Troubridge , pursued the French , but failed to learn of their destination before the French fleet captured Malta . Ten days later , Bonaparte sailed for Alexandria for the second stage of his operation and Nelson 's fleet unwittingly passed his during the night , the British beating the French to Egypt but sailing off again before Bonaparte arrived .
While Nelson was crossing the Mediterranean , St Vincent was taking advantage of the absence of enemy forces in the Western Mediterranean to deploy newly arrived warships to the region . One of these vessels was the 64 @-@ gun ship of the line HMS Lion , under the command of Captain Manley Dixon , who had been sent to St Vincent 's fleet early in the year as a replacement for one of Troubridge 's ships . Initially ordered to patrol the Spanish Mediterranean coast , Lion was cruising 97 miles ( 156 km ) southeast of Cartagena , a port in the Spanish Region of Murcia at 09 : 00 on 15 July when four sails were spotted to the southeast .
= = Battle = =
The four sails spotted by Lion 's lookout were a squadron of Spanish frigates that had departed Cartagena on 8 July for a brief and unsuccessful commerce raiding operation in the Western Mediterranean . Each ship carried 34 @-@ guns and a weight of shot of approximately 180 pounds ( 82 kg ) to Lion 's 678 pounds ( 308 kg ) . On sighting Lion , the Spanish ships formed a battle line , with Commodore Felix O 'Neil 's flagship Pomona under Captain Don Francis Villamil in the lead followed by Proserpine under Captain Don Quaj . Bial , Santa Dorotea under Captain Don Manuel Gerraro and Santa Cazilda under Captain Don Deam . Errara . Seeking to engage the strangers , Dixon bore up , halting his movement to ensure he held the weather gage . This would enable him to manoeuvre with the wind and attack the Spanish at the time of his choosing . Seizing the advantage , Dixon then bore down on the frigate squadron , which prepared to meet the attack .
One of the frigates , Santa Dorotea , had lost a topmast sometime earlier and as result was slower than the rest of the squadron . Falling behind the others , Gerraro soon found that his ship was in danger of being isolated by Lion , as Dixon steered for the rapidly opening gap between the Spanish ships . Recognising the danger , O 'Neil ordered the front three frigates to turn around and sail to the defence of Santa Dorotea , passing close by Lion and opening a heavy fire at 11 : 15 . Lion replied , and the Spanish frigates did not immediately turn back for a second pass , continuing ahead as Dixon closed with the straggling Santa Dorotea . In an effort to deter the ship of the line , Gerraro opened fire on Lion with his stern chasers , cannon situated in the frigate 's stern , which caused considerable damage to Dixon 's rigging . As Lion began to close the distance , O 'Neil 's ships returned , but the frigates passed Lion at extreme distance , their broadsides having no effect and again coming under fire themselves .
Eventually , Dixon succeeded in bringing his ship alongside the Spanish frigate and opened a heavy fire , to which Gerraro replied with his own broadside . The larger and more powerful British ship was able to rapidly inflict severe damage to the Santa Dorotea , and within minutes the mizenmast had fallen and the mainmast and rudder were severely battered . As Santa Dorotea veered off course , O 'Neil passed Lion for a third time , at an even greater distance than before , and once again his broadsides failed to have an effect and again he came under fire from the British vessel . His last attempt to save Santa Dorotea defeated , O 'Neil turned away and his ships raised all sail in the direction of Cartagena at 13 : 10 . Gerraro , his isolated ship trapped by Lion , which was slowly turning back towards the drifting frigate , raised the Union Flag upside down as a sign of surrender .
= = Aftermath = =
Santa Dorotea had suffered severe damage during the brief engagement , and had at least 20 men killed and 32 wounded from a crew of 371 . By contrast , Lion had lost just two men wounded in the exchange : a seaman lost a leg and a midshipman was shot in the shoulder . Although Lion 's rigging had been badly torn , there was no structural damage at all . Securing his prize , Dixon spent the next day conducting extensive repairs before sending Santa Dorotea to Earl St Vincent off Cadiz . The captured ship was purchased into the Royal Navy and served for several years as HMS Santa Dorotea , rated at 36 @-@ guns . The prize money generated by the sale of the captured ship and the stores aboard was paid out to the Dixon 's crew in October 1800 . Nearly five decades later the Admiralty recognised the action with the clasp " LION 15 JULY 1798 " attached to the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 .
Lion remained in the Western Mediterranean for the next two months , eventually joining with a squadron of four Portuguese ships of the line under the command of Tomás Xavier Teles de Castro da Gama , Marquess de Niza . In September , Niza 's squadron was ordered to join Nelson in his search for the French and sailed eastwards , but while passing to the north of Malta they encountered a large convoy of battered vessels under Captain Sir James Saumarez . These ships were seven British ships of the line and six captured French ships , all survivors of the Battle of the Nile , Nelson 's successful conclusion of the campaign fought at Aboukir Bay off Egypt on 1 August . The Anglo @-@ Portuguese squadron continued to Alexandria in October , briefly joining the blockade squadron there under Captain Sir Samuel Hood before returning to Malta in December as part of a new squadron formed off the island . Lion followed the Portuguese back to Malta in December . The Spanish did not launch another expedition from their Mediterranean ports during 1798 .
= = Notable participants = =
José de San Martín was a staff member on the Santa Dorothea .
= Seneb =
Seneb was a dwarf who served as a high @-@ ranking court official in the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt , circa 2520 BC . Seneb was a person of considerable importance and wealth who owned thousands of cattle , held twenty palaces and religious titles and was married to a high @-@ ranking priestess of average size with whom he had three children . His successful career and the lavishness of his burial arrangements are indicative of the acceptance given to dwarfs in ancient Egyptian society , whose texts advocated the acceptance and integration of those with physical and mental disabilities .
Seneb is depicted with his wife and children in a painted sculpture from his tomb , rediscovered in 1926 , that is a famous example of Old Kingdom art . It shows him sitting cross @-@ legged on a block of stone with his wife embracing him and his children standing below him where the legs of a full @-@ size person would ordinarily have been . The composition of the scene thus achieves a harmonious symmetry . It depicts Seneb realistically with the facial features and shortened limbs of an individual with achondroplasia , a common form of dwarfism . Paintings and carvings in the tomb give his titles and depict various scenes from his life , such as carrying out inspections of his estate and holding symbols of his office .
= = Discovery and location of Seneb 's tomb = =
Seneb was buried in a mastaba - a flat @-@ roofed brick tomb – located in the West Field of the Giza Necropolis near modern Cairo , where a large complex of ancient Egyptian royal tombs and mortuary structures was built , including the Great Pyramid . It was rediscovered by the German archaeologist Hermann Junker in 1926 . The tomb is situated close to that of another dwarf , Perniankhu , a high @-@ ranking royal courtier who may have been Seneb 's father . Its date was long uncertain but is now firmly attributed to the reign of Djedefre ( 2528 – 2520 BC ) . His wife 's name also appears in the nearby tomb of an official , Ankh @-@ ib , suggesting that the families of Seneb , Perniankhu and Ankh @-@ ib may have been related . Seneb was apparently buried with his wife , but no trace remains of the bodies , and the tomb was looted long ago , like most of the others at Giza . It was one of the first known attempts at building a ceiling dome over a square chamber , with the dome resting on jutting bricks at the corners of the room .
The rectangular interior of Seneb 's mastaba contained two cult niches with a false door and cavities containing stone chests . Three statues were found within the chests – the painted limestone sculpture of Seneb and his family and two other statues in wood and granite . The wooden one disintegrated when it was discovered but Junker recorded that it had been about 30 cm ( 12 in ) high and depicted Seneb standing with a walking @-@ staff in one hand and a sceptre in the other . The remnants of the wooden statue are now in the Roemer- und Pelizaeus @-@ Museum Hildesheim in Germany , in a very fragmentary state ; the outline of a curled wig can still be made out , as can the pose of the left arm , which was held forward at the elbow . Seneb 's 1 @.@ 5 ton sarcophagus is part of the collection of the Egyptian Museum of the University of Leipzig .
= = Sculpture of Seneb and his family = =
The limestone sculpture of Seneb and his family is part of the collection of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo . It depicts Seneb and his wife sitting next to each other with their children in the lower register . Seneb is depicted sitting cross @-@ legged on a block of stone with his arms folded in a position characteristic of a scribe . His wife Senet sits alongside him , wearing a long robe with long sleeves and a wig covering her natural hair , which can be glimpsed on her forehead . She encircles him with her arms in a gesture of affection and support . She is shown with a slight smile on her face to signify her contentment and happiness .
Two of the couple 's children , one boy and one girl , stand below Seneb where the legs of an ordinary person would be . They are depicted nude with their index fingers placed in their mouths and a lock of hair falling on one side of their heads , indicating that they were below the age of puberty , when Egyptian children were given an " adult " haircut . Seneb and his son are shown with darker skin colouring than his wife and daughter . This was a standard artistic convention used to indicate gender and status , reflecting the fact that high @-@ ranking females would remain indoors and retain a light skin colour while males would gain a darker skin from the hot Egyptian sun . The names of three children are recorded , though the third child was not depicted on the sculpture - presumably for reasons of symmetry . They were named after Seneb 's royal masters ; his son was called Radjedef @-@ Ankh ( " May Radjedef live " ) , his eldest daughter was Awib @-@ Khufu ( " Happy is Khufu " ) and his younger daughter was Smeret @-@ Radjedef ( " Companion of Radjedef " ) . They are depicted with normal proportions , suggesting that they did not inherit their father 's condition .
The sculpture 's roughly cubical arrangement cleverly ensures that the overall composition retains a harmonious equilibrium . It is lightened by the artist dispensing with a back slab and incorporating negative space into the piece . By putting the children in the place of Seneb 's legs , the artist adds to the sense of symmetry . He creates the same impression that would have been made by an ordinary seated figure , preserving an appearance of normality without disguising Seneb 's unusual physique . The family 's names and titles are given in inscriptions placed on either side of the children and on the horizontal face of the base .
Seneb 's dwarfism is depicted realistically in the sculpture . It portrays him with a large head but small arms and legs . This possibly indicates that he had achondroplasia , a common form of dwarfism that most severely affects the fastest @-@ growing parts of the body – particularly the femur and humerus , which become short and squat – and stunts the forearms and lower legs . It also affects the head , producing a relatively large skull with a bulging forehead and often a depressed nasal bridge . An alternative diagnosis is dysmelia – a condition that produces short arms and legs . Seneb 's wife Senites is portrayed far less realistically ; her depiction is of a piece with other contemporary portraits of high @-@ ranking Egyptian women .
= = Role and position = =
Seneb 's name means " healthy " – perhaps given by his mother as a wish for survival when he was a baby . Many Egyptians possessed similar names , not to denote an absence of disease but to convey a positive message of healthiness and vigour .
Dwarfism was not seen as a defect in ancient Egypt , unlike in many other cultures . Egyptian texts advised the acceptance of those with physical or mental disabilities , and there were even two dwarf gods , Bes and Ptah . A number of dwarfs gained prestigious roles and were given lavish burials in proximity to their royal masters . Seneb 's career is documented on his false door and the plinths of his statues , which record twenty titles including " beloved of the lord [ king ] " , " overseer of weaving in the palace " , " overseer of dwarfs " ( presumably indicating that there were others in the palace ) , " overseer of the crew of the ks ship " ( referring to a ceremonial or cult boat ) , " overseer of the jwḥw " ( possibly referring to animal @-@ tenders ) , and " keeper of the God 's seal of the Wn @-@ ḥr @-@ b3w boat " ( referring to a papyrus bark used in certain festivals ) . His titles suggest that he might have started his career as an official in charge of royal linen and possibly also pets , a role in which other dwarfs are known to have served , and subsequently gained higher @-@ ranking posts in charge of royal or cult boats . Alternatively , he could have been born into a high @-@ ranking family and was given roles appropriate to his birth rank . Seneb also carried out religious rites in his dual role as a priest . He was titled " Priest of Wadjet " , priest of " the large bull which is at the head of Sṯpt " and of the bull Mrḥw . He participated in the funeral services for the Pharaohs Khufu , the builder of the Great Pyramid , and his successor Djedefre ( Radjedef ) . His wife Senetites , a woman of normal stature , was likewise a priestess , serving the goddesses Hathor and Neith .
Seneb 's tomb reliefs and the false door of his tomb indicate his wealth and power . Seneb is described as the owner of several thousand cattle and is shown in various scenes of domestic life – being carried in a litter , sailing in a boat in the Nile Delta , or receiving his children . The false door shows Seneb carrying out the standard activities of a high @-@ ranking courtier such as inspecting his linen and cattle , receiving accounts and overseeing his retainers . He is shown wearing kilts and a priestly robe made of panther skin , and carrying symbols of his office such as a sceptre and staff . One relief shows him accompanied by two pet dogs , each captioned with a name . He is depicted using what were evidently custom @-@ made items of furniture , such as low stools and a specially adapted litter with a low back and large side @-@ panels to conceal his legs .
As with the sculpture , Seneb 's size required the creator of the reliefs to make some unusual artistic choices . The standard convention of depicting higher status through physical size was maintained by portraying Seneb as being larger than his retainers , although this was clearly the opposite of the situation that actually existed . On the other hand , he is still shown with the physical characteristics of a dwarf . Unusually for such a relief , his wife is not pictured alongside him but appears separately . This may have been done to avoid the complications that would have arisen from needing to depict the couple 's relative sizes realistically while still portraying Seneb as the larger party , as convention would have dictated . Seneb is also not shown carrying out typical male activities such as hunting , which was presumably impractical for someone of his stature , although one relief shows him pulling on papyrus reeds to guide his boat through the marshes of the Nile Delta .
= Grief Counseling ( The Office ) =
" Grief Counseling " is the fourth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 32nd overall . The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer Jennifer Celotta and directed by Roger Nygard , making it Nygard 's only series credit . It first aired on NBC in the United States on October 12 , 2006 .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is overcome with grief when he learns about the death of his former boss Ed Truck . Michael spends the rest of the day attempting grief counseling for the mostly grief @-@ lacking office . Meanwhile , in Stamford Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Karen Filippelli ( Rashida Jones ) embark on a quest for a particular brand of potato chips .
The outdoor scenes were filmed during the summer , although the cast had to pretend like it was in the middle of winter ; this included wearing coats . " Grief Counseling " earned a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 1 with an 11 percent share in the 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic and was watched by 8 @.@ 83 million viewers . The episode was viewed favorably by most television critics ; Pam 's pranks and the bird funeral were a particular source of praise , as was Michael 's monologue on the five stages of grief .
= = Synopsis = =
Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is informed by Jan Levenson ( Melora Hardin ) that his former boss Ed Truck has died . Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) and Phyllis Lapin ( Phyllis Smith ) console Michael after he breaks the news to a mostly unmoved staff . Later , Creed Bratton ( Creed Bratton ) tells Michael that Truck , heavily inebriated , was decapitated in a truck accident . Michael summons the staff to a primitive grief counseling session involving a collapsible Hoberman sphere ball , in which Michael tells members of the staff to give stories of deceased love ones . This leads to the staff telling stories about losing loved ones based on death scenes in movies ( Million Dollar Baby , The Lion King , and Weekend at Bernie 's ) with Ryan Howard ( B. J. Novak ) saying he would elaborate more on his story , but it would take about an hour and a half to do it .
Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) tells Michael death is a part of life , and uses an example of a bird that flew into a first @-@ floor window that morning . Michael charges outside , picks up the deceased animal and tries in vain to revive it . Michael schedules a parking lot funeral for the bird . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) fashions a makeshift coffin and reads a prepared speech that comforts Michael . Pam then proceeds to sing " On the Wings of Love " as Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) accompanies her on his recorder . The coffin is placed in a box of shredded paper and set afire .
Meanwhile , in Stamford , Connecticut , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) gains authority over Karen Filippelli 's ( Rashida Jones ) schedule for the day . When Karen mentions her favorite kind of Herr 's potato chips is missing from the vending machine , Jim tells Karen that they cannot work until they find her chips . The duo spends the rest of the day searching stores and vending machines around town in a vain attempt to find the chips . But at the end of the day , Karen finds a bag of Herr 's on her desk . Jim tells the documentary crew that he traced the chips from the manufacturer to the distributor to the vending machine company to an adjacent office building .
= = Production = =
" Grief Counseling " was written by co @-@ executive producer Jennifer Celotta , and was directed by Roger Nygard , his only episode of The Office to date . In a later interview with Den of Geek , Nygard found that " television episodes are the domain of the writer @-@ producers . You are there to service their vision . The Office is fully scripted , but there 's always a little room to play when it 's warranted . The first cuts are around 45 minutes , so you often have to cut the episodes in half for air . " Though " Grief Counseling " broadcast before the fifth episode , " Initiation " , its filming took place after that episode due to the availability of shooting on Dwight 's fictional beet farm .
The episode 's plot involved the death of former boss Ed Truck , a character who had been played by Ken Howard in the second season episode " The Carpet " . As part of the episode took place outdoors , the cast had to wear coats despite the hot summer weather . Actress Kate Flannery commented in a weekly blog she wrote for TV Guide that " we suffered while shooting the outdoor scenes ... We had to act like it was cold when it was warm . For hours and hours . You would never know it by looking at us . Isn 't that crazy ? " Flannery also wrote , " I love this episode because it 's dark , for a comedy . This time The Office tackles gutsy subject matter . " In her memoir Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me ? , Mindy Kaling wrote that the episode resulted in the worst disagreement she ever had during her years on the show , where she and Greg Daniels , normally a " very nice " person , disagreed on a story point to the extent that Daniels told her that if " you [ were ] going to resist what I 'm doing here , you can just go home . " Kaling briefly left the set before returning , with no further problems or repercussions noted .
Deleted scenes of the episode were released in the third season DVD . Such scenes included a coworker showing Jim photographs of her baby , Dwight telling everyone to delete their records of Ed Truck , Michael talking about a need for a grief counselor , Toby holding a grief counseling session for the office , and Roy telling Pam of the birth of a cousin 's twins .
= = Reception = =
" Grief Counseling " first aired on October 12 , 2007 on NBC in the United States . It received a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 1 / 11 . This means that it was seen by 4 @.@ 1 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 11 %
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Ottawa and Montreal .
= = Early years = =
The NHL 's first superstar was " Phantom " Joe Malone . A two @-@ time NHA scoring champion , Malone scored five goals for the Montreal Canadiens in a 7 – 4 victory over the Ottawa Senators on the NHL 's opening night . Malone went on to record a league @-@ leading 44 goals in 20 games in 1917 – 18 . He again led the NHL in scoring in 1919 – 20 , scoring 39 goals in 24 games with Quebec . During that season , on January 20 , 1920 , Malone scored seven goals in one game against the Toronto St. Patricks , a record that still stands today . Malone was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950 .
The first goal in NHL history was scored by Dave Ritchie of the Montreal Wanderers one minute into a 10 – 9 win over Toronto , which was the only victory the Wanderers recorded in the NHL . On January 2 , 1918 , a fire destroyed the Montreal Arena , home to both the Wanderers and the Canadiens . While the Canadiens relocated to the 3 @,@ 000 @-@ seat Jubilee Arena , Lichtenhein chose to withdraw the Wanderers , citing the lack of available players due to the war . The NHL continued on as a three @-@ team league until Quebec returned to it in 1919 .
In its first years , the NHL continued the NHA 's split season format . The first @-@ half champion Canadiens fell to the second @-@ half champion Toronto team in the 1918 playoffs for the O 'Brien Cup by a combined score of 10 – 7 in a two @-@ game , total goals series . The victory gave Toronto the right to face the Pacific Coast Hockey Association 's champion , the Vancouver Millionaires , in the Stanley Cup final . The Torontos defeated Vancouver to become the first NHL team to win the Cup .
The Canadiens won the NHL championship over the Senators in 1918 – 19 , and traveled west to meet the PCHA 's champion , the Seattle Metropolitans . The series is best remembered for its cancellation with the series tied at two wins , two losses , and a tie ( 2 – 2 – 1 ) due to the Spanish flu pandemic . Several players from both teams became ill , prompting health officials in Seattle to cancel the sixth , and deciding , game . Canadiens defenceman Joe Hall died as a result of the flu on April 5 , 1919 .
Meanwhile , defending champions Toronto finished in last place in both halves of the 1918 – 19 season . On February 20 , 1919 , Toronto informed the league that it was withdrawing from competition . The NHL avoided being reduced to two teams for 1919 – 20 when the team was reorganized as the Toronto St. Patricks . The Quebec franchise also returned , ( known for the season as the Quebec Athletic Club ) increasing the league to four teams . The Quebec club posted a 4 – 20 record in 1919 – 20 , despite the return of Malone . It was the franchise 's final season in Quebec City , relocating to Hamilton , Ontario , in 1920 to become the Hamilton Tigers .
Throughout , Livingstone continued to try to revive the NHA , convening league meetings on September 20 and December 11 , 1918 , which representatives of the Canadiens , Senators and Wanderers determined to close out the expired league for good .
= = = Competition with the WCHL = = =
Beginning in 1921 , the NHL faced competition from a third major league , the prairie @-@ based Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . With three leagues competing for talent , ice hockey players were among the highest @-@ paid athletes in North America . They commanded salaries equivalent to the top Major League Baseball players of the era . The WCHL only survived for six seasons , merging with the PCHA in 1924 , but challenged the NHL for the Stanley Cup four times . In the 1923 Stanley Cup Finals , the Senators defeated the Edmonton Eskimos after eliminating the PCHA 's Vancouver Millionaires . In 1924 , the Canadiens defeated the PCHA 's Millionaires and the WCHL 's Calgary Tigers on the strength of two shutouts by Georges Vezina and a strong offensive showing by rookie forward Howie Morenz .
In 1924 – 25 , the Hamilton Tigers finished first in the NHL after four consecutive last @-@ place finishes . While the Canadiens and St. Patricks prepared to play in a semi @-@ final playoff round , the Tigers ' players , upset that the team had turned a sizable profit despite claiming financial difficulty , went on strike to demand a C $ 200 playoff bonus each . Threatened with fines , suspension and a possible lawsuit by league president Frank Calder , the players , led by Billy Burch and Shorty Green , held firm . Calder then suspended the entire team and declared Montreal the NHL champions after they defeated Toronto in the semi @-@ final .
The Canadiens faced the Victoria Cougars , then of the WCHL , in the 1925 Stanley Cup Finals . Victoria defeated Montreal three games to one in the best @-@ of @-@ five final . In doing so , they became the last non @-@ NHL team to win the Stanley Cup . The WCHL ceased operations one year later , with its assets purchased by the NHL for $ 300 @,@ 000 . The rights to the Tigers ' players , meanwhile , were purchased for $ 75 @,@ 000 by New York mobster Bill Dwyer to stock his expansion New York Americans . The Americans began play in 1925 , replacing the Tigers .
= = 1920s expansion = =
The NHL grew to six teams in 1924 , adding a second team in Montreal , the Maroons , and the first American team , the Boston Bruins . The Bruins were purchased by Charles Adams , a grocery store financier who first developed an interest in hockey during the Stanley Cup playoffs , paying $ 15 @,@ 000 for the team . The Maroons were created to replace the Wanderers and to appeal to the English population of Montreal . The first NHL game played in the United States was a 2 – 1 Bruins victory over the Maroons at the Boston Arena on December 1 , 1924 , at an ice hockey venue which still exists today , and is used in the 21st century for American college hockey and other indoor collegiate sports .
The Montreal Forum , which in later decades became synonymous with the Canadiens , was built in 1924 to house the Maroons . The Canadiens did not move into the Forum until two years later . The Forum hosted its first Stanley Cup final in its second year , as the Maroons defeated the WCHL 's Victoria Cougars in the 1926 Stanley Cup Finals , the last time a non @-@ NHL team competed for the Cup .
The New York Americans began play in 1925 along with the NHL 's third American @-@ based team , the Pittsburgh Pirates . Three more teams were added for the 1926 – 27 season . Tex Rickard , operator of the then @-@ new , 1925 @-@ completed Madison Square Garden , had reluctantly allowed the Americans into his arena the year before . However , the Americans were so popular in New York he felt his arena could support a second team . As a result , the New York Rangers were granted to Rickard on May 15 , 1926 . In November of that year , the league announced that the cities of Detroit and Chicago would get teams . Detroit purchased the assets of the Victoria Cougars to stock the expansion Detroit Cougars . The players of the Portland Rosebuds were sold to coffee tycoon Frederic McLaughlin for his new Chicago Black Hawks team . The three new franchises brought the NHL to ten teams .
The Rangers reached the 1928 Stanley Cup Finals , in just their second season , against the Maroons . Lorne Chabot was injured early in the second game of the series , leaving the Rangers without a goaltender . As the Maroons were unwilling to allow the Rangers to substitute a goaltender watching from the Montreal Forum stands , Rangers coach Lester Patrick was forced into goal himself . A defenceman during his playing days , the 44 @-@ year @-@ old Patrick allowed only one goal on 19 shots as the Rangers won the game in overtime , 2 – 1 . The Rangers signed New York Americans goaltender Joe Miller the next day , and went on to capture the Stanley Cup in five games .
= = Conn Smythe and the Toronto Maple Leafs = =
= = = Livingstone 's court battles = = =
Throughout the NHL 's first decade , Eddie Livingstone continued to press his claim to the Toronto franchise in court . On October 18 , 1923 , the Supreme Court of Ontario awarded Livingstone $ 100 @,@ 000 in damages . St. Patricks owner Charlie Querrie made numerous attempts to prevent Livingstone from collecting on his awards . In 1923 , he transferred the ownership of his team to his wife , Ida , making her the first female owner in ice hockey history . The $ 100 @,@ 000 award was later reduced to $ 10 @,@ 000 by the Ontario Court of Appeal , causing Livingstone to appeal to the highest court in the British Empire , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London , England ; the court denied his claim .
Despite the reduced awards , the Querries found the pressures of meeting their obligations to Livingstone too great and , as a result , placed the St. Patricks up for sale in 1927 . On February 14 , 1927 , the St. Patricks were sold to a group represented by Conn Smythe for $ 160 @,@ 000 despite a potentially greater offer from a Philadelphia @-@ based group . Among the first moves Smythe made was to rename his team the Toronto Maple Leafs .
When Smythe bought the Leafs , he promised that the team would win the Stanley Cup within five years . To that end , Smythe wanted to bring in a star player to help his team . In 1930 , with the Senators struggling financially due to the Great Depression , they put King Clancy up for sale . Smythe 's partners could only offer $ 25 @,@ 000 for Ottawa 's defensive star , one @-@ half of Ottawa 's asking price . In an attempt to raise money , Smythe entered a thoroughbred racing horse he owned , Rare Jewel , in the Coronation Futurity Stakes at odds of 106 – 1 . Rare Jewel won the race , earning Smythe over $ 15 @,@ 000 . Smythe then acquired Clancy for $ 35 @,@ 000 and two players worth $ 15 @,@ 000 , which was an unprecedented price to pay for one player . It was also the only race Rare Jewel ever won .
= = = " Smythe 's Folly " = = =
Smythe also envisioned building a new shrine for his team . He described it as " a place where people can go in evening clothes , if they want to come there for a party or dinner ... a place that people can be proud to bring their wives or girlfriends to " . Smythe purchased a piece of land at the corner of Church and Carlton Streets from the Eaton 's department store chain for $ 350 @,@ 000 . Skeptics argued that Smythe would never get the arena built , nor fill it , as the Depression was in full swing . They referred to the arena plan as " Smythe 's Folly " . To help fund the arena , the Leafs convinced construction workers to accept 20 % of their wages in shares in the arena . Just 4 ½ months after breaking ground , Maple Leaf Gardens opened on November 12 , 1931 . Many in the sold @-@ out crowd of over 13 @,@ 000 wore evening clothes in response to Smythe 's stated goal in building the arena . In 1932 , five years after Smythe 's promise , the Leafs won the Stanley Cup in three games over the Rangers .
Maple Leaf Gardens also featured the famous " gondola " , a broadcast booth specially constructed for Foster Hewitt . Hewitt began broadcasting hockey games in 1923 on CFCA , a radio station owned by his father , W. A. Hewitt . It was an assignment he initially did not want . Smythe supported the broadcast of Leafs games in contrast of other team owners , who feared that airing games on the radio would cut into gate receipts . By 1931 , Hewitt had established himself as the voice of hockey in Canada with his famous catchphrase : " he shoots , he scores ! " On January 1 , 1933 , Leafs ' broadcasts were first heard across Canada on 20 stations of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ( today the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ) . Hewitt 's broadcasts quickly attracted audiences of over one million listeners . The broadcasts were a precursor to Hockey Night in Canada , a Saturday night tradition that continues today .
= = = Ace Bailey benefit game = = =
On December 13 , 1933 , Bruins defenceman Eddie Shore , in a daze following what he thought was a check by Toronto 's Ace Bailey , charged the latter player from behind , flipping Bailey into the air and causing him to suffer a severe skull fracture after he landed on his head . The check was so vicious that Bailey was given the last rites before being transported to the hospital in Boston . Neurosurgeons operated throughout the night to save his life ; however , Bailey 's prognosis was so grim that morning papers printed his death notice . Bailey survived , but he never played professionally again . Shore ultimately served a 16 @-@ game suspension for the hit , and avoided being charged with manslaughter had Bailey died .
To raise money for Bailey 's recovery , Maple Leaf Gardens hosted the Ace Bailey All @-@ Star Benefit Game on February 14 , 1934 . The Maple Leafs defeated an all @-@ star team of players from the rest of the league 7 – 3 while raising over $ 20 @,@ 000 . Prior to the game , the Leafs announced that no Toronto player would ever wear Bailey 's # 6 again , marking the first time in NHL history that a team retired a player 's jersey number . Before the game , each player came out and shook Bailey 's hand as they received their all @-@ star jersey . The last player to do so was Eddie Shore . The crowd , which had fallen silent as Shore approached , erupted into loud cheering as Bailey extended his hand towards his attacker . Elmer Ferguson described the moment as " the most completely dramatic event I ever saw in hockey " .
= = Great Depression = =
While Smythe was building Maple Leaf Gardens , several other teams were facing financial difficulty . At the end of the 1929 – 30 season , the Pittsburgh Pirates were US $ 400 @,@ 000 in debt and relocated to Philadelphia , to become the Philadelphia Quakers . The Quakers lasted only one season before suspending operations in 1931 , along with the Ottawa Senators . The Quakers never returned , but Ottawa resumed operations in 1932 – 33 . The Senators continued to struggle , and despite a promise by Calder in 1934 that the Senators would never leave " hockey 's birthplace of Canada " , the team was nonetheless transferred south to become the St. Louis Eagles . The Eagles played only one year in St. Louis before asking for permission to suspend operations . The league refused , and instead bought and dissolved the team . The Eagles ' players were dispersed amongst the remaining teams . It was announced that the NHL would be an eight @-@ team league in 1935 – 36 .
That summer , the Canadiens ' franchise was for sale , after posting losses of $ 60 @,@ 000 over the previous two seasons . Over forty thousand families and 150 @,@ 000 individuals were receiving social assistance in Montreal . Owners Leo Dandurand and Joseph Cattarinich held negotiations with A. C. Sutphin to sell the club and move it to Cleveland . Just before the season , a syndicate of local Montreal businessmen , led by Maurice Forget and Ernest Savard , stepped forward to buy the club and prevent the transfer .
= = = Howie Morenz = = =
At the same time , the league reduced its salary cap to $ 62 @,@ 500 per team , and $ 7 @,@ 000 per player . Several well @-@ paid star players were traded as teams attempted to fit under the cap . The biggest name was Montreal 's Howie Morenz , a three @-@ time Hart Trophy winner , two @-@ time scoring leader and the face of the Canadiens organization . Drawing only 2 @,@ 000 fans per game in an arena that held 10 @,@ 000 , Canadiens owner Léo Dandurand sent his star to the Black Hawks . The Montreal fans voiced their opinion of the deal by giving Morenz a standing ovation when he scored against the Canadiens on the last day of the 1935 season . Less than two seasons later , Morenz was traded back to Montreal after a brief time playing for the Rangers .
On January 28 , 1937 , Morenz 's skate caught on the ice while he was being checked by Chicago 's Earl Seibert ; he broke his leg in four places . On March 8 , Morenz died of a coronary embolism . Morenz 's teammate Aurèle Joliat had a different explanation of his death : " Howie loved to play hockey more than anyone ever loved anything , and when he realized that he would never play again , he couldn 't live with it . I think Howie died of a broken heart . " On the day of his funeral , 50 @,@ 000 people filed past Morenz 's casket at centre ice of the Montreal Forum to pay their last respects to the man the media called " the Babe Ruth of hockey " . A benefit game held in November 1937 raised $ 20 @,@ 000 for Morenz 's family as the NHL All @-@ Stars defeated the Montreal Canadiens 6 – 5 . Morenz was one of the first players elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame when it was created in 1945 .
= = = Chicago 's " All @-@ American " team = = =
In the mid @-@ 1930s , Black Hawks owner and staunch American nationalist Frederic McLaughlin commanded his general manager to compile a team of only American players . At the time , Taffy Abel was the only American @-@ born player who was a regular player in the league . The Black Hawks hired Major League Baseball umpire Bill Stewart to be the first American coach in NHL history . They were led in goal by Minnesotan Mike Karakas , one of eight Americans on the 14 @-@ man roster . The 1937 – 38 Black Hawks " All @-@ American " team won only 14 of 48 games , finishing third in the American division . In the playoffs , however , the Hawks upset the Canadiens and the Americans to reach the Stanley Cup Final against the heavily favoured Maple Leafs .
In the first game of the final , the Hawks were forced to use minor @-@ league goaltender Alfie Moore after Karakas suffered a broken toe . Moore led the Hawks to a 3 – 1 victory before being ruled ineligible to play the rest of the series by the NHL . After Chicago lost game two , Karakas returned wearing a steel @-@ toed boot and led the Hawks to victories in games three and four , and the Stanley Cup . The 1938 Black Hawks remain the only team in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup despite a losing regular @-@ season record .
= = = Six @-@ team league = = =
In the 1942 Stanley Cup Finals , the heavily favoured Maple Leafs initially found themselves unable to counter the fifth @-@ place Red Wings ' strategy of firing the puck into the offensive zone then chasing after it , losing the first three games of the final as a result . Jack Adams ' " dump @-@ and @-@ chase " tactic led Leafs goaltender Turk Broda to declare the Wings " unbeatable " . Toronto rebounded , however , winning the final four games , and the Stanley Cup . The 1942 Leafs remain the only team in NHL history to come back from a 3 – 0 deficit to win a championship series .
In financial difficulty , and unable to compete with the Canadiens for fan support in Montreal , the Maroons suspended operations prior to the 1938 – 39 season after being denied permission to relocate to St. Louis . Six Maroons players were transferred to the Canadiens while three were sold to the Black Hawks . The Americans , also struggling in New York and under the control of the league , were turned over to Red Dutton in 1940 with orders to improve the club 's finances . By 1942 , 90 players had left the NHL for active duty during World War II . Continuing to struggle financially , and due to a lack of players , the Americans were suspended prior to the 1942 – 43 season . Thus began what became known as the " Original Six " era of the National Hockey League .
= = Rules and innovations = =
The 1920s saw numerous rule innovations as the sport evolved . The Ottawa Senators won three Stanley Cups in the early 1920s using strong defence , and the goaltending of Clint Benedict , who recorded a record five shutouts in a 24 @-@ game season in 1921 . The Senators employed a strategy where they kept both defencemen and a forward in their own zone at all times after they gained a lead . After the Senators ' third championship in 1924 , Frank Calder made it illegal for more than two players to be in their defensive zone if the puck was not .
Defence continued to dominate the game , however , as in 1928 – 29 , the league averaged less than three goals per game . Canadiens goaltender George Hainsworth set what remains a league record with 22 shutouts in only 44 games . As a result , the league allowed the use of the forward pass in all zones beginning in 1929 . Previously , forward passing was allowed only in the defensive and neutral zones . The change saw offence rise to 6 @.@ 9 goals per game over the first third of the season as players began to park themselves on their opponent 's goal crease . The league responded by introducing the offside rule early in the 1929 – 30 season , barring offensive players from entering their opponent 's zone before the puck . Despite this , Cooney Weiland , Dit Clapper and Howie Morenz all broke the 40 @-@ goal mark , the first players to do so since Joe Malone scored 44 in the NHL 's first season .
Boston Bruins governor , Charles Adams had long disliked the defensive tactic of shooting the puck the length of the ice ( " icing " ) to relieve pressure . After the New York Americans iced the puck 61 times in a 3 – 2 win in Boston during the 1936 – 37 season , Adams promised that he would see to it that the Bruins played a similar style in New York . True to his word , the Bruins iced the puck 87 times in a 0 – 0 tie at Madison Square Garden . The NHL introduced the icing rule the following season , calling for a faceoff in the offending team 's defensive zone after each infraction .
Benedict became the first goaltender to wear facial protection during a game , as he donned a leather mask to protect a broken nose on January 20 , 1930 . The mask obscured Benedict 's vision , and he abandoned it shortly after . Later that season , Benedict was again hit by a puck , effectively ending his NHL career . It was not the first attempt at changing how goaltenders played their position . When the NHL was formed , the league abandoned the rule forbidding goaltenders from leaving their feet to make a save . While the NHA imposed a $ 2 fine every time a goalie left his feet , Calder dismissed the idea for the NHL . He was quoted as saying : " as far as I 'm concerned , they can stand on their head if they choose to " . The phrase became , and remains today , a popular way to describe a goaltender who plays a great game .
Art Ross was an early innovator of the game . He designed rounded goal nets that became the league standard , replacing the old square @-@ backed nets . He also successfully argued for using synthetic rubber pucks rather than real rubber . Some of Ross ' inventions did not catch on , however . Ross invented a puck with rounded edges that was rejected after goaltenders complained about their erratic behaviour on the ice . He also created a two @-@ piece hockey stick that had a metal shaft and replaceable wooden blades . The idea did not catch on at the time , but was a forerunner to modern composite sticks used today .
= = Timeline = =
Notes
Toronto Maple Leafs known as the St. Patricks 1919 – 1927
Detroit Red Wings known as the Cougars 1926 – 1930 and Falcons 1930 – 1932
New York Americans known as the Brooklyn Americans 1941 – 1942
" SC " denotes won Stanley Cup
= Cherry Poppin ' Daddies =
The Cherry Poppin ' Daddies are an American band established in Eugene , Oregon in 1989 . Formed by singer Steve Perry and bassist Dan Schmid , the band has experienced many membership changes over the years , with only Perry , Schmid and trumpeter Dana Heitman currently remaining from the founding line @-@ up .
The Daddies ' music is primarily a mix of swing and ska , contrastingly encompassing both traditional jazz @-@ influenced forms of the genres as well as modern rock , pop and punk hybrids , characterized by a prominent horn section and Perry 's darkly mordant lyricism . While the band 's earliest releases were rooted mostly in punk rock and funk , their subsequent studio albums have since incorporated elements from many diverse genres of popular music and Americana into their sound , including rockabilly , rhythm and blues , soul and world music .
Having first established themselves in the West Coast third wave ska scene , the Daddies ultimately broke into the musical mainstream with their 1997 swing compilation Zoot Suit Riot . Released at the onset of the late 1990s swing revival , Zoot Suit Riot sold over two million copies in the United States while its eponymous single became a radio hit , launching the Daddies to the forefront of the neo @-@ swing movement . By the end of the decade , however , the Daddies ' mainstream popularity declined with that of the swing revival 's , and the resulting commercial failure of their ska @-@ flavored follow @-@ up Soul Caddy led to an abrupt hiatus in 2000 .
The Daddies officially regrouped in 2002 to resume part @-@ time touring , eventually returning to recording with the independently released Susquehanna in 2008 . Their tenth and most recent album The Boop @-@ A @-@ Doo , a collection of 1920s and 1930s cover songs , was released in January 2016 .
= = History = =
= = = Formation = = =
Following his high school graduation in 1981 , Steve Perry left his hometown of Binghamton , New York , for Eugene , Oregon , to pursue track and field and a chemistry degree at the University of Oregon . A punk rock fan since adolescence , Perry soon became engrossed in Eugene 's underground music scene , where he eventually met and befriended musician and fellow University student Dan Schmid . Sharing similar musical ambitions and a mutual disinterest in school , the pair agreed to drop out of college together and start a band , forming the punk trio The Jazz Greats in 1983 , which evolved into the Paisley Underground @-@ styled garage rock group Saint Huck , who lasted from 1984 to 1987 .
As the rise of grunge began to phase punk and hardcore out of the Northwest underground by the late 1980s , Perry set out to start a band that stood in defiant contrast to the shoegazing attitude of alternative rock , showcasing high energy dance music and Zappa @-@ esque theatricality in an attempt to create something that an audience would react to viscerally instead of passively . Recruiting a horn section led by alto saxophonist Brooks Brown , Perry and Schmid formed their latest band Mr. Wiggles – named after a Parliament song – in November 1988 , playing their first show in Springfield as part of a benefit concert for workers of the Nicolai door manufacturing plant , who were then engaged in a union strike .
" My conception of punk " , Perry told The Rocket , " was doing whatever the hell you wanted as long as it had vitality and wasn 't overly stupid ... something exploratory and experimental " , citing influence from genre @-@ bending bands such as The Clash and the Meat Puppets . In their earliest incarnation , Mr. Wiggles played punk @-@ inflected funk and soul music , though Perry 's songwriting soon grew to draw heavily from a newfound interest in jazz , swing and rhythm and blues , combining punk rock and jazz arrangements in what Perry described was a desire to contemporize American roots music by infusing it with punk energy and using modernist , socially aware lyricism .
= = = Early years ( 1989 – 1993 ) = = =
By early 1989 , the title of Mr. Wiggles had been retired as the band switched to the intentionally risqué " Cherry Poppin ' Daddies " . Derived from a jive phrase the band had heard on a vintage race record , the name intended to reflect the group 's jazz and blues influences as well as an edgy punk irreverence in the same vein as the Butthole Surfers , though the decision was ultimately made on impulse , as the members had run out of time to figure out a name to put on their posters and doubted their longevity past a handful of shows . The band played their first show as the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies at Eugene 's W.O.W. Hall on March 31 , 1989 .
Boasting a full horn section , a penchant for stage theatrics and encouraging their audiences to dance , the Daddies sought to prove themselves the antithesis to the then @-@ current state of Northwest rock . As Perry said of the Daddies ' ideology , " It was our way of saying ' screw you ' [ to alternative rock ' phoniness ' ] " ... " we wanted to have fun , outrageously have a good blast without even thinking about it " . By the end of 1989 , the Daddies had built a strong following within Eugene 's counterculture , frequently selling out shows and gathering critical acclaim , earning praise from Eugene Weekly as being the city 's best band " by far " .
The Daddies recorded their first demo cassette 4 From On High in July 1989 , featuring four tracks of punk @-@ tinged swing and funk rock . The tape went on to sell over 1 @,@ 000 copies in the Eugene and Portland areas , enabling the band to self @-@ produce their debut LP Ferociously Stoned the following year . Fusing punk rock and jazz horns with funk grooves , the album garnered favorable comparisons to contemporaries Faith No More and the Red Hot Chili Peppers . Before it was even officially released , Ferociously Stoned became a regional best @-@ seller , setting a record for advance sales in Eugene 's record stores and then remaining for over a year on The Rocket 's Northwest Top Twenty list , helping expand the Daddies ' touring reach to as far as Alaska and Los Angeles by 1992 .
= = = = Eugene controversies and censorship = = = =
In addition to their unusual mix of musical styles , the Daddies became perhaps most notorious for their extravagant and often provocative stage shows . With the band donning a rotating array of flamboyant costumes , a typical Daddies performance would often feature go @-@ go dancers , phallic stage scenery , prop @-@ heavy vaudevillian skits and choreographed dance numbers . Perry — performing under the mad scientist stage persona of " MC Large Drink " — would engage in absurdist shock rock antics such as mock crucifixion , flag burning and slathering his body with various foods and liquids . The most infamous element of the Daddies ' early stage shows , however , was the " Dildorado " ( alternately " Dildozer " ) , a penis @-@ shaped modified ride @-@ on lawnmower which mimicked ejaculation by shooting salvos of colorful fluids from its tip .
Almost immediately , the Daddies emerged a controversial presence within Eugene 's actively political atmosphere . Feminist groups condemned the band 's performances as pornographic , accusing their band name and sexually charged lyricism as promotion of sexism and misogyny , claims which Perry boldly disputed , defending the controversial elements as misinterpreted satire . In what Eugene Weekly called " the most hotly discussed topic in the local music scene " and " the Eugene flash point for the growing national debate on censorship [ and ] free speech " , the Daddies endured a storm of controversy which nearly ended their burgeoning career . Vigilante protest groups habitually tore down or defaced the band 's posters and led boycotts against venues that would book the group and even newspapers which gave them a positive review . The Daddies ' concerts regularly became sites of organized picketing and , on one occasion , a bomb threat . The band members themselves were frequent recipients of hate mail , threats and physical harassment : once , Perry claimed , an irate protester threw a cup of hot coffee in his face as he was walking down the street .
At first , the Daddies refused to change their name on the grounds of artistic freedom , but after venues refused to book them due to the negative publicity that naturally accompanied their shows — including a temporary ban from the W.O.W. Hall , where the Daddies had previously served as house band — the group caved into community pressure , taking to performing under pseudonyms such as " The Daddies " , " The Bad Daddies " and similar variations just within Eugene , retaining their full title while traveling abroad . As the Daddies advanced in their career and retired the theatrical elements from their live shows , the controversies surrounding them waned and the band returned to using their full name in their hometown , though some minor protests resurfaced during their mainstream success in the late 1990s .
= = = National touring and independent success ( 1994 – 1996 ) = = =
After numerous member changes including the departure of co @-@ founder Brown and the addition of guitarist Jason Moss , the Daddies had progressed into a full @-@ time touring band by early 1994 . Now traveling coast @-@ to @-@ coast , the band was playing upwards of 200 shows a year , including spots at festivals such as SXSW in Austin , Texas and New York 's CMJ Music Marathon . The Daddies eventually developed a steady following in the San Francisco Bay Area , where they became a staple of the region 's thriving third wave ska scene , acting as regular touring support for ska bands like Skankin ' Pickle , Let 's Go Bowling , Fishbone and The Mighty Mighty Bosstones . In 1994 , the group was awarded SF Weekly 's title of " Best Unsigned Band " .
While the mainstream 's growing focus on punk and ska by the mid @-@ 1990s began presenting the Daddies with commercial opportunities – leading The Register @-@ Guard to predict them as becoming the next Northwestern act " to go national " – the band chose to remain wholly independent during this time to allow themselves unlimited creative freedom , supposedly after several major contract offers ( including a brief attachment to Hollywood Records ) had been withdrawn due to the Daddies ' refusal to adhere to any one particular genre .
This experimental freedom was fully exercised on the Daddies ' second album , Rapid City Muscle Car . Self @-@ produced and self @-@ recorded , Rapid City Muscle Car was the band 's attempt at creating an eclectic concept album wherein each track was composed in a different musical style , yet were all thematically united through interconnected lyricism . Anchored in funk and swing , the album featured genre experiments in ska punk , psychedelic rock , country , rockabilly , big band , hard rock and lounge . Released on the band 's self @-@ operated label Space Age Bachelor Pad Records in December 1994 , the album sold decently , though failed to match the success of Ferociously Stoned .
Throughout the mid @-@ 1990s , the Daddies toured constantly , carrying out six cross @-@ country tours in 1996 alone following the release of their third independent album , Kids on the Street . A remarkable musical departure from their previous work , Kids on the Street was primarily a showcase of the ska influences which had gradually become a major part of the Daddies ' live sound , forgoing their usual brassy funk and swing @-@ based eclecticism in favor of guitar @-@ driven ska , rock and punk . Distributed by noted indie label Caroline Records , Kids on the Street wound up becoming the Daddies ' then @-@ most successful release , remaining on The Rocket 's Retail Sales Top Twenty for over seven months and eventually working its way onto Rolling Stone 's Alternative Charts .
= = = Zoot Suit Riot and major label years ( 1997 – 1999 ) = = =
With the breakthrough of third wave ska into the American mainstream by late 1996 , the Daddies seemed poised for commercial success , landing a spot on a well @-@ publicized national tour with popular ska bands Reel Big Fish and Let 's Go Bowling . Although the band were mainly playing ska shows at the time , they soon began drawing a sizable following for their swing material when the coincident success of the film Swingers and its featured band Big Bad Voodoo Daddy started drawing public and media attention towards the formerly underground swing revival movement . When fans regularly began approaching the band 's merchandise table asking which of their albums contained the most swing , the Daddies realized they lacked an album fully representing their swing side , prompting the band 's manager to convince them to compile all of their swing songs onto one CD until they could afford to make a new album , using their available finances to record several bonus tracks for inclusion . The result , Zoot Suit Riot : The Swingin ' Hits of the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies , became an unexpectedly popular item as the band went on tour , reportedly selling as many as 4 @,@ 000 copies a week through their Northwest distributors .
Despite the promising sales of Zoot Suit Riot , this period proved to be the most difficult of the Daddies ' career . Consistently performing to little media recognition , full @-@ time touring was becoming both a personal and financial strain , leading to frequent quitting among band members . The Daddies experienced at least fifteen line @-@ up changes from 1996 to 1997 , including the departure of original keyboardist Chris Azorr and co @-@ founder Schmid , leaving Perry and trumpeter Dana Heitman as the sole remnants of the original line @-@ up . With no label backing them , the band had trouble securing distribution and press outside of the Northwest , often being unable to get their CDs sold in cities they were touring through . Feeling they had finally hit a glass ceiling as an independent band , Perry said the Daddies were ultimately left with one of two options at this time : either sign to a label or break up .
In the midst of another tour together , Reel Big Fish arranged a meeting between their label Mojo Records and the Daddies in the hopes of helping the band obtain a distribution deal , negotiations of which instead led to Mojo signing the Daddies to a full recording contract . Zoot Suit Riot was licensed and reissued by Mojo and given national distribution in July 1997 , less than four months after its original release .
= = = = Mainstream breakthrough = = = =
By October 1997 , the rising popularity of swing music had contributed to the consistently steady sales of Zoot Suit Riot , persuading Mojo to issue the album 's title track as a single and distribute it among mainstream radio stations . The Daddies , who were beginning work on their next studio album , ardently protested this move , believing that a swing song would never receive major airplay and were concerned that the band would end up having to recoup the marketing costs . Mojo nevertheless persisted , and to the band 's surprise , " Zoot Suit Riot " soon found regular rotation on stations such as Los Angeles ' influential KROQ @-@ FM , helping establish swing music in the mainstream and leading to its eventual commercial breakthrough , with the Daddies at the forefront . By mid @-@ 1998 , the Daddies had emerged as one of the most successful bands of the swing revival : after climbing to number one on Billboard 's Top Heatseekers , Zoot Suit Riot became the first album of the swing revival to crack the Top 40 on the Billboard 200 , peaking at number 17 and spending an ultimate total of 53 weeks on the charts . In June 1998 , the album had sold 500 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , going on to surpass sales of 1 @.@ 4 million by August .
Suddenly finding themselves in hot demand , the Daddies immediately started touring again . Spending the majority of 1998 and 1999 on the road , the band were playing close to 300 shows a year , carrying out both headlining and supporting tours of the United States while traveling internationally as one of the headliners on the 1998 Warped Tour beside Rancid , NOFX and Bad Religion . By this time , the group 's touring conditions had greatly improved , thus enticing Dan Schmid – who had originally left the band due to health concerns – to return as the Daddies ' bassist at Perry 's request .
Although the Daddies were experiencing commercial success under the guise of swing revivalists , having been declared the " leaders " of the movement by Rolling Stone , the band openly contested being labeled a retro act at the exclusion of their dominant ska and punk influences and modernist lyricism . While still vocal supporters of both the swing revival and its bands , the Daddies adamantly tried to disassociate themselves from the swing scene and in particular its nostalgia @-@ based mentality . Perry explained to Spin in July 1998 , " it 's not our mission to be a swing band . I 'm not a guy from the ' 40s . That 's why we play ska and use heavy guitars " , noting elsewhere " I can 't fully take us out of the retro classification , but we harp on the fact that we 're contemporary music " . Thusly , the Daddies avoided touring with swing bands , selecting Latin rock group Ozomatli and ska / soul band The Pietasters as support on their first headlining U.S. tour , and opening for Argentine rock band Los Fabulosos Cadillacs on their 1998 North American tour . At one point , the Daddies attempted to arrange a tour with Primus which never materialized ; said Perry , " I know there are people who come to our shows who 'd like nothing more than for us to play swing 24 / 7 ... there are plenty of bands who want to be swing bands and swing bands only . We 're trying to find the audience who 'll let us write songs and just be who we are " .
During the height of the Daddies ' popularity , Perry found the band 's mainstream notoriety was causing an alienating effect on his personal life , claiming it to have negatively changed his relationships with friends and even subjected him to occasional heckling from strangers who recognized him in public . He would later recall , " It 's a total cliché , but [ fame ] doesn 't make you happy . There 's a lot missing . Success has given people the right to yell at me on the street , but I don 't really feel like it 's given me any dignity " . Already feeling burnt out from the Daddies ' constant touring , Perry 's frustration was only exacerbated by the media 's persistent dismissal of the Daddies as a retro novelty act , though he later claimed to have felt pressured to maintain the image due to audience and media expectations . When the band began to face criticism and accusations of selling out from their Northwest fanbase , the Daddies fought to further push themselves away from their mainstream typecasting : in a 1999 interview , responding to their place in the swing scene , Perry retorted " [ we 'll ] unapologetically play ska right in the face of people who want to hear swing " .
Zoot Suit Riot had sold over two million copies in the United States by the time the swing revival 's mainstream popularity had declined , finally slipping off the charts in January 2000 . With their touring schedule coming to a close , the Daddies began work on their next studio album .
= = = Soul Caddy and mainstream decline ( 2000 ) = = =
In the fall of 1999 , the Daddies returned to the studio to record their fourth album , Soul Caddy . A loose concept album reflecting Perry 's disillusionment over the cultural zeitgeist and his experience with fame ( as he described it , a " bittersweet " record about " being alienated and hoping to connect " ) , Soul Caddy marked a continuation of the band 's musically varied format , intended to introduce a truer perspective of the Daddies ' sound and personality to both their swing @-@ based fans and a wider audience . Drawing from the rock and pop of the 1960s and 1970s , Soul Caddy interwove swing and ska with glam rock , soul , psychedelic pop , folk and funk .
Despite allowing the Daddies creative control over Soul Caddy 's production , Mojo 's response to the album was marginal . Claiming that the new material was not like " the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies people know and love " , the label did little to promote either the album or its glam @-@ styled single " Diamond Light Boogie " , at one point releasing the latter without the band 's name on it , allegedly due to hesitancy over marketing a rock single from a band primarily known for swing music . With virtually no promotion , Soul Caddy was quietly released on October 3 , 2000 .
Met by an audience largely unaware of the Daddies ' eclectic background , Soul Caddy was received negatively by both fans and critics , one of the more prevalent criticisms being its lack of swing tracks . Many reviewers chastised the band for what was being seen as an abandonment of their swing " roots " in favor of a trendier sound , while some criticized the Daddies ' entire musical aesthetic — UGO 's Hip Online stated bluntly , " covering five or six genres on one album is just insane " . The Los Angeles Daily News placed Soul Caddy on their list of the 10 worst albums of 2000 , the reviewer wondering what made a swing band " think it could get away with an album of recycled psychedelic pop " .
Despite some moderate critical praise including a glowing review from AllMusic , who called the album 's " impressively surprising " array of sounds " refreshing coming from a band who was assumed to be generic retro swing " , Soul Caddy failed to achieve the chart success or commercial attention of its predecessor . The Daddies ' accompanying national tour fared just as poorly , showing a marked decline in attendance and negative audience reactions towards the band 's decreased focus on playing swing music . Speaking retrospectively in a 2002 interview , Perry recalled " we went out on tour and most people saw us as a swing band because of the success of Zoot Suit Riot ... we felt this tension to be something we weren 't " . Facing low ticket sales and their own dissatisfaction over the tour 's outcome , the Daddies brought their scheduled tour to an early close , eventually reaching a mutual decision upon taking an indefinite hiatus in December 2000 . " A lot of it was just fatigue " , Perry explained , " We 'd be on the road for a long time and we had no life outside of Cherry Poppin ' Daddies . I think everybody was interested in doing other things " . The Daddies were released from Mojo shortly thereafter , though Jason Moss would later comment that the band were kicked " to the curb " after Soul Caddy 's poor commercial performance .
= = = Hiatus and limited touring ( 2001 – 2006 ) = = =
With nearly a decade of full @-@ time band activity come to a rest , the Daddies parted ways to pursue other musical endeavors , remaining active in various local bands . Perry and Moss formed the theatrical glam punk group White Hot Odyssey , releasing an album on Jive Records in 2004 and later becoming a regular opening act for the Daddies ' local concerts until their disbandment in 2005 . Dan Schmid and keyboardist Dustin Lanker formed the piano rock trio The Visible Men , recording two independent albums and touring extensively throughout the Northwest in the early and mid @-@ 2000s , while Lanker worked steadily as a touring member of the California ska punk band Mad Caddies . Drummer Tim Donahue , after a stint with The Visible Men , worked as a session musician , recording on albums for artists including TobyMac and Shawn McDonald and playing in Yngwie Malmsteen 's band for his 2001 European tour .
Over the next few years , all Daddies activity was put on further hold as the members returned to their family lives and full @-@ time jobs , while Perry chose to resume his education at the University of Oregon , eventually graduating in 2004 with a B.S. in molecular biology . In February 2002 , the Daddies spontaneously regrouped to play a sporadic series of music festivals in the Northwest , though immediately announced no future plans for recording new material or carrying out any extensive tours . Favoring a change of pace from their formerly exhaustive touring habits , the Daddies began scheduling their performances entirely around the band members ' desire and personal availability , playing as few as eight to ten shows a year and limiting their appearances largely to Northwest shows or commissions for one @-@ off " swingin ' hits " concerts at various fairs and festivals across the United States .
= = = Susquehanna and return to independent label ( 2006 – 2009 ) = = =
Following several years of relative inactivity as the band maintained their relaxed touring pace , Perry began writing material for a new Daddies album in early 2006 , claiming to have come to the realization of a cathartic reliance on songwriting . In an April 2006 radio interview , he confirmed that the band was in preparation over recording a new studio album , noting that the music would cover new territory for the Daddies , drawing heavily on tropical themes . This was followed shortly thereafter by the band 's first U.S. tour since 2000 , where much of this new material was debuted .
Self @-@ produced and recorded in Eugene during the summer of 2007 , the Daddies ' fifth album , Susquehanna , was released via digital download exclusively through the band 's website in February 2008 , receiving a limited CD release several months later . Taking the shape of a narrative concept album which Perry detailed as a portrait of " various relationships in decay " , Susquehanna featured prominent strains of Latin and Caribbean @-@ influenced music , incorporating flourishes of flamenco , Latin rock and reggae into the band 's traditional fare of swing and ska . While its low @-@ profile DIY release went mostly unnoticed by the mainstream media , response from internet @-@ based publications ranged from mixed to positive , with reviewers once again polarized over the album 's eclectic blend of genres . The Daddies embarked on another full @-@ length tour in support of Susquehanna in mid @-@ 2008 , followed by a headline tour of Europe , their first visit to the continent since 1998 .
In July 2009 , the Daddies announced having signed to independent label Rock Ridge Music for the release and national distribution of two albums , a re @-@ issue of Susquehanna and Skaboy JFK : The Skankin ' Hits of the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies , a compilation of the band 's ska material . Perry explained that fans had been suggesting the concept of a ska collection for years , and that such an album might help show a different side of the Daddies than the " swing band " persona they 're generally recognized for . Skaboy JFK was released in September 2009 to a largely positive critical reception , followed by further touring into 2010 , taking the Daddies back across Europe and the United States , as well as appearing alongside Fishbone and The Black Seeds at the 11th Victoria Ska Fest in British Columbia , where the band played the first all @-@ ska set of their career .
= = = White Teeth , Black Thoughts ( 2010 – 2013 ) = = =
Shortly after the release of Skaboy JFK , Perry already began announcing plans for the Daddies ' next studio album , revealing the band would be returning to swing music for their first all @-@ swing album since Zoot Suit Riot . Initial production on the album , titled White Teeth , Black Thoughts , began in March 2011 , though lasted infrequently throughout the year as the Daddies continued to carry out several more successful international tours , including two separate sold @-@ out tours of Australia in 2011 and 2012 . During this time , the band experienced major changes within their touring line @-@ up after longtime keyboardist Dustin Lanker departed the group in 2012 , prompting the Daddies to decide to continue touring without a live keyboardist . Several months later , trombonist Joe Freuen was added to the band , marking the first time the Daddies have ever included a full @-@ time trombone player in their official line @-@ up .
In mid @-@ 2012 , Perry finally elaborated on the production status of the new album , revealing that the band had written enough material to release White Teeth , Black Thoughts as a double album , consisting of the main all @-@ swing album and a bonus disc of " Americana " -influenced rock songs in styles including rockabilly , country , bluegrass and western swing , the latter disc featuring guest appearances from accordionist Buckwheat Zydeco on a zydeco song and former Captain Beefheart guitarist Zoot Horn Rollo on a psychobilly track . On June 20 , 2012 , the Daddies launched a PledgeMusic campaign to help finance the final stages of the album 's production , successfully reaching its target on August 14 and continuing to collect pledges into the following year , ultimately raising 133 % of its goal .
Preceded by the release of two singles and music videos for the songs " I Love American Music " and " The Babooch " , White Teeth , Black Thoughts was released on July 16 , 2013 . Following the low @-@ key DIY release and promotion of Susquehanna , the Daddies worked to heavily publicize White Teeth , Black Thoughts , receiving coverage by major news outlets including Billboard and USA Today , while the band later appeared on the Fox @-@ owned KTTV program Good Day L.A. to perform " I Love American Music " , their first major television appearance since the 1990s . Despite not experiencing any chart success , the album received generally positive critical reviews , and the Daddies carried out a brief fifteen @-@ city tour of the United States during the summer .
In January 2014 , it was announced that the Eugene Ballet Company had collaborated with the Daddies for production entitled Zoot Suit Riot , a dance show set to the music of and featuring live accompaniment from the band , featuring choreographed dance routines set to thirteen of the Daddies ' songs , ranging from their biggest swing hits to their lesser @-@ known rock , pop and psychedelic songs . Zoot Suit Riot played at Eugene 's Hult Center for the Performing Arts on April 12 and 13 , 2014 .
= = = Covers trilogy and future ( 2014 @-@ present ) = = =
During the initial writing and recording period of White Teeth , Black Thoughts , the Daddies began playing select shows billed as " The Cherry Poppin ' Daddies Salute the Music of the Rat Pack " , playing an equal mix of the band 's own swing songs as well as covers of songs popularized by the " Rat Pack " of Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin and Sammy Davis , Jr .. In a July 2013 interview with Billboard magazine , Perry revealed that the band had concurrently recorded a tribute album featuring these songs and would be releasing it after touring behind White Teeth , Black Thoughts . Please Return the Evening — the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies Salute the Music of the Rat Pack ! was released on July 29 , 2014 , promoted by music videos for the album 's covers of the Sinatra staples " Come Fly with Me " and " Fly Me to the Moon " .
The following December , Perry expressed plans on the Daddies ' official Facebook page to further explore the band 's swing and jazz influences with another cover album , this time centered on the hot jazz of the Cotton Club era of the 1920s and 1930s . Production on what would be entitled The Boop @-@ A @-@ Doo began in Spring 2015 in Eugene , utilizing vintage recording techniques as well as the use of pre @-@ 1940s instruments . In April , the Daddies updated their press biography to include mention of The Boop @-@ A @-@ Doo being " the second of a planned trilogy of cover tunes designed to outline for fans some of the Daddies ' swing influences " , though declined to reveal plans for the band 's third tribute album . The Boop @-@ A @-@ Doo was released on January 22 , 2016 , promoted by a music video for the 1930 Eubie Blake / Andy Razaf song " That Lindy Hop " directed by Perry .
Perry has announced ongoing work on the Daddies ' next album of originals . In a 2014 interview with The Huffington Post , he described his intent with the next album was to do a " psychobilly / Zappa / American Idiot / R. Crumb type record that paints a picture of the American socio political scene " , and has since described it as " a little like Ferociously Stoned 2 " , featuring a primary emphasis on rock and funk .
Additionally , Perry mentioned in a radio interview that he had recently obtained the rights to Zoot Suit Riot from Jive Records and was considering releasing a remixed and remastered edition , expressing a desire to revisit the original recordings with contemporary production values .
= = Musical style and lyricism = =
The Daddies are generally labeled as swing and / or ska band by the media , and their music is largely composed of various interpretations of both genres , ranging from traditional jazz and big band @-@ influenced forms to modernized pop and rock fusions . During their commercial breakthrough in the 1990s , critics conceived terms such as " punk swing " , " power swing " and " big band punk rock " to describe the Daddies ' unique approach to these fusions , mixing " the propulsion of swing beats and rabbit @-@ punch bursts of brass with grimy rebel @-@ rock guitars to give the jumpin ' jive sound a much @-@ needed facelift " . The Pacific Northwest Inlander wrote of this style in 1994 , " atop the swing of the band 's jazz you can hear strains of Parliament @-@ Funkadelic , crumbs of barrelhouse rhythm and blues , snippets of ska , and huge whiffs of in @-@ your @-@ face punk rock " , likening the Daddies to " Cab Calloway @-@ meets @-@ Johnny Rotten , or the Duke Ellington Orchestra pumped up on steroids and caffeine " .
The Daddies themselves used to facetiously classify their music as " swing @-@ core " , exemplified by the fast tempos and frequent use of guitar distortion in their swing material , as well as " third wave swing " , owing to their prominent ska influence . In recent years , however , Perry has dismissed attempts to apply labels to the Daddies ' music , often casually describing them in vaguer terms as " a rock band with horns " or " a dance band that uses jazz a bit " . Perry has compared the Daddies ' style of musical eclecticism with that of Fishbone , Mink DeVille and Oingo Boingo , while also citing major influence from The Specials and Roxy Music , as well as from Fletcher Henderson , Jimmie Lunceford and Duke Ellington on his composing and arrangements .
Alongside the constants of swing , ska , and on earlier recordings , funk , each of the Daddies ' studio albums feature a collective assortment of varied and often diametrically opposed genres of music . Some of the musical styles the band has experimented with include blues , country , disco , Dixieland , flamenco , folk , glam rock , hardcore punk , jump blues , lounge , psychedelic pop , rhythm and blues , reggae , rockabilly , soca , soul , western swing and zydeco . As opposed to playing fusions , the Daddies perform each genre separately , contrasting one style against another so that the album 's musical texture may continually change . Perry has explained that the group 's " detournement " of using vastly different genres is both a means for band experimentation and evolution beyond their typically swing and ska @-@ oriented live shows , as well as an artistic choice , lending each song a distinctive musical personality and using certain genres to effectively fit – or ironically contradict – the tone of the lyrics .
= = = Lyrical = = =
Steve Perry is the Daddies ' sole lyricist , and writes the majority of his songs in a fictional narrative format he credits as being influenced by Randy Newman , Ray Davies and Jarvis Cocker , often told about or through the unreliable perspective of downtrodden characters struggling against adversity . Recurring themes in the Daddies ' lyrics include sex , death , alcoholism , family dysfunction , loneliness and alienation , often utilizing satire . Perry has also incorporated political themes into his music , most overtly on the Daddies ' 2013 album White Teeth , Black Thoughts , which addressed issues relating to the 2008 financial crisis through a variety of American character perspectives . The Register @-@ Guard has described Perry 's lyrics as " ribald [ and ] often despairing " , " [ probing ] the underbelly of society , stabbing at oppressors such as ... the pressure to conform " , while The New York Times has lauded them as " vivid poetry " containing " an inventiveness missing from the other swing bands ' lyrics " .
The Daddies have often been criticized for their seeming juxtaposition of lurid subject matter and profanity with jazz and swing music , though Perry has boldly defended the band 's predilection towards " darker " lyricism and visuals , calling to attention his interest in the era 's film noir and avant @-@ garde artistic movements . A prominent example of this includes the two music videos for the Daddies ' hit single " Zoot Suit Riot " , which – in addition to being written about the 1943 race riots – both featured pervasive surrealist imagery inspired by the films of Luis Buñuel , specifically his 1929 short Un Chien Andalou . " We wanted to be darker , weirder and stranger " , Perry stated in a 2012 interview , " and unfortunately , with other [ swing ] bands it was ' Back then everyone dressed nice and was nice ' . That 's not true . You don 't know anything about that era at all " .
Most of the Daddies ' studio albums are written to varying extents as concept albums , featuring either recurring lyrical themes or an abstract progressive narrative . According to Perry , this lyrical interconnectedness is intended as means of providing an album with threads of thematic stability against wildly varying musical styles .
= = Reception , criticism and influence = =
In their native Oregon , the Daddies have been called " a Northwest institution " , having been inducted into the Oregon Music Hall of Fame in 2009 . The Register @-@ Guard has credited the band with shaping Eugene 's alternative musical culture in the 1990s , while Eugene Weekly added likewise , " when some people think of the Northwest music scene , they think of grunge . If you ’ re a Eugenean , however , you might think of swing , thanks to [ the ] Cherry Poppin ' Daddies " . Seattle 's The Rocket commented on the band 's influence in 1997 , stating " [ t ] he Daddies were busting out the swing before the Squirrel Nut Zippers , stirring cocktails before Combustible Edison and skating the ska before Sublime ... the band shakes out an incredible variety of sounds with peerless verve and polish . "
In addition to the controversies surrounding the early years of their career , the band has also drawn a fair amount of professional criticism in their home state . The Portland Mercury have been frequent detractors of the Daddies , deriding them as " at best , an edgeless recycle of a rather particular musical fashion movement ; at worst , a self @-@ conscious parody of the genre they purport to love " , while the Willamette Week , in an article detailing the band 's polarizing reception , described the negative consensus of the Daddies as " an annoying white @-@ boy funk rock band who , seeing the opportunity , milked the swing revival for all it was worth " . Jazz critic and author Scott Yanow vociferously criticized the band as the choice " whipping boy for the Retro Swing movement " in his 2000 book Swing ! , writing them off as " a punk rock band who has chosen to masquerade as Swing , at least until a better fad comes along " , spotlighting the Daddies ' " mediocre " rhythm section and profane lyricism as a case for making them " a band to avoid " .
The Daddies are more widely recognized , however , as one of the first bands to revive swing music in the musical mainstream , helping spearhead the swing revival of the late 1990s which paved the way for the larger successes of Big Bad Voodoo Daddy and the Brian Setzer Orchestra . Although the Daddies have been cited as an influence on ska punk bands the Mad Caddies and Spring Heeled Jack U.S.A. , SF Weekly claims the group has " never gotten the accolades it deserves " for their eclectic funk @-@ ska repertoire . The Phoenix New Times expressed similar sentiments , listing the " woefully unsung " Daddies as among the bands that defined the Northwest 's " alternative to alternative " , " [ delivering ] rock with more complexity than three @-@ chord guitar riffs and social critique without heavy @-@ handed cynicism " . In a 2008 retrospective feature posted on RollingStone.com 's The Capri Lounge , a blog run by the editors of Rolling Stone magazine , the Daddies were declared as " one of the most misunderstood bands of the nineties " .
= = = Band name = = =
More dubiously , the Daddies have also retained a particular pop cultural legacy for their provocative and often contentious band name which has persisted beyond the initial controversies that pegged the band 's early years . The Daddies frequently appear on lists of the worst band names of all time , including those by Pitchfork , the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer , the Toronto Sun and VH1 , who called it " quite possibly the most offensive band name ever , made all the more ridiculous by the fact that these outwardly bragging virgin @-@ sexers had a completely innocuous mainstream hit song " . A 2009 issue of Blender magazine placed the Daddies third with Limp Bizkit in a bracket chart of the worst band names , with comedian Steve Bodow commenting " Because ' Virgin @-@ Fuckin ' Date Rapists ' was taken " and Eugene Mirman concurring " it 's a horrible name " . In 2013 , Rolling Stone included the Daddies on their list of " The Thirteen Dumbest Band Names in Rock History " , dwelling on the potentially incestuous interpretation as " the last thing anyone wants to visualize while listening to music " .
Steve Perry has expressed ambivalence towards the lasting vilification of the Daddies ' name , admitting it 's " probably the most heinous name in the history of rock " while emphasizing a disparate delineation between the band 's roots in the " bubble " of Eugene 's punk subculture and their unexpected longevity in the wider cultural mainstream : " I started this band a long time ago , and we just used [ the name ] . We didn 't know that in 10 years we 'd turn into some sort of happy , peppy , feel @-@ good things " . Though Perry has occasionally voiced regret over not having changed the Daddies ' name earlier in their career , he has nevertheless acquiescently embraced the name as his " Holden Caulfield red hunting hat " , while outright dismissing critics who choose to demonize the name based on literal interpretation than the jazz @-@ era jive slang it drew from . " It gives outrage addicts another soapbox they can jump up on " , Perry said , " If people want to just look at it [ in that context ] , then that 's their problem , but I don 't write it that way " ... " I assure you we don 't cruise high schools for dates " .
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Compilations
Zoot Suit Riot : The Swingin ' Hits of the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies ( 1997 )
Skaboy JFK : The Skankin ' Hits of the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies ( 2009 )
= = Band members = =
Current members
Steve Perry ( MC Large Drink ) – lead vocals , rhythm guitar ( formation – present )
Dan Schmid ( Dang Oulette ) – bass guitar ( formation – 1996 , 1998 – present )
Dana Heitman – trumpet ( formation – present )
Willie Matheis – tenor saxophone ( 2010 – present )
Joe Freuen – trombone ( 2012 – present )
Paul Owen – drums ( 2013 – present )
Andy Page – alto saxophone ( 2013 – present )
Zak Johnson - guitar , banjo ( 2015 – present )
Former members
Tim Arnold – drums ( formation – 1990 )
James Gossard – guitar ( formation – 1990 )
John Fohl – guitar ( 1990 – 1992 )
James Phillips – tenor saxophone ( formation – 1992 , 1996 ) ( deceased , 1961 – 2011 )
Brooks Brown – alto saxophone ( formation – 1994 )
Adrian P. Baxter – tenor saxophone ( 1993 – 1996 )
Adam Glogauer – drums ( 1996 )
Sean Oldham – drums ( 1996 )
Jason Palmer – drums ( 1996 ) ( 2009 – studio recordings )
Brian West – drums ( 1990 – 1996 )
Chris Azorr – keyboards ( 1990 – 1997 )
Rex Trimm – alto saxophone ( 1996 – 1997 )
Hans Wagner – drums ( 1996 – 1997 )
Darren Cassidy – bass ( 1996 – 1998 )
Johnny Goetchius – keyboards ( 1998 – 2000 )
Ian Early – alto saxophone ( 1997 – 2006 )
Tim Donahue – drums ( 1997 – 2008 )
Sean Flannery – tenor saxophone ( 1996 – 2008 )
Jesse Cloninger – tenor saxophone ( 2008 – 2010 )
Jason Moss – guitar ( 1992 – 2010 )
Dustin Lanker – keyboards , backing vocals ( 1997 – 1998 , 2000 – 2012 )
Kevin Congleton – drums ( 2008 – 2013 )
Joe Manis – alto and baritone saxophones ( 2006 – 2013 )
William Seiji Marsh – guitar , backing vocals ( 2010 – 2014 )
Chris Ward – guitar , banjo ( 2014 – 2015 )
= Yellowstone National Park =
Yellowstone National Park is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming , although it also extends into Montana and Idaho . It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1 , 1872 . Yellowstone , the first National Park in the U.S. and widely held to be the first national park in the world , is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features , especially Old Faithful Geyser , one of the most popular features in the park . It has many types of ecosystems , but the subalpine forest is the most abundant . It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion .
Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11 @,@ 000 years . Aside from visits by mountain men during the early @-@ to @-@ mid @-@ 19th century , organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s . Management of the park originally fell under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior . However , the U.S. Army was subsequently commissioned to oversee management of Yellowstone for a 30 @-@ year period between 1886 and 1916 . In 1917 , administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service , which had been created the previous year . Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance , and researchers have examined more than 1 @,@ 000 archaeological sites .
Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3 @,@ 468 @.@ 4 square miles ( 8 @,@ 983 km2 ) , comprising lakes , canyons , rivers and mountain ranges . Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high @-@ elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera , the largest supervolcano on the continent . The caldera is considered an active volcano . It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years . Half of the world 's geothermal features are in Yellowstone , fueled by this ongoing volcanism . Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone . The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , the largest remaining nearly @-@ intact ecosystem in the Earth 's northern temperate zone .
Hundreds of species of mammals , birds , fish and reptiles have been documented , including several that are either endangered or threatened . The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants . Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous megafauna location in the Continental United States . Grizzly bears , wolves , and free @-@ ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park . The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States . Forest fires occur in the park each year ; in the large forest fires of 1988 , nearly one third of the park was burnt . Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities , including hiking , camping , boating , fishing and sightseeing . Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls . During the winter , visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobiles .
= = History = =
The park is at the headwaters of the Yellowstone River , from which it takes its historical name . Near the end of the 18th century , French trappers named the river " Roche Jaune " , which is probably a translation of the Hidatsa name " Mi tsi a @-@ da @-@ zi " ( Rock Yellow River ) . Later , American trappers rendered the French name in English as " Yellow Stone " . Although it is commonly believed that the river was named for the yellow rocks seen in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone , the Native American name source is unclear .
The human history of the park begins at least 11 @,@ 000 years ago when Native Americans began to hunt and fish in the region . During the construction of the post office in Gardiner , Montana , in the 1950s , an obsidian projectile point of Clovis origin was found that dated from approximately 11 @,@ 000 years ago . These Paleo @-@ Indians , of the Clovis culture , used the significant amounts of obsidian found in the park to make cutting tools and weapons . Arrowheads made of Yellowstone obsidian have been found as far away as the Mississippi Valley , indicating that a regular obsidian trade existed between local tribes and tribes farther east . By the time white explorers first entered the region during the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 , they encountered the Nez Perce , Crow , and Shoshone tribes . While passing through present day Montana , the expedition members heard of the Yellowstone region to the south , but they did not investigate it .
In 1806 , John Colter , a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition , left to join a group of fur trappers . After splitting up with the other trappers in 1807 , Colter passed through a portion of what later became the park , during the winter of 1807 – 1808 . He observed at least one geothermal area in the northeastern section of the park , near Tower Fall . After surviving wounds he suffered in a battle with members of the Crow and Blackfoot tribes in 1809 , Colter described a place of " fire and brimstone " that most people dismissed as delirium ; the supposedly imaginary place was nicknamed " Colter 's Hell " . Over the next 40 years , numerous reports from mountain men and trappers told of boiling mud , steaming rivers , and petrified trees , yet most of these reports were believed at the time to be myth .
After an 1856 exploration , mountain man Jim Bridger ( also believed to be the first or second European American to have seen the Great Salt Lake ) reported observing boiling springs , spouting water , and a mountain of glass and yellow rock . These reports were largely ignored because Bridger was a known " spinner of yarns " . In 1859 , a U.S. Army Surveyor named Captain William F. Raynolds embarked on a two @-@ year survey of the northern Rockies . After wintering in Wyoming , in May 1860 , Raynolds and his party – which included naturalist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden and guide Jim Bridger – attempted to cross the Continental Divide over Two Ocean Plateau from the Wind River drainage in northwest Wyoming . Heavy spring snows prevented their passage , but had they been able to traverse the divide , the party would have been the first organized survey to enter the Yellowstone region . The American Civil War hampered further organized explorations until the late 1860s .
The first detailed expedition to the Yellowstone area was the Cook – Folsom – Peterson Expedition of 1869 , which consisted of three privately funded explorers . The Folsom party followed the Yellowstone River to Yellowstone Lake . The members of the Folsom party kept a journal and based on the information it reported , a party of Montana residents organized the Washburn @-@ Langford @-@ Doane Expedition in 1870 . It was headed by the surveyor @-@ general of Montana Henry Washburn , and included Nathaniel P. Langford ( who later became known as " National Park " Langford ) and a U.S. Army detachment commanded by Lt. Gustavus Doane .
The expedition spent about a month exploring the region , collecting specimens and naming sites of interest . A Montana writer and lawyer named Cornelius Hedges , who had been a member of the Washburn expedition , proposed that the region should be set aside and protected as a national park ; he wrote detailed articles about his observations for the Helena Herald newspaper between 1870 and 1871 . Hedges essentially restated comments made in October 1865 by acting Montana Territorial Governor Thomas Francis Meagher , who had previously commented that the region should be protected . Others made similar suggestions . In an 1871 letter from Jay Cooke to Ferdinand V. Hayden , Cooke wrote that his friend , Congressman William D. Kelley had also suggested " Congress pass a bill reserving the Great Geyser Basin as a public park forever " .
= = = Park creation = = =
In 1871 , eleven years after his failed first effort , Ferdinand V. Hayden was finally able to explore the region . With government sponsorship , he returned to the region with a second , larger expedition , the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 . He compiled a comprehensive report , including large @-@ format photographs by William Henry Jackson and paintings by Thomas Moran . The report helped to convince the U.S. Congress to withdraw this region from public auction . On March 1 , 1872 , President Ulysses S. Grant signed The Act of Dedication law that created Yellowstone National Park .
Hayden , while not the only person to have thought of creating a park in the region , was its first and most enthusiastic advocate . He believed in " setting aside the area as a pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people " and warned that there were those who would come and " make merchandise of these beautiful specimens " . Worrying the area could face the same fate as Niagara Falls , he concluded the site should " be as free as the air or Water . " In his report to the Committee on Public Lands , he concluded that if the bill failed to become law , " the vandals who are now waiting to enter into this wonder @-@ land , will in a single season despoil , beyond recovery , these remarkable curiosities , which have required all the cunning skill of nature thousands of years to prepare " .
Hayden and his 1871 party recognized Yellowstone as a priceless treasure that would become rarer with time . He wished for others to see and experience it as well . Eventually the railroads and , some time after that , the automobile would make that possible . The Park was not set aside strictly for ecological purposes ; however , the designation " pleasure ground " was not an invitation to create an amusement park . Hayden imagined something akin to the scenic resorts and baths in England , Germany , and Switzerland .
THE ACT OF DEDICATION
AN ACT to set apart a certain tract of land lying near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River as a public park . Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That the tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming ... is hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement , occupancy , or sale under the laws of the United States , and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people ; and all persons who shall locate , or settle upon , or occupy the same or any part thereof , except as hereinafter provided , shall be considered trespassers and removed there from ... Approved March 1 , 1872 .
Signed by :
JAMES G. BLAINE , Speaker of the House .
SCHUYLER COLFAX , Vice @-@ President of the United States and President of the Senate .
ULYSSES S. GRANT , President of the United States .
There was considerable local opposition to the Yellowstone National Park during its early years . Some of the locals feared that the regional economy would be unable to thrive if there remained strict federal prohibitions against resource development or settlement within park boundaries and local entrepreneurs advocated reducing the size of the park so that mining , hunting , and logging activities could be developed . To this end , numerous bills were introduced into Congress by Montana representatives who sought to remove the federal land @-@ use restrictions .
After the park 's official formation , Nathaniel Langford was appointed as the park 's first superintendent in 1872 . He served for five years but was denied a salary , funding , and staff . Langford lacked the means to improve the land or properly protect the park , and without formal policy or regulations , he had few legal methods to enforce such protection . This left Yellowstone vulnerable to poachers , vandals , and others seeking to raid its resources . He addressed the practical problems park administrators faced in the 1872 Report to the Secretary of the Interior and correctly predicted that Yellowstone would become a major international attraction deserving the continuing stewardship of the government . In 1875 , Colonel William Ludlow , who had previously explored areas of Montana under the command of George Armstrong Custer , was assigned to organize and lead an expedition to Montana and the newly established Yellowstone Park . Observations about the lawlessness and exploitation of park resources were included in Ludlow 's Report of a Reconnaissance to the Yellowstone National Park . The report included letters and attachments by other expedition members , including naturalist and mineralogist George Bird Grinnell .
Grinnell documented the poaching of buffalo , deer , elk , and antelope for hides . " It is estimated that during the winter of 1874 – 1875 , not less than 3 @,@ 000 buffalo and mule deer suffer even more severely than the elk , and the antelope nearly as much . "
As a result , Langford was forced to step down in 1877 . Having traveled through Yellowstone and witnessed land management problems first hand , Philetus Norris volunteered for the position following Langford 's exit . Congress finally saw fit to implement a salary for the position , as well as to provide a minimal funding to operate the park . Norris used these funds to expand access to the park , building numerous crude roads and facilities .
In 1880 , Harry Yount was appointed as a gamekeeper to control poaching and vandalism in the park . Yount had previously spent decades exploring the mountain country of present @-@ day Wyoming , including the Grand Tetons , after joining F V. Hayden 's Geological Survey in 1873 . Yount is the first national park ranger , and Yount 's Peak , at the head of the Yellowstone River , was named in his honor . However , these measures still proved to be insufficient in protecting the park , as neither Norris , nor the three superintendents who followed , were given sufficient manpower or resources .
The Northern Pacific Railroad built a train station in Livingston , Montana , connecting to the northern entrance in the early 1880s , which helped to increase visitation from 300 in 1872 to 5 @,@ 000 in 1883 . Visitors in these early years faced poor roads and limited services , and most access into the park was on horse or via stagecoach . By 1908 visitation increased enough to attract a Union Pacific Railroad connection to West Yellowstone , though rail visitation fell off considerably by World War II and ceased around the 1960s . Much of the railroad line was converted to nature trails , among them the Yellowstone Branch Line Trail .
During the 1870s and 1880s Native American tribes were effectively excluded from the national park . Under a half @-@ dozen tribes had made seasonal use of the Yellowstone area , but the only year @-@ round residents were small bands of Eastern Shoshone known as " Sheepeaters " . They left the area under the assurances of a treaty negotiated in 1868 , under which the Sheepeaters ceded their lands but retained the right to hunt in Yellowstone . The United States never ratified the treaty and refused to recognize the claims of the Sheepeaters or any other tribe that had used Yellowstone .
The Nez Perce band associated with Chief Joseph , numbering about 750 people , passed through Yellowstone National Park in thirteen days during late August 1877 . They were being pursued by the U.S. Army and entered the national park about two weeks after the Battle of the Big Hole . Some of the Nez Perce were friendly to the tourists and other people they encountered in the park ; some were not . Nine park visitors were briefly taken captive . Despite Joseph and other chiefs ordering that no one should be harmed , at least two people were killed and several wounded . One of the areas where encounters occurred was in Lower Geyser Basin and east along a branch of the Firehole River to Mary Mountain and beyond . That stream is still known as Nez Perce Creek . A group of Bannocks entered the park in 1878 , alarming park Superintendent Philetus Norris . In the aftermath of the Sheepeater Indian War of 1879 , Norris built a fort to prevent Native Americans from entering the national park .
Ongoing poaching and destruction of natural resources continued unabated until the U.S. Army arrived at Mammoth Hot Springs in 1886 and built Camp Sheridan . Over the next 22 years the army constructed permanent structures , and Camp Sheridan was renamed Fort Yellowstone . On May 7 , 1894 , the Boone and Crockett Club , acting through the personality of George G. Vest , Arnold Hague , William Hallett Phillips , W. A. Wadsworth , Archibald Rogers , Theodore Roosevelt , and George Bird Grinnell were successful in carrying through the Park Protection Act , which so saved the Park . The Lacey Act of 1900 provided legal support for the officials prosecuting poachers . With the funding and manpower necessary to keep a diligent watch , the army developed their own policies and regulations that permitted public access while protecting park wildlife and natural resources . When the National Park Service was created in 1916 , many of the management principles developed by the army were adopted by the new agency . The army turned control over to the National Park Service on October 31 , 1918 .
= = = Later history = = =
By 1915 , 1 @,@ 000 automobiles per year were entering the park , resulting in conflicts with horses and horse @-@ drawn transportation . Horse travel
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
own track " Meatball " , released under the pseudonym " Emmanuel Splice " . Svein Berge also contributed as a board member for the celebration of the Grieg year , as Norway celebrated their famous composer Edvard Grieg .
On the tenth anniversary of Röyksopp 's formation — 15 December 2008 — the band released a new track , " Happy Birthday " , for free to celebrate the event . The song was released for free streaming on the band 's website .
= = = 2009 – 11 : Junior and Senior = = =
Röyksopp 's third studio album , Junior , was released on 23 March 2009 , featuring the single " Happy Up Here " . The song debuted on BBC Radio 1 's Pete Tong show on 9 January 2009 . It was officially released digitally on 16 March 2009 . The music video for " Happy Up Here " , made by Reuben Sutherland , features elements from the arcade game Space Invaders . Both the single and the video were met with positive reactions from the press and fans .
" The Girl and the Robot " , the second single from the album Junior , featuring vocals from Swedish singer Robyn , was released on 15 June 2009 . The vinyl and digital versions of the single included remixes of the song by Kris Menace , Chateau Marmont and Spencer & Hill . At the 52nd Grammy Awards , the Jean Elan remix of " The Girl and the Robot " was nominated for Best Remixed Recording , Non @-@ Classical . " This Must Be It " is the third single from the album , including vocals from Swedish singer Karin Dreijer Andersson of The Knife and Fever Ray . The single also featuring remixes by Thin White Duke , LehtMoJoe , Rex the Dog and Apparat , among others . The band later released the stems for the song " Tricky Tricky " as part of a remix competition and the winning entries were released on 27 October 2009 .
Junior was a success around the world . The album peaked at number one in Norway , the band 's third consecutive release to do so . Junior also peaked at number 21 on the UK Albums Chart and charted on many Billboard charts , including the Billboard 200 – the first Röyksopp release to do so – where it peaked at number 126 . The album also peaked at number four on the Top Electronic Albums chart and number two on the Top Heatseekers chart .
Junior was followed by Senior , which is more quiet , " withdrawn and introspective " and " create [ s ] an atmosphere and an ambiance " . Senior is the duo 's first album to consist solely of instrumental tracks . The first single from the album , " The Drug " , was released on 9 August 2010 . The album itself was released on 13 September 2010 , and was successful in the band 's native Norway , peaking at number one , the band 's fourth consecutive release to do so .
= = = 2013 – 16 : Do It Again , The Inevitable End and Star Wars Headspace = = =
In January 2013 , Röyksopp released a song called " Running to the Sea " , a collaboration with Norwegian artist Susanne Sundfør . According to the band , the song was written and recorded in two days for a televised performance . The single was released on 16 December 2013 , with a B @-@ side containing a song called " Something In My Heart " , featuring Jamie McDermott from The Irrepressibles . Röyksopp and Sundfør also collaborated in creating a cover version of Depeche Mode 's " Ice Machine " for their Late Night Tales compilation album , Late Night Tales : Röyksopp .
On 14 April 2014 , Röyksopp announced a collaborative EP with Robyn titled Do It Again to coincide with their joint tour . A snippet of one of the five tracks set to be released on the album , " Monument " , was released the same day . The album was released on 26 May through Don Triumph , Wall of Sound , and Cooking Vinyl . The duo stated that a re @-@ worked version of " Monument " would form a part of their next album .
On 29 September 2014 , Röyksopp announced that their next album , titled The Inevitable End , would explore darker subject matter with emphasis on the lyrical content , and would be their last LP , though they will not stop making music . The album was released on 7 November 2014 by Dog Triumph . The special edition of the album includes new versions of the previously released tracks " Running to the Sea " , " Do It Again " and " Monument " as well as the original version of " Something In My Heart " . Some singles did precede the release of the album : " Skulls " , " Sordid Affair " and the new version of " Monument " . " Skulls " and " Monument " were accompanied by two new video clips . The video for " I Had This Thing " was shared on 11 May 2015 . The track features vocals by Jamie Irrepressibles and comes with a series of remixes .
In early 2015 , it was announced that the band have composed a musical accompaniment to a comedic work based upon the novels of Franz Kafka . The project debuted at the Bergen International Festival in the same year .
Also in 2015 , the Norwegian public broadcaster NRK introduced a series of new jingles by Röyksopp for the TV output of the NRK Nyheter news division , as part of a comprehensive redesign of the sub @-@ brand .
On 8 February 2016 , Röyksopp announced that a new track titled " Bounty Hunters " would be included on the Star Wars Headspace compilation . The album was released on 19 February 2016 .
= = Style = =
= = = Musical style = = =
Röyksopp 's music is often referred to as " warm " , a reference to the band 's downbeat electronica that combines elements of house music and Afro @-@ American sounds .
A notable component of Röyksopp 's song repertoire relies on the use of multiple lead vocalists . For instance , Melody A.M. features the vocal talents of Anneli Drecker and Erlend Øye , The Understanding features Kate Havnevik , Chelonis R. Jones , and Karin Dreijer Andersson , and Junior features Robyn , Anneli Drecker , Karin Dreijer Andersson , and Lykke Li .
Röyksopp enjoys using classic synthesizers , including the monophonic Korg MS @-@ 20 , the polyphonic Roland Juno @-@ 106 , and multiple members of the Akai Sampler Series . The band has stated that they prefer using analogue synthesizers over digital ones . Svein Berge said , " It 's fairly limited the fun you can have with the use of a mouse . We like to mix . "
In addition to writing their own music , the duo enjoy remixing songs . Berge said , " It 's obviously fun remixing people like Coldplay , artists of such a big calibre . Whenever people approach us for a remix it 's very nice ; being approached by Roots Manuva , The Streets , and even Peter Gabriel is quite fun . " The band was also asked by Britney Spears for a remix , but had to turn down the offer due to scheduling conflicts .
= = = Influences = = =
As they grew up in northern Norway , Svein Berge and Torbjørn Brundtland listened to local artists like Bel Canto and Biosphere . The band has also expressed their interest in the music of Kraftwerk , Brian Eno , Giorgio Moroder , Art of Noise , Vangelis , Erik Satie , and Francis Lai . Svein Berge has also stated that he is very fond of the production and programming skills of Datasette , who produced a remix of the Röyksopp single " Happy Up Here " .
Röyksopp often include references and homages to their musical influences . For instance , " Röyksopp Forever " pays homage to famous electronic pioneers of the 70s , including , " the likes of Vangelis and these people , and Krautrock , like Tangerine Dream and even Pink Floyd and King Crimson . "
= = = Live performances = = =
Röyksopp is known for its elaborate concert performances . Marc Hogan of Pitchfork Media said that " Those who have heard Röyksopp 's two albums ... won 't be surprised to learn the Norwegian duo 's live set is much better and more raucuous than hunching next to the speakers at yer local Crate & Barrel " .
When performing live , the duo often appear in eccentric outfits . Ari Stein , of Electronic Beats , said , that during one particular live set , " Röyksopp returned with two separate encores , one which included Berge playing " Eple " with a space suit capsule on his head " .
Rösykopp use different vocalists as part of their live act . During their 2015 summer tour they are joined by Swedish singer Jonna Lee from iamamiwhoami , Susanne Sundfør and Jamie McDermott .
= = Discography = =
Melody A.M. ( 2001 )
The Understanding ( 2005 )
Junior ( 2009 )
Senior ( 2010 )
Late Night Tales : Röyksopp ( 2013 )
Do It Again with Robyn ( 2014 )
The Inevitable End ( 2014 )
= = Reception and awards = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
In addition to sales success , Röyksopp has garnered generally positive critical reception from many music critics . The band has also been nominated for many prestigious awards , including multiple Spellemannprisens and a Grammy .
The tracks " What Else Is There ? " and " Eple " were chosen among the top 500 tracks of the decade by Pitchfork Media and placed in 375th and 336th place respectively . Another track written by Röyksopp , Annie 's " Heartbeat " , was placed 17th on the same list . On 24 November 2009 , Melody A.M. was named the best Norwegian album of the decade by Norway 's largest newspaper , Verdens Gang . The Understanding came 5th on the same list . In a ranking of the top 10 Norwegian tracks of the decade by VG , " Eple " and " What Else Is There ? " were placed 3rd and 6th respectively .
However , some criticism has been aimed at the repetitive nature of the band and the trip hop genre in general . Robert Christgau said that , " chill @-@ out tends toward waiting @-@ room music for plastic surgeons who really want you to order that butt implant . Where once [ Röyksopp ] were extolled for their subtle melodicism , here their schlock candidly attacks the jugular . If they 're Air , Goldie was Tricky . " Pitchfork Media , in their review of Senior , said that " the kind of downtempo stuff that makes up the majority of Röyksopp 's vocal @-@ less compositions just doesn 't hold up to concentrated , repeated listens like many other forms of instrumental electronic music . "
= = = Awards = = =
= Schwalbe @-@ class cruiser =
The Schwalbe class of unprotected cruisers were the first ships of the type built for the German Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) . The class comprised two ships , Schwalbe , the lead ship , and Sperber . They were designed for service in Germany 's recently acquired colonial empire , and were built between 1886 and 1889 . They were armed with a main battery of eight 10 @.@ 5 @-@ centimeter ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and could steam at a speed of 13 @.@ 5 knots ( 25 @.@ 0 km / h ; 15 @.@ 5 mph ) .
Schwalbe and Sperber spent their active careers abroad , usually in Germany 's African colonies or in the Pacific . The two cruisers assisted in the suppression of the Abushiri Revolt in German East Africa in 1889 – 1890 . By the end of the 1890s , both ships had been overhauled and decommissioned in Germany . They returned to service at the turn of the century for another tour overseas ; Schwalbe joined the forces that battled the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 before being decommissioned a second time in 1902 . Sperber remained in Africa until 1911 , when she too was decommissioned . Schwalbe was used as a training ship after 1912 and Sperber was used as a target ship during World War I. Both vessels were sold in 1920 and broken up in 1922 .
= = Design = =
The ships of the Schwalbe class were designed for use in Germany 's recently acquired overseas colonies . These newly conquered territories required warships to police them , and at the time , the German Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) possessed a motley collection of older sailing ships that were suitable only for training purposes . The design was prepared in 1886 – 1887 , under the tenure of General Leo von Caprivi , the Chief of the Kaiserliche Marine ; Caprivi sought new cruisers that would have strong fighting capabilities in addition to traditional overseas cruiser characteristics . The Schwalbe class was the first unprotected cruiser design built in Germany , and along with several other small warships , they permitted Caprivi to retire five old sailing frigates and modernized the German cruiser force .
= = = General characteristics = = =
The ships of the Schwalbe class were 62 @.@ 59 meters ( 205 ft 4 in ) long at the waterline and 66 @.@ 90 m ( 219 ft 6 in ) long overall . They had a beam of 9 @.@ 36 m ( 30 ft 9 in ) , though over the sponsons for the main guns , the beam increased to 10 @.@ 1 m ( 33 ft ) . The ships had a draft of 4 @.@ 4 m ( 14 ft ) forward and 4 @.@ 72 m ( 15 ft 6 in ) aft . They displaced 1 @,@ 111 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 093 long tons ; 1 @,@ 225 short tons ) as designed and up to 1 @,@ 359 t ( 1 @,@ 338 long tons ) at full combat load . The ships ' hulls were constructed with a transverse framing composed of steel , wood , and copper . Their stem and stern were made of wood , and a bronze ram was mounted at the bow . The hull was divided into eleven watertight compartments .
The two cruisers were good sea boats , and were very maneuverable . They suffered from severe weather helm , and tended to roll badly in a beam sea ; their metacentric height was .665 m ( 2 ft 2 @.@ 2 in ) . They lost little speed in a head sea . Schwalbe and Sperber each had a crew of 9 officers and 108 enlisted men . They carried a number of small boats , including one picket boat , one cutter , one yawl , and one dinghy .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Their propulsion system consisted of two horizontal 2 @-@ cylinder double @-@ expansion steam engines powered by four coal @-@ fired cylindrical water @-@ tube boilers trunked into a single funnel . The engines drove a pair of 3 @-@ bladed screw propellers that were 2 @.@ 80 m ( 9 ft 2 in ) wide in diameter . The ships ' engines provided a design speed of 13 @.@ 5 knots ( 25 @.@ 0 km / h ; 15 @.@ 5 mph ) and a range of approximately 3 @,@ 290 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 090 km ; 3 @,@ 790 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . On trials , both ships exceeded their rated speeds , with Schwalbe reaching 14 @.@ 1 knots ( 26 @.@ 1 km / h ; 16 @.@ 2 mph ) and Sperber making 14 @.@ 3 knots ( 26 @.@ 5 km / h ; 16 @.@ 5 mph ) . At these speeds , the cruising radius fell to 1 @,@ 630 nmi ( 3 @,@ 020 km ; 1 @,@ 880 mi ) . To supplement the steam engines , the ships were fitted with a barquentine rig . Steering was controlled by a single rudder . Schwalbe was fitted with one electricity generator rated at 5 kilowatts ( 6 @.@ 7 hp ) at 67 volts during her modernization in 1903 .
= = = Armament = = =
Since Caprivi sought overseas cruisers that would still have significant combat power , the ships were armed with a relatively heavy battery — for ships of their size — of eight 10 @.@ 5 cm K L / 35 guns . These guns were placed in single pedestal mounts and were supplied with 765 rounds of ammunition in total . They had a range of 8 @,@ 200 m ( 26 @,@ 900 ft ) . Four of the guns were mounted in sponsons , with two side by side forward and aft . The remaining four guns were placed amidships in gun ports . Four guns were mounted on each broadside . The gun armament was rounded out by five 3 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) revolver cannon .
= = Ships = =
= = Service history = =
Schwalbe and Sperber spent the majority of their careers on Germany 's colonial stations , where they policed the colonies , suppressed unrest , and showed the flag . Both ships were initially called to German East Africa to help put down the Abushiri Revolt in 1889 – 1890 . Schwalbe remained in the colony after the rebellion was suppressed , but Sperber left for the South Seas Station in German New Guinea . In mid @-@ 1893 , Schwalbe was recalled to Germany for a major overhaul , and Sperber was similarly ordered to return at the end of the year , but while en route she was sent to German Southwest Africa instead . Sperber finally returned to Germany in late 1897 for her overhaul , which was completed the following year . Both ships were decommissioned after their overhauls were finished .
In April 1898 , Schwalbe was recommissioned for another tour abroad . She first returned to German East Africa , where the Second Boer War threatened regional stability ; British warships began seizing German vessels suspected of carrying contraband to the Boers . This created a major diplomatic incident and Schwalbe was sent to protect German shipping in the area . The outbreak of the Boxer Rebellion in Qing China in 1900 proved to be more pressing , and so Schwalbe was sent to join the Eight Nation Alliance that had formed to crush the Boxers . During her deployment to China , she helped blockade the Yangtze and sent landing parties ashore to control unrest in Ningpo . In mid @-@ 1902 , she was recalled to Germany for a second time , was overhauled , and was again decommissioned .
Sperber meanwhile had been reactivated in December 1902 in response to the Venezuela Crisis of 1902 – 03 ; she was sent there in January 1903 , though by the time she arrived the crisis had subsided and she was no longer necessary . She was therefore transferred first to German East Africa , where she remained only briefly before being moved again , this time to the East Asia Squadron . She served in the unit from late 1903 to early 1905 , when she was reassigned to German Southwest Africa . She returned to Germany in early 1911 and was decommissioned in July . In October 1911 Schwalbe was recommissioned for use as a special purposes ship . Initially , she was to be a survey ship , but the Navy instead decided to use her to replace the old aviso Grille as a training ship . Sperber was stricken from the naval register in 1912 and used as a target ship through World War I. Schwalbe continued on as a training ship during the war until 1918 , when she too was employed as a gunnery training target . Both ships were sold for scrapping in August 1920 and were broken up in 1922 in Hamburg .
= Save the Last One =
" Save the Last One " is the third episode of the second season of the post @-@ apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead . It first aired on AMC in the United States on October 30 , 2011 . The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and directed by Phil Abraham . In the episode , Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) and Otis ( Pruitt Taylor Vince ) desperately attempt to flee the walker @-@ infested high school in order to deliver supplies to a dying Carl Grimes ( Chandler Riggs ) . Meanwhile , Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) and Andrea ( Laurie Holden ) continue to search for Sophia Peletier ( Madison Lintz ) .
Production for the episode occurred in July 2011 at Newnan High School in Newnan , Georgia , after receiving approval from the city council and the Coweta County School System . " Save the Last One " was critically acclaimed by television critics , who praised the storyline and the episode 's conclusion . Upon its initial airing , it was watched by 6 @.@ 095 million viewers and garnered a 3 @.@ 1 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings .
= = Plot = =
With Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) and Otis ( Pruitt Taylor Vince ) missing for hours , Hershel Greene ( Scott Wilson ) informs Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) and his wife Lori ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) that he must perform the surgery on their son Carl ( Chandler Riggs ) without the necessary equipment .
Andrea ( Laurie Holden ) and Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) go out in search of Sophia Peletier ( Madison Lintz ) , following her mother Carol ( Melissa McBride ) weeping for her loss . Daryl tells Andrea about his childhood , and expresses hope that they will successfully locate Sophia . They stumble upon an abandoned campsite , encountering an undead walker in the process ( a person who had committed suicide by hanging himself from a tree ) . Daryl insists that they leave the walker alone , but Andrea firmly refuses . He asks her if she wants to continue living , to which she exclaims uncertainty . Before returning to the camp , Daryl euthanizes the walker . Upon returning to the camp , Dale Horvath ( Jeffrey DeMunn ) attempts to reconcile with Andrea by returning her handgun .
Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) and T @-@ Dog ( IronE Singleton ) journey to the Greene home . Upon arrival , Glenn begins to pray for the well @-@ being of his fellow survivors , while T @-@ Dog receives medical treatment for blood poisoning . Meanwhile Carl goes in and out of consciousness , and briefly recalls What Lies Ahead before going into a seizure . A distraught Lori opines to Rick about ending Carl 's suffering , but Rick insists on keeping him alive .
At the high school , Shane and Otis split up after struggling against a horde of walkers . Shane injures his leg while attempting to jump out of a second @-@ story window and Otis hurts his leg after jumping from some retracted bleachers . Upon regrouping , Shane and Otis seemingly are out of options for survival . They begin to limp back to their truck , eventually running low on ammo .
Rick and Lori decide to do the operation without the necessary equipment . As they prepare for the operation , Shane arrives with the medical supplies , but without Otis . He claims that Otis sacrificed himself in order to save Carl . But it is later revealed that Shane actually betrayed Otis , shooting him in the leg and leaving him as bait for the walkers . The episode ends with Shane shaving his head , wiping out evidence of scuffling with Otis .
= = Production = =
Similar to its preceding episode , " Bloodletting " , principal photography for " Save the Last One " commenced in Newnan , Georgia at Newnan High School in July 2011 , after receiving approval from the city council and the Coweta County School System . Site preparation initiated on July 1 , and filming began at the gymnasium of the school over a period of four days from July 7 – 8 and again from July 11 – 12 . The location was temporarily renovated to mirror an abandoned Federal Emergency Management Agency camp . Michael Riley , the production manager for the episode , contacted the Newnan Police Department to collaborate with producers . Because of the large size of the filming location , Riley 's production company notified surrounding neighborhoods to ease inconvenience .
" Save the Last One " marked the final appearance of Pruitt Taylor Vince , whose character was killed off in the episode after Shane shoots him ; this subsequently marks a turning point for him as a false protagonist . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , writer Robert Kirkman explained the reaction of Jon Bernthal to the particular scene :
" Jon Bernthal is a tremendous talent and he ’ s got a lot of professionalism . A lot of the actors came in to the room as we were starting this season and Bernthal was one of those actors . He was aware of a lot of the things that were coming up and we talked to him about his character and what we had planned for him this season and he was on board with a lot of it . It was nice being able to run though scenarios with him and get his opinion on how he perceived his character . Because actors , a lot of times , think about their characters more than the writers because they ’ re focused on that single character for months of their lives , if not years . He was all prepared for this . "
Kirkman expressed that the death of Otis was a " somewhat justifiable homicide " , and retorted that " Otis was slowing him down , and Carl 's life hangs in the balance . " He continued : " It 's [ The Walking Dead ] and we 're existing in that gray area and we 're really pushing the boundaries of that . But at the end of the day , Shane shot that guy and left him for dead and ran off . It 's a pretty dark moment and it informs Shane 's character and sets up a lot of things that are going to be happening moving forward . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Save the Last One " was originally broadcast on October 30 , 2011 in the United States on AMC . It was viewed by 6 @.@ 095 million viewers , and attained a 3 @.@ 1 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode was the highest @-@ rated program of the day , garnering considerably higher ratings than a stock car racing event as part of the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series on ESPN and Next Iron Chef on Food Network . Similarly , the episode became the second highest @-@ rated cable program of the week dated October 30 , attaining significantly higher ratings that WWE Raw but scoring considerably lower than a game between the Baltimore Ravens and the Jacksonville Jaguars as part of the 2011 NFL season . Total viewership and ratings for " Save the Last One " moderately declined from the previous episode , " Bloodletting " , which was viewed by 6 @.@ 70 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 6 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic .
= = = Critical response = = =
" Save the Last One " was critically acclaimed by television critics . IGN 's Eric Goldman praised the episode , giving it a nine out of ten , signifying an " amazing " rating . He opined that it was his favorite episode since the series ' pilot episode , " Days Gone Bye " , and added that " it had scary zombie scenes , good action , interesting character interaction and a revelation at the end that gave us a whole lot to process . " John Serba of The Grand Rapids Press was split on " Save the Last One " ; while asserting that it was " imminently watchable " , he felt that the episode was unbalanced as a whole and criticized the dialogue . Serba wrote : " The show continues to display a disproportionate amount of dialogue compared to the development of its characters . It needs to do a better job of biding its time between crowd @-@ pleasing zombie attacks . " HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall echoed similar thoughts , opining , " the characters need more depth . The show seems to be setting itself out to be a slow @-@ burning character study in the context of a zombie apocalypse — and with enough chase scenes and other scares to entice folks who just want brain @-@ eating action — and the characters need to be more complex than they 've been shown to be so far . "
The Baltimore Sun journalist Andrew Conrad commended the episode , citing that the episodic pace was faster than the preceding episode . Josh Wigler of MTV opined : " Tonight 's episode was all about pairs . Shane and Otis , two soldiers in a foxhole . Rick and Lori , two parents at odds over how to handle their son 's failing condition . Glenn and Maggie , two strangers desperate to make a connection . Andrea and Daryl , two opposites trying to find a reason to move on . Great scenes with all of these duos , and it really goes to show just how fantastic The Walking Dead cast is , both in the loud and quiet moments . " Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club awarded the episode a ' B + ' grade , and felt that the episode was superior to the previous episode . In contrast , Aaron Rutkoff of The Wall Street Journal was less enthusiastic about the episode , expressing , " truth be told , after three episodes very little has happened so far this season . " TV Fanatic 's Sean McKenna asserted that despite not having any direction , " Save the Last One " managed to retain the " tension and action that makes this show a thrill ride every week . " He added : " I 'm sure for some the slow pace in real time is something of a bother , but for me it adds to the intensity of the characters ' situation and the show itself . " McKenna ultimately gave the episode a 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . Similarly , Morgan Jeffrey of Digital Spy stated that the episode was the strongest installment of the season as well as amongst the series ' best installments .
Critics praised the character development of Shane in the episode , as well as the execution of Otis . Nate Rawlings of Time felt that it was a dark moment for the series , and felt that it added anticipation to future development . He wrote : " At some point , Shane will have to come clean with Rick about what happened to Otis . Given Rick ’ s extremely rigid morale [ sic ] code and Shane ’ s now demonstrated willingness to do whatever it takes to survive , the showdown promises to be bigger than just a battle of two alpha males . The Rick / Shane divide is a battle of two leaders with different ideas of humanity and survival . " Mark Maurer of The Star @-@ Ledger opined that " both the multi @-@ layered opening [ ... ] illustrates how Shane ’ s impulsive nature makes him a valuable if ruthless warrior . " Handlen appreciated the character development of Shane , writing , " Shane has long been the dark horse of the group , the one most likely to go off the morality reservation , and this reveal works well to bring him that much closer to darkness . It 's not the subtlest moment [ ... ] but , given how friendly and cool Otis was , and given how well the two seemed to be working together , it 's a strong twist . " He added that because of the death of Otis , the show now has a sense of direction . " His decision to sacrifice Otis is easy enough to rationalize ; somebody had to get back for Carl 's sake , Shane was faster , and both of them probably weren 't going to make it . That 's the beauty of it . In a certain light , he made the right choice . " Morgan Jeffrey wrote : " This week 's installment delivered even more scares than usual — Shane 's escape from the high school was almost unbearably tense . "
= M @-@ 27 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 27 is a north – south state trunkline highway in the extreme north of the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . The trunkline runs between Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) just north of Indian River and Cheboygan , where it meets US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) near Lake Huron . It remains as a relic of the old US 27 which disappeared north of Grayling after being supplanted by I @-@ 75 , which lies close to old US 27 between Grayling and Indian River .
= = Route description = =
I @-@ 75 takes a more direct route between Indian River and Mackinaw City . M @-@ 27 follows old US 27 through Topinabee and Cheboygan . With US 23 it is a scenic , if indirect , alternative to I @-@ 75 on its approach to the Mackinac Bridge . M @-@ 27 runs along the western shore of Mullett Lake and forms the main street of Topinabee . The highway intersects M @-@ 33 near the confluence of the Cheboygan and Black rivers . North of the M @-@ 33 junction , M @-@ 27 runs parallel to the Cheboygan River on the west river bank into downtown Cheboygan .
M @-@ 27 has the local road name of Main Street in Cheboygan and Straits Highway outside of the city . State Street ( US 23 ) and Main Street ( M @-@ 27 ) form the two major streets in the Cheboygan street grid . The main downtown businesses are located along Main Street south to the city limits . The highway has not been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's defense , economy and mobility .
= = History = =
= = = Previous alignment = = =
This is the second time a highway was designated M @-@ 27 in Michigan . The original M @-@ 27 was located in The Thumb , running from the Mount Clemens area east and north through New Baltimore to Port Huron . There it ran through Carsonville and Minden City to Harbor Beach and along Lake Huron to Port Austin . This version of M @-@ 27 was designated by July 1 , 1919 , and would last until 1926 . All of the original M @-@ 27 was given to other contemporary highways including M @-@ 29 ( Mount Clemens to Port Huron ) , M @-@ 51 ( Port Huron to M @-@ 83 ) , and M @-@ 29 ( Harbor Beach to Port Austin ) .
= = = Current alignment = = =
In the late 1950s , US 27 was the main highway connection between Grayling , Gaylord , and Cheboygan . After the construction of the Mackinac Bridge , US 27 was extended north to St. Ignace . The construction of I @-@ 75 in the early 1960s obsoleted the northern portion of US 27 . Between Grayling and Indian River , I @-@ 75 replaced US 27 as the main highway in the area . North of Indian River , I @-@ 75 was built along a different routing . Where US 27 ran northwest through Topinabee to Cheboygan and then concurrently along US 23 to Mackinaw City , I @-@ 75 was built due north of Indian River before turning northwest parallel and several miles inland from Lake Huron , bypassing Cheboygan completely . M @-@ 27 was designated in the latter half of 1961 on the current alignment replacing US 27 which was truncated back to Grayling . Today , the stretch from Grayling to about Wolverine is known as Old 27 , and from there to Indian River , it is called Straits Highway .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Cheboygan County .
= Ernie Fletcher =
Ernest Lee " Ernie " Fletcher ( born November 12 , 1952 ) is an American physician and politician . In 1998 , he was elected to the first of three consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives ; he resigned in 2003 after being elected the 60th Governor of Kentucky and served in that office until 2007 . Prior to his entry into politics , Fletcher was a family practice physician and a Baptist lay minister . He is the second physician to be elected Governor of Kentucky ; the first was Luke P. Blackburn in 1879 . He is a member of the Republican Party .
Fletcher graduated from the University of Kentucky and joined the United States Air Force to pursue his dream of becoming an astronaut . He left the Air Force after budget cuts reduced his squadron 's flying time and earned a degree in medicine , hoping to earn a spot as a civilian on a space mission . Deteriorating eyesight eventually ended those hopes , and he entered private practice as a physician and conducted services as a Baptist lay minister . He became active in politics and was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1994 . Two years later he ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives , but lost to incumbent Scotty Baesler . When Baesler retired to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate , Fletcher again ran for the congressional seat and defeated Democratic state senator Ernesto Scorsone . He soon became one of the House Republican caucus ' top advisors regarding health care legislation , particularly the Patients ' Bill of Rights .
Fletcher was elected governor in 2003 over state Attorney General Ben Chandler . Early in his term , Fletcher achieved some savings to the state by reorganizing the executive branch . He proposed an overhaul to the state tax code in 2004 , but was unable to get it passed through the General Assembly . When Republicans in the state senate insisted on tying the reforms to the state budget , the legislature adjourned without passing either , and the state operated under an executive spending plan drafted by Fletcher until 2005 , when both the budget and the reforms were passed . Later in 2005 , Attorney General Greg Stumbo , the state 's highest @-@ ranking Democrat , launched an investigation into whether the Fletcher administration 's hiring practices violated the state 's merit system . A grand jury returned several indictments against members of Fletcher 's staff , and eventually against Fletcher himself . Fletcher issued pardons for anyone on his staff implicated in the investigation , but did not pardon himself . Though the investigation was ended by an agreement between Fletcher and Stumbo in late 2006 , it continued to overshadow Fletcher 's re @-@ election bid in 2007 . After turning back a challenge in the Republican primary by former Congresswoman Anne Northup , Fletcher lost the general election to Democrat Steve Beshear . After his term as governor , he returned to the medical field as founder and CEO of Alton Healthcare . He is married and has two grown children .
= = Early life = =
Ernest Lee Fletcher was born in Mount Sterling , Kentucky on November 12 , 1952 . He was the third of four children born to Harold Fletcher , Sr. and his wife , Marie . The family owned a farm and operated a general store near the community of Means . Harold Fletcher also worked for Columbia Gas . When Ernie was three weeks old , Harold was transferred to Huntington , West Virginia . Two years later , the Fletchers returned to Robertson County , Kentucky , where they lived until Ernie Fletcher began the first grade . The family moved once more and finally settled in Lexington .
Fletcher attended Lafayette High School in Lexington where he was a member of the National Beta Club . During his senior year , he was an all @-@ state saxophone player and was elected prom king . After graduating in 1970 , he enrolled at the University of Kentucky . He pledged and became a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity . After his freshman year , he married his high school sweetheart , Glenna Foster . The couple had two children , Rachel and Ben , and four grandchildren .
Fletcher aspired to become an astronaut , and joined the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps . In 1974 , he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering , graduating with top honors . After graduation , he joined the U.S. Air Force . After flight training in Oklahoma , he was stationed in Alaska where he served as a F @-@ 4E Aircraft commander and NORAD Alert Force commander . During the Cold War , his duties included commanding squadrons to intercept Soviet military aircraft . In 1980 , as budget cutbacks were reducing his squadron 's flying time , Fletcher turned down a regular commission in the Air Force . He left the Air Force with the rank of captain , having received the Air Force Commendation Medal and the Outstanding Unit Award .
Fletcher enrolled in the University of Kentucky College of Medicine , hoping that a medical degree , along with a military background , would earn him a civilian spot on a space mission . In 1984 , he graduated medical school with a Doctor of Medicine degree , but his deteriorating eyesight forced him to abandon his dreams of becoming an astronaut .
In 1983 , the Lexington Primitive Baptist church that Fletcher attended ordained him as a lay minister . In 1984 , he opened a family medical practice in Lexington . Along with former classmate Dr. James D. B. George , he co @-@ founded the South Lexington Family Physicians in 1987 . For two years , he concurrently held the title of chief executive officer of the Saint Joseph Medical Foundation , an organization that solicits private gifts to Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center in Lexington . In 1989 , Fletcher 's church called him to become its unpaid pastor , but over the years , he grew to question some of the church 's doctrines , desiring it to become more evangelistic . Consequently , he left the Primitive Baptist denomination in 1994 and joined the Porter Memorial Baptist Church , a Southern Baptist congregation .
= = Legislative career = =
Through his church ministry , Fletcher became acquainted with a group of social conservatives that gained control of the Fayette County Republican Party in 1990 . ( Fayette County and the city of Lexington operate under the merged Lexington @-@ Fayette Urban County Government ) . Fletcher accepted an invitation to become a member of the county Republican committee . In 1994 , he was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives , defeating incumbent Democrat Leslie Trapp . He represented Kentucky 's 78th District and served on the Kentucky Commission on Poverty and the Task Force on Higher Education . He was also chosen by Governor Paul E. Patton to assist with reforming the state 's health @-@ care system .
As a result of legislative redistricting in 1996 , Fletcher 's district was consolidated with the one represented by fellow Republican Stan Cave . Rather than challenge a member of his own party , Fletcher decided to run for a seat representing Kentucky 's 6th District in the U.S. House of Representatives later that year . After winning a three @-@ way Republican primary by 4 votes over his closest opponent , he was defeated by incumbent Democrat Scotty Baesler by just over 25 @,@ 000 votes . In 1998 , Baesler resigned his seat to run for the U.S. Senate seat vacated due to the retirement of Senator Wendell H. Ford . Fletcher won the Republican primary for Baesler 's seat by a wide margin . In the general election , Fletcher faced Democrat Ernesto Scorsone . The Lexington Herald @-@ Leader billed the race as " a classic joust between the left and the right " . Fletcher was strongly opposed to abortion , advocated a " flatter , fairer , simpler " tax system , and called for returning most federal education funding to local communities . Scorsone supported abortion rights , called a flat tax " too regressive " , and favored national educational testing and standards . Fletcher defeated Scorsone by a vote of 104 @,@ 046 to 90 @,@ 033 , with third @-@ party candidate W. S. Krogdahl garnering 1 @,@ 839 votes .
Within months of arriving in Washington , D.C. , Fletcher was selected as the leadership liaison for the 17 @-@ member freshman class of Republican legislators . He was appointed to the Committee on Education and Workforce , and John Boehner , chair of the committee 's employer / employee relations subcommittee , chose Fletcher as his vice @-@ chair . The committee 's purpose is to oversee the rules for employer @-@ paid health plans , among other issues , and although it is rare for a freshman legislator to attain a committee leadership post , Boehner cited Fletcher 's experience in the medical field and work on reforming the Kentucky health care system as reasons for the appointment . Fletcher also served as a member of the House Committees on the Budget and Agriculture . In June 1999 , he sponsored an amendment to a youth violence bill that allowed school districts to use federal funds to develop curricula which included elements designed to promote and enhance students ' moral character ; the amendment passed 422 — 1 . Later , Fletcher was assigned to the Committee on Energy and Commerce and was selected as chairman of the Policy Subcommittee on Health .
During the debate over the proposed Patients ' Bill of Rights legislation , Fletcher opposed a Democratic proposal that would have allowed individuals to sue their health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) , favoring instead a more limited bill drafted by Republican leadership that expanded the patient 's ability to appeal HMO decisions . Many doctors in the Republican legislative caucus felt their party 's bill did not go far enough ; Fletcher and Tennessee Senator Bill Frist were notable exceptions . Fletcher 's position cost him the support of the Kentucky Medical Association ( KMA ) . After contributing to his campaign against Scorsone in 1998 , KMA backed Scotty Baesler 's bid to regain his old seat from Fletcher in 2000 . However , Baesler only captured 35 percent of the vote to Fletcher 's 53 percent . The remaining 12 percent went to third @-@ party candidate Gatewood Galbraith .
After the 2000 election , Fletcher crafted a compromise bill that allowed patients to sue their HMOs in federal court , capped pain and suffering awards at $ 500 @,@ 000 , and eliminated punitive damage awards . Despite an eventual compromise allowing patient lawsuits to go to state courts under certain circumstances and heavy lobbying in favor of Fletcher 's bill by President George W. Bush , the House refused to pass it , favoring an alternative proposal by Georgia 's Charlie Norwood that was less restrictive on patient lawsuits .
Fletcher faced no major @-@ party opposition in his re @-@ election bid in 2002 after the only Democrat in the race , 24 @-@ year @-@ old Roy Miller Cornett Jr . , withdrew his candidacy . Independent Gatewood Galbraith again made the race ; Libertarian Mark Gailey also mounted a challenge . In the final vote tally , Fletcher received 115 @,@ 522 votes to Galbraith 's 41 @,@ 853 and Gailey 's 3 @,@ 313 .
= = 2003 gubernatorial election = =
In 2002 , Fletcher was encouraged by Senator Mitch McConnell , the leader of Kentucky 's Republican Party , to run for governor and formed an exploratory committee the same year . On December 2 , 2002 , he announced that he would run on a ticket with McConnell aide Hunter Bates . Early in 2003 , a Republican college student named Curtis Shain challenged Bates ' candidacy on grounds that he did not meet the residency requirements set forth for the lieutenant governor in the state constitution . Under the constitution , candidates for both governor and lieutenant governor must be citizens of the state for at least six years prior to the election . From August 1995 to February 2002 , Bates and his wife rented an apartment in Alexandria , Virginia while Bates was working for a law firm in Washington , D.C. , and later , as McConnell 's chief of staff . Bob Heleringer , a former state representative from suburban Louisville and the running mate of Republican gubernatorial candidate Steve Nunn , joined the suit as a plaintiff . In March 2003 , an Oldham County judge ruled that Bates had not established residency in Kentucky . He cited the fact that from 1995 to 2002 , Bates held a Virginia driver 's license , paid Virginia income taxes , and " regularly " slept in his apartment in Virginia . Bates did not appeal the ruling because by allowing the judge to declare a vacancy on the ballot , Fletcher was able to name a replacement running mate , an option that would not have been afforded him had Bates withdrawn .
Fletcher chose Steve Pence , United States Attorney for the Western District of Kentucky , as his new running mate . Heleringer continued his legal challenge , first claiming that Bates ' ineligibility should have invalidated the entire Fletcher / Bates ticket and then that Fletcher should not have been allowed to name a replacement for an unqualified candidate . The Kentucky Supreme Court rejected that argument on May 7 , 2003 , though the justices ' reasons for doing so varied and the final opinion conceded that " [ t ] his is a close case on the law , and Heleringer has presented legal issues worthy of this court 's time and attention " . The state Board of Elections instructed all county clerks to count absentee ballots cast for Fletcher and Bates as votes for Fletcher and Pence .
In the Republican primary , Fletcher received 53 percent of the vote , besting Nunn , Jefferson County judge / executive Rebecca Jackson , and state senator Virgil Moore . In the Democratic primary , Attorney General Ben Chandler defeated Speaker of the House Jody Richards . Chandler , the grandson of former governor A. B. " Happy " Chandler , was hurt in the closing days of the campaign when a third challenger , businessman Bruce Lunsford dropped out of the race and endorsed Richards . Chandler won the Democratic primary by just 3 @.@ 7 percentage points and was forced to reorganize his campaign . Consequently , Fletcher entered the general election as the favorite .
Due to the funding from the Republican Governors Association , Fletcher held a two @-@ to @-@ one fundraising advantage over Chandler . A sex @-@ for @-@ favors scandal that ensnared sitting Democratic governor Paul Patton , as well as a predicted $ 710 million shortfall in the upcoming budget , damaged the entire Democratic slate of candidates ' chances for election . Fletcher capitalized on these issues , promising to " clean up the mess " in Frankfort , and won the election by a vote of 596 @,@ 284 to 487 @,@ 159 . In all , Republicans captured four of the seven statewide constitutional offices in 2003 ; Trey Grayson was elected Secretary of State and Richie Farmer was elected Commissioner of Agriculture . Fletcher resigned his seat in the House on December 8 , 2003 and assumed the governorship the following day . Fletcher 's victory made him the first Republican elected governor of Kentucky since 1971 , and his margin of victory was the largest ever for a Republican in a Kentucky gubernatorial election .
= = Governor of Kentucky = =
Fletcher made economic development a priority , and Kentucky ranked fourth among all U.S. states in number of jobs created during his administration . One of his first actions as governor was to reorganize the executive branch , condensing the number of cabinet positions from fourteen to nine . He dissolved the former Kentucky Horse Racing Commission and instead created the Kentucky Horse Racing Authority to promote and regulate the state 's horse racing industry . To improve the state 's management of Medicaid , he rolled back some of the program 's requirements and unveiled a plan to focus on improvements in care , benefit management , and technology . Fletcher also launched " Get Healthy Kentucky ! , " an initiative to promote healthier lifestyles for Kentuckians .
= = = 2004 state budget dispute = = =
Throughout Fletcher 's term , the Kentucky Senate was controlled by Republicans , while Democrats held a majority in the state House of Representatives . Consequently , Fletcher had difficulty getting legislation enacted in the General Assembly . Early in the 2004 legislative session , he presented a plan for tax reform that he claimed was " revenue neutral " and would " modernize " the state tax code . The plan was drafted with input from seven Democratic legislators in the House , none of them in leadership roles , leading to claims that Fletcher was trying to circumvent House leadership . As the session wore on , Republicans insisted on tying the tax reform package to the proposed state budget , while Democrats wanted to vote on the measures separately . Despite last minute attempts at a compromise as the session drew to a close , the Assembly passed neither the tax reform package nor a state budget . The contentious session ended with only a few accomplishments , including passage of a fetal homicide law , an anti @-@ price gouging measure , and a law barring the state public service commission from regulating broadband Internet providers beyond what restrictions were put in place by the Federal Communications Commission .
The 2004 session marked the second consecutive session in which the General Assembly had failed to pass a biennial budget ; the first occurred in 2002 under Governor Patton . When the fiscal year ended without a budget in place , responsibility for state expenditures fell to Fletcher . As it had been in 2002 , spending was governed by an executive spending plan created by the governor . Democratic Attorney General Greg Stumbo filed suit asking for a determination on the extent of Fletcher 's ability to spend without legislative approval . A similar suit , filed after the 2002 session ended in deadlock , was rendered moot when the legislature passed a budget in a special session prior to the conclusion of the lawsuit . A judicial review by a Franklin County circuit court judge approved Fletcher 's spending plan but forbade spending on new capital projects and programs . In late December 2004 , a judge ruled that Fletcher 's plan could continue to govern spending until the end of the fiscal year on June 30 , 2005 , but " thereafter " executive spending was to be limited to " funds demonstrated to be for limited and specific essential services . "
On May 19 , 2005 , the Kentucky Supreme Court issued a 4 – 3 decision stating that the General Assembly had acted unconstitutionally by not passing a budget and that Fletcher had acted outside his constitutional authority by spending money not specifically appropriated by the legislature . The majority opinion rejected the lower court 's exception for " specific essential services " , saying " If the legislative department fails to appropriate funds deemed sufficient to operate the executive department at a desired level of services , the executive department must serve the citizenry as best it can with what it is given . If the citizenry deems those services insufficient , it will exercise its own constitutional power — the ballot . " Chief Justice Joseph Lambert dissented , claiming the executive spending plan was necessary . Two other justices , in a separate opinion , disagreed with the majority that federal and state constitutional mandates should still be funded in the absence of a budget . In their dissent , they argued that the threat of a government shutdown would act as an impetus for the General Assembly to engage in timely budget @-@ making . The decision took no retroactive steps to change the actions it ruled unconstitutional , but it served as a precedent for any future cases of budgetary gridlock .
= = = Legislative interim and 2005 legislative session = = =
In June 2004 , Fletcher 's aircraft caused a security scare that triggered a brief evacuation of the U.S. Capitol and Supreme Court building . Shortly after takeoff en route to memorial services for former president Ronald Reagan , the transponder on Fletcher 's plane malfunctioned , leading officials at Reagan National Airport to report an unauthorized aircraft entering restricted airspace . Two F @-@ 15 fighters were dispatched to investigate , and Fletcher 's plane was escorted to its destination by two Blackhawk helicopters . The plane , a 33 @-@ year @-@ old Beechcraft King Air , was the oldest of its model still in operation . An investigation by the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) found that the crew of Fletcher 's plane maintained radio contact with air traffic officials and received clearance to enter the restricted air space . The investigation determined that miscommunication by air traffic controllers sparked the panic , and in the aftermath of the incident , the FAA adopted policies to prevent future errors of a similar nature .
In July 2004 , Fletcher announced a plan to unify the state 's branding to improve its public perception . Shortly after the announcement , late @-@ night comedians Craig Kilborn and Jay Leno made some tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek suggestions for the new slogan on The Late Late Show and The Tonight Show , respectively . In response , Fletcher wrote a letter to both comedians taking exception to the jokes and was invited to appear on both programs . Citing Leno 's larger audience and earlier time slot , Fletcher agreed to appear on The Tonight Show , where he presented Leno with a Louisville Slugger baseball bat and traded jocular barbs about the relative advantages of Kentucky and Los Angeles where The Tonight Show is taped . Eventually , four slogans were chosen to be voted on online as well as at interstate travel centers . In December 2004 , " Kentucky : Unbridled Spirit " was chosen as the winning slogan and was printed on road signs , state documents , and souvenirs . A 2007 study determined that 88 @.@ 9 % of Kentuckians could correctly identify the slogan and its logo . Further , 64 % of those surveyed across a ten @-@ state region recognized the slogan and logo , higher than any other brand tested in the study .
In the second half of 2004 , Fletcher proposed changes to the health benefits of state workers and retirees . Fletcher 's plan provided discounts for members who engaged in healthier behavior , which he called a transition from a sickness initiative to a wellness initiative . Acknowledging that out @-@ of @-@ pocket expenses would rise , Fletcher proposed a 1 % salary increase to offset the additional costs . State employees , particularly public school teachers , broadly opposed Fletcher 's plan , and the Kentucky Educators Association called for an indefinite strike , to begin October 27 , 2004 . To address the opposition , Fletcher called a special session of the legislature to begin October 5 , 2004 . Although the state was still operating under an executive spending plan , Fletcher did not include the budget or his tax reform proposal in the session 's agenda , a move praised by both parties , allowing them to focus only on concerns over the health plan . In a fifteen @-@ day session , the General Assembly passed a plan that allocated $ 190 million more to health insurance for state workers and restored many of the most popular benefits in the previous insurance plan . Immediately after the session adjourned , the Kentucky Educators Association voted to cancel their proposed strike .
On November 8 , 2004 , Fletcher signed a death warrant for Thomas Clyde Bowling , who was convicted of a double murder in 1990 and sentenced to death by lethal injection . A group of doctors requested an investigation by the Kentucky Board of Medical Licensure to determine whether Fletcher 's medical license should be revoked for that action . Kentucky requires doctors to follow the guidelines of the American Medical Association , which forbid doctors from participating in an execution . On January 13 , 2005 , the Board of Medical Licensure found that Fletcher was acting in his capacity as governor , not as a doctor , when he signed the warrant and ruled that his license was not subject to forfeiture by that action .
During the General Assembly 's 2005 session , Fletcher again proposed his tax reform plan , and late in the session , both houses passed it . The plan raised sin taxes on cigarettes and alcohol , as well as upping taxes on satellite television service and motel rooms . Businesses were also subjected to a gross receipts tax . In exchange , corporate taxes were lowered , as were income taxes for individuals who earned less than $ 75 @,@ 000 annually ; 300 @,@ 000 low @-@ wage earners were dropped from the income tax rolls altogether . The Assembly also passed a budget for the remainder of the biennium , abolished the state 's public campaign finance laws , and passed new school nutrition guidelines .
= = = Merit system investigation = = =
In May 2005 , Attorney General Stumbo began an investigation of allegations that the Fletcher administration circumvented the state merit system for hiring , promoting , demoting and firing state employees by basing decisions on employees ' political loyalties . The investigation was prompted by a 276 @-@ page complaint filed by Douglas W. Doerting , the assistant personnel director for the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet . Fletcher , who was on a trade mission in Japan when news of the investigation broke , conceded via telephone news conference that his office may have made " mistakes " with regard to hiring that stemmed from not having a formal process for handling employment recommendations . Upon his return from Japan , Fletcher denied that the " mistakes " by his administration were illegal and called the investigation by Stumbo " the beginning of the 2007 governor 's race " , an allusion to Stumbo 's potential candidacy in 2007 . Stumbo denied any plans to run for governor in 2007 , although he eventually became gubernatorial candidate Bruce Lunsford 's running mate in the election , losing in the Democratic primary .
A grand jury was empaneled in June 2005 to investigate the charges against Fletcher 's administration . By August , the jury had returned indictments against nine administration officials , including state Republican Party chairman Darrell Brock Jr. and acting Transportation Secretary Bill Nighbert . All of the indictments were for misdemeanors such as conspiracy except those against Administrative Services Commissioner Dan Druen , who was charged with 22 felonies ( 20 counts of physical evidence tampering and 2 counts of witness tampering ) in addition to 13 misdemeanors . On August 29 , Fletcher granted pardons to the nine indicted administration officials and issued a blanket pardon for " any and all persons who have committed , or may be accused of committing , any offense " with regard to the investigation . Fletcher exempted himself from the blanket pardon . The next day , Fletcher was called to testify before the grand jury , but refused to answer any questions , invoking his Fifth Amendment right against self @-@ incrimination .
In mid @-@ September , after Fletcher issued the pardons , a Courier @-@ Journal poll found Fletcher 's approval rating at 38 percent , tying the lowest rating reached by his predecessor , Paul E. Patton , during the sex scandal that tarnished his administration . On September 14 , 2005 , Fletcher fired nine employees , including four of the nine he pardoned two weeks earlier . The firings were praised by Fletcher critic Charles Wells of the Kentucky Association of State Employees , who said : " When all else fails , the governor did the right thing . " However , Democratic state senator and former governor Julian Carroll criticized Fletcher for not firing the indicted officials when he issued the pardons . Fletcher also called for the firing of state Republican Party chair Darrell Brock , Jr. due to Brock 's role in the merit scandal . The state Republican executive committee met on September 17 , but did not act on Fletcher 's call to fire Brock .
The grand jury continued its investigation , issuing five more indictments after Fletcher issued his blanket pardon . Two were returned against members of Fletcher 's staff , and two were against unpaid advisors to Fletcher . The fifth was issued against Acting Secretary Nighbert for retaliation against a whistleblower . Only the additional charge against Nighbert was alleged to have occurred after Fletcher issued the pardon . On October 24 , 2005 , Fletcher filed a motion asking Franklin Circuit Court Judge William Graham to order the grand jury to stop issuing indictments for offenses that occurred prior to the blanket pardon ; only the names of indicted officials could be included in the jury 's final report . On November 16 , Graham ruled that the grand jury could continue issuing indictments , but in a separate ruling , dismissed the indictments against Fletcher 's staff and volunteer advisors on grounds that they were covered by the pardon . Graham did not rule on the latest indictment against Nighbert . The Kentucky Court of Appeals affirmed Graham 's ruling on December 16 . Immediately after the Court of Appeals ' ruling , Fletcher announced his intent to appeal the ruling to the Kentucky Supreme Court .
= = = 2006 legislative session = = =
On February 12 , 2006 , shortly after the beginning of the General Assembly 's legislative session , Fletcher was hospitalized with abdominal pain . Doctors at St. Joseph East hospital in Lexington found a gallstone in his common bile duct and also diagnosed him with an inflamed pancreas and gallbladder disease . After surgery to remove the gallbladder , Fletcher developed a blood infection that slowed his recovery , but was discharged from the hospital on March 1 . Days later , he returned to St. Joseph 's with a blood clot which had to be dissolved , resulting in another five @-@ day stay in the hospital . Fletcher staffers insisted that his absence did not have a negative impact on his ability to get legislation passed during the session . A right @-@ to @-@ work law and a repeal of the state 's prevailing wage law – both advocated by Fletcher – failed early in the session , but both had been considered unlikely to pass before the session started . Among the bills that did pass the session were a mandatory seat belt law , a law requiring children under 16 years old to wear a helmet when operating an all @-@ terrain vehicle , and legislation allowing the Ten Commandments to be posted on Capitol grounds in a historical context .
The Assembly passed a biennial budget , but did not allow enough time in the session to reconvene and potentially override any of Fletcher 's vetoes . In an attempt to avoid " excessive debt " , Fletcher used his line @-@ item veto to trim $ 370 million in projects from the budget passed by the Assembly . Although falling far short of his initial prediction of vetoing $ 938 million , Fletcher used the line @-@ item veto more than any other governor in state history . One project not vetoed by Fletcher was $ 11 million for the University of the Cumberlands to build a pharmacy school . LGBT rights groups had asked Fletcher to veto the funds because the university , a private Baptist school , had expelled a student for being openly gay .
One of Fletcher 's priorities that was not resolved during the session was the correction of unintended tax increases on businesses that resulted from the tax reform plan passed in 2005 . Fletcher called a special legislative session for mid @-@ June so that the legislature could amend the plan and also authorize tax breaks designed to lure a proposed FutureGen power plant to Henderson . Republican Senate President David L. Williams asked Fletcher to include tax breaks for other businesses as well , but Fletcher insisted on a sparse legislative agenda . The session convened for five days and passed the tax breaks and amended tax reform plan unanimously in both houses . Fletcher applauded the legislature 's efficiency .
= = = Investigation concludes = = =
As the Kentucky Supreme Court prepared to hear Fletcher 's appeal on whether the grand jury could continue to indict people covered by his blanket pardon , two of the court 's seven justices recused themselves from the case , citing conflicts of interest . Kentucky 's constitution provides that , in the case of more than one recusal on the court , the governor is to appoint special justices to replace them . Accordingly , Fletcher named two replacements , but one of those – Circuit Judge Jeffrey Burdette – declined to serve on grounds that he had contributed to Fletcher 's 2003 gubernatorial campaign . Fletcher then named another special justice to replace Burdette , consistent with a precedent set by former Democratic Governor Brereton Jones . Stumbo challenged this third appointment , claiming that Burdette 's refusal to serve created only one vacancy on the court , and that the case could be tried with six justices . The Kentucky Supreme Court sustained Stumbo 's complaint . In a 4 – 2 ruling issued May 18 , 2006 , the Kentucky Supreme Court barred the grand jury from issuing further indictments against individuals covered by Fletcher 's blanket pardon , reversing the Court of Appeals . The ruling did not affect indictments for crimes allegedly committed after the pardon was issued . The Supreme Court also held that the grand jury could issue a general report of its findings at the conclusion of its investigation , but left open the question of whether the names of unindicted individuals could appear in the report . A later decision by the Court of Appeals found that unindicted individuals could not be named in the report .
Just prior to the Supreme Court 's ruling , the grand jury handed down indictments against Fletcher for three misdemeanors – conspiracy , official misconduct , and political discrimination . Fletcher did not appear at his arraignment on June 9 because he was on vacation in Florida ; his attorney entered " not guilty " pleas to all three charges on his behalf . On August 11 , 2006 , Special Judge David E. Melcher ruled that because the personnel violations were allegedly committed while Fletcher was acting in his official capacity as governor , he was protected by executive immunity and could not be prosecuted until he left office . Melcher asked that the two sides work together to reach a settlement in the case . On August 24 , Fletcher and Stumbo announced such an agreement . Under the settlement , Fletcher acknowledged that evidence " strongly indicate [ d ] wrongdoing by his administration " but did not admit any wrongdoing personally . Fletcher also acknowledged that Stumbo 's prosecution of the case " [ was a ] necessary and proper [ exercise ] of his constitutional duty " and ensured that abuses of the merit system would be ended . In addition to dropping the charges against Fletcher , Stumbo conceded that any violations by Fletcher 's administration were " without malice " . Four members of the state Personnel Board who were appointed by Fletcher were required to step down . Their replacements would be chosen by Fletcher from a list provided by Stumbo .
The grand jury issued its report on the investigation in October 2006 , and a judge ordered it released to the public on November 16 . The report categorized the Fletcher administration 's actions as " a widespread and coordinated plan to violate merit hiring laws . " It charged that " This investigation was not about a few people here and there who made some mistakes as Governor Ernie Fletcher had claimed , " and lamented that the blanket pardon issued by Fletcher , coupled with Fletcher taking the Fifth , made it " difficult to get to the bottom of the facts of this case .... As a result , [ the grand jury was ] in part forced to rely on documentary evidence to piece together the facts of the case . " Fletcher opined that the allegations in the report were inconsistent with his settlement with Stumbo , which acknowledged that Fletcher 's administration acted " without malice . "
= = 2007 gubernatorial election = =
In early 2005 , Fletcher announced his intent to run for re @-@ election . Shortly after Fletcher was indicted by the grand jury in 2006 , Lieutenant Governor Pence announced that he would not be Fletcher 's running mate during his re @-@ election bid . Fletcher asked for Pence 's immediate resignation as lieutenant governor . Pence declined , but did tender his resignation as head of the Justice Cabinet . Fletcher named his executive secretary , Robbie Rudolph , as his new running mate .
Although Fletcher 's agreement with Stumbo to end the investigation was announced in late 2006 , the scandal continued to plague his re @-@ election bid , and he drew two challengers in the Republican primary – former Third District Congresswoman Anne Northup and multi @-@ millionaire Paducah businessman Billy Harper . Senator Mitch McConnell , the consensus leader of the Kentucky Republican Party , declined to make an endorsement in the primary , but conceded that Northup was " a formidable opponent " . Northup campaigned on the idea that Fletcher 's involvement in the hiring scandal had made him " unelectable " . Northup secured the endorsements of Jim Bunning , Kentucky 's other Republican senator , and Lieutenant Governor Pence . In the primary , Fletcher garnered over 50 % of the vote and secured the party 's nomination . His rival Northup struggled with name recognition and found few areas of support outside the Louisville district she represented in Congress . She garnered 36 @.@ 5 % of the vote , with the remaining 13 @.@ 4 % going to Billy Harper . Democrats nominated former Lieutenant Governor Steve Beshear to challenge Fletcher .
In the midst of the primary campaign , the 2007 General Assembly convened . Among the accomplishments of the session were raising the state 's minimum wage to $ 7 @.@ 25 per hour , increasing the speed limit on major state highways to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) , and implementing new safety requirements for social workers and coal miners . Additional legislation stalled after negotiations over how to make the state 's retirement system solvent reached an impasse . Fletcher indicated that he would consider calling the Assembly into special session later in the year . In July , Fletcher called the session and included 67 items on its agenda . Democrats in the state House of Representatives maintained that none of the items were urgent enough to warrant a special session . They claimed the call was an attempt by Fletcher to boost his sagging poll numbers against Beshear , and the House adjourned after only 90 minutes without acting on any of Fletcher 's agenda . Fletcher denied the claims and insisted that a tax incentive program was needed immediately to keep the state in the running for a proposed coal gasification plant to be built by Peabody Energy . After negotiating with legislators , Fletcher called another session for August ; the session included only the tax incentive program , which the Assembly passed .
In the general election campaign , Fletcher attempted to make the expansion of casino gambling , rather than the merit system investigation , the central issue . Beshear favored holding a referendum on a constitutional amendment to allow expanded casino gambling in the state , while Fletcher maintained that expanded gambling would bring an increase in crime and societal ills . The gambling issue failed to gain as much traction as the hiring scandal , however , and Beshear defeated Fletcher by a vote of 619 @,@ 686 to 435 @,@ 895 .
After the election , Fletcher founded Alton Healthcare , a consulting firm that helps healthcare providers make efficient use of technology in their practice . He has served as CEO of the company , which is based in Cincinnati , Ohio , since 2008 .
= Land Question =
The ' Land Question ' , as it pertains to the history of Prince Edward Island , Canada , related to the question of the system of ownership of land on the island . Proprietors , the owners of the land parcels on Prince Edward Island , favoured a system of renting to tenants , whilst the tenants preferred a system of freehold . In 1767 the British government divided all land in Prince Edward Island into lots to be owned by ' proprietors ' who would collect rent from the settlers , or ' tenants ' . Problems soon arose with this scheme , and low numbers of tenants resulted in proprietors collecting little rent , which in turn led to many proprietors defaulting on their quitrents . An attempt at compulsorily acquiring the land by the Prince Edward Island government from rent defaulters in 1781 resulted in Colonial Office intervention in 1783 . In 1786 , Governor Walter Patterson , who set in motion the compulsory acquisition , was removed from office .
In 1797 , the Escheat Movement was born with the goal of convincing the Crown to acquire land from the proprietors and sell it back to the tenants . In 1803 , members of this Movement won seats in the General Assembly of Prince Edward Island , but their attempts to set in motion the escheat scheme were blocked by the British government . In the following years , a number of General Assemblies attempted to acquire land from the proprietors , but were repeatedly blocked by the British government . Following an unsuccessful attempt at civil disobedience in 1864 @-@ 65 , the proprietors gradually pulled out of the real estate market , selling their land piece @-@ by @-@ piece back to the local governments of the Island for sale to the occupants of their land . In 1873 , Prince Edward Island joined the Canadian Confederation on the condition that the proprietors / tenants system be scrapped , ending the ' Land Question ' in the province .
= = Background = =
In 1763 , the Treaty of Paris resulted in the transfer of Prince Edward Island from France to the United Kingdom . In 1767 , a system of land ownership was established in which the island was divided into 67 lots of about 20 @,@ 000 acres ( 81 km2 ) each , with settlers living on parcels of this land rented out by the proprietors , or the owners of the lots of land . Ownership of the lots of land was determined by a lottery held in London , the winners of which were mostly political , business and military figures with connections to those in the British government . In 1769 , under pressure from the proprietors who worried that a Nova Scotia legislature would force them to give up their property rights , the British government granted Prince Edward Island autonomy .
= = Initial conflict = =
Almost immediately after the establishment of the new system , conflict arose . The American Revolutionary War drove potential settlers away from Prince Edward Island . This caused two problems - firstly , it made it difficult for proprietors to fulfill an obligation attached to their grants , to settle one person per 200 acres ( 81 ha ) within ten years of the system 's commencement , and secondly , it meant that the proprietors were not being paid much rent , as there were not many tenants to pay it . This meant that the proprietors were unable , or at least not willing , to pay the required quitrent to the Crown . Conflict also arose between the tenants and the proprietors . As the lottery for Prince Edward Island land was held in London , and most of the proprietors were important figures from the United Kingdom , most of the proprietors did not actually live in British North America . This meant that many neglected their obligations to the settlers .
In 1774 , the government of Prince Edward Island passed the Quit Rent Act 1774 to force the proprietors to pay their dues to maintain civil infrastructure on the island . However , many proprietors continued to simply not pay their quitrent . In 1781 , the government , led by Governor Walter Patterson , compulsory acquires approximately half of the island using a process known as escheat . That same year , the government held a public auction to sell off the land that had been compulsorily acquired . However , following a concerted effort by the proprietors to get the Colonial Office to reverse the action , the Crown overturned the sales conducted at the auction in 1783 . The proprietors requested that Governor Patterson be removed from his office , and the Colonial Office did so in 1786 .
= = Escheat Movement = =
In 1797 the Escheat Movement was born . Under the scheme proposed by the movement , land would be forfeited to the Crown should proprietors default on their quitrents , and tenants would be given the option of either purchasing part of the forfeited land or leasing it from the Crown . Members of the movement won a large majority in the General Assembly of Prince Edward Island in 1802 , and in 1803 a law to implement escheat was passed by the legislature . However , the government of the United Kingdom would not abandon its principle of supporting property rights and refused to grant the bill Royal Assent .
In 1832 , a tax was placed on land owned by the proprietors . In exchange for collecting the tax , the government promised to abandon its attempts to enforce the payment of quitrents . In 1836 , a bill was passed to place a penal tax on unoccupied land . Although the Colonial Office initially refused to recommend Royal Assent , comments by Lord Durham led the Privy Council to give Royal Assent to the bill in 1838 . Despite the change in property arrangements in Prince Edward Island with the introduction of these taxes , tenants were still unable to take possession of their land . In 1830 , Roman Catholics were given the vote , and in 1838 the Escheat Party won a large majority in the General Assembly . Another bill to implement escheat passed the lower house , but was rejected by the Legislative Council . The leader of the Escheat Party , William Cooper , travelled to London to meet the Colonial Secretary , but he was turned away without a meeting . Instead , the Secretary advised the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island that the government would not recommend assent to any bill advocating escheat . The Escheat Movement disintegrated .
= = Settlement ( Sulivan and Stewart ) = =
In 1851 , the Liberals gained office on Prince Edward Island . They immediately went about putting in place measures to gradually dismantle the proprietor / tenant system , although their efforts generally had limited effect largely because Samuel Cunard , who owned one @-@ sixth of the Island , refused to sell any of his land . In 1864 , the tenants organised into the Tenant League , and vowed to resist the collection of rent by their proprietors . Efforts by law enforcement to quell this rebellion had little effect , so the government of the island requested the assistance of British troops to enforce the collection of rent . In 1865 , British troops arrived in the colony and successfully enforced the collection of the unpaid rent , and the Tenant League crumbled . It appeared that the operation of the Tenant League was a matter of principle rather than practical necessity ; the rent paid by tenants to the proprietors was to the amount of one shilling per acre , and the proprietors allowed rent to go unpaid for years at a time .
In the following years , many of the proprietors pulled out of the real estate market and voluntarily sold their property to the government so that sale to the land 's occupiers could be facilitated . In 1873 , Prince Edward Island joined the Canadian Confederation . One of the terms of the Island joining the Confederation was the sale of the estates of land to their occupiers . The agreement to join the Confederation contained a clause outlining the possibility that the federal government of Canada could provide a grant of up to CA $ 800 @,@ 000 to the provincial government to facilitate the purchase of the land from the proprietors . In 1875 , through the ' The Commissioners Appointed Under The Provisions of The Land Purchase Act , 1875 ' all of the outstanding proprietor @-@ owned land was compulsorily purchased by the provincial government , at rates decided by a ' Commission of Enquiry ' .
The two largest landholders to be ' bought @-@ out ' by the new Canadian province , in 1875 , did not readily agree with their forced sale , facilitated by the articles of the Land Purchase Act ( 1875 ) . On Monday , August 23rd , 1875 , The ‘ Commission of Enquiry ’ began its enquiry of the largest estate , of an ' absentee ' landowner , that of ( Laurence Sulivan ) Charlotte Antonia Sulivan of some 66 @,@ 937 acres . She being awarded : $ 81 @,@ 500 CAD 1875 , at $ 1 @.@ 22 per acre , Miss Sulivan challenged the authority of the Commissioners in their proceedings against her , she seeing the award set aside on appeal to the Supreme Court of PEI . She claiming $ 239 @,@ 185 CAD 1875 , the Province , appealing , for The Commissioner of Public Lands , took her challenge to the Supreme Court of Canada , it being The Court ’ s first case , Kelly v Sulivan , sustained the forced sale and award .
On Friday , August 27th , 1875 , The ‘ Commission of Enquiry ’ enquired as to the estate of Robert Bruce Stewart , then the largest ‘ resident ’ proprietor on PEI , owning some 66 @,@ 727 acres . Upon his father 's death in 1852 , Robert Bruce Stewart inherited , by title , Lots 7 , 10 , 12 , and 30 as well as parts of Lots 27 , 46 , and 47 . He having fought long and hard against the legislation enabling the Land Purchase Act 1875 , against a claim of $ 240 @,@ 905 , the ‘ Commission of Enquiry ’ awarded him just $ 76 @,@ 500 CAD 1875 , the lowest per acre award , at $ 1 @.@ 15 per acre . >
= French battleship Patrie =
Patrie was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the French Navy built in the early 1900s . She had one sister ship , République . Patrie was laid down at the La Seyne shipyard in April 1902 , launched in December 1903 , and completed three years later in December 1906 , the same time as the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought . Armed with a main battery of four 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns , she was outclassed by Dreadnought , which mounted ten guns of the same caliber , by the time she entered service .
Patrie served in the Mediterranean Fleet for the duration of her career . She accidentally torpedoed République during fleet maneuvers in 1910 . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she covered troop convoys from Algeria to France , and participated in the sinking of the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta later that month . She spent the majority of the war in Corfu at the mouth of the Adriatic Sea , to keep the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet bottled up in the Adriatic . In May 1916 , she shot down a German zeppelin off Salonica . The ship was eventually stricken in 1921 and broken up for scrap thereafter .
= = Design = =
Patrie was laid down at the La Seyne shipyard on 1 April 1902 , launched on 17 December 1903 , and completed in December 1906 , at the same time as the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought , which rendered the pre @-@ dreadnoughts like Patrie outdated . The ship was 133 @.@ 81 meters ( 439 ft 0 in ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 24 @.@ 26 m ( 79 ft 7 in ) and a full @-@ load draft of 8 @.@ 41 m ( 27 ft 7 in ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 900 metric tons ( 14 @,@ 700 long tons ; 16 @,@ 400 short tons ) at full load , slightly more than her sister République . She had a crew of between 766 and 825 officers and enlisted men . She was powered by three vertical triple expansion engines with twenty @-@ four Niclausse boilers . They were rated at 18 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 13 @,@ 000 kW ) and provided a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 1 @,@ 800 t ( 1 @,@ 800 long tons ; 2 @,@ 000 short tons ) .
Patrie 's main battery consisted of four Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 / 96 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of eighteen Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893 guns ; twelve were mounted in twin turrets , and six in casemates in the hull . She also carried twenty @-@ five 3 @-@ pounder guns . The ship was also armed with two 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . The ship 's main belt was 280 mm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 350 mm ( 13 @.@ 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower had 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) thick sides .
= = Service history = =
While Patrie was still conducting sea trials on 29 May 1907 , a condenser pipe in one of her boilers burst . Several stokers were scalded , and the ship had to return to Toulon to have the condenser pipe replaced . After entering service , she was assigned to the 1st Division of the Mediterranean Fleet , along with her sister République and Suffren , the divisional flagship . She was present for the annual summer maneuvers in June – July of that year , where she acted with several other battleships as a hostile force . While in a drydock on 3 July 1907 , the battleship Iéna suffered a catastrophic magazine explosion that destroyed the ship ; Patrie was moored nearby . Her commanding officer attempted to flood the dock to put out the inferno by firing one of Patrie 's secondary guns at the dock gate , but the shell bounced off and did not penetrate it . The dock was finally flooded when Ensign de Vaisseau Roux ( who was killed shortly afterward by fragments from the ship ) managed to open the sluice gates .
During the 1910 gunnery training exercises , Patrie suffered mechanical problems with her sighting equipment that disabled one of her main battery turrets . In 1910 the battleship again was in an accident ; while on maneuvers in the Gulf of Jouan , Patrie launched a torpedo that inadvertently struck her sister République . Her hull was damaged , and she was forced to put into Toulon for repairs .
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Patrie was assigned to the 1st Division of the 2nd Squadron in the Mediterranean , along with République and the flagship , Vérité ; this was the main battle fleet of the French Navy . The French fleet was initially used to cover the movement of French troops — the XIX Corps — from Algeria to metropolitan France . As a result , the fleet was far out of position to catch the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben . For the majority of the war , the French used their main fleet to keep the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet bottled up in the Adriatic Sea . In 1914 she participated in the Battle of Antivari , where the battle line caught the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta by surprise and sank her . The French battleships then bombarded Austrian fortifications at Cattaro in an attempt to draw out the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet , which refused to take the bait .
The French operations in the area were hampered by a lack of a suitable base close to the mouth of the Adriatic ; the British had given the French free access to Malta , but it was hundreds of miles away . The Austrians also possessed several submarines , one of which torpedoed the dreadnought Jean Bart in December 1914 . The threat from underwater weapons greatly limited French naval activities in the Adriatic . As the war progressed , the French eventually settled on Corfu as their primary naval base in the area . In 1916 the ships supported Allied operations in Salonica and also detached landing parties to support the Allied attempt to force Greek acquiescence for those operations in Athens on 1 December . They spent the rest of the war at Salonica and Athens . Patrie became flagship of the French squadron at Salonica in 1918 . During the war , four of Patrie 's 3 @-@ pounder guns were converted into anti @-@ aircraft guns with new high @-@ angle mounts . The six casemate @-@ mounted 164 mm guns were removed and landed at Salonica for use ashore . While off Salonica on 5 May 1916 , Patrie 's anti @-@ aircraft gunners shot down a German zeppelin . Patrie was retained in the French Navy 's inventory and served as a training ship in Toulon for mechanics and torpedomen until 1927 . The following year , she stricken from the naval register and sold for scrap .
= Till the World Ends =
" Till the World Ends " is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her seventh studio album , Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) . It was written by Kesha Sebert , Lukasz " Dr. Luke " Gottwald , Alexander Kronlund , and Max Martin . Gottwald , Martin and Billboard produced the song , while vocal production was handled by Emily Wright . " Till the World Ends " is an uptempo dance @-@ pop and electropop song with an electro beat . It opens with sirens , and has elements of trance and Eurodance . The song features a chant @-@ like chorus , and lyrics in which Spears sings about dancing until the end of the world . " Till the World Ends " received comparisons to past hits by artists like Kesha and Enrique Iglesias . Some music critics deemed it a catchy dance track and complimenting its anthemic nature .
" Till the World Ends " was treated with different remixes , most notably the Femme Fatale Remix , featuring rapper Nicki Minaj and Kesha , which was released on April 25 , 2011 . The remix adds a rap by Minaj at the beginning , new vocals by Kesha , and a dubstep breakdown . The Femme Fatale Remix received positive reviews from critics , with most complimenting the diversity of the group and Minaj 's rap . " Till the World Ends " charted on the top @-@ ten in several major music markets , including Australia , France , Ireland , New Zealand , Sweden and Switzerland . The Femme Fatale Remix propelled the single to the top five on the Canadian Hot 100 and the US Billboard Hot 100 . However , " Till the World Ends " became her second lowest peaking single in the United Kingdom .
An accompanying music video for the " Till the World Ends " was released on April 6 , 2011 . It portrays Spears in an underground dance party set on a December 21 , 2012 . Critics noted the similarities with the music video for " I 'm a Slave 4 U " ( 2001 ) , and predominantly gave positive reviews for it . A choreography cut was released on April 15 , 2011 . The video was also nominated for two categories at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , and went on to win Best Pop Video . Spears has performed " Till the World Ends " on television shows Good Morning America and Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and performed it with Minaj at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards . She has also performed the song as the encore of the Femme Fatale Tour ( 2011 ) and Britney : Piece of Me ( 2013 ) .
= = Background = =
" Till the World Ends " was written and produced by Dr. Luke and Max Martin , with additional writing by American recording artist Kesha and Alexander Kronlund , and additional production by Billboard . In an interview for Spin on February 11 , 2011 , Kesha announced she had co @-@ written the song with Luke and Martin for Femme Fatale . She explained it was inspired by " me imagining [ Spears ] and any female musician touring the world . When you go out , and you 're having an amazing , magical night and you don 't want to go to sleep and you want it to last until the world ends . " On March 2 , 2011 , the single 's cover art , in which Spears appears sitting on a couch in a sweater and heels , was posted at Deezer.com. This was followed by a 30 @-@ second snippet of the song , which appeared at Amazon.de. " Till the World Ends " leaked online on March 3 , 2011 , which prompted Spears to post hours later on her Twitter account , " Looks like the cat 's out of the bag ... " She formally premiered the single at On Air with Ryan Seacrest , on March 4 , 2011 , at 10 : 00 EST ( 15 : 00 UTC ) . " Till the World Ends " was made available on iTunes the same day , several days earlier than originally planned . Following the announcement , Kesha spoke to MTV News stating that " I consider myself a songwriter before and above everything else , so it 's an honor to write for one of pop music 's biggest icons . " During an interview with Seacrest , Spears described " Till the World Ends " as " fun . I like it . It 's good energy . [ ... ] I 'm a vibe person , and I think I love good @-@ mood songs , and if it puts me in a good mood , it clicks for me . "
= = Composition = =
" Till the World Ends " is an uptempo dance @-@ pop and electropop song , with an electro beat and elements of trance and Eurodance . The song opens with sirens and a " sizzling " bassline . Spears delivers confident and breathy vocals , in lyrics such as " If you want this good shit / Sicker than the remix / Baby let me blow your mind tonight . " In the chorus , the song slows down while Spears sings " I can 't take it take it take no more / Never felt like felt like this before / Come on get me get me on the floor / DJ what you what you waiting for ? " . The melody 's 4 : 3 cross @-@ rhythm continues into a chant @-@ like segment , in which " whoa @-@ oh @-@ oh @-@ oh " is repeated . The bit was compared by Scott Shettler of AOL to the " rapid word repetition " of Kesha . Keith Caulfield of Billboard said the chorus " comes on hard like it 's the sexy spawn " of American recording artist Usher 's " OMG " ( 2010 ) and Italian band Baltimora 's " Tarzan Boy " ( 1985 ) .
Gerrick Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times stated that like her previous single " Hold It Against Me " , " Spears 's main intention with her new single seems to be keeping the dance floor pulsating with sweaty bodies " . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard said the song recalls past hits by English recording artist Taio Cruz , Swedish recording artist Robyn and Spanish recording artist Enrique Iglesias . Allison Stewart of The Washington Post felt the song was comparable to Iglesias ' " Tonight ( I 'm Lovin ' You ) " ( 2010 ) . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine and a reviewer from Popjustice compared it to Kesha 's " Blow " ( 2011 ) . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing Inc . , " Till the World Ends " is set in the compound meter time signature , with a moderate dance beat infused metronome of 132 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C minor ; Spears ' vocals range from the low @-@ key of Bb3 to the high @-@ note of C5 . Lyrically , the song talks about dancing until the end of the world .
= = Critical reception = =
The song was well received by critics . Ryan Brockington of the New York Post called it " amazing " . Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone gave the song three and a half out of five stars , stating , " You want a party song , call a partier " and describing it as " sky @-@ sucking synth streaks , a beat that sounds like blimps fucking and a thousand shirtless drunken sailors chanting along on the chorus . " Gerrick Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times called the song " catchy [ ... ] [ it ] makes you want to grab some glow sticks and hit the clubs " and added that the Femme Fatale era " already shows an undeniably more confident Spears . " Mike Collett @-@ White of Reuters deemed it as a dance anthem . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy said that the song is unquestionably a Dr. Luke production , but " somehow it 's Brit that manages to come out on top . " Copsey went on to call it her most uplifting number since " Stronger " ( 2000 ) , and added that " for longtime Britney fans , is the comeback we 've all been waiting for .
Bill Lamb of About.com commented that the song would " sound solid on the radio and bring crowds to the dance floor , " but when compared to " Hold It Against Me " , it was much safer and not as innovative . Jed Gottlieb of the Boston Herald gave the song a B + , saying that " pop fans always need a huge hook , catchy chorus and break @-@ it @-@ down @-@ build @-@ it @-@ up bridge . This song ’ s got all three " . Edna Gundersen of USA Today called it " a sleek and impossibly catchy slab " , and said that although the song is unmistakable Luke , Spears " holds her own with confident , kittenish vocals . " Allison Stewart of The Washington Post stated that the track " is Spears 's most joyously danceable track in a long time . " Caryn Ganz of Spin named it " her first truly synapse @-@ sizzling single since ' Toxic . ' " Andy Gill of The Independent selected the song along with " Criminal " as the download picks of the album . Kevin Ritchie of Now stated that " Wannabe World Cup anthem Till The World Ends kicks things off with an aura of pounding , Euro dance euphoria . "
David Buchanan of Consequence of Sound commented that " Till the World Ends " , " Hold It Against Me " and " Inside Out " " simultaneously send Spears back to basics vocally , and into 2011 sonically . " Rudy Klapper of Sputnikmusic said that the song " throbs with trance @-@ y synths , a thumping electro beat that is pure sex and a chorus that goes and goes as only the best club hits can do , sensible lyrics be damned . " Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said that " Till the World Ends " sets the pace of Femme Fatale , while calling it " a stadium @-@ rocking pop anthem . " Keith Caulfield from Billboard said that the song has a " roof @-@ shaking chant @-@ chorus " , but criticized the lyrics , saying that they have " been echoed incessantly over the past year in countless Hot 100 top ten hits : dance until you drop from exhaustion . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine compared it to Kesha 's " Blow " , saying that the tracks " [ are ] so similar [ ... ] that I can 't decide which one I like more — or if I even like them at all . " A reviewer from Popjustice also compared it to " Blow " , but said " Till the World Ends " was not as good .
= = = Recognition = = =
Rolling Stone named " Till the World Ends " as the third best song of 2011 . The writer concluded , " Brit [ ney ] delivers the Apocalypse Now of Eurotrash electrotrance disco songs , as that throbbing pulse builds to a pure drop @-@ the @-@ bomb chorus . And that ' whoa @-@ ho @-@ ho ' choir sounds like Cher leading an aircraft carrier full of gay sailors . " The song was also named as the third best single of 2011 by Billboard , and commented that it is " Britney 's most immediate single since ' Toxic ' . " Sam Lansky of PopCrush considered " Till the World Ends " the best pop song of 2011 , writing , " 2011 was already Year of the Spears by January , when Britney Spears ' ' Hold It Against Me ' topped the charts — but [ Britney ] had something even better up her sleeve , the crackling dancefloor barnstormer ' Till the World Ends , ' penned by rowdy popstrel Kesha and produced by monster hitmaker Dr. Luke . It 's a gargantuan party song with provocative lyrics ( “ This kitten got your tongue tied in knots , ” anyone ? ) , throbbing synths , and a thrillingly euphoric hands @-@ in @-@ the @-@ air chant @-@ along chorus — and there wasn 't a more exuberant pop song this year . " Digital Spy also considered the track as the best song of 2011 , naming it " Britney 's best track since ' Toxic ' " and commenting , " judging from its chart position , it 's also her most underrated hit . " The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll ranked " Till the World Ends " as the seventh best song of 2011 , tied with Lana Del Rey 's " Video Games " . " Till the World Ends " was voted by readers as the Best Song of the 2010s on Billboard .
= = Remixes = =
A Bollywood version of the song was done by Indian music producer duo Salim and Sulaiman Merchant , and released on DesiHits.com , a website for South Asian music and entertainment news . The remix features a Punjabi breakdown with South Asian sounding vocals and includes some added Desi flavors courtesy of dholki , dhol and tumbi beats , which are common instruments in South Asian music . Baba Kahn of the production team Culture Shock stated , " Our goal was to take Britney 's smash hit single and give fans a total Desi adrenaline rush . The result is a Culture Shock musical Desi roller coaster that hopefully everyone around the world will want to join . " Mark Flaherty , senior vice president of Jive Label Group , said about the remix :
" We wanted to build an even greater connection between the world 's biggest pop star and one of the world 's largest audiences . Britney has been engaged with South Asian culture for many years . From the groundbreaking Bollywood @-@ inspired remix of ' Me Against the Music ' to her recent collaboration with Indian fashion designers Falguni and Shane Peacock on the ' Hold It Against Me ' video , she has embraced the incredible sights and sounds of this vibrant community throughout her career . "
Michigan band Salem released a slowed @-@ down version of the song , and made a music video featuring seemingly underage strippers and military footage . A remix featuring R. Kelly was leaked online on July 4 , 2011 . It features him singing the second verse , " Slide up in this club / This beat 's got me in love / Till I just don 't care / It 's like I 'm walking on air / It 's a party right here " , and a new hook , where he repeats the line " Party till the world ends " . His vocals join those of Spears during the breakdown , and the song ends with Kelly doing runs over the chorus . A reporter from Idolator said , " We 'd much rather listen to Britney 's original than this uninspired remix when doomsday comes . "
A remixed version of " Till the World Ends " , featuring Kesha and rapper Nicki Minaj , was leaked online on April 22 , 2011 . The same day , three countdowns with lines of the song appeared on the official websites of Spears , Kesha and Minaj . The Femme Fatale Remix was released on iTunes on April 25 , 2011 . The same day , Spears uploaded a picture of the cover art to her Twitter account . Kesha told MTV News , " I 'm a massive fan of both the ladies I share the track with . I wrote ' TTWE ' for Britney [ ... ] and she killed it and I loved it , but I just thought a supergroup of three hot , strong women could just take over the airwaves . " The remix adds heavier bass during the beginning , and starts with Minaj rapping with intensity about a female hater , in lines such as " Told you they 'd revive your career , but somebody lied / I ain 't talkin ' poultry when I say this chicken 's fried . " This continues by Spears singing the first verse , after which Minaj says " It 's Britney , bitch . I 'm Nicki Minaj and that 's Kesha ! " , and the first chorus is sung by the latter . Spears continues with the song and is accompanied by Kesha towards the end of the second verse and the bridge . The remix also features a dubstep breakdown , reminiscent of " Hold It Against Me " .
Tina Hart of MSN UK stated that " [ Minaj ] maintain [ s ] her ‘ badass ’ demeanour . Britney ’ s familiar tones greet you on the verse and Kesha sounds perfectly at home on the chorus . " Wesley Case of The Baltimore Sun stated that while Spears sounds processed , " Minaj 's larger @-@ than @-@ life performance matches the in @-@ the @-@ red party production " and Kesha " adds an extra layer of dirt @-@ under @-@ the @-@ nails sheen . " He summarized his review by saying that the remix " is the perfect example of pop 's current love affair with Euro dance and add @-@ it @-@ all @-@ to @-@ the @-@ pot rules . " Jordan Zakarin of The Huffington Post
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, and the PlayStation 3 version has all of the new content on disc . The disc was released in the United States on March 9 , 2010 , and in Europe on March 12 . " Lost in Nightmares " and the first costume pack were available for download on both consoles in February 2011 , and " Desperate Escape " and other costume packs were released in March . On November 5 , 2012 , Resident Evil 5 : Gold Edition was placed on the PlayStation Network as a free download for PlayStation Plus users during that month .
As part of the game 's conversion to Steamworks , Gold Edition was released for Microsoft Windows on March 26 , 2015 . Owners of the game from Steam or as a boxed retail Games For Windows Live can acquire a free Steamworks copy of the base game and purchase the new Gold Edition content . Capcom also confirmed a way around limitations in the Gold Edition release for Steamworks which returns support for DirectX 10 and Nvidia 3D Vision as seen in the Games for Windows Live version .
= = Reception = =
= = = Sales = = =
The PlayStation 3 version of Resident Evil 5 was the top @-@ selling game in Japan in the two weeks following its release , with 319 @,@ 590 copies sold . It was the fastest @-@ selling game of the franchise in the United Kingdom , and the biggest Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 game release in the region . As of December 2014 , Resident Evil 5 has sold 6 @.@ 7 million copies worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , making it the bestselling Resident Evil game and the all @-@ time bestselling Capcom game .
= = = Critical response = = =
Resident Evil 5 received positive reviews . Although the game was praised for its graphics and gameplay , it was criticized for issues with its controls . Corey Cohen of Official Xbox Magazine complimented the game 's fast pace , and called the graphics " gorgeous " . It was praised by Joe Juba and Mark Miller of Game Informer , who said that it had the best graphics of any game to date and the music and voice acting helped bring the characters to life . However , Juba said that the inability to move and shoot at the same time seemed more " like a cheap and artificial way to increase difficulty than a technique to enhance tension . " Chris Hudak of Game Revolution reviewed Resident Evil 5 favorably . Lamenting the game 's departure from the survival horror genre , Hudak concluded that " the gorgeous environs , character models and overall visuals , and the adrenaline @-@ soaked cooperative gameplay ( wonky , stodgy Capcom controls and all ) cannot be denied . "
Adam Sessler of X @-@ Play said that although the game 's graphics were exceptional , the single @-@ player artificial intelligence was hard to play through and he was disappointed in the controls taken ( he felt ) from Resident Evil 4 . Edge praised Resident Evil 5 's gameplay as exhilarating and frantic , echoing criticism of the control system . For IGN , Ryan Geddes wrote that the split @-@ screen cooperative mode was very confusing but the game had a surprisingly high replay value . According to GameZone 's Louis Bedigian , " The fact that Resident Evil 5 was worth playing through twice in one weekend shows how compelling the gameplay is , and how it 's able to rise above a number of disappointing flaws . " Criticizing the game 's departure from survival horror and its inability to move and shoot ( or stab ) , Brian Crecente of Kotaku blogged : " From beginning to end , this latest Resident Evil delivers a riveting and intense experience well worth the time spent playing it . "
James Mielke of 1UP.com compared Resident Evil 5 to Gears of War 2 . He criticized several inconsistencies in the game , such as the enemies ' artificial intelligence and the ability to interact with objects and use cover . Mielke also criticized its controls , saying that aiming was too slow and noting the inability to strafe away from ( or quickly jump back from ) enemies . However , he concluded , " Despite the excruciating detail I 've poured into describing the problems [ Resident Evil 5 ] creates for itself , this is still a very fun game . " Kristan Reed of Eurogamer also criticized aspects of the controls , such as the speed at which 180 @-@ degree turns were performed and difficulty accessing inventory . According to Reed , Resident Evil 5 felt a lot like past games in the franchise and was " just like any other third person action shooter " .
Steven Hopper of GameZone rated the " Lost in Nightmares " DLC eight out of ten : " Even though the episode is pretty short , there is some good replay value here and the added multiplayer elements are a nice touch . All in all , this is a worthy investment for fans of the original game . " Samuel Claiborn of IGN rated the " Desperate Escape " DLC seven out of ten : " Despite Desperate Escape 's well @-@ crafted action sequences , I actually found myself missing the unique vibe of Lost in Nightmares . The dynamic between Jill and Josh isn 't particularly thrilling , and the one @-@ liners , banter and endearing kitsch are kept to a minimum . " Resident Evil 5 was nominated as Best Action Game at the 2009 IGN Game of the Year Awards .
= = = = Allegations of racism = = = =
Resident Evil 5 's 2007 E3 trailer was criticized for depicting a white protagonist killing black enemies in a small African village . According to Newsweek editor N 'Gai Croal , " There was a lot of imagery in that trailer that dovetailed with classic racist imagery " , although he acknowledged that only the preview had been released . The second trailer for the game ( released on May 31 , 2008 ) revealed a more racially diverse group of enemies and the half @-@ African BSAA agent Sheva , who assists the protagonist . Takeuchi denied that complaints about racism had any effect in altering the design of Resident Evil 5 , saying that the game 's producers were surprised by the controversy . In an interview with MTV , he said that Capcom 's staff was racially diverse and acknowledged that different cultures may have had differing opinions about the trailer . In a Computer and Video Games interview , producer Masachika Kawata also addressed the issue : " We can 't please everyone . We 're in the entertainment business – we 're not here to state our political opinion or anything like that . It 's unfortunate that some people felt that way . "
In Eurogamer 's February 2009 preview of Resident Evil 5 , Dan Whitehead expressed concern about controversy the game might generate : " It plays so blatantly into the old clichés of the dangerous ' dark continent ' and the primitive lust of its inhabitants that you 'd swear the game was written in the 1920s " , and " there are even more outrageous and outdated images to be found later in the game , stuff that I was honestly surprised to see in 2009 . " The article also said that the addition of the " light @-@ skinned " Sheva " compounds the problem rather than easing it . " Chris Hudak called the racism allegations " stupid " : " If you are aware from the outset that the game takes place in Africa and yet you are still troubled by any skin @-@ tone @-@ related aspects ... there exists the possibility of simple , congenital retardation on your own part . "
Wesley Yin @-@ Poole of VideoGamer.com said that despite the controversy the game was attracting due to alleged racism , no expert opinion had been sought . He asked Glenn Bowman , senior lecturer in social anthropology at the University of Kent , whether he thought the game was racist . Bowman considered the racism accusations " silly " , saying that the game had an anti @-@ colonial theme and those complaining about the game 's racism might be expressing an " inverted racism which says that you can 't have scary people who are black . " It was reported that one cutscene in the game scene showed " black men " dragging off a screaming white woman ; according to Yin @-@ Poole , the allegation was incorrect and the single man dragging the woman was " not obviously black . " The scene was submitted to the British Board of Film Classification for evaluation . BBFC head of communications Sue Clark said , " There is only one man pulling the blonde woman in from the balcony [ and he ] is not black either . As the whole game is set in Africa it is hardly surprising that some of the characters are black ... we do take racism very seriously , but in this case there is no issue around racism . "
= Up ! Close and Personal =
Up ! Close and Personal is the fourth live video album by Canadian singer Shania Twain . It was directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , and produced by team composed of Dan Braun , Cliff Burnstein , Carol Donovan , McCarthy @-@ Miller , Peter Mensch , and Marc Reiter . The concert was filmed in November 2003 at a sound stage in Nashville , Tennessee , with an audience of 300 people . When conceptualizing the show , Twain desired to make the setting intimate and perform the songs acoustically , so she turned to bluegrass band Alison Krauss and Union Station to perform backup during the concert . It was also modeled after Elvis Presley 's ' 68 Comeback Special , with a similar stage and Twain being costumed by black , leather jumpsuit . Up ! Close and Personal premiered on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) on November 25 , 2003 , and was high in ratings , being watched by over 9 million viewers in the United States .
Nearly a year later , Up ! Close and Personal was released by Mercury Nashville Records , in DVD format , as a video album on November 8 , 2004 to coincide with the release Twain 's Greatest Hits album . The video also served as a source to audio tracks used as B @-@ sides for the singles from Greatest Hits . Up ! Close and Personal received mixed reviews from music critics ( some who believed she was overshadowed by Krauss ' talents , others who complimented her vocal talents ) and positive commercial outcomes . It peaked at number eight on Billboard 's Top Music Video sales chart , and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 100 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
= = Background = =
On August 19 , 2003 , Twain 's concert film Up ! Live in Chicago premiered on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) and drew in over 8 @.@ 87 million viewers , therefore becoming the second @-@ most @-@ viewed concert film on television , behind Celine Dion 's A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas ( 2003 ) . Following its success on television , NBC was interested again in collaborating with Twain for a second prime time special . Twain accepted the offer , but desired to deviate from high @-@ elaboration , and perform a show much more stripped and intimate than the one filmed for Up ! Live in Chicago or those included in her Up ! Tour ( 2003 – 04 ) . She explained , " I wanted to go back to something stripped @-@ down and rootsy . I 've been doing big concerts for quite a long time , and I love it , but I just want that contrast . " Ergo , she turned to singer and fiddler Alison Krauss , head of the bluegrass band Alison Krauss and Union Station , whom she had collaborated with on numerous instances ; Krauss and her band backed Twain in her performance of " Forever and for Always " at the 2003 CMT Music Awards , and recorded a duet with Twain for a tribute album to Dolly Parton . Twain described her decision to be completely influenced by her desire to " break the music down " , and that Alison Krauss and Union Station were her only choice for the television special .
Krauss was apprehensive at first , noting drastic differences between her personal acoustic style and that of Twain . She stated , " It 's so different from what we do , we didn 't know what liberties we were supposed to take . Were we supposed to learn it off the record ? Were we supposed to learn the themes ? " She found aid in Twain 's then @-@ husband and producer Robert John " Mutt " Lange , who told Krauss to perform the songs as if they were her own . While preparing for the show , Krauss said she found the songs very simple to learn because of their catchy melodies that could function in any musical style . While traveling on the Up ! Tour , Twain decided to cover of AC / DC 's " You Shook Me All Night Long " ( 1980 ) for the television special . However , she edited the song 's lyrics to void them of the crudeness she was not fond of singing along to as a teenager . Krauss later expressed her opposing views , saying she would have personally kept the original lyrics . The show was modeled after Elvis Presley 's ' 68 Comeback Special , with a similar stage and Twain being costumed by black , leather jumpsuit . The concert was filmed in November 2003 at a sound stage in Nashville , Tennessee to a crowd of 300 attendants . Up ! Close and Personal was directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , who also directed Up ! Live in Chicago , and was produced by a team that consisted of Dan Braun , Cliff Burnstein , Carol Donovan , McCarthy @-@ Miller , Peter Mensch , and Marc Reiter .
= = Release = =
The hour @-@ long Up ! Close and Personal premiered on NBC on November 25 , 2003 at 9 : 00 P.M. EST , as part of the network 's line up for Thanksgiving week . The telecast garnered over 9 million viewers in the United States , surpassing the ratings of Up ! Live in Chicago . Nearly a year later , Up ! Close and Personal was released by Mercury Nashville Records as a DVD on November 8 , 2004 in Region 2 and on November 9 , 2004 in Region 1 , to coincide the date with the release Twain 's Greatest Hits album in the corresponding territories . The video appeared in an aspect ratio of 1 @.@ 33 : 1 ( 4 : 3 ) and contained both 2 @.@ 0 stereo and 5 @.@ 1 surround sound mixes . Audio versions of the performances were used for single releases . The live rendition of " You 're Still the One " was released as a digital download exclusively to the iTunes Store on November 9 , 2004 . It , along with the audio for the performance of " I 'm Holdin ' On to Love ( To Save My Life ) " , was also included in the maxi single of " Party for Two " ( 2004 ) . Audios for the performances of " I 'm Gonna Getcha Good ! " and " From This Moment On " were included on the maxi single for " Don 't ! " ( 2005 ) . And the audio version of the performance of " Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under ? " appeared on the CD single for " I Ain 't No Quitter " ( 2005 ) , and , along with " I Ain 't Goin ' Down " , on the maxi version of the single .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Up ! Close and Personal received mixed reviews from music critics . David Bianculli of New York City 's Daily News wrote , " After watching Britney Spears ' [ Live from Las Vegas ( 2002 ) ] special last week , Twain 's act will seem like an exercise in restraint . It 'll also seem like someone singing , rather than lip @-@ syncing . " Roger Catlin of the Hartford Courant gave Up ! Live in Chicago a negative review . He found himself straining to hear Alison Krauss and Union Station , and asked , " And when was the last time you tuned in to a star 's special to hear the background singers ? " Furthermore , he would have preferred the band to duet with Twain , rather perform backup for her . Catlin also criticized Twain 's decision to model the show after Presley 's ' 68 Comeback Special , believing she did so with far less efficiency . " Not only is she not Elvis , she 's not even Alison " , he concluded . Allmusic rated Up ! Close and Personal three out of five stars .
= = = Chart performance = = =
On the week ending November 27 , 2004 , the video debuted at number eight on Billboard 's Top Music Video sales chart . In December 2004 , Up ! Live in Chicago was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 100 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . On the week ending March 21 , 2005 , the video entered at number ninety @-@ eight on the German Albums Chart , its only week on the chart .
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Charts = = =
= = = Certifications = = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Source :
= Saturday Night Live parodies of Sarah Palin =
The sketch comedy television show Saturday Night Live aired several critically acclaimed sketches parodying then Alaskan Governor and vice @-@ presidential nominee Sarah Palin in the lead @-@ up to the 2008 United States presidential election . The sketches featured former cast member Tina Fey , who returned as a guest star to portray Palin . Fey won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her impersonation of Palin .
= = Background = =
Soon after the 2008 John McCain presidential campaign 's August 29 , 2008 announcement that Alaska governor Sarah Palin would be McCain 's vice presidential nominee , people noted a physical resemblance between comedian Tina Fey and Palin . Fey had decided she would play Palin after her daughter saw a picture of the Alaskan governor and mistook her mother for Palin .
Viewers began to speculate who would play Palin on SNL during the run up to the November 4 presidential election . Days before the broadcast of the sketch , SNL executive producer Lorne Michaels said " there are [ ongoing ] discussions " about Fey playing Palin . On September 13 , 2008 , NBC announced that Fey would appear in the thirty @-@ fourth season premiere .
= = " A Nonpartisan Message from Governor Sarah Palin & Senator Hillary Clinton " = =
The first sketch , " A Nonpartisan Message from Governor Sarah Palin & Senator Hillary Clinton , " aired during the thirty @-@ fourth season premiere of SNL on September 13 , 2008 . The sketch starred Tina Fey and Amy Poehler as Palin and Clinton , respectively . Fey , the series ' former head writer and repertory player , made her third appearance on the series since officially leaving SNL in 2006 to work on 30 Rock , a series which she created . The sketch was written by Poehler , Fey , and head writer and Weekend Update anchor Seth Meyers .
Poehler and Fey are featured in a fictional speech playing New York Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton and Alaskan Governor Sarah Palin , respectively . The pair discuss the presence of sexism in the 2008 United States presidential election , and the differences between Palin and Clinton . Governor Palin was the Republican Party vice @-@ presidential nominee and Senator Clinton was a contender for the Democratic Party presidential nomination . Through the course of the message , Palin tries to present herself as the candidate for the job , and Clinton gets progressively more and more disgusted at Palin 's sudden rise to fame as John McCain 's running mate , despite her background . It also features references to Clinton 's campaign .
= = = Reaction = = =
= = = = Critical reception = = = =
The sketch was well received by critics . Erin Fox of TV Guide wrote that Tina Fey " nails [ Sarah ] Palin 's mannerisms and accent . [ Amy ] Poehler is amazing as Hillary [ Clinton ] ; her timing is better than ever . My favorite line was Tina saying ' I can see Russia from my house ! ' " Fox added that " this was a much anticipated and hoped @-@ for pairing and we got it ! " Annie Wu of TV Squad thought that Fey 's " impression wasn 't perfect but it was more accurate than Amy Poehler 's Hillary Clinton , which [ she ] still find [ s ] incredibly off . " Wu added that " the mugging for the camera was absolutely hilarious . " James Poniewozik of Time Magazine wrote that " Fey 's Palin was perfectly good enough " and that " the skit itself did a good job of what SNL — which has lately cultivated a strong set of female comics — tried hard to do through Hillary 's campaign , which is try to address sexism without either simply going for the easy stereotypes or letting female candidates off the hook . " The Huffington Post 's reviewer wrote that " Fey bears a striking resemblance to Palin and nailed the candidate 's distinctive accent . "
= = = = Palin 's response = = = =
When asked how she felt about Fey 's portrayal , Sarah Palin replied , " I watched with the volume all the way down and I thought it was hilarious ... I didn 't hear a word she said , but the visual was spot on . " Palin " and the press corps watched the sketch in the back of her plane , laughing at Tina and Amy 's satirical take on the two politicians , " and Palin later claimed that she had once dressed up as Fey for Halloween . However , Carly Fiorina , a spokeswoman for the John McCain campaign argued that the sketch portrayed Hillary Clinton as " very substantive , " but Fiorina thought , in the case of Sarah Palin , that she was portrayed as " totally superficial . " Fiorina thought the sketch was " disrespectful in the extreme " and " sexist . "
In a series of interviews , Palin made some " flubs " leading her to joke that " [ she ] was just trying to give Tina Fey more material . " She also joked that it was to provide " job security for SNL characters . " Palin later remarked that she should appear on SNL to spoof a series of American Express commercials which featured Tina Fey .
= = Further Palin sketches = =
Due to the popularity of the sketch and Fey 's impression of Palin , Fey reprised her role during the September 27 , 2008 episode of Saturday Night Live . That sketch featured Palin being interviewed by Katie Couric who was played by Amy Poehler ; that sketch parodied an interview which took place between Palin and Couric which aired days before the sketch 's broadcast . In the sketch , Fey quoted near verbatim one of Palin 's answers from the actual interview and mimed Palin 's gestures . The following episode featured a skit parodying the debate between Palin and Joe Biden ( played by Jason Sudeikis ) . Queen Latifah also appeared in the skit as moderator Gwen Ifill .
Palin herself appeared on the October 18 , 2008 episode of SNL , along with Fey in the cold opening . Alec Baldwin and Mark Wahlberg also appeared in that sketch as themselves . On the October 23 episode of Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday , Fey as Palin appeared alongside Darrell Hammond as John McCain and Will Ferrell as President George W. Bush .
On November 1 , 2008 , Fey once again portrayed Palin , this time in a sketch featuring the real John McCain , the last of numerous sketches featuring the Arizona Senator . In the sketch , McCain poked fun at himself and his campaign , as well as Barack Obama 's purchase of airtime on several major networks earlier in the week . In the sketch , McCain and Palin can only afford to buy airtime on QVC , a home @-@ shopping channel . McCain 's wife , Cindy , also made an appearance in the sketch as herself .
After Palin 's memoir , Going Rogue : An American Life , achieved best @-@ seller status through pre @-@ orders , Fey announced she would resume impersonating the former Governor despite having " retired " the act months previously . On April 10 , 2010 , Fey hosted SNL , and once again played Palin , who unveiled her own television network featuring shows such as Hey Journalist , I Gotcha , Todd ! starring her husband Todd Palin ( Jason Sudeikis ) and Are You Smarter than a Half @-@ Term Governor ? Fey hosted SNL in May 2011 while pregnant . A new sketch was made in which parodies of Mitt Romney ( Jason Sudeikis ) , Newt Gingrich ( Bobby Moynihan ) , Michele Bachmann ( Kristen Wiig ) , Palin ( Fey ) , Donald Trump ( Darrell Hammond ) , and Jimmy McMillan ( Kenan Thompson ) fought in a Republican Party debate between undeclared candidates , with Shepard Smith ( Bill Hader ) coordinating .
On March 11 , 2012 , on the episode hosted by Jonah Hill , Palin was impersonated by Andy Samberg in the Weekend Update segment . The dialogue leads the audience to think that it was supposed to be another appearance by Fey and that Seth Meyers wasn 't aware of the change , but Samberg convinces Meyers to finish his part .
Palin appeared on the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special , where Jerry Seinfeld jokingly mistook her for Tina Fey .
Fey and Poehler co @-@ hosted SNL in December 2015 , and performed as Palin and Clinton in yet another sketch .
In January 2016 , following Palin 's real @-@ life endorsement of Donald Trump , Fey returned to the role to parody the speech given by Palin in Iowa that endorsed Trump . This skit served as the show 's cold open .
= Gunpowder Incident =
The Gunpowder Incident ( or Gunpowder Affair ) was a conflict early in the American Revolutionary War between Lord Dunmore , the Royal Governor of the Colony of Virginia , and militia led by Patrick Henry . On April 20 , 1775 , one day after the Battles of Lexington and Concord ( and well before news of that event reached Virginia ) , Lord Dunmore ordered the removal of the gunpowder from the magazine in Williamsburg , Virginia to a Royal Navy ship .
This action sparked local unrest , and militia companies began mustering throughout the colony . Patrick Henry led a small militia force toward Williamsburg to force return of the gunpowder to the colony 's control . The matter was resolved without conflict when a payment of £ 330 was made to Henry . Dunmore , fearing for his personal safety , later retreated to a naval vessel , ending royal control of the colony .
= = Background = =
Military tensions began to rise in the British colonies of North America in 1774 when a series of legislative acts by the British Parliament known as the Intolerable Acts began to be implemented in the colonies . The colonies , in solidarity with the Province of Massachusetts Bay , which had been singled out for punishment by those acts in the wake of the Boston Tea Party , had organized a Congress to meet in September 1774 . During the meeting of the First Continental Congress word arrived of a militia uprising in Massachusetts that became known as the Powder Alarm . In early September , General Thomas Gage , the royal governor of Massachusetts , had removed gunpowder from a powder magazine in Charlestown ( in a location now in Somerville ) , and militia from all over New England had flocked to the area in response to false rumors that violence had been involved . One consequence of this action was that the Congress called for the colonies to organize militia companies for their defense . Another was that Lord Dartmouth , the Secretary of State for the Colonies , advised the colonial governors to secure their military supplies , and prohibited importation of further supplies of powder .
In early 1775 , Virginians began to organize militia companies and seek out military supplies ( weapons , ammunition , and gunpowder ) to arm and equip them . Lord Dunmore , Virginia 's royal governor , saw this rising unrest in his colony and sought to deprive Virginia militia of these supplies . It was not until after Patrick Henry 's " Give me liberty or give me death " speech at the Second Virginia Convention on March 23 that Dunmore " [ thought ] it prudent to remove some Gunpowder which was in a Magazine in this place . " Although British Army troops had been withdrawn from Virginia in the wake of the Powder Alarm , there were several Royal Navy ships in the Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay . On April 19 , Lord Dunmore quietly brought a company of British sailors into Williamsburg and quartered them in the governor 's mansion . Dunmore then ordered Captain Henry Collins , commander of HMS Magdalen , to remove the gunpowder from the magazine in Williamsburg .
= = Removing the gunpowder = =
On the night of April 20 , Royal Navy sailors went to the Williamsburg powder magazine , loaded fifteen half barrels of powder into the governor 's wagon , and transported it to the eastern end of the Quarterpath Road to be loaded aboard the Magdalen in the James River . The act was discovered by townsfolk while underway , and they sounded an alarm . Local militia rallied to the scene , and riders spread word of the incident across the colony . Dunmore had as a precaution armed his servants with muskets , and it was only the calming words of Patriot leaders , including the Speaker of the House of Burgesses , Peyton Randolph , that prevented the assembling crowd from storming Dunmore 's mansion . The city council demanded the return of the powder , claiming it was the property of the colony and not the Crown . Dunmore demurred , stating that he was moving the powder as protection against its seizure during a rumored slave uprising , and would eventually return it . This seemed to satisfy the assembled crowd , and it dispersed peacefully .
Unrest however persisted in Williamsburg and spread throughout the countryside . After a second crowd was convinced to disperse by Patriot leaders , Dunmore reacted angrily , warning on April 22 that if attacked , he would " declare Freedom to the Slaves , and reduce the City of Williamsburg to Ashes . " He also told a Williamsburg alderman that he had " once fought for the Virginians " but " By God , I would let them see that I could fight against them . "
By April 29 , militia mobilizing in the countryside had learned of the battles at Lexington and Concord . Nearly 700 men mustered at Fredericksburg , and decided to send a messenger to Williamsburg to assess the situation before marching on the capital . Peyton Randolph advised against violence , and George Washington , a longtime leader of the Virginia militia , concurred . In response to their advice , the Fredericksburg militia voted by a narrow margin not to march . However , militia from other parts of the colony did march to Williamsburg . The Hanover County militia , led by Patrick Henry , voted on May 2 to march on Williamsburg . Henry dispatched a small company to the home of Richard Corbin , who was the Deputy Collector of the Royal Revenue in Virginia , in a bid to force him to pay for the powder from Crown revenue in his possession ; the remainder of the Hanover County militia , numbering about 150 , marched toward Williamsburg , arriving about 15 miles ( 24 km ) away on May 3 . That day Dunmore 's family escaped Williamsburg to Porto Bello , Lord Dunmore 's hunting lodge on the York River , and from there to the HMS Fowey , lying at anchor in the York River .
Corbin was not at home — he was in Williamsburg , meeting with Dunmore . Henry was advised by Carter Braxton , Corbin 's son @-@ in @-@ law and a Patriot member of the House of Burgesses , not to enter the city , while Braxton rode into the city and negotiated a payment . The next day , May 4 , Henry received a bill of exchange for £ 330 signed by a wealthy plantation owner , as payment for the powder ( he refused the offer of payment from Crown accounts ) . Henry then departed to take his place as a member of Virginia 's delegation to the Second Continental Congress , promising to deliver the money to " the Virginia Delegates at the General congress " . On May 6 Dunmore issued a proclamation charging Henry with extortion of the £ 330 , and forbidding the citizenry to assist Henry in any way . Henry was offered protection by several counties , and was escorted by several companies of militia to the Maryland border as he made his way to Philadelphia .
= = Aftermath = =
The incident burnished Henry 's reputation while worsening Dunmore 's popularity . Although his family briefly returned to Williamsburg on May 12 as a sign of good faith , relations between Dunmore and the House of Burgesses continued to deteriorate . On June 8 , Dunmore and his family fled the governor 's mansion in the middle of the night and took up residence aboard the Fowey . The Burgesses had been deliberating the Conciliatory Resolution , a proposal that was an attempt by the North Ministry to divide the colonies . In the wake of Dunmore 's flight , the Burgesses rejected the proposal .
Dunmore continued to make vigorous attempts to regain control of the colony , but after a decisive defeat of British forces at Great Bridge in December , he was reduced to raiding operations and eventually abandoned the colony for good in August 1776 . Virginia 's government was first taken over by a Committee of Safety , chosen by the Third Virginia Convention in July 1775 ; Patrick Henry became the independent state 's first governor in July 1776 .
= The Glass Ballerina =
" The Glass Ballerina " is the second episode of the third season of the TV series Lost , and the 51st episode overall . The episode was written by Jeff Pinkner and Drew Goddard and directed by Paul Edwards , and premiered on October 11 , 2006 , on ABC . The characters of Sun and Jin are featured in the episode 's flashbacks ; on the Island , they and Sayid attempt to discover the whereabouts of Jack , Kate , and Sawyer .
The episode was watched by an estimated 16 @.@ 890 million viewers in the United States . It received mixed reviews , as multiple reviewers believed it was inferior to the previous week 's season premiere ; one stated the storyline caused the series to " take a step back [ because it ] delivers nothing new or substantial " .
= = Plot summary = =
= = = Flashbacks = = =
A young Sun @-@ Hwa Kwon ( Sophie Kim ) breaks a glass ballerina and blames it on the maid , despite her father , Mr. Paik ( Byron Chung ) , warning her the maid would be fired .
Later , Sun as an adult ( Yunjin Kim ) is shown having an affair with Jae Lee ( Tony Lee ) , who attempts to give her a pearl necklace . She refuses , afraid that her husband would see it . Then , to her shame , Mr. Paik barges in and finds them in bed together . Mr. Paik later summons Sun 's husband , Jin ( Daniel Dae Kim ) , saying that Jae has been stealing from him , and telling Jin to put an end to it ( implying that he is to be killed ) . But when Jin ambushes and beats up Jae , he still cannot bring himself to commit murder , and instead orders Jae to leave the country . However , as Jin gets into his car , Jae 's body suddenly lands on his windshield . Jae 's corpse hand is clutching the pearl necklace , implying that he jumped from the window . At Jae 's funeral , Sun runs into her father . She asks if he would ever tell Jin about the affair , but he says that it was not his place to tell Jin .
= = = On the island = = =
On the sailboat , Sun , Jin @-@ Soo Kwon ( Daniel Dae Kim ) , and Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) argue about what to do because Jack Shephard 's ( Matthew Fox ) party has not shown up ; Sun goes against her husband 's wishes and agrees with Sayid to sail to a new location . They find the Others ' dock and come ashore to build a signal fire to try and lure the Others into an ambush . Meanwhile among the Others , Ben Linus ( Michael Emerson ) orders Colleen ( Paula Malcomson ) to put together a team and capture Sayid 's boat . Her team avoids Sayid and Jin , and instead sneaks aboard the boat , where they encounter Sun below deck . Sun accidentally shoots Colleen in the abdomen and narrowly manages to escape overboard .
Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) and James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) are forced to work in a quarry , digging and carrying rocks . Alex ( Tania Raymonde ) secretly asks Kate about Karl ( Blake Bashoff ) . Sawyer creates a distraction by kissing Kate passionately , and steals a rifle , but is forced to relinquish it when Juliet Burke ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) threatens to shoot Kate . Back in their cages , Sawyer tells Kate what he learned about the fighting abilities of the various Others . He says that Juliet would have shot her without a problem and criticizes the other Others . They start discussing plans to escape , not knowing Ben is monitoring their conversation via security cameras .
Ben then visits Jack , telling him his real name , and that he has lived on the island all his life . He offers that if Jack cooperates , he can be sent home . Jack believes the Others are also stranded just as he is , but Ben informs him of the exact time and date of his plane crash and that 69 days have since passed ( making the date November 29 , 2004 ) and insists that they are in contact with the outside world . He shows this by citing various current events , such as the re @-@ election of George W. Bush to the American presidency , the sudden death of Christopher Reeve and that the Boston Red Sox have won the 2004 World Series . Once Ben tells him about the Red Sox , Jack starts laughing and says that proves he is lying . Ben then proves it by playing a recording of the final play in the game as Jack watches in shock .
= = Production = =
Executive producer Jeff Pinkner and supervising producer Drew Goddard co @-@ wrote " The Glass Ballerina " , while cinematographer Paul Edwards served as the director . It featured recurring stars Byron Chung , Tony Lee , Michael Bowen , and Tomiko Okhee Lee , as well as the first of two appearances by guest actress Paula Malcomson . Though her character Colleen Pickett is shot in the episode , she does not die until the season 's fourth episode , " Every Man for Himself " .
Leading up to the premiere of the new season , showrunners Carlton Cuse and Damon Lindelof foreshadowed the episode 's adultery storyline in an interview ; Cuse mentioned , " How truthful has [ Sun ] been with Jin about her past ? " , to which Lindelof added , " And related to that , is the baby his ? " . Previously , a season two episode had seemed to confirm that Jin was infertile , leading to ramped up speculation online that Sun was pregnant by her lover Jae Lee . A later episode in the third season would resolve this storyline , showing that Jin was cured of his infertility and is the father of their baby . Sun 's deception over the affair would later be resolved in the season four episode " Ji Yeon " , when Juliet tells Jin about Sun and Jae Lee .
Actor Daniel Dae Kim enjoyed the fight scene between him and guest actor Tony Lee , commenting that " I really appreciate the fact that [ Jin ] ' s just a down @-@ and @-@ dirty street fighter . I think his style of fighting fits his character " . He continued " it was great to see a different layer to Sun 's character . Because previously she had always been the good wife , and Jin was the bad husband " . Actress Yunjin Kim added that " now we know that [ Sun ] ' s not what she 's been advertised to be for the last two seasons , but actually she has a lot of secrets . "
= = Reception = =
It was originally scheduled to air on October 18 , 2006 , but was swapped with the episode " Further Instructions " and broadcast one week earlier . When " The Glass Ballerina " first aired , it was the seventh most watched episode of the week in the United States , with 16 @.@ 890 million viewers and a 6 @.@ 9 rating in the key demographic of adults ages 18 – 49 .
Lost critic Andrew Dignan of Slant Magazine noted that like the season premiere , the episode " mostly serves to add uncomfortable wrinkles to one of the show 's saints , going so far as to make the consistently sympathetic Sun quite unlikable . " He added " While I ... question the need for the flashbacks , I must confess to finding this particular episode more wonderfully twisted than usual . " Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly wrote " Last week 's Jin / Sun episode was something of a disappointment , not because it was a bad episode of Lost , per se ( I would give it a solid B ) , but because it wasn 't as good as the exhilarating season premiere ( which I would give an A + ) . "
IGN 's Chris Carabott rated the episode 6 @.@ 8 / 10 , explaining that after the premiere 's " exciting , new direction " of an episode , " The Glass Ballerina " helped Lost " take a step back [ as it ] delivers nothing new or substantial " . He felt the flashbacks were repetitive and " a lot more like filler than the basis for compelling television " , but praised the final scene between Jack and Ben as " the only compelling scene in the whole episode " . On a list ranking all the Lost episodes , the Los Angeles Times ranked " The Glass Ballerina " 80 out of 110 episodes , explaining " A good flashback ( to Sun and her pre @-@ island lover ) and a terrific last scene -- wherein Jack learns the Sox won the Series -- can 't make up for a listless on @-@ island plot . " On a similar list , IGN rated the episode 106 out of 113 episodes , writing " it felt appropriate for Lost 's third season to begin with an episode only featuring Jack , Sawyer and Kate , since their abduction by the Others was a big part of Season 2 's conclusion . But having episode two of the season also focus so much on these three , with almost no plot momentum , was frustrating and rather uninteresting . Meanwhile , we do pick up with Sayid , Sun and Jin , but it 's really only for yet another ' Sun and Jin have had a lot of big issues in their marriage ' flashback – a topic we were well familiar with at this point . "
Daniel Dae Kim and Yunjin Kim each submitted this episode for consideration on their own behalf for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series respectively for the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards .
= Avonmouth railway station =
Avonmouth railway station is on the Severn Beach Line and serves the district of Avonmouth in Bristol , England . It is 9 @.@ 0 miles ( 14 @.@ 5 km ) from Bristol Temple Meads . Its three letter station code is AVN . The station has two platforms , on either side of two running lines . As of 2015 it is managed by Great Western Railway , which is the third franchise to be responsible for the station since privatisation in 1997 . They provide all train services at the station , mainly a train every forty minutes to Bristol Temple Meads and one every two hours to Severn Beach .
The station was opened in 1877 by the Bristol Port Railway and Pier , a railway which ran along the River Avon from Hotwells to a pier at Avonmouth . The station , originally known as Avonmouth Dock , had a single platform , but was rebuilt with two platforms by the Great Western and Midland Railways in 1885 when they began services via Clifton Down . The station was enhanced numerous times in the early part of the twentieth century , and by 1913 employed 72 staff . Facilities included a goods yard , signal box and engine shed .
The Severn Beach Line declined over the latter half of the twentieth century , with passenger numbers falling significantly . Goods services at Avonmouth ended in 1966 , and all staff were withdrawn in 1967 . Services had decreased to 10 per day each direction by 2005 , but have since increased to 25 trains per day .
= = Description = =
The station is located in the Avonmouth district of Bristol , an area of mixed industrial and residential usage . The station sits to the south of the junction of Gloucester Road and Portview Road , the tracks running to parallel to Portview Road and crossing Gloucester Road at a level crossing . The station is on the Severn Beach Line from Bristol Temple Meads to Severn Beach , 9 miles 02 chains ( 14 @.@ 5 km ) from Temple Meads and 4 miles 42 chains ( 7 @.@ 3 km ) from Severn Beach . It is the eighth station from Temple Meads . The next station towards Temple Meads is Shirehampton ; the next towards Severn Beach is St Andrews Road .
The station is on a north @-@ west / south @-@ east alignment , with two platforms separated by two running lines . The southern " up " platform , adjacent to the " Up Main " line , is used for trains towards Severn Beach . The northern " down " platform , adjacent to the " Down Main " line , is bidirectionally signalled , allowing it to be used by terminating trains and those heading towards Bristol . Both platforms have significant portions of their length fenced off , giving usable lengths of 91 yards ( 83 m ) for the southern platform and 70 yards ( 64 m ) for the northern .
Facilities at the station are minimal – there is a wooden canopy and bench seating on the northern platform , with a small metal shelter on the southern . Timetable information is provided ; help points show next train information and allow users to contact railway staff . There is no ticket office or other means for buying or collecting tickets . There is a car park with six spaces , as well as stands for four bicycles . The nearest bus stops are 150 metres ( 160 yd ) away on Avonmouth Road .
The line through Avonmouth has a speed limit of 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) for locomotive @-@ hauled trains and 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) for diesel multiple units . The line , which is not electrified , handles less than 5 million train tonnes per year , has a loading gauge of W6 and a route availability of 7 . In the 2013 / 14 financial year , more than 110 @,@ 000 passengers used Avonmouth station , making it the 1,635th busiest station in the country and the sixth busiest within the Bristol unitary authority area . This was an increase of 175 % from the 2002 – 03 financial year , and reflected a general rise in usage of the Severn Beach Line . The 2014 @-@ 15 estimates of station usage saw a further increase of 8 % to 120 @,@ 000 making it the 1,614th busiest station in the country .
= = Services = =
Services at Avonmouth are all operated by Great Western Railway , using mainly Class 150 Sprinter units . Avonmouth is the main terminus of the Severn Beach Line ; as of 2015 there are 25 trains to and from Bristol Temple Meads each day from Monday to Friday , a service of three trains every two hours , giving a train every 40 minutes on average . Of these , one train every two hours runs to and from Severn Beach . Most services start at Bristol , but one evening service to Avonmouth starts at Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . On Saturdays there is a similar level of service , at 24 trains per day . Sunday sees a roughly hourly service to and from Bristol , ten trains per day , with only two services extending to Severn Beach , except during the May – September timetable period when all services are extended . The first and last Sunday trains towards Bristol are extended to Taunton via Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare , and there are similar workings in the other direction .
Most trains from Avonmouth to Temple Meads call at all stations , but some services omit Lawrence Hill . Trains making the journey to and from Severn Beach call at St Andrews Road alternately on the outward or return leg . The typical journey time to Bristol Temple Meads is roughly 30 minutes , and 12 minutes to Severn Beach . In 2012 , the single fare to Clifton Down or Severn Beach was £ 1 @.@ 50 , and £ 3 return for the whole line .
= = History = =
= = = Construction and early operations = = =
The railways first came to Avonmouth in 1865 , when services began on the Bristol Port Railway and Pier ( BPRP ) , a self @-@ contained railway which ran along the north bank of the River Avon to a deep water pier on the Severn Estuary . The BPRP line ran through the site of the current station and 1 mile 72 chains ( 3 @.@ 1 km ) beyond to a terminus at the first Avonmouth station . The BPRP ran into trouble by 1871 when the terminal pier at Avonmouth became difficult to use due to a build @-@ up of silt . With no prospect of a proper dock being funded without a connection to the national rail network , the Clifton Extension Railway ( CER ) was approved . This was a joint venture by the BPRP , Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and Midland Railway ( MR ) which ran from Sneyd Park Junction , south of Sea Mills , via Clifton Down , to join up with the national network at Narroways Hill Junction . The link opened in 1877 , but initially only for goods trains . The route from Sneyd Park Junction to Clifton Down was subsequently cleared for passenger use on 3 August 1878 , but the Midland and Great Western Railways did not think the BPRP track was in a suitable condition and so refused to run any passenger trains beyond Clifton Down .
The station , originally known as Avonmouth Dock , was opened in 1877 , shortly after the opening of the Avonmouth Docks in February that year . It was built on , or very near to , the site of a halt built in 1868 for the Docks ' construction workers . The local area was still mostly rural – there were a few buildings around the station area , as well as the docks , with the closest extent of the Bristol conurbation 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) away at Shirehampton . The station cost £ 275 to build , and was merely a platform on the south side of the single track , served by eight trains per day between Hotwells and the BPRP 's Avonmouth terminus , increasing to ten per day from 1887 . The Great Western and Midland Railways considered the station inadequate for the passenger numbers expected , and so purchased additional land to enhance the station with extra tracks . The new station comprised a wide island platform – the northern face on the original through line , the southern face being for a new terminal line . The station , now known as Avonmouth Dock Joint , was constructed using mainly wood and corrugated iron . It was opened on 1 September 1885 , coinciding with the beginning of passenger services beyond Clifton Down . The Great Western initially offered six trains per day each direction between Avonmouth Dock and Bristol Temple Meads . Fearing competition , the BPRP did not allow passengers to use GWR services between its stations . The Midland Railway did not run any passenger services beyond Clifton Down , apart from a one @-@ month trial service in September 1885 . Despite the increased traffic the BPRP suffered financially , and was taken over by the CER in 1890 . The BPRP 's Avonmouth terminus closed to the public in 1902 , after which all trains terminated at Avonmouth Dock .
= = = Early twentieth century = = =
The station went through numerous enhancements in the first part of the twentieth century . A new platform canopy and urinal were provided in 1900 at a cost of £ 250 . Further improvements followed in 1902 at a cost of £ 80 ; and in August 1904 significant enhancements to the station buildings and an extension of the platform cost a total of £ 1 @,@ 570 . A 60 feet ( 18 m ) turntable was constructed in December 1903 , with a signal box , known as Avonmouth Dock Passenger , installed at the end of the platform . Dedicated goods staff were employed from the start of 1904 , with that year also seeing the installation of a run @-@ around loop for the terminal platform . A small engine shed was added in January 1905 . In 1910 , some passenger trains once again began to run beyond Avonmouth Dock , continuing towards Henbury on the newly opened Henbury Loop Line , which allowed goods trains to the docks to avoid the steep Clifton Down Tunnel . Other trains arrived from London via the loop , connecting with steamer services to Canada and Jamaica . At this point there were 17 trains from Bristol to Avonmouth Dock and 15 back each day ; increasing to 21 and 19 respectively by 1920 . The station was well @-@ staffed , with 25 station staff and 47 goods staff in 1913 . Positions included stationmaster ; booking clerks ; posters ; and outdoor porters , who took goods to ships in the docks .
During the First World War , an Army Remount Service depot was located near Shirehampton . Over the course of the war , Avonmouth Dock Joint handled 35 @,@ 000 animals , mainly horses and mules , en route to the depot . July 1917 saw the introduction of platform tickets , to capitalise on people using the station to bid farewell to friends heading overseas , or to welcome those returning . The platform was lengthened to 330 feet ( 100 m ) in December 1917 . A second through track was added in 1918 , and so a new cinder @-@ covered platform was built on the north side of the line . The two platforms were linked by a footbridge and a level crossing . The cost of the new platform and the lengthening works was £ 7 @,@ 420 .
After the war , construction of the Bristol Portway along the Avon Gorge necessitated the closure of the line from Sneyd Park Junction to Hotwells , with trains along it ceasing on 3 July 1922 . By this point there were nine trains per day from Hotwells , and eight return . To compensate for the loss of service , the Great Western provided an additional four trains daily from Avonmouth Dock to Bristol and six return . In 1923 , grouping resulted in the Midland Railway being absorbed into the London , Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) , and the line continued in a joint arrangement between the Great Western and the LMS . The engine shed was closed in 1924 .
By the mid @-@ 1920s , the station was proving inadequate for the passenger numbers , and so work began on a comprehensive rebuild in 1926 . The new buildings were made of brick ; with a large , four @-@ chimneyed building containing most of the facilities ; as well as a separate parcels office . The northern platform had a wooden awning built , which is still in place today .
From 1928 many services to Avonmouth Dock were extended to Severn Beach . By 1947 , just before the railways were nationalised , there were 33 services each direction between Avonmouth Dock and Temple Meads , with 18 on Sundays . Some trains made circular trips to and from Temple Meads via Clifton Down and Henbury or Pilning .
= = = British Rail and privatisation = = =
When the railways were nationalised in 1948 , services at Avonmouth Dock came under the aegis of the Western Region of British Railways . By 1955 , service levels had decreased slightly to 28 trains per day from Bristol and 29 return , but the services were at regular intervals . Passenger numbers however dropped sharply in 1961 as the result of a fare increase , and so in 1962 a new reduced timetable was enacted , which lost more passengers . A year later in 1963 , the Beeching report suggested the complete withdrawal of services along the line , but ultimately only those beyond Severn Beach or via Henbury were withdrawn . Goods services from the station ended on 20 June 1966 , the same day that the station was renamed " Avonmouth " . The bay platform was taken out of use and the land later taken for industrial buildings . From 17 July 1967 all staffing was withdrawn from stations along the line , including Avonmouth , with tickets issued by the train guard . The station buildings on the island platform survived into the 1970s , as did the footbridge , but with the exception of the parcels office , all were later demolished . The parcels office was in use in 2006 as a hairdressing salon . The signal box was closed in January 1969 , and in September 1973 the wooden level crossing gates were replaced by automatic lifting barriers . By 1974 , service had reduced to 19 trains per day in each direction , with no Sunday services to Severn Beach .
British Rail was split into business @-@ led sectors in the 1980s , at which time operations at Avonmouth passed to Regional Railways . At this time , all trains ran to Severn Beach , but the service pattern was irregular . This changed in 1995 when an hourly timetable was introduced for peak times , but northbound services were terminated at Avonmouth .
When the railway was privatised in 1997 , local services were franchised to Wales & West , which was succeeded by Wessex Trains , an arm of National Express , in 2001 . Following action by Friends of Severn Beach Railway and a string of protests , services had increased to 10 per day in each direction by 2005 , with Bristol City Council providing a subsidy to Wessex Trains . The Wessex franchise was amalgamated with the Great Western franchise into the Greater Western franchise from 2006 , and responsibility passed to First Great Western , a subsidiary company of FirstGroup , subsequently rebranded as Great Western Railway in 2015 . A minimum service requirement was written into the franchise agreement , ensuring an hourly service along the line , and this has since been increased to three trains every two hours ( 25 trains per day ) . Sunday services to Severn Beach were restored in 2010 .
= = Future = =
The last remaining station building , the old parcels office , is threatened with demolition by Network Rail , which owns the station . Network Rail states that the building is beyond economic repair , but local rail campaigners , including Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways and MP Charlotte Leslie , have petitioned to prevent the demolition .
First Great Western declined a contractual option to continue the Greater Western passenger franchise ( of which services at Avonmouth are a part ) beyond 2013 , citing a desire for a longer @-@ term contract due to the impending upgrade to the Great Western Main Line . The franchise was put out to tender , but the process was halted and later scrapped due to the fallout from the collapse of the InterCity West Coast franchise competition . A two @-@ year franchise extension until September 2015 was agreed in October 2013 , and subsequently extended until March 2019 .
With the coming upgrade to the Great Western Main Line , the main line from London to Bristol is due to be electrified by 2016 . However , the electrification will not extend beyond the main lines , so Avonmouth will continue to be served by diesel trains , with the current " Sprinter " units expected to be replaced by Class 165 and 166 " Networker Turbo " units . Stephen Williams , MP for Bristol West ; and the group Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways support the electrification being extended to the Severn Beach Line .
Improved services at Avonmouth are called for as part of the Greater Bristol Metro scheme , a rail transport plan which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area . There is an aspiration for half @-@ hourly services , with trains towards Bristol terminating alternately at Portishead and Bath Spa , however due to the large sections of the Severn Beach Line which are single @-@ track , and to the congested main line from Temple Meads , such frequency is not currently feasible . The enhancement scheme was given the go @-@ ahead in July 2012 as part of the City Deal , whereby local councils would be given greater control over money by the government . There are also calls for the reopening of the Henbury Loop Line , which could allow a direct service from Avonmouth to Bristol Parkway . Plans for a loop were rejected by the West of England Joint Transport Board , however Bristol City Councillors voted to send the decision back to the board for further discussion .
= Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project =
The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration seeks to correct and add new information about past North Atlantic hurricanes . It was started around 2000 to update HURDAT , the official hurricane database for the Atlantic Basin , which has become outdated since its creation due to various systematic errors introduced into the database over time . This effort has involved reanalyses of ship observations from the International Comprehensive Ocean @-@ Atmosphere Data Set ( ICOADS ) as well as reanalyses done by other researchers over the years . It has been ongoing for fourteen years now , and should last another four years .
= = Inaccuracies and omissions in existing data = =
= = = Errors = = =
HURDAT contains a number of errors which need to be corrected , such demonstrated by the outliers in the a pressure vs. wind speed graph of datapoints in the database ( right ) . Some of these errors have existed since the database 's creation during NASA 's Apollo Program , where it was used to help produce probabilities of tropical cyclone @-@ induced winds in critical areas such as Cape Kennedy ( now Cape Canaveral ) .
= = = New information = = =
A significant amount of new data for systems between 1851 and 1886 became available after a major basin @-@ wide reanalysis in 1996 , a project led by Jose Fernandez @-@ Paratagas with the collaboration of Henry Diaz . The new data was constructed using old newspaper articles and the hemispheric weather map series . Hurricane histories for individual states had been constructed by the 1990s as well , which proposed new storms and increased the knowledge of tropical cyclones already in the database . Due to this profusion of relevant information not included in HURDAT , and evolving definitions for tropical and subtropical cyclones over the decades , the project was started around 2000 to update the official database . Since then , the International Comprehensive Ocean @-@ Atmosphere Data Set has been utilized to check for older ship reports which were either not utilized nor available to previous researchers .
= = = Incompleteness of dataset = = =
As early as 1957 , it was recognized that an increasing trend in the number of tropical cyclones each season in the Atlantic Basin was at least partially tied to increasing observations and better records . By analyzing the density of ship tracks over time , it has been estimated that between 1900 and 1966 , an average of two storms per year are missing from HURDAT . This is mainly due to a lack of satellite imagery and lack of reconnaissance aircraft prior to 1943 . An additional storm per year is likely missing prior to the advent of new technologies . These technologies include satellite @-@ derived Quikscat winds , satellite @-@ derived temperature profile information , and Robert Hart 's cyclone phase space diagrams , which have led to a recent increase in tropical cyclone detection . Quikscat was launched in 1999 , and has been credited with allowing Chantal to be named during the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season . The last two help determine whether or not a low pressure area is an extratropical cyclone , subtropical cyclone , or tropical cyclone .
Christopher Landsea noted that the efforts to reanalyze the Atlantic hurricane database
will not be able to recover observations of open ocean tropical cyclones that were just never taken . Researchers cannot assume that the Atlantic tropical cyclone database presents a complete depiction of frequency of events before the advent of satellite imagery in the mid @-@ 1960s . Moreover , newly available advanced tools and techniques are also contributing toward monitoring about one additional Atlantic tropical cyclone per year since 2002 . Thus large , long @-@ term ' trends ' in tropical cyclone frequency are primarily manifestations of increased monitoring capabilities and likely not related to any real change in the climate in which they develop .
= = Progress = =
The project has currently reanalyzed storms from the period 1886 to 1955 , and has extended HURDAT back to 1851 . In 2001 , data for the years 1851 – 1885 were added to the official database from the Fernández @-@ Partagás series of publications . Also , a paleotempestology conference was held at the University of South Carolina which proposed to increase the scope of HURDAT from a starting year of 1851 to a start of 1800 . The conference also discussed ways of exchanging information for the inclusion of older tropical cyclones , such as via compact disc or a Wikipedia @-@ style website . While the reanalysis has mostly proceeded sequentially , notable exceptions have been made for the reanalysis of some significant tropical cyclones . In 2002 , for the tenth anniversary of Hurricane Andrew , the reanalysis was completed for the hurricane , which upgraded the cyclone to a Category 5 hurricane . In 2014 , a similar reanalysis was completed for Hurricane Camille .
Work by Michael Chenoweth , in collaboration with Cary Mock , increased knowledge of tropical cyclones in the Caribbean Sea for 1750 to 1786 . Chenoweth conducted a basin @-@ wide reassessment for old source material from the 1700 to 1855 period by using surface weather observations mainly in the form of ship reports , newspapers , and various diaries and journals from the region around the Caribbean Sea .
= = = Future efforts in other basins = = =
There is agreement within tropical cyclone circles of doing an " Atlantic @-@ style " reanalysis for other ocean basins . Some efforts are underway to start similar reanalyses across the western and eastern north Pacific Ocean , but are likely to take longer to complete . This is due to the need for coordination between the multiple Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres , which have the responsibility for tracking and forecasting tropical cyclones across that ocean . These tropical cyclone reanalyses are important , as theories concerning climate change and tropical cyclone trends hinge upon the quality of these databases .
= = = World Wide Web = = =
= = = Books = = =
Michael Chenoweth . The 18th Century Climate of Jamaica . American Philosophical Society : Philadelphia , 2003 .
= American Cream Draft =
The American Cream Draft is a rare draft horse breed , the only such breed developed in the United States that is still in existence . It is recognized by its cream color , known as " gold champagne " , produced by the action of the champagne gene upon a chestnut base color , and by its amber eyes , also characteristic of the gene ; the only other color found in the breed is chestnut . Like several other breeds of draft horses , the American Cream is at risk for the autosomal recessive genetic disease junctional epidermolysis bullosa .
The breed was developed in Iowa during the early 20th century , beginning with a cream @-@ colored mare named Old Granny . The Great Depression threatened the breed 's existence , but several breeders worked to improve the color and type of the breed , and in 1944 a breed registry was formed . The mechanization of farming in the mid @-@ 20th century led to a decrease in the breed 's population and the registry became inactive for several decades . It was reactivated in 1982 and population numbers have slowly grown since then . However , population numbers are still considered critical by The Livestock Conservancy and the Equus Survival Trust .
= = Characteristics = =
American Creams have refined heads , with flat facial profiles that are neither concave nor convex . They have wide chests , sloping shoulders and short , strong backs . Their ribs are well sprung , and they are short @-@ coupled with well @-@ muscled hindquarters and with strong well @-@ proportioned legs set well apart . They are sure @-@ footed with strong hooves , and their movement is free and easy . According to enthusiasts , the breed has a calm , willing temperament , particularly suited for owners who are new to handling draft horses . Mares stand 15 – 16 hands ( 60 – 64 inches , 152 – 163 cm ) high and weigh 1 @,@ 500 – 1 @,@ 600 pounds ( 680 – 730 kg ) , while stallions and geldings stand 16 – 16 @.@ 3 hands ( 64 – 67 inches , 163 – 170 cm ) and weigh 1 @,@ 800 pounds ( 820 kg ) or more .
The ideal coat color for the breed is a medium cream with pink skin , amber eyes and a white mane and tail . The characteristic cream color of the breed is produced by the champagne gene . Recognized colors include light , medium and dark cream , with amber or hazel eyes . A cream mare with dark skin and a light mane and tail may be accepted by the registry as foundation stock , while stallions must have pink skin and white manes and tails to be registered . Purebred American Cream foals that are too dark to be accepted into the main breed registry may be recorded into an appendix registry . The appendix will also accept half @-@ bred Cream Draft horses crossed with other draft bloodlines if they meet certain requirements , and the registry provides an upgrade system that uses appendix horses to strengthen genes , increase breed numbers , and allow more diversified bloodlines .
= = = Color genetics = = =
The champagne gene produces diluted color , and the gold champagne body color , light skin , light eyes , and ivory mane and tail associated with the American Cream Draft are produced by the action of the champagne gene on a chestnut base coat . In the adult horse , the skin is pink with abundant dark freckles or mottling , and the eyes are hazel or amber . The eyes of champagne foals are blue at birth , darkening as they age , and a foal 's skin is bright pink . The breed registry describes foals ' eyes as " almost white " , which is consistent with the nature of the champagne blue foal eye , which is creamier than other types of blue eye .
Champagne is a dominant trait , based on a mutation in the SLC36A1 gene . The mapping of the gene was announced in 2008 , and the American Cream Draft cross was among the breeds studied . The authors of this study noted that it was difficult to distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous animals , thus distinguishing champagne from incomplete dominant dilutions such as the cream gene . However they noted that homozygotes may have less mottling or a slightly lighter hair color than heterozygotes . Anecdotal reports also note mild differences , including lighter freckling , skin and hair coat , though eye color remains the same .
Dark @-@ skinned American Cream Draft horses are actually chestnuts , as the breed is not homozygous for the champagne gene ; only one allele is needed to produce the proper color . Champagne dilutes any base coat color , and in the American Cream Draft , the underlying genetic base color is chestnut . As of 2003 , scientists have not found the breed to carry the cream gene , even though breeders refer to the desired color as " cream " . The American Cream Draft is never cremello or white , and though the gold coat color with a white mane and tail resembles palomino , the breed 's defining characteristics are the result of the champagne gene .
= = = Junctional epidermolysis bullosa = = =
The autosomal recessive genetic disease junctional epidermolysis bullosa ( JEB ) has been found in some American Cream Drafts . This is a lethal genetic disorder that causes newborn foals to lose large areas of skin and have other abnormalities , normally leading to euthanasia of the animal . It is most commonly associated with Belgian horses , but is also found in other draft breeds . A DNA test was developed in 2002 , and JEB can be avoided as long as two carriers are not bred to one another . The American Cream registry states that it has " been pro @-@ active in testing its registered animals since JEB was discovered " .
= = Breed history = =
The American Cream is the only breed of draft horse developed in the United States that is still in existence today . The breed descends from a foundation mare named Old Granny . She was probably foaled between 1900 and 1905 , and was first noticed at an auction in Story County , Iowa , in 1911 and purchased by Harry Lakin , a well known stock dealer . She was eventually sold to Nelson Brothers Farm in Jewell , Iowa . Her breeding is not known , but she was cream @-@ colored and many of her foals were as well ; they sold for above @-@ average prices because of their color . Her cream @-@ colored coat , pink skin and amber eyes are defining standards for the breed , and the color is now known as gold champagne . In 1946 , two years after the breed registry was formed , 98 percent of the horses registered could be traced back to Old Granny .
In 1920 , a colt of Old Granny 's named Nelson 's Buck No. 2 impressed veterinarian Eric Christian to the point that Christian asked the Nelsons not to geld him . They agreed to let him remain a stallion , and he sired several cream @-@ colored foals , though only one was registered : a colt named Yancy No. 3 , whose dam was a black mare of Percheron breeding . Yancy sired Knox 1st , born in 1926 to an unregistered bay mare of mixed Shire ancestry . From this sire line , in 1931 , a great @-@ great @-@ grandson of Nelson 's Buck was born , named Silver Lace No. 9 . Silver Lace was to become one of the most influential stallions of the American Cream breed . His dam was a Belgian mare with light chestnut coloring , and she is credited with Silver Lace 's size – at 2 @,@ 230 pounds ( 1 @,@ 010 kg ) he weighed considerably more than most of his bloodline . Silver Lace quickly became a popular stallion in Iowa . However , stallions standing for public stud service in Iowa were required to be registered with the Iowa Department of Agriculture , and this agency only allowed horses of recognized breeds . As Silver Lace was not registered with any breed registry , his owners created a breeding syndicate , and mare owners who bought shares in the " Silver Lace Horse Company " could breed their mares to him . However , his main breeding career coincided with the economic struggles of the Great Depression , and Silver Lace was at one point hidden in a neighbor 's barn to prevent his sale at auction . Another significant foundation stallion was Ead 's Captain , whose bloodlines appear in about one @-@ third of all American Cream Drafts .
Around 1935 , despite the Depression , a few breeders started to linebreed and inbreed cream @-@ colored horses to fix their color and type . In particular , C.T. Rierson began buying cream @-@ colored mares sired by Silver Lace and developing the American Cream breed in earnest . In 1944 , a breed association , the American Cream Association , was formed by 20 owners and breeders and granted a corporate charter in the state of Iowa . In 1950 , the breed was finally recognized by the Iowa Department of Agriculture , based on a 1948 recommendation by the National Stallion Enrollment Board .
The mechanization of farming in the mid @-@ 20th century led to a decrease in the overall draft horse population , and with Rierson 's death in 1957 , American Cream Draft numbers began to decline . By the late 1950s there were only 200 living American Creams registered , owned by only 41 breeders . The registry became inactive until 1982 , when three families who had retained their herds reactivated and reorganized the registry . In 1994 , the organization officially changed its name to the American Cream Draft Horse Association ( ACDHA ) .
= = = 1990s to the present = = =
In 1982 , owners began blood @-@ typing their horses , and by 1990 , genetic testing found that " compared with other draft breeds and based upon gene marker data , the Creams form a distinct group within the draft horses . " The American Cream Draft was found to have a genetic relationship with the Belgian breed that was no closer than the ones it had with the Percheron , Suffolk Punch and Haflinger breeds . Registry records dating to the early 20th century show no bloodlines other than draft breeding . As of 2000 there were 222 registered horses , a number that increased to 350 as of 2004 . Of these , 40 were " tracking horses " – either purebred American Creams that did not meet color requirements or crossbred horses that mix American Cream and other draft blood , but still meet the physical requirements for the registry . These tracking horses are allowed by certain regulations to be used as breeding stock , with the resulting foals able to be registered as purebred American Creams . Around 30 new horses are registered each year . The Livestock Conservancy considers the breed to be at " critical " status , meaning that the estimated global population of the breed is less than 2 @,@ 000 and there are less than 200 registrations annually in the US . The Equus Survival Trust also considers the population to be " critical " , meaning that there are between 100 and 300 active adult breeding mares in existence today . To help replenish numbers , the ACDHA has developed regulations to permit foals to be registered when produced via methods such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer . Careful use of the appendix registry also allows numbers to increase .
The American Creams that live in Colonial Williamsburg have been called " the most famous of all American Cream Draft horses " . In the village they are used for wagon and carriage rides , and as of 2006 there is a breeding program run by Colonial Williamsburg that is working to increase breed numbers .
= M @-@ 42 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 42 is a rural state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is located in the northwestern Lower Peninsula of the state . Along its route , M @-@ 42 begins in Manton and ends north of Lake City , some 10 @.@ 356 miles ( 16 @.@ 666 km ) apart . The highway used to run much farther . Former termini included the Traverse City area from 1919 until 1940 and Mesick from 1940 until 2007 .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 42 is a rural , two @-@ lane highway connecting Manton and Lake City . It runs through wooded terrain on gently rolling hills . Between the western terminus at Michigan Avenue and the US 131 freeway in Manton , M @-@ 42 is concurrently designated with Bus . US 131 along Seventh Street . It runs east along Seventh Street to a folded diamond interchange at Exit 191 on US 131 east of downtown . Continuing east , it is known as North 16 ½ Road until it crosses the Wexford – Missaukee county line at Seeley Road approximately 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) east of the freeway . Here the road name changes to Mike and Tony Road before M @-@ 42 curves southeasterly crossing Morrisy Creek on West Walker Road . East of the unincorporated community of Arlene the highway turns ninety degrees to the south off Walker Road before angling southeasterly skirting the edge of some hills near Dyer Lake just west of M @-@ 66 . The road turns back due east between Al Moses Road and M @-@ 66 , where it ends north of Lake City . No section of the trunkline is part of the National Highway System .
= = History = =
M @-@ 42 is an original state trunkline dating back to the 1919 signage of the highway system in Michigan . The original highway routing started at M @-@ 13 in Manton and ran due west to Mesick . From there the highway turned north and met M @-@ 11 at Chums Corners . M @-@ 11 / M @-@ 42 ran concurrently northward into the City of Traverse City where M @-@ 42 ended . By May 1929 , M @-@ 42 was extended east to connect to Lake City . The highway was further extended before 1936 up the Old Mission Peninsula north of Traverse City . In the latter half of 1940 , the M @-@ 37 designation replace M @-@ 42 north of Mesick through Traverse City to Old Mission . The last sections of highway were paved in late 1951 and early 1952 .
In 2007 , the stretch of M @-@ 42 between M @-@ 37 and US 131 along 16 Road was transferred to the Wexford County Road Commission . This change shortened the highway from 25 @.@ 255 miles ( 40 @.@ 644 km ) to 10 @.@ 356 miles ( 16 @.@ 666 km ) . The section of transferred highway in Wexford County was labeled as " flexible pavements " on the 2006 MDOT Truck Operators Map . This classification meant truck traffic on the roadway was subject to weight and load restrictions during spring . This classification is unlike the other highways in the county and surrounding area which were marked as " all @-@ weather highways " and would not carry such restrictions .
= = Major intersections = =
= Washington State Route 290 =
State Route 290 ( SR 290 ) , named Hamilton Street and Trent Avenue , is a 18 @.@ 38 @-@ mile ( 29 @.@ 58 km ) long state highway serving Spokane County in the U.S. state of Washington . SR 290 travels parallel to a Union Pacific railroad from Interstate 90 ( I @-@ 90 ) in Spokane through Millwood and across the Spokane River three times towards Spokane Valley , where the highway intersects SR 27 . From Spokane Valley , the roadway continues to the Idaho state border , where it becomes Idaho State Highway 53 .
The current route of SR 290 was formerly county roads between 1901 and 1937 , when it became Secondary State Highway 2H ( SSH 2H ) . The highway ran from U.S. Route 2 ( US 2 ) and US 395 in Downtown Spokane to Idaho until a 1964 renumbering of state highways , which re @-@ designated SSH 2H as SR 290 . A short spur route connecting the main highway to I @-@ 90 was also added during the renumbering , but SR 290 was realigned to replace the route in 2005 .
= = Route description = =
SR 290 begins as a short divided highway at a directional T @-@ interchange with Interstate 90 ( I @-@ 90 ) east of downtown Spokane . This interchange was originally built for a planned North Spokane Corridor in the 1970s . The freeway continues north to an interchange with 2nd Avenue that only allows eastbound traffic to enter and westbound traffic to exit the freeway . The highway is named Hamilton Street and travels north over Sprague Avenue , BNSF Railway tracks , and the Spokane River before intersecting Trent Avenue , the former route of the roadway prior to 2005 . At the intersection , located near Gonzaga University , SR 290 turns east and becomes Trent Avneue before crossing the Spokane River again . Trent Avenue travels northeast through an industrial district , paralleling the Spokane International branch of the Union Pacific Railroad , through Millwood before intersecting SR 27 , locally named Pines Road . The highway crosses the Spokane River a third time and enters the Trentwood neighborhood of Spokane Valley , where it intersects Sullivan Road by way of a diamond interchange . From Spokane Valley , the roadway travels northeast through farmland to Newman Lake , where it crosses into Idaho and becomes Idaho State Highway 53 , which continues east to Rathdrum as Trent Road .
Every year the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2009 , WSDOT calculated that as few as 6 @,@ 800 cars traveled through Millwood , and as many as 35 @,@ 00 cars on the short divided highway north of I @-@ 90 .
= = History = =
A road following the Great Northern Railway and Northern Pacific Railway line from Spokane to the Idaho state border at Newman Lake has existed since 1901 . In 1937 , the road became Secondary State Highway 2H ( SSH 2H ) and ran from Primary State Highway 2 in Spokane to Wellesley Avenue at the Idaho state border . SSH 2H was scheduled to be designated SR 290 in 1970 after a highway renumbering in 1964 . The new designation was made to align with the sign route , now state route , system . In 1967 , the eastern terminus of SSH 2H was shifted north to align with Idaho State Highway 53 ( ID 53 ) . In 1970 , the state route system came into effect and SR 290 was established along with a spur route connecting the main highway to Interstate 90 ( I @-@ 90 ) . In 2005 , the western terminus of SR 290 was moved southeast to an exit with I @-@ 90 , replacing the spur route .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Spokane County .
= = Spur route = =
Washington State Route 290 Spur was a 0 @.@ 67 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 08 km ) long spur route of SR 290 prior to 2005 . The spur route served as a short connector to Interstate 90 ( I @-@ 90 ) east of downtown Spokane and ran from SR 290 at the intersection of Trent Avenue and Hamilton Street near Gonzaga University to a directional T @-@ interchange with I @-@ 90 , via a bridge over the Spokane River . The highway was originally established along with SR 290 , which went east from U.S. Route 2 ( US 2 ) and U.S. Route 395 ( US 395 ) in downtown Spokane to Idaho . This spur route was proposed to be the southern terminus of the North / South Freeway that would bypass Downtown Spokane and a freeway segment was built , but never finished due to priority going to the Interstate Highways . The western terminus of SR 290 was realigned in 2005 , ending at I @-@ 90 along the former route of SR 290 Spur .
Major intersections
The entire highway was in Spokane , Spokane County .
= H ( EP ) =
H is an EP by Japanese recording artist Ayumi Hamasaki , featuring songs later included on her fifth studio album Rainbow ( 2002 ) . The EP contains the songs " Independent " , " July 1st " and " Hanabi " , all written and co @-@ composed by Hamasaki ( under the alias Crea ) , alongside composer Dai Nagao and producer Max Matsuura . Hamasaki had written and recorded the three songs when she was still hurt and influenced by the events of the September 11 attacks and the completion of her fourth studio album I Am ... ( 2002 ) .
The attacks influenced Hamasaki 's lyrical and musical direction , and had made her decide to create more worldly @-@ inspired music . The EP utilizes dance and pop music , with each song being influenced by pop rock , electronica , and trip hop music . Like Rainbow , it contains ambient @-@ influenced sounds such as handclaps and cheering . The lyrical content deals with freedom , fun and sadness , continuing themes seen on her previous album .
The EP received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who commended the production value . Many critics praised it as being one of Hamasaki 's career highlights . The EP was commercially successful in her native Japan , peaking at number one on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart . It became the only single in 2002 the same year to sell over one million units in Japan , and was certified by the Recording Industry Association of Japan for one million copies shipped to stores .
No music videos were created to promote the EP , which makes only one of three single or extended play releases by Hamasaki to lack videos ( including A ( 1999 ) , " Unite ! " ( 2001 ) and " Terminal " ( 2014 ) . However , the singles did have commercial endorsed videos by product companies that featured Hamasaki . The songs have been performed several times on her domestic and nationwide tours including A @-@ nation and her stadium tours Ayumi Hamasaki Stadium Tour 2002 A and Ayumi Hamasaki Countdown Live 2002 – 2003 A.
= = Background = =
On New Years Day 2002 , Hamasaki released her fourth studio album I Am ... from Avex Trax . The album saw a new direction for Hamasaki , whose first three studio albums was dominated by a pop rock sound , and lyrics based on loneliness , confusion , sadness , relationships and individualism . The result was not well @-@ received from critics , who felt the effort was " unassuming " , particularly on her debut release A Song for × × ( 1999 ) . After being affected emotionally by the September 11 attacks , Hamasaki quickly changed the album 's planned musical direction , and updated the album cover to support world peace . This effort was Hamasaki 's first album to focus on lighter themes , such as faith , humanity and serenity . I Am ... became a success and sold over 2 @.@ 3 million copies in Japan , and was certified triple million by the RIAJ .
Hamasaki begun work on Rainbow the same year , and intended to focus on the same themes again . While promoting I Am ... , Hamasaki performed for the first time outside Japan at the 2002 MTV Asia Music Awards in Singapore . Her performance has been seem as an influencing factor for Japanese musical acts to begin performing overseas . At the ceremony , Hamasaki felt that by only writing Japanese lyrics , she was not able to bring her " message " to other countries and decided to write in English . Rainbow contained three songs with English lyrics ; " Real Me " , " Heartplace " and " Over " . Despite this , none of the three songs on H feature English lyrics .
Three months before the release of H , Hamasaki released her first single from Rainbow , " Free & Easy " , on April 24 , 2002 . The song received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success , peaking at number one on the Oricon Charts and selling over 400 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Recording and production = =
The September 11 attacks influenced Hamasaki 's writing for her studio albums I Am ... and Rainbow . I Am ... focused on world peace and political aspects and featured " A Song Is Born " , a song particularly influenced by the event which had been included on Song Nation , a non @-@ profit album funded by her label Avex Trax for the September 11 victims . The song itself sold over 400 @,@ 000 units in Japan and the profits were donated towards the American government to help with the damages .
Rainbow and the H tracks were recorded in Tokyo at Avex Studios , Prime Sound Studio , JVC Victor Studios , as well as at other recording studios in Japan . " Hanabi " and " Independent " was mixed by Yasuo Matsumoto , while " July 1st " was mixed by Koji Morimoto . In order to expand her creative control , she had composed nine tracks on Rainbow and subsequently co @-@ composed all the tracks from H. " Independent " was the first song recorded for the studio album . Avex Trax director Yasuyuki Tomita and Hamasaki had discussed having a song with a baseball theme . While she was convinced by his idea , Tomita later reconsidered the idea and scrapped it . Japanese producer Dai Nagao , who had co @-@ composed Hamasaki 's album Loveppears , thought of a similar concept and suggested the idea to Hamasaki , which she accepted . The single version of " Independent " was not featured on Rainbow , a version of the song titled " Independent + " was included as a hidden track . This was the third time Hamasaki had included a song as a hidden track , after " Kanariya " on Loveppears ( 1999 ) . The song discusses independence and adulthood .
The second track , " July 1st " was composed by Nagao and Hamasaki . Japanese disc jockey Cool @-@ K also included additional scratching on the track . As H was released during the Japanese summer , Hamasaki decided to incorporate a " summer vibe " to the tracks and , according to Tomita , " July 1st " was her strongest song to feature this . These themes had also been explored throughout I Am .... The lyrical content is " uplifting and cheerful " and talks about fun experiences ; Hamasaki commented , " This was the first time I had ever written a song [ " July 1st " ] from this viewpoint , and I even surprised myself ! " " Hanabi " talks about Hamasaki 's views of the world , and discusses personal nostalgia . Hamasaki wanted the songs to be deeper , and Tomita commented that " Hanabi " was the first time he saw Hamasaki feel more engaged with global artists and incorporating those influences , rather than simply being influenced by Japanese music . " Hanabi " ' s title was written in English characters , and is the Japanese word for fireworks . The title was re @-@ used on her single & for the track " Hanabi ( Episode II ) " .
= = Musical styles = =
H incorporates different genres including trip hop , dance @-@ rock and electronica . " Independent " is a pop rock song with elements of modern electronica . The song features more " relaxed " vocals and " softer " lyrical content . According to Tomita , Hamasaki had placed microphones in Tokyo Dome during one of her concerts , to recorded the audience 's voices and " cheerleader " hand claps , as a way to incorporate inspiration from her fans .
" July 1st " is a Eurodance and dance @-@ pop influenced song . According to CDJournal , the song starts with a " natural breezy " guitar flow . " Hanabi " is inspired by British trip hop and dub music , and is also strongly influenced by ambient music . The song 's lyrical content and composition were based on the theme of nostalgia , which Hamasaki felt was one of her more deep songs . She felt that putting " Hanabi " after " July 1st " was perfect because it interrupted the emotions created by the " summery vibe " of " July 1st " ; Hamasaki herself had stated that her idea was to create " a summer that ends in deep sadness . " Tomita felt that Hamasaki was trying
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
in 1959 , with over 800 students .
In 1961 , Caulfield affiliated with Malvern Memorial Grammar School . Malvern Grammar School opened in 1890 as a boys @-@ only secondary school and in 1924 moved into the Valentine 's Mansion , formerly the home of Sir John Mark Davies ( no relation to the school 's founder ) , a Victorian Cabinet minister . The mansion was built in 1892 and contains a large ballroom . Valentine 's Mansion has been listed as a place of historical and architecture significance by both the Victorian Heritage Register and the Register of the National Estate .
The school was renamed Malvern Memorial Grammar School in 1947 to honour old boys who had fought in World Wars I and II . Malvern Memorial Grammar School amalgamated with Shaw House in 1971 and became the Malvern Campus , a primary school located in the Valentine 's Mansion , and its students began to wear the Caulfield Grammar School uniform . From 1949 to 1979 , Caulfield had operated Shaw House , its primary school located in Mayfield Street , St Kilda East , offering kindergarten and schooling from Years 1 to 3 .
During the 1960s and 1970s , student activism saw changes in the school 's policies relating to students . Appointed prefects were replaced in 1970 by an elected School Committee to represent the student body , the publication of a student newsletter Demos — containing editorials on aspects of the school — was allowed , religious education classes were made voluntary for senior year levels , the position of school chaplain was abolished , and Caulfield was the only APS school to allow its students to participate in moratorium marches protesting the Vietnam War on 8 May 1970 .
The school 's centenary year , 1981 , marked the appearance of the first girls at Caulfield , as a second senior school campus opened at Wheelers Hill on 26 April . Caulfield had purchased the land for a future project in 1969 , and a new campus was established to celebrate the centenary . Wheelers Hill began as a coeducational school for all year levels . In 1993 , the other campuses opened to girls , making Caulfield fully coeducational .
The school established a computer network in 1997 with all students and staff having individual log in details , email accounts , and file space . Unlike other Australian independent schools , Caulfield Grammar School has not followed the trend of making laptops compulsory for students . However , the school provides an online login system or Intranet for students and staff that is accessed via existing entry passwords and usernames . This capability is referred to as the School 's sixth or " virtual " campus , and enables access to email and files from the school network over the Internet .
After Caulfield Campus ' historic War Memorial Hall , built in 1958 , was burnt down in an electrical fire on 14 November 2000 — a Melbourne Cup public holiday — Caulfield Grammar School began to plan the construction of major halls at both Caulfield and Wheelers Hill campuses , naming the project " The Twin Halls " . The Memorial Hall at Wheelers Hill was officially opened on 28 July 2005 and the Cripps Centre at Caulfield Campus opened on 25 October 2005 . Each hall seats 650 people ; the Wheelers Hill hall including a new chapel fitted with a multimedia centre and Caulfield hall including a music / visual art department .
Caulfield Grammar School now has over 3 @,@ 000 students throughout its three @-@ day campuses . It is the only Melbourne @-@ based school in the APS to provide boarding for both boys and girls , with nearly 100 boarding students from rural Australia , Melbourne and overseas . For non @-@ international students , fees range from A $ 14 @,@ 000 to A $ 25 @,@ 000 per year for day students , and in excess of $ 30 @,@ 000 for boarding students . Caulfield received A $ 2 @,@ 134 @,@ 444 as estimated ERI ( federal funding ) in 2000 , which increased to A $ 6 @,@ 573 @,@ 791 in 2004 . As with most Australian independent schools , Caulfield is not a full fee paying institution ; full fees apply only to international students , who are not subsidised by government funding .
The 125th anniversary of Caulfield 's founding was marked in 2006 and various events were held in commemoration . On 26 April 2006 , the school community held a day of celebrations ( ANZAC Day — a national public holiday — is held in Australia on 25 April , the actual anniversary of the founding ) . Staff and students at all five campuses of the school — with student groups visiting both the Nanjing and Yarra Junction campuses at the time — formed " 125TH " at their respective campuses and an aerial photograph was taken . Other celebrations during the year included a 125th Anniversary Ball at Crown Casino for past and present staff and parents , as well as past students . The annual Founders ' Day service at St Paul 's Cathedral was attended by guest of honour , Governor of Victoria Dr. David de Kretser , a past parent of the school . The School Council commissioned author Helen Penrose to write a history of the school entitled Outside the Square , which was released in 2006 .
The school is a member of the Associated Public Schools of Victoria ( APS ) , and is affiliated with the Headmasters ' and Headmistresses ' Conference , the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia ( AHISA ) , the Junior School Heads Association of Australia ( JSHAA ) , the Australian Boarding Schools ' Association , and the Association of Independent Schools of Victoria ( AISV ) .
= = = Yarra Junction Campus = = =
In 1947 , a country centre opened at Yarra Junction on land donated by the Cuming family . Cuming House was the first outdoor education campus for an Australian school , set in the Australian bush and close to the Yarra River . The Yarra Junction Campus today allows students to live in sustainable eco @-@ cabins with rainwater tanks and solar power technology . The Earth Studies Centre , Wadambawilam ( Aboriginal term for ' learning place ' ) , operates on wind and solar power , and uses many environmentally sound practices to teach students about long @-@ term environmental sustainability . Also on campus is a commercial dairy which produces over 1 million litres of milk annually . On United Nations World Environment Day 2001 the Yarra Junction Campus won an award for Best School Based Environment Project for its energy @-@ saving eco @-@ cabins project .
= = = Nanjing Campus = = =
The school opened a fifth campus in Nanjing , China in 1998 , with a residential campus constructed on property owned by the High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University . This became the first overseas campus for an Australian high school , and the first campus established by a foreign secondary school in China . It is staffed by six full @-@ time Australian teachers , as well as four trainees selected from the school 's annual graduating Year 12 class who complete 12 month gap year placements . Most Caulfield Year 9 students take part in five week internationalism programs and are based in Nanjing .
Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and then @-@ Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett both sent formal congratulations letters to Caulfield on the campus ' establishment , and Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs Alexander Downer witnessed the signing of an agreement to build the campus in 1996 ; also present were the Mayor of Nanjing , the Principal of the High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University , and Caulfield 's principal Stephen Newton . The Governor of Victoria James Gobbo officially opened the campus on 6 May 1998 . Caulfield focuses on Mandarin Chinese as its major Language Other Than English , with the language first offered as a senior school subject in 1963 , and later becoming the sole Asian language taught as it had higher student enrolments than Indonesian . It has been taught at every year level across all three campuses since 1994 , and the establishment of a campus in Nanjing allowed the school to strengthen its ties with the region . Nanjing was selected as the campus ' location in part because Jiangsu province , of which Nanjing is the capital and largest city , is Victoria 's sister @-@ state , and Nanjing University had previously established an Australian studies department .
Controversy arose in June 2001 when a group of six Caulfield students at the Ming Tombs were found to have graffitied this site , writing their full names on a wall near to the tomb entrance . The story was reported on the front page of Melbourne 's major newspapers , The Herald Sun and The Age , after the students were returned home to Australia . The school , in conjunction with Australian consular officials , resolved the issue with the Chinese government .
When a global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) occurred in 2003 , and had the highest confirmed cases in China , the school postponed all scheduled trips to China in 2003 indefinitely . The group which was in China at the time of the outbreak – March and April 2003 – travelled to Xi 'an instead of Beijing to avoid the peak areas of infection , and returned to Australia via Tokyo 's International Airport several days before the scheduled departure on the advice of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . The remaining groups returned in the second half of 2003 to participate in shortened three @-@ week programmes .
On 5 May 2008 , Caulfield celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Nanjing Campus and held two concerts hosted at the High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University .
Stephen Newton , Caulfield 's principal from 1993 to 2011 , was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2012 , for " distinguished service to education in the independent schools sector , through executive roles with professional organisations and advisory bodies , and to the development of educational development opportunities with China , " recognising his role in founding the Nanjing Campus .
= = Academics = =
Caulfield offers students a wide range of subjects in its academic curriculum . All students study Mandarin Chinese – the school 's major Language Other Than English , taught because of China 's developing importance in the Asia @-@ Pacific region – from primary school to Year 8 , and German in Years 7 and 8 , and may continue these languages as electives thereafter . The school awards scholarships for a range of fields , including academic excellence , theatre , music , art and sports .
= = = Middle school structure = = =
Caulfield has reorganised the early years of secondary school , which had previously been overshadowed by the VCE ( Years 10 – 12 ) and attempts to upgrade programmes for senior students . Years 7 through 9 make up the middle school , and operate differently from the later VCE years . New initiatives at the middle school include a learning mentor programme , introduced in 2004 at the Year 8 level , and expanded to Year 7 in 2005 . This provides every class with two teachers to around 30 students . Each class is assigned a learning mentor , who attends all of that group 's lessons and assists each student with improving their own learning style . The mentor focuses on both academic and pastoral issues , while the designated subject teacher is responsible for preparing and teaching the set curriculum .
Year 9 at Caulfield is seen as a year where students prepare to undertake the VCE ( Years 10 – 12 ) . Students do not have examinations , as would happen in any other senior school year at Caulfield , but rather focus on their classroom studies and the Learning Journeys programme . Learning Journeys is a combination of various subjects previously studied in Year 9 – history , geography , religious education and personal development – with students working in groups of around 15 pupils to one teacher . Classes last for one full school day each week , and students regularly participate in numerous excursions as part of the subject 's curriculum .
Year 9 is also the year in which most students participate in the China internationalism programme at the Nanjing campus . Approximately 300 students attend the campus annually ; students who do not take part in the programme study international culture in Australia and are based in Melbourne . Students study five key themes of Chinese culture during one of six five @-@ week programmes offered throughout the year : heritage , work , family , education and environment . Students are based at the residential campus in Nanjing , and also spend three days in Shanghai , one day in Tong Li , Suzhou , and four days in Beijing , with lessons based around visits to sites such as the Great Wall of China , the Forbidden City and the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum . They also complete two day homestay visits with students from the High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University , and participate in English and Mandarin language lessons with their homestay partners . In addition to the Year 9 programmes , a two @-@ week study tour for Year 11 students studying Chinese as a Second Language is held annually in the break between Term 3 and 4 . These students travelling to the Nanjing campus for language lessons and activities , including a homestay visit with students from the High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University , and also spend time in Shanghai and Hangzhou .
= = = Victorian Certificate of Education = = =
Caulfield Grammar School senior students study for the Victorian Certificate of Education ( Caulfield does not offer the International Baccalaureate ) , achieved after graduating from Year 12 . While the VCE is usually completed over two years , in 2003 Caulfield began to encourage Year 10 students to take as many as three VCE Unit 1 / 2 courses usually studied at Year 11 . This programme is seen as giving students a taste of the VCE a year earlier , thereby giving them a chance to prepare for what is to come ; it also allows Year 11 students to undertake Unit 3 / 4 studies , so that they effectively begin part of their Year 12 course a year earlier , maximising their ATAR scores by studying up to six subjects over this time .
Year 11 students studying Mandarin may return to China on a two @-@ week language @-@ focused study tour at the Nanjing campus . For students studying German , there are places available for exchanges to Germany during the summer holidays .
Both of Caulfield 's campuses ranked in the top 40 schools in Victoria for 2009 results , including the top 30 amongst private schools . Caulfield also has associations with Australian universities which have led to the introduction of annual awards for VCE students at the school . One Year 12 graduate from the school is awarded a Collegiate Partnership Scholarship to attend Bond University , a private university in Queensland , with 50 % of tuition for an undergraduate degree provided .
= = = Outdoor education = = =
The Yarra Junction campus hosts student camps at various year levels : Year 3 students attend for one day , Year 5 students for three days , Year 7 students have one week camps , and Year 8 students have 11 day programmes including a three @-@ day outdoor camping activity . At each of the camps involving overnight stays by students , student leaders currently in Years 10 and 11 accompany groups for the duration of their programmes . Year 10 and 11 students wishing to act as leaders attend a leadership camp at the campus at the end of the previous school year , and a number are then selected to take part in student camps . As part of various camps , students stay in eco @-@ cabins and must monitor their use of both water and electricity . Lessons also take place at Wadambawilam and at the campus dairy .
= = Student life = =
Caulfield offers an extracurricular activities programme for students . The major components of the programme are sport , music and the Arts .
= = = Sport = = =
Students from Years 5 to 12 participate in school sport as part of the APS competition .
Caulfield was one of the founding members of the Schools ' Association of Victoria in 1882 , but when the legitimacy of the association 's amateur status was questioned , Caulfield and Brighton Grammar School formed the Schools ' Amateur Athletic Association of Victoria in 1911 ( renamed the Associated Grammar Schools of Victoria in 1921 ) , and were joined by other Melbourne private and church schools in the competition . In 1958 , Caulfield accepted an offer to join the Associated Public Schools of Victoria . The APS was Victoria 's most competitive school sporting association , and after initially poor results the school introduced compulsory involvement in sporting teams in 1958 in an attempt to improve its performance . Caulfield currently holds an APS record for winning 12 consecutive APS Boys ' Athletics Championships from 1994 to 2005 , and has won numerous 1st Division premierships throughout its history . The First XVIII football team won 18 consecutive premierships from 1913 to 1930 – the longest championship run for a Caulfield Firsts team .
For students from Years 5 to 12 , inter @-@ school sport is a compulsory activity . Teams usually train twice a week , often travelling between Caulfield and Wheelers Hill or to other sporting venues , and play matches against other APS schools on Saturdays . Sports played include cricket , football , rowing , athletics and swimming . A United Kingdom Cricket and Tennis tour every three years sees Caulfield Grammar students play matches against students from such schools as Eton College and The King 's School , Canterbury .
The main facilities for sport are shared over both Caulfield and Wheelers Hill campus . At Caulfield , the Lindsay Thompson Centre is used for indoor sports such as basketball and netball , and the Alfred Mills Oval is the traditional home of the First XI cricket and First XVIII football teams . The oval has been a venue of matches in the 2004 Commonwealth Bank Under 19 Cricket Championships , and the venue for a match between the England women 's cricket team and the Victoria Spirit women 's team in January 2008 . Wheelers Hill includes four sports ovals , AstroTurf tennis and hockey courts , and outdoor netball courts .
= = = Controversy = = =
Like many other private schools , Caulfield Grammar School has withstood a deal of criticism on the practice of offering lucrative scholarships to students who excel in sporting competitions . The Age has reported that several students from Christian Brothers College , St. Kilda were lured to Caulfield after sporting events . Although the school does not offer sports scholarships as such , many talented students are attending on ' General excellence ' scholarships .
= = = The Arts = = =
Primary students in Year 2 learn to play either the violin , viola or cello , and for most students this is their first introduction to the Caulfield music programme . Year 4 students choose one of seven of woodwind and brass instruments to learn for a year . Year 7 students also take part in compulsory music tuition where they may choose one instrument to learn as part of a small group , with a range of musical groups represented including guitars , brass , woodwind and percussion . They may also take part in a singing group , or work in a composition workshop where they learn about songwriting , patterns in music and improvisation . Students who wish to learn an instrument in private lessons may do so from prep through to Year 12 , and many of these musicians go on to join various musical ensembles available at Caulfield . School bands , choirs and orchestras are open to students from Year 3 onwards , and many of these musical groups are on show at the annual Caulfield Grammar School Concert at Melbourne 's Hamer Hall . Senior choirs and bands also take part in such events as the Kodaly Choral Festival and Melbourne Bands Festival .
Caulfield 's most senior orchestral group is the Galamian Orchestra , which is primarily a string group , but expands to add other instruments when required . The group went on a small tour to England and Austria in June and July 2000 . In 2006 , the " No Strings Attached " stage band and the senior concert band toured European nations , and was featured in the Montreux Jazz Festival on 5 July 2006 . School music groups rehearse regularly in the music departments at each of the three campuses , and students from Wheelers Hill and Caulfield perform together in the three premier groups at Caulfield Grammar – the Galamian Orchestra , the No Strings Attached stage band , and the Chamber Choir . These groups perform at major school events such as the annual year @-@ ending Speech Night presentations , the Founders ' Day chapel service , and the School Concert , as well as performing at music festivals in Melbourne and on tours . In 2005 renowned Australian jazz musician James Morrison performed with the " No Strings Attached " stage band at Monash University .
Caulfield also competes in the Debaters Association of Victoria Schools competition , and Caulfield Campus is the host venue for the Caulfield regional competition . Five debates are held each year , and Caulfield teams debate against other Melbourne schools on various current interest topics . Students are also involved in mooting , where teams argue legal matters based on evidence and precedent , and compete in the Bond University Mooting competition .
The school 's theatre department produces productions at both primary and secondary level across all three metropolitan campuses . Previously , students have performed in drama tours to European and Asian countries .
= = Alumni = =
All past students of the school are members of the Caulfield Grammarians ' Association ( CGA ) , which coordinates reunions , alumni sporting teams and other activities for alumni , known as Caulfield Grammarians . The CGA was formed in 1885 , and is believed to have been in continuous operation since 1906 , the year of the 25th anniversary of Caulfield 's founding . The Caulfield Grammarians Football Club competes in the Victorian Amateur Football Association , and has been represented by notable former Australian rules football players , including Dean Anderson and Duncan Kellaway ( both past students of Caulfield ) , as well as Glenn Archer and Anthony Stevens .
A number of Caulfield alumni have made significant contributions in the fields of government , sports , music , business and academia among others . Among those who have had involvement in politics , Peter Dowding ( Western Australia ) and Lindsay Thompson ( Victoria ) , have served as state premiers . Chris Judd and John Schultz have both been awarded the Brownlow Medal for the fairest and best player in the Victorian / Australian Football League , and John Landy has held both the men 's mile world record in athletics and the office of Governor of Victoria . John Clifford Valentine Behan , later second Warden of Trinity College at the University of Melbourne , became the first Victorian Rhodes Scholar after graduating as the Dux of Caulfield Grammar School in 1895 . Fred Walker founded the company that first created and sold Vegemite , an Australian spread and cultural icon .
The rock group The Birthday Party was formed by Nick Cave , Mick Harvey and Phill Calvert while they were students at the school in 1973 , and Cave and Harvey would later form the band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds , which released Top 10 albums in Australia and the United Kingdom . Cave and Harvey had been members of the school choir under the direction of Norman Kaye , who became a noted actor and musician after working at Caulfield as a music teacher and choirmaster .
= University Mall ( Little Rock , Arkansas ) =
University Mall was a shopping center in central Arkansas which operated for approximately 40 years , from 1967 until 2007 . When it closed , University Mall was the oldest enclosed shopping center in the Little Rock metropolitan area . Located in the central part of Little Rock , the site is situated along South University Avenue , north of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock and Interstate 630 . The mall was managed by Indianapolis @-@ based Simon Property Group .
The Mall was initially a huge success , but its popularity declined as new retail outlets in Little Rock drew customers away . Then the departure of its anchor stores , beginning with the bankruptcy of Montgomery Ward in 2001 , left more than half the building empty . Throughout the 1990s , the mall steadily declined as retailers and customers left . Due to the waning popularity and litigation involving the deterioration of the building , the mall was sold in 2007 to Strode Property Company , and the remaining few tenants were told to vacate . Demolition began for the primary structure in early 2008 . Prior to this , associated buildings were razed beginning in December 2007 , starting with the former Montgomery Ward auto center , as well as the former JCPenney auto center , which had been used several years as an automotive maintenance facility for the City of Little Rock .
= = History = =
= = = Development = = =
The developer was Melvin Simon & Associates , an Indianapolis @-@ based real estate developer and management company that is now known as the Simon Property Group Inc . This was the company 's first venture in Arkansas ; however , they had already built around 40 other shopping centers in the United States . The landowners were stockholders in a corporation that was listed as Developers Inc . Developers Inc. included " Judge " William J. Smith , a prominent Little Rock Attorney and adviser to Gov. Orval E. Faubus . Smith 's wife , daughter , and Son in Law Mr. and Mrs. William L. Patton , Jr. and John Cella of St. Louis who owned Oaklawn Jockey Club , the thoroughbred racetrack in Hot Springs , Arkansas . Developers Inc. dissolved a few months before the announcement of the mall . According to newspapers from the time stockholders of the former corporation became the owners of the mall property . George Cella and Bill Patton , children of the original corporation owners , were mentioned in the later litigation regarding the property that led to its closure and sale in 2007 .
Smith told a reporter that he got the idea for the mall when he was driving down University Avenue in the 1950s , when it was known as Hayes Street . He felt that it was a good buy and called John Cella and told him it would be a good investment for them . During the next 15 years , the two managed to acquire the surrounding 28 acres ( 110 @,@ 000 m2 ) for the mall site . This included a cemetery that was moved during construction . The acreage was leased to the Simon Property Group until 2026 .
Plans for the mall were announced in 1965 . Simon is quoted as saying that the site offered " the best potential he had ever seen " for a city the size of Little Rock . The mall complex comprised 565 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 52 @,@ 500 m2 ) leasable square feet , the rest for parking of 2 @,@ 500 cars , and was a single level structure when it opened . MM Cohn was the first major department store to sign a lease at the new mall . At the time , it was one of the three big locally owned department stores in downtown Little Rock . A few weeks later , Montgomery Ward and J.C. Penney announced that they too would build their own stores on the property as well . Montgomery Ward built a 136 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 12 @,@ 600 m2 ) square foot store on the southeast corner of the mall . It marked a return of the national store to full @-@ scale operation in Little Rock , where it had operated only a catalog store downtown for 11 years . The addition and a 37 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 3 @,@ 400 m2 ) warehouse took up about 40 percent of the mall 's square footage . The J.C. Penney store , at the west end of the mall , contained some 160 @,@ 000 square feet ( 15 @,@ 000 m2 ) and a free @-@ standing auto center , marking it the largest department store in the state .
= = = 1975 and 1987 renovations = = =
In 1975 , the mall underwent some cosmetic renovation and was renamed from simply The Mall to University Mall , probably to diversify it from the new McCain Mall Simon was planning for North Little Rock . The mall 's reopening was held in March of that year . News accounts say that special emphasis was placed on a security program . University Mall drew thousands of shoppers yearly and was known for its holiday displays and programs . It also became a favorite place for many walkers , including retirees and heart patients from St. Vincent Infirmary Medical Center , located just across University Avenue .
In October 1987 , Simon announced a $ 15 million expansion and renovation of the University Mall structure . The renovation was handled by the Vratsinas Construction Co. of Tulsa and started in 1988 , ending about a year later . The expansion would add 70 @,@ 000 square feet ( 6 @,@ 500 m2 ) to existing 565 @,@ 000 square feet ( 52 @,@ 500 m2 ) in the mall . Several existing tenants also said they would spend another $ 3 million on remodeling and expansion . MM Cohn updated their store and added a mall entrance on their second floor . The J.C. Penney store was enlarged . This expansion gave the mall its most distinctive feature , the unusual Teflon @-@ coated tent @-@ like structure over part of the new concourse . It was referred to as the skylight because it let so much light in . The skylight reached nine stories high and a height variance had to be sought for its construction . The concourse was expanded to two levels connected by escalators and an elevator . The new upper level had a cantilevered walkway overlooking the bottom level and a 9 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 840 m2 ) food court . A multi @-@ level parking garage was also built on the north side of the mall .
A grand four @-@ day reopening was held in November 1988 . Corbin Bernsen of the television show L.A. Law was brought in to help celebrate . An oversized electrical switch turned on the lights that officially reopened the renovated mall . The reopening also featured an elaborate carousel as its centerpiece .
By this time , the mall had about 55 stores and was expecting eventually to house 70 . The mall had some 697 @,@ 000 square feet ( 64 @,@ 800 m2 ) of leasable space . However , there was other retail activity in the city that would eventually affect University Mall . Herring Marathon Group Inc. of Dallas unveiled plans to convert the then @-@ open @-@ air Park Plaza shopping center into an enclosed mall directly across Markham Street , just north of University Mall . The Park Plaza shopping center was almost 30 years old at the time , and a landmark of the rapidly expanding West Little Rock area . Herring Marathon said that it would completely rebuild and enclose the total area , increasing it to 676 @,@ 569 square feet ( 62 @,@ 855 @.@ 3 m2 ) — including 25 @,@ 000 square feet ( 2 @,@ 300 m2 ) of new retail area , plus a new 86 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 8 @,@ 000 m2 ) Dillard 's store anchoring the west end of Park Plaza . Builders estimated that the work would cost about $ 20 million . Renaissance Properties Ltd. of Little Rock , which had created the Main Street Mall in downtown Little Rock , announced its 22 initial tenants . For the next decade , University Mall still had plenty of business . But when the Main Street Mall succumbed to the effects of Little Rock 's dying downtown , McCain Mall and Park Plaza emerged as the best places to shop .
= = = Decline = = =
The first real problems with University Mall started appearing in the 1980s when tenants voiced concerns about remodeling and marketing efforts . Osco Drug began closing its stores everywhere , three in Little Rock alone in 1997 . In 2001 , Montgomery Ward went bankrupt and closed all of its stores leaving a two @-@ story 140 @,@ 900 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 13 @,@ 090 m2 ) vacant building on the University Mall site . Shopping traffic dropped dramatically afterward and a steady stream of tenants began leaving the property . In the beginning of 2001 Simon Property said the occupancy of University Mall was at 95 percent . In April 2001 , after the departure of Montgomery Ward , a report by the Urban Land Institute of Washington , D.C. , said 40 percent of the mall was vacant . In 2004 the William L. Patton Jr . Family Limited Partnership of Arkansas and southern Real Estate and Financial Co. sued Simon Property Group Inc seeking an injunction forcing Simon to " undertake any and all actions necessary " to restore the mall to good conditions . The land owners said the entire mall was in a state of disrepair and neglect . They claimed that Simon 's neglect to maintain the building had been driving away tenants for decades . A team of inspectors hired by the landowners to document the condition of the mall testified in 2005 that the vacant Montgomery Ward space was full of puddles , moldy ceiling tiles , and dead pigeons .
In December 2006 , Simon presented a proposal to raze the mall and build a 625 @,@ 000 to 675 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 62 @,@ 700 m2 ) mixed use facility with retail , office , medical , and residential space at a news conference at the Little Rock Regional Chamber of Commerce building in Little Rock . The project would have potentially included half a dozen individual structures , including a big @-@ box retailer on the west , two high @-@ rise multifamily residential buildings on the north and a multistory medical office complex on University Avenue . Paschall Strategic Communications , who was assisting with Simon ’ s public relations campaign on the project , said that the negotiations were “ going very well ” , however these plans did not apparently come to pass .
In June 2007 , US District Judge Bill Wilson , Jr. ruled that Simon must make more than $ 7 million in repairs to get the mall into " good and tenable condition " . Pending the sale of the property , the lawsuit was dropped .
= = = Demolition = = =
In October 2007 , the William L. Patton , Jr . Family Limited Partnership and the Southern Real Estate & Financial Co. sold the 27 acres ( 110 @,@ 000 m2 ) beneath the mall and another acre with a convenience store on the corner of Markham and McKinley . Dallas @-@ based Strode Property Company , led by Jim Strode , under the name of SPC Park Avenue Limited Partnership took out a loan for $ 27 @.@ 65 million mortgage from Texas State Bank of Dallas and purchased the mall property for $ 21 million . The Simon management issued a deadline to the remaining tenants to vacate the mall by midnight on October 27 . Strode reportedly planned to demolish the mall and build an open @-@ air shopping center called " Park Avenue " similar to the Midtowne Little Rock shopping center just to the northeast of the property . Strode said that after knocking down the old mall he planned to build a “ lifestyle center ” with a Main Street feel . The only parts of the old University Mall that would be integrated into Park Avenue were the parking deck , with a possible third level added , and the Montgomery Ward basement .
Saturday , October 27 , 2007 was the last shopping day at the mall , although only two locally owned retailers remained open — Paul 's Shoes and Nouri Dress Shop . ( Both businesses relocated to Shackleford Crossings , on the property which had been slated as the long @-@ disputed potential Summit Mall site . ) The entire University Mall property was then surrounded by chain link fence or other barricades following the exit of all tenants . Demolition of buildings in outer parcels began in December 2007 , with demolition of the primary structure starting January 2008 and finishing up in March . Strode projected that its mixed @-@ used Park Avenue development would open on the site in 2010 .
The property where the mall was is now a Target store and parking lot .
= = Anchors = =
M.M. Cohn ( 27 @,@ 800 square feet ) - Opened 1967 / Expanded to 70 @,@ 000 square feet in 1972 / Shuttered in September 2007
Montgomery Ward ( 136 @,@ 000 square feet ) - Opened 1967 / Shuttered March 2001
J.C. Penney ( 159 @,@ 400 square feet ) - Opened 1967 / Shuttered September 2007
= Peter Trombino =
Peter Trombino is a retired lacrosse attackman who played professional field lacrosse in the Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) from 2007 to 2008 . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 2004 through 2007 . He earned Ivy League Rookie of the Year honors , two United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All @-@ American honorable mention recognitions and three All @-@ Ivy League selections ( one first team and two second team ) . During his college career , Princeton earned two Ivy League championships and three NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament invitations . In high school he won a state championship in lacrosse and two league championships in American football .
= = Background = =
Born , September 23 , 1985 , Trombino is the son of Anthony and Cathleen Trombino . His brother Brian played lacrosse at Hofstra . He also has a younger brother Christopher and younger sister Elizabeth . Trombino attended St. Anthony 's , which is a Roman Catholic college preparatory private high school , in South Huntington , New York on Long Island . He participated on both the lacrosse and American football teams in high school . Trombino also competed in the Empire State Games in lacrosse . He earned varsity letters in both lacrosse and American high school football for the St. Anthony 's Friars .
In American football , as a junior in high school , Trombino made a fourth quarter interception in the end zone to help St. Anthony 's earn a Long Island Catholic High School Football League championship game in high school football . He played cornerback on the two @-@ time league champions who went 22 – 1 during his career .
In lacrosse , Trombino was an all @-@ Long Island selection . He led his school to a 20 – 1 record and the Catholic League state championship during his senior year . Additionally , he was an Empire State Games gold medalist .
= = College career = =
Trombino attended Princeton University where he was a history major . He was also a lacrosse player for four years and is the only Princeton player to have at least 20 goals and 10 assists each year of a four @-@ year career . Princeton qualified for the NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship in three of Trombino 's four years ( 2004 , 2006 & 2007 ) .
As a freshman , Trombino was expected to be a midfielder , but he surprisingly earned a spot in the first team attack unit . He became the first Princeton freshman to score at least one goal in all 15 of his games ( the prior record had been a goal in 10 different games ) . Trombino was the 2004 Men 's Ivy League Rookie of the Year . The team were Ivy League co @-@ champions with Cornell . As a freshman in the 2004 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship , he scored an overtime game @-@ winning goal in a 9 – 8 quarterfinals victory over Maryland that was set up by Ryan Boyle . However , in the semifinals the following week against Navy , Trombino 's shot was stopped with eight seconds left in the 8 – 7 loss .
In 2005 , Trombino was Princeton 's leading scorer . He was a second team All @-@ Ivy League selection . In March 2006 , Trombino scored two goals and an assist in the defeat of Johns Hopkins that ended the defending national champion Blue Jays ' 17 @-@ game winning streak and 37 @-@ game ( 38 was the NCAA record ) home winning streak . In the game , he had to shift from attack to midfield in the second half when Mike Gaudio suffered a knee injury . The team finished the season as Ivy League co @-@ champion with Cornell . He was a second team All @-@ Ivy League selection that year as well as an honorable mention USILA All @-@ American Team selection . In the 2006 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship first round 11 – 8 victory over UMBC Trombino scored two goals and had two assists . In the quarterfinals , Princeton was eliminated by Maryland 11 – 6 in the subsequent game .
Princeton qualified for the 2007 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship , but was eliminated by Georgetown 9 – 8 in the first round . In 2007 , Trombino was a first team All @-@ Ivy League selection . He was an honorable mention USILA All @-@ American Team selection . As a senior , Trombino served as co @-@ captain of the 2007 team . He wrote his senior thesis on The Influence of Sir William Johnson Among the Iroquois Indians .
= = Professional career = =
He played with the Philadelphia Barrage during the 2007 and 2008 seasons . During the 2008 season with the Philadelphia Barrage , he once scored nine goals over a two @-@ game stretch on the road ( against the New Jersey Pride and Los Angeles Riptide ) . He only appeared in one game for Philadelphia in 2007 . However , in 2008 , he played in 10 games and scored fifteen goals , including one two @-@ pointer , and had seven assists . He had a total of thirty @-@ eight shot attempts in his career , all in 2008 .
= 1920 Hammond Pros season =
The 1920 Hammond Pros season was the franchise 's inaugural season in the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) and second as an American football team . The Pros entered 1920 coming off a 4 @-@ win , 2 @-@ loss , 3 @-@ tie ( 4 – 2 – 3 ) record in 1919 as an independent team . Several representatives from another professional football league , the Ohio League , wanted to form a new national league , and thus the APFA was created .
The Pros opened the 1920 season with a 26 – 0 loss to the Rock Island Independents . The team did not score a point until their third game , and ended the season with a 2 – 5 record , which placed it tied for 11th place in the final standings . The sportswriter Bruce Copeland compiled the 1920 All @-@ Pro list , but no players from the Pros were on it . As of 2012 , no player from the 1920 Hammond Pros roster has been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame .
= = Offseason = =
The Hammond Pros , who were named the Hammond All @-@ Stars , finished 4 – 2 – 3 in their 1919 season as an independent team . The All @-@ Stars disbanded , and three teams were created from those players : the Chicago Tigers , the Decatur Staleys , and the Pros . After the 1919 season , representatives of four Ohio League , a professional football league based in Ohio , teams — the Canton Bulldogs , the Cleveland Tigers , the Dayton Triangles , and the Akron Pros — called a meeting on August 20 , 1920 to discuss the formation of a new professional league . At the meeting , they tentatively agreed on a salary cap and pledged not to sign college players or players already under contract with other teams . They also agreed on a name for the circuit : the American Professional Football Conference . They then invited other professional teams to a second meeting on September 17 .
At that meeting , held at Bulldogs owner Ralph Hay 's Hupmobile showroom in Canton , representatives of the Rock Island Independents , the Muncie Flyers , the Decatur Staleys , the Racine Cardinals , the Massillon Tigers , the Chicago Cardinals , and the Hammond Pros agreed to join the league . Representatives of the Buffalo All @-@ Americans and Rochester Jeffersons could not attend the meeting but sent letters to Hay asking to be included in the league . Team representatives changed the league 's name slightly to the American Professional Football Association and elected officers , installing Jim Thorpe as president . Under the new league structure , teams created their schedules dynamically as the season progressed , so there were no minimum or maximum number of games needed to be played . Also , representatives of each team voted to determine the winner of the APFA trophy .
= = = Roster = = =
Mose Bashaw
Tony Catalano
Edward Davis
Guil Falcon
Hank Gillo
Wilbur Henderson
Wally Hess
Max Hicks
Carol Johnson
Klinks Meyers
= = Schedule = =
The table below was compiled using the information from NFL History , which uses various contemporary newspapers . If a team has a dagger ( ) , then that team in a non @-@ APFA team . For the results column , the winning team 's score is posted first followed by the result for the Pros . For the attendance , if a cell is greyed out and has " N / A " , then that means there is an unknown figure for that game . The green @-@ colored cells indicates a win ; and the red @-@ colored cells indicate a loss . The Pros , who did not have a scheduled home game , were a traveling team .
= = Game summaries = =
= = = Week 3 : at Rock Island Independents = = =
October 10 , 1920 at Douglas Park
The Pros started their season in week three with a game against the Rock Island Independents . The Independents already played two games and were undefeated . There were no scores by either team in the first or third quarters , but the Independents scored 13 points in the second and fourth . Running backs Fred Chicken , Ray Kuehl , and Gerald Mansfield accounting for four touchdowns throughout the game . Quarterback Pudge Wyman throw two touchdowns — a 35 @-@ yard one to Kuehl and a 20 @-@ yard one to Mansfield . Hammond started to purposely injure their opponents during the game because they realized the Independents were a much greater team . As a result , Rube Ursella suffered a twisted knee . Duey Lyle was kicked in the face and required seven stitches . Lastly , Ed Healey was kicked in the face needed five stitches in the cheek .
= = = Week 4 : at Dayton Triangles = = =
October 17 , 1920 at Triangle Park
The Dayton Triangles were the Pros ' next opponent . For a second week in a row , the Pros did not score a point . In the first quarter , Triangle back Al Mahrt had a one @-@ yard rushing touchdown . The Triangles scored three touchdowns in the second quarter : a 50 @-@ yard receiving touchdown from Mahrt , a 35 @-@ yard receiving touchdown from end Dave Reese , and a rushing touchdown from back Lou Partlow . The extra point was missed after the first touchdown . In the next quarter , back George Roudebush kicked a 35 @-@ yard field goal . The last score of the game was a receiving touchdown from back Norb Sacksteder . The final score of the game was 44 – 0 before a crowd of 2 @,@ 000 .
= = = Week 6 : at Logan Squares = = =
October 31 , 1920 at Logan Square Park
After two losses , the Pros decided to not schedule a game in week five and challenge a non @-@ APFA team in week six . Their next opponent , the Logan Squares from Chicago , Illinois , were on a two @-@ game winning streak . The scoring summary is unavailable , but the Pros defeated the Squares 14 – 9 in front of 3 @,@ 000 attendees .
= = = Week 7 : at Pullman Thorns = = =
November 7 , 1920 in Chicago , Illinois
In week seven , the Pros challenged the Pullman Thorns , a non @-@ APFA team . The Thorns were undefeated going into this game with a record of 3 – 0 . The scoring summary is unknown . For the Pros , Hank Gillo and Mace Roberts both scored rushing touchdowns ; for the Thorns , LaForest had two rushing touchdowns . The Pros converted two extra points , while the Thorns only converted one . The final score of the game was a 14 – 13 victory for the Pros .
= = = Week 8 : at Gary Elks = = =
November 14 , 1920 at Gleason Field
After a two @-@ game winning streak , the Pros played the Gary Elks , a non @-@ APFA team , at Gleason Field , with 2 @,@ 000 people in attendance . The Elks game into the game with an undefeated 5 – 0 – 1 record . The Pros were the first team to score when Gilo had a 20 @-@ yard rushing touchdown in the first quarter ; the extra point was missed , however . The score would stay 6 – 0 until Smeltzer of the Elks caught a pass from Leverette in the fourth quarter . The extra point was made , and the final score of the game was a 7 – 6 loss for the Pros .
= = = Week 9 : at Decatur Staleys = = =
November 21 , 1920 at Staley Field
In week 9 , the Pros battled the Decatur Staleys in front of 3 @,@ 000 fans . In the first quarter , Staley back Ralph Lanum scored a 23 @-@ yard rushing touchdown . This touchdown was Lanum 's only score of the entire 1920 season . Ed Sternaman of the Staleys scored a 10 @-@ yard rushing touchdown in the second quarter . Also , George Halas caught a 15 @-@ yard receiving touchdown from Jimmy Conzelman to have the game 21 – 0 going into halftime . In the third quarter , the Staleys did not score , but the Pros put points on the board . Wally Hess caught a 15 @-@ yard pass from Emmett Specht for a touchdown . In the final quarter , Halas scored a 26 @-@ yard receiving touchdown , and the game ended 28 – 7 .
= = = Week 10 : at Chicago Boosters = = =
November 25 , 1920 at DePaul Field
In their final game of the 1920 season , the Pros played the Chicago Boosters , a non @-@ APFA team . The Boosters came into the game with an undefeated record of 3 – 0 – 4 . The scoring summary is unknown , but four players of the Boosters — Annan , Bond , Reilly , Applehans — scored a touchdown . The final score of the game was a 27 – 0 loss for the Pros .
= = Standings = =
Awarded the Brunswick @-@ Balke Collender Cup and named APFA Champions.Note : Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972 .
= = Post season = =
With a losing record , the Pros could not contend for the APFA Championship . After the season was over , the team hired Max Hicks to be the coach for the following season . The Pros ' 1920 record of 2 – 5 – 2 would be their best outing until 1924 ; the team folded two years later . Sportswriter Bruce Copeland compiled the 1920 All Pro team , but no player made the list . As of 2012 , no players from the 1920 Hammond Pros were enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame .
= Kingdom of the Isles =
The Kingdom of the Isles comprised the Hebrides , the islands of the Firth of Clyde and the Isle of Man from the 9th to the 13th centuries AD . The islands were known to the Norse as the Suðreyjar , or " Southern Isles " as distinct from the Norðreyjar or Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland . The historical record is incomplete , and the kingdom was not a continuous entity throughout the entire period . The islands concerned are sometimes referred to as the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles , although only some of the later rulers claimed that title . At times the rulers were independent of external control , although for much of the period they had overlords in Norway , Ireland , England , Scotland or Orkney . At times there also appear to have been competing claims for all or parts of the territory . The islands involved have a total land area of over 8 @,@ 300 square kilometres ( 3 @,@ 205 sq mi ) and extend for more than 500 kilometres ( 310 mi ) from north to south .
Viking influence in the area commenced in the late 8th century , and whilst there is no doubt that the Uí Ímair dynasty played a prominent role in this early period , the records for the dates and details of the rulers are speculative until the mid @-@ 10th century . Hostility between the Kings of the Isles and the rulers of Ireland , and intervention by the crown of Norway ( either directly or through their vassal the Earl of Orkney ) were recurring themes .
Invasion by Magnus Barefoot in the late 11th century resulted in a brief period of direct Norwegian rule over the kingdom , but soon the descendants of Godred Crovan re @-@ asserted a further period of largely independent overlordship . This came to an end with the emergence of Somerled , on whose death in 1164 the kingdom was split in two . Just over a century later the islands became part of the Kingdom of Scotland , following the 1266 Treaty of Perth .
= = Geography = =
The principal islands under consideration are as follows :
The Isle of Man , located in the Irish Sea equidistant from modern England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales .
The islands of the Firth of Clyde some 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) to the north , the largest of which are Bute and Arran .
The southern Inner Hebrides to the west and north of the Kintyre peninsula , including Islay , Jura , Mull and Iona .
The Inner Hebrides to the north of Ardnamurchan , made up of the Small Isles ( including Eigg and Rùm ) , Skye , Raasay and their outliers .
The Outer Hebrides , aka the " Long Island " to the west , separated from the northern Inner Hebrides by the waters of The Minch .
These islands , often referred to as the Sudreys , have a total land area of approximately 8 @,@ 374 square kilometres ( 3 @,@ 233 sq mi ) of which :
the Isle of Man is 572 square kilometres ( 221 sq mi ) , 7 % of the total
the Islands of the Clyde 574 square kilometres ( 222 sq mi ) , 7 % of the total
the Inner Hebrides 4 @,@ 158 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 605 sq mi ) , 50 % of the total and
the Outer Hebrides 3 @,@ 070 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 185 sq mi ) , 36 % of the total .
Anglesey in modern Wales may also have been part of the insular Viking world from an early stage .
Orkney is some 180 kilometres ( 110 mi ) east @-@ northeast of the Outer Hebrides , Shetland is a further 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) further northeast and Norway some 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) due east of Shetland . The total distance from the southern tip of the Isle of Man to the Butt of Lewis , the northern extremity of the Outer Hebrides , is approximately 515 kilometres ( 320 mi ) .
= = Early history = =
= = = Early Viking incursions in the Hebrides = = =
Prior to the Viking incursions the southern Hebrides formed part of the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata ( or Dalriada ) . North of Dál Riata the Inner and Outer Hebrides were nominally under Pictish control although the historical record is sparse . According to Ó Corráin ( 1998 ) " when and how the Vikings conquered and occupied the Isles is unknown , perhaps unknowable " , although from 793 onwards repeated raids by Vikings on the British Isles are recorded . " All the islands of Britain " were devastated in 794 with Iona being sacked in 802 and 806 . Various named Viking leaders , who were probably based in Scotland , appear in the Irish annals : Soxulfr in 837 , Turges in 845 and Hákon in 847 . Another early reference to the Norse presence in the Irish records is that there was a king of " Viking Scotland " whose heir , Thórir , took an army to Ireland in 848 .
In the 9th century the first references to the Gallgáedil ( i.e. " foreign Gaels " ) first appear . This term was variously used in succeeding centuries to refer to individuals of mixed Scandinavian @-@ Celtic descent and / or culture who became dominant in southwest Scotland , parts of northern England and the isles .
According to the Orkneyinga Saga , in about 872 Harald Fairhair became King of a united Norway and many of his opponents fled to the islands of Scotland including the Hebrides of the west coast , and the Northern Isles . Harald pursued his enemies and incorporated the Northern Isles into his kingdom in 875 and then , perhaps a little over a decade later , the Hebrides as well . The following year the local Viking chieftains of the Hebrides rebelled . Harald then sent Ketill Flatnose to subdue them , which he did quickly , but then he declared himself an independent " King of the Isles " , a title he retained for the rest of his life . Ketill is also sometimes equated with Caittil Find , a reported leader of the Gallgáedil fighting in Ireland in 857 , although this connection is far from definite . Ketill left no successors and there is little record of the succeeding four decades . However , Woolf ( 2007 ) suggests that his appearance in the sagas " looks very much like a story created in later days to legitimise Norwegian claims to sovereignty in the region . "
There are similar problems with the provenance of Gofraid mac Fergusa , the supposed 9th @-@ century ruler of the Hebrides and ancestor of Clan Donald . It has been suggested that his appearance looks " very much like the product of fourteenth @-@ century propagandists from Clann Donald " .
= = = House of Ímar = = =
In 870 Dumbarton was besieged by Amlaíb Conung and Ímar , " the two kings of the Northmen " , who " returned to Dublin from Britain " the following year with numerous captives . It is therefore likely that Scandinavian hegemony was already significant on the western coasts of Scotland by then . Amlaíb Conung is described as the " son of the king of Lochlainn " in the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland and Ó Corráin ( 1998 ) argues that Lochlainn " is Viking Scotland and probably includes Man " at this time suggesting an early date for an organised Kingdom of the Isles . In the same source Amlaíb Conung is also recorded as having gone to the aid of his father Gofraidh , who was under assault from Vikings in Lochlainn in about 872 . Gofraidh died in 873 and may have been succeeded briefly by Ímar who also died that year . Amlaíb probably died in 874 . A lament for Áed mac Cináeda , a Pictish king who died in 878 , suggests Kintyre may have been lost to his kingdom at that time . The Norse may have taken the Isle of Man in 877 and they certainly held it by 900 . In 902 the Vikings were expelled from Dublin for up to a dozen years , and a year later Ímar , the " grandson of Ímar " was killed in battle with the forces of Constantine II in mainland Scotland . However these events were setbacks for the Norse rather than a definitive moment . Internecine fighting is recorded in the Annals of Ulster of 914 , which describe Ragnall ua Ímair 's defeat of Bárid mac Oitir in a naval battle off the Isle of Man .
The first four decades of the 10th century are an obscure period so far as the Hebrides are concerned . It is possible that Ragnall ua Ímair , who probably ruled Mann during this period may have had some influence . However , Amlaíb Cuarán is the next King of the Isles on record . After the death of Amlaíb mac Gofraid in 941 , Amlaíb Cuarán became King of Northumbria and probably succeeded his cousin Amlaíb as King of Mann . The former is recorded as being the Rex plurimarum insularum , suggesting he may have been the first King of both Mann and the Western Isles of Scotland .
Amlaíb , who died some four decades later in 980 or 981 whilst in " religious retirement " on Iona , was succeeded by Maccus mac Arailt , who was probably his nephew . Maccus 's brother Gofraid mac Arailt then succeeded him . During their lifetimes these two " sons of Harald " are known to have launched at least two major expeditions against Ireland , and the latter is recorded as having won " the battle of Man " in 987 . Iona was sacked twice , in 986 and 987 , Amlaíb Cuarán 's later piety notwithstanding . This battle of Man , recorded by the Annals of Ulster , is said to have been won by Gofraid and " the Danes " – possibly forces directly from Scandinavia under the command of Olaf Tryggvason . The Annals of Ulster record Gofraid 's death in Dalriada in 989 , describing him as " king of Innse Gall " although it is not clear if this was a completely new term or had originally been used earlier , perhaps to refer to Amlaíb Cuarán 's island kingdom . The complex geography of western Scotland and the lack of written records makes certainty about the extent and nature of these kingdoms hard to fathom . For example , the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba indicates that almost all these kings who reigned from the mid @-@ 10th to the late 11th century were buried on Iona . This may mean that Iona and Mull lay either within or close to the emerging Kingdom of Scotland . Furthermore , two records in the Annals of Innisfallen hint that the Western Isles may not have been " organised into a kingdom or earldom " at this time but rather that they were " ruled by assemblies of freeholders who regularly elected lawmen to preside over their public affairs " .
= = = Earls of Orkney and Kings of Dublin = = =
At this point the Orkneyinga Saga once again becomes the main source of information about the north . In 990 Sigurd the Stout , Earl of Orkney took control of the Hebrides , and placed a jarl called Gilli in charge . By 1004 the isles ' independence had been re @-@ asserted under Gofraid 's son Ragnal mac Gofraid , who died in that year . It is possible their rule overlapped , with Gilli 's zone of influence to the north and Ragnal 's to the south . On Ragnal 's death Sigurd re @-@ asserted control , which he held until his death at the Battle of Clontarf after which the islands may have been held by Håkon Eiriksson . According to the Welsh text Historia Grufudd vab Kenan Olaf Sigtryggsson is recorded as having been king of a wide variety of places on his death in 1034 . These included the Isle of Man , " many of the other islands of Denmark " , Galloway , the Rhinns , and Anglesey . Olaf was an Uí Ímair dynast and it is difficult to reconcile his rule with that of the Norwegians who apparently came before and after him according to the sagas . There is also an obscure reference in The Prophecy of Berchán hinting that King Máel Coluim mac Cináeda of Scotland may have been active in Islay and Arran at about this time , emphasising the potentially fluid nature of Scandinavian , Norse @-@ Gael and Scots influence during this period .
The next recorded ruler is Sigurd the Stout 's son Thorfinn the Mighty , who took control circa 1035 until his own death some two decades later . The continuing close alliance of the Isles with Norway is suggested by a record from the Annals of Tigernach for the year 1058 : " A fleet was led by the son of the king of Norway , with the Gaill of Orkney , the Hebrides and Dublin , to seize the kingdom of England , but God consented not to this " . This monarch of Norway was Magnus Haraldsson , who may have used the death of Thorfinn as an excuse to exert direct rule of Orkney and the Hebrides .
However , in the mid @-@ 11th century the Uí Ímair dynast Echmarcach mac Ragnaill is said to be the ruler of Mann . He was also King of Dublin from 1036 – 38 and 1046 – 52 as well as possibly being the King of the Rhinns in Galloway , suggesting that the overlordship of the Isle of Man and the Hebrides were once again sundered , ( although it is possible he ruled over part or all of the Hebrides as well ) .
Murchad mac Diarmata is then recorded as having control of Mann and Dublin followed by his father Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó , the High King of Ireland , who took possession of Mann and the Isles until his death in 1072 . Godred Sitricson and his son Fingal Godredson then ruled in Mann at least , but the records for the rulers of the Hebrides remain obscure until the arrival of Godred Crovan .
= = = Godred Crovan and Irish influence = = =
" Crovan " probably means " white hand " although the reason is unknown and his origins are also uncertain . Godred may have been a son or nephew of Imar mac Arailt , King of Dublin and by extension a descendant of Amlaíb Cuarán . He was a survivor of Harald Hardraade 's defeat at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 and fled from there to Man . Little is then heard of him until he succeeded in taking the island from Fingal in 1079 , possibly with the help of troops from the Western Isles . The ancestor of many of the succeeding rulers of Mann and the Isles he also became King of Dublin , but no contemporary source refers either to him or any of his predecessors as " King of Mann and the Isles " as such . He was eventually ousted from Dublin by Muirchertach Ua Briain and fled to Islay , where he died in the plague of 1095 . It is not clear the extent to which Ui Briain dominance was now asserted in the islands north of Man , but growing Irish influence in these seas brought a rapid and decisive response from Norway . A high level of political instability is suggested by the battle fought on the Isle of Man at Santwat in 1098 . This was internal strife between the men of the north of the island under Jarl Óttar , and the southerners led by a man named MacManus or Macmaras .
= = Later history = =
= = = Norse and Uí Briain influence = = =
Perhaps as a result of general disorder in the islands , and to counter Irish influence there , Magnus Barelegs had re @-@ established direct Norwegian overlordship by 1098 . He first took Orkney , the northern Scottish mainland and the Hebrides , where he " dyed his sword red in blood " in the Uists . According to the Heimskringla , Magnus had his longship dragged across the isthmus north of Kintyre in 1093 as part of his campaign . By taking command of his ship 's tiller and " sailing " across the isthmus he was able to claim the entire peninsula was an island , and it remained under Norwegian rule for more than a dozen years as a result .
In 1098 , Edgar of Scotland signed a treaty with Magnus that settled much of the boundary between the Scots and Norwegian claims in the islands . Edgar formally acknowledged the existing situation by giving up his claims to the Hebrides and Kintyre .
A second expedition in 1102 saw incursions into Ireland ; the Heimskringla saga reports that he obtained Muirchertach Ua Briain 's daughter Bjaðmunjo in marriage to his young son , Sigurd , whom he then left in nominal charge of the isles . This arrangement did not last long . On 23 August 1103 Magnus was killed fighting in Ulster and the 14 @-@ year @-@ old Sigurd returned to Norway without his bride . The next king was Lagmann Godredsson , Godred Crovan 's son , who was apparently appointed with Sigurd 's consent . He successfully fought off a rebellion by his brother Harald and after reigning for seven years he abdicated " repenting that he had put out his brother 's eyes " and went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem , where he died .
Lagmann abdicated during his surviving son Olave 's minority , and either by force or the invitation of the nobility of the Isles Domnall mac Taidc Ua Briain ( Domnall MacTade ) , a grandson of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill , became overlord of the isles in 1111 . Whatever his route to accession , he proved to be an unpopular tyrant and was expelled by the Islesmen after two years , fleeing to Ireland .
Two years later Sigurd attempted to appoint Ingemund ( whose background is unknown ) to take possession of the kingdom of the Isles . However , when Ingemund arrived on Lewis he sent messengers to all the chiefs of the Isles to summon them to assemble and declare him king . In the meantime he and his followers spent the time in " plundering and revelling . They violated girls and matrons , and gave themselves up to every species of pleasure amid sensual gratification . When the news reached the chiefs of the Isles , who had already assembled to appoint him king , they were inflamed with great rage , hastened against him , and coming upon him in the night , set fire to the house in which he was , and destroyed , partly by the sword and partly by the flames , Ingemund and all his followers . "
The next recorded king was Godred Crovan 's son Olave Godredsson , also known as " the Red " to the Highlanders and " Bitling " to the Norwegians , the latter apparently on account of his small size . He had spent time at the court of Henry I of England , who may have encouraged his ambitions in an attempt to minimise Ui Briain dominance over the Irish Sea and environs . Olave reigned for forty years , managing to maintain a degree of peace and stability throughout . Nevertheless , the era was not without incident . During his time Oitir Mac mic Oitir , one of the Hebridean nobles , took Dublin by force and held it for six years before his assassination in 1148 . Oitir 's son Thorfinn was described as the most powerful of the Hebridean lords in 1150 . In 1152 Olave 's nephews in Dublin rose against him and attacked Man , killing him in the process .
Olave 's son Godred the Black succeeded him and had his father 's killers executed . Shortly thereafter the warring Mac Lochlainn clan in Ireland along with " the fleet of Galloway , Arran , Kintyre , Man , and the territories of Scotland " are recorded fighting a naval battle off Inishowen against the Ui Briain dynasty . During his reign the citizens of Dublin offered Godred the rule of the city , which he accepted . Then , according to the Manx Chronicle , he inflicted a heavy defeat on his erstwhile Mac Lochlainn allies , following which he and his chieftains returned to the islands , leaving the city to the invading forces of Diarmait Mac Murchada .
= = = Somerled = = =
Godred 's dictatorial style appears to have made him very unpopular with the Islesmen , and the ensuing conflicts were the beginning of the end for Mann and the Isles as a coherent territory under the rule of a single magnate . The powerful barons of the isles began plotting with an emerging and forceful figure – Somerled , Lord of Argyll . Somerled 's parental origins are obscure , but it is known that he had married Ragnhildis , daughter of Olave the Red and Godred 's half @-@ sister . It is possible that Somerled first found favour with Olave by helping him wrest control of the northern Hebrides from the Earls of Orkney , whose influence had once more spread into the Sudreys . Somerled 's popularity led to his son with Ragnhildis , Dubgall , being heralded throughout the Isles ( save Man itself ) as a future King of the Isles by " Thorfinn , son of Ottar " . When Godred heard of this he engaged Somerled 's forces in the naval Battle of Epiphany in 1156 . There was no clear victor , but it was subsequently agreed that Godred would remain the ruler of Man , the northern Inner Hebrides and the Outer Hebrides , whilst Somerled 's young sons would nominally control the southern Inner Hebrides , Kintyre and the islands of the Clyde under their father 's supervision . Two years later Somerled 's invasion of the Isle of Man caused Godred to flee to Norway , leaving the former as undisputed ruler of the entire realm .
The Hebrides had been difficult to control from a distance since the days of Ketill Flatnose , and even in the time of Magnus Barelegs it is likely that de facto control was that of local rulers rather than nominal governance from over the seas . Somerled took this to its ultimate conclusion , declaring himself an independent ruler of the isles from his power base in the southern Hebrides and Kintyre and he had , in effect , recreated Dalriada . There has been some debate about the source of legitimacy Somerled used . It has been suggested that claims of his descent from Gofraid mac Fergusa are " preserved in Gaelic tradition and accepted as broadly authentic by modern scholars " . However , Woolf ( 2005 ) asserts that " contrary to the image , projected by recent clan @-@ historians , of Clann Somhairle as Gaelic nationalists liberating the Isles from Scandinavians , it is quite explicit in our two extended narrative accounts from the thirteenth century , Orkneyinga saga and The Chronicle of the Kings of Man and the Isles , that the early leaders of Clann Somhairle saw themselves as competitors for the kingship of the Isles on the basis of their descent through their mother Ragnhilt " and that their claim " to royal status was based on its position as a segment of Uí Ímair . " This prince of Argyll is one of the best known historical figures from the Gàidhealtachd of Scotland , and is known in Gaelic as Somairle mac Gille Brigte , although his Norse name , Somarlidi , has the literal meaning of " summer traveller " , a common name for a Viking .
Somerled met his death in 1164 , possibly assassinated in his tent as he camped near Renfrew during an invasion of the Scottish mainland . At this point Godred re @-@ took possession of his pre @-@ 1158 territories and the southern isles were distributed amongst Somerled 's sons as previously agreed : Dubgall received Mull , Coll , Tiree and Jura ; Islay and Kintyre went to Raghnall ; Bute to Aonghas , with Arran possibly divided between him and Reginald . Dugall and Raghnall at least were styled " Kings of the Isles " . However , their descendants do not seem to have held this title and The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys lamented that Somerled 's marriage to Ragnhildis " was the cause of the ruin of the whole kingdom of the Isles " .
= = = A divided kingdom = = =
Somerled 's descendants eventually became known as the Lords of the Isles , with Dubgall giving rise to Clan MacDougall , and Raghnall to Clan Donald and Clan Macruari . Aonghas and his three sons were killed on Skye in 1210 . In theory Somerled and his descendents ' island territories were subject to Norway and his mainland ones to the Kingdom of Alba , whilst the Kings of Mann and the North Isles were vassals of the Kings of Norway .
However , both during and after Somerled 's life the Scottish monarchs sought to take control of the islands he and his descendants held . Diplomacy having failed to achieve much , in 1249 Alexander II took personal command of a large fleet that sailed from the Firth of Clyde and anchored off the island of Kerrera . Alexander became ill and died there , but the action was continued by his successor Alexander III . This strategy eventually led to an invasion by Haakon Haakonarson , King of Norway . After the stalemate of the Battle of Largs , Haakon retreated to Orkney , where he died in December 1263 , entertained on his death bed by recitations of the sagas . Following this ill @-@ fated expedition , the Hebrides and Mann and all rights that the Norwegian crown " had of old therein " were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth .
In Man , having overcome his usurper brother Ragnald who reigned for a brief time in 1164 , Godred the Black resumed his kingship of Mann and the North Isles . On his death in 1187 , the kingship passed to his eldest son , Raghnall mac Gofraidh , rather than his chosen successor , Olaf the Black ( Raghnall 's half @-@ brother ) , who instead became overlord of Lewis . In 1228 , Olaf battled Raghnall at Tynwald and the latter was slain . On 21 May 1237 , Olaf died on St Patrick 's Isle , and was succeeded by his three sons who all ruled the kingdom in turn : Harald ( reigned 1237 – 48 ) , Ragnvald ( 1249 ) , and Magnus ( 1252 – 65 ) . Magnus Olafsson was the last of the Norse kings to rule Mann , which was absorbed into the Kingdom of Scotland on his death .
= = Life in Norse times = =
As with written records , the archaeological evidence for this period is not extensive , and knowledge of the daily lives of the population is lacking . It is known that the Hebrides were taxed using the Ounceland system and evidence from Bornais suggests that settlers there may have been more prosperous than families of a similar status in the Northern Isles , possibly owing to a more relaxed political regime . Latterly , the Hebrides sent eight representatives from Lewis , Harris and Skye and another eight from the southern Hebrides to the Tynwald parliament on Man .
Colonsay and Oronsay have produced important pagan Norse burial grounds . An 11th @-@ century cross slab decorated with Irish and Ringerike Viking art found on Islay was found in 1838 . Rubha an Dùnain , today an uninhabited peninsula to the south of the Cuillin hills on Skye , contains the small Loch na h @-@ Airde , which is connected to the sea by a short artificial canal . This loch was an important site for maritime activity for many centuries , spanning the Viking and later periods of Scottish clan rule . There is a stone @-@ built quay and a system to maintain constant water levels . Boat timbers discovered there have been dated to the 12th century . Only three rune stones are known from the west coast of Scotland , on Christian memorials found on Barra , Inchmarnock and Iona .
Gaelic continued to exist as a spoken language in the southern Hebrides throughout the Norse settlement period , but place @-@ name evidence suggests it had a lowly status . The obliteration of pre @-@ Norse names is almost total . There is little continuity of style between Pictish pottery in the north and that of the early Viking period . The similarities that do exist suggests the later pots may have been made by Norse who had settled in Ireland , or
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
by Irish slaves . In the Firth of Clyde , Norse burials have been found on Arran , although not on Bute , and place @-@ name evidence suggests a settlement pattern that was much less well @-@ developed than in the Hebrides . There are numerous Manx Runestones and place names of Norse origin on the Isle of Man .
Initially a pagan culture , detailed information about the return of the Christian religion to the islands during the Norse @-@ era is elusive , although the modern @-@ day Diocese of Sodor and Man retains the centuries @-@ old name .
= The British Invasion ( Dexter ) =
" The British Invasion " is the twelfth episode and finale of the second season , and twenty @-@ fourth overall episode , of the American television drama series Dexter , which first aired on 16 December 2007 on Showtime in the United States . The episode was written by Daniel Cerone ( based on a story by Cerone and Melissa Rosenberg ) and was directed by Steve Shill . In the episode , Lila Tournay ( Jaime Murray ) finds Sgt. James Doakes ( Erik King ) imprisoned in an Everglades cabin and learns from him that her object of affection , Dexter Morgan ( Michael C. Hall ) , is the serial killer known as the " Bay Harbor Butcher " . She decides to help Dexter and kills Doakes by setting the cabin on fire . Meanwhile , Dexter 's sister Debra ( Jennifer Carpenter ) questions whether her career is more important than her relationship with FBI Special Agent Frank Lundy ( Keith Carradine ) .
" The British Invasion " was filmed in early November 2007 . Doakes 's death , according to Dexter 's writers , was premeditated from the show 's pilot episode because the character was " too good to not kill " . The episode was seen by 1 @.@ 4 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings , and received mixed reviews from critics . It was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a One @-@ Hour Series and a Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects and Foley for Short Form Television . The episode was included in TV Guide 's 100 Greatest TV Episodes at no . 49 .
= = Title = =
The episode 's title refers to the influx of British rock ' n ' roll bands to the US in the 1960s .
= = Plot = =
Using Dexter Morgan 's ( Michael C. Hall ) satellite navigation system , Lila Tournay ( Jaime Murray ) arrives at the cabin in the Everglades . She breaks in to find an imprisoned Sgt. James Doakes ( Erik King ) , who tells her that Dexter is the Bay Harbor Butcher . She can only sympathize with Dexter , however , for having to hide such an enormous secret , and refuses to unlock Doakes 's cage . Convinced that Dexter is her soul mate , Lila tries to help him by blowing up the cabin with Doakes inside . Meanwhile , FBI Special Agent Frank Lundy 's ( Keith Carradine ) task force has determined Doakes 's location , and Dexter must race his colleagues to reach the cabin first . When he arrives at the cabin , he discovers that it has been destroyed in a fire and at first believes it to be a miracle . The next morning , the police find Doakes 's body in the water , while Dexter embraces his freedom . He visits his girlfriend Rita Bennett 's ( Julie Benz ) house , where they reconcile after having sex .
Lt. María LaGuerta ( Lauren Vélez ) , grieving the loss of her former partner , is in denial over Doakes 's incrimination and tries to collect donations for his memorial service . Debra Morgan ( Jennifer Carpenter ) remains determined not to let the end of the Bay Harbor Butcher case break up her relationship with Lundy , but their plans for a vacation are crushed when Lundy is called to Oregon to work on another murder case .
With all of the evidence of the Bay Harbor Butcher murders pointing to Doakes as the killer , the case is closed . Forensic investigator Vince Masuka ( C. S. Lee ) tells Dexter the gas in the cabin was turned on while the stove was lit , and when Dexter sees his own satellite navigation system while cataloging evidence , he realizes that Lila must have found the cabin . He meets with her at the aquarium and tells her that he , like her , has no emotion and lives a life devoid of feeling . They form plans to leave Miami together , though Dexter secretly intends to kill her . When he visits her apartment the next day , though , he finds Debra there , trying to persuade Lila to leave town . Dexter is forced to lie about running away with Lila in front of Debra , so a hurt Lila then leaves with what she recognizes as Dexter 's bag of murder equipment . She goes to Rita 's house and drugs the babysitter so that she can abduct the children , Astor and Cody ( Christina Robinson and Preston Bailey ) . When Dexter realizes that Astor and Cody are missing , he goes straight to Lila 's apartment , where she lights another fire and locks the three of them inside . Rita calls Debra for her help , and Debra decides to skip her flight to Oregon with Lundy to help with finding the children . Dexter manages to free Astor and Cody through a small window and eventually rams down a thin wall allowing him to escape .
Sometime later , Dexter travels to Paris , where Lila has fled to , and kills her in her hotel room . Back in Miami , he attends Doakes ' memorial service with LaGuerta . Debra and Detective Angel Batista ( David Zayas ) are awarded for their work on the Bay Harbor Butcher case .
= = Production = =
Dexter staff writers Daniel Cerone and Melissa Rosenberg were initially planning to write the script of the finale together . They were in the process of developing the story , however , when Rosenberg was hired to write the film adaptation of the novel Twilight . She described Cerone as " incredibly understanding " when she asked him to write the teleplay himself , though they had both worked on the episode 's story .
The writers planned from the pilot episode to eventually kill Doakes off the show . Executive producer Clyde Phillips said that Doakes " always had a shelf life because of the collision course [ with Dexter ] " , while executive producer Sara Colleton believed it would be unrealistic to keep Doakes on for a third season without having him discover that Dexter is a murderer . Rosenberg said that risks had to be taken on the show , and Doakes was " too good to not kill " . The character was killed to prevent recycling of used ideas , so that the writers would " stay aggressive and on top of it rather than repeat ourselves " , according to Phillips . Erik King , who plays Doakes , mentioned the difficulty in killing Doakes off the show because Dexter could not murder an innocent man , and so Lila was Doakes ' killer .
Filming of " The British Invasion " concluded production on the second season , and ended in early November 2007 . Filming locations for the episode included Miami , Florida as well as Palos Verdes Estates ( including Rolling Hills United Methodist Church ) , Long Beach ( including the Aquarium of the Pacific ) , Marina del Rey , Rolling Hills Estates , and Los Angeles , California . A " skeleton crew " flew to France to film scenes of Lila walking the streets of Paris .
= = Reception = =
" The British Invasion " drew 1 @.@ 4 million viewers on its first broadcast , a 14 percent improvement from the first season finale , " Born Free " . It was Dexter 's most @-@ watched episode until the airing of the third season finale , " Do You Take Dexter Morgan ? " .
" The British Invasion " received positive to mixed reviews from critics . Eric Goldman of IGN felt that the episode was thrilling and intriguing , though ultimately " not quite terrific " and rated it 7 @.@ 8 / 10 . He found Doakes 's death dramatically unsatisfying since Dexter was absent , and was disappointed with Debra 's portrayal as " relentlessly needy " . The A.V. Club 's Scott Tobias gave the episode a B + grade , saying that the episode was " for the most part exciting and satisfying " . He felt cheated , however , that Dexter was not forced to decide whether to kill Doakes , and was disappointed that Lila 's character primarily served as a plot device . Writing for TV Guide , Paula Paige believed that the finale " did not disappoint " . She was particularly impressed by Debra 's choice to leave Lundy and LaGuerta 's grief over Doakes 's death . TV Squad 's Keith McDuffee thought that " The British Invasion " was unsurprising and predictable but enjoyable nonetheless . Zap2it reviewer Daniel Fienberg felt that the episode was disappointing in comparison to the first season finale , " Born Free " . He was displeased with the unheroic circumstances of Doakes 's death , the lack of direction in LaGuerta 's character arc and the abrupt end to Debra and Lundy 's relationship . DVD Verdict 's Adam Arseneau called the finale " preposterous " but still " one of the most entertaining cable show finales in recent memory " .
Cinematographer Romeo Tirone 's work on the episode was nominated for an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a One Hour Series , and Dexter 's team of sound editors were nominated for a Golden Reel Award for " The British Invasion " in the category of Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects and Foley for Short Form Television . The episode was unsuccessfully submitted to the Primetime Emmy Awards judging panel for consideration for Outstanding Directing ( Steve Shill ) and Outstanding Supporting Actor ( C. S. Lee ) .
= Operation Irma =
Operation Irma was the name applied to a series of airlifts of injured civilians from Bosnia and Hercegovina during the Siege of Sarajevo . The airlifts were initiated after the wounding of five @-@ year @-@ old Irma Hadžimuratović attracted international media attention . The programme was reported to have evacuated hundreds of Sarajevans during the second half 1993 , but attracted significant controversy concerning its scale , evacuee selection criteria , and the motivations of the western European governments and press that inspired it .
= = Wounding of Irma Hadžimuratović = =
= = = Siege of Sarajevo = = =
The Bosnian War erupted in March 1992 , following Bosnia and Hercegovina 's declaration of independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . In April 1992 , Bosnian Serb forces , representing the Republika Srpska and the Yugoslav People 's Army , took up positions in the areas surrounding the Bosnian capital Sarajevo and initiated a siege that was to last for four years . The siege was characterized by sniper fire and shelling directed at the city 's buildings and infrastructure and at civilian residents of the city . Reports showed that between the beginning of the siege and November 1992 , an average of eight persons were killed and 44 wounded in Sarajevo per day .
= = = July 1993 marketplace mortar = = =
On 30 July 1993 , a mortar shell fired by Bosnian Serb troops hit a Sarajevo neighbourhood , injuring five @-@ year @-@ old Irma Hadžimuratović and killing several others , including her mother . Sarajevo 's overstretched Koševo hospital was unable to provide adequate treatment for the injuries Irma received to her spine , head and abdomen . She developed bacterial meningitis as a result . Edo Jaganjac , the surgeon treating Hadžimuratović , tried unsuccessfully to have her evacuated on a UN relief flight . He then resorted to distributing her photograph among foreign journalists in Sarajevo . Several picked up Irma 's story , giving it widespread coverage in the international ( and especially the British ) press . On the evening of 8 August , BBC news led with coverage of Irma 's injuries . On 9 August , British Prime Minister John Major personally intervened , dispatching an RAF Hercules to airlift Irma to London 's Great Ormond Street Hospital .
= = = Commencement of " Operation Irma " = = =
In the following days and months dozens more Bosnians were evacuated under a program the UK media dubbed " Operation Irma " . During the week beginning on 9 August , 41 people were taken out of Sarajevo . It was reported later that hundreds were eventually evacuated under the programme . Other countries , including Sweden and Ireland , organized further airlifts , and the Czech Republic , Finland , France , Italy , Norway , and Poland also offered hospital beds .
= = Reaction and criticism = =
Though Operation Irma was widely publicized , and was reported in September 1993 to have raised £ 1 million in donations to evacuate the wounded from Sarajevo , it attracted a number of criticisms . These addressed the operation 's limited scale , the motives of the British press and foreign governments in launching the airlifts , the devotion of resources to evacuation instead of supplying material support to local medical services , and the broader issue of the United Kingdom 's response to the war in Bosnia .
= = = Criticisms over scale = = =
Some critics focused on the small numbers of persons evacuated via the operation . During August 1993 the violence in Bosnia killed on average three children each day , and thousands of others were injured or made homeless . Between the beginning of the siege on April 5 , 1992 and the first airlifts under Operation Irma the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) had approved only 200 of Sarajevo 's 50 @,@ 000 critically wounded patients for medical evacuation . The British press storm had prompted offers of 1250 hospital beds in 17 countries by August 15 ; though a vast increase on prior offers of help , the total was dwarfed by the estimated 39 @,@ 000 children requiring hospital treatment throughout Bosnia .
= = = The " supermarket " argument = = =
As well as the scale of the response , critics questioned the criteria against which patients were selected for evacuation . At first the UK was challenged over its decision to include only children in the transports while tens of thousands of adults remained wounded in the city . Sylvana Foa , spokesperson for the UNHCR , commented that Sarajevo should not be regarded as a " supermarket " of photogenic potential refugees , asking " Does this mean Britain only wants to help children ? Maybe it only wants children under six , or blond children , or blue @-@ eyed children ? " Patrick Peillod , head of the United Nations medical evacuation committee , said that the UK had treated Bosnian children " like animals in a zoo " and was trying to pick and choose evacuees to suit a public relations agenda . When the government revised its approach and included adults on flights out of the city , claims were made that wounded combatants had been among those taken to the UK , Sweden , and Italy , and that patients had paid bribes to be included in the transports .
UK Foreign Minister Douglas Hurd , on 9 August , countered that though the operation would evacuate relatively few of the city 's wounded , it was still a benefit : " Because you can 't help everybody , it doesn 't mean you shouldn 't help somebody . " Sylvana Foa also later acknowledged that , after months of Western European indifference toward the war in the former Yugoslavia , the new public sympathy inspired by Irma 's case was " like day following night . "
= = = Criticisms of the British government and press = = =
Beyond these questions of scale and selection , the motives of both the British press and the government in publicizing Hadzimuratovic 's case and then in launching Operation Irma were challenged . Some critics disparaged as hypocritical the sudden intensity of coverage devoted to a single victim of what was already a protracted siege . In December 1993 another Sarajevo evacuation program , ' Operation Angel , ' received minimal press coverage in the UK , and the Financial Times suggested that such human interest stories captured the popular imagination only during the British press 's summer ' silly season ' when Parliament was in recess . Susan Douglas , in the October 1993 edition of American magazine The Progressive , said British papers had indulged in " a ghoulish competition to scoop each other over Irma 's condition and to use her evacuation to salve British guilt about standing apart from the carnage in Bosnia . "
The British government was widely depicted as having launched Operation Irma in direct response to the level of press interest . Rescuers themselves joked that " Operation IRMA " was an acronym for " Instant Response to Media Attention . " A Council of Europe publication later noted that European governments had been criticized for regarding the exercise as having " more to do with a political and media operation than with humanitarian relief . " The mission also received some criticism in the domestic press : Mark Lawson in The Independent called prime minister Major 's efforts with the mission a " failure ... to silence the hostile snipers " based on a misunderstanding of popular indecision about Bosnia and on a failure to manage domestic press skepticism .
Meanwhile , within the former Yugoslavia , Operation Irma was regarded as evidence that the British government had taken sides in the conflict , favouring Bosnian Muslims over Croats or Serbs .
= = = Evacuation or local treatment ? = = =
Some UN aid workers immediately criticized the operation , arguing that very sick children were poorly served by programmes that obliged them to travel hundreds of miles . They argued , too , that with costs of around £ 100 @,@ 000 per evacuated child the programme was devouring funds that could have been used to improve local facilities and treatment . The head of Kosevo Hospital 's plastic surgery department said " It would be much better if you sent the tools to do our jobs properly than for you to make a big show of a few token evacuations . " Countering this , A.D. Redmond of the Overseas Development Administration ( the predecessor to the Department for International Development ) wrote in November 1993 to the British Medical Journal :
The Overseas Development Administration has been foremost in supplying medical and humanitarian aid to the people of Bosnia throughout the conflict ... In some circumstances medical teams are needed , requested , and supplied , but in others medical supplies alone are the most appropriate form of aid . I have also , however , received personal pleas from doctors whom I know well to evacuate patients who cannot be treated in Sarajevo ... No solution will suffice . We are all trying to help .
= = Aftermath = =
The press coverage surrounding the evacuation was later cited as an example of " disaster pornography " , in academic analyses concerned with the portrayal of child victims of violence and disaster in ways that reaffirm those victims ' remoteness from and subjectivity to western ( here , Northwestern European ) agency . In a similar vein , Dominic Strinati has presented the press interest in Operation Irma as evidence of a popular appetite for news stories that resemble the structure and tone of fictional narratives on war : " War films work most effectively ... by stripping back the too easily confusing contextual details of a conflict and focusing instead on the ' existential ' problem of the protagonist 's experience – the problem of being human in dehumanising circumstances ... News reporting – in this case from the Balkans – then has to compete even at the level of basic comprehension with this already established way of understanding things ... It may not be surprising , therefore , that one of the most memorable news ' stories ' to come out of Bosnia was that of Irma , a rescued child . " The operation has also been portrayed as representative of a trend whereby public reaction to media coverage of disasters leads and shapes official state response , even precipitating the creation of policy where none has existed before . Erica Burman , developing this theme , has argued that Irma Hadžimuratović became an " emotional focus " for a British public dismayed by its government 's ambiguous and cautious attitude to the conflict in Bosnia :
The widespread anxieties and consternation over government inactivity throughout the crisis could be deflected and resolved by rescuing a handful of children . In terms of recovering a sense of agency ( in a conflict characterised by protestations of powerlessness by political and military authorities alike ) , the desire to do ( and be seen to do ) something was expressed and assuaged by transporting and incorporating some of the need and distress into the UK where it could be tended to and made better .
A textbook on public relations cites the episode as an example of a " bargaining game " in which various players – the UNHCR , British government , and press – all sought to achieve individual advantage .
Despite initial improvement , Irma Hadžimuratović was paralyzed from the neck down and required a ventilator to breathe . She died of septicaemia in Great Ormond Street on 1 April 1995 , aged seven , following twenty months in intensive care . The coroner at her inquest called her " a victim of war " .
= Into Temptation ( film ) =
Into Temptation is a 2009 independent drama film written and directed by Patrick Coyle , and starring Jeremy Sisto , Kristin Chenoweth , Brian Baumgartner , Bruce A. Young and Amy Matthews . It tells the story of a prostitute ( Chenoweth ) who confesses to a Catholic priest ( Sisto ) that she plans to kill herself on her birthday . The priest attempts to find and save her , and in doing so plunges himself into a darker side of society .
The film was partially inspired by Coyle 's father , a kind but belligerent man who had considered becoming a priest in his early life . The script won the McKnight Screenwriting Fellowship from the IFP Minnesota Center for Media Arts . Into Temptation was filmed and set in Coyle 's hometown of Minneapolis , Minnesota . Several supporting roles were filled with actors from the Minneapolis – Saint Paul theater area , and Coyle himself performed in a supporting role .
It was produced by Ten Ten Films and Farnam Street II , and distributed by First Look International . With a budget of less than $ 1 million , filming began in May 2008 . Cinematography was provided by David Doyle , Russell Holsapple composed the score , and Lee Percy worked as editor . The film touches on themes of temptation , sin , good and evil , redemption and celibacy , as well as the boundaries between a priest providing counsel and getting personally involved with helping parishioners .
Into Temptation was optioned in Hollywood , but talks fell through due to complications from the global recession . The film did not receive a national release but played at theaters in several cities . Although first publicly shown for Coyle 's father in December 2008 , Into Temptation officially premiered on April 26 , 2009 , at the Newport Beach Film Festival , where Sisto won the " Outstanding Achievement in Acting " award . The film received generally positive reviews . It was released on DVD on October 27 , 2009 .
= = Plot = =
Father John Buerlein ( Jeremy Sisto ) is the mild @-@ mannered Catholic priest of a small parish in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Overworked and underpaid , he has grown jaded with the profession and has trouble connecting with his parishioners . During confession , a mysterious and unnamed prostitute ( Kristin Chenoweth ) confesses to a sin she has not yet committed : she plans to commit suicide on her birthday . Father John is taken aback . The confession ends abruptly , and he is unable to stop the woman before she disappears . He only knows she wears a crucifix and is an Aries , which means her birthday is soon . Father John grows obsessed with finding and helping this woman , and begins visiting the city 's red @-@ light district with the hopes of finding her . On his way home , Father John meets a homeless man named Gus ( Gene Larche ) , but with no money for him , he gives him a rosary instead . Later , he seeks counsel from his friend Father Ralph O 'Brien ( Brian Baumgartner ) , who advises him not to become too personally involved .
Father John returns to the red @-@ light district and speaks to a prostitute named Miriam ( Greta Oglesby ) , who suggests a powerful pimp named James St. Clair ( Ansa Akyea ) might know about the woman . As they speak in a bar , the mysterious prostitute enters and solicits a john ( Patrick Coyle ) , who leaves with her immediately . As she goes , Father John catches a glimpse of the crucifix she is wearing and tries to chase her down . She leaves in the john 's car before he can catch them , but he writes down the license plate as they drive off . Back at church , his sermons start to grow more unorthodox , and Father Ralph warns him that his unusual church manner and trips to the red @-@ light district have the archbishop concerned . Meanwhile , Father John is contacted by his ex @-@ girlfriend Nadine Brennan ( Amy Matthews ) , who tells him she is divorcing her husband and still harbors romantic feelings for Father John .
Father John learns the john 's car belongs to an accountant named Steven Miller , who tells Father John the prostitute is Linda , an expensive call girl who is widely considered among the best at her profession . Meanwhile , Linda visits her dying , elderly stepfather Donald Dupree ( Tom Carey ) , who repeatedly raped Linda in her childhood and ultimately set her on the path to prostitution . Linda confronts him about their past , but claims she has forgiven him his sins , even though he continues to deny any wrongdoing . A drunk Nadine goes to talk to Father John in confession about her loneliness and feelings for him . He admits to caring for her as well , but they agree to remain friends . Later , Father John hires Lloyd Montag ( Bruce A. Young ) , an unemployed boxer at his church , to serve as his bodyguard as he talks to St. Clair . The pimp , who knows Lloyd from his boxing days , tells Father John what neighborhood Linda lives in . There , Father John and Lloyd find Zeke ( Tony Papenfuss ) , a taxi driver who knows they are looking for Linda and agrees to take them to her apartment . Zeke explains he had driven her to the church when she first spoke to Father John at confession , and Zeke later visited the church to watch Father John preach .
At the apartment , Father John and Lloyd find Linda has moved out , but they discover she had possessed a 12 @-@ year @-@ old newspaper clipping about Father John 's ordination . Father John offers Lloyd a job helping out at the church , which Lloyd accepts . Father John then returns to his church and cries , fearing he is too late to save Linda . Meanwhile , Linda goes to a bridge and is about to jump off when she encounters Gus , who offers her the rosary he received earlier from Father John . A grateful and emotional Linda hugs Gus . It is not revealed whether she commits suicide or not . In a confession to Father Ralph , Father John expresses guilt he did not absolve Linda before her confession abruptly ended . Father Ralph says that even if Linda is dead , her soul is immortal , and that Father John 's penance is to absolve her now . Father John does so . The film ends with a childhood memory of young Linda at church , where a group of boys laugh at her old torn clothes until she is defended by a young John Buerlein , whose act seems to make a strong positive impact upon her .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
Into Temptation marks the second film by independent filmmaker Patrick Coyle , who wrote and directed the 2003 drama film Detective Fiction . Coyle said Into Temptation was partially inspired by his father , James Patrick Coyle , a kind but belligerent man who had been encouraged by his mother to become a priest . James entered seminary but dropped out before ordination after he was drafted into serving overseas in World War II and met Margaret Mary Quinlan , who would become his wife and Patrick Coyle 's mother . Coyle conceived of the script for Into Temptation while imagining what kind of priest his father would have been . His father strongly approved of the project , and told Coyle , " Go make that movie . And tell the truth . " Coyle was also partially inspired by his childhood pastor and friend , the Reverend Damian Zuerlein , who performed the marriage ceremony for Coyle and his wife and baptized their children . Coyle said of him , " He 's just a young , energetic , competent , committed , devoted man working with a poor parish . And he loves his work . I was inspired by that . " Coyle said when writing Into Temptation , he did not intend to make a religious film , and said of protagonist Father John Buerlein , " The character could have been a minister or a rabbi or a public defender . He 's a good man trying to do a job the best he can . "
Ann Luster , the film 's producer , helped with the script from the earliest stages , and claimed she and Coyle had a deep understanding of how to handle the characters from the start . The film was set in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Coyle lived and worked as a writer and actor at the time . The fictional church in the story , St. Mary Magdalen 's Downtown Catholic Church , is based in part on the St. Mary Magdalene church in Omaha , Nebraska , where Coyle was raised . However , the real @-@ life church was also very different from the fictional church in that it lacked a shelter and drew very large congregations for weekend mass , compared to the half @-@ empty pews in the fictional church . The fictional church is also based in part on Our Lady of Guadalupe , another Catholic church in south Omaha . The Into Temptation script won the McKnight Screenwriting Fellowship from IFP Minnesota Center for Media Arts , and investors were sought through public readings . After reading the script , Patrick Coyle 's wife said , " If you get a good Father John , you 'll have a good movie . "
= = = Casting = = =
Jeremy Sisto said he was drawn to the script , and was excited to take on a different project than his regular role of Detective Cyrus Lupo on the NBC crime drama series Law & Order . Sisto said of working on the show , " For nine months we basically do the same episode over and over . This [ Into Tempation script ] came out of nowhere . " Sisto said of working on Into Temptation : " Having just come off a job where there is little room to find true moments and to create a full character , I felt this respite from the task of trying to force a space where I could express something more personal through my job was no less than a creative life saver . "
Coyle cold called Kristin Chenoweth 's agent and proposed the part , which is different from her usual roles , and her agent said it was the exact part the actress was seeking . In order to film Into Temptation , Chenoweth took a five @-@ day hiatus from her supporting role on the ABC television series Pushing Daisies . Brian Baumgartner , best known for his supporting role as Kevin Malone in the NBC comedy series The Office , was a regular theater performer in the Minneapolis – Saint Paul area before joining that show . While visiting New York City in May 2008 for an upfront presentation , shortly after having finished filming the fourth season of The Office , Baumgartner was offered the Into Temptation script by Coyle , who asked him to consider taking the role of Father Ralph O 'Brien . Baumgartner said he enjoyed the script and agreed to the part .
Writer and director Patrick Coyle plays Steven Miller , one of Linda 's clients . Many of the other minor roles were filled by local Minneapolis actors and community members . Greta Oglesby , who played the street @-@ smart prostitute Miriam , and Isabell Monk O ’ Connor , who played a librarian who helps Father John , were both veterans of the Minneapolis – Saint Paul theater circuit . Ansa Akyea , who played pimp James St. Clair , and Amy Matthews , who played Father John 's ex @-@ girlfriend , were also from the Minneapolis – Saint Paul area .
= = = Filming = = =
Into Temptation was produced by Coyle 's production company , Ten Ten Films , and the company Farnam Street II , in association with Cabin 14 Productions . It was distributed by First Look International . About a year before the film was released , Coyle asked Anne Marie Gillen to serve as executive producer . Gillen said she had not responded to a script in such an emotional way since the 1991 drama film Fried Green Tomatoes , which she also produced . Filming , which began in May 2008 , took place entirely in Minneapolis . It included several scenes staged in the city 's Uptown commercial district , where Coyle lived .
In addition to his personal connections to the city , Coyle said filming took place in Minneapolis because it was relatively inexpensive to shoot there and hire local actors . He said , " Shooting in Uptown is a filmmaker 's paradise . You 've got everything here . " Into Tempation was produced and shot on a very low budget of less than $ 1 million . Cinematography was provided by David Doyle , who made extensive use of the Red Digital Cinema Camera . The church scenes were filmed at the Incarnation Church in the city . Sisto and Chenoweth both attended mass services at the church as part of their research for the roles . Exterior car scenes were shot in the Uptown district . During one scene in particular , a police car with a siren passed by the actors during a shot . The actors continued uninterrupted , and the final shot was used in the film .
Coyle approached Russell Holsapple , a Minneapolis – Saint Paul native and relatively inexperienced composer , to create the score for Into Temptation . Holsapple was given only a few weeks to create the score , which was composed mostly of piano music . Holsapple said Coyle gave him a great deal of artistic freedom and was largely receptive to the themes he wrote . James R. Bakkom worked as production designer on the film , and Deborah Fiscus served as costume designer . Both are natives of the Minneapolis – Saint Paul area . Vanessa Miles was set decorator , while Sarah Jean Kruchowski and Amy Hubbard both worked as art directors .
Lee Percy served as editor of the film . He said the final cuts provided to him already contained the actors ' strongest performances , but that he placed a greater focus on Father John 's character in an effort to " help the audience get inside him and connect emotionally " . Percy was assisted by editor Scott Ferril . Patrick Coyle 's father , Jim , followed production of the film closely , making weekly calls to inquire about it . When his father 's health started to decline , Patrick Coyle " worked like hell " to finish the film quickly so his father could see it before he died . The film was finished in December 2008 .
= = Release = =
= = = Distribution = = =
Into Temptation was optioned in Hollywood , but Coyle was displeased when industry officials wanted him to change the ending and make the sex scenes more risque . Due to complications from the financial crisis of 2007 – 2010 , the Hollywood discussions eventually collapsed . It did not receive a national release , but played at theaters in New York City , Los Angeles , Fargo , North Dakota , and several cities throughout Minnesota , including Minneapolis and Duluth . Coyle first publicly showed the film on December 26 , 2008 , at the Omaha hospice where his father Jim was staying for an audience of about 15 people . Jim Coyle , who died a few weeks after the screening , loved the film , describing it as very powerful and truthful . It officially premiered on April 26 , 2009 , at the Newport Beach Film Festival in Newport Beach , California .
During its opening weekend at the Lagoon Cinema in Minneapolis , Into Temptation sold more tickets in three days than any other film during its debut weekend , and sold twice the tickets of such major studio films as Taking Woodstock and Quentin Tarantino 's Inglourious Basterds . This resulted in an extended run and strong word @-@ of @-@ mouth that led to exhibitions in other cities . The film earned a total of $ 97 @,@ 457 in gross revenue in the United States . The Into Temptation DVD was released on October 27 , 2009 , with no bonus features .
= = = Critical response = = =
Into Temptation received generally positive reviews . Variety magazine writer Rob Nelson called it a well @-@ photographed film of " occasionally irreverent wit " , and that Coyle " strikes a near @-@ perfect balance between humor and holiness " . Nelson said the film " falters only in its hokey characterization " of the Chenoweth character . Colin Covert of the Star Tribune called it a " haunting , carefully crafted movie " with simple " matter @-@ of @-@ fact " direction , a " trim and efficient " screenplay , strong acting and solid characters . Covert said , " This is one of very few American films to deal with religious beliefs about faith and salvation with empathy and insight . " OC Weekly writer Matt Coker said Into Temptation had a cohesive script which " strikes just the right cord of reverence for the Catholic faith " . He also praised the moments of comic relief with Sisto and Baumgartner , which he said complimented some of the film 's heavier moments . L. Kent Wolgamott of the Lincoln Journal Star called Into Temptation a well @-@ made film that " gets the mood right from start to finish " . He complimented the performances and said although pornography and prostitution were familiar film topics , " the film 's nuanced understanding of the priest and his conflicted role in trying to save Linda adds a new element to the old story . "
Bob Fischbach of the Omaha World @-@ Herald called the cinematography sharp , the editing crisp , and the acting " uniformly good " . He added , " Best of all , the writing is anchored in reality . Coyle lets his film show rather than tell , and lets viewers reach their own conclusions . " Lavender magazine writer John Townsend said the film conveyed compassionate views of Christianity and complimented the cinematography . Townsend particularly praised Baumgartner 's performance and described the scenes between Sisto and a young boy troubled by his homosexual feelings ( John Skelley ) as " exquisite " . Chelsa Doyle , a writer with the website Blogcritics , called it " a touching and introspective film about faith , hope and choice " . Doyle praised the film 's quiet tone and the performances of Sisto and Chenoweth , but said it " occasionally gets a little sleepy in the middle " , and that the subplot involving Father John 's ex @-@ girlfriend could have been cut altogether . Denver Post film critic Lisa Kennedy praised the performances of Sisto and Chenoweth , and complimented Coyle 's understanding of the pastoral work of a parish priest . However , she added that the film " doesn 't break ground as a story , even one about redemption " . Andrea Gronvall of the Chicago Reader called it a " cheesy melodrama " , and wrote , " Writer @-@ director Patrick Coyle tackles such weighty issues as child abuse , alcoholism , hypocrisy , celibacy , and Catholic reforms , but the movie 's spiritual agenda is belied by its voyeurism . "
Jeremy Sisto was awarded " Outstanding Achievement in Acting " from the 2009 Newport Beach Film Festival awards .
= = Themes = =
Throughout the film , Father John is warned that his role as a priest comes with boundaries , and that he should not become personally involved with the congregants or try to solve their problems except through counseling . However , Father John begins to question those boundaries and reconsider whether the role as priest goes far enough in having a positive , substantive impact on the lives of those in his care , particularly Linda . And , in addition to questioning whether he is helping his congregants , Father John questions whether staying within those boundaries is enough to personally fulfill himself as a priest and provide his own life with meaning . He ultimately crosses over those boundaries and gets personally involved in trying to help Linda by delving into the city 's red @-@ light district to seek her .
The film takes a modern , liberal approach to the rules and constraints of Catholicism . Even before Father John decides to help Linda , he is questioning the constraints of his religion and calling . While speaking to a prospective mother struggling over whether to raise her daughter within the strict confines of Catholicism , Father John gives her advice beyond the official dogma and encourages her to be flexible , telling her she should " take what works " from the church teachings . Father John also has an unorthodox view of homosexuality compared to the normal views of the church . This is demonstrated in a scene in which the priest comforts a young man who is struggling with his homosexual feelings . In meeting and interacting with the pimps and prostitutes of the red @-@ light district , Into Temptation blurs the lines between good and evil , and between right and wrong . The negative responses Father John encounters from congregants and the church regarding his trips to the red @-@ light district demonstrate the way sex and poverty are often stigmatized in society .
As the title suggests , one of the major themes of the film involves the temptations Father John faces to sin and stray from his priestly calling . This is perhaps most strongly manifested in his apparent ambivalence regarding the vow of celibacy required of Catholic priests . As Father John goes deeper into the red @-@ light district and the seedier aspects of Minneapolis , he appears to face temptations from the prostitution and overt sexuality surrounding him . Additionally , it can be interpreted that his interest in Linda is one of physical attraction , as well as a desire to help her . This is further manifested through the sudden reappearance of his former girlfriend , for whom Father John admits to still harboring romantic feelings . The priest demonstrates conflicting emotions when it comes to maintaining his priestly vows and his relationship with Nadine .
Into Temptation is also a story of redemption , both for Linda , who is seeking redemption for a life of sin and prostitution , and for Father John , who is seeking redemption for his failure to help Linda and his own doubts about religion and priesthood . At the start of the film , Father John appears to be questioning his duty to the church and its dwindling congregation ; this is especially demonstrated when he appears bored during confession and does crossword puzzles to pass the time . Such struggles are not uncommon in priesthood . But after he resists the church boundaries and attempts to help Linda , his faith in the congregation and belief in the profession are restored , and he returns to the church a stronger and more content priest . The film demonstrates the power of compassion and individual kindness , particularly in the way that John 's simple act of defending Linda during her childhood was such a profound moment in her life . The film also advocates repentance , and the extent of Linda 's victimization can be interpreted as a sign of how catastrophic an unrepentant life can be .
= Toy Story 2 =
Toy Story 2 is a 1999 American computer @-@ animated comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Directed by John Lasseter and co @-@ directed by Lee Unkrich and Ash Brannon , it is the sequel to the 1995 film Toy Story .
In the film , Woody is stolen by a toy collector , prompting Buzz Lightyear and his friends to vow to rescue him , but Woody is then tempted by the idea of immortality in a museum . Many of the original characters and voices from Toy Story return for this sequel , and several new characters — including Jessie ( voiced by Joan Cusack ) , Barbie ( voiced by Jodi Benson ) , Stinky Pete ( voiced by Kelsey Grammer ) and Mrs. Potato Head ( voiced by Estelle Harris ) — are introduced .
Disney initially envisioned the film as a direct @-@ to @-@ video sequel . Toy Story 2 began production in a building separated from Pixar , on a small scale , as most of the main Pixar staff were busy working on A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) . When story reels proved promising , Disney upgraded the film to theatrical release , but Pixar was unhappy with the film 's quality . Lasseter and the story team redeveloped the entire plot in one weekend . Although most Pixar features take years to develop , the established release date could not be moved and the production schedule for Toy Story 2 was compressed into nine months .
Despite production struggles , Toy Story 2 opened in November 1999 to wildly successful box office numbers , eventually grossing over $ 485 million , and received universal acclaim from critics . Toy Story 2 has been considered by critics to be one of the few sequels to outshine the original , and it continues to be featured frequently on lists of the greatest animated films ever made . The film has seen multiple home media releases and a theatrical 3 @-@ D re @-@ release in 2009 , 10 years after its initial release . Toy Story 3 was released in 2010 , which was also critically and commercially successful .
= = Plot = =
Woody prepares to go to cowboy camp with Andy , but Andy nearly rips Woody 's right arm off , which leaves it paralysed . Andy decides to leave Woody behind , and Andy 's mother puts Woody on a shelf . The next day , Woody discovers Wheezy , a penguin squeaky toy , has been shelved for months due to a broken squeaker . When Andy 's mother puts Wheezy in a yard sale , Woody rescues him , only to be stolen by a greedy toy collector , who takes him to his apartment . Buzz Lightyear and all of Andy 's other toys identify the thief from a commercial as Al McWhiggin , the owner of a toy store called Al 's Toy Barn . Buzz , Hamm , Mr. Potato Head , Slinky Dog , and Rex all set out to rescue Woody .
At Al 's apartment , Woody learns that he is a valuable collectable based on a 1950s TV show called Woody 's Roundup and is set to be sold to a toy museum in Tokyo , Japan . While the other toys from the show — Jessie , Woody 's horse Bullseye , and Stinky Pete — are excited about going , Woody wants to return home because he is still one of Andy 's toys . Jessie is upset because the museum is only interested in the collection if Woody is in it , meaning they will return to storage if he is absent from the collection . When his arm is torn off accidentally , Woody attempts to retrieve it and escape but is foiled by someone mysteriously turning on Al 's television set . The next morning , a cleaner repairs his arm and Woody learns that Jessie was once the beloved toy of a child named Emily , who eventually outgrew her and gave her away . Stinky Pete warns him that the same fate awaits him when Andy grows up , whereas he will last forever in the museum . This convinces Woody to stay , now believing that all toys eventually get discarded by their owners .
Meanwhile , Buzz and the other toys eventually reach Al 's Toy Barn . While searching for Woody , Buzz is imprisoned in a cardboard box by another Buzz Lightyear action figure with a utility belt , who thinks he is a real space ranger , like the original Buzz from the first film . The new Buzz joins the other toys , who mistake him as their Buzz . After discovering Al 's plan , they arrive at his apartment while Buzz escapes and pursues them , accidentally freeing an Emperor Zurg toy , who immediately goes after him , intent on destroying him . After the toys find Woody , Buzz rejoins them and proves that he is Andy 's Buzz , but Woody refuses to go home . Buzz reminds Woody of a toy 's " true purpose " and warns him that in the museum , he will only be able to watch children from behind glass and never be played with again . After seeing a boy play with him on the TV , Woody changes his mind and asks the Roundup toys to come with him , but Stinky Pete prevents their escape .
Having foiled Woody 's escape the previous night , Stinky Pete reveals that he wants to go to Japan because he was never sold to children , allowing Al to take the Roundup toys with him . Buzz and the gang follow Al , but are caught by Zurg , who battles the new Buzz until Rex knocks him down Al 's apartment . The new Buzz then chooses to remain behind with an injured Zurg . Accompanied by three toy Aliens , Andy 's toys steal a Pizza Planet delivery truck and follow Al to an airport , where they enter the baggage handling system and free Woody . Stinky Pete rips Woody 's arm again while preventing his escape , but is stuffed into a little girl 's Barbie backpack by Andy 's toys to teach him a lesson of what it is like to be played with . They free Bullseye , only for Jessie to end up on the plane bound for Japan . Assisted by Buzz and Bullseye , Woody frees Jessie and the toys find their way home .
When Andy returns from camp , he accepts Jessie , Bullseye , and the Aliens as his new toys , thinking his mother bought them , and repairs Woody 's torn arm . Meanwhile , Al 's business has suffered due to his failure to sell the Roundup toys . Woody tells Buzz that he is not worried about Andy discarding him because , when he does , they will still have each other for company . Wheezy 's squeaker has been fixed and he performs a Frank Sinatra @-@ style version of " You 've Got a Friend in Me " .
= = Cast = =
Tom Hanks as Sheriff Woody
Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear
Joan Cusack as Jessie ( Mary Kay Bergman as Jessie 's yodeling voice )
Kelsey Grammer as Stinky Pete
Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head
Jim Varney as Slinky Dog
Wallace Shawn as Rex
John Ratzenberger as Hamm
Annie Potts as Bo Peep
Estelle Harris as Mrs. Potato Head
Wayne Knight as Al McWhiggin
John Morris as Andy
Laurie Metcalf as Andy 's Mom
R. Lee Ermey as Sarge
Jodi Benson as Barbie
Jonathan Harris as Geri the Cleaner
Joe Ranft as Wheezy and Heimlich ( Robert Goulet as Wheezy 's singing voice )
Jeff Pidgeon as Squeeze Toy Aliens
Andrew Stanton as Zurg
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Talk of a sequel to Toy Story began around a month after the film 's opening , in December 1995 . A few days after the original film 's release , Lasseter was traveling with his family and found a young boy clutching a Woody doll at an airport . Lasseter described how the boy 's excitement to show it to his father touched him deeply . Lasseter realized that his character no longer belonged to him only , but rather it belonged to others , as well . The memory was a defining factor in the production of Toy Story 2 , with Lasseter moved to create a great film for that child and for everyone else who loved the characters .
Ed Catmull , Lasseter , and Ralph Guggenheim visited Joe Roth , successor to recently ousted Jeffrey Katzenberg as chairman of Walt Disney Studios , shortly afterward . Roth was pleased and embraced the idea of a sequel . Disney had recently begun making direct @-@ to @-@ video sequels to its successful features , and Roth wanted to handle the Toy Story sequel this way , as well . Prior releases , such as 1994 's Aladdin sequel , The Return of Jafar , had returned an estimated $ 100 million in profits .
Initially , everything regarding the sequel was uncertain at first : whether stars Tom Hanks and Tim Allen would be available and affordable , what the story premise would be , and even whether the film would be computer @-@ animated at Pixar or traditionally at Walt Disney Feature Animation . Lasseter regarded the project as a chance to groom new directing talent , as top choices were already immersed in other projects ( Andrew Stanton in A Bug 's Life and Pete Docter in early development work for a film that would eventually become Monsters , Inc . ) . Instead , Lasseter turned to Ash Brannon , a young directing animator on Toy Story whose work he admired . Brannon , a CalArts graduate , joined the Toy Story team in 1993 . Disney and Pixar officially announced the sequel in a press release on March 12 , 1997 .
= = = Story = = =
Lasseter 's intention with a sequel was to respect the original film and create that world again . The story originated with him wondering what a toy would find upsetting , how a toy would feel if it were not played with by a child or , worse , a child growing out of a toy . Brannon suggested the idea of a yard sale where the collector recognizes Woody as a rare artifact . The concept of Woody as a collectible set came from the draft story of A Tin Toy Christmas , an original half @-@ hour special pitched by Pixar to Disney in 1990 . The obsessive toy collector named Al McWhiggin , who had appeared in a draft of Toy Story but was later expunged , was inserted into the film . Lasseter claimed that Al was inspired by himself .
Secondary characters in Woody 's set were inspired by 1950s cowboy shows for children , such as Howdy Doody and Hopalong Cassidy . The development of Jessie was kindled by Lasseter 's wife Nancy , who pressed him to include a strong female character in the sequel , one with more substance than Bo Peep . The scope for the original Toy Story was basic and only extended over two residential homes , whereas Toy Story 2 has been described by Unkrich as something " all over the map " .
To make the project ready for theaters , Lasseter would need to add 12 minutes or so of material and strengthen what was already there . The extra material would be a challenge , since it could not be mere padding — it would have to feel as if it had always been there , an organic part of the film . With the scheduled delivery date less than a year away , Lasseter called Stanton , Docter , Joe Ranft , and some Disney story people to his house for a weekend . There , he hosted what he called a " story summit " , a crash exercise that would yield a finished story in just two days .
Back at the office that Monday , Lasseter assembled the company in a screening room and pitched the revised version of Toy Story 2 from exposition to resolution . Story elements were recycled from the original drafts of the first Toy Story . The original film 's original opening sequence featured a Buzz Lightyear cartoon playing on television , which evolved into the Buzz Lightyear video game that would be shown in the opening Toy Story 2 . A deleted scene from Toy Story , featuring Woody having a nightmare involving him being thrown into a trash can , was incorporated in a milder form for depicting Woody 's fear of losing Andy . The idea of a squeak @-@ toy penguin with a broken squeaker also resurfaced from an early version of Toy Story .
= = = Animation = = =
As the story approached the production stage in early 1997 , it was unclear whether Pixar would produce the film , as the entire team of 300 was busy working on A Bug 's Life for a 1998 release . The Interactive Products Group , with a staff of 95 , had its own animators , art department , and engineers . Under intense time pressure , they had put out two successful CD @-@ ROM titles the previous year — The Toy Story Animated StoryBook and The Toy Story Activity Center . Between the two products , the group had created as much original animation as there was in Toy Story itself . Steve Jobs made the decision to shut down the computer games operation and the staff became the initial core of the Toy Story 2 production team .
Before the switch from direct @-@ to @-@ video to feature film , the Toy Story 2 crew had been on its own , placed in a new building that was well @-@ separated from the rest of the company by railroad tracks . " We were just the small film and we were off playing in our sandbox , " co @-@ producer Karen Jackson said . Lasseter looked closely at every shot that had already been animated and called for tweaks throughout . The film reused digital elements from Toy Story but , true to the company 's " prevailing culture of perfectionism , [ ... ] it reused less of Toy Story than might be expected " . Character models received major upgrades internally and shaders went through revisions to bring about subtle improvements . The team freely borrowed models from other productions , such as Geri from Pixar 's 1997 short Geri 's Game , who became the Cleaner in Toy Story 2 . Supervising animator Glenn McQueen inspired the animators to do spectacular work in the short amount of time given , assigning different shots to suit each animators ' strengths .
Whilst producing Toy Story , the crew was careful in creating new locations , working within available technology at that time . By production on Toy Story 2 , technology had advanced farther to allow more complicated camera shots than were possible in the first film . In making the sequel , the team at Pixar did not want to stray too far from the first film 's look , but the company had developed a lot of new software since the first feature had been completed . To achieve the dust visible after Woody is placed on top of a shelf , the crew was faced with the challenge of animating dust , an incredibly difficult task . After much experimentation , a tiny particle of dust was animated and the computer distributed that image throughout the entire shelf . Over two million dust particles are in place on the shelf in the completed film .
= = = Controversy and troubled production = = =
Disney became unhappy with the pace of the work on the film and demanded in June 1997 that Guggenheim be replaced as producer , and Pixar complied . As a result , Karen Jackson and Helene Plotkin , associate producers , moved up into the roles of co @-@ producers . Lasseter would remain fully preoccupied with A Bug 's Life until it wrapped in the fall . Once available , he took over directing duties and added Lee Unkrich as co @-@ director . Unkrich , also fresh from supervising editor duties on A Bug 's Life , would focus on layout and cinematography , while Brannon would be credited as co @-@ director .
In November 1997 , Disney executives Roth and Peter Schneider viewed the film 's story reels , with some finished animation , in a screening room at Pixar . They were impressed with the quality of work and became interested in releasing Toy Story 2 in theaters . In addition to the unexpected artistic caliber , there were other reasons that made the case for a theatrical release more compelling . The economics of a direct @-@ to @-@ video Pixar release were not working as well as hoped thanks to the higher salaries of the crew . After negotiations , Jobs and Roth agreed that the split of costs and profits for Toy Story 2 would follow the model of a newly created five @-@ film deal — but Toy Story 2 would not count as one of the five films . Disney had bargained in the contract for five original features , not sequels , thus assuring five sets of new characters for its theme parks and merchandise . Jobs gathered the crew and announced the change in plans for the film on February 5 , 1998 .
The work done on the film to date was nearly lost in 1998 when one of the animators , while routinely clearing some files , accidentally started a deletion of the root folder of the Toy Story 2 assets on Pixar 's internal servers . Associate technical director Oren Jacobs was one of the first to notice as character models disappeared from their works in progress . They shut down the file servers but had lost 90 % of the last two years of work , and the backups were found to have failed some time previously . The film was saved when technical director Galyn Susman , who had been working from home to take care of her newborn child , revealed she had backups of the assets on her home computer . The Pixar team was able to recover nearly all of the lost assets save for a few recent days of work , allowing the film to proceed .
Many of the creative staff at Pixar were not happy with how the sequel was turning out . Lasseter , upon returning from the European promotion of A Bug 's Life , watched the development reels and agreed that it was not working . Pixar met with Disney , telling them that the film would have to be redone . Disney disagreed , and noted that Pixar did not have enough time to remake the film before its established release date . Pixar decided that they simply could not allow the film to be released in its existing state , and asked Lasseter to take over the production . Lasseter agreed , and recruited the first film 's creative team to redevelop the story . To meet Disney 's deadline , Pixar had to complete the entire film in nine months .
Unkrich , concerned with the dwindling amount of time remaining , asked Jobs whether the release date could be pushed back . Jobs explained that there was no choice , presumably in reference to the film 's licensees and marketing partners , who were getting toys and promotions ready . Brannon focused on development , story and animation , Lasseter was in charge of art , modeling and lighting , and Unkrich oversaw editorial and layout . Since they met daily to discuss their progress with each other ( they wanted to ensure they were all progressing in the same direction ) , the boundaries of their responsibilities overlapped .
As was common with Pixar features , the production became difficult as delivery dates loomed and hours inevitably became longer . Still , Toy Story 2 , with its highly compressed production schedule , was especially trying . While hard work and long hours were common to the team by that point ( especially so to Lasseter ) , running flat @-@ out on Toy Story 2 for month after month began to take a toll . The overwork spun out into carpal tunnel syndrome for some animators , and repetitive strain injuries for others . Catmull would later disclose that " a full third of the staff " ended up with some form of RSI by the time the film was finished . Pixar did not encourage long hours , and , in fact , set limits on how many hours employees could work by approving or disapproving overtime . Employees ' self @-@ imposed compulsions to excel often trumped any other constraints , and were especially common to younger employees . In one instance , an animator had forgotten to drop his child off at daycare one morning and , in a mental haze , forgot the baby in the back seat of his car in the parking lot . " Although quick action by rescue workers headed off the worst , the incident became a horrible indicator that some on the crew were working too hard , " wrote David Price in his 2008 book The Pixar Touch .
= = Music = =
Toy Story 2 : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack is the original score soundtrack album to Toy Story 2 . Although out of print in the U.S. , the CD is available in the U.S. as an import and all but one song is available digitally .
All songs written and composed by Randy Newman .
Randy Newman wrote two new songs for Toy Story 2 as well as the complete original score :
" When She Loved Me " – performed by Sarah McLachlan : Used for the flashback montage in which Jessie experiences being loved , forgotten , then abandoned by her owner , Emily . The song was nominated at the Academy Awards in 2000 for Best Original Song , though the award went to Phil Collins for " You 'll Be in My Heart " from another Disney animated film Tarzan .
" Woody 's Roundup " – performed by Riders in the Sky : Theme song for the " Woody 's Roundup " TV show , and also used in the end @-@ credit music .
The film carried over one song from Toy Story , " You 've Got a Friend in Me , " sung at different points during the film by Tom Hanks and Robert Goulet .
Chart positions
= = Release = =
Pixar showed the completed film at CalArts on November 12 , 1999 , in recognition of the school 's ties with Lasseter and more than 40 other alumni who worked on the film . The students were captivated . The film held its official premiere the next day at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles — the same venue as Toy Story 's — and was released across the United States on November 24 , 1999 . The film 's initial theatrical and video releases include Luxo Jr . , Pixar 's first short film released in 1986 , starring Pixar 's titular mascot . Before Luxo Jr . , a message states : " In 1986 Pixar Animation Studios produced their first film . This is why we have a hopping lamp in our logo " .
= = = Re @-@ releases = = =
In 2009 , both Toy Story and Toy Story 2 were converted to 3 @-@ D for a two @-@ week limited theatrical re @-@ release , which was extended due to its success . Lasseter said , " The Toy Story films and characters will always hold a very special place in our hearts and we 're so excited to be bringing this landmark film back for audiences to enjoy in a whole new way , thanks to the latest in 3 @-@ D technology . With Toy Story 3 shaping up to be another great adventure for Buzz , Woody and the gang from Andy 's room , we thought it would be great to let audiences experience the first two films all over again and in a brand new way " .
Translating the films into 3 @-@ D involved revisiting the original computer data and virtually placing a second camera into each scene , creating left @-@ eye and right @-@ eye views needed to achieve the perception of depth . Unique to computer animation , Lasseter referred to this process as " digital archaeology " . The lead stereographer Bob Whitehill oversaw this process and sought to achieve an effect that impacted the film 's emotional storytelling . It took four months to resurrect the old data and get it in working order . Then , adding 3 @-@ D to each of the films took six months per film .
The double feature was opened in 1 @,@ 745 theaters on October 2 , 2009 , and made $ 12 @,@ 491 @,@ 789 in its opening weekend , finishing in third place at the box office . The features closed on November 5 , 2009 , with a worldwide gross of $ 32 @,@ 284 @,@ 600 . Unlike other countries , the U.K. and Argentina received the films in 3 @-@ D as separate releases . Toy Story 2 was released January 22 , 2010 in the U.K. , and February 18 , 2010 , in Argentina .
= = = Home media = = =
Toy Story 2 was released on both VHS and DVD and as a DVD two @-@ pack with Toy Story on October 17 , 2000 . That same day , an " Ultimate Toy Box " set was released containing both films and a third disc of bonus materials . The standard VHS , DVD , DVD two @-@ pack , and the " Ultimate Toy Box " sets returned to the vault on May 1 , 2003 . On December 26 , 2005 , it was re @-@ released as a " 2 @-@ Disc Special Edition " alongside the first film 's 10th Anniversary Edition , which came out on September 6 . Both editions returned to the Disney Vault on January 31 , 2009 .
The film was available for the first time on Blu @-@ ray Disc in a Special Edition Combo Pack released on March 23 , 2010 , along with the first film . On November 1 , 2011 , along with the DVD and Blu @-@ ray release of Cars 2 , Toy Story 2 and the other two films were released on each DVD / Blu @-@ ray / Blu @-@ ray 3D / Digital Copy combo pack ( 4 discs each for the first two films , and 5 for the third film ) .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Reviewers found the film to be a sequel that managed to equal or even outshine the original . " Toy Story 2 does what few sequels ever do , " The Hollywood Reporter proclaimed . " Instead of essentially remaking an earlier film and deeming it a sequel , the creative team , led by director John Lasseter , delves deeper into their characters while retaining the fun spirit of the original film " .
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 163 reviews , with an average score of 8 @.@ 6 / 10 . The film is No. 27 on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of " Best Rated Films " , and is the third best rated animated film . Rotten Tomatoes summarizes the critical consensus with " The rare sequel that arguably improves on its predecessor , Toy Story 2 uses inventive storytelling , gorgeous animation , and a talented cast to deliver another rich moviegoing experience for all ages . " The film also holds an 88 / 100 on Metacritic , indicating " Universal acclaim " . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare " A + " grade .
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four and said in his print review " I forgot something about toys a long time ago , and Toy Story 2 reminded me " . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said " Toy Story 2 may not have the most original title , but everything else about it is , well , mint in the box " . Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly said " It 's a great , IQ @-@ flattering entertainment both wonderful and wise " .
= = = Box office = = =
The film was no less successful than its predecessor in a commercial perspective . It became 1999 's highest @-@ grossing animated film , earning $ 245 million domestically and $ 485 million worldwide — beating both Pixar 's previous releases by a significant margin . It became the second highest @-@ grossing animated film of all @-@ time , behind Disney 's The Lion King ( 1994 ) . Toy Story 2 opened over the Thanksgiving Day weekend at No. 1 to a three @-@ day tally of $ 57 @,@ 388 @,@ 839 from 3 @,@ 236 theaters , averaging $ 17 @,@ 734 per theater over three days , making $ 80 @,@ 102 @,@ 784 since its Wednesday launch and staying at No. 1 for the next two weekends . By New Year 's Day , it had made more than $ 200 million in the U.S. alone , and it eventually made $ 245 @,@ 852 @,@ 179 domestically and $ 239 @,@ 163 @,@ 000 overseas for a total worldwide gross of $ 485 @,@ 015 @,@ 179 , becoming 1999 's third highest grossing film and far surpassing the original . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 47 @.@ 8 million tickets in North America .
= = = Accolades = = =
Toy Story 2 received several recognitions , including seven Annie Awards , but none of them were previous nominations . The first went to Pixar for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Theatrical Feature . The Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production award was given to John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich and Ash Brannon . Randy Newman won an Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Music in an Animated Feature Production . Joan Cusack won the Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Feature Production , while Tim Allen for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an animated feature Production . The last Annie was received by John Lasseter , Pete Docter , Ash Brannon , Andrew Stanton , Rita Hsiao , Doug Chamberlin and Chris Webb for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production .
The film itself also won many awards , including the Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Family Film ( Internet Only ) , the Critics Choice Award for Best Animated Film , the Bogey Award , and a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy . Along with his other awards , Randy Newman and his song " When She Loved Me " won a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . A Satellite Award was given for Outstanding Youth DVD , and a Golden Satellite Award for Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media , and one for Best Original Song " When She Loved Me " .
= = = = American Film Institute = = = =
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains :
Buzz Lightyear – Nominated Hero
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs :
" When She Loved Me " – Nominated
AFI 's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Animated Film
= = Video games = =
Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue , a video game for the PC , PlayStation , Nintendo 64 and Dreamcast , was released in November 1999 . The game featured original cast voices and clips from the film as introductions to levels . Once earned , these clips could be viewed at the player 's discretion . Another game was released for the Game Boy Color .
= = Sequel = =
A sequel , Toy Story 3 , was released on June 18 , 2010 .
= John Day Fossil Beds National Monument =
John Day Fossil Beds National Monument is a U.S. National Monument in Wheeler and Grant counties in east @-@ central Oregon . Located within the John Day River basin and managed by the National Park Service , the park is known for its well @-@ preserved layers of fossil plants and mammals that lived in the region between the late Eocene , about 45 million years ago , and the late Miocene , about 5 million years ago . The monument consists of three geographically separate units : Sheep Rock , Painted Hills , and Clarno .
The units cover a total of 13 @,@ 944 acres ( 5 @,@ 643 ha ) of semi @-@ desert shrublands , riparian zones , and colorful badlands . About 184 @,@ 000 people frequented the park in 2014 to engage in outdoor recreation or to visit the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center or the James Cant Ranch Historic District .
Before the arrival of Euro @-@ Americans in the 19th century , the John Day basin was frequented by Sahaptin people who hunted , fished , and gathered roots and berries in the region . After road @-@ building made the valley more accessible , settlers established farms , ranches , and a few small towns along the river and its tributaries . Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the fossils in the region since 1864 , when Thomas Condon , a missionary and amateur geologist , recognized their importance and made them known globally . Parts of the basin became a National Monument in 1975 .
Averaging about 2 @,@ 200 feet ( 670 m ) in elevation , the monument has a dry climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) to winter lows below freezing . The monument has more than 80 soil types that support a wide variety of flora , ranging from willow trees near the river to grasses on alluvial fans to cactus among rocks at higher elevations . Fauna include more than 50 species of resident and migratory birds . Large mammals like elk and smaller animals such as raccoons , coyotes , and voles frequent these units , which are also populated by a wide variety of reptiles , fish , butterflies , and other creatures adapted to particular niches of a mountainous semi @-@ desert terrain .
= = Geography = =
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument consists of three widely separated units — Sheep Rock , Painted Hills , and Clarno — in the John Day River basin of east @-@ central Oregon . Located in rugged terrain in the counties of Wheeler and Grant , the park units are characterized by hills , deep ravines , and eroded fossil @-@ bearing rock formations . To the west lies the Cascade Range , to the south the Ochoco Mountains , and to the east the Blue Mountains . Elevations within the 13 @,@ 944 @-@ acre ( 5 @,@ 643 ha ) park range from 2 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 500 feet ( 610 to 1 @,@ 370 m ) .
The Clarno Unit , the westernmost of the three units , consists of 1 @,@ 969 acres ( 797 ha ) located 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of Fossil along Oregon Route 218 . The Painted Hills Unit , which lies about halfway between the other two , covers 3 @,@ 132 acres ( 1 @,@ 267 ha ) . It is situated about 9 miles ( 14 km ) northwest of Mitchell along Burnt Ranch Road , which intersects U.S. Route 26 west of Mitchell . These two units are entirely within Wheeler County . The remaining 8 @,@ 843 acres ( 3 @,@ 579 ha ) of the park , the Sheep Rock Unit , are located along Oregon Route 19 and the John Day River upstream of the unincorporated community of Kimberly . This unit is mostly in Grant County , although a small part extends into Wheeler County . The Sheep Rock Unit is further subdivided into the Mascall Formation Overlook , Picture Gorge , the James Cant Ranch Historic District , Cathedral Rock , Blue Basin , and the Foree Area . Some of these are separated from one another by farms , ranches , and other parcels of land that are not part of the park .
The park headquarters and main visitor center , both in the Sheep Rock Unit , are 122 miles ( 196 km ) northeast of Bend and 240 miles ( 390 km ) southeast of Portland by highway . The shortest highway distances from unit to unit within the park are Sheep Rock to Painted Hills , 45 miles ( 72 km ) ; Painted Hills to Clarno , 75 miles ( 121 km ) , and Clarno to Sheep Rock , 81 miles ( 130 km ) .
The John Day River , a tributary of the Columbia River , flows generally west from the Strawberry Mountains before reaching the national monument . It turns sharply north between the Mascall Formation Overlook and Kimberly , where the North Fork John Day River joins the main stem . Downstream of Kimberly , the river flows generally west to downstream of the unincorporated community of Twickenham , and generally north thereafter . Rock Creek enters the river at the north end of Picture Gorge . Bridge Creek passes through Mitchell , then north along the eastern edge of the Painted Hills Unit to meet the John Day downstream of Twickenham . Intermittent streams in the Clarno Unit empty into Pine Creek , which flows just beyond the south edge of the unit and enters the John Day upstream of the unincorporated community of Clarno .
= = History = =
Early inhabitants of north @-@ central Oregon included Sahaptin @-@ speaking people of the Umatilla , Wasco , and Warm Springs tribes as well as the Northern Paiutes , speakers of a Uzo @-@ Aztecan ( Shoshonean ) language . All were hunter @-@ gatherers competing for resources such as elk , huckleberries , and salmon . Researchers have identified 36 sites of related archeological interest , including rock shelters and cairns , in or adjacent to the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument . Most significant among the prehistoric sites are the Picture Gorge pictographs , consisting of six panels of rock art in the canyon at the south end of the Sheep Rock Unit . The art is of undetermined origin and age but is " centuries old " .
The John Day basin remained largely unexplored by non @-@ natives until the mid @-@ 19th century . Lewis and Clark noted but did not explore the John Day River while traveling along the Columbia River in 1805 . John Day , for whom the river is named , apparently visited only its confluence with the Columbia in 1812 . In 1829 , Peter Skene Ogden , working for the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) , led a company of explorers and fur trappers along the river through what would later become the Sheep Rock Unit . John Work , also of the HBC , visited this part of the river in 1831 .
In the 1840s , thousands of settlers , attracted in part by the lure of free land , began emigrating west over the Oregon Trail . Leaving drought , worn @-@ out farms , and economic problems behind , they emigrated from states like Missouri , Illinois , and Iowa in the Midwest to Oregon , especially the Willamette Valley in the western part of the state . After passage of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the discovery of gold in the upper John Day basin , a fraction of these newcomers abandoned the Willamette Valley in favor of eastern Oregon . Some established villages and engaged in subsistence farming and ranching near streams . Settlement was made more practical by a supply route from The Dalles on the Columbia River to gold mines at Canyon City in the upper John Day valley . By the late 1860s , the route became formalized as The Dalles Military Road , which passed along Bridge Creek and south of Sheep Rock . Clashes between natives and non @-@ natives and the desire of the U.S. Government to populate the region with Euro @-@ Americans led to the gradual removal of native residents to reservations , including three in north @-@ central Oregon : Warm Springs , Burns Paiute , and Umatilla .
In 1864 , a company of soldiers sent to protect mining camps from raids by Northern Paiutes discovered fossils in the Crooked River region , south of the John Day basin . One of their leaders , Captain John M. Drake , collected some of these fossils for Thomas Condon , a missionary pastor and amateur geologist who lived in The Dalles . Recognizing the scientific importance of the fossils , Condon accompanied soldiers traveling through the region . He discovered rich fossil beds along Bridge Creek and near Sheep Rock in 1865 . Condon 's trips to the area and his public lectures and reports about his finds led to wide interest in the fossil beds among scientists such as Edward Drinker Cope of the Academy of Natural Sciences . One of them , paleontologist Othneil C. Marsh of Yale , accompanied Condon on a trip to the region in 1871 . Condon 's work led to his appointment in 1872 as Oregon 's first state geologist and to international fame for the fossil beds . Specimens from the beds were sent to the Smithsonian Institution and other museums worldwide , and by 1900 more than 100 articles and books had been published about the John Day Fossil Beds . During the first half of the 20th century , scientists such as John C. Merriam , Ralph Chaney , Frank H. Knowlton , and Alonzo W. Hancock continued work in the fossil beds , including those discovered near Clarno in about 1890 .
Remote and arid , the John Day basin near the fossil beds was slow to attract homesteaders . The first settler in what became the Sheep Rock Unit is thought to have been Frank Butler , who built a cabin along the river in 1877 . In 1881 , Eli Casey Officer began grazing sheep on a homestead claim in same general area . His son Floyd later lived there with his family and sometimes accompanied Condon on his fossil hunts . In 1910 , James and Elizabeth Cant bought 700 acres ( 280 ha ) from the Officer family. and converted it to a sheep ranch , which was eventually expanded to a sheep @-@ and @-@ cattle ranch of about 6 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 400 ha ) .
Merriam , a University of California paleontologist who had led expeditions to the region in 1899 and 1900 , encouraged the State of Oregon to protect the area . In the early 1930s the state began to buy land for state parks at Picture Gorge , the Painted Hills , and Clarno that later became part of the national monument . In 1951 the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry established Camp Hancock , a field school for young students of geology , paleontology , and other sciences , on public lands surrounded by what would later become the Clarno Unit . In 1974 Congress authorized the National Park Service to establish the national monument , and President Gerald R. Ford signed the authorization . After the State of Oregon had completed the land transfer of the three state parks to the federal government , the monument was officially established on October 8 , 1975 .
The Cant Ranch House and associated land and outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the 200 @-@ acre ( 81 ha ) James Cant Ranch Historic District in 1984 . After the monument opened in 1975 , the ranch house served as headquarters for all three units . In 2005 , the lower floor of the ranch house was opened to the public ; it features exhibits about the cultural history of the region . The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center , a $ 7 @.@ 5 million museum and visitor center at the Sheep Rock Unit , also opened in 2005 . Among the center 's offerings are displays of fossils , murals depicting life in the basin during eight geologic times ranging from about 45 million to about 5 million years ago , and views of the paleontology laboratory .
In March 2011 , the Park Service installed two webcams at the Sheep Rock Unit . Both transmit continuous real @-@ time images ; one shows the paleontology lab at the Condon Center and the other depicts Sheep Rock and nearby features . In June 2011 , work was finished on a new ranger residence in the Painted Hills Unit that makes the unit almost carbon @-@ neutral . Solar panels generate enough electricity to power the house as well as the ranger 's electric vehicle , on loan from its manufacturer for a year . The project is part of ongoing efforts to make the whole park carbon @-@ neutral .
= = Geology and paleontology = =
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument lies within the Blue Mountains physiographic province , which originated during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous , about 118 to 93 million years ago . Northeastern Oregon was assembled in large blocks ( exotic terranes ) of Permian , Triassic , and Jurassic rock shifted by tectonic forces and accreted to what was then the western edge of the North American continent , near the Idaho border . By the beginning of the Cenozoic era , 66 million years ago , the Blue Mountains province was uplifting ( that is , was being pushed higher by tectonic forces ) , and the Pacific Ocean shoreline , formerly near Idaho , had shifted to the west .
Volcanic eruptions about 44 million years ago during the Eocene deposited lavas accompanied by debris flows ( lahars ) atop the older rocks in the western part of the province . Containing fragments of shale , siltstone , conglomerates , and breccias , the debris flows entombed plants and animals caught in their paths ; the remnants of these ancient flows comprise the rock formations exposed in the Clarno Unit . Preserved in the Clarno Nut Beds are fossils of tropical and subtropical nuts , fruits , roots , branches , and seeds . The Clarno Formation also contains bones , palm leaves longer than 24 inches ( 61 cm ) , avocado trees , and other subtropical plants from 50 million years ago , when the climate was warmer and wetter than it is in the 21st century . Large mammals that inhabited this region between 50 and 35 million years ago included browsers such as brontotheres and amynodonts , scavengers like the hyaenodonts , as well as Patriofelis and other predators . Eroded remnants of the Clarno stratovolcanoes , once the size of Mount Hood , are still visible near the monument , for example Black Butte , White Butte , and other buttes near Mitchell .
After the Clarno volcanoes had subsided , they were replaced about 36 million years ago by eruptions from volcanoes to the west , in the general vicinity of what would become the Cascade Range . The John Day volcanoes , as they are called , emitted large volumes of ash and dust , much of which settled in the John Day basin . As with the earlier Clarno debris flows , the rapid deposition of ash preserved the remains of plants and animals living in the region . Because ash and other debris fell during varied climatic and volcanic conditions and accumulated from many further eruptions extending into the early Miocene ( about 20 million years ago ) , the sediment layers in the fossil beds vary in their chemical composition and color . Laid down on top of the Clarno Strata , the younger John Day Strata consist of several distinct groups of layers . The lowermost contains red ash such as that exposed in the Painted Hills Unit . The layer above it is mainly pea @-@ green clay . On top of the pea @-@ green layer are buff @-@ colored layers . Fossils found in the John Day Strata include a wide variety of plants and more than 100 species of mammals , including dogs , cats , oreodonts , saber @-@ toothed tigers , horses , camels , and rodents . The Blue Basin and the Sheep Rock unit contain many of these same fossils , as well as turtles , opossums , and large pigs . More than 60 plant species are fossilized in these strata , such as hydrangea , peas , hawthorn , and mulberry , as well as pines and many deciduous trees . One of the notable plant fossils is the Metasequoia ( dawn redwood ) , a genus thought to have gone extinct worldwide until it was discovered alive in China in the early 20th century .
After another period of erosion , a series of lava eruptions from fissures across northeastern Oregon , southeastern Washington , and western Idaho inundated much of the Blue Mountain province with liquid basalt . Extruded in the middle Miocene between 17 and 12 million years ago , more than 40 separate flows contributing to the Columbia River Basalt Group have been identified , the largest of which involved up to 400 cubic miles ( 1 @,@ 700 km3 ) of lava . The most prominent of these formations within the monument is the Picture Gorge Basalt , which rests above the John Day Strata .
Subsequent ashfall from eruptions in the Cascade Range in the late Miocene contributed to the Mascall Strata , layers of stream @-@ deposited volcanic tuffs laid atop the Picture Gorge Basalt . Preserved in the Mascall are fossils of animals such as horses , camels , rhinoceroses , bears , pronghorn , deer , weasels , raccoons , cats , dogs , and sloths . These fauna thrived in the monument 's open woodland and savannah between 15 and 12 million years ago . The fossils of oak , sycamore , maple , ginkgo , and elm trees reflect the area 's cool climate during this time period .
The last major eruption occurred in the late Miocene , about 7 million years ago . The resulting stratum , the Rattlesnake Formation , lies on top of the Mascall and is capped by an ignimbrite . The Rattlesnake stratum has fossils of mastodons , camels , rhinoceroses , the ancestors of dogs , lions , bears , and horses , and others that grazed on the grasslands of the time . Two fossilized teeth found recently in the Rattlesnake stratum near Dayville are the earliest record of beaver , Castor californicus , in North America . The beaver teeth , which are about 7 million years old , have been scheduled for display at the Condon Center .
The monument contains extensive deposits of well @-@ preserved fossils from various periods spanning more than 40 million years . Taken as a whole , the fossils present an unusually detailed view of plants and animals since the late Eocene . In addition , analysis of the John Day fossils has contributed to paleoclimatology ( the study of Earth 's past climates ) and the study of evolution .
Paleontologists at the monument find , describe the location of , and collect fossil @-@ bearing rocks from more than 700 sites . They take them to the paleontology laboratory at the visitor center , where the fossils are stabilized , separated from their rock matrix , and cleaned . The fossil specimens are then catalogued , indexed , stored in climate @-@ controlled cabinets , and made available for research . In addition to preparing fossils , the paleontologists coordinate the monument 's basic research in paleobotany and other scientific areas and manage the fossil museum in the visitor center .
= =
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ons encouraging the development of a distinct Cornish identity ; Brittonic culture in Britain became confined to Cornwall , parts of Devon , North West England , South West Scotland and Wales . Although a treaty was agreed , Anglo @-@ Saxon political influence stretched westwards until some time in the late 10th century when " Cornwall was definitively incorporated into the Kingdom of England " .
= = = Anglicisation and rebellion = = =
The Norman conquest of England , which began with an invasion by the troops of William , Duke of Normandy ( later , King William I of England ) in 1066 , resulted in the removal of the Anglo @-@ Saxon derived monarchy , aristocracy , and clerical hierarchy and its replacement by Normans , Scandinavian Vikings from northern France and their Breton allies , who , in many cases , maintained rule in the Brittonic @-@ speaking parts of the conquered lands . The shires of England were progressively divided amongst the companions of William I of England , who served as England 's new nobility . The English would come to absorb the Normans , but the Cornish " vigorously resisted " their influence . At the time of the conquest , Cornwall was under the governance of Cadoc of Cornwall , the last Earl of Cornwall to be directly descended from the ancient monarchy of Cornwall . The Earldom of Cornwall had held devolved semi @-@ sovereignty from England , but in 1067 was granted to Robert , Count of Mortain , King William I 's half @-@ brother , and ruled thereafter by an Anglo @-@ Norman aristocracy ; in the Domesday Book , the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086 , " virtually all " landowners in Cornwall " had English names , making it impossible to be sure who was Cornish and who was English by race " . However , there was a persistent and " continuing differentiation " between the English and Cornish peoples during the Middle Ages , as evidenced by documents such as the 1173 charter of Truro which made explicit mention of both peoples as distinct .
The Earldom of Cornwall passed to various English nobles throughout the High Middle Ages , but in 1337 the earldom was given the status of a duchy , and Edward , the Black Prince , the first son and heir of King Edward III of England , became the first Duke of Cornwall as a means for the prince to raise his own capital . Large parts of Cornwall were owned by Edward , 1st Duke of Cornwall , and successive English Dukes of Cornwall became the largest landowners in Cornwall ; The monarchy of England established two special administrative institutions in Cornwall , the first being the Duchy of Cornwall ( one of only two in the Kingdom of England ) and the second being the Cornish Stannary Courts and Parliaments ( which governed Cornwall 's tin industry ) . These two institutions allowed " ordinary Cornish people to believe that they had been granted a unique constitutional status to reflect their unique cultural identity " . However , the Duchy of Cornwall gradually lost its political autonomy from England , a state which became increasingly centralised in London , and by the early @-@ Tudor period the Cornish had begun to see themselves as " a conquered people whose culture , liberties , and prosperity had been downgraded by the English " . This view was exacerbated in the 1490s by heavy taxation imposed by King Henry VII of England upon the impoverished Cornish to raise funds for his military campaigns against King James IV of Scotland and Perkin Warbeck , as well as Henry VII 's suspension of the privileges of the Cornish Stannaries . Having provided " more than their fair share of soldiers and sailors " for the conflict in northern England , and feeling aggrieved at " Cornwall 's status as England 's poorest county " , a popular uprising out of Cornwall ensued — the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 . The rebellion was initially a political march from St Keverne to London led by Thomas Flamank and Michael An Gof , motivated by a " mixture of reasons " ; to raise money for charity ; to celebrate their community ; to present their grievances to the Parliament of England , but gathered pace across the West Country as a revolt against the king .
Cornish was the most widely spoken language west of the River Tamar until around the mid @-@ 1300s , when Middle English began to be adopted as a common language of the Cornish people . As late as 1542 Andrew Boorde , an English traveller , physician and writer , wrote that in Cornwall were two languages , " Cornysshe " and " Englysshe " , but that " there may be many men and women " in Cornwall who could not understand English . While the Norman language was in use by much of the English aristocracy , Cornish was used as a lingua franca , particularly in the remote far west of Cornwall . Many Cornish landed gentry chose mottos in the Cornish language for their coat of arms , highlighting its socially high status . However , in 1549 and following the English Reformation , King Edward VI of England commanded that the Book of Common Prayer , an Anglican liturgical text in the English language , should be introduced to all churches in his kingdom , meaning that Latin and Celtic customs and services should be discontinued . The Prayer Book Rebellion was a militant revolt in Cornwall and parts of neighbouring Devon against the Act of Uniformity 1549 , which outlawed all languages from church services apart from English , and is specified as a testament to the affection and loyalty the Cornish people held for the Cornish language . In the rebellion , separate risings occurred simultaneously in Bodmin in Corwall , and Sampford Courtenay in Devon — which would both converge at Exeter , laying siege to the region 's largest Protestant city . However , the rebellion was suppressed thanks largely to the aid of foreign mercenaries in a series of battles in which " hundreds were killed " , effectively ending Cornish as the common language of the Cornish people . The Anglicanism of the Reformation served as a vehicle for Anglicisation in Cornwall ; Protestantism had a lasting cultural effect upon the Cornish by way of linking Cornwall more closely with England , while lessening political and linguistic ties with the Bretons of Brittany .
The English Civil War , a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists , polarised the populations of England and Wales . However , Cornwall in the English Civil War was a staunchly Royalist enclave , an " important focus of support for the Royalist cause " . Cornish soldiers were used as scouts and spies during the war , for their language was not understood by English Parliamentarians . The peace that followed the close of the war led to a further shift to the English language by the Cornish people , which encouraged an influx of English people to Cornwall . By the mid @-@ 17th century the use of the Cornish language had retreated far enough west to prompt concern and investigation by antiquarians , such as William Scawen . As the Cornish language diminished the people of Cornwall underwent a process of English enculturation and assimilation , becoming " absorbed into the mainstream of English life " .
= = = Industry , revival and the modern period = = =
The Industrial Revolution had a major impact upon the Cornish people . Cornwall 's economy was fully integrated into England 's , and mining in Cornwall , always an important source of employment and stability of the Cornish , experienced a process of industrialisation resulting in 30 per cent of Cornwall 's adult population being employed by its mines . During this period , efforts were made by Cornish engineers to design steam engines with which to power water pumps for Cornish mines thus aiding the extraction of mineral ore . Industrial scale tin and copper mining operations in Cornwall melded Cornish identity with engines and heavy industry , and Cornwall 's leading mining engineer , Richard Trevithick , became " as much a part of Cornwall 's heritage as any legendary giant from its Celtic past " . Trevithick 's most significant success was a high @-@ pressure steam engine used to pump water and refuse from mines , but he was also the builder of the first full @-@ scale working railway steam locomotive . On 21 February 1804 , the world 's first locomotive @-@ hauled railway journey took place as Trevithick 's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks , near Merthyr Tydfil in Wales .
The construction of the Great Western Railway during the Victorian era allowed for an influx of tourists to Cornwall from across Great Britain . Well into the Edwardian era and interwar period , Cornwall was branded as a rural retreat , a " primitive land of magic and romance " , and as an " earlier incarnation of Englishness , a place more English than an England ravaged by modernity " . Cornwall , the United Kingdom 's only region with a subtropical @-@ like climate , became a centre for English tourism , its coastline dominated by resort towns increasingly composed of bungalows and villas . Tourists visiting Cornwall are called emmets by locals , a Cornish language word for insects , referring to the creatures that the visitors resemble when swarming Cornwall 's resorts . John Nichols Thom , or Mad Tom , ( 1799 – 31 May 1838 ) was a Cornishman self @-@ declared messiah who , in the 19th century led the last battle to be fought on English soil , known as the Battle of Bossenden Wood . While not akin to the Cornish rebellions of the past , he did attract some Cornish support as well as mostly Kentish labourers , although his support was primarily of religious followers .
In the latter half of the 19th century Cornwall experienced rapid deindustrialisation , with the closure of mines in particular considered by the Cornish to be both an economic and cultural disaster . This , coupled with the rise of Romantic nationalism in Europe inspired and influenced a Celtic Revival in Cornwall , a social , linguistic and artistic movement interested in Cornish medieval ethnology . This Revivalist upsurge investigated Cornwall 's pre @-@ industrial culture , using the Cornish language as the " principal badge of [ Cornish ] nationality and ethnic kinship ” . The first effective revival of Cornish began in 1904 when Henry Jenner , a Celtic language enthusiast , published his book Handbook of the Cornish Language . His orthography , Unified Cornish , was based on Cornish as it was spoken in the 18th century , although his pupil Robert Morton Nance later steered the revival more towards the Middle Cornish that had been used in the 16th century , before the language became influenced by English .
The visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822 reinvigorated Scottish national identity , melding it with romanticist notions of tartan , kilts and the Scottish Highlands . As Pan @-@ Celticism gathered pace in the early 20th century , Cornishman L. C. R. Duncombe @-@ Jewell and the Cowethas Kelto @-@ Kernuak ( a Cornish language interest group ) asserted the use of Cornish kilts and tartans as a " national dress ... common to all Celtic countries " . In 1924 the Federation of Old Cornwall Societies was formed to facilitate , preserve and maintain Celticity in Cornwall , followed by the similar Gorseth Kernow in 1928 , and the formation of the Cornish nationalist political party Mebyon Kernow in 1951 . Increased interest and communication across the Celtic nations in Celtic languages and culture during the 1960s and 1970s spurred on the popularisation of the Cornish self @-@ government movement . Since devolution in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland , enthusiasts for Cornish culture have pressed for the Cornish language to be taught formally in Cornish schools , while Cornish nationalists have demanded greater political autonomy for Cornwall , for example that it be constituted as the United Kingdom 's fifth consistuent country with its own Cornish Assembly .
= = Geographic distribution = =
The Cornish people are concentrated in Cornwall , but after the Age of Discovery in the early modern period were involved in the British colonisation of the Americas and other transcontinental and transatlantic migrations . Initially , the number of migrants was comparatively small , with those who left Cornwall typically settling in North America or else amongst the ports and plantations of the Caribbean .
In the first half of the 19th century , the Cornish people were leaders in tin and copper smelting , while mining in Cornwall was the people 's major occupation . Increased competition from Australia , British Malaya and Bolivia , coupled with the depletion of mineral deposits brought about an economic decline for Cornish mining lasting half a century , and prompting mass human migration from Cornwall . In each decade from 1861 to 1901 , " around 20 % of the Cornish male population migrated abroad " — three times that of the average of England and Wales — and totalling over a quarter of a million people lost to emigration between 1841 and 1901 . There was a displacement of skilled Cornish engineers , farmers , merchants , miners and tradesmen , but their commercial and occupational expertise , particularly in hard rock mining , was highly valued by the communities they met . Within Great Britain , Cornish families were attracted from Cornwall to North East England — particularly on Teesside — to partake in coal mining as a means to earn wealth by using their mining skill . This has resulted in a concentration of Cornish names on and around Teesside that persists into the 21st century .
Large numbers of the 19th century Cornish emigrants eventually returned to Cornwall , whilst the rate of emigration from Cornwall declined after World War I. However , the global connections of the remaining Cornish diaspora , which is concentrated in English @-@ speaking countries such as Australia , Canada , South Africa and the United States , are " very strong " . Their outreach has contributed to the international spread of Methodism , a movement within Protestant Christianity that was popular with the Cornish people at the time of their mass migration . " Cousin Jacks " is a nickname for the overseas Cornish , thought to derive from the practice of Cornishmen asking if job vacancies could be filled by their cousin named Jack in Cornwall .
= = = Australia = = =
From the beginning of Australia 's colonial period until after the Second World War , people from the United Kingdom made up a large majority of people coming to Australia , meaning that many Australian @-@ born people can trace their origins to Britain . The Cornish people in particular were actively encouraged to emigrate to Australia following the demise of Cornish mining in the 19th century . A " vigorous recruiting campaign " was launched to encourage the Cornish to aid with mining in Australia because of their experience and expertise . Free passage to South Australia in particular was granted to hundreds of Cornish miners and their families , so much so , that a large Cornish community gathered in Australia 's Copper Coast , and South Australia 's Yorke Peninsula became known as " Little Cornwall ” . It has been estimated between 1837 and 1840 , 15 per cent of all assisted migrants to South Australia were Cornish .
Cornish settlement impacted upon social , cultural and religious life throughout the history of South Australia . Cornish identity was embraced strongly in the Yorke Peninsula , but also in the more outlying mining towns of Kapunda and Burra , where Cornish miners constituted a sizeable community . Methodism , was the main form of religious practice for the Cornish . Methodist sensibilities were held with strong conviction by the migrant Cornish in a direct rivalry with Catholic Irish people in Australia . The Kernewek Lowender is the largest Cornish festival in the world , held in the Kadina , Moonta and Wallaroo towns on the Yorke Peninsula , which attracts tens of thousands of visitors bi @-@ annually .
= = = Canada = = =
European fishing ventures in and around Newfoundland during the 16th century were the earliest Cornish activity in what was to become Canada . However , permanent settlement by the Cornish across the Atlantic Ocean was rare until at least the 19th century . The British colonisation of the Americas encouraged additional migration of the Cornish to the Canadas , particularly by those who served in Great Britain 's Royal Navy . The creation of the colony of British North America spurred more people from Cornwall to settle in North America ; they were registered as English migrants . Many Cornish ( and other West Country ) immigrants who had been agricultural labourers settled in an area of what is now South Central Ontario in what were the counties of Northumberland , Durham and Ontario , ranging from the towns of Port Hope and Cobourg in the east , to Whitby in the west and to the north ends of those counties .
= = = Mexico = = =
In 1825 a band of 60 Cornishmen left Falmouth for Mineral del Monte in central Mexico with 1 @,@ 500 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 500 long tons ; 1 @,@ 700 short tons ) of mining machinery with which to apply their mining skill and technologies to resuscitate Mexico 's ailing silver mining industry after the neglect caused by the Mexican War of Independence . Following their sea voyage they attempted to dock at Veracruz but were forced away by the Spanish to a beach at Mocambo from where they hauled their machinery through jungle and swamp to Santa Fe . During this haul through the jungle , the Cornishmen and their Mexican helpers fell victim to yellow fever , resulting in 30 Cornish and 100 Mexican fatalities . The fever forced the survivors to abandon their equipment and head inland up into the mountains to Xalapa to try and escape the mosquitos for three months , until the end of the rainy season . Once the rainy season closed the Cornish and Mexican miners continued their 250 @-@ mile ( 402 km ) " Great Trek " to Mineral del Monte , transporting their machinery to an altitude of 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 048 m ) above sea level and arriving at their destination on 1 May 1826 . Following their arrival , the Cornish community flourished and stayed in central Mexico until the Mexican Revolution in 1910 . Although the Cornish community in Mexico broadly returned to Cornwall , they left a cultural legacy ; Cornish pasties , Cornish mining museums and a Cornish Mexican Cultural Society are all part of the local heritage and tradition in and around Mineral del Monte .
= = = South Africa = = =
The Witwatersrand Gold Rush of 1886 encouraged large numbers of Cornish miners to migrate to the South African Republic . Although an international gold rush , the Cornish overwhelmingly formed the skilled labour force in the Witwatersrand , until the outbreak of the Second Boer War prompted a retreat .
= = = United States = = =
The discovery of lead ore and copper in North America prompted an influx of Cornish miners to the continent , particularly around the Upper Mississippi River . By the early 19th century Cornish people were present in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan — particularly the mining town of Ishpeming . Additional waves of Cornish migrants followed the California Gold Rush of the mid @-@ 19th century ; in the 1890s it was estimated that in California 's Grass Valley , over 60 per cent of the population was Cornish . It has a tradition of carols stemming from the Cornish who settled the area as gold miners in the 19th century . The carols have become " the identity of the town " , some of the members of the Grass Valley Cornish Carol Choir are descendents of the original Cornish settlers .
Most migratory Cornish to the United States were classified as English or British , meaning that the precise number of Cornish Americans is difficult to estimate . The aggregate number of immigrants from Cornwall to the United States before World War I is suggested to be around 100 @,@ 000 .
= = Culture = =
The survival of a distinct Cornish culture has been attributed to Cornwall 's geographic isolation . Contemporaneously , the underlying notion of Cornish culture is that it is distinct from the culture of England , despite its anglicisation , and that it is instead part of a Celtic tradition . According to American academic Paul Robert Magocsi , modern @-@ day Cornish activists have claimed several Victorian era inventions including the Cornish engine , Christmas carols , rugby football and brass bands as part of this Cornish tradition . Cornish cultural tradition is most strongly associated with the people 's most historical occupation , mining , an aspect of Cornish history and culture that has influenced its cuisine , symbols and identity .
Cornwall has its own tradition of Christian saints , derived from Celtic extraction , that have given rise to localised dedications . Saint Piran is the 5th century Christian abbot , supposedly of Irish origin , who is patron saint of both tin miners and Cornwall . According to popular mythology , Piran , an Irish scholar who studied Christianity in Ancient Rome was to be drowned in the Irish Sea by the High Kings of Ireland , but instead floated across to Perranporth in Cornwall by the will of God to preach the ministry of Jesus . Saint Piran 's Flag , a centred white cross on a black field , was described as the " Standard of Cornwall " in 1838 and was re @-@ introduced by Celtic Revivalists thereafter as a county flag of Cornwall . It has been seized upon by the Cornish people as a symbol of their identity , displayed on cars and flying from buildings including those of Cornwall Council . St Piran 's Day is an annual patronal fete , and the pre @-@ eminent Cornish festival celebrating Cornish culture and history on 5 March .
= = = Language = = =
The Cornish language is derived from the Brythonic branch of the Insular Celtic languages . It is closely related to the Breton language , and to a lesser extent shares commonalities with the Welsh language , although they are not mutually intelligible . The language functioned as a community language in Cornwall until a language shift to the English language was completed during the late 18th century . The demise of the Cornish language is attributed to English cultural influence , particularly the political and religious dominance of the English Reformation and the Act of Uniformity 1549 which outlawed all church services within the Kingdom of England that were not in English . The exact date of the death of Cornish is unclear and disputed , but popularly it is claimed that the last monolingual Cornish speaker was Dolly Pentreath , a Mousehole resident who died in 1777 .
The revival of Cornish began in 1904 when Henry Jenner , a Celtic language enthusiast , published his book Handbook of the Cornish Language . He based his work on Cornish as it was spoken in the 18th century , although his pupil Robert Morton Nance , with his orthography , Unified Cornish , later steered the revival more towards the Middle Cornish that had been used in the 16th century , before the language became more heavily influenced by English . This set the tone for the next few decades ; as the revival gained pace , learners of the language disagreed on which style of Cornish to use , and a number of competing orthographies — Unified Cornish , Unified Cornish Revised , Modern Cornish , Kernewek Kemmyn — were in use by the end of the 20th century . A standard written form was agreed in 2008 .
Cornish is a restored and living modern language , but most of its speakers are enthusiasts , persons who have learned the language through private study . Cornish speakers are geographically dispersed , meaning there is no part of Cornwall where it is spoken as a community language . As of 2009 , it is taught in fifty primary schools , although regular broadcast in Cornish is limited to a weekly bilingual programme on BBC Radio Cornwall . Daily life in Cornwall therefore is conducted in the English language , albeit with some regional peculiarities .
Legends of the Fall , a novella by American author Jim Harrison , detailing the lives of a Cornish American family in the early 20th century , contains several Cornish language terms . These were also included in the Academy Award winning film of the same name starring Anthony Hopkins as Col. William Ludlow and Brad Pitt as Tristan Ludlow .
= = = Literature and folklore = = =
Early medieval Cornwall was associated with the Matter of Britain , a national myth recounting a legendary Celtic history of Brittonic warriors , including King Arthur . The Matter of Britain was supported by texts such as the Historia Regum Britanniae , a pseudohistorical account of the history of the ancient Britons , written in the mid @-@ 12th century by Geoffrey of Monmouth . The Historia Regum Britanniae chronicled the lives of legendary kings of the Britons in a narrative spanning a time of two thousand years , beginning with the Trojans founding the ancient British nation and continuing until the Anglo @-@ Saxon invasion of Britain in the 7th century forced the Celtic Britons to the west coast , namely Wales and Cornwall . Although broadly thought of as a work of fiction , Geoffrey of Monmouth 's work had a lasting effect upon the identity of the Cornish . His " historical construct " characterised the ancient Britons as heroes , which later helped Celtic revivalists to redefine Cornishness as an identity closely related to ancient heroic Celtic folklore .
Another strand of Cornish folklore is derived from tales of seafaring pirates and smugglers who thrived in and around Cornwall from the early modern period through to the 19th century . Cornish pirates exploited both their knowledge of the Cornish coastline as well as its sheltered creeks and hidden anchorages . For many fishing villages , loot and contraband provided by pirates supported a strong and secretive underground economy in Cornwall .
Legendary creatures that appear in Cornish folklore include buccas , knockers and piskies . Tales of these creatures are thought to have developed as supernatural explanations for the frequent and deadly cave @-@ ins that occurred during 18th @-@ century Cornish tin mining , or else a creation of the oxygen @-@ starved minds of exhausted miners who returned from the underground .
= = = Performing and visual arts = = =
Celtic crosses , many dating from between the 7th and 15th centuries , are found in Cornwall and have been used as inspiration in modern and contemporary Cornish visual arts . In the 1780s , John Opie was the first Cornish @-@ born painter to gain widespread attention ; his work was exhibited at the Royal Academy and he was described by Joshua Reynolds as " like Caravaggio and Velázquez in one " . Artists who appreciated the quality of Cornwall 's natural light , such as J. M. W. Turner , began to visit , with more following after the opening of the Great Western Railway , including Whistler and Sickert . Stanhope Forbes and Frank Bramley settled in Cornwall in the 1880s , establishing the Newlyn School of painting en plein air . By the 1920s , the ceramicist Bernard Leach was established at St Ives , and the St Ives School for abstract artists formed there , influenced by naive painters such as Alfred Wallis , and involving the work of Ben Nicholson , his wife Barbara Hepworth , Naum Gabo and Patrick Heron .
= = = Religion = = =
Anciently , the religion of the Cornish Britons was Celtic polytheism , a pagan , animistic faith , assumed to be led by Druids in full or in part . Early Christianity is thought to have existed in Cornwall during the 1st century , but limited to individual travellers and visitors , possibly including Priscillian , a Galician theologian who may have been exiled to the Isles of Scilly . Celtic Christianity was introduced to Cornwall in the year 520 by Saint Petroc , a Brython from the kingdom of Glywysing , and other missionaries from Wales , as well as by Gaelic monks and holy women from Ireland ; this " formative period " has left a legacy of granite high cross monuments throughout Cornwall . Dedications to many different Cornish saints can also be traced to this period . In the Middle Ages , Roman Catholicism was dominant in Cornwall , and even in the 17th century the Cornish were " fervently Roman Catholic " , slow to accept the Protestant Reformation , according to some scholars . The adoption of Anglicanism was , eventually , near @-@ universal in Cornwall and facilitated the anglicisation of the Cornish people . A variety of dissenting congregations such as the Quakers and Baptists were to be found in certain districts . Through a combination of tours of Cornwall by John Wesley , rural isolation and compatibility with Cornish tastes and sensibilities , Methodism , an evangelical revival movement within the Church of England , became the form of Christianity practised by the majority of the population all over Cornwall during the 19th century . During this time other kinds of Methodist churches appeared such as the Bible Christians and there were also Evangelical and Anglo @-@ Catholic revivals within the Church of England .
= = = Cuisine = = =
Cornish cuisine is a regional variety of British cuisine , strongly rooted in a tradition of using local produce , which is used to create relatively simple dishes . Most prominent in Cornish cuisine is the pasty ( sometimes known as the Cornish pasty ) made from diced beef , potato , onion and swede ( commonly called ' turnip ' by the Cornish ) , enclosed within a pastry crust and then baked . One idea of its origins suggests that it evolved as a portable lunch for Cornish miners , the crust serving as a disposable handle that could be held by a miner 's hand without soiling the filling . Fish was an important element of the Cornish diet , but international commercial fishing was also well established by the 16th century , and tons of pilchards were exported from Cornwall to France , Italy and Spain every year . Stargazy pie is an occasional festive Cornish dish with the heads of fish standing on their tails , originally pilchards , piercing a pastry crust . The saffron bun , also known as the tea treat bun , is a sweet bread with its origins in Cornwall .
= = = Sport = = =
With its comparatively small , rural population , major contribution by the Cornish to national sport in the United Kingdom has been limited . There are no teams affiliated to the Cornwall County Football Association that play in the Football League of England and Wales , and the Cornwall County Cricket Club plays as one of the minor counties of English cricket . Viewed as an " important identifier of ethnic affiliation " , rugby union has become a sport strongly tied with notions of Cornishness , and since the 20th century , rugby union in Cornwall has emerged as one of the most popular spectator and team sports in Cornwall , with professional Cornish rugby footballers being described as a " formidable force " , " naturally independent , both in thought and deed , yet paradoxically staunch English patriots whose top players have represented England with pride and passion " . In 1985 , sports journalist Alan Gibson made a direct connection between love of rugby in Cornwall and the ancient parish games of hurling and wrestling that existed for centuries before rugby officially began .
Cornish wrestling ( also known as Wrasslin ' ) is a regional , folk style of grappling or martial arts . The Cornish Wrestling Association was formed in 1923 , to standardise the rules of the sport and to promote Cornish wrestling throughout Cornwall and the world . Together with Cornish hurling ( a localised form of medieval football ) , Wrasslin ' has been promoted as a distinctly Celtic game , tied closely with Cornish identity .
Surfing was popularised in Cornwall during the late 20th century , and has since become readily associated with Cornishness . The waves around the Cornish coastline are created by low pressure systems from the Atlantic Ocean which unleash powerful swells eastwards creating multiple , excellent surfing conditions in some parts of the coast of Cornwall . Newquay , one of Britain 's " premier surfing towns " , regularly hosts world championship surfing events .
= = Institutions and politics = =
The politics of Cornwall take place within a wider national political framework of a constitutional monarchy , in which the United Kingdom 's monarch is head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government , and the supranational framework of the European Union . Cornish politics are marked by a long tradition of Liberalism .
Important historical institutions were the Duchy of Cornwall and the Cornish Stannary Courts and Parliaments . The Stannary court administered equity , through special laws and legal exemptions , for all matters relating to the tin mines and tin trade in Cornwall . Cornish miners were effectively exempt from the jurisdiction of the law courts at Westminster , except " in such cases as should affect land , life or limb " . The ancient privileges of the Stannary Courts and Parliaments were confirmed by successive Royal Charters in the Middle Ages , including those administered by Kings John , Edward I and Edward III of England . As the tin mines of Cornwall lost their economic importance during the 18th and 19th centuries , so the Stannary institutions lost political power . The last Stannary parliament was held at Truro in 1752 , and continued , by adjournments , until 11 September 1753 .
As in the rest of Great Britain , the Liberal Party dominated Cornish politics during the 19th century , although Socialism gained limited support in western Cornwall , and the Labour Party won preference after World War I. Nationalism ( or regionalism ) in Cornwall traces its roots to the Irish Home Rule bills of the late 19th century , and is represented by the Cornish self @-@ government movement , a political action group that is predominantly organised to promote Cornwall as the national homeland of the Cornish , campaign for devolution , and win it the status as a fifth country within the UK rather than outright separatism . More " militant " variants of Cornish nationalism however claim that because of historical constitutional peculiarities regarding the status of Cornwall , the law of the European Union does or should not have jurisdiction over Cornwall until Cornish sovereignty is recognised . Popularisation of Cornish nationalism is attributed to a Celtic cultural revival in Cornwall which itself began with a newed interested in the Cornish language in the 1920s . The revival of the Cornish language encouraged a parallel revival of Celtic traditions , which by the 1970s had spurred on Cornish nationalism . The United Kingdom 's entry into the European Economic Community in 1973 prompted claims that the Cornish should be granted their own devolved national assembly — the Cornish Assembly — comparable to that of the National Assembly for Wales . Mebyon Kernow is a left @-@ wing political party based in Cornwall , founded in 1951 . Its main objective is attaining greater autonomy for Cornwall through the establishment of a legislative Cornish Assembly . As at 2009 Mebyon Kernow has no Members of Parliament elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom , and in the United Kingdom local elections , 2009 received 4 per cent of votes to elect councillors to Cornwall Council , behind the Conservative Party ( 34 per cent ) , Liberal Democrats ( 28 per cent ) , and Independents ( 23 per cent ) Since the 2009 structural changes to local government in England , Cornwall Council has been a unitary authority , serving as the sole executive , deliberative , and legislative body responsible for local policy , setting council tax , and allocating budgets .
Following the Cornwall Council election in May 2013 , the council remained as " no overall control " , with the Independent politicians becoming the largest grouping on the council through a modest gain of councillors from the previous election . The Liberal Democrats remained the second largest party after losing 2 councillors and the Conservatives slipped to third after losing over a third of their councillors . The Labour Party ( + 8 ) , UKIP ( + 6 ) , and the Green Party ( + 1 ) all gained seats , with UKIP and the Greens entering Cornwall Council for the first time . Mebyon Kernow had 6 councilors prior to the election , having added 2 since the 2009 election , their total following the election was reduced to 4 .
In the 2015 general election all Cornish seats were won by the Conservatives .
= Ricketts Glen State Park =
Ricketts Glen State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on 13 @,@ 050 acres ( 5 @,@ 280 ha ) in Columbia , Luzerne , and Sullivan counties in Pennsylvania in the United States . Ricketts Glen is a National Natural Landmark known for its old @-@ growth forest and 24 named waterfalls along Kitchen Creek , which flows down the Allegheny Front escarpment from the Allegheny Plateau to the Ridge @-@ and @-@ Valley Appalachians . The park is near the borough of Benton on Pennsylvania Route 118 and Pennsylvania Route 487 , and is in five townships : Sugarloaf in Columbia County , Fairmount and Ross in Luzerne County , and Colley and Davidson in Sullivan County .
Ricketts Glen 's land was once home to Native Americans . From 1822 to 1827 , a turnpike was built along the course of PA 487 in what is now the park , where two squatters harvested cherry trees to make bed frames from about 1830 to 1860 . The park 's waterfalls were one of the main attractions for a hotel from 1873 to 1903 ; the park is named for the hotel 's proprietor , R. Bruce Ricketts , who built the trail along the waterfalls . By the 1890s Ricketts owned or controlled over 80 @,@ 000 acres ( 320 km2 ; 120 sq mi ) and made his fortune clearcutting almost all of that land , including much of what is now the park ; however he preserved about 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 810 ha ) of virgin forest in the creek 's three glens . The sawmill was at the village of Ricketts , which was mostly north of the park . After his death in 1918 , Ricketts ' heirs began selling land to the state for Pennsylvania State Game Lands .
Plans to make Ricketts Glen a national park in the 1930s were ended by budget issues and the Second World War ; Pennsylvania began purchasing the land in 1942 and fully opened Ricketts Glen State Park in 1944 . The Benton Air Force Station , a Cold War radar installation in the park , operated from 1951 to 1975 and still serves as airport radar for nearby Wilkes @-@ Barre and as the Red Rock Job Corps Center . Improvements since the creation of the state park include a new dam for the 245 @-@ acre ( 99 ha ) Lake Jean , the breaching of two other dams Ricketts built , trail modifications , and a fire tower . In 1999 Hurricane Floyd briefly closed the park and downed thousands of trees ; helicopter logging protected the ecosystem while harvesting lumber worth nearly $ 7 million , some of which paid for a new park office in 2001 .
The park offers hiking , ten cabins , camping ( one of the two camping areas is on a peninsula in the lake ) , horseback riding , and hunting . Lake Jean is used for swimming , fishing , canoeing and kayaking . In winter there is cross @-@ country skiing , ice fishing on the lake , and ice climbing on the frozen falls . The Glens Natural Area has eight named waterfalls in Glen Leigh and ten in Ganoga Glen , these come together at Waters Meet ; downstream in Ricketts Glen there are four to six named waterfalls . The park has four rock formations from the Devonian and Carboniferous periods , and is home to a wide variety of plants and animals . It was named an Important Bird Area by the Pennsylvania Audubon Society and is an Important Mammal Area too . Ricketts Glen State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( DCNR ) and its Bureau of State Parks as one of " 25 Must @-@ See Pennsylvania State Parks " .
= = History = =
= = = Native Americans = = =
Ricketts Glen State Park is in Pennsylvania , where humans have lived since at least 10000 BC . The first settlers in the state were Paleo @-@ Indian nomadic hunters known from their stone tools . The hunter @-@ gatherers of the Archaic period , which lasted locally from 7000 to 1000 BC , used a greater variety of more sophisticated stone artifacts . The Woodland period marked the gradual transition to semi @-@ permanent villages and horticulture , between 1000 BC and 1500 AD . Archeological evidence found in the state from this time includes a range of pottery types and styles , burial mounds , pipes , bows and arrows , and ornaments .
The park is in the Susquehanna River drainage basin , the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the Iroquoian @-@ speaking Susquehannocks . They were a matriarchal society that lived in stockaded villages of large longhouses , but their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois , and by 1675 they had died out , moved away , or been assimilated into other tribes .
After the demise of the Susquehannocks , the lands of the Susquehanna River valley were under the nominal control of the Iroquois , who also lived in longhouses , primarily in what is now the state of New York . The Iroquois had a strong confederacy which gave them power beyond their numbers . To fill the void left by the demise of the Susquehannocks , the Iroquois encouraged displaced tribes from the east to settle in the Susquehanna watershed , including the Shawnee and Lenape ( or Delaware ) .
The French and Indian War ( 1754 – 1763 ) and subsequent colonial expansion encouraged the migration of many Native Americans westward to the Ohio River basin . On November 5 , 1768 , the British acquired land , known in Pennsylvania as the New Purchase , from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix ; this included what is now Ricketts Glen State Park . After the American Revolutionary War , Native Americans almost entirely left Pennsylvania . About 1890 a Native American pot , decorated in the style of " the peoples of the Susquehanna region " , was found under a rock ledge on Kitchen Creek by Murray Reynolds , for whom a waterfall is named .
= = = Early inhabitants = = =
Ricketts Glen State Park is in five townships in three counties . After the 1768 purchase , the land became part of Northumberland County , but was soon divided among other counties . Most of the park is in Luzerne County , which was formed in 1786 from part of Northumberland County . Within Luzerne County , the majority of the park , including all of the waterfalls and most of Lake Jean , is in Fairmount Township , which was settled in 1792 and incorporated in 1834 ; the easternmost part of the park is in Ross Township , which was settled in 1795 and incorporated in 1842 . The northwest part of the park is in Sullivan County , which was formed in 1847 from Lycoming County ; Davidson Township was settled by 1808 and incorporated in 1833 , while Colley Township , which has the park office and part of Lake Jean , was settled in the early 19th century and incorporated in 1849 . A small part of the southwest part of the park is in Sugarloaf Township in Columbia County ; the township was settled in 1792 and incorporated in 1812 , the next year Columbia County was formed from Northumberland County .
A hunter named Robinson was the first inhabitant in the area whose name is known ; around 1800 he had a cabin on the shores of Long Pond ( now called Lake Ganoga ) , which is less than 0 @.@ 4 miles ( 0 @.@ 6 km ) northwest of the park . The first development within the park was the construction of the Susquehanna and Tioga Turnpike , which was built from 1822 to 1827 between the Pennsylvania communities of Berwick in the south and Towanda in the north . The turnpike , which Pennsylvania Route 487 mostly follows through the park , had daily stagecoach service from 1827 to 1851 ; the northbound stagecoach left Berwick in the morning and stopped for lunch at the Long Pond Tavern on the lake about noon .
The earliest settlers in what became the park were two squatters who built sawmills to make bed frames from cherry trees they cut for lumber . One squatter , Jesse Dodson , cut trees from around 1830 to 1860 and built a mill and the dam for what became Lake Rose in 1842 . Dodson also built a dam south of Mud Pond , near what became Lake Jean ; both dams were on the Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek , and each was used to make a " log splash pond " . The other squatter , named Sickler , also built a mill and log dam , at what became Lake Leigh on the Glen Leigh branch of Kitchen Creek . Sickler was active from 1838 to about 1860 .
In 1865 , a well was drilled at the Dodson mill site , after a Mr. Hadley fraudulently added oil to springs in what became the park . Hadley , who had hoped that investors would think petroleum was present , got the Wheeler & Wilson sewing machine company to invest $ 40 @,@ 000 ( $ 620 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) in his scheme . In the next two years they drilled two wells , one 2 @,@ 100 feet ( 640 m ) deep at the former Dodson sawmill at Lake Rose and the other 1 @,@ 900 feet ( 580 m ) deep near the Ricketts mansion . No oil was ever found , and Hadley eventually fled to Canada .
= = = R. Bruce Ricketts = = =
While on a hunting trip on Loyalsock Creek north of the park in 1850 , brothers Elijah and Clemuel Ricketts were frustrated at having to spend the night on a hotel 's parlor floor . In 1851 or 1853 they bought 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 000 ha ) , including what is now Lake Ganoga and some of the park , as their own hunting preserve , and built a stone house on the lake shore by 1852 or 1855 . The stone house served as their lodge and as a tavern ; it was known as " Ricketts Folly " for its isolated location in the wilderness . Clemuel died in 1858 and Elijah bought his share of the land and house . The Ricketts family was not aware of the glens and their waterfalls until about 1865 , when they were discovered by two guests from the stone house who went fishing and wandered down Kitchen Creek .
Elijah 's son Robert Bruce Ricketts , for whom the park is named , joined the Union Army as a private at the outbreak of the American Civil War and rose through the ranks to become a colonel in the artillery . After the war , R. Bruce Ricketts returned to Pennsylvania and in 1869 began purchasing the land around the lake from his father . By 1873 he controlled or owned 66 @,@ 000 acres ( 27 @,@ 000 ha ) , and eventually this grew to more than 80 @,@ 000 acres ( 32 @,@ 000 ha ) , including the glens and waterfalls and most of the park .
While the stone house had served as a home and inn since its construction , in 1872 R. Bruce Ricketts built a three @-@ story wooden addition north of the house . The addition used lumber from a sawmill Ricketts and his partners operated from 1872 to 1875 , about 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) southeast of the stone house . The North Mountain House hotel opened in 1873 ; Ricketts ' brother Frank , for whom a waterfall is named , managed it from then until 1898 . Many of the hotel 's guests were Ricketts ' friends and relations , who arrived after school let out in June and stayed all summer until school resumed in September . In 1876 and 1877 , Ricketts ran the first summer school in the United States at his house and hotel ; one of the teachers was Joseph Rothrock , later known as the " Father of Forestry " in Pennsylvania .
The waterfalls and Ganoga Lake were the hotel 's biggest attractions . By 1875 Ricketts had named the tallest waterfall Ganoga Falls ; he eventually named 22 of the waterfalls . Ricketts gave most of them Native American names , and named others for relatives and friends . Ricketts renamed Long Pond as Ganoga Lake in 1881 . The name Ganoga was suggested by Pennsylvania senator Charles R. Buckalew ; it is an Iroquoian word which Buckalew said meant " water on the mountain " in the Seneca language . Donehoo 's A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania identifies it as a Cayuga language word meaning " place of floating oil " and the name of a Cayuga village in New York . Whatever the meaning , Ricketts also named the glen with the tallest waterfall in the park " Ganoga " .
Ricketts ' stone house served as the base for the Ozone hiking club of Wilkes @-@ Barre 's excursions on the mountain ; the club gave its name to Ozone waterfall in the park . In 1879 Ricketts started the North Mountain Fishing Club , for anglers on the lake and creek . Guests of the hotel paid one dollar to fish as a club member . In 1889 Ricketts hired Matt Hirlinger and five other men to build the trails along the branches of Kitchen Creek and its waterfalls . It took them four years to complete the trails and stone steps through the glens .
One of the highest spots on North Mountain ( and in the park today ) was an outlook point where Ricketts built a 40 @-@ foot ( 12 m ) wooden observation tower for his guests . After the first tower collapsed , he built a 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) replacement , and named the site Grand View . From the tower , people could see for 20 miles ( 32 km ) .
= = = Lumber era = = =
For over 20 years , Ricketts was " land poor " ; he owed much on the mortgages on his vast land holdings , and there were no good means to transport the estimated 1 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 board feet ( 3 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 m3 ) of lumber from most of his land to sawmills . Large @-@ scale lumber operations of that time floated logs on major streams or used logging railroads , but neither was available to Ricketts . His small sawmill near the stone house closed by 1875 , and he was only able to sell two major tracts of land in his lifetime . In 1872 he sold 14 @,@ 000 acres ( 5 @,@ 700 ha ) north of the park to a group of investors that included himself ; this deal seems to have been for shares of stock ( not cash ) , and the deed for the sale was not recorded until 1893 . Ricketts sold 13 @,@ 000 acres ( 5 @,@ 300 ha ) along Bowman Creek , including the easternmost parts of the park , to Albert Lewis in 1876 ; Lewis hoped to build a branch line of the Lehigh Valley Railroad along the creek . In the 1870s and 1880s , Ricketts tried repeatedly and unsuccessfully to find partners and investors who would help him cut the lumber on his land and build a rail line to it .
Finally in 1890 , Harry Clay Trexler , J.H. Turrell , Ricketts , and partners formed the Trexler and Turrell Lumber Company and leased 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 000 ha ) of Ricketts ' land near Ganoga Lake . The company built a sawmill and lumber town named Ricketts on Mehoopany Creek . The town , which was in both Sullivan and Wyoming counties , had 800 inhabitants at its peak and extended into the northernmost section of the park . Rail lines were built to the mills at Ricketts , including the Bowman Creek branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad which opened in 1883 , and also provided passenger service to the hotel on Lake Ganoga . According to Petrillo 's Ghost Towns of North Mountain : Ricketts , Mountain Springs , Stull : " Ricketts was on the verge of financial disaster for two decades until the Lehigh Valley Railroad was constructed through his lands . "
Trexler and Turrell paid Ricketts $ 50 @,@ 000 in both 1890 and 1891 , and continued to cut his land and pay him for the timber until 1913 . By 1911 , the main sawmill at Ricketts could cut 125 @,@ 000 board feet ( 290 m3 ) a day and was supported by three locomotives with 62 cars on 22 miles ( 35 km ) of track . Within the park , the area around what became Lake Jean was cut in the 1890s , and Cherry Ridge ( east of Red Rock Job Corps Center ) and land around Lake Leigh were the last areas cut by the Ricketts mill . Timber in the east part of the park and along Bowman Creek was cut by Lewis ' company , which also used logging railroads and even ran track down the Allegheny Front at Phillips Creek . Lewis ' firm built a splash dam on Bowman Creek to help float logs downstream in 1891 , then used the lake to cut ice for refrigeration . A second dam and lake were added in 1909 and the icehouses were on state park land ; the ice industry supported the small village and post office of Mountain Springs . Ricketts ran his own ice cutting business on Ganoga Lake from 1895 to about 1915 .
Within a decade of the railroad reaching his lands , Ricketts was out of the hotel business . The North Mountain House hotel was threatened by a forest fire in 1900 ; the subsequent loss of much of the surrounding old @-@ growth forest led to decreased numbers of hotel guests . Changing tastes may have also played a role in the decline in popularity ; the hotel had over 150 guests in August 1878 , but only about 70 guests in August 1894 . The wooden addition was torn down in 1897 or 1903 , and " despite profits , Ricketts became disenchanted with the hotel business and closed his hotel in 1903 " , though the stone house remained the Ricketts family 's summer home . Passenger rail service to Ganoga Lake ended when the hotel closed ; the fishing club closed that year as well , but was re @-@ formed in 1907 . In 1903 another large fire on North Mountain threatened the sawmill in the lumber town of Ricketts .
Not all of Ricketts ' plans were financially successful ; between 1905 and 1907 he built three dams to generate hydroelectric power within what became the park , forming Lake Leigh at the site of Sickler 's mill , Lake Rose at the site of Dodson 's mill , and Lake Jean ( which incorporated the natural Mud Pond ) north of these . Lakes Leigh and Jean were named for Ricketts ' daughters , while Rose was a Ricketts family name . The Lake Leigh dam was made of concrete and cost $ 165 @,@ 000 ( approximately $ 4 @,@ 190 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) , while the other two dams were log cribs filled with earth and cost a total of $ 300 @,@ 000 ( approximately $ 7 @,@ 619 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) . If the project had been successful , the plan was to rebuild the two log and timber dams in concrete , however , the " dams were poorly constructed and could not be used for hydroelectric purposes " . After the Panic of 1907 , Ricketts wife told him to stop the hydroelectric project before he lost all of their money ; this prompted him to say " I used to be land poor , but now I 'm dam poor " .
= = = Modern era = = =
In 1913 , Ricketts opened the glens and their waterfalls to the public , charging $ 1 for parking . Although this fee was unpopular , it remained in place until the land became a state park . After Ricketts died in 1918 , the Pennsylvania Game Commission bought 48 @,@ 000 acres ( 19 @,@ 000 ha ) from his heirs , via the Central Pennsylvania Lumber Company , between 1920 and 1924 . This became most of Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 13 , west of the park in Sullivan County . These sales left the Ricketts heirs with over 12 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @,@ 900 ha ) surrounding Ganoga Lake , Lake Jean and the glens area of the park . An area encompassing 22 @,@ 000 acres ( 8 @,@ 900 ha ) was approved as a national park site in 1935 , and the National Park Service operated a Civilian Conservation Corps camp at " Ricketts Glynn " ( sic ) . The funding to create a National Park at Ricketts Glen was " sidetracked " in 1936 when the money was redirected to the Resettlement Administration for " direct relief " . Similar projects at French Creek , Raccoon Creek , Laurel Hill , Blue Knob , and Hickory Run were also defunded ( all are now Pennsylvania state parks ) . The financial difficulties of the Great Depression and World War II brought an end to this plan for development .
Arthur James , the Governor of Pennsylvania , signed legislation creating Ricketts Glen State Park on August 1 , 1941 . The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania bought 1 @,@ 261 acres ( 510 ha ) , including the glens and their waterfalls , from the heirs for $ 82 @,@ 000 on December 31 , 1942 . The new state park opened to the public on August 1 , 1943 ; however , the park 's official history says " recreational facilities first opened in 1944 " . The state bought a total of 16 @,@ 000 acres ( 6 @,@ 500 ha ) more from the heirs in 1945 and 1950 for $ 68 @,@ 000 ; the park today has about 10 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @,@ 000 ha ) from the Ricketts family and about 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 ha ) acquired from others .
The state 's original plans for the new park included building an inn , an 18 @-@ hole golf course and country club , and a winter sports complex for skiing , ice boating , and tobogganing , as well as a beach with bathing facilities , cabins , and a tent camping area . Only the last three were actually built , all south of Lake Jean ; the Hayfield area north of Lake Jean was to have had the facilities for golf and tennis , and the inn and winter sports complex were to have been atop Cherry Ridge , at an elevation of 2 @,@ 461 feet ( 750 m ) .
A 1947 newspaper article estimated that the new park would have 50 @,@ 000 visitors that year , and detailed the work the state had done since acquiring the land . The Falls Trail through the glens was rebuilt , all the stone steps were replaced , and signs were added . Out of concern for greater safety , footbridges with handrails replaced those made from hewn logs , overhanging rock ledges were removed in places , and the trail was rerouted near some falls . In the southern end of the new park , the state built the Evergreen Trail past Adams Falls , as well as a new parking area for 200 cars and a concession stand , both along Pennsylvania Route 118 ( PA 118 ) .
The state made other improvements in the park , including replacing or removing all of Ricketts ' dams . At Lake Jean it built an earthen dam in 1949 – 1950 to replace Ricketts ' 1905 timber dam ; the new dam increased the size of Lake Jean to 245 acres ( 99 ha ) and its eastern end now included the former Mud Pond . On April 20 , 1958 , the 1907 concrete dam at Lake Leigh developed a hole , causing Pennsylvania State Police to evacuate close to 2 @,@ 000 people from the park . Engineers from the state inspected the dam and made a second breach in the dam near ground level , draining the lake . The resulting flow of water destroyed some of the hiking paths in Glen Leigh and the fish stocked in the lake wound up in Kitchen Creek . The Lake Jean dam was repaired in 1956 . The last of Ricketts ' dams , at Lake Rose , was breached in 1959 after remnants of a hurricane filled the lake to capacity . The rest of the 1905 dam was removed in 1969 . At Grand View the state built a wooden fire tower at the site of Ricketts ' earlier observation tower , then replaced it with a 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) steel tower . The tower is usually closed to the public , but may be visited if it is staffed by a forest fire warden . From the tower , three states and eleven Pennsylvania counties can be seen .
Ricketts Glen State Park was the site of a Cold War era radar station . The Benton Air Force Station in the north of the park at what is now the Red Rock Job Corps Center was constructed during 1950 and 1951 . Part of the 648th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron based at Fort Indiantown Gap , the radar station was a " frontline defender of national security " . About 300 airmen served at the radar station during the height of the Cold War . Barracks were constructed and recreational facilities for the airmen were provided . In 1963 the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) began jointly operating the radar station ; the 648th Squadron was inactivated in 1975 and the Job Corps center was established in 1978 , using the barracks and recreational facilities as the Red Rock Job Corps Center . As of 2010 , the radar dome is still fully functional and is used by the FAA as an auxiliary radar to the tower at Wilkes @-@ Barre / Scranton International Airport .
On October 12 , 1969 , the Glens Natural Area and its waterfalls was named a National Natural Landmark , and it became a Pennsylvania State Park Natural Area in 1993 , which guarantees it " will be protected and maintained in a natural state " . In 1987 the park 's ten cabins opened . In 1997 the park was named one of the first 73 Important Bird Areas in the state by the Pennsylvania chapter of the National Audubon Society . That same year heavy rains washed out two bridges on the Falls Trail ; because of the difficulty of transporting materials on the trail , an Army National Guard helicopter dropped 36 @-@ foot ( 11 m ) poles into the glens to rebuild the bridges in early 1997 . In the winter of 1997 ice climbing was allowed in the Ganoga Glen section of the park for the first time . That same year training was undertaken by local fire companies to rescue people injured in the park when icy conditions make reaching and transporting them especially treacherous . In 1998 a project to " repair and improve the Falls Trail " began , with three park employees carrying materials in on foot to stabilize the trail , fix steps , cut down on erosion , and repair some bridges . Originally planned to take four years ; it ended up taking six years to complete and cost nearly $ 1 million .
In September 1999 the remnants of Hurricane Floyd caused massive damage to the park , temporarily closing it and downing thousands of trees . The DCNR hired Carson Helicopters to salvage timber from the downed beech , cherry , maple , and oak trees for $ 994 @,@ 000 ; a crew of 36 workers spent several months cutting the fallen trees into manageable logs , then helicopters flew the logs to the Hayfield area of the park . The salvage operation ran until the fall of 2001 , and yielded 3 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 board feet ( 8 @,@ 300 m3 ) of lumber . The operation had revenue of almost $ 7 million , and had the ecological advantage of not requiring heavy logging equipment or new roads in the park .
Some of the money from the helicopter logging operation was used for park improvements , including a new $ 1 @.@ 7 million visitor center and park office , which opened in December 2001 . In 2002 the park had " up to a half @-@ million visitors each year " . Beginning in 2003 the campsites in the park , by then over 50 years old , were refurbished . In 2004 the park and surrounding Pennsylvania State Game Lands were named an Important Mammal Area , and in July the park was featured as a day trip in the Travel section of The New York Times . On June 28 , 2006 a 100 @-@ year flood caused widespread damage in the park , washing out many of the recently completed improvements to the hiking trails along Kitchen Creek . In 2007 the park was one of the first ten parks to be featured in the Pennsylvania Cable Network 's series on the state 's park system . The DCNR has named Ricketts Glen one of " 25 Must @-@ See Pennsylvania State Parks " , citing its old @-@ growth forest and many waterfalls and its status as a National Natural Landmark .
= = Geology and climate = =
Ricketts Glen State Park covers two different physiographic provinces : the Allegheny Plateau in the north , and the Ridge @-@ and @-@ Valley Appalachians in the south . The boundary between these is a steep escarpment known as the Allegheny Front , which rises up to 1 @,@ 200 feet ( 370 m ) above the land to the south . Within the park , Kitchen Creek has its headwaters on the dissected plateau , then drops approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) down the Allegheny Front in 2 @.@ 25 miles ( 3 @.@ 62 km ) . Much of this drop occurs in Glen Leigh and Ganoga Glen , two narrow valleys carved by branches of Kitchen Creek , which come together at Waters Meet . Ricketts Glen lies south of and downstream from Waters Meet , and here the terrain becomes less steep . There are 24 named waterfalls in the three glens .
The rocks exposed in the park were formed in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods between 370 and 340 million years ago , when the land was part of the coastline of a shallow sea that covered a great portion of what is now North America . The high mountains to the east of the sea gradually eroded , causing a build @-@ up of sediment made up primarily of clay , sand and gravel . Tremendous pressure caused the formation of the sedimentary rocks that are found in the park and in the Kitchen Creek drainage basin : sandstone , shale , siltstone , and conglomerates .
There are four distinct rock formations within Ricketts Glen State Park . The most recent and highest of these is the late Mississippian Mauch Chunk Formation , composed of " grayish @-@ red shale , siltstone , sandstone , and some conglomerate " . This forms the highest points on the Allegheny Plateau and is found north of Lake Jean , forming the land beneath the Red Rocks Job Corps Center and Cherry Ridge to the east . The next formation below this is the Mississippian Pocono Formation , which is buff or gray sandstone with conglomerate and siltstone inclusions . This forms most of the Allegheny Plateau and underlies the park office , Lake Jean and the former Lakes Rose and Leigh . The boulders of the Midway Crevasse , which the Highland Trail passes through , are Pocono Formation sandstone .
The third of the rock formations within the park is the Huntley Mountain Formation , from the late Devonian and early Mississippian . This is made of layers of olive green to gray sandstone and gray to red shale . The Huntley Mountain Formation is relatively hard and erosion resistant . It caps the Allegheny Front and has kept it from eroding as much as the softer Catskill Formation , to the south . The Catskill Formation is the lowest and oldest layer in the park , and is composed of red shale and siltstone up to 370 million years old . The Allegheny Front within the park is named North Mountain and Red Rock Mountain , with the latter name coming from an exposed band of Huntley Formation red shale and sandstone visible along Pennsylvania Route 487 ( PA 487 ) .
Geologists and the official Ricketts Glen State Park web page classify the falls at Ricketts Glen State Park into two types . Wedding @-@ cake falls descend in a series of small steps . Within the park , this type of falls usually flows over thin layers of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone . In bridal @-@ veil falls , the second type , water falls over a ledge and drops vertically into a plunge pool in the stream bed below . Within the park , this type of falls flows over Catskill Formation rocks or the red shale and sandstone of the Huntley Formation . In the park , the harder caprock which forms the ledge from which the bridal @-@ veil falls drops is gray sandstone . The softer red shale below is eroded away by water , sand and gravel to form the plunge pool . Brown 's book Pennsylvania waterfalls : a guide for hikers and photographers uses four types to classify waterfalls : falls , cascade , slide , and chute .
About 300 to 250 million years ago , the Allegheny Plateau , Allegheny Front , and Appalachian Mountains all formed in the Alleghenian orogeny . This happened long after the sedimentary rocks in the park were deposited , when the part of Gondwana that became Africa collided with what became North America , forming Pangaea . In the years since , up to 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) of rock has been eroded away by streams and weather . At least three major glaciations in the past million years have been the final factor in shaping the land that makes up the park today .
The effects of glaciation have made Kitchen Creek within the park " unique compared to all other nearby streams that flow down the Allegheny Front " , as it is the only one with an " almost continuous series of waterfalls " . Before the last ice age , Kitchen Creek had a much smaller drainage basin ; during the ice age , glaciers covered all of the park except the Grand View outcrop . About 20 @,@ 000 years ago the glaciers retreated to the northeast and glacial lakes formed . Drainage from the melting glacier and lakes cut a sluiceway , or channel , that diverted the headwaters of South Branch Bowman Creek into the Glen Leigh branch of Kitchen Creek . Glacial deposits of debris 20 to 30 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 to 9 @.@ 1 m ) thick formed a dam blocking water from Ganoga Lake and what became Lake Jean from draining into Big Run , a tributary of Fishing Creek . The water was instead diverted into the Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek .
These diversions added about 7 square miles ( 18 km2 ) to the Kitchen Creek drainage basin , increasing it by just over 50 percent . The result was increased water flow in Kitchen Creek , which has been cutting the falls in the glens since . The gradient or slope of Kitchen Creek was fairly stable for its flow when it had a much smaller drainage basin , as Phillips Creek to the east still does . Kitchen Creek is now too steep for its present amount of water flow , and over time erosion will decrease the creek 's slope and make it less steep . There are rocks with glacial striations visible within the park .
According to the United States Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System , Ricketts Glen State Park is at an elevation of 2 @,@ 198 feet ( 670 m ) . The two highest points in the park are Cherry Ridge , made of Mauch Chunk Formation rock , at 2 @,@ 461 feet ( 750 m ) , and the Grand View outcrop of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone , at 2 @,@ 444 feet ( 745 m ) . The highest elevation waterfall in the park is Mohawk Falls in Ganoga Glen at 2 @,@ 165 feet ( 660 m ) ; the lowest elevation waterfall is Adams Falls , in Ricketts Glen just south of PA 118 , at 1 @,@ 214 feet ( 370 m ) .
= = = Weather = = =
Ricketts Glen State Park is on the Allegheny Plateau , which has a continental climate with occasional severe low temperatures in winter and average daily temperature ranges ( the difference between the daily high and low ) of 20 ° F ( 11 ° C ) in winter and 26 ° F ( 14 ° C ) in summer . The park is in the Huntington Creek watershed , where the mean annual precipitation is 40 to 48 inches ( 1016 to 1219 mm ) . Weather records for Ricketts Glen State Park show that the highest recorded temperature at the park was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) in 1988 , and the record low was − 17 ° F ( − 27 ° C ) in 1984 . On average , January is the coldest month , July is the hottest month , and June is the wettest month .
= = Ecology = =
It has been estimated that before the arrival of William Penn and his Quaker colonists in 1682 , up to 90 percent of what is now Pennsylvania was covered with woods : over 31 @,@ 000 square miles ( 80 @,@ 000 km2 ) of eastern white pine , eastern hemlock , and a mix of hardwoods . By 1890 , Ricketts ' land was the largest tract of old @-@ growth forest remaining in the state , and though he made his fortune clearcutting nearly all his land , the forests in the glens of Ricketts Glen State Park were " saved from the lumberman 's axe through the foresight of the Ricketts family " . The rough terrain of the glens made it difficult to harvest timber from the area . Many of the old @-@ growth trees are believed to be over 500 years old , and ring counts on fallen trees have revealed ages of over 900 years .
The forests in and around Ricketts Glen State Park are some of the most extensive in northeastern Pennsylvania , and provide habitat for a wide variety of woodland creatures . The swampy areas in the park provide a habitat for plants like black gum , yellow birch , cinnamon fern , sphagnum and various sedges . The old @-@ growth forest in the Glens Natural Area is mostly eastern hemlock , eastern white pine , and oaks , and the park is home to 85 species of shrubs , woody vines , and trees , including seven kinds of conifers .
The streams and lakes of Ricketts are fisheries for many fish species , although fishing is prohibited in the glens area . In 2009 , 4 @.@ 15 miles ( 6 @.@ 68 km ) of Kitchen Creek downstream from Waters Meet and all of Phillips Creek were classified as Class A Wild Trout Waters , defined by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission as " streams which support a population of naturally produced trout of sufficient size and abundance to support a long @-@ term and rewarding sport fishery " .
Lake Jean is home to brook trout , brown trout , brown bullhead , and yellow bullhead . Acid rain with a pH near 3 @.@ 0 has altered the ecology of the lakes and region ; in Lake Jean low pH has decreased the number and quality of insects and plankton at the base of the food chain . Fish which are acid tolerant are predominant , including fathead minnows , muskellunge , pumpkinseed , walleye , and yellow perch . Predators like chain pickerel and largemouth bass are relatively few in number , and adult fish appear to grow rapidly but breed comparatively poorly . Since 1996 , the DCNR has added 11 short tons ( 10 @.@ 0 t ) of powdered lime to the lake each year to make the pH more neutral .
= = = Glens Natural Area = = =
A registered National Natural Landmark since 1969 , the Glens Natural Area is the main scenic attraction in the park and covers 2 @,@ 845 acres ( 1 @,@ 151 ha ) . Among perhaps 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 810 ha ) of old @-@ growth forest , two branches of Kitchen Creek cut through the deep gorges of Ganoga Glen and Glen Leigh and unite at Waters Meet ; then flow through Ricketts Glen . These old trees are commonly up to 100 feet ( 30 m ) tall , with diameters of almost 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) . The park has a great variety of trees as it lies at the boundary between the northern and southern types of hardwoods . In 1993 , the state designated the Glens Natural Area a State Park Natural Area , which means that it " will be protected and maintained in a natural state " . No buildings or latrines are allowed in the natural area , and the bridges in it are built with wood , not steel or concrete .
A series of trails parallels the branches of Kitchen Creek as they course down the Glens . Glen Leigh features eight named waterfalls and is south of the former Lake Leigh . Ganoga Glen is southeast of the former Lake Rose and has ten named falls , including the 94 @-@ foot ( 29 m ) Ganoga Falls , the tallest in the park . The DCNR recognizes three named waterfalls in Ricketts Glen just south of Waters Meet , plus Adams Falls 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) farther downstream at PA 118 . Adams Falls , the southernmost and one of the most scenic in the park , is about 0 @.@ 1 miles ( 160 m ) south of PA 118 , via an easy stroll along a trail from the parking lot .
Brown 's Pennsylvania waterfalls : a guide for hikers and photographers recognizes these 22 named falls plus two more in the park . One is on Shingle Cabin Brook as it enters Kitchen Creek just south of Waters Meet ; the other , Kitchen Creek Falls , is directly below the PA 118 highway bridge , which obscures much of the view . There are also several unnamed falls in the park , such as a good @-@ sized unnamed waterfall on a tributary of the Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek , or the " forgotten falls " on the South Branch Bowman Creek .
The Falls Trail includes the trails through the glens , plus the 1 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) Highland Trail , which connects the top ends of Ganoga Glen and Glen Leigh to form a 3 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 1 km ) triangular loop , and passes through the " Midway Crevasse , " a crack in Pocono Formation rock . All but two of the named waterfalls are either on the triangular loop or 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) south of it . Hiking the entire Glens area on the Falls Trail loop , beginning and ending at PA 118 , covers 7 @.@ 2 miles ( 11 @.@ 6 km ) . A shorter hike involves parking at Lake Rose , near the junction of Ganoga Glen and the Highland Trail .
= = = Mammals = = =
Ricketts Glen State Park was named part of an Important Mammal Area because it " support [ s ] critical habitat for a wide range of mammals " ; Pennsylvania has 64 wild mammal species . The park has an extensive forest cover of hemlock @-@ filled valleys and hardwood @-@ covered mountains , which makes it a habitat for big woods wildlife . Animals such as white @-@ tailed deer , black bear , red and gray squirrels , porcupine , and raccoon are seen fairly regularly . Less common creatures include beaver , bobcat , coyote , fisher , mink , muskrat , red fox , and river otter . In addition to mammals , Ricketts Glen is also known for its wild turkeys , wild flowers , butterflies , dragonflies , and the occasional timber rattlesnake .
White @-@ tailed deer became locally extinct on Ricketts ' land by 1912 , mirroring the sharp decline in Pennsylvania 's deer population from overhunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The state imported nearly 1 @,@ 200 white @-@ tailed deer from Michigan between 1906 and 1925 to re @-@ establish the species throughout Pennsylvania , and Ricketts brought deer to the area of the park in 1914 . Pennsylvania 's deer population rebounded from roughly one thousand in 1905 to roughly one million in 1928 . Deer are now one of the most numerous mammals in the park , and their overbrowsing threatens development of trees and plants there . The deer eat most of the saplings and shrubs before they can reach their full size , which reduces the number of low lying plants many birds use for shelter . The white @-@ tailed deer became the official state animal in 1959 . By 2001 , deer populations had increased to the point where it was feared that " Pennsylvania is losing its vegetative diversity from deer over @-@ browsing " .
Other locally extinct mammals in Pennsylvania include bison , grey wolf , lynx , marten , moose , mountain lion , and wolverine . Beaver and river otter have been successfully reintroduced . In 1995 and 1996 , 39 fishers were released in the State Game Lands adjoining the park , and breeding populations appear to have been reestablished . The coyote seems to have come to the state in the 1930s . Black bear and wild turkey populations were also severely affected by overhunting and loss of habitat ; the recovery of their populations in the 20th century has been " aided by the re @-@ growth of the eastern deciduous forest " . Bears prefer a mixed forest of hickory and oak with an understory of shrubs such as blueberry and laurel ; they use patches of coniferous forest for cover during the winter months .
= = = Important Bird Area = = =
Pennsylvania Important Bird Area ( IBA ) # 48 , also known as the North Mountain IBA , encompasses 114 @,@ 978 acres ( 46 @,@ 530 ha ) , including all 13 @,@ 047 acres ( 5 @,@ 280 ha ) of the state park and Pennsylvania State Game Lands Numbers 13 , 57 , and 66 . The Pennsylvania Audubon Society designated the IBA , which is defined as a globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations . Ricketts Glen State Park is featured in the Audubon Society 's Susquehanna River Birding and Wildlife Trail Guide .
Ornithologists and bird watchers have recorded a total of 75 species at Ricketts Glen State Park and within the IBA . Several factors contribute to the high total of bird species observed : there is a large area of forest in the park , as well as great habitat diversity . The location of the IBA along the Allegheny Front also contributes to the diverse bird populations . The IBA is said to be the " largest extant forest " in northeastern Pennsylvania and one of the largest forests in the state of Pennsylvania . The North Mountain IBA has officially been adopted by the North Branch Bird Club and is " well @-@ known " by members of the Greater Wyoming Valley Audubon , Valley Forge Audubon , and the Pennsylvania Society for Ornithology .
Ricketts Glen State Park provides a breeding habitat for four species of flycatchers and two species of waterthrushes . American bittern nest near the park . Bald eagle are frequent visitors to the park , and some ornithologists believe they may be nesting there since adult pairs have been observed with their young . The park is a nesting location for three " rare " birds , including two birds of prey ( the northern goshawk and northern harrier ) , and Swainson 's thrush , as well as one " at risk " duck , the green @-@ winged teal .
Ricketts Glen State Park has extensive acreage of " interior forest " that is far from open space ; several bird species that are area @-@ sensitive are found within these forests in the park , including the black @-@ throated green warbler , red @-@ eyed vireo , dark @-@ eyed junco and black @-@ capped chickadee . Two species of owl , barred and northern saw @-@ whet , inhabit the deep forests . The hemlock forests of the glens are home to the Louisiana waterthrush , Acadian flycatcher , Blackburnian warbler , blue @-@ headed vireo , magnolia warbler , brown creeper , golden @-@ crowned kinglet and winter wren . Wood thrush are found in the lower elevations of the park and are replaced within the ecosystem by hermit thrush at the higher elevations . The Canada warbler and black @-@ throated blue warbler are on several watchlists , but are common within the park . The Canada warbler inhabits blueberry thickets with white @-@ throated sparrow , while the black @-@ throated blue warbler is found in the forests atop the plateau with the least flycatcher . Common raven are regularly seen soaring over the forests of the park looking for carrion . Canada goose are present in the park and have been classified as a " pest " due to their high numbers and the large amount of fecal waste they leave on the shores of Lake Jean . Ricketts Glen 's forests also support populations of Nashville and yellow @-@ rumped warblers , yellow @-@ bellied sapsucker , red @-@ breasted nuthatch , and purple finch .
= = Recreation = =
= = = Hunting , fishing and boating = = =
10 @,@ 144 acres ( 4 @,@ 105 ha ) of the park are open to hunting and trapping . Common game animals include black bear , gray squirrel , ring @-@ necked pheasant , ruffed grouse , wild turkey , and white @-@ tailed deer . The common fur @-@ bearing animals in Ricketts Glen State Park are beaver , bobcat , coyote , mink , muskrat , and raccoon .
Lake Jean is a 245 @-@ acre ( 99 ha ) warm @-@ water fishery that is open to fishing , ice fishing , swimming , and boating . Common game fish include panfish , trout and bass . Boating is permitted on the lake , which has two boat launches . Gasoline @-@ powered boats are prohibited . Canoes and other human @-@ powered boats are permitted , as are sail boats and electric @-@ powered vessels . There is a boat rental concession on the lake , which has canoes , kayaks , row boats , and paddle boats available . No fishing is allowed in the Glens Natural Area .
= = = Cabins , camping , swimming , and picnics = = =
Ricketts Glen State Park has 10 modern cabins that are available to rent on a year @-@ round basis . All cabins are furnished with electric heat , two or three bedrooms , living room , kitchen , and bath . Cabin renters must bring their own household items such as linens and cookware . One cabin is ADA accessible . There are 120 campsites at Ricketts Glen State Park . Each campsite has access to washhouses with flush toilets , showers , and laundry tubs . The campsites also have fire rings and picnic tables . There are two camping areas on the shores of Lake Jean , with one of the campgrounds on a peninsula . There is also an organized group tenting area , which can accommodate six groups of up to 40 persons .
The 600 @-@ foot ( 180 m ) beach on Lake Jean is open from mid @-@ May through mid @-@ September . A concession stand and modern restrooms are at the beach . Lifeguards have not been provided since 2008 ; visitors swim at their own risk . Picnic areas are at Lake Jean and the PA 118 access area at the Falls Loop Trail trailhead . Charcoal grills are provided for use at the picnic areas .
= = = Environmental education and trails = = =
Environmental education specialists lead guided tours of parts of the park from March through November . The walks give school groups , scouting organizations , and other visitors a close and informed look at natural wetlands , old @-@ growth forests , waterfalls , flora and fauna , and geologic formations . Other programs are held in the park office , on topics such as safety around wild animals . In summer and fall , park educators lead " Ghost Town Walks " to the ruins of the lumber village of Ricketts and to adjoining State Game Lands .
There are 26 miles ( 42 km ) of hiking trails at Ricketts Glen State Park , and a 12 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 20 @.@ 1 km ) trail loop is open for horseback riding . The trails range from " easy " hikes like the Beach Trail along Lake Jean , to " difficult " hikes such as the Falls Trail loop , which passes by many of the waterfalls of the park . In 2001 , John Young in Hike Pennsylvania : An Atlas of Pennsylvania 's Greatest Hiking Adventures wrote of the Falls Trail : " This is not only the most magnificent hike in the state , but it ranks up there with the top hikes in the East . " In 2003 , Backpacker Magazine named the park 's Falls Trail loop one of its 30 favorite day hikes in the contiguous United States .
Many of the trails in the park are difficult and hikers are urged to use caution , especially on the Falls Trail , which is steep and often wet and slippery . Each year hikers fall in the glens and have to be rescued , which usually takes dozens of volunteers and up to 11 hours because of the remote locations and rugged terrain . As of 2008 , the former concession stand along PA 118 in the southern end of the park was used for storage of rescue equipment .
Falls Trail is a 7 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 11 @.@ 6 km ) difficult loop , estimated to take 4 to 5 hours to hike . The January 2009 issue of Backpacker Magazine named the Falls Trail loop the best hike in Pennsylvania , as part of the magazine 's Reader 's Choice Awards . It boasts a series of wild , free @-@ flowing waterfalls , each cascading though rock @-@ strewn clefts , and passes through a stand of old @-@ growth forest . The park 's website stresses the difficulty of the trail , and The New York Times calls it " difficult and potentially dangerous " near the top of glens . The Falls Trail was " rehabilitated " in 2008 to make the " easier to hike " . The trail is closed during the winter months to hiking , but it is open to ice climbing . The ice climbers must use an ice axe , crampons , and rope .
Highland Trail is a 1 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) moderate hiking trail at the top of the Falls Trail loop . It passes through the Midway Crevasse , a narrow gap between two large blocks of Pocono sandstone conglomerate .
Ganoga View Trail is a 2 @.@ 8 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 5 km ) moderate trail named for Ganoga Falls , the highest waterfall in the park . Ganoga View Trail is an alternative route to Ganoga Falls and less difficult than the Falls Trail .
Grand View Trail is a moderate 1 @.@ 9 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 1 km ) trail which reaches an elevation of 2 @,@ 449 feet ( 746 m ) , the highest point on Red Rock Mountain ( which is part of the Allegheny Front ) . The area is known for its flora , including blooms of mountain laurel in June and rhododendron in July . A firetower is open during the fire season for further viewing .
Old Beaver Dam Road Trail is a 1 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) easy loop trail that is accessed from a parking lot on PA 487 or the Lake Rose parking area .
Beach Trail is an easy 0 @.@ 8 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 3 km ) trail that provides access to the Lake Jean day @-@ use and swimming areas from both camping areas .
Old Bulldozer Road Trail is a 2 @.@ 9 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 7 km ) difficult trail that ascends a bulldozer road that was built during the construction of Ricketts Glen State Park . The trail begins at the parking lot on PA 118 with a short but steep climb and connects with Mountain Springs Trail .
The Bear Walk Trail is an easy 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) trail from the cabin area to Lake Rose that serves as an access to the longer hiking , cross @-@ country , and snowmobiling trails of the park .
Evergreen Trail is a self @-@ guided , 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) ecological trail that passes through a stand of old @-@ growth forest that includes an Eastern Hemlock that pre @-@ dates the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus .
Mountain Springs Trail is a 4 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) moderate trail that is " off the beaten path " . It passes the remains of the Lake Leigh dam , the " forgotten falls " and descends the South Branch of Bowman Creek to Mountain Springs Lake , which is owned by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission .
Cherry Run Trail is near the Lake Leigh dam access . It is a 4 @.@ 6 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 4 km ) moderate trail that passes through groves of cherry trees on an old logging road .
= = Nearby state parks = =
The following state parks are within 30 miles ( 48 km ) of Ricketts Glen State Park :
Frances Slocum State Park ( Luzerne County )
Nescopeck State Park ( Luzerne County )
Worlds End State Park ( Sullivan County )
= = Map = =
= Mario & Luigi : Partners in Time =
Mario & Luigi : Partners in Time , known in Japan as Mario & Luigi RPG 2 × 2 ( マリオ & ルイージRPG2 × 2 , Mario ando Ruīji Aru Pī Jī Tsū bai Tsū ) , is a role @-@ playing video game developed by AlphaDream and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console in 2005 . It is the second game in the Mario & Luigi series , and is the sequel to Mario & Luigi : Superstar Saga for the Game Boy Advance . The game was followed by Mario & Luigi : Bowser 's Inside Story , released in 2009 .
Although the sequel to Superstar Saga , the game 's plot is unrelated to that of its predecessor with an emphasis on the time @-@ traveling theme , which involves the protagonists traveling between the past and present of the Mushroom Kingdom . The adventure follows Mario , Luigi , Baby Mario , and Baby Luigi as they search for Princess Peach , who has been abducted by an alien species known as the Shroobs . The gameplay centers on the co @-@ operation between the quartet , who must use their specific qualities and skills to solve puzzles to progress through and features multiple role @-@ playing game elements , but with a turn @-@ based battle system focused on timing accuracy . The game is considerably darker in tone than its predecessor , especially in its plot and themes .
Partners in Time was positively received by the media , gaining an aggregate score of 86 @.@ 80 % from Game Rankings and an 87 from Metacritic . Like its predecessor , the game was praised by critics for its characterization and comical style , as well as its use of the DS 's dual screen and the rumble feature .
= = Gameplay = =
The gameplay of Partners in Time , with an emphasis on role @-@ playing games elements and co @-@ operative puzzle solving , is similar to that of its predecessor , although gameplay differences exist between the games . For the majority of Partners in Time , the overworld of the game is presented on the DS 's touchscreen , while a map is present on the top screen , showing relevant information such as the location of each character and save albums . Additionally , the perspective changes when battling or accessing the inventory , and when the quartet is separated into two pairs , in which a pair is visible on each screen .
= = = Overworld = = =
The player is able to control the four main protagonists — Mario , Luigi , Baby Mario , and Baby Luigi — either as a quartet or alternatively in separate pairs . The player can choose to separate the adults from the babies , which is usually required when entrances or holes in the overworld are too small to be accessed by the adult characters . Such instances form multiple puzzles in the game , in which items or switches can be only be accessed by use of the babies ' specific qualities . The pairs can also perform special moves while they are separated , which are gained as the player progresses through the game . Each action attained is assigned to a specific button on the DS for a character , which is present on the screen ; pressing the corresponding button results in the action . These actions , such as the " Spin Jump " that allows the older brothers to twirl through the air , are required to advance through the game and solve the various puzzles .
The game retains many of the RPG aspects present in its predecessor , including the interaction with non @-@ player characters , which is required to advance the plot and gameplay . Each character 's progress is measured by experience points , which are needed to " level up " , a process by which battle @-@ related statistical fields such as speed and power are boosted . As in Superstar Saga , there is also a currency used to purchase items and status @-@ enhancing equipment known as badges and clothes .
= = = Battle = = =
The battle system is similar to its predecessor 's , with the effectiveness of an attack dependent on the timing accuracy of separate actions . The battles still consist of turn @-@ based attacks executed by Mario and Luigi , although these are compounded by the babies ' actions during an attack . The Bros. moves — moves performed by Mario and Luigi collectively — have been replaced by Bros. Items , which are finite attacks that are gained in the overworld . Similar to the Bros. moves , these are more damaging attacks that can be performed by all four characters collectively . Only the adults receive damage , even though the babies will become vulnerable once their respective partners have been eliminated from battle . The elimination of babies will also affect battle as some Bros. Items will become disabled , and the party will not be able to defend itself with hammers , which are wielded exclusively by the babies .
= = Plot = =
Unlike Superstar Saga , Partners in Time is not set in the Beanbean Kingdom , but the traditional Mushroom Kingdom featured in most games of the Mario series . The setting features a mixture of locations , from those that appeared in previous Mario games , such as Bowser 's Castle , to original locations such as Koopaseum . Mario and Luigi can travel into the past via " time holes " , which is how the concept of baby characters is introduced .
= = = Story = = =
The game begins as Professor E. Gadd completes his newest invention of a time machine powered by a gem called the Cobalt Star , which is presented at Peach 's Castle . Peach enters the time machine into the past , but fails to return , only leaving a member of an alien species known only as the Shroobs within the damaged time machine . The Mushroom Kingdom of the past had actually been invaded by the Shroobs , with Peach being kidnapped and held hostage at her castle . After defeating the monster , a time hole opens , leaving a passageway into the past . While searching for Peach , Mario and Luigi locate their younger selves , and agree to locate the crystal shards , which are remnants of the Cobalt Star which had been shattered during Peach 's journey . Unwittingly , the brothers collect all of the shards , while being pestered by Baby Bowser ( Bowser in the past ) who wants the Cobalt Star . At the end , they restore the Cobalt Star only to unleash the Elder Princess Shroob , who serves as the game 's final boss character . The story ends when she is defeated , Peach is rescued , and the past returns to normal .
= = = Characters = = =
Partners in Time features both original characters and those that were introduced before the game . Professor E. Gadd provides the player with advice throughout the game , while Toadsworth teaches the player new moves and skills to progress through the adventure . Although the older Peach is kidnapped , Baby Peach is retrieved from the past into the present by Toadsworth , where she is nurtured by both the old and young renditions of him . Baby Bowser appeared near the beginning of the game in the past to kidnap Baby Peach , although his plans were halted by an encounter with the Mario bros. and a subsequent attack from the Shroobs . Baby Bowser harasses the quartet frequently during their journey by stealing their Cobalt Star shards , and later attacking the group with his older self . Kamek the Magikoopa , Petey Piranha and Fawful , an antagonist from Mario & Luigi : Superstar Saga , appear in the game as well .
The Shroobs , introduced in Partners in Time , are fungal like creatures who are the main antagonists of the game . The Shroobs derive from the " Shroob planet " and are ruled by Princess Shroob , who is the primary antagonist . After invading the Mushroom Kingdom , both she and her twin sister , Elder Princess Shroob , are defeated . Different species of Shroobs ( with designs based on existing Mario franchise characters and enemies ) are present throughout the game as both minor enemies and boss characters . AlphaDream also introduced Stuffwell , a talking briefcase who gives the player advice regarding items and accessories , which he stores .
= = Development = =
Nintendo revealed Partners in Time at E3 2005 , where a playable demonstration of the game was available . The demos consisted of three levels , each accompanied with a tutorial to guide the player . Each level had a different objective and represented the characters ' abilities in the game , such as the use of the hammer . Between the game 's unveiling at E3 and its release , Nintendo of America revealed details of the game relating to Partners in Time 's plot and gameplay , as well as the fact that it would be compatible with the " Rumble Pak " feature . AlphaDream , developers of Superstar Saga , developed this game , with experienced contributors to the Mario series such as Koji Kondo and Charles Martinet working on sound support and voice acting , respectively . The music was composed by Yoko Shimomura , who also scored Superstar Saga . Partners in Time was first released in North America on November 28 , 2005 .
= = Reception = =
Partners in Time received positive reviews , with reviewers lauding the game 's use of characters and plot . IGN 's Craig Harris commended the game 's comic style , stating " much of the charm from Mario & Luigi comes from the focus on humor that 's bizarre and out there " . Despite this , GameSpot 's Ricardo Torres stated that " The self @-@ referential humor that gave the original game its bite isn 't as prevalent " . Nintendo World Report 's Jonathan Metts praised the game for returning to the traditional Mushroom Kingdom setting , claiming it led to more distinctive character and plot elements . While appreciating Partners in Time 's use of humour , RPGamer 's Derek Cavin criticised the game 's plot , describing it as " a basic story that doesn 't develop as much as it could have " . The game 's characterisation in particular was well received , with Eurogamer commending Stuffwell , who was compared to Fawful , a character in Superstar Saga .
Critics welcomed Partners in Time 's use of the dual screen , as well as the rumble pak feature . GameSpot criticised the momentary use of the touchscreen , labeling it as " tacked on " ; Eurogamer 's John Walker , also critical of this , felt that the game was better without utilising the DS 's touchscreen . Reviewers complained about the game 's controls , expressing difficulty with coordinating the four characters , with problems arising specifically in enemy encounters with characters that were not being controlled . The alterations to the battle system received a mixed response — GameSpot praised the more complicated and " richer " boss fights , while Nintendo World Report criticised the added complexity , stating " the growth in enemy resilience outpaces your growth in strength , so battles get longer and longer " . IGN noted that " Partners in Time 's quest starts out a little too easy " , although they acknowledged that the game became increasingly difficult as it progressed .
Partners in Time 's visuals and presentation were well received , with Eurogamer describing it as " utterly lovely " . GameSpot appreciated the " added flair " in animation gained by the DS , although the perspective made such things as hitting blocks and countering attack " trickier than it should be " . Torres proceeded to criticise the game 's soundtrack , labeling it as the " weakest link " , although other critics lauded the game 's audio . On its first week of release in Japan , Mario & Luigi : Partners in Time sold 132 @,@ 726 units . As of July 25 , 2007 , Mario & Luigi : Partners in Time has sold 1 @.@ 39 million copies worldwide . In addition , the game has received the Editors ' Choice Award at IGN . The game was ranked 50th in Official Nintendo Magazine 's " 100 Greatest Nintendo Games " feature .
= = Sequels = =
A sequel to Partners in Time was announced at the Nintendo Conference on October 2 , 2008 , titled Bowser 's Inside Story . It was released in Japan in February 2009 , North America in September 2009 and in Europe and Australia in October 2009 . Dream Team was released in Europe , Australia , Japan in July 2013 and in North America in August 2013 . Paper Jam , a crossover with the Paper Mario series , was released in December 2015 in Japan , Europe and Australia and in January 2016 in North America .
= Burnham Pavilions =
The Burnham Pavilions were public sculptures by Zaha Hadid and Ben van Berkel in Millennium Park , which were located in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois . Both pavilions were located in the Chase Promenade South . Their purpose was to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Daniel Burnham ’ s Plan of Chicago , and symbolize the city 's continued pursuit of the Plan 's architectural vision with contemporary architecture and planning . The sculptures were privately funded and reside in Millennium Park . The pavilions were designed to be temporary structures .
Both Pavilions were scheduled to be unveiled on June 19 , 2009 . However , the Pavilion by Hadid endured construction delays and a construction team change , which led to nationwide coverage of the delay in publications such as The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal . Only its skeleton was availed to the public on the scheduled date , and the work was completed and unveiled on August 4 , 2009 . The van Berkel pavilion endured a temporary closure due to unanticipated wear and tear from August 10 – 14 .
= = Details = =
In June 2008 , there was an announcement that the pavilions would be constructed . The pavilions were commissioned by the Burnham Plan Centennial Committee , a group of civic leaders who collaborated closely with the City of Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs , the Art Institute of Chicago , and Millennium Park Inc . On April 7 , 2009 , the designs were unveiled for the pavilions set to open on June 19 and to continue on display on the south end of the Chase Promenade until October 31 . Delays were caused as a result of manufacturing . This may cause the pavilions to stay on exhibit until November . Additionally , the Hadid Pavilion may be situated in a different part of the park for part of 2010 . The choices of Hadid and van Berkel were somewhat controversial because Burnham was a classicist and they are both avant @-@ garde modernists . Additionally , local architects complained that it was a bit of a slight that two European architects were chosen to produce works to serve as the focal points of the Burnham Plan Centennial celebration . The pavilions were scheduled to be a focal point of the centennial celebration of the 1909 Plan of Chicago , which is a yearlong celebration . However , Hadid 's Pavilion encountered manufacturer 's difficulty in executing Hadid 's complex , computer @-@ aided design .
= = = The Hadid Pavilion = = =
The pavilion by Hadid , the first woman to win the Pritzker Prize , is a tensioned fabric shell fitted over a curving aluminum framework exceeding 7 @,@ 000 pieces . Although the frame is composed of 7 @,@ 000 individually bent pieces , no two of which are alike , the shell is made up of a mere 24 custom @-@ made panels of fabric . As expected it accommodates a centennial @-@ themed , audio and video presentation on its interior fabric walls . Its opening was originally expected to be delayed until at least mid @-@ July 2009 . The themed presentation that portrays Chicago ’ s transformation as a result of Burnham 's plan is by London @-@ based , Chicago @-@ trained filmmaker Thomas Gray . It is accompanied by a multi @-@ channel soundtrack created by Chicago 's Lou Mallozzi of Experimental Sound Studio . The pavilion is described as resembling a " futuristic camping tent " . Hadid conceptualized how tension alters appearance as fabric is pulled taut or twisted , which resulted in the elliptical structure and its strategic light @-@ availing gashes and pod @-@ like openings for visitors to experience . The diagonal lines in the structure are a reflection of Burnham ’ s 1909 city plan , which envisioned a fanned grid of streets emanating diagonally from Chicago ’ s city center out into the suburbs .
The project was daunting in its physical complexity . TenFab Design , a tensioned fabric trade @-@ show booth design company from Evanston , Illinois , worked nearly five months with numerous structural engineers on plans before construction could begin . As an example the inclusion of a 400 @-@ pound ( 180 kg ) projector challenged the dynamics of the lightweight structure . The centennial committee initiated discussions with TenFab in November 2008 at which time the company requested a six @-@ month design and assembly schedule , but the company was not hired until late February 2009 . The expected completion fell behind schedule .
In July , construction responsibilities were passed from TenFab Design to a Fabric Images , an Elgin , Illinois @-@ based company , and the anticipated opening was delayed until August 1 , and the new contract has penalties for delays beyond that date . As the construction costs of the privately funded project ballooned from $ 500 @,@ 000 to $ 650 @,@ 000 due to the change in materials and contractors , the difference was compensated for by a shift in funds from the advertising budget . The unfinished work was visible for the opening weekend on June 19 , but the following Monday it was tented while being completed . Eventually , a canvas stretched across the frame to form a structure that resembled a cocoon .
On July 20 , the fabric began being formed around the aluminum shell while it remained in the tent , and although construction was expected to be completed on August 1 , the opening was not anticipated at that time due to both weekend crowds and the cost of disassembling the tent on the weekend . The weekday opening should allow officials a better opportunity to gauge the wear and tear on the structure by visitors . What eventually amounted to over 1 @,@ 600 yards ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) of fabric was stitched and fitted by over a dozen workers . It opened to the public on August 4 as rescheduled . Upon the completion of the temporary exhibition , the pavilion will be deeded to the city to lend or rent out to other cities . It is not designed to withstand snow loads of a Chicago winter . The pavilion is made of aluminum , donated by Marmon / Keystone Industries , a member of the Marmon Group , and a tensile fabric .
The current pavilion is not Hadid 's original design , which had a greater emphasis an angularity and incorporated hard surfaces of wood and aluminum . When the committee sent the original proposal out for bid " it was way over budget . " Hadid eventually submitted a new cost @-@ conscious design of a cloth shell supported by aluminum ribs of different sizes . The pavilion 's inner walls were planned to serve as projection surfaces for a film about Chicago by Gray .
Hadid had previously been commissioned to a temporary pavilion for the London 's Serpentine Gallery in 2000 . The pavilion was such a success that the gallery has added annual temporary pavilions every year since . Architects such as Frank Gehry and artists like Olafur Eliasson have attempted to achieve the same success in the subsequent years . She also created a mobile temporary work for Chanel that was displayed in Hong Kong , Tokyo and New York in 2008 . Hadid will design the London Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Summer Olympics and the Guangzhou Opera House in China .
The Chicago Tribune 's Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning architecture critic Blair Kamin spoke glowingly of the pavilion upon its August 4 , 2009 , completion , describing it as " a virtuoso display of structure , space and light " with an " arresting combination of naturalistic forms and alien shapes , plus a dazzling video installation " . He notes that pavilion resembles a conch shell with openings like shark 's mouths . By daylight the pavilion is enticing , but the use of sunlight limits the multimedia duality to dusk and until the park 's closing , when the 7 @.@ 5 minute video is able to be seen on the pavilion 's inner surface . He felt that the pavilion succeeded in enticing the viewer to envision a better future for Chicago in a manner like Burnham did himself . Kamin is very wary of the public 's likelihood of damaging the pavilion . His concerns were born out quickly as stanchions were required to curb human nature .
= = = The van Berkel Pavilion = = =
The pavilion by van Berkel of UNStudio , referred to by some as the UNStudio pavilion , is composed of two parallel rectangular planes joined by curving scoops . It is built on a steel frame and has a skin of glossy white plywood that starts off in familiar right angles and that graduates into double curves of bent plywood . It is situated on a raised platform and it hosts a grid of 42 computer @-@ controlled , LED lights on the underside of the roof . The floor slab is cantilevered and is sliced by a ramp entrance making it ADA accessible . The roof , which is described as floating , also has eye @-@ like openings . The pavilion is composed of steel donated by Chicago @-@ based ArcelorMittal and is intended to be de @-@ constructed and recycled .
The pavilion did not prove to be durable enough for the interactive environment of Millennium Park . Kamin feels that the Pavilion was designed more for veneration like indoor museum works of art and outdoor sculpture on pedestals . However , skateboarders , avid fireworks spectators and youthful climbers have been part of the multiple causation of the decline of the pavilion that led to its closure during the week of August 10 – 14 .
= = Related events = =
The Burnham Plan is credited with guiding the transformation of the city from an industrial center to leading contemporary city . The Wall Street Journal describes the plan as unrivaled in its elegance and ambition for urban planning and describes Chicago as a monumental manifestation of the plan . The unveiling of the Pavilions was part of a June 19 citywide centennial celebration that included concerts by the Grant Park Orchestra , directed by Carlos Kalmar . The concert featured the world premiere of Michael Torke 's symphony and chorus work entitled Plans , that was paired with Rachmaninoff 's Piano Concerto No. 3 . The ongoing celebration includes lectures , walking tours and art exhibitions throughout the calendar year . The pavilions are accompanied by exhibit panels that promote the Burnham Plan Centennial celebration and continuing opportunities to pursue the plan 's vision for Metropolitan Chicago . The pavilions serve as a focal point for the public ’ s attention to steer them toward the hundreds of exhibits , events , and other activities of the more than 250 Centennial Program Partners in the Chicago metropolitan area . The ground near the pavilions host an interactive touch @-@ screen public kiosk installation geared toward " inventing the future " of the metropolitan Chicago region .
= Batrachotomus =
Batrachotomus / ˌbætrəˈkɒtoʊməs / is a genus of prehistoric archosaur . Fossils of this animal have been found in southern Germany and dated from the Ladinian stage of the Middle Triassic period , around 242 to 235 million years ago . Batrachotomus was described by palaeontologist David J. Gower 22 years after its discovery .
The locality where Batrachotomus lived was a swampy region and the name comes from the Greek batrachos / βάτραχος ( frog ) and tome / τομή ( cutting , slicing ) , which refers to its preying on the large amphibian Mastodonsaurus . In contrast with sprawling reptiles , like crocodiles , this large carnivore was very agile with locomotor superiority due to its erect stance . A remarkable feature seen on its back was a row of paired , flattened bony plates . Batrachotomus was possibly an early relative of Postosuchus , which lived during the dawn of the dinosaurs .
= = Description = =
Batrachotomus was a heavily built , large quadrupedal reptile reaching 6 metres ( 20 ft ) in length . A trait that characterized Batrachotomus , compared to other crurotarsans , was a series of paired small plates on its back which were attached to each vertebra . These bony deposits forming scales are called osteoderms . Flattened and leaf @-@ shaped , these extended from behind the head along the column and reducing in size , ended at the tail . There is also evidence that osteoderms were present on the ventral region of the tail , as seen in Ticinosuchus ferox , and even on the flank , belly and limbs .
Like rauisuchians , Batrachotomus walked with an erect posture , although the limbs were not located directly under the trunk . The limbs were not equal in length as the forelimbs were about 70 % of the hindlimbs . The toe bones ( phalanges ) are poorly preserved and the only well known bone is a fifth metatarsal ( bone in hindlimbs attached to the toe bones ) which was hooked in shape . However , hypotheses suggest that probably each forelimb had four toes and each hindlimb five .
Batrachotomus had a tall and narrow skull estimated at 40 to 50 cm ( 1 @.@ 3 to 1 @.@ 6 ft ) in length . It had five pairs of fenestrae ( skull openings ) , two pairs of which were for the eyes ( called orbits ) and the nostrils . Behind the orbits were two temporal fenestrae . These holes probably helped to reduce the weight of the skull and enabled the jaw to open more widely . As a typical archosaur , Batrachotomus had two antorbital fenestrae between the orbits and nostrils , and a fifth pair of small openings at the rear part of the lower jaw .
The jaws contained sharp teeth which were compressed laterally and unequal in size and shape , and this variation of tooth shape is known as heterodonty . The teeth on the premaxillae ( bones at the very tip of the upper jaw ) were slender , unlike those of the maxillae ( the main tooth @-@ bearing bones in the upper jaw ) which had a straight posterior edge . The upper jaw bore 30 teeth , with each premaxilla carrying about 4 teeth and each maxilla 11 , while the lower jaw held 22 teeth .
= = Discovery and history = =
Remains of Batrachotomus have been found in southern Germany , mainly in the Kupferzell fossil locality in northern Baden @-@ Württemberg . Fossil collector Johann G. Wegele discovered the first specimens in a 1977 excavation at the Erfurt Formation , dated from the Longobardian ( late Ladinian ) age . Other remains attributed to Batrachotomus have been collected in Vellberg @-@ Eschenau , about 10 km east of Schwäbisch Hall , and in Crailsheim . The most notable are from Vellberg @-@ Eschenau , which are represented by well preserved ribs and vertebrae ( MHI 1895 ) , and evidence of forelimbs and hindlimbs ( SMNS 90018 ) . Batrachotomus today is displayed in the Muschelkalk Museum , Ingelfingen , Stuttgart .
The fossils recovered from a marlstone remained undescribed until 1999 and palaeontologists referred to the genus simply as " rauisuchid " or " Kupferzellia " . In 1999 , palaeontologist David J. Gower described the holotype ( SMNS 52970 ) from the 1977 excavation , which is the largest specimen of the genus , comprised by incomplete skull and postcranial materials . Anatomy of the braincase ( SMNS 80260 ) was made three years later , shedding light on the evolutionary relationships of the poorly known group of Rauisuchia . In 2009 , Gower and Rainer R. Schoch reported a detailed reconstruction of the postcranial skeleton for the first time .
= = Classification = =
Batrachotomus was a prestosuchid , a member of a family of carnivorous archosaurs within the larger group Rauisuchia . The family name " Prestosuchidae " was established in 1966 by American paleontologist Alfred Romer . Prestosuchids were quadrupedal reptiles , medium to large in size , characterized by erect posture , large and narrow skull and large antorbital openings .
Attention was first brought to Batrachotomus in 1993 by Michael Parrish , a palaeontologist at Northern Illinois University . Parrish hypothesized that Batrachotomus ( then " Kupferzellia " ) belonged to the family of Rauisuchidae , another clade of carnivorous reptiles , and species of Rauisuchus . However , the description of the braincase and a revisited cladistic analysis by Benton and Walker , showing the close relationships between Batrachotomus and Prestosuchus , led to the transfer of Batrachotomus to the family Prestosuchidae .
Sterling J. Nesbitt ( 2011 ) revised the classification of basal archosaurs , and using the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis for this group ( to date ) found Prestosuchidae to be non @-@ monophyletic . The members of this clade were recovered as basal loricatan , of which Batrachotomus was found to be the most derived i.e. most closely related to the clade containing Crocodylomorpha and Rauisuchidae . Subsequent derivatives of this analysis further support this hypothesis . In a yet to be formally published revision of Heptasuchus , a medium @-@ sized ( ~ 5 m long ) " rauisuchian " from the upper Chugwater Group of Wyoming , it was recovered as the sister taxon of Batrachotomus using a derivative of Nesbitt ( 2011 ) analysis .
The cladogram below follows an analysis by Sterling J. Nesbitt ( 2011 ) :
= = Paleoecology = =
Since 1977 , the rich vertebrate fauna found at Baden @-@ Württemberg reflect a moist region of the Middle Triassic in Germany . Along with Batrachotomus , palaeontologists recovered remains of fishes , amphibians , such as Gerrothorax and Mastodonsaurus , and even animals like nothosaurs and the distinct marine reptile Tanystropheus . Flora of the locality consisted of horsetails , ferns , cycads and conifers , suggesting that there was rich vegetation .
= Cyclone Agni =
Severe Cyclonic Storm Agni was a tropical cyclone of the 2004 North Indian Ocean cyclone season notable for its record proximity to the equator . It was the second North Indian Ocean cyclone to receive a name , after Onil earlier in the year . Agni formed on November 28 well to the southwest of India in the Arabian Sea , and steadily intensified as it tracked northwestward . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) estimated peak 1 minute sustained winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , while the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) estimated peak 3 minute sustained winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) ; the IMD is the official warning center for the north Indian Ocean . After peaking , it weakened due to wind shear , dry air , and cooler waters , and the JTWC issued its final advisory on December 3 as it approached the coast of Somalia . The remnants of Agni moved along the Somalian coastline until dissipating on December 5 .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical disturbance was observed on November 19 about 800 km ( 500 mi ) southeast of Colombo , Sri Lanka in the Bay of Bengal . The disturbance tracked westward , gradually organizing and prompting the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) on November 22 . After passing south of Sri Lanka , it became disorganized and was no longer considered likely to develop into a tropical cyclone . The circulation associated with the system continued westward , reorganizing on November 26 in the Arabian Sea . Despite being located unusually close to the equator , the disturbance maintained convection , or thunderstorms , which was becoming organized around the weak low @-@ level circulation . With low wind shear and diffluence aloft , the JTWC remarked the system had a fair chance of developing .
While the system was organizing , the center crossed the equator to reach about 0 @.@ 5 ° S , thus becoming an anticyclonic circulation in the southern hemisphere . This was unusual , as the Coriolis effect is nonexistent along the equator — the Coriolis effect refers to planetary vorticity , which provides the spin in a cyclone . The JTWC later assessed the system as remaining in the northern hemisphere , reaching as far south as 0 @.@ 7 ° N , or about 80 km ( 50 mi ) from the equator . After the circulation organized further beneath the convection , the JTWC issued another TCFA at 0300 UTC on November 28 . Three hours later , the agency classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 05A about 1300 km ( 800 mi ) southwest of the southern tip of India . In a post @-@ season analysis , the JTWC estimated the cyclone became a tropical storm six hours earlier . At around the same time , the IMD classified it as a " low pressure area ... likely to become well marked . "
Upon being classified , the tropical cyclone was moving northwestward under the influence of a ridge over India . Its outflow to the north and south became better defined , although its proximity to the equator limited its southerly outflow somewhat due to wind shear . Early on November 29 , the IMD classified the system as a depression , and throughout the day it rapidly intensified to become a cyclonic storm ; a cyclonic storm is a tropical cyclone with at least 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) winds sustained for 3 minutes . Around that time , the JTWC assessed the cyclone as reaching peak winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , sustained for 1 minute , along with gusts to 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) . Late on November 29 , the cyclone weakened slightly , only to regain its peak intensity by November 30 ; at that time , it developed a banding eye , and was located about 1500 km ( 900 mi ) southeast of the coast of Somalia . At 1200 UTC on November 30 , the IMD issued its first complete advisory on the cyclone , naming it Severe Cyclonic Storm Agni and estimating peak winds at 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) ; the agency predicted the storm would continue northwestward and strengthen slightly before weakening . At its peak , the cyclone had a barometric pressure of 985 mbar .
After reaching peak intensity , an increase in wind shear caused the eye to disappear , and the convection decreased significantly . On December 1 , the IMD estimated Agni weakened to cyclonic storm status , around which time the center became exposed from the convection . The cyclone continued its steady weakening continued due to the wind shear , the presence of dry air , and cooler water temperatures , and by December 2 , the IMD downgraded Agni to depression status , which was its final warning on the system . As it approached the coast of Somalia , it turned westward due to the building of a ridge over Saudi Arabia . Despite unfavorable conditions , thunderstorms briefly reformed over the circulation , which allowed the storm to maintain its intensity . By late on December 3 , Agni weakened to below tropical storm status , and the JTWC issued its final warning while the storm was about 450 km ( 275 mi ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Guardafui — the easternmost point of the Horn of Africa . The circulation became difficult to locate by early on December 4 , by which time the system had little remaining convection . It turned southwestward and later to the south , moving ashore on eastern Somalia before dissipating on December 5 near Ceel Huur over water .
= = Records , naming , and impact = =
According to RSMC New Delhi , Cyclone Agni developed into a depression at 1 @.@ 5 ° N , which is the same latitude as where according to RSMC Tokyo , Tropical Storm Vamei formed during December 2001 . However , according to RSMC La Reunion , the precursor low to Cyclone Agni moved into the Southern Hemisphere and became an anticyclone as it had kept its counter @-@ clockwise circulation .
Agni was the second storm in the north Indian Ocean to receive a name , after the IMD began tropical cyclone naming in the middle of 2004 .
As the cyclone was weak when it moved over Somalia , no casualties or significant damage was reported .
= Christmas Party ( The Office ) =
" Christmas Party " is the tenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's sixteenth episode overall . It was written by Michael Schur and directed by Charles McDougall . It was first broadcast on December 6 , 2005 on NBC . The episode guest stars David Koechner as Todd Packer .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , the office throws a Christmas party and plays Secret Santa . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) , having put a lot of effort into finding a gift for Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) , becomes frustrated when Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) makes everyone play " Yankee Swap " , and an iPod that Michael bought for Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) becomes the hot object of the game .
The episode received positive reviews from television critics , with many applauding Michael 's " Yankee Swap " scene . The episode was nominated for two Primetime Emmy awards , one for Outstanding Single @-@ Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series , and one for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series . " Christmas Party " earned a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 3 in the 18 – 49 demographic , being viewed by 9 @.@ 7 million viewers , making it , at the time of its airing , the highest @-@ rated episode of the season .
= = Plot = =
The office staffers hold a " Secret Santa " gift exchange at their Christmas party . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) received Pam Beesly 's ( Jenna Fischer ) name , and puts a great deal of effort into getting her the perfect gift ( a teapot filled with some small items and a personal letter from him to her ) . Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) buys a $ 400 video iPod as his gift to Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) , far exceeding the $ 20 limit . He is disappointed by the handmade item he receives from Phyllis Lapin ( Phyllis Smith ) and introduces a " Yankee Swap " , in which someone can choose to steal someone else 's gift or open a new one .
Jim is left feeling uncertain about the fate of his special present for Pam — which is eventually claimed by Dwight — while the staff competes for the iPod . Although Pam ends up with the iPod at the end of the swap , she elects to trade the iPod for Jim 's gift that was meant for her to show her appreciation . While she goes through the various aspects of her gift , Jim sneaks the letter he wrote for her into his pocket .
After ruining his staff 's mood , Michael disobeys company policy by buying an obscene amount of alcohol for the Christmas party to compensate . Everyone ends up having a good time , with the exception of Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) , who is furious that she received no appreciation for her efforts toward arranging the Christmas party , as well as the fact that Kelly makes advances on Dwight , whom Angela is secretly dating . The episode ends with a drunken Meredith Palmer ( Kate Flannery ) exposing herself to a shocked Michael , who takes a picture and then quickly flees .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" Christmas Party " was written by Michael Schur , who portrays Mose Schrute in the series . The episode was his third contribution after the first season entry " The Alliance " and second season episode " Office Olympics " . B.J. Novak later noted that , compared to Schur 's previous episode " The Alliance " , the " driving force of the mayhem " in the episode is Michael 's desire to make all of his workers " happy " , rather than him being " a jerk " . The scene wherein Dwight plugs the Christmas tree in , only for the office to be underwhelmed by the dismal lights was based on a real moment Schur and his wife experienced during their first Christmas together . Schur based the Christmas party sequences on a scene in Rushmore that happens after the main character does his Vietnam play . He noted that he wanted it to be " pastiche @-@ y " and feature " small groups of people talking to each other " . Meredith flashing Michael was based on a real @-@ life experience Greg Daniels 's dad had at a former job ; at the end of one particular Christmas party , there was a stain on the office couch , which he called an " inappropriate ending " for the party . Daniels 's father kept pressuring him to make a Christmas episode of The Office , and so Daniels utilized this experience .
Daniels was unsure as to what to call the Christmas exchange . He had heard the names " Nasty Christmas " , " White Elephant " , and " Yankee Swap " used to describe the game , and so he wrote all three into the script in order " to cover all regions of the country " . Schur created a list of who receives what gift in order to preserve continuity in the episode . Gifts featured in the episode include Toby giving Angela a baby poster , Kelly getting Oscar a shower radio , Michael buying Ryan an iPod , Kevin buying a foot bath for himself , Creed giving Jim an old shirt , Oscar buying Creed a keychain , and Jim purchasing Pam a teapot . The teapot was chosen because it needed to fit other gifts inside of it , as well as be something that Dwight could have a use for later on in the episode . Fischer was allowed to pick the color of the teapot featured in the episode . She picked teal , due to it being her then @-@ husband James Gunn 's favorite color . Jenna Fischer recalled that fans always ask her what Jim wrote in Pam 's note . Fischer noted that John Krasinski wrote the note himself and that the contents are " a secret " . Jim finally gives Pam the note in the penultimate ninth season episode " A.A.R.M. "
Reportedly , the writers for the show wanted Michael to " give a cool gift that the show 's co @-@ workers would later resent " . They eventually decided that he would buy an iPod for Ryan . Apple Inc. received over four minutes of publicity for the device , despite the fact that the company did not pay for the placement . The poster that Toby gives to Angela was created by one of the show 's prop workers . Several of the series ' crew members brought in their own children for the picture , an act that Kate Flannery jokingly called " so great " . Schur revealed in the commentary for the episode that Stanley bought Kelly her nameplate , Dwight 's paintballs were intended for Phyllis , Meredith bought Dwight shot glasses , Ryan got Toby a book of short stories , Angela purchased Stanley a picture frame , and Pam drew Meredith a picture of the office . Pam 's picture was initially drawn by an on @-@ staff artist . However , the producers felt that he was not able to capture Pam 's " feminine side " and so several young female artists were asked to draw the building . One was eventually chosen , and the artists returned to draw Pam 's doodles in the later episode " Boys and Girls " .
= = = Directing = = =
The episode was directed by Charles McDougall , his first credit for the series . According to Kinsey , McDougal , in order to set the characters ' moods , would start every scene by saying " everyone happy , Angela pissed ! " McDougal sought to bring movement to the Secret Santa scene , due to it being a largely stationary sequence . The cold opening was shot four different times , and almost every time , the ceiling tile that Michael displaces with a tree " crashed through the ceiling and almost killed Steve Carell " . The scene wherein Angela starts crying when the Christmas party descends into chaos was based on a deleted scene from the earlier season two episode " The Fire " , where Angela starts crying during a talking head due to the stress of the situation . The scenes featuring snow were created by a company that specialized in producing fake snow . Daniels was initially worried that the shots would look fake , but he was pleased with the final results . According to Fischer , on the last day of shooting , the cast had a snowball fight — a scene that is included in the episode — which she called a " magic moment " . Fischer later recounted that the prop egg nog and pigs in a blanket were kept out for three straight days , an act that she felt was revolting . In order to make her scenes more real Phyllis Smith forced herself to cry for " 30 minutes " between takes . Many of the cast members asked her what was wrong , but Smith refused to speak to them , in order to stay in character . The series ' writers researched local Pennsylvania laws and discovered one that states a liquor salesman must wear a tie . Thus , the show features a liquor store worker wearing a tie . Several of the scenes were improvised on the spot . During the sequence where Angela angrily throws Christmas bulbs at a wall , Angela Kinsey was unable to get them to break , so she decided to stomp on them . Kate Flannery improvised her line about not drinking only during the week while she was filming her talking head .
During the flashing scene , Carell told Flannery that he " wasn 't staring at " her breasts , rather , he was looking at her clavicle . Despite what it appears on camera , Flannery was not completely topless , as she was wearing pasties . The scene was shot several times ; Flannery admitted that the shooting was excruiating and it felt like they had been shooting the one scene for " 14 hours " . To preserve Flannery 's modesty , the series ' monitors were shut off and the memory card for the digital camera was removed . Carell actually took pictures during the Christmas party shoot . All of the photos were released online .
The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Oscar and Creed moving a desk , Phyllis confiding to the camera that her new boyfriend is Bob Vance , Dwight comparing humans opening presents to bears , Kevin singing " Christmas in Hollis " by Run DMC , Angela scolding Kelly , and Michael explaining that Christmas is about seeing people envy the gifts that you give to others .
= = Reception = =
" Christmas Party " originally aired on NBC in the United States on December 6 , 2005 . The episode received a 4 @.@ 3 rating / 10 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode was ranked number one in adults , men , and women in the 18 – 23 demographic and number one in all key adult male demographics as well . The episode was viewed by 9 @.@ 7 million
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
had raised a small force of about 7 @,@ 000 men . These were literally raw recruits , field hands and day laborers drafted for service , but usually untrained in military matters . It was largely guess work where they should be placed , and Charles did not like to use the militias in any vital location . Consequently , in early late May and early June , when the French started to mass troops by Mainz as if they would cross there — they even engaged the Imperial force at Altenkirchen ( 4 June ) and Wetzler and Uckerath ( 15 June ) — Charles thought that main attack would occur there and felt few qualms placing the 7 @,@ 000 @-@ man Swabian militia at the crossing by Kehl . On 24 June , though , at Kehl , Moreau 's advance guard , 10 @,@ 000 , preceded the main force of 27 @,@ 000 infantry and 3 @,@ 000 cavalry directed at the Swabian pickets on the bridge . The Swabians were hopelessly outnumbered and could not be reinforced . Most of the Imperial Army of the Rhine was stationed further north , by Mannheim , where the river was easier to cross , but too far away to support the smaller force at Kehl . Neither the Condé 's troops in Freiburg nor Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 's force in Rastatt could reach Kehl in time to support them . Within a day , Moreau had four divisions across the river . Thrust out of Kehl , the Swabian contingent reformed at Rastatt by 5 July . There they managed to hold the city until the French turned both flanks . Charles could not move much of his army away from Mannheim or Karlsruhe , where the French had also formed across the river , and Fürstenberg could not hold the southern flank . Furthermore , at Hüningen , near Basel , on the same day that Moreau 's advance guard crossed at Kehl , Ferino executed a full crossing , and advanced unopposed east along the German shore of the Rhine with the 16th and 50th Demi @-@ brigades , the 68th , 50th and 68th line infantry , and six squadrons of cavalry that included the 3rd and 7th Hussars and the 10th Dragoons .
The Habsburg and Imperial armies were in danger of encirclement , as the French pressed hard at Rastatt . Ferino moved quickly east along the shore of the Rhine ; from there , an approach from the rear might have flanked the entire force . To prevent this , Charles executed an orderly withdrawal in four columns through the Black Forest , across the Upper Danube valley , and toward Bavaria , trying to maintain consistent contact with all flanks as each column withdrew through the Black Forest and the Upper Danube . By mid @-@ July , the column encamped near Stuttgart . The third column , which included the Condé 's Corps , retreated through Waldsee to Stockach , and eventually Ravensburg . The fourth Austrian column , the smallest ( three battalions and four squadrons ) , Ludwig Wolff de la Marselle , marched the length of the Bodensee 's northern shore , via Überlingen , Meersburg , Buchhorn , and the Austrian city of Bregenz .
Given the size of the attacking force , Charles had to withdraw far enough into Bavaria to align his northern flank in a perpendicular line with Wartensleben 's autonomous corps to protect the Danube valley and deny the French primary access to Vienna . His own front would prevent Moreau from flanking Wartensleben from the south and together they could resist the French onslaught . In the course of this withdrawal , he abandoned the Swabian Circle to the French . For the Swabians to negotiate neutrality , their militia needed to disband . At the end of July , eight thousand of Charles ' men executed a dawn attack on the camp of the remaining three thousand Swabian and Condé 's immigrant troops , disarmed them , and impounded their weapons . As Charles withdrew further east , the neutral zone established in Swabia expanded , eventually to encompass most of southern German states and the Ernestine Duchies .
= = = Summer of maneuvers = = =
The summer and fall included various conflicts throughout the southern territories of the German states as the armies of the Coalition and the armies of the Directory sought to flank each other :
By mid @-@ summer , the situation looked grim for the Coalition : Wartensleben continued to withdraw to the east @-@ northeast despite Charles ' orders to unite with him . It appeared probable that Jourdan or Moreau would outmaneuver Charles by driving a wedge between his force and that of Wartensleben . At Neresheim on 11 August , Moreau crushed Charles ' force , forcing him to withdraw further east . At last , however , with this loss , Wartensleben recognized the danger and changed direction , moving his corps to join at Charles ' northern flank . At Amberg on 24 August , Charles inflicted a defeat on the French , yet that same day , his commanders lost a battle to the French at Friedberg . Regardless , the tide had turned in the Coalition 's favor . Both Jourdan and Moreau had overstretched their lines , moving far into the German states , and were separated too far from each other for one to offer the other aid or security . The Coalition 's concentration of troops forced a wider wedge between the two armies of Jourdan and Moreau , similar to what the French had tried to do to Charles and Wartensleben . As the French withdrew toward the Rhine , Charles and Wartensleben pressed forward . On 3 September at Würzburg , Jourdan attempted to halt his retreat . Once Moreau received word of the French defeat , he had to withdraw from southern Germany . He pulled his troops back through the Black Forest , with Ferino supervising the rear guard . The Austrian corps commanded by Latour drew too close to Moreau at Biberach and lost 4 @,@ 000 men taken as prisoners , some standards and artillery , after which Latour followed at a more prudent distance .
= = Terrain = =
The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the Swiss Cantons . The High Rhine ( Hochrhein ) , the 80 @-@ mile ( 130 km ) stretch between the Rhine Falls near Schaffhausen and Basel , cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed ; in such places as the former rapids at Laufenburg , it moves in torrents . A few miles north and east of Basel , the terrain flattens . The Rhine makes a wide , northerly turn , in what is called the Rhine knee , and enters the so @-@ called Rhine ditch ( Rheingraben ) , part of a rift valley bordered by the Black Forest on the east and Vosges Mountains on the west . In 1796 , the plain on both sides of the river , some 19 miles ( 31 km ) wide , was dotted with villages and farms . At the farthest edges of the flood plain , especially on the eastern side , the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon . Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of the Black Forest , creating deep defiles in the mountains . The tributaries then wound in rivulets through the flood plain to the river .
The landscape was impressive , but rugged . As a nineteenth @-@ century traveler described it ,
the mountains in the vicinity [ of Müllheim ] are bold ; the dark ravines contrasting with its sunny fronts offer some exquisite scenes . The Rhine ... lay revealed before us for many a league , twisting and twining like a serpent of silver ... dotted with innumerable islands , and flowing through a most extensive plain , perfectly flat . Our elevation was considerable and the eye ranged over a great extent of country : Elsace [ sic ] , in France , and the level country as far as Bingen , would have been seen to their furthest limits had not the distance melted the extreme verges into ' thin air ' . Many were the villages , and hamlets , and woods sprinkled over the landscape ....
The traveler described additional walks , in which the forest of dark pine bordered directly on the road , " checquered [ sic ] by glades in which browsed sheep and goats . "
The Rhine River itself looked different in the 1790s than it does today ; the passage from Basel to Iffezheim was " corrected " ( straightened ) between 1817 and 1875 . Between 1927 and 1975 , a canal was constructed to control the water level . In 1790 , though , the river was wild and unpredictable , in some places four times wider or more than it is in the twenty @-@ first century , even under regular water levels . Its channels wound through marsh and meadow , and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods .
= = Battle = =
= = = Key participants = = =
= = = Preliminaries to the action at Schliengen = = =
Throughout September and early October , Charles maintained his pressure on Moreau 's army , pushing it further to the west . On 18 September , part of an Austrian division under Feldmarschall @-@ Leutnant Petrasch swept from Karlsruhe , south to Kehl and stormed the Rhine bridgehead there ; he succeeded in holding it , with high losses ( about 2 @,@ 000 of his 5 @,@ 000 men were killed , wounded or missing ) . Immediately , though , General Schauenburg , the French garrison commander , counter @-@ attacked and drove the Austrians back ; the French lost 1 @,@ 200 killed or wounded , and 800 captured . Even though the French still held the crossing at Kehl and Strasbourg , Petrasch 's Austrians prevented Moreau from using the crossing to escape to France , leaving as his only reliable route to France the bridge at Hüningen . If Moreau , at that point situated in Freiburg , withdrew too soon from the Breisgau , Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino ' s column would be trapped there .
The next contact occurred on 19 October at Emmendingen , in the Elz valley which winds through the Black Forest . The section of the valley involved in the battle runs southwest through the mountains from Elzach , through Bleibach and Waldkirch . Just to the southwest of Waldkirch , the river emerges from the mountains and flows north @-@ west towards the Rhine , with the Black Forest to its right . This section of the river passes through Emmendingen before it reaches Riegel . Riegel sits in a narrow gap between the Black Forest and an isolated outcropping of volcanic hills known as the Kaiserstuhl . Here the archduke split his force into four columns .
Column Nauendorf , in the upper Elz , had 8 battalions and 14 squadrons , advancing southwest to Waldkirch ; column Wartensleben had 12 battalions and 23 squadrons advancing south to capture the Elz bridge at Emmendingen . Latour , with 6 @,@ 000 men , was to cross the foothills via Heimbach and Malterdingen , and capture the bridge of Köndringen , between Riegel and Emmendingen , and column Fürstenberg held Kinzingen , about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of Riegel . Michael Fröhlich and Condé ( part of Friedrich Joseph , Count of Nauendorf 's column ) were to pin down Ferino and the French right wing in the Stieg valley . Nauendorf 's men were able to ambush Saint ' Cyr 's advance ; Latour 's columns attacked Beaupuy at Matterdingen , killing the general and throwing his column into confusion . Wartensleben , in the center , was held up by French riflemen until his third ( reserve ) detachment arrived to outflank them . In the ensuing melee , Wartensleben was mortally wounded . The French retreated across the rivers , destroying all the bridges .
Lack of bridges did not slow the Coalition pursuit . The Austrians repaired the bridges by Matterdingen , and moved on Moreau at Freiburg . On 20 October , Moreau 's army of 20 @,@ 000 united south of Freiburg im Breisgau with Ferino 's column . Ferino 's force was smaller than Moreau had hoped , bringing the total of the combined French force to about 32 @,@ 000 . Charles ' combined forces of 24 @,@ 000 closely followed Moreau 's rear guard from Freiburg , southwest , to a line of hills stretching between Kandern and the river .
= = = French dispositions = = =
After a retreat of approximately 38 miles ( 61 km ) in which his rear guard was continually harassed by the vanguard of his enemy , Moreau halted at Schliengen and distributed his army in a 7 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 12 km ) semicircle along a ridge that commanded the approaches from Freiburg . He placed his right wing , commanded by Ferino , at the neighboring heights of Kandern ( altitude 1 @,@ 155 feet ( 352 m ) ) and Sitzenkirch , and his left wing at Steinstadt . His center occupied the village of Schliengen ( altitude 820 feet or 250 meters ) , which lay about 3 miles ( 5 km ) from the Rhine river . His entire force guarded a front protected by a small stream , the 14 @-@ mile ( 23 km ) long Kander that meandered out of the mountains west of Kandern and plunged 755 feet ( 230 m ) into the Rhine when it passed Steinstadt . For extra protection , Moreau also posted a body of infantry in front of his center , giving it added depth . His position on the heights gave him the advantage in any approach ; his troops could fire downhill on any advancing troops . The French position , in the chain of abrupt and woody heights , seemed nearly impregnable .
= = = Austrian strategy = = =
The Austrian army , augmented by the Army of Condé under the prince 's command , approached from Freiburg . Charles had a couple of options open to him . Any direct assault on the French position would be costly ; Moreau had chosen an almost unassailable position , especially for his center . Any Habsburg force would have to cross the Kandern ; in most cases , it would have to advance uphill into withering fire . Charles could avoid a battle by leaving a force to keep the French occupied and directing a part of his army through the mountains to the left of the Kandern , descending into the valley to Wies and disrupt the French line with Hüningen . However , this operation would take time , and the roads were bad from the rain , making any such maneuver difficult .
Rather than see his enemy slip from his grasp , Charles decided to turn Moreau 's right flank at Kandern . He redistributed the four columns : Condé 's Emigré Corps formed the far right column , and Condé 's grandson , Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien , commanded its vanguard ; the second column , commanded by the young but reliable Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg , included 9 battalions and 26 squadrons . Charles ordered the first two columns to keep the left wing of the French army in check , preventing it from swinging around his own army 's rear in a flanking maneuver . This force also maintained contact with Petrasch 's force by Kehl .
The third column , commanded by the experienced Maximilian Anton Karl , Count Baillet de Latour , included 11 battalions and 2 regiments of cavalry . The fourth , commanded by the dependable Friedrich Joseph , Count of Nauendorf , included the entire vanguard of Charles ' corps and approached on the far Austrian left . The two larger columns , under Latour and Nauendorf , were to attack the French right wing in force , and to turn it so that the French army 's back was to the Rhine . This was by far the most grueling of the proposed advances : they would approach the French uphill from them . Nauendorf divided his column into several smaller groups , and approached Kandern from several sides , up the steep slopes , by coordinating contact between his column and Latour 's , using Maximilian , Count of Merveldt 's regiment as the link between them .
= = = Combat = = =
Condé 's Corps formed down river at Neuburg and Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 's column formed at Müllheim . Their role was specific : keep the French left from flanking the main Austrian force . Yet , despite specific orders to the contrary , the Duke of Enghien , Condé 's grandson , led a spirited attack on Steinstadt with the Army of Condé ; they took the village with a bayonet charge and remained there under severe artillery and musket fire for the rest of the daylight hours . Republican fire continued , incessant and terrible . An officer was killed as he stood between the Royal Highnesses ( Condé , his son , and grandson ) and the Duke of Berry . Taking advantage of the royalist acquisition , the second column took the hill opposite Schliengen , which was heavily defended by General of Division Gouvion Saint @-@ Cyr . Saint @-@ Cyr tried several times to retake the position , but Fürstenberg 's column clung to its prize throughout the day , despite a heavy cannonade from the French divisions opposite it .
On the opposite side of the battlefield , Latour 's column marched through part of the night to Feldburg , passed through Vögisheim at 47 ° 47 ′ N 7 ° 37 ′ E to Feldberg , after which it separated into two smaller columns . At 07 : 00 , the right column attacked Ferino 's positions in two vineyards which lay approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) to the northeast at 47 ° 46 ′ 0 @.@ 12 ″ N 7 ° 39 ′ 0 @.@ 00 ″ E. This column forced the French to retire behind Liel at 47 ° 45 ′ N 7 ° 36 ′ E , 0 @.@ 8 miles ( 1 km ) east of Schliengen . The left column , meanwhile , had attacked another position by Egennen . After fierce fighting , Latour 's column dislodged the French after obstinate resistance ; the second portion of Latour 's column approached the hamlet Eckenheim from the reverse angle , and forced a French contingent from the village . Grueling combat followed as the Austrians made the steep , uphill advance .
The greater part of the battle , yet to come , fell to Nauendorf 's column . His men had marched all of the preceding night ; his column moved with the corps of General Latour to Feldburg , but by the castle of Bürgeln 3 @.@ 9 miles ( 6 km ) to the east at 47 ° 44 ′ 0 ″ N 7 ° 49 ′ 0 ″ E , it turned to the left ( west ) to penetrate to the source of the Kandern stream . Finally , by 14 : 00 , two in the afternoon , Nauendorf 's column had slogged through mud and muck and came fully into the action . Despite determined opposition , his troops ousted the French from Kandern and Sitzenkirch , and all the high ground above the river and Feurbach . The fighting there , between Ferino 's and Nauendorf 's columns , was intense and horrific : Moreau later recounted that Ferino 's troops performed " prodigies of valor " from daybreak to nightfall . When Nauendorf finished pushing the French from Kandern , and two hamlets beside it , and he sent a note with this information to Latour . As the battle finished , a ferocious storm unleashed hail and wind . So ended the first day of the battle during which Charles ' army had successfully ousted both French flanks from their positions . Overnight , Charles drew up his plans to attack the French center on the following morning . It promised to be a long and bloody second day .
= = = Withdrawal = = =
Moreau appreciated his untenable position , especially on his right where the bulk of Charles ' force stood ready to attack again in the morning . The Austrian army occupied a line which passed obliquely across the extremity of his right , and another line which passed along his left ; they both intersected in front of him , where the main force of Charles ' army blocked any movement forward . With luck , his troops might hold the Austrians off another day , but there were hazards : principally , the Austrians could break either wing , swing behind him and cut him off from the bridge at Hüningen , which was his only escape route back to France . Consequently , that night he withdrew his right wing to the heights of Tannenkirch at 47 ° 43 ′ N 7 ° 37 ′ E , a position scarcely less impregnable than that which it had abandoned . With a strong rear guard provided by Abbatucci and Lariboisière , he abandoned his position the same night and retreated part of the 9 @.@ 7 miles ( 16 km ) to Hüningen . The right and left wings followed . By 3 November he had reached Haltingen and evacuated his troops over the bridge into France .
= = Aftermath = =
With their backs to the river , Ferino and Moreau had to retreat across the Rhine into France , but retained control of the fortifications at Kehl and Hüningen and , more importantly , the tête @-@ du @-@ ponts of the star @-@ shaped fortresses where the bridges crossed the river . Moreau offered an armistice to Charles , which the archduke was inclined to accept . He wanted to secure the Rhine crossings and send troops to northern Italy to relieve Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser at besieged Mantua ; an armistice with Moreau would allow him to do that . However , his brother , Francis II , the Holy Roman Emperor , and the civilian military advisers of the Aulic Council categorically refused such an armistice , forcing Charles to order simultaneous sieges at Kehl and Hüningen . These tied his army to the Rhine for most of the winter . He moved north with the bulk of his force to invest Kehl , and instructed Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg to conduct the siege in the south by Basel . While the Austrians besieged these Rhine crossings , Moreau had sufficient surplus troops to send 14 demi @-@ brigades ( approximately 12 @,@ 000 troops ) into Italy to assist in the siege at Mantua .
There are three general sources of Singapore law : legislation , judicial precedents ( case law ) , and custom .
Legislation is divided into statutes and subsidiary legislation . Statutes are written laws enacted by the Singapore Parliament , as well as by other bodies that had power to pass laws for Singapore in the past . Statutes enacted by these other bodies may still be in force if they have not been repealed . One particularly important statute is the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore , which is the supreme law of Singapore . Any law the Legislature enacts after the commencement of the Constitution that is inconsistent with it is , to the extent of the inconsistency , void . Subsidiary legislation , also known as " delegated legislation " or " subordinate legislation " , is written law made by ministers or other administrative agencies such as government departments and statutory boards under the authority of a statute ( often called its " parent Act " ) or other lawful authority , and not directly by Parliament .
As Singapore is a common law jurisdiction , judgments handed down by the courts are considered a source of law . Judgments may interpret statutes or subsidiary legislation , or develop principles of common law and equity laid down , not by the legislature , but by previous generations of judges . Major portions of Singapore law , particularly contract law , equity and trust law , property law and tort law , are largely judge @-@ made , though certain aspects have now been modified to some extent by statutes .
A custom is an established practice or course of behaviour that is regarded by the persons engaged in the practice as law . Customs do not have the force of law unless they are recognized in a case . " Legal " or " trade " customs are not given recognition as law unless they are certain and not unreasonable or illegal . In Singapore , custom is a minor source of law as not many customs have been given judicial recognition .
= = Legislation = =
Legislation , or statutory law , can be divided into statutes and subsidiary legislation .
= = = Statutes = = =
Statutes are written laws enacted by the Singapore Parliament , as well as by other bodies such as the British Parliament , Governor @-@ General of India in Council and Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements , which had power to pass laws for Singapore in the past . Statutes enacted by these other bodies may still be in force if they have not been repealed . One particularly important statute is the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore , which is the supreme law of Singapore . Any law the Legislature enacts after the commencement of the Constitution that is inconsistent with it is , to the extent of the inconsistency , void . Statutes of the Singapore Parliament , as well as English statutes in force in Singapore by virtue of the Application of English Law Act 1993 , are published in looseleaf form in a series called the Statutes of the Republic of Singapore , which is gathered in red binders , and are also accessible on @-@ line from Singapore Statutes Online , a free service provided by the Attorney @-@ General 's Chambers of Singapore .
Most statutes , apart from amending Acts and certain Acts such as Supply Acts , are assigned chapter numbers ( the word " chapter " is usually abbreviated " Cap . " ) . Revised editions ( abbreviated " Rev. Ed . " ) of statutes that consolidate all amendments to statutes within certain periods of time are published regularly .
= = = = Passage of bills through Parliament = = = =
A statute of the Singapore Parliament begins its life as a bill , which is usually introduced in Parliament by a government minister . In practice , most legislation is initiated by the Cabinet , either acting on its own or on the advice of senior civil servants . Bills go through the following stages in Parliament :
The introduction and first reading .
The second reading .
The committee stage .
The third reading .
At the first reading , the bill is introduced into Parliament , usually by the responsible minister . No debate on the bill takes place . The bill is considered has having been read after the MP introducing it has read aloud its long title and laid a copy of it on the Table of the House , and the Clerk of Parliament has read out its short title . Copies of the bill are then distributed to MPs , and it is published in the Government Gazette for the public 's information . The bill is then scheduled for its second reading . If a bill makes substantial , and not merely incidental , provision for :
imposing or increasing any tax or abolishing , reducing or remitting any existing tax ;
the borrowing of money , or the giving of any guarantee , by the Government , or the amendment of the law relating to the financial obligations of the Government ;
the custody of the Consolidated Fund , the charging of any money on the Consolidated Fund or the abolition or alteration of any such charge ;
the payment of money into the Consolidated Fund or the payment , issue or withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of any money not charged on it , or any increase in the amount of such a payment , issue or withdrawal ; or
the receipt of any money on account of the Consolidated Fund or the custody or issue of such money ,
the Minister for Finance must signify that the President has recommended the introduction of the bill , otherwise it may not be introduced in Parliament .
On the second reading , the minister responsible for moving the bill usually makes a speech explaining the objects and reasons behind the bill . The general merits and principles of the bill are then debated .
The bill then proceeds to the committee stage , where the details of the drafting of the proposed law are examined . Where a bill is relatively uncontroversial , it is referred to a committee of the whole Parliament ; in other words , all the MPs attending the sitting form a committee and discuss the bill clause by clause . Bills that are more controversial , or that require the views of interested groups or the public , are often referred to a select committee . This is a committee of selected MPs who invite interested people to make representations to the committee . Public hearings to hear submissions on the bill may be held . The select committee then reports its findings , together with any suggested amendments to the bill , to Parliament .
The bill then goes through a third reading . At this stage , only amendments not of a material character may be made to the bill . The minister moving the third reading may also make a speech outlining the changes made to the bill . The bill is then put to the vote . In most cases , a simple majority of Parliament is all that is needed for the bill to be approved . However , bills seeking to amend the Constitution must be carried by a special majority : not less than two @-@ thirds of all MPs on the second and third readings .
= = = = Scrutiny of bills by the Presidential Council for Minority Rights = = = =
Once most bills have been passed by Parliament , they must be submitted to a non @-@ elected advisory body called the Presidential Council for Minority Rights ( PCMR ) . The PCMR 's responsibility is to draw attention to any legislation that , in its opinion , is a " differentiating measure " , that is , one that discriminates against any racial or religious community . When the Council makes a favourable report or no report within the time prescribed ( in which case the bill is conclusively presumed not to contain any differentiating measures ) , the bill is presented to the President for assent .
If the PCMR submits an adverse report , Parliament can either make amendments to the bill and resubmit it to the Council for approval , or decide to present the bill for the President 's assent nonetheless provided that a Parliamentary motion for such action has been passed by at least two @-@ thirds of all MPs . The PCMR has not rendered any adverse reports since it was set up in 1970 .
Three types of bills need not be submitted to the PCMR :
Money Bills ;
Bills the Prime Minister certifies as affecting the defence or security of Singapore , or that relate to public safety , peace or good order in Singapore
Bills the Prime Minister certifies are so urgent that it is not in the public interest to delay enactment
= = = = Assent to bills by the President = = = =
The President generally exercises his constitutional function of assenting to bills in accordance with Cabinet 's advice and does not act in his personal discretion . Therefore , except in certain instances described below , he may not refuse to assent to bills that have been validly passed by Parliament . The words of enactment in Singapore statutes are : " Be it enacted by the President with the advice and consent of the Parliament of Singapore , as follows : " .
The President may act in his discretion in withholding assent to any of the following types of bills passed by Parliament :
A bill seeking to amend the Constitution that provides , directly or indirectly , for the circumvention or curtailment of the discretionary powers conferred upon the President by the Constitution .
A bill not seeking to amend the Constitution that provides , directly or indirectly , for the circumvention or curtailment of the discretionary powers conferred upon the President by the Constitution .
A bill that provides , directly or indirectly , for varying , changing or increasing the powers of the Central Provident Fund Board to invest the moneys belonging to the Central Provident Fund .
A bill providing , directly or indirectly , for the borrowing of money , the giving of any guarantee or the raising of any loan by the Government if , in the opinion of the President , the bill is likely to draw on reserves of the Government that the Government did not accumulate in its current term of office .
A Supply Bill , Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill for any financial year if , in the President 's opinion , the estimates of revenue and expenditure for that year , the supplementary estimates or the statement of excess , as the case may be , are likely to lead to a drawing on the reserves that were not accumulated by the Government during its current term of office .
As regards a bill mentioned in paragraph 1 , the President , acting in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet , may refer to a Constitutional Tribunal the question of whether the bill circumvents or curtails the discretionary powers conferred on him or her by the Constitution . If the Tribunal is of the opinion that the bill does not have this effect , the President is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day after the day when the Tribunal 's opinion is pronounced in open court . On the other hand , if the Tribunal feels that the bill does have the circumventing or curtailing effect , and the President either has withheld or withholds his assent to the bill , the Prime Minister may direct that the bill be submitted to the electors for a national referendum . In that case , the bill only becomes law if it is supported by not less than two @-@ thirds of the total number of votes cast at the referendum . If 30 days have expired after a bill has been presented to the President for assent and he or she has neither signified the withholding of assent nor referred the Bill to a Constitutional Tribunal , the bill is deemed to have been assented to on the day following the expiry of the 30 @-@ day period . The procedure is similar for a bill mentioned in paragraph 2 , except that if the Constitutional Tribunal rules that the bill has a circumventing or curtailing effect , the Prime Minister has no power to put the bill to a referendum . This ensures that changes to the President 's discretionary powers can only be made by way of constitutional amendments and not ordinary statutes .
If the President withholds his assent to any Supply Bill , Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill referred to in paragraph 5 contrary to the recommendation of the Council of Presidential Advisers , Parliament may by resolution passed by not less than two @-@ thirds of the total number of elected MPs overrule the decision of the President . If Parliament does not do so within 30 days of the withholding of assent , it may authorize expenditure or supplementary expenditure , from the Consolidated Fund and Development Fund during the relevant financial year , provided that :
where the President withholds his assent to a Supply Bill , the expenditure so authorized for any service or purpose for that financial year cannot exceed the total amount appropriated for that service or purpose in the preceding financial year ; or
where the President withholds his assent to a Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill , the expenditure so authorized for any service or purpose shall not exceed the amount necessary to replace an amount advanced from any Contingencies Fund under Article 148C ( 1 ) of the Constitution for that service or purpose .
If 30 days have passed after a Supply Bill , Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill has been presented to the President for assent and her or she has not signified the withholding of assent , the President is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day immediately following the expiration of the 30 @-@ day period .
Upon receiving presidential assent , a bill becomes law and is known as an Act of Parliament . However , the Act only comes into force on the date of its publication in the Government Gazette , or on such other date that is stipulated by the Act or another law , or a notification made under a law .
= = = = Examples of statutes = = = =
The Application of English Law Act sets out the extent to which English law applies in Singapore today .
Under section 17 ( 1 ) of the Environmental Public Health Act , it is an offence to :
( a ) deposit , drop , place or throw any dust , dirt , paper , ash , carcase , refuse , box , barrel , bale or any other article or thing in any public place ;
( b ) keep or leave any article or thing in any place where it or particles therefrom have passed or are likely to pass into any public place ;
( c ) dry any article of food or any other article or thing in any public place ;
( d ) place , scatter , spill or throw any blood , brine , noxious liquid , swill or any other offensive or filthy matter of any kind in such manner as to run or fall into any public place ;
( e ) beat , clean , shake , sieve or otherwise agitate any ash , hair , feathers , lime , sand , waste paper or other substance in such manner that it is carried or likely to be carried by the wind to any public place ;
( f ) throw or leave behind any bottle , can , food container , food wrapper , glass , particles of food or any other article or thing in any public place ;
( g ) spit any substance or expel mucus from the nose upon or onto any street or any public place ; or
( h ) discard or abandon in any public place any motor vehicle whose registration has been cancelled under section 27 of the Road Traffic Act , any furniture or any other bulky article .
The penalty is a fine not exceeding S $ 5 @,@ 000 and , in the case of a second or subsequent conviction , a fine not exceeding $ 10 @,@ 000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or both . In addition , where a person who is 16 years of age or above is convicted of an offence under section 17 , and if the court by or before which he is convicted is satisfied that it is expedient with a view to his reformation and the protection of the environment and environmental public health that he should be required to perform unpaid work in relation to the cleaning of any premises , the Court shall , in lieu of or in addition to any other order , punishment or sentence and unless it has special reasons for not so doing , make a corrective work order requiring him to perform such work under the supervision of a supervision officer .
The Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act , among other things , authorises the making of restraining orders against officials or members of religious groups or institutions who have committed or are attempting to commit any of the following acts :
( a ) causing feelings of enmity , hatred , ill @-@ will or hostility between different religious groups ;
( b ) carrying out activities to promote a political cause , or a cause of any political party while , or under the guise of , propagating or practising any religious belief ;
( c ) carrying out subversive activities under the guise of propagating or practising any religious belief ; or
( d ) exciting disaffection against the President or the Government while , or under the guise of , propagating or practising any religious belief .
Under section 27A ( 1 ) of the Miscellaneous Offences ( Public Order and Nuisance ) Act , it is an offence to appears nude in a public place , or in a private place and is exposed to public view . The penalty is a fine not exceeding $ 2 @,@ 000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or both . The reference in sub @-@ section ( 1 ) to a person appearing nude includes a person who is clad in such a manner as to offend against public decency or order .
The Penal Code states the elements and penalties of common criminal offences such as homicide , theft and cheating , and also sets out general principles of criminal law in Singapore .
The Sale of Goods Act , an English Act made applicable to Singapore by the Application of English Law Act , sets out legal rules relating to the sale and purchase of goods .
The Women 's Charter sets out the law relating to marriage , divorce and separation , family violence , and the protection of women and girls .
= = = Subsidiary legislation = = =
Subsidiary legislation , also known as " delegated legislation " or " subordinate legislation " , is written law made by ministers or other administrative agencies such as government departments and statutory boards under the authority of a statute ( often called its " parent Act " ) or other lawful authority , and not directly by Parliament . Although there is no general requirement ( as there is in the United Kingdom ) for subsidiary legislation to be laid before Parliament for its information , this is usually done in Singapore .
Subsidiary legislation is known by a variety of names . Section 2 ( 1 ) of the Interpretation Act defines " subsidiary legislation " as meaning " any order in council , proclamation , rule , regulation , order , notification , by @-@ law or other instrument made under any Act , Ordinance or other lawful authority and having legislative effect " .
An Order in Council is a law made directly by the British Crown in the exercise of its prerogative law @-@ making power it previously possessed in respect of Singapore . Orders @-@ in @-@ council are made only on the advice of ministers , and operate subject to provisions made by or under any Act of Parliament .
A proclamation is an announcement made by or under the authority of the Crown .
Rules are generally legal instruments such as Rules of Court that regulate judicial or other procedure .
Regulations are legal instruments implementing the substantive content of Acts of Parliament that have a continuing regulating effect .
An order is a legal instrument that has an executive flavour and expresses an obvious command . Often , its effect is limited to a particular moment in time , rather than continuing .
A notification is a legal instrument that provides factual information . For example , notifications are used to inform the public of the dates of commencement of statutes and the appointment of individuals to government posts .
By @-@ laws are regulations made by certain public and private bodies , for instance , strata title management corporations . Their extent is usually limited to a relatively small geographical area or to the operations of a particular body only .
Subsidiary legislation must , unless otherwise expressly provided in any statute , be published in the Government Gazette and , unless expressly provided in the subsidiary legislation itself , takes effect and comes into operation on the date of its publication .
No subsidiary legislation made under an Act of Parliament may be inconsistent with the provisions of any Act . This means that any subsidiary legislation that was made ultra vires its parent Act ( that is , the Act did not confer power on the agency to make the subsidiary legislation ) or is not consistent with any other statute is void to the extent of the inconsistency .
Subsidiary legislation currently in force in Singapore is published in looseleaf form in a series called the Subsidiary Legislation of the Republic of Singapore , which is gathered in black binders . New subsidiary legislation published in the Gazette may be viewed for free on @-@ line for five days on the Electronic Gazette website .
= = = = Examples of subsidiary legislation = = = =
Under regulation 16 of the Environmental Public Health ( Public Cleansing ) Regulations made under the Environmental Public Health Act , any person who has urinated or defecated in any sanitary convenience with a flushing system to which the public has access shall flush the sanitary convenience immediately after using it . Contravention of this regulation is an offence punishable :
( a ) for a first offence , to a fine not exceeding $ 1 @,@ 000 and to a further fine not exceeding $ 100 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction ;
( b ) for a second offence , to a fine not exceeding $ 2 @,@ 000 and to a further fine not exceeding $ 200 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction ; and
( c ) for a third or subsequent offence , to a fine not exceeding $ 5 @,@ 000 and to a further fine not exceeding $ 500 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction .
The Miscellaneous Offences ( Public Order and Nuisance ) ( Assemblies and Processions ) Rules made under the Miscellaneous Offences ( Public Order and Nuisance ) Act require a permit for any public assembly or procession of five or more persons in any public place . The rationale given for this law is that a large group of people who gather for a peaceful purpose can turn violent . In the 1950s and 1960s there were several violent riots in Singapore , the last incident being the 1964 race riots in which 36 people were killed . Although there have only been a few minor protests since then , the authorities continue to take a tough stance against unlicensed outdoor protests . On 31 December 2000 , 15 members of Falun Gong consisting of 13 foreigners and two Singaporeans were arrested at MacRitchie Park for holding an illegal assembly .
Public speaking at Speakers ' Corner is regulated by the Public Entertainments and Meetings ( Speakers ' Corner ) ( Exemption ) Order made under the Public Entertainments and Meetings Act .
Under regulation 14 of the Rapid Transit Systems Regulations made under the Rapid Transit Systems Act , it is an offence to consume or attempt to consume any food or drinks while in or upon any part of the railway premises except in such places as are designated for this purpose by the Land Transport Authority or its licensee , or consume or attempt to consume any chewing gum or bubble gum while in or upon any part of the railway premises . Regulation 15 makes it an offence to spit , litter or soil any part of the railway premises . The maximum penalties for these offences are fines of up to $ 500 and $ 5 @,@ 000 respectively .
The Sale of Food ( Prohibition of Chewing Gum ) Regulations made under the Sale of Food Act prohibits the sale or advertisement for sale of any chewing gum . The prohibition does not apply to the sale or advertisement of any chewing gum in respect of which a product licence has been granted under the Medicines Act . Thus , it is now possible to purchase chewing gum for dental or medical purposes ( for instance , for the purpose of nicotine replacement therapy ) from pharmacies without a prescription .
= = Judicial precedents = =
As Singapore is a common law jurisdiction , judgments of the courts are considered a source of law . Judgments may interpret statutes or subsidiary legislation , or develop principles of common law and equity that have been laid down , not by the legislature , but by previous generations of judges . Major portions of Singapore law , particularly contract law , equity and trust law , property law and tort law , are largely judge @-@ made , though certain aspects have now been modified to some extent by statutes .
Legal certainty and the orderly development of legal principles are promoted by the application of the doctrine of stare decisis , also known as the doctrine of binding precedent . According to this doctrine , the decisions of higher courts are binding on lower courts . Thus , judgments of the Court of Appeal are binding on the High Court , and judgments of both of these superior courts are binding on subordinate courts . A judge is generally not bound by previous decisions made by other judges in courts of the same level . Thus , a judge hearing a High Court case need not follow previous High Court decisions . Nonetheless , courts generally do so as a matter of comity , unless there are good reasons for doing otherwise . As the final appellate court in Singapore , the Court of Appeal is not bound by its previous decisions or those of predecessor courts such as the Privy Council . However , the Court continues to treat such decisions as " normally binding " and only departs from them " where adherence to such prior decisions would cause injustice in a particular case or constrain the development of the law in conformity with the circumstances of Singapore " . Only the ratio decidendi ( that is , the legal principle that determines the outcome ) of a case is binding according to the doctrine of stare decisis ; other legal principles expressed that are not crucial to the final decision ( obiter dicta ) are only persuasive .
As English courts do not form part of Singapore 's hierarchy of courts , decisions of such courts are not binding on Singapore courts . However , as a result of Singapore 's colonial heritage , English judicial precedents continue to exercise a strong influence on the legal system and are regarded as highly persuasive , particularly as regards the development of the common law , and the interpretation of English statutes applicable in Singapore and Singapore statutes modelled on English enactments . Judicial precedents from other jurisdictions may also be persuasive in specific areas of Singapore law . For instance , Indian decisions are persuasive in the areas of criminal law and procedure because Singapore borrowed heavily from India in these areas .
The Constitution provides that the President may refer to a tribunal consisting of not less than three judges of the Supreme Court for its opinion any question as to the effect of any provision of the Constitution that has arisen or appears likely to arise . Where a Constitutional Tribunal has given an opinion , no court has jurisdiction to question the opinion , or the validity of any law the bill for which was the subject of a reference to the Tribunal .
During Straits Settlements times , cases pertaining to Singapore appeared in various privately produced and official series of law reports such as Kyshe 's Reports ( covering cases decided between 1808 and 1939 ) , the Straits Law Journal ( 1839 – 1891 ) and the Straits Settlements Law Reports ( 1867 – 1942 ) . From 1932 until 1992 , Singapore cases appeared regularly in the Malayan Law Journal ( MLJ ) , the only local series of law reports published continuously since the 1930s , except during World War II . The MLJ is still consulted for Singapore cases decided prior to full independence in 1965 . Since 1992 , judgments of the High Court , Court of Appeal and Constitutional Tribunal of Singapore have appeared in the Singapore Law Reports ( SLR ) , which is published by the Singapore Academy of Law under an exclusive licence from the Supreme Court of Singapore . The Academy has also republished cases decided since Singapore 's full independence in 1965 that appeared in the MLJ in special volumes of the SLR , and is currently working on a reissue of this body of case law . Cases published in the SLR as well as unreported judgments of the Supreme Court and Subordinate Courts are available on @-@ line from a fee @-@ based service called LawNet , which is also managed by the Academy .
= = = Examples of judicial precedents = = =
Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs ( 1988 ) was a landmark Court of Appeal case in administrative law , specifically with regards to reviewing the grounds of detention without trial under the Internal Security Act . One of the main issues before the court was whether the test for judicial review was objective or subjective ; in other words , whether judges could examine whether the executive 's decision to detain a person was in fact based on national security considerations , as well as whether the executive 's considerations in determining the detention fell within the scope of the purposes specified in section 8 ( 1 ) of the Act . The court , in an obiter ruling , advocated the objective standard , stating : " All power has legal limits and the rule of law demands that the courts should be able to examine the exercise of discretionary power . " Although the case was legislatively overruled in respect of internal security matters by amendments to the Constitution of Singapore and the Internal Security Act , the principle still applies in judicial review proceedings not involving the Act .
Fay Michael Peter v. Public Prosecutor ( 1994 ) concerned an American teenager , Michael P. Fay , who was arrested in 1994 for vandalizing cars and stealing street signs . He pleaded guilty to two charges of vandalizing by spraying paint on a number of cars . On conviction by a subordinate court , he was sentenced to a total of four months ' imprisonment and six strokes of the cane . For the purposes of sentencing , other charges were taken into consideration , including 16 charges of vandalism involving paint . Fay appealed to the High Court against the sentences , arguing that ( a ) proviso to section 3 of the Vandalism Act required the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt the indelible quality of the paint used before caning could be imposed ; ( b ) a probation order was appropriate in this case ; and ( c ) the trial judge below should have ordered a pre @-@ sentencing report with a view to ordering probation . The appeal was dismissed . The case generated intense media interest in the United States , culminating in a formal request from the US Government for the caning sentence not to be carried out . The Singapore Government rejected the request on the basis that foreigners in Singapore could not be held to a different standard from citizens . However , it recommended that the President reduce the caning from six strokes to four .
= = Custom = =
In law , a custom is an established practice or behaviour that is considered to be law by the persons engaged in it . Customs do not have the force of law unless recognized in a case . " Legal " or " trade " customs are not recognized as law unless they are certain and not unreasonable or illegal . In Singapore , custom is a minor source of law as not many customs have been given judicial recognition .
= = = Examples of custom = = =
The general reception of English law under the Second Charter of Justice ( see the article " Law of Singapore " ) was subject to three qualifications – one of which was that English law should be modified in application to Singapore so as not to cause injustice or oppression to the indigenous people of the island . Regard was to be had to their religions , usages and manners . This principle generally applied in family law and related matters . Thus in certain early , cases English law was modified by Chinese , Malay and Hindu customary law , and some native usages or customs acquired the force of law . However , the enactment of the Women 's Charter in 1961 has unified the family law for all ethno @-@ religious groups in Singapore except the Muslims , who are separately regulated by the Administration of Muslim Law Act .
Where Malay Muslims are concerned , the application of Muslim law is modified by Malay custom as regards marriage , divorce and the distribution of the estate of an intestate person . In fact , Muslim customary law and the Malay custom applicable to Malay Muslims appear to be the only strands of customary law that continue to have some significance in Singapore .
The practice of marking cheques is a recognized banking custom in Singapore .
= = = General = = =
Law in Singapore , by the C.J. Koh Law Library , National University of Singapore
LawNet
Singaporelaw.sg , by the Singapore Academy of Law
Singapore Law Watch , by the Singapore Academy of Law
Singapore Laws on the Internet from WWLegal.com – contains a list of Singapore legal resources on the Internet ( published 15 January 2005 )
= = = The Legislature and legislation = = =
Parliament of Singapore
Electronic Gazette
Singapore Statutes Online – a service of the Attorney @-@ General 's Chambers , Singapore
= = = The Judiciary and judicial precedents = = =
Supreme Court of Singapore
Subordinate Courts of Singapore
Family Court of Singapore
Juvenile Court of Singapore
= 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry =
The 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union army during the American Civil War . The 22nd Massachusetts was organized by Senator Henry Wilson ( future Vice @-@ President during the Ulysses Grant administration ) and was therefore known as " Henry Wilson 's Regiment . " It was formed in Boston , Massachusetts , and established on September 28 , 1861 , for a term of three years .
Arriving in Washington in October 1861 , the regiment spent the following winter in camp at Hall 's Hill , near Arlington in Virginia . It became part of the Army of the Potomac , with which it would be associated for its entire term of service . The regiment saw its first action during the Siege of Yorktown in April 1862 . It was involved in the Peninsular Campaign , particularly the Battle of Gaines ' Mill during which it suffered its worst casualties ( numerically ) of the war . Their worst casualties in terms of percentages took place during the Battle of Gettysburg ( 60 percent ) . The 22nd Massachusetts was present for virtually all of the major battles in which the Army of the Potomac fought , including the Second Battle of Bull Run , the Battle of Antietam , the Battle of Fredericksburg , the Battle of Chancellorsville , the Battle of Gettysburg and Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant 's Overland Campaign . The 22nd was especially proficient in skirmish drill and was frequently deployed in that capacity throughout the war .
During the Siege of Petersburg in October 1864 , the 22nd Massachusetts was removed from the lines and sent home to Massachusetts . Of the 1 @,@ 100 who initially belonged to the unit , only 125 returned at the end of their three years of service . Of these losses , roughly 300 were killed in action or died from wounds received in action , approximately 500 were discharged due to wounds or disease , and approximately 175 were lost or discharged due to capture , resignation , or desertion .
= = Organization and early duty = =
Henry Wilson , a Senator from Massachusetts and chairman of the Senate 's Committee on Military Affairs , witnessed the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21 , 1861 . The disastrous defeat of the Union army convinced Wilson , and the federal government in general , of the urgent need for more troops . Immediately after the battle , Wilson promised both President Abraham Lincoln and Massachusetts Governor John Andrew that he would raise a full brigade including units of infantry , artillery , cavalry and sharpshooters .
Wilson 's prestige encouraged the almost immediate formation of more than a dozen companies of infantry in and around Boston . The pressing need to send troops to the front required Wilson to abandon his original intention of raising multiple regiments of infantry and he instead selected the 10 companies closest to readiness , thus creating the 22nd Massachusetts Regiment . To this regiment were attached the 3rd Massachusetts Light Artillery and the 2nd Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters . Thus , the 22nd Massachusetts became one of the few infantry units in the Civil War with attached artillery and sharpshooters .
Many of the officers of the 22nd , and some of the enlisted men , had just completed an enlistment with early war regiments ( the so @-@ called " ninety day regiments " ) , including the 5th Massachusetts and the 6th Massachusetts . Five of the 10 companies were recruited in Boston . The remaining five came from Taunton , Roxbury , Woburn , Cambridge and Haverhill .
The regiment was signed into existence by Gov. Andrew on September 28 , 1861 . Wilson was appointed its first colonel . The recruits of the 22nd Massachusetts trained at a camp in Lynnfield , Massachusetts , during September and left for the front , numbering 1 @,@ 117 , on October 8 , 1861 . Traveling by railroad , the regiment paused in New York City , marching down Fifth Avenue , and was received with a formal ceremony and the presentation of a national battle flag made by a committee of the ladies of New York .
The 22nd arrived in Washington on October 11 , and on October 13 , marched across the Potomac to go into winter camp at Halls Hill , just outside Arlington , Virginia . Here the Army of the Potomac was organized during the winter of 1861 – 1862 . The 22nd became part of Brig. Gen. John H. Martindale 's brigade and was initially attached to the III Corps .
On October 28 , 1861 , Col. Wilson resigned his command , turning the regiment over to Col. Jesse Gove . Gove , a Regular Army officer , had seen service in the Mexican – American War . He was a strict disciplinarian and , according to John Parker ( the regimental historian ) Gove soon became the " idol of the regiment " . During its first winter of service , the 22nd remained at Hall 's Hill and became proficient in military drill .
= = Peninsular Campaign = =
Major General George B. McClellan , commanding the Army of the Potomac , determined to take the Confederate capital of Richmond via the Virginia Peninsula . This unexpected move would , in theory , allow McClellan 's army to move quickly up the peninsula rather than fighting through Northern Virginia . During March 1862 , the Army of the Potomac was gradually transferred by water to Fortress Monroe at the end of the Virginia Peninsula . On March 10 , 1862 , the 22nd left their winter camp and were shipped to Fortress Monroe . By April 4 , the regiment began to advance , along with many other elements of the Army of the Potomac , up the peninsula .
= = = Siege of Yorktown = = =
As Union forces approached Yorktown , Virginia they encountered defensive lines established by Confederate Major General John B. Magruder . Initially , Magruder 's forces numbered only 11 @,@ 000 with McClellan 's numbering 53 @,@ 000 . McClellan also had the rest of the Army of the Potomac en route and Union troops outside of Yorktown would soon number more than 100 @,@ 000 . Despite this , McClellan believed he faced a much larger force and settled in for a month @-@ long siege of Yorktown .
The 22nd Massachusetts saw their first action of the war near Yorktown on April 5 , 1862 , as the regiment was ordered to probe the Confederate lines . During the action , a portion of the regiment deployed as skirmishers under fire with great precision . The 22nd 's reputation for expertise at skirmish drill would continue throughout the war and the regiment would frequently be used in this capacity . Over the course of the month @-@ long siege , the 22nd was encamped near Wormley Creek approximately 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) southeast of Yorktown , frequently forming up at a moment 's notice in expectation of an attack . On May 4 , the Confederates evacuated their lines , retreating towards Richmond . The 22nd was on picket duty when rumors of the evacuation began to circulate . Colonel Gove determined to investigate and advanced the 22nd towards the Confederate trenches . According to the regimental historian , Gove was the first Union soldier to mount the Confederate works and the 22nd 's flag was the first planted on the ramparts outside of Yorktown .
Over the next three weeks , McClellan pushed his army northwest up the Peninsula towards Richmond . The 22nd traveled by steamship and by foot , eventually reaching Gaines ' Mill , Virginia where they set up camp on May 26 , 1862 , about 8 miles ( 13 km ) northeast of Richmond . During this movement , the V Corps of the Union army was formed and the 22nd became part of the 1st Brigade , 1st Division , V Corps . The regiment would remain a part of the V Corps for the duration of their service .
= = = Battle of Gaines ' Mill = = =
After seeing minor action in the Battle of Hanover Court House on May 27 , the 22nd remained in camp at Gaines ' Mill for nearly a month as McClellan positioned his army for an assault on Richmond . The men of the 22nd could see the steeples of Richmond from their camp . By this time , the regiment had been reduced to roughly 750 men due to sickness over the course of the campaign and minor casualties in action .
On June 25 , 1862 , McClellan ordered an ineffective offensive triggering the Seven Days Battles . On June 26 , General Robert E. Lee , who had recently taken command of the Army of Northern Virginia , launched a daring counter @-@ offensive intended to drive McClellan 's army away from Richmond . For the 22nd , the third day of the Seven Days Battles , the Battle of Gaines ' Mill , proved to be devastating as they suffered their worst casualties of the war .
On June 27 , 1862 , the V Corps , including the 22nd , pulled back to Gaines ' Mill after successfully repulsing the Confederate counter @-@ offensive at Mechanicsville . Although McClellan regarded Mechanicsville as a victory , he had lost the initiative to Lee and was already pulling his army away from Richmond despite holding the advantage of numbers . During the Battle of Gaines ' Mill , the 22nd was held in reserve , behind the other regiments of their brigade . Over the course of the day , the Union regiments in their front successfully repulsed several Confederate charges . But at 6 p.m. , the Union lines broke and the 22nd was suddenly exposed to the brunt of the Confederate attack . With the 22nd flanked on both sides , Colonel Gove soon gave the order to retire . Then , reluctant to yield the ground , he ordered the 22nd to about face and stand fast . Colonel Gove was killed almost immediately after delivering this order . His body was never recovered . Captain John Dunning , commanding Company D , was also killed . In the subsequent fighting the 22nd lost 71 killed , 86 wounded and 177 captured . Maj. William S. Tilton was captured and later paroled . With Lieutenant Colonel Charles Griswold on sick leave , command fell to Captain Walter S. Sampson . The 22nd eventually fell back to a ridge where they were able to make a stand with the 3rd Massachusetts Battery .
The regimental historian wrote , " It was a sad night for the Twenty @-@ second . Not a man but had lost a comrade , for one @-@ half of those who marched in the morning were no longer in the ranks . Colonel Gove was killed and that was , without a doubt , one of the greatest disasters of the day . " The 22nd Massachusetts and the 83rd Pennsylvania suffered roughly the same casualty rate and the two regiments lost more men killed in action than any other units on the field that day . Both regiments lost their colonels .
= = = Battle of Malvern Hill = = =
The 22nd played little role in the next three days of fighting , with the exception of brief action during the Battle of Glendale during which the regiment supported the 3rd Massachusetts Battery and was credited with saving the battery from capture . By June 30 , the regiment was encamped near Malvern Hill with the rest of the V Corps . The Army of the Potomac had retreated roughly 15 miles ( 24 km ) during a running fight over the past six days and was suffering low morale . However , by July 1 , the Union army was in a strong position and , that day , during the Battle of Malvern Hill , the Army of the Potomac finally stopped Lee 's offensive . The 22nd , during this action , was ordered to support the 5th United States Battery . While firing in line with the battery , the men of the 22nd sang " John Brown 's Body " and exhausted their 60 rounds of ammunition . After they were pulled off the line , the 22nd marched through the night to Harrison 's Landing . The regiment lost nine killed , 41 wounded and eight prisoners during the Battle of Malvern Hill , roughly 20 percent .
= = Northern Virginia Campaign = =
On July 15 , 1862 , while the 22nd was still in camp at Harrison 's Landing , Lieutenant Colonel Griswold returned from sick leave , was promoted to colonel and took command of the regiment . On August 14 , the regiment broke camp and marched with the V Corps to Newport News , Virginia . McClellan had abandoned his Peninsular Campaign and had been ordered to move the Army of the Potomac back to Northern Virginia to support the advance of a newly organized Union army , the Army of Virginia , under the command of Major General John Pope . The 22nd was transported by steamship to Aquia Creek , Virginia , by railroad to Fredericksburg , and by August 28 they had marched with the V Corps to Gainesville , Virginia . In the course of this march , the 22nd was detached from their brigade and assigned to picket duty . As a result , the regiment played no role in the subsequent Second Battle of Bull Run on August 30 , 1862 , in which the rest of their brigade was heavily engaged .
Following the disastrous defeat of Pope 's army at the Second Battle of Bull Run , the Army of the Potomac , with McClellan still in command , was quickly reorganized outside of Washington during the first week of September 1862 . The 22nd returned to their old camp at Halls Hill , Virginia , which they had occupied the previous winter . Sen. Wilson visited the 22nd at Halls Hill . Finding just 200 war @-@ torn men in contrast to the 1 @,@ 100 he had recruited , Wilson , with tears in his eyes , asked , " Is this my old regiment ? "
= = Maryland Campaign = =
The 22nd did not stay long at Halls Hill . With the Army of the Potomac in disarray and the Confederates on the offensive , an attack on Washington was expected at any moment . The 22nd was shifted to several different defensive entrenchments outside of Arlington , Virginia during the first week of September . Lee , however , set out to invade Western Maryland , the lead elements of his army crossing the Potomac on September 4 , 1862 . McClellan was slow to react to this development , but began moving elements of the Army of the Potomac northwest from Washington on September 6 . On September 10 , Lieutenant Colonel Tilton , having been released from Libby Prison through an officer exchange , returned to the 22nd and took command . The 22nd left Arlington on September 12 . The march through Maryland was remembered by the 22nd as wearisome and profoundly dusty .
= = = Battle of Antietam = = =
As the Union army approached , Lee chose to make a stand at Sharpsburg , Maryland along Antietam Creek . On September 17 , 1862 , the armies engaged in the Battle of Antietam . The V Corps was held in reserve in the center of Union lines during the battle . The 22nd had a clear view of both flanks of the Union army and watched the assaults that took place over the course of the day . The V Corps , however , took no part in these assaults . Historians have criticized McClellan for his uncoordinated attacks at Antietam and for not committing the V Corps which might have broken Lee 's army .
= = = Battle of Shepherdstown = = =
Lee evacuated Sharpsburg on September 18 , retreating towards Virginia . The 22nd , with other regiments of its corps , moved through the town the next day . As the Confederate army crossed over the Potomac , two divisions of the V Corps , including the 22nd Massachusetts , were ordered to cross into Virginia via Blackford 's Ford at Shepherdstown , Virginia ( now West Virginia ) . The movement was an ineffective attempt on McClellan 's part to prevent the escape of Lee 's army . The pursuing Union forces were hit with a decisive Confederate counterattack at the Battle of Shepherdstown on September 20 , 1862 , causing the Union divisions to quickly retreat in disorder back across the Potomac . The 22nd struggled across the river and reached the Maryland shore " half drowned " . The engagement ended any efforts by McClellan to pursue Lee 's army .
= = Fredericksburg Campaign = =
The 22nd Massachusetts remained in camp on the Maryland side of the Potomac for more than a month . On October 30 , 1862 , the 22nd broke camp and began marching south into Virginia . On November 5 , Lincoln removed McClellan from command of the Army of the Potomac and replaced him with Major General Ambrose Burnside . The army moved to Falmouth , Virginia , where Burnside spent weeks orchestrating his attack on Fredericksburg just across the Rappahannock River .
= = = Battle of Fredericksburg = = =
The Army of the Potomac , having constructed pontoon bridges across the Rappahannock , commenced the Battle of Fredericksburg on the morning of December 13 , 1862 . The Confederate army occupied the city of Fredericksburg and a high ridge behind the city known as Marye 's Heights . By late morning , Union forces had taken the city and began the assault on Marye 's Heights . At approximately 3 : 30 in the afternoon the 22nd Massachusetts , with the rest of Colonel James Barnes 's brigade , crossed one of the pontoon bridges and moved through a railroad cut to the outskirts of the city . The regiment numbered about 200 men . Barnes 's brigade was ordered to relieve a brigade of the IX Corps which had made a charge on the stone wall along Marye 's Heights and become pinned down by Confederate fire . By the time they formed up battle lines on the open slope in front of Marye 's Heights , the 22nd was under intense artillery fire from the Confederates . According to the regimental historian , " the men instinctively turned their sides to the storm " of bullets , shot and shell as they advanced and casualties were heavy . Their brigade reached Nagle 's brigade and the 22nd relieved the 12th Rhode Island , taking shelter on ground covered by that regiment 's casualties . Here the 22nd fired in prone position , exhausting their ammunition , yelling and cheering to keep up their courage .
Around nightfall , the 22nd was relieved by the 20th Maine . Falling back to a sunken road on the outskirts of Fredericksburg , the 22nd was still exposed to Confederate artillery and took cover as best they could . Many of the regiment had thrown away their haversacks in an effort to lighten their burden before the charge and were subsequently without food . During the night , they resorted to searching the haversacks of fallen soldiers for rations .
Just before dawn on December 14 , ammunition was issued and the 22nd moved forward slightly , to about the position on the open slope that they had occupied the day before . Here they spent another day pinned to the ground , unable to advance or retire due to the constant fire of Confederate riflemen . Nightfall finally brought relief as another unit took their place on the field and the 22nd retired to the city of Fredericksburg .
The 22nd spent the next day , December 15 , in the city of Fredericksburg , hearing rumors that Burnside intended to personally lead another assault on the heights . But no attack materialized , night came , and the V Corps crossed the pontoon bridges back to Falmouth , with the 22nd acting as rear guard . During the battle of Frederickburg , the 22nd lost 12 killed and 42 wounded , roughly 28 percent casualties .
= = Camp Gove = =
The 22nd set up winter camp on the outskirts of Falmouth , Virginia on December 22 , 1862 . The camp was located about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) northeast of Stoneman 's Station , now known as Leeland Station . The men built crude log huts with improvised chimneys made of mud and sticks . Here the regiment would remain for approximately six months during the first half of 1863 . The camp was named " Camp Gove " in honor of their fallen colonel .
While at Camp Gove , the 22nd Massachusetts , with the rest of the V Corps , was frequently deployed on expeditions of varying importance . On January 20 , 1863 , the regiment took part in the infamous Mud March during which Burnside attempted to attack the flank of the Confederate army which was still encamped at Fredericksburg . The roads were so impassable that the Union army bogged down and the entire effort was aborted . The 22nd returned to Camp Gove five days after they left .
The 22nd also participated , in a minor capacity , in the Battle of Chancellorsville . On April 27 , Brig. Gen. Charles Griffin 's division , including the 22nd , was ordered to secure the fords along the Rapidan River . It was a long , rapid , forced march for the division . The Confederate army launched a daring and successful flank attack against the Army of the Potomac at Chancellorsville on May 2 , 1863 , during which the 22nd saw little action . The Union army , badly defeated , retreated back across the Rappahannock and the 22nd returned to Camp Gove on May 8 .
In late May , Colonel Tilton of the 22nd was promoted to the command of the brigade and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Sherwin assumed command of the 22nd .
= = Gettysburg Campaign = =
On May 28 , 1863 , the 22nd Massachusetts packed up and left Camp Gove . Their corps was deployed along the Rappahannock , upriver of Fredericksburg , as an observation force to determine what movements were being made by Lee 's army . In this , they were unsuccessful . Lee 's army slipped away from Fredericksburg on June 3 and began a long march that would lead to an invasion of Pennsylvania . The 22nd learned of Lee 's movements on June 13 when the V Corps was ordered to march northward . By this time , the entire Army of the Potomac was on the move . The two armies would eventually meet , almost three weeks later , at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania .
= = = Battle of Gettysburg = = =
By June 30 , 1863 , the 22nd had reached Union Mills , Maryland after weeks of hard marching . On July 1 , they marched 10 miles ( 16 km ) to Hanover , Pennsylvania , completely unaware that elements of the Army of the Potomac had engaged the Confederates some 15 miles ( 24 km ) away in the first day of fighting during the Battle of Gettysburg . Not long after they settled down for the evening , orders came for them to march . The 22nd , and the rest of the V Corps , marched through the night to Gettysburg , reaching the battle around dawn on July 2 . The V Corps was stationed well behind the center of the Union lines , awaiting deployment to one flank or the other . The men of the 22nd fell to the ground and caught a few hours sleep even as the second morning of battle raged not far from their position . At Gettysburg , the regiment had only 67 men .
At about 4 p.m. , the V Corps was ordered to advance in support of the III Corps . Barnes 's division passed north of Little Round Top and deployed just south of the Wheatfield along a small , stony hill within sight of the Rose farmouse which was directly in their front . Once deployed , the soldiers of the 22nd began to pile paper cartridges on the ground in front of them , sensing they would be holding that ground for some time .
As the III Corps retreated , Tilton 's brigade was directly exposed to the oncoming Confederates . The 22nd was soon engaged by Kershaw 's brigade of South Carolinians . Apparently unnerved by the sudden Confederate advance and perceiving that his right flank was exposed , Brig. Gen. Barnes , the 22nd 's division commander , ordered the withdrawal of his division . The men of the 22nd picked up their cartridges and yielded the ground . This withdrawal back across the Wheatfield to Trostle 's Farm left a gap in the Union line . Barnes and Tilton were both subject to much criticism from other officers on the field for this withdrawal , which Barnes apparently ordered without consulting his superiors . The gap left by Barnes 's division was eventually filled by brigades of the II Corps after hard The 22nd fought from their new position along a stone wall on Trostle 's Farm and was eventually pulled back to the north side of Little Round Top by about 6 p.m.
On the third and final day of the Battle of Gettysburg , the 22nd was posted in the ravine between Little Round Top and Big Round Top . The ground was heavily wooded and rocky . Here they piled up stones and took shelter from the Confederate sharpshooters in Devil 's Den about 500 yards ( 460 m ) to their front . The regiment remained in this position while Pickett 's Charge , Lee 's unsuccessful attempt to break Union lines , took place well north of the 22nd 's position .
During the Battle of Gettysburg , the regiment suffered 15 killed and 25 wounded or 60 percent . In terms of percentages , this represented the regiment 's highest number of casualties in an individual battle .
= = Camp Barnes = =
On September 9 , 1863 , the 22nd was reinforced by 200 draftees , once again fielding respectable numbers . During the latter half of 1863 , the 22nd was involved in some minor engagements along the Rappahannock River including the Second Battle of Rappahannock Station and the Battle of Mine Run . No significant progress was made by the Army of the Potomac that fall , and the 22nd settled into a camp near Brandy Station , Virginia which they named " Camp Barnes " after their division commander who had been wounded at Gettysburg . In March 1864 , Col. Tilton was relieved of command of his brigade and returned to the command of the 22nd Massachusetts .
= = Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg = =
On April 30 , 1864 , the 22nd broke camp and marched southeast from Rappahannock Station . Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant had now assumed command of Union forces as general @-@ in @-@ chief and although Major General George Meade remained in command of the Army of the Potomac , Grant was determined to follow the army in the field , directing its movements . The resulting campaign during the spring of 1864 was known as the Overland Campaign and saw relentless attacks on the part of the Union army under Grant . The reinforced 22nd began the campaign with about 300 men . By the close of the campaign , the regiment would be reduced to about 100 .
During the Battle of the Wilderness on May 5 – 6 , 1864 , the regiment lost 15 killed and 36 wounded . The regiment was heavily engaged in the Battle of Spotsylvania on May 9 – 10 . On May 10 , the 22nd was ordered to take a line of rifle pits that had been abandoned by Union troops and taken by the Confederates . The 22nd deployed as skirmishers under the command of Major Mason Burt and advanced under heavy fire . The regiment was successful in taking the Confederate position , but at a heavy cost of 17 killed and 57 wounded , nearly 50 percent . During the Battles of North Anna and Totopotomoy Creek , the 22nd acted again as skirmishers , winning praise for their maneuvers in advance of their division .
By this time , Grant had pushed Lee 's army south to within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of Richmond . The final assault of the Overland Campaign came with the Battle of Cold Harbor — a number of futile attempts by Grant over the course of June 1 – 3 to break the heavily entrenched Confederate lines . The 22nd was active during all three days of the battle , particularly on June 3 when they were again deployed as skirmishers in front of their brigade , now commanded by Col. Jacob B. Sweitzer , in the vicinity of Bethesda Church . Sweitzer 's brigade , with the 22nd in the advance , made a charge across open ground , pushing back the Confederate forces in their front . During the Battle of Cold Harbor , the 22nd lost 11 killed and 11 wounded , now numbering less than 100 .
Lee 's army now dug in around Petersburg , Virginia and the long Siege of Petersburg commenced with several frontal assaults on the Confederate position . The 22nd took part in the assault on June 18 , 1864 . Again the regiment was deployed as skirmishers in front of their brigade . They were ordered to take a ravine alongside the Norfolk Railroad . Advancing at a run in the face of heavy canister fire , the 22nd reached the ravine . However , in that position they were subjected to severe musket and artillery fire from the Confederates , and so they pushed forward to the Norfolk Railroad cut , forcing the Confederates back to their entrenchments . In the assault on Petersburg , the 22nd lost seven killed and 14 wounded .
During the latter part of June 1864 , the 22nd was marched to several different positions along the siege lines outside of Petersburg , expecting to participate in another assault . Finally , around June 30 , 1864 , the regiment was stationed in the trenches and remained there for six weeks .
= = Mustering out = =
On August 8 , 1864 , the 22nd was pulled from the trenches and posted on guard duty at City Point , Virginia , the main supply depot of the Union army . Maj. Gen. Meade had specifically requested a depleted unit whose term of service was nearly up for this duty . They remained there until October 3 , their three years of service having expired . Those of the regiment who had chosen to re @-@ enlist , along with the remaining draftees who had joined the unit in 1863 , were consolidated with the 32nd Massachusetts . The remaining men of the 22nd who had served their three years and did not wish to re @-@ enlist , 125 in number , returned to Boston by railroad , arriving on October 10 . After ceremonies in Boston , the regiment was officially mustered out on October 17 , 1864 .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Notable members = = =
After the war , several former members of the 22nd Massachusetts went on to achieve notable accomplishments in various fields .
Senator Henry Wilson , founder of the unit , was well known during the war for his antislavery political stance . After the war , he became one of the leading Radical Republicans in Congress , pressing for civil rights for former slaves and harsh treatment of former Confederates . In 1872 , the same year he was elected Vice @-@ President under Ulysses Grant , Wilson published the first volume of his History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power , a severe criticism of slave owners and their primary role , according to Wilson , in bringing about the Civil War .
Nelson A. Miles joined the 22nd Massachusetts as a first lieutenant but was soon transferred . In 1862 , he became colonel of the 61st New York Infantry . After the war , Miles became a colonel in the Regular Army and steadily rose through the ranks , ultimately becoming the Commanding General of the United States Army in 1895 .
Arthur Soden served as a hospital steward with the 22nd Massachusetts . After the war , he went on to become an influential figure during the formative years of Major League Baseball as president of the Boston Red Stockings and , briefly , as the president of the National League .
Marshall S. Pike was a well @-@ known singer , poet and songwriter before the war . He served as drum major for the 22nd regimental band and was taken captive at the battle of Gaines ' Mill . After his release in December 1862 , he was discharged and resumed his career as an entertainer and songwriter .
= = = Regimental Association = = =
As the remains of the regiment were en route back to Boston in October 1864 , the officers met to form a regimental association to organize annual reunions of the officers . These reunions were eventually opened to enlisted men and the reunions became large events . In 1870 , the regimental association was more formally organized with the election of officers and the establishment of by @-@ laws . Its purpose was " to preserve the history and perpetuate [ the 22nd 's ] deeds and their men " . The reunions were typically held at the Parker House in Boston . The association organized a number of projects in honor of the 22nd 's former members including placing a bust of Henry Wilson in the Massachusetts State House and the construction , in 1885 , of the 22nd Massachusetts regimental monument near the Wheatfield on the Gettysburg battlefield .
= = = Reenactment group = = =
The 22nd Massachusetts is memorialized by a group of Civil War re @-@ enactors , the 22nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry , Inc . , who portray Company D of the regiment at various civic events , educational programs , and Civil War re @-@ enactments . The group is based on the South Shore of Massachusetts .
= Richie McCaw =
Richard Hugh " Richie " McCaw ONZ ( born 31 December 1980 ) is a former New Zealand rugby union player , who captained the All Blacks – the country 's national team – in 110 out of his 148 test matches . He is the most capped test rugby player of all time .
McCaw predominantly played in the openside flanker position for the New Zealand , Crusaders and Canterbury teams , but had also played as blindside flanker and no . 8 . McCaw has won the World Rugby player of the year award a record three times ( equal with Dan Carter ) . His ability to anticipate play and adaptability to referee 's law interpretations are two of his key attributes . He was raised in Kurow in rural North Otago , before moving to Dunedin in 1994 to board at Otago Boys ' High School . In 1999 he moved to Christchurch to study at Lincoln University and was selected in the national under @-@ 19 team . The following year he played for the Under @-@ 21s and Canterbury in the National Provincial Championship ( NPC ) , before debuting in 2001 for the Crusaders in Super Rugby .
He was selected for the All Blacks ' 2001 end @-@ of @-@ year tour , despite having played only eight minutes of Super 12 rugby . His debut for New Zealand was against Ireland , where he was awarded man @-@ of @-@ the @-@ match and was selected as New Zealand 's first choice openside flanker for the 2003 World Cup . McCaw became a regular selection for New Zealand , only missing a few games due to recurring concussions . In 2006 he was appointed captain of the All Blacks – who he led at the 2007 World Cup . After their elimination in the quarter @-@ finals , his captaincy came under criticism , but he was retained and eventually led the team to consecutive world cup titles in the 2011 and 2015 Rugby World Cups , becoming one of only twenty dual Rugby Union World Cup winners .
During McCaw 's career , Canterbury won the NPC ( later ITM Cup ) five times , and the Crusaders have reached the Super Rugby semi @-@ finals nine times , going on to win the final on four of these occasions . Since his debut , the All Blacks have won seven Tri @-@ Nations titles , completed three successful Grand Slam tours and won the Bledisloe Cup eight times . In 2010 McCaw played his 100th Super Rugby game , made a record @-@ equalling 94th test appearance for his country , and became New Zealand 's most capped All Black captain – leading the side in 87 test matches , making him the highest capped test Captain in Rugby Union history . In 2010 his contract was NZ $ 750 @,@ 000 per year , making him the equal highest paid player in New Zealand . In the 2011 World Cup Pool game against France , McCaw became the first All Black to reach 100 caps . On 23 October , McCaw led his team to their second World Cup title in 24 years by beating France 8 – 7 in the final . In 2012 , after the win against the Springboks in Soweto , McCaw became the first rugby union player to win 100 tests – while at the time only having lost 12 games .
McCaw is the most @-@ capped player in rugby union history with 148 caps , having overtaken former Irish centre Brian O 'Driscoll 's record in 2015 . McCaw has also equaled the record for most appearances at the Rugby World Cup with English prop Jason Leonard .
His autobiography , Richie McCaw : The Open Side , was co @-@ written with Greg McGee and released
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
continue to play throughout the World Cup tournament and lifted the Webb Ellis trophy after a tense 8 – 7 victory over France . This was the lowest score in a final in World Cup history . After the final , the All Black coach Graham Henry stated " He can hardly walk and how he played today I just don 't know , " and he acknowledged the All Blacks probably would not have won without him . Following the World Cup x @-@ rays showed that the screw in his foot , necessary to stop the deterioration of the original injury had caused a second fracture . The fracture again , required a further operation .
After the Rugby World Cup McCaw was selected in the RWC Dream Team . This team was determined by public vote , with over 160 @,@ 000 votes cast . In addition , for the second successive year McCaw was named the New Zealand sportsperson of the year at the Halberg awards .
= = = 2012 – 2015 = = =
Under new coach Steve Hansen , the All Blacks won 12 tests , drew one and only lost one test in 2012 , as well as winning the new Rugby Championship with a 100 % winning record . During this time McCaw overtook George Gregan for most times on the winning side with 94 . He also recorded his 100th win against South Africa in Dunedin . Richie McCaw was a nominee for the IRB Player of the Year award but lost out to team mate Dan Carter .
In the first half of 2013 , in order to rest his body and improve his chances of playing in the 2015 Rugby World Cup McCaw enforced the sabbatical clause in his NZRFU contract . As a result , he only played the latter rounds of Super Rugby , and missed the 2013 French Test Series . He later returned to captain the All Blacks as they successfully defended the Rugby Championship . During this campaign , McCaw equalled ( with Brian O 'Driscoll of Ireland and John Smit of South Africa ) the record as captaining the most test matches ( 83 ) . McCaw subsequently overtook this record when playing in Japan on 2 November 2013 . Following the All Blacks victory over the Springboks in Ellis Park , McCaw has played and won at every major Rugby Test stadium . Along with Kieran Read , McCaw led the All Blacks to a perfect season in 2013 , winning 14 out of 14 .
McCaw captained New Zealand for the 100th time on 22 November 2014 in the end of year international against Wales . He is the first rugby union player to achieve 100 caps as captain .
On 15 August 2015 , McCaw surpassed Ireland 's Brian O 'Driscoll world record , as the most capped rugby player when he won his 142 cap against Australia in the Bledisloe Cup .
On 31 October 2015 , McCaw captained New Zealand to retain the Rugby World Cup after a 34 @-@ 17 win against Australia in the final at Twickenham .
On 19 November 2015 , McCaw announced his retirement from rugby .
= = Playing style = =
McCaw predominately played at openside flanker , although he has played in the other " loose forward " positions of blindside flanker and number eight for the Crusaders . The openside flanker binds to the side of the scrum farthest from the touch @-@ line and is usually one of the first players to reach a breakdown . In 2008 , McCaw told the IRB :
" My main role as a flanker is , defensively , to tie in with the back line to ensure that the defence works well . On attack I think my primary role at first phase is to look after our ball . You attack the back line and I 'm usually the first person there to make sure we secure that ball . Thirdly I put pressure on break downs and make sure I disturb their ball and try to turn their ball over . "
McCaw is regarded as the best openside flanker of all time . He has been awarded the IRB Player of the Year a record three times and has been nominated on eight occasions . When he received the IRB Player of The Year award for the third time former Australian lock and award chairperson John Eales described him as " an outstanding captain , a world class player and a role model for our sport " . Along with Dan Carter , he is seen as one of the most influential members of the All Blacks . McCaw considers his ability to anticipate play as one of his most important skills . Australian openside David Pocock , who was also shortlisted for the IRB award , admires the way he reads the game as well as his ability to read the referee . One of McCaw 's strengths is his ability to re @-@ invent himself . For example , he adapted quickly to changes in the breakdown laws ( e.g. , the 2008 the Experimental Law Variations ( ELVS ) and the 2010 New IRB Law Interpretations ) and , over time , other areas of his game .
Following the All Blacks win over Wallabies to claim their 3rd World Cup , All Blacks Coach Steve Hansen praised McCaw 's and Dan Carter 's career efforts , distinguishing McCaw from Carter :
“ Richie is the best All Black we have ever had and Dan is a close second , ” said Hansen . “ The only thing that separates them is Richie has played 148 matches at flanker , which is unheard of - you put your body on the line every time you go there . The challenge for the other guys now is to try and become as great as him and Dan . ”
Not all agree with McCaw 's playing style and many believe that he pushes the boundaries of legality . He has been labeled a " cheat " by both former South Africa coach Peter de Villiers and former Australian coach Bob Dwyer . Longtime Springboks lock Victor Matfield said in 2010 that the referees let " him get away with murder " at the breakdown . Shortly after the 2011 Rugby World Cup Final , veteran France back @-@ rower Imanol Harinordoquy said about McCaw 's play in that match , " He played the whole match in our camp . He did a lot of things and nobody [ specifically match referee Craig Joubert ] told him anything . Three minutes from the end of the game , I saw him dive on the side of a ruck and he stayed there for ages . " Media footage has been released pinpointing unpenalised transgressions during a match against Australia . Former Australian coach Eddie Jones and flanker Phil Waugh say he does no more than any other good openside , but his skill at judging how the referee will interpret the breakdown is the main reason for his success . McCaw admits that he tests the referee early " to know what you can get away with " and that only an " idiot " would not adapt to their rulings .
Teammate Aaron Mauger , along with many New Zealand fans , have suggested that McCaw 's influence and playing style has made him a target for illegitimate play . International players Phil Waugh , Jamie Heaslip , Marcus Horan , Lote Tuqiri , Andy Powell , Dylan Hartley , Quade Cooper , Dean Greyling , Kevin McLaughlin and Scott Higginbotham have been accused of making " cheap shots " on McCaw . He has even been on the receiving end from his All Black teammates when playing for the Crusaders , with Neemia Tialata , Jerry Collins and Ali Williams becoming frustrated with his play . According to McCaw " what happens on the field stays on the field " and if he gets extra attention it is because he " must be doing something right " .
In 2012 , Wallabies fans and Australian media speculated about McCaw 's possible decline . To counter the McCaw threat Wallabies coach Robbie Deans and selectors wagered the potential returns in finishing games with two openside flankers on the field . In September 2012 after the All Blacks v South African Test in Dunedin , current South African coach Heyneke Meyer said that McCaw was the greatest rugby player the world has ever seen .
= = International record by opposition = =
Correct as of 1 November 2015
= = Playing achievements = =
Victory at every major Rugby Test Stadium
= = Leading of the Haka = =
Despite McCaw being a Pākehā ( of European descent ) as captain he had occasionally led the haka for the All Blacks . He led the Ka Mate version 11 times , the first being in November 2006 against France and the last against Australia in August 2015 . In addition to these in the final of the 2015 Rugby World Cup against Australia McCaw led the team in a post match Ka Mate haka ( Keven Mealamu led the prematch Kapa o Pango version ) .
= = Personal life = =
In January 2013 it was reported that he had been seeing hockey player Gemma Flynn for the past six months . McCaw announced his engagement to Flynn in January 2016 .
His other sporting passion is flying and he has been made an honorary Squadron Leader in the Royal New Zealand Air Force . McCaw learned to fly gliders from his grandfather , who flew more than 300 missions in the Second World War . In 2009 he convinced the head of the Discovery network in Australia and New Zealand to do a show about gliding . They filmed McCaw gliding at Omarama on the extreme sports series Sportstar Insider , which was hosted by former Australian rugby league player Andrew Ettingshausen . After the 2010 Canterbury earthquake he auctioned a personal flying lesson through Trade Me to raise money for the badly damaged Hororata St Johns Church . He is also raising money for a young Samoan who broke his neck playing rugby and whose village was destroyed in the 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami . It was revealed at his retirement announcement in 2015 that McCaw will work at Christchurch Helicopters , where he is a Director and Shareholder , and is obtaining a commercial helicopter licence .
In 2010 , McCaw and Dan Carter were on a NZ $ 750 @,@ 000 a year contract that will see them through to the end of the 2011 Rugby World Cup , making them the highest paid rugby players in New Zealand at the time . This contract would still apply if they had not been selected for the World Cup squad .
= = = Order of New Zealand = = =
In December 2011 , Prime Minister John Key revealed that he had asked McCaw about the possibility of a knighthood in the 2012 New Year Honours , but that McCaw had turned it down . According to Key , " He made the call that he 's still in his playing career and it didn 't feel quite right for him , that day where he 's no longer on the pitch may be the right time for him . " No formal offer was ultimately made . McCaw was appointed a member of New Zealand 's highest honour , the Order of New Zealand , in the 2016 New Year Honours . The honour surpassed the knighthood he had previously turned down prior to his retirement because only 20 living New Zealanders can gain membership at any one time .
= Ascension ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Ascension " is the sixth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on October 21 , 1994 . It was written by Paul Brown , directed by Michael Lange , and featured guest appearances by Steve Railsback , Nicholas Lea , Steven Williams and Sheila Larken . The episode helped explore the series ' overarching mythology .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . However , the events of " Ascension " are a continuation of the plot of the preceding episode , " Duane Barry " . Following the kidnapping of Scully by an unhinged alien abductee Duane Barry ( Steve Railsback ) , Mulder races to track her down .
The decision to have the character of Scully abducted was driven by necessity , as Anderson had become pregnant and required time off from production . " Ascension " earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 @.@ 6 , being watched by 9 @.@ 2 million households in its initial broadcast , and received positive reviews from critics .
= = Plot = =
Upon hearing the voicemail showing Dana Scully 's ( Gillian Anderson ) kidnapping by Duane Barry , her partner Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) heads to her apartment and surveys the crime scene . He meets with Scully 's mother , Margaret , who claims to have had a dream about her being taken away . The next morning , Assistant Director Walter Skinner tells Mulder that he is " too close " to the case to be involved , and orders another FBI agent , Alex Krycek ( Nicholas Lea ) , to escort him home . Meanwhile , Barry speeds down the Blue Ridge Parkway when he is pulled over by a highway patrol officer . When Scully — locked in the trunk — tries to get the officer 's attention , Barry kills him . Mulder reviews a video of the traffic stop , and sees that Scully is still alive .
Mulder realizes that Barry is heading to a ski resort at Skyland Mountain , the location of Barry 's original abduction ; he is attempting to follow through with his original plan of having the aliens abduct someone there in his place . Krycek informs the Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) of these findings before departing with Mulder . When they arrive , Mulder boards the resort 's aerial tramway in the hopes of reaching its peak before Barry . However , Krycek tries to delay Mulder by sabotaging the tramway 's journey upward . Mulder manages to complete the journey and witnesses a strange light in the area . Upon finding Barry 's car , Mulder sees no trace of Scully except her necklace . He then encounters a joyous Barry , who claims that she was taken by " them . "
When Mulder interrogates Barry , he becomes so enraged that he nearly strangles him , only to stop himself . When he leaves the room , he orders Krycek to not let anyone inside ; however , he finds Krycek talking to Barry when he returns . When Skinner arrives minutes later , Barry breaks into convulsions and dies . Later , at the FBI Academy in Quantico , Mulder attempts to question the doctor who performed Barry 's autopsy ; she refuses to provide details since it was performed by the military instead of the FBI , claiming no other doctors were available . Mulder and Krycek are ordered to take a polygraph test about Barry 's death .
Krycek meets with the Smoking Man , and suggests that they kill Mulder . However , the Smoking Man orders that Mulder be left alive , unless they want to risk " turning one man 's religion into a crusade " . A desperate Mulder tries to visit Senator Matheson , a patron of his work , only to be discouraged from doing so by his secretive informant , X ( Steven Williams ) . In his car , Mulder finds spent cigarettes from the Smoking Man 's meeting with Krycek . Realizing Krycek 's role in Scully 's abduction , Mulder submits a report to Skinner accusing Krycek of impeding his investigation and killing Barry . Skinner summons Krycek to his office , only to learn that he has disappeared . Skinner then announces to Mulder that he is officially re @-@ opening the X @-@ Files .
Mulder meets with Margaret Scully in a park , and tries to give her Scully 's necklace . Margaret returns the necklace to Mulder , asking that he give it to Scully when he finds her . Margaret also says that she had the dream again about losing her daughter ; Mulder takes this as a hopeful sign that Scully may still be alive . A mournful Mulder later returns to Skyland Mountain , to the field where Scully was abducted . Seemingly alone without her , he looks up into the stars .
= = Production = =
The idea to have Scully abducted originated when Gillian Anderson became pregnant in the middle of the first season . While initially upset , those in charge of the show never considered dropping the actress from the show . Ideas such as having Scully give birth to an alien baby were dismissed and ultimately the writers decided to work around the pregnancy by closing the X @-@ Files , separating Mulder and Scully , and eventually having her be abducted . This permitted the producers to have an explanation for Scully 's absence ( she appears in only two scenes in " Ascension " and not at all in the next episode , " 3 " ) . Series creator Chris Carter commented that both the censors and the producers were reluctant on showing Scully in the trunk , but he " fought for that image " as he considered it conveyed the sense of danger to the character . Carter added the scenes of the experiment were meant to be ambiguous on whether Scully was abducted by aliens , the military , or both .
" Ascension " featured guest appearances from Steve Railsback , Nicholas Lea , Steven Williams and Sheila Larken . David Duchovny provided his own stunts in this episode , including being dangled in the aerial lift , shot in a single day at Grouse Mountain in North Vancouver , British Columbia . The backdrop for Barry 's drive was done in a neighbouring mountain , Mount Seymour . The tagline for this episode is " Deny Everything " , replacing the usual phrase " The Truth is Out There . "
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Ascension " premiered on the Fox network on October 21 , 1994 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on October 2 , 1995 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 @.@ 6 with a 16 share , meaning that roughly 9 @.@ 6 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 16 percent of households watching TV , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 9 @.@ 2 million households watched this episode during its original airing .
In a retrospective of the second season in Entertainment Weekly , the episode was rated an A , being described as " an expertly paced race against time " . The handling of Anderson 's pregnancy was called " creative " , while the re @-@ opening of the X @-@ Files unit and the revelation of Krycek as a villainous character were noted as highlights . Writing for the A.V. Club , Zack Handlen called " Ascension " an " essential " episode , adding that it serves to " raise the stakes without losing the core of the show 's appeal , and solve a technical problem in the most creatively satisfying way possible " . Handlen also praised Nicholas Lea 's portrayal of agent Alex Krycek , but felt that the character 's role as a double agent was revealed too soon in the series . Critical Myth gave this episode 9 / 10 , stating " [ a ] s convoluted and bastardized as that plot thread would become , at this stage of the game , it was one of the best episodes of the series to date . "
= Donut Run =
" Donut Run " is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the thirty @-@ third episode overall . Written and directed by series creator Rob Thomas , " Donut Run " premiered on January 25 , 2006 on UPN .
The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a high school student while moonlighting as a private detective . In this episode , after Meg 's death in " One Angry Veronica " , Duncan ( Teddy Dunn ) steals his baby daughter and runs away with her . Meanwhile , Logan ( Jason Dohring ) and Weevil ( Francis Capra ) work together on solving Felix Toombs 's murder .
" Donut Run " was the first episode of the series to be directed by Rob Thomas . The episode also features the final regular appearance by series regular Duncan Kane ( Teddy Dunn ) . Fans often expressed their dislike for the character and his relationship with Veronica , preferring the Veronica @-@ Logan relationship . " Donut Run " was the lowest @-@ rated episode of the series . Nevertheless , it was critically acclaimed .
= = Synopsis = =
Veronica and Logan ride the elevator and reach the apartment before finding Kendall ( Charisma Carpenter ) , indicating that Duncan was sleeping with her . Veronica confronts Duncan , who abruptly breaks up with her in the middle of the fight . After their breakup , Veronica slips into a depression ; Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) attempts to console her to no avail . Logan and Weevil discuss who killed Felix , and they deduce that whoever it was in cahoots with the Fitzpatricks . Sheriff Lamb ( Michael Muhney ) comes in and informs Veronica that Duncan has disappeared and kidnapped his daughter , Faith . He arrests Veronica as a supposed accomplice . At the police station , Keith pressures Veronica to tell the truth about her unknowing involvement in supplying the finances for the kidnapping . Afterwards , Sheriff Lamb requires her to write down everything she knows on a notepad . Logan asks Dick ( Ryan Hansen ) to get some drugs for the Pacific Coast Highway biker gang . Vinnie Van Lowe ( Ken Marino ) talks to Veronica and says that he ’ ll find Duncan before she does .
Veronica learns that Wallace didn ’ t come back to Neptune to play basketball , as he originally said . Dick delivers the drugs , and Logan learns that Hector is now the prime suspect in Felix 's death . Two FBI agents talk to Sheriff Lamb , intent on getting the baby back . Veronica shows some information about Duncan ’ s computer . Weevil talks to Hector , who denies the accusation . The FBI agents and Sheriff Lamb learn that Duncan stole a boat . However , when the boat is searched they do not find anyone — just evidence that people were there . Veronica thinks that Duncan has been picked up by someone . Veronica asks Vinnie Van Lowe to give a letter to Duncan . Weevil talks to Sean Friedrich ( Kevin Sheridan ) , a drug dealer , but learns that he wasn ’ t working for the Fitzpatricks . Veronica talks to Wallace ( Percy Daggs III ) , who says that a teammate crashed his car into a man and drove away while he was in it . He felt incredibly guilty and decided to come back .
Veronica receives a short call from Duncan just as the FBI agents track Duncan ’ s location . Veronica goes into an abandoned apartment , where she meets Duncan . It turns out that the set of events that seemed to point towards Duncan having stolen the baby were a scam so that Veronica and Duncan could successfully smuggle Duncan and the baby to Mexico together . Sheriff Lamb learns this fact just as Keith finds diapers in the apartment . A reporter contacts Wallace . Sheriff Lamb goes down to Mexico and asks around for Duncan Kane . Keith angrily confronts Veronica about her actions regarding the baby . The FBI agents search Veronica ’ s apartment . Weevil learns that Felix was dating Molly Fitzpatrick . Sheriff Lamb continues his search before finding his trunk unloaded . Duncan , disguised as a hitchhiker , gets picked up by Vinnie Van Lowe and Astrid ( Celeste ’ s assistant ) , and they drive off into the distance .
= = Arc significance = =
Duncan escapes Neptune and leaves the United States with his baby daughter , Faith Manning , whom he has renamed Lilly . Veronica aided him in this escapade , and when Keith learns about her involvement , he states that he will never be able to trust her again . Wallace returned to Neptune because he was involved in a drunk driving incident in Chicago . Weevil and Logan continue to work together to solve Felix 's murder and learn that Felix was dating Molly Fitzpatrick .
= = Production = =
The episode was written and directed by series creator Rob Thomas . Although Thomas had previously written " Pilot " , " Credit Where Credit 's Due " , " Leave It to Beaver " , and " Normal Is the Watchword " , this is his first directing credit for the show and his first professional directing credit . In an interview , Thomas expressed nervousness around the shoot , especially when to call " Action . " Thomas also made sure that he directed an episode that he 'd written . When asked about how it came to be that Thomas directed an episode , he replied :
It could not have made less sense , for me to direct an episode right smack in the middle of the season . And it about killed me . For a month there , I was doing two jobs , and they 're both very full time , directing an episode and still running the show and looking at cuts of the show , looking at scripts , doing casting — all of that had to keep going while I was directing , and it was really difficult . I think if I direct in the future , it 'll be episode 20 , 21 , or 22 , so all the scripts are in , and I don 't have both hats on at the same time .
Being a first @-@ time director , the network is , what 's the word I 'm looking for – they don 't want a first @-@ time director directing one of their sweeps episodes , so it created a limited number of episodes that I could choose from .
The episode features the final regular appearance by Duncan Kane ( played by Teddy Dunn ) , after his character was written off the series . Duncan would later cameo in the season two finale , " Not Pictured " . Thomas attributed Duncan 's departure to the lack of fan interest in Veronica and Duncan 's relationship and the more enthusiastic reception to the Veronica @-@ Logan relationship , stating that " You know , we had two romantic possibilities for Veronica . One sort of dominated the fans ' interest . And it became clear that one suitor won out . "
From the very beginning of the series , fans had expressed dislike towards the character of Duncan . However , he decided to keep playing the character . In a later interview , he said , " Obviously , I acted because I wanted the fans to like the experience . You want your performance to be liked . You don 't want to suck . You don 't want people to think you suck . That wasn 't the goal . " Towards the end of the airing of the first season , he stated , " I 'm going to be there in every episode next season if we get a second season . So people will either continue to hate me or things will change . Things are going to change for Duncan anyway , as the season resolves . There are going to be different sides of him that you 're going to get to see . " Before going into the filming of season two , Thomas had told Dunn that he was being written off the show , and Dunn did not react badly to the news , as by that point , it " was actually a decision " for him to return for the second season at all .
The episode features a special guest @-@ starring appearance by actress Lucy Lawless as an FBI agent . " Donut Run " marks the final appearance of recurring character Celeste Kane .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its original broadcast , " Donut Run " received 1 @.@ 62 million viewers , becoming the lowest @-@ rated episode of the series overall and marking a sharp decrease in 1 @.@ 8 million viewers from the previous episode , " One Angry Veronica " and ranking 118th of 121 in the weekly rankings .
= = = Reviews = = =
The episode received critical acclaim . Writing for The A.V. Club , Rowan Kaiser gave the episode a positive review , stating that the characters knowing facts that the audience doesn 't worked . " ' Donut Run ' actually does this well , in large part because the heist that we 're seeing — Duncan and Veronica stealing the coma baby — requires that Duncan and Veronica stage a breakup , meaning that Veronica seems to be a free , bitter agent for the bulk of the episode . " Price Peterson of TV.com heavily praised what he called a " great episode " and " a fitting send @-@ off for Duncan " . He elaborated that " as much as he and Veronica were a good match , there 's only so much you can do dramatically with a happy relationship , you know ? I 'm kind of glad she 's back to being a free agent again . "
Amy Ratcliffe of IGN called the episode the third best episode of the series , behind " Weapons of Class Destruction " and " Leave It to Beaver " . The publication stated that " this fast @-@ paced episode … had switches and secrets and is a tad reminiscent of Oceans 11 " and that the characterization of Vinnie Van Lowe was " a pleasing little touch . " Vulture listed the episode 's use of " How Can You Mend a Broken Heart " by Al Green and " Adelaide " by The Old 97 's on its list of " 16 Perfect Musical Moments from Veronica Mars " . Katie Atkinson of Entertainment Weekly ranked " Donut Run " as one of " the 10 essential episodes of Veronica Mars " , noting " The Air That I Breathe " by The Hollies as a musical standout . Kath Skerry of Give Me My Remote called the episode the 2nd best of the series , behind " Not Pictured " , writing that " This episode is arguably the biggest game @-@ changer of Veronica Mars . It ’ s also one of the saddest , " also writing that it " featured one of the most moving scenes of the series . " BuzzFeed ranked the episode 14th on its list of the best Veronica Mars episodes , writing that " so many great things happen in this one . "
Reviews were not all positive . Television Without Pity gave a more mixed review , saying that there were " quite a few problems " with the episode and grading it a B- . The reviewer argued that the episode lacked clarity in the supporting characters ' involvement in the story and did not provide a satisfying or realistic conclusion to Veronica and Duncan 's relationship . TVLine ranked the episode 40th out of 64 on its list of Veronica Mars episodes .
= M13 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage =
The M13 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage ( MGMC ) , otherwise known as the M13 Half @-@ track , was a self @-@ propelled anti @-@ aircraft gun used by the U.S. Army during World War II that was armed with two .50 caliber M2HB heavy @-@ barrel Browning machine guns . Developed in response to a requirement for a mobile anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) vehicle , the vehicle was produced by the White Motor Company between July 1942 and May 1943 . The only time it was ever used in combat was when the Americans landed at Anzio in January 1944 . It was replaced by the more heavily armed M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage in April 1944 .
The M13 evolved from a series of several unsuccessful prototypes that were trialed from 1940 to 1942 . Of these , the T1E4 was selected and given the official name of the M13 MGMC , before being placed into production . Half of the M13s produced were converted into M16s on the production lines .
= = Specifications = =
The M13 Half @-@ track was 21 feet 4 inches ( 6 @.@ 50 m ) long , 7 feet 1 inches ( 2 @.@ 16 m ) wide , and 7 feet 8 inches ( 2 @.@ 34 m ) high with a wheelbase of 135 @.@ 5 inches ( 3 @.@ 44 m ) . It had bogie suspension for the wheels and vertical volute springs for the tracks . It had a 60 US gallon ( 230 l ) fuel capacity and a range of 175 miles ( 282 km ) . The vehicle was powered by a six @-@ cylinder White 160AX , 128 horsepower ( 95 kW ) , 386 cubic inches ( 6 @,@ 330 cc ) gasoline engine , with a compression ratio of 6 @.@ 3 : 1 . It had a power @-@ to @-@ weight ratio of 15 @.@ 8 horsepower per ton and weighed nine tons . The armor across most of the vehicle was 0 @.@ 25 inch ( 6 mm ) thick with a 0 @.@ 5 inch ( 12 mm ) thick windscreen visor . The vehicle was armed with two 0 @.@ 5 inch M2 Browning heavy machine guns placed on an M33 Maxson mount . The two machine guns were fired remotely and powered by a small electrical motor near the back of the turret . The guns were aimed with a Mark 9 reflector sight . Each vehicle had a crew of five ( commander , driver , gunner , and two ammunition loaders ) .
= = Development = =
= = = Early experiments = = =
In October 1940 , development began to produce a vehicle in response to a long @-@ standing requirement for an anti @-@ aircraft vehicle to protect the U.S. Army 's mechanized troop convoys from aerial attack . The first vehicle produced in the development of a half track with an anti @-@ aircraft armament was the T1 , which had two M2 machine guns on a Bendix machine gun mount — as used on jeeps — on a 4 × 4 truck . The T1E1 had a power @-@ operated Bendix mount , and the T1E2 a Maxson mount . The T1E3 had an electro @-@ dynamic Glenn L. Martin Company aircraft @-@ type turret . Evaluation of these test vehicles led to the T1E2 design being preferred . The T1E2 became the M16 Half @-@ track by replacing the M33 with the M45 mount and the M2 Half @-@ track chassis with the M3 Half @-@ track chassis .
= = = T1E4 and M13 = = =
The next stage of development was to use the T1E2 configuration on the longer chassis of the M3 Half @-@ track , since it could store more ammunition . This vehicle , originally designated as the T1E4 , was accepted into production as the M13 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage on 27 July 1942 . A total of 1 @,@ 103 examples of this variant were produced from 27 July 1942 to 15 May 1943 . Half of them ( 583 ) were converted into M16s by the White Motor Company before reaching the army . Deliveries began in late 1943 .
= = Service history = =
The M13 served at the landing at Anzio with the VI Corps of the Fifth United States Army in January 1944 . It was used as an anti @-@ aircraft weapon during the initial landing and then later as a ground support weapon to repel heavy German panzer attacks on the beachhead . It was replaced three months later by the M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage in April 1944 . Only 139 examples were deployed overseas by the U.S. Army .
Ten were transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend @-@ Lease .
= = Prototypes = =
T1 – This variant used two M2 Browning heavy machine guns on a Bendix mount on a 4 × 4 truck . This model , like most of the others , was a prototype . It was tested in June – July 1941 at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds , but was rejected because of the " excessive dispersion of ammunition " .
T1E1 – Another prototype that used the Bendix mount on a M2 Half @-@ track Car . It was cancelled in April 1942 .
T1E2 – This variant was essentially the same as the T1E1 except the Bendix mount was replaced with the M33 Maxson mount . After the M33 was replaced with the M45 Quadmount it was accepted as the M16 Half @-@ track .
T1E3 – A T1E1 with a Martin turret designed for use on bombers .
= = Derivatives = =
T1E4 / M13 – The Martin turret was replaced by the M33 and was based on the M3 Half @-@ track . It was accepted as the M13 Half @-@ track in July 1942 . A total of 139 examples of this variant saw action at Anzio as a ground support weapon used to repel heavy German attacks . It was replaced by the M16 in April 1944 .
M14 Half @-@ track – This variant had the same armament as the M13 but used the slightly different M5 Half @-@ track chassis built by International Harvester for the Lend @-@ Lease Program . The M14 was mostly supplied to Britain , where they were converted back to regular half @-@ tracks . A total of 1602 were produced by International Harvester .
,
= Suga Mama =
" Suga Mama " is a song recorded by American R & B singer Beyoncé Knowles for her second studio album , B 'Day ( 2006 ) . It was written by Knowles , Rich Harrison , and Makeba Riddick , and produced by Harrison and Knowles . " Suga Mama " is influenced by 1970s funk and rock music . An R & B and soul song , " Suga Mama " is built on a hip hop and jazzy beat , and samples Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers ' song " Searching for Soul " , written by Chuck Middleton . Lyrically , it features the female protagonist willing to pay large sums of money to keep her love interest contented .
" Suga Mama " was generally well received by music critics , who noted it as one of the highlights from B 'Day and complimented Harrison 's production . However , there was some limited criticism about Knowles ' vocal delivery on the song . Though not released as a single , " Suga Mama " had a music video filmed in black @-@ and @-@ white , and directed by Melina Matsoukas and Knowles , for the B 'Day Anthology Video Album . It received a limited release to British music TV channels . " Suga Mama " was added on the set list of Knowles ' world tour , The Beyoncé Experience ( 2007 ) .
= = Recording = =
Knowles enlisted Harrison as one of the five co @-@ producers of B 'Day , and she arranged for him , Sean Garrett and Rodney Jerkins to be given individual rooms at Sony Music Studios in New York City . Knowles said she fostered " healthy competition " between the producers by going into each of their rooms and commenting on the " great beats " the others were creating . She and Harrison had previously collaborated on her 2003 single " Crazy in Love " , which uses a prominent soul music sample in a similar manner to " Suga Mama " . Fox News said that " Suga Mama " and " Freakum Dress " , Harrison 's other contribution to B 'Day " fall short of originality but mimic the Chi Lites [ sic ] percussion section [ of " Crazy in Love " ] yet again " , adding , " Harrison is like the Indiana Jones of soul , constantly pulling out forgotten gems of the past for sampling [ ... ] You can 't help but think : Thank God someone wrote music in the past that can be repurposed now . "
= = Music and theme = =
" Suga Mama " is a moderate R & B and soul song that displays influences of the 1960s as well as 1970s funk and rock music . It also song contains limited elements of the 1980s go @-@ go and sounds more closely resembling live music than Knowles ' previous recordings . According to the sheet music published by Hal Leonard Corporation , " Suga Mama " was composed using common time in the key of G minor , with a moderate tempo of 94 beats per minute .
Knowles ' vocals span from the low note of C4 to the high note of G5 as she sings on a hip hop and jazzy beat . The main instrumentation is provided by a bluesy guitar . IGN Music noted that " Suga Mama " is built of a " static grit groove " , and Jody Rosen of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the song consists of a mixture of " brute power and slick syncopation " . It samples Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers ' song " Searching for Soul " , which was written by Chuck Middleton .
" Suga Mama " features the female protagonist offering up the keys to her house and car , and her credit card just to keep her love interest and his good loving at home , presumably so that he can listen to her collection of old soul records . These interpretations are shown in the lines : " It 's so good to the point that I 'll do anything just to keep you home ... Tell me what you want me to buy , my accountant 's waiting on the phone ... " . The woman also sees the man as a sex object , asking him to sit on her lap and " take it off while I watch you perform " . Staff members of USA Today contrasted " Suga Mama " with the 1999 song " Bills , Bills , Bills " by Destiny 's Child ( of which Knowles was a member ) , writing that " From needing somebody to pay her automo @-@ bills , [ Knowles is ] now doling out the cash as a satisfaction @-@ seeking ' Suga Mama ' . " Dave de Sylvi of Sputnikmusic noted that Knowles sings : " I could be like a jolly rancher that you get from the corner store " with the same sense of mischief as Christina Aguilera on ' Candyman ' ( 2007 ) . " On the other hand , Gail Mitchell of Billboard magazine noticed that the song 's lyrical arrangement was similar to that of Tina Turner 's work . A remix of the song features American rapper Consequence .
= = Critical reception = =
The song received generally positive reviews . Jim DeRogatis of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , who reviewed B 'Day negatively , wrote that " Suga Mama " was the " best moment " on the album , and that it " owes much of its charm to lifts from Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers " . Likewise , Bernard Zuel The Sydney Morning Herald cited " Suga Mama " as one of the " good moments " on B 'Day , writing : " ... followed by a dud ... the slinky funk of ' Suga Mama ' is trodden on by the mechanical ' Upgrade U ' and then trampled by the posturing and eventually annoying ' Ring the Alarm ' " . Chris Richards of The Washington Post commented that Rich Harrison " delivers again with ' Suga Mama ' , twisting a vintage Soul Searchers sample into a gritty , loping groove . Beyonce sounds right at home on this one ... And while it doesn 't quite eclipse ' Crazy in Love ' , it 's still B 'Day 's finest moment . " Andy Kellman of Allmusic described " Suga Mama " as a " spectacularly layered " track .
Eb Haynes of AllHipHop considered " Suga Mama " to be an embodiment of " the woman wearing and buying $ 500 stiletto pumps . " Dave de Sylvi of Sputnikmusic wrote that Knowles is as " sweet and faux @-@ innocent " as the 1960s soul stars in the song . Jody Rosen of Entertainment Weekly wrote that songs such as " Suga Mama " showcase of Knowles ' virtuosity and continued , " No one – not R. Kelly , not Usher , to say nothing of her rival pop divas – can match Beyoncé 's genius for dragging her vocal lines [ ... ] " . By contrast , IGN Music criticized Knowles ' vocals in the song , writing that she " comes in over the low @-@ end track with too much earnestness , drowning out the funky grooves with her piercing dramatic mezzo @-@ soprano . If she were a throaty alto , she 'd fit the beats that have been served up to her much more appropriately . "
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video for " Suga Mama " was released to British music channels in April 2007 . It was shot in black @-@ and @-@ white and was co @-@ directed by Melina Matsoukas alongside Knowles for the B 'Day Anthology Video Album , which was released the same month ; " Suga Mama " was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the video album . It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair , wearing men 's clothing and smoking a cigar . She gets up and begins to pole dance . The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube , dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed , lying in a circle of light , and riding a mechanical bull . Knowles said she is meant to " slowly become a woman " during the video , adding " Well , a sexier woman – I 'm always a woman . "
Knowles rehearsed the pole dancing using two ballet bars , which was when it was decided to add a pole above her head to form an arc . Though she is from Texas , she had never previously been on mechanical bull . There were no problems during warm @-@ ups , but the man operating the bull during the video shoot programmed it to go faster , causing Knowles to fall off when she tried to perform tricks such as lifting up her foot , leaning back and turning around . To minimize the time Knowles spent on the bull , the director shot the sequence at twelve frames per second ( see frame rate ) and Knowles sang twice as quickly , but it wasn 't until 4 : 00 am that they completed work .
= = Live performances = =
Although Knowles did not perform " Suga Mama " in any televised appearances , the song was a part of her set list on The Beyoncé Experience ( 2007 ) . In Los Angeles , Knowles performed segments of the song , dressed in a golden , translucent slip and golden , sparkling panties . It was executed without backup dancers , but with live instrumentation and only backup singers toward the performance 's conclusion . " Suga Mama " was included on her 2007 live album The Beyoncé Experience Live . Bill Friskics @-@ Warren of The Tennessean wrote that the song " was even sexier and more gutbucket than on record " .
= Carl Edgar Myers =
Carl Edgar Myers ( ( 1842 @-@ 03 @-@ 02 ) March 2 , 1842 – November 30 , 1925 ( 1925 @-@ 11 @-@ 30 ) ) was an American businessman , scientist , inventor , meteorologist , balloonist , and aeronautical engineer . He invented many types of hydrogen balloon airships and related equipment . His business of making passenger airship balloons and instrument balloons at his " balloon farm " was well known throughout the United States in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century . He invented a machine for varnishing fabric that would make it impervious to hydrogen so that the finished product could be made into large envelopes for lighter @-@ than @-@ air balloons .
Myers also experimented in making artificial rain in areas where rain was deficient for agriculture . He made oxy @-@ hydrogen balloons that were exploded at high altitude to cause rain . He contracted with the U.S. government and lumber companies to make these balloon " bombs " for the production of man @-@ made rain .
Myers was a manager for the 1904 St. Louis World ’ s Fair and the superintendent of their Aeronautic Concourse for balloon demonstrations and aerial races . He made balloon military warships and inventions that could be used for defense in case of attack by air by foreign interests and demonstrated at the Fair .
= = Early life and education = =
Myers , born March 2 , 1842 , was of German descent and the son of Abram Myers and Ann Ela Myers . His birthplace was Fort Herkimer in New York state , but he grew up in the nearby town of Mohawk . Myers attended a school run by a scientist , which stimulated his scientific curiosity . At school he became interested in the principles of electricity and all related matters .
Myers earned extra money from fulfilling requests for art work and building mechanical gadgets for others . He spent most of this money on materials for his experiments and on science books . He spent his extra time in workshops and laboratories to learn scientific principles , and his spare time in the woods to learn about nature . He was a leader among his classmates and the local teenagers .
Myers had mechanical understanding and could improve many devices . One was an invention that he patented of a kerosene lamp damper that reduced considerably the smoke from its flame . Another innovation , of which he was very proud , was an automatic self @-@ recording mercury barometer that recorded its measurements on a strip of paper ; with this meteorological instrument he kept a continuous barometric record that covered a span of 30 years .
= = Career = =
Myers made his own electrical @-@ mechanical apparatuses and tools . He turned his interests , hobbies and experiments into early entrepreneur ventures that earned money for him . He became at one time or another a delivery agent , bill collector , bank clerk , carpenter , chemist , electrician , gas @-@ fitter , mechanic , photographer , plumber , printer , telegrapher , and writer .
At nineteen Myers became a teller and cashier at the Mohawk Valley Bank starting July 5 , 1861 . General Francis E. Spinner was the treasurer of the bank at the time . His first year as a trainee was without pay . Myers then received a salary of $ 100 per year , being higher than normal since he put in extra attention to his work habits . He opened his own little telegraph office in July 1863 within the counting office of the bank . This was the first telegraph office for the town of Mohawk , New York . He constructed all the necessary telegraph equipment needed and taught himself Morse code so he could send and receive messages . Myers ' income from this bank telegraph business was one @-@ half of his total income . He eventually had to give up being a part @-@ time telegraph operator within the bank , as his bank responsibilities took up most of his time . He turned over the telegraph business to the local post office with Austin Shall as the operator .
Myers worked at Mohawk Valley Bank for six years . During this time he developed an interest in counterfeit money . He collected counterfeit bills and assembled a scrapbook of these for study . He then had another book of genuine bills ; he then compared the two to learn the counterfeiters ' techniques . He became an expert in detecting counterfeit bills . This became a valued interest to the bankers and Myers was given all the bank notes to pass through him for approval of genuineness . This ultimately became a basis for the present day method of detecting counterfeit bills .
Myers resigned from the bank in 1867 and moved to Hornellsville , New York . There he bought a photography gallery and ran the business for several years . Myers met Mary Hawley in Hornellsville and married her on November 8 , 1871 . She was 7 years younger , being born in 1849 . In 1873 Myers took up an interest in making hydrogen gas and ballooning . The couple moved back to Mohawk from Hornellsville in 1875 and began activities of balloon manufacturing and flying . Mary became his lab assistant and later a balloon pilot known as Carlotta , the Lady Aeronaut .
= = First balloons = =
Myers built his first balloon in the summer of 1878 in Mohawk Valley . It was over 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) in diameter and could contain 10 @,@ 000 cubic feet of hydrogen gas . The balloon material with its valve weighed almost one hundred pounds . The envelope material was high quality cotton cloth that was unbleached . It was varnished with linseed oil gum thinned with turpentine . Myers invented machinery that applied the coats of varnish onto fabric of silk or cotton . There were several coats of varnish applied to make a balloon envelope impervious to hydrogen . The first of these patented machines , that took fourteen days to construct , was in operation for seven years . Myers made sixty hydrogen balloons in sixty days in 1891 . He built a set of ten hydrogen gas balloons in five days in 1892 .
= = Gates mansion workshops = =
In 1889 Myers purchased the Gates Mansion Victorian style house with five acres of property that was located near Frankfort , New York , previously owned by Fred Gates of the Diamond Match Company . Here Myers and his wife went into the business of manufacturing passenger balloons and specialty purpose gas balloons , many for the US government . The balloons that had just been assembled were partially inflated outdoors to test if they held the hydrogen gas properly . Because of the large balloons half inflated and laid out on the property grounds , it gave the impression they were growing large mushrooms or some unusual new farm crop . In time people figured out they were really making balloons and it became known as the Frankfort " balloon farm . "
The three story mansion house was broken up into workshops and living quarters . The workshops were a chemistry lab , a print shop , a shipping room , a carpentry work area and machine shop facilities . The attic above the third story was devoted entirely for all the machines and associated tools necessary for the construction of airships . One first floor room was a large library with many books on aeronautics and science , where Myers researched often and brainstormed with his wife . There were out @-@ buildings scattered throughout the five acres that contained gas engines , chemical labs , and furnace facilities .
Newspapers reported that Myers had a monopoly on the making of hydrogen gas balloons and was the only producer in the United States of these balloons for the government . A loft in the Myers house was made available for a sewing area of balloon materials to make the large balloons . The fabric material was patterned , sewed together into large strips , and made ready for varnishing . He had a patent of a fabric made from sea island cotton that was used for the varnish application . Myers ' patented varnish formula made the fabric impervious to hydrogen . The varnish used to seal the fabric material for the balloon envelopes was prepared in a low pit outdoors in a ravine behind the house . This was below ground level so the fabric being prepared was sheltered from the wind . It also provided a fire @-@ pit in case the flammable material caught on fire . There was a water @-@ hose handy for putting out a fire .
The liquid varnish was made with a large iron kettle that had a cover on it . Fire was applied under the kettle for the " cooking " of the raw linseed oil formula . The oil mix " cooked " for four to eight hours to a consistency of gum . The gum material was thinned to the consistency of syrup and poured into a sloping vat that lead into a Myers ' patented machine apparatus of various rollers , squeezers , and scrapers . They acted by pressure of springs and weights .
The raw wound fabric of silk or cotton was fed from large rollers into Myers ' varnishing machine for processing . The processed wet fabric , soaked with varnish , was rubbed and pressed so the varnish would go into all the pores . The excess varnish was then removed and the wet fabric cloth hung outdoors in bright sunshine for 6 to 12 hours like laundry . The processed fabric had the elastic properties of rubber . This patented varnish that Myers invented was able to seal the balloon material to hold the hydrogen gas , that otherwise would penetrate even glass and metal . The silk or cloth fabric used required eight to ten applications of the varnish to seal properly to be thoroughly impervious to hydrogen gas .
This same general area of the property was used also for the drying of the varnished fabric . This consisted of twenty foot high clothes line @-@ type poles that were 100 feet apart and further protected by wind @-@ break fences of canvas . Between the poles were strung wires for laying the wet varnished fabric onto for drying . After drying the fabric was then rewound onto rollers and varnished over and over again several more times to each side and thoroughly dried each time . Each application of new varnish added a thin layer .
The basement of the house was used for generating hydrogen gas and pure oxygen . The hydrogen making apparatus consisted of a tank half filled with water . This tank was also filled with iron filings from Navy cast @-@ iron projectiles . Sulfuric acid was added into the tank of water and filings , which was slowly decanted . The acid separated the water into hydrogen and oxygen gases . The iron filings absorbed the oxygen gas which allowed the hydrogen to go up through a pipe into a wash @-@ barrel , which had another pipe to the balloon envelope . The freed hydrogen gas then filled the balloon , which had a lifting ability of 60 pounds per 1 @,@ 000 cubic feet of gas . The balloon was held down to the ground by sandbag weights so that when filled it didn 't float away . A 50 feet ( 15 m ) diameter balloon would hold 65 @,@ 000 cubic feet of hydrogen gas giving the filled balloon a lifting ability of about 4 @,@ 000 pounds .
Myers was known as the " Flying Dutchman " and the " Mohawk Dutchman " because of his location , name , and being a balloonist . His technology was developed to the extent that the balloons he made could hold hydrogen gas in an envelope for up to five days . – outdoors in all kinds of weather .
Myers wrote in newspaper articles how safe his hydrogen balloons were to travel in . One example he often gave was that of encountering rough weather , like a rain storm . He pointed out that an airplane could not stop and hover in mid @-@ air , whereas a balloon could . He pointed out that in a tempest or high wind a balloon was perfectly safe as long as the rider didn 't make any deliberate opposing moves . He claimed that passenger trips would soon be as commonplace as buying a ticket for them .
= = Torpedo airship = =
Myers " balloon farm " was the only place in America by 1902 where hydrogen balloons were manufactured , whether for the government or for private use . These hydrogen aircraft made by him came in a large variety and flew just like one would read about in a children 's book or dream of in a story . The public was allowed to walk through and view his place in the summertime .
The flying aerial @-@ craft airships were not just working models that went a few feet along a track , but flying machines driven by real people . They could ascend , turn and dive . These inventions and innovations of Myers consisted not just of air vessels , but also of scientific application balloons and specialty ordered curiosity balloons contrived of by other inventors . Some even gave the impression they were from the future or another world of advanced people .
Myers realised that normal , globe @-@ shaped hot air passenger balloons were subject to the whim of the direction of the winds . He then thought that perhaps a passenger balloon could be controlled somehow to move against the flow . His first step in an evolution to a controllable balloon was the design of a large elongated spindle instead of a sphere . His theory was that a symmetrical wave line spindle body would have less head resistance when passing through the air than did a blunt globe .
Myers ’ new design would be similar to that of Alberto Santos @-@ Dumont 's balloons . The gas spindle balloon envelope would hold hydrogen gas , a lifting agent since it was lighter than the air around it . This new design was referred to as a " torpedo " airship . His first torpedo airship was 13 feet long and five feet in diameter in the center with its prow and stern sharply pointed . The airship also had a rudder in the front to help in its steering .
The envelope that held the hydrogen gas of Myers ' torpedo airship was made of red and yellow silk . One of its trips was a distance of 600 miles and it ran at an average speed of 12 miles an hour . It was powered forward by a propeller that spun at 5 @,@ 000 revolutions per minute . The caloric engine that drove the propeller was a spontaneous combustion engine " fed " with nitroglycerin semi @-@ translucent fuel pellets . This type of airship could hold up to 10 passengers or a combination of freight and crewmen . Myers ' " torpedo " airships were built later in larger versions . Some were entered in airship contests and one was demonstrated at the St. Louis World 's Fair of 1904 . It was 74 feet long and 21 feet in diameter . It contained 14 @,@ 000 cubic feet of hydrogen gas and would lift 900 pounds of weight . Myers made several successful experimental test flights at his Frankfort " balloon farm " before delivering it to a Mr. Benbow , the purchaser . After that it was referred to as the Benbow airship . The airship had four 10 horse @-@ power gasoline motors that ran propellers of 4 blades each . The four propellers could be manipulated in most any direction so the operator could steer the airship sideways right and left , go up and down , and forward and backwards as desired .
= = Sky @-@ cycle = =
Myers designed a new type balloon vessel based on Carlotta 's discoveries of aerodynamics and how airship bodies acted in the sky . Carlotta was the first woman to use a maneuverable airship . She used a cloth screw @-@ sail and also a cloth rudder for controlling the steering of her aeroplane platform . The platform car device weighted 11 pounds . This was the first time that an ordinary spherical balloon could be controlled by a person . Myers then incorporated new features into balloons based on Carlotta 's findings . For a more efficient steerable airship vessel he made his next balloon gas bag bottom flat so that it would act like an inclined plane .
This airship that lifted a rider consisted of a cigar @-@ shaped hydrogen balloon that looked like an inverted boat wrapped in netting . It had a velocipede seat and steering bar for a rider . A cloth screw propeller was operated by the rider through a cog wheel and ratchet attachment operated by the rider pedaling . He first called the hybrid invention an " air bicycle , " that navigated through the air like driving a bicycle . He later named it a " gas kite , " an " aerial velocipede " , an " aerial bicycle " , and ultimately a " sky @-@ cycle . " The propeller acted like a screw of a boat and propelled the airship forward and up with the backward air current generated . It could go to a thousand feet , be maneuvered , and brought back at will by the rider . Myers ' wife was an expert in sky @-@ cycling .
The airship had tumultuous times at the start . Professor A.W. Bernard of Nashville , Tennessee took claim to his invention in 1897 . Myers sent telegrams to editors of newspapers in the month of May of that year explaining that he was the inventor of the world 's first ' sky @-@ cycle ' airship in spite of what Bernard and others said . Myers explained to the newspapers that his invention had already been displayed in front of a group of people in New York City in August 1895 . Myers showed to them that the basic principles of the controllable airship were already patented by him and his wife on May 26 , 1885 . He further explained that the only ' sky @-@ cycle ' patent ever issued to anybody was granted to him on April 20 , 1897 . Bernard was trying to stake claim that it was his invention and had really just made a duplicate of Myers ' previous recorded patents .
The newspapers then printed articles that explained Myers ' sky @-@ cycle ' airship to the general public , showing that the problems of aerial navigation had already been solved by Myers before August 1895 . He had previously done 3 experimental flights of the ' sky @-@ cycle ' at his Frankfort " balloon farm " in New York state . On August 4 , 1895 a reporter flew Myers ' ' sky @-@ cycle ' in the Brooklyn area of New York City in a forty @-@ mile an hour wind . Myers made on the spot the hydrogen needed for the airship . The 1895 demonstration event took place at the Rockwell Leather Works factory property at the corner of Flushing and Classon avenues .
The article explains the sequence of events of this August 4 New York City demonstration flight of 1895 . When the reporter was all positioned and ready in the sky @-@ cycle he gave word to the ground crew to let go of the ropes that held the hydrogen balloon back and it immediately lifted the sky @-@ cycle into the air . The airship drifted up slowly at first , going towards the factory roof peaks . The driver @-@ reporter immediately dropped one of the sandbag weights and the sky @-@ cycle airship rose up sharply , avoiding the building roofs . When the airship was about a thousand feet high the attached balloon propeller revolved and the sky @-@ cycle airship flew over the East River . The steamships and tugs that spotted the sky @-@ cycle floating above tooted their whistles .
The sky @-@ cycle airship continued to climb to about two thousand feet and then traveled north using the East River as a landmark and went to East Sixtieth Street . The reporter then steered the sky @-@ cycle to One Hundred and Twenty @-@ eighth Street . There he crossed the East River again and then hovered over Greenpoint . The reporter flew the sky @-@ cycle until almost dark and landed safely at the property of P.B. Gupther in Yonkers . Gupther helped the reporter deflate the balloon and pack the airship down to the size of a flat carpet bag . He then drove the reporter with his sky @-@ cycle airship to the railroad station so he could get back to his place of origin .
The sky @-@ cycle was operated and navigated by the rider 's hands and first powered by the rider 's feet for forward motion . It was later equipped with gasoline engines built by Curtis . The sky @-@ cycle made many successful flights and trips with these engines .
= = Artificial rain = =
Myers once made balloons and equipment for the experimentation of making artificial rain and gained renown for that beyond any other scientist . The balloons were referred to as " bombs " – rain @-@ producing explosions . The first demonstration experiments , based on theories by Illinois engineer Edward Powers for making rain , were done in May 1891 for General Robert Saint George Dyrenforth ( Patent Commissioner ) of Washington , D.C. at Myers ' Frankfort " balloon farm " . Dyrenforth , who represented the United States Department of Agriculture , then had Myers make a few balloon " bombs " for a presentation in Washington , D.C. The rain producing tests were done successfully in the early part of July 1891 in front of government officials , scientists , chemists , and engineers .
There was government funding provided of $ 9 @,@ 000 then with support from Senators Charles B. Farwell and Leland Stanford for a full @-@ scale test experiment in northern Texas . There was to be completed a scientific analysis of the results . The man @-@ made rain project was to take place near the town of Midland . The equipment involved in this test was 100 " oxy @-@ hydrogen " balloons , dozens of kites six to twelve feet high , miles of copper wire , nitroglycerine , dynamite , and gunpowder . Myers provided all the balloons and the gases . Electric batteries and generators were also part of the on @-@ site equipment . The design of the rain experiment project was to have explosions stir up particle aggregation . Myers ' balloon " bombs " were the start of many such explosions that were to take place in the rain producing experiment . His balloon " bombs " were one part oxygen gas combined with two parts of hydrogen gas , which would make a huge explosion upon detonation . The side effect of this balloon explosion was that water was produced . This water would drop from the sky at some high altitude and the idea was that all of this action would stimulate the atmosphere to make rain . The balloons made by Myers for the government at his " balloon farm " would hold 500 to 5000 cubic feet of gas . Myers had complete charge of the government rain producing experiments for years .
Each ten foot diameter balloon was filled with one @-@ third oxygen and two @-@ thirds hydrogen . To do this , the empty balloon was spread out on the ground with plenty of room around it . It was then attached to a hose to start filling with oxygen gas . The other end of the hose went to a retort that was filled with chlorinate of potassium and a small amount of manganese oxide . The retort was heated to a high temperature through a gasoline burner . Oxygen gas , generated at 600 cubic feet per hour , went through a lime @-@ water wash and from there to fill the balloon . The balloon was filled up one third of the way . The hose was then connected to the hydrogen gas generator and filled up the remaining two @-@ thirds of the way . The oxygen and hydrogen balloon was referred to as an " oxy @-@ hydrogen " balloon . Each gas had an electric fuse detonator inside , which made it a type of " bomb " when triggered electrically . Wires were used that led from the ground to the balloon and when an electrical charge was made by a dynamo , it passed through the wires to set off the detonator causing an explosion that was brighter than the sun . This caused the oxygen and hydrogen to react , creating water ( H2O ) . This man @-@ made water then acted as a nucleus for making rain out of the atmosphere .
Myers made one hundred oxy @-@ hydrogen balloon bombs for the government to do a full scale experiment of producing rain . The balloons were 10 , 12 , and 20 feet in diameter . The purpose of the Texas experiment was to see if making artificial rain could be done by man @-@ made weather modification . After the experiment took place it was reported that the result was a success of what was hoped for . The news press release of August 20 , 1891 , reported that rain was made to fall two days before at three o 'clock in the afternoon . At the time the sky was clear and there was no prediction of rain in the area for at least a week . The claim was that the rain produced was directly or indirectly caused by the explosion of the oxygen @-@ hydrogen balloon bombs that were exploded electrically at altitudes of 1800 to 3000 feet . That started a sequence of events that lead to a torrent . The rain storm that ensued was reported by ranchers and railroad linemen for some thousand miles across several states . After this Myers was contracted by paper companies in New York state to see about producing rain in their forests that needed it badly . He contended that the Mohawk Valley was a good place to start rain and that the rainfall then would go to the Adirondack Mountains and Catskill Mountains .
= = War Airships = =
Myers was already concerned in 1891 that Europe was much more advanced in balloon technology than the United States . He sent a letter of concern to the national newspapers claiming that if any of the European military powers wanted to they could annihilate New York City or any major city in northeastern United States . Newspapers printed his concerns that the next big war would be fought in the sky . Myers pointed out that Germany , France , England , Spain , the Netherlands , Belgium , Russia , Italy and China all had aeronautical apparatus , schools of practice , and secret experimental construction plants making state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art propeller power driven airships for war . He pointed out as early as October 1890 Commandant Charles Renard was in possession of a motor that could drive La France dirigible airship twenty @-@ eight miles an hour and such an airship or a war airship twice that size traveling at forty @-@ five miles an hour could totally destroy any major city in America without difficulty because of its speed . He was encouraging the government to recognize this and to prepare properly against this potential threat .
Myers said that he was working on defense balloons that could stop them in case of an attack against the United States through a company in Chicago , known as the Chicago Captive Balloon Company . The newspapers printed a counterview that warned against Jingoism and starting rumors that could lead to developing unwanted war airships or a cause for other nations to make military equipment against this new war technology .
Myers made eleven hydrogen balloons for the Navy for Admiral Francis J. Higginson in 1902 for a military exercise . Ten of the balloons were six feet in diameter and used for signaling purposes that troops were nearby . The eleventh balloon of 12 @,@ 000 cubic feet capacity was twenty @-@ eight @-@ feet in diameter . It was capable of carrying two men and all their associated observation equipment . It was used by the Signal Corps for a high altitude observation platform to monitor enemy warships . This balloon was tethered to and controlled by a Navy ship . The intelligence gleaned about the enemy and its possible intentions could be passed on to the Army .
Myers predicted that a combination airship of his " torpedo " airship and " sky @-@ cycle " airship would be ideal for commerce , transportation , and sport events . He claimed that a " war craft " could be made to destroy any fleet , fort , or army within its range . He predicted that if such a combination airship was built and financed by a government then it would dominate the earth .
= = St. Louis World ’ s Fair = =
Myers made passenger balloons for the St. Louis Fair in 1904 . He was the superintendent of the Aeronautic Concourse of the St. Louis World ’ s Fair . He was one of the managers in charge of a purse of $ 200 @,@ 000 prize money for various balloon tournaments and races . He pointed out that building airships was very expensive and took knowledge of advanced balloon techniques that basically nobody in America had . Myers used as an example , to win the $ 20 @,@ 000 prize of the Aero Club the French balloonist Alberto Santos @-@ Dumont spent more than that amount in six airships he entered into the tournament to win . Myers himself had an over abundance of ideas for balloons , but was short on cash to make many of them a reality even though he had the necessary balloon knowledge . The newspapers printed that Myers was making a balloon capable of holding 75 @,@ 000 to 100 @,@ 000 cubic feet of hydrogen .
The World 's Fair airship exhibit was located south of Physical Culture hall and west of the Hall of Congress . The 14 acre " aerial harbor " facility was surrounded by a 42 foot high fence which is where all the airships were located . It was like a marine harbor that would hold steamships , but contained large balloons instead – that were all behind the world ’ s first scientific and largest air @-@ break wall . The north end of the area was equipment for making hydrogen gas to fill up these balloon envelopes of whatever shape and size they came in . The varnished silk bags that held the hydrogen gas were made by Myers .
Myers had also at the World ’ s Fair a torpedo shaped balloon . It was 13 feet in diameter and designed for warfare . The little electric motor propeller that pushed the large airship forward was the size of a fishing reel and smaller than Queen Victoria ’ s brooch on display in a building nearby . His torpedo warships would carry dynamite balls that could be dropped on the enemy remotely from a safe distance away . Myers described how the controlling could be done remotely by transmitting waves of light from a distance .
Myers and his wife did the first balloon ascension on the Fair grounds on July 4 to race the aeronaut Tracy A. Tisdell to draw crowds . A second ascension was done by Myers on August 27 . He had a balloon race with professor G. E. Tomlinson to the Washington Monument . Both were unsuccessful . Myers landed 21 miles from his starting location and Tomlinson ended up hundreds of miles off course before he landed .
= = Titles and awards = =
Myers had commercialized the balloon industry and had a monopoly on the related business in the nineteenth century . He called himself " aeronautic engineer " in 1888 . He was a lecturer at Cooper Institute of New York and at Cornell University . Myers toured the United States and gave lectures on aeronautics on many occasions . He was one of the earliest members of the Aero Club of New York , as its fifth pilot . Myers ' inventions and innovations pertaining to balloon technology have been written up in Scientific American and other scientific journals . His " balloon farm " estate was used for many years by hundreds of aircraft enthusiasts .
= = Later life = =
After a career of balloon ascending performances and managing the " balloon farm " business for several decades Myers retired in 1909 . Myers and his wife moved in 1910 to Atlanta , Georgia to live with their daughter , Elizabeth " Bessie " Aerial ( born 1881 ) . Myers died on November 30 , 1925 at the age of 83 and his wife died in 1932 , also at the age of 83 . During most of his life he was a member of the Episcopal Church and a Republican . In his later life in politics he associated himself with the prohibition party .
= = Patents = =
Guiding Apparatus for balloons – # 318 @,@ 575 . Patented May 26 , 1885
Portable gas @-@ generator – # 320 @,@ 885 . Patented June 23 , 1885
Varnishing machine – # 326051A . Patented September 8 , 1885
Sky @-@ cycle – # 581218A . Patented April 20 , 1897
Balloon Airship – # 1078455A . Patented April 8 , 1908
= Cold Station 12 =
" Cold Station 12 " is the fifth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the eighty @-@ first episode overall . It was directed by Mike Vejar from a script by Alan Brennert , and aired on November 5 , 2004 , on UPN . It comprises the middle @-@ act of a three @-@ episode arc , preceded by " Borderland " and followed by " The Augments " .
The series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , after leaving Enterprise stranded , Doctor Arik Soong and his Augments travel to " Cold Station 12 " , a secretive pathogen and bio @-@ medical facility run by Starfleet Medical and the Denobulans , where much of this episode 's plot unfolds . Once inside , they begin torturing the scientists with the goal of retrieving some 1 @,@ 800 augmented embryos , allowing them to expand their race .
The production team created several new sets to represent the space station itself , as well as re @-@ using some from " Borderland " to represent the Klingon starship . The make @-@ up team were required to make Brent Spiner look younger for flashbacks and to show the progression of a character 's exposure to a number of pathogens . The story @-@ arc has been considered one of the best seen in Enterprise , and critics praised " Cold Station 12 " , specifically for the special effects and character development , but felt that the death scene crossed the line . On first broadcast , the episode was watched by 2 @.@ 1 percent of the population according to Nielsen ratings , placing it in fifth position for the timeslot .
= = Plot = =
After the escape of Doctor Soong and the Augments , Captain Archer and his crew proceed to the coordinates Soong had provided earlier in the mission . On Trialis IV , the away team find an abandoned building where the young Augments were raised and schooled by " father " Soong . They also capture a banished member of the Augments named Udar . Nicknamed " Smike " by his Augment siblings after a handicapped character from the comic novel Nicholas Nickleby by Charles Dickens , he is taken to Enterprise . Analysis reveals that although Udar 's DNA is similar to the other Augments , he has none of their enhanced abilities ( except for superior hearing ) .
Meanwhile , Soong and the Augments capture Barzai , a Denobulan medical ship , and use it to enter the medical facility called Cold Station 12 ( C @-@ 12 ) . They soon overpower security and capture the scientists there , including its chief medical officer , Doctor Jeremy Lucas ( Doctor Phlox 's Interspecies Medical Exchange counterpart ) . Due to security protocols , tensions begin to surface between Soong and Malik , as to how to coerce Lucas into divulging the entry codes . Malik convinces Soong to torture Lucas , and failing that , to expose a scientist to a deadly pathogen using a containment chamber .
Enterprise approaches within transporter range , and beams an away team ( including Phlox ) to the facility . They are soon detected , however , and imprisoned with the facility 's staff . Meanwhile , Commander T 'Pol , having lost contact with the team , attempts to destroy the station , but the Klingon ship intervenes . Malik uses Phlox 's friendship to finally coerce the security codes from Lucas ( by threatening to expose him to a pathogen as well ) . Soong , who had previously stolen 19 genetically enhanced and frozen embryos from C @-@ 12 , is now able to access the remaining 1 @,@ 800 , a carry @-@ over from the Eugenics Wars . Soong and the Augments then escape , but not before Malik kills Smike , helps himself to a number of pathogen samples , and sets the viral containment fields to fail .
= = Production = =
The episode was the second of a three @-@ part storyline , which was intended to link Enterprise more closely to Star Trek : The Original Series with the return of genetically engineered " Augments " which had appeared alongside Khan Noonian Singh in " Space Seed " and the movie Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan . It was preceded by the episode " Borderland " , and followed by " The Augments " . Production on the episode began on August 24 , 2004 , and concluded on September 1 . There were several swing sets created for the episode , specifically to cover the scenes filmed on board the station . It re @-@ used the sets created for " Borderland " to represent the Klingon vessel captured by the Augments . There we also sets created to represent the compound where Soong raised the genetically altered humans , which was set up different as flashbacks to the character 's childhoods were also shot for this episode . It was directed by Mike Vejar , who had directed several earlier episodes of Star Trek , most recently " Stratagem " . It was written by Consulting Producer Alan Brennert , his first writing credit in the franchise .
There was some specific work required by the make @-@ up department on Brent Spiner as during those flashbacks he was made to look younger which the team created by dying his hair darker and applying more youthful make @-@ up . Also , the team added several different appliances to Kris Iyer to show his character go through a series of levels of infection of a number of diseases at the hands of Soong . These included colored contact lenses , prosthetics to make his veins appear to pulse and gel was added to his eyes to make them bloodshot .
There were several guest actors in " Cold Station 12 " . The character , Dr. Jeremy Lucas , had been previously mentioned in the episodes " Dear Doctor " and " Doctor 's Orders " as a friend of Phlox . But " Cold Station 12 " marked the first occasion that the character appeared on screen , played by Richard Riehle . The actor had previously appeared in the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode " The Inner Light " as well as the Star Trek : Voyager episodes " Fair Haven " and the follow @-@ up episode " Spirit Folk " . Guest stars Spiner , Alec Newman and Abby Brammell resumed their roles from the previous episode in the trilogy , " Borderland " .
= = Reception and home media release = =
" Cold Station 12 " was first broadcast on November 5 , 2004 , on UPN . According to Nielsen ratings , it was watched by 2 @.@ 1 percent of the population of the United States and by four percent of those watching television at the time . This put it in fifth place for the 8pm timeslot , behind Totally Outrageous Behavior and World 's Craziest Videos on Fox .
Bill Gordon , writing for the website Sci @-@ Fi Pulse , said that it was a " nearly flawless episode " , with his one critique in his analysis of the plot being targeted at Captain Archer telling Soong that they were sending over the self @-@ destruct code for the station . He said that there was an " epic " quality to " Cold Station 12 " that made him compare it to the Star Trek film franchise , saying that it had " stellar FX shots , to first class character and story development , to a quality of writing that has been sadly lacking in the Star Trek universe of late . "
In her review for TrekNation , Michelle Erica Green praised the episode , saying it was an improvement on " Borderland " and that Spiner was even better . But she found the murder of the doctor shocking and felt that it had gone too far . She said that themes raised in " Cold Station 12 " mirrored those which could have appeared on The Original Series but that this episode didn 't take the time to discuss them . She hoped that the final episode of the trilogy would cover that ground . The mini @-@ arc featuring the episodes " Borderland " , " Cold Station 12 " and " The Augments " were subsequently ranked the sixth best story of Enterprise by Den of Geek writer James Hunt . Viewing of " Cold Station 12 " was included alongside the Doctor Who episode " The Beast Below " in the course " Captain Picard Meets Dr. Who " at the University of Dubuque to demonstrate the idea of sacrificing one person to save many .
The first home media release of " Cold Station 12 " was as part of the season four DVD box set of Enterprise , originally released in the United States on November 1 , 2005 . The Blu ray release of the fourth season of Enterprise was on April 1 , 2014 .
= Parc Cwm long cairn =
Parc Cwm long cairn ( Welsh : carn hir Parc Cwm ) , also known as Parc le Breos burial chamber ( siambr gladdu Parc le Breos ) , is a partly restored Neolithic chambered tomb , identified in 1937 as a Severn @-@ Cotswold type of chambered long barrow . The cromlech , a megalithic burial chamber , was built around 5850 years before present ( BP ) , during the early Neolithic . It is about seven 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 12 km ) west south – west of Swansea , Wales , in what is now known as Coed y Parc Cwm at Parc le Breos , on the Gower Peninsula .
A trapezoidal cairn of rubble – the upper part of the cromlech and its earth covering now removed – about 72 feet ( 22 m ) long by 43 feet ( 13 m ) ( at its widest ) , is revetted by a low dry @-@ stone wall . A bell @-@ shaped , south @-@ facing forecourt , formed by the wall , leads to a central passageway lined with limestone slabs set on end . Human remains had been placed in the two pairs of stone chambers that lead from the passageway . Corpses may have been placed in nearby caves until they decomposed , when the bones were moved to the tomb .
The cromlech was discovered in 1869 by workmen digging for road stone . An excavation later that year revealed human bones ( now known to have belonged to at least 40 people ) , animal remains , and Neolithic pottery . Samples from the site show the tomb to have been in use for between 300 and 800 years . North @-@ West European lifestyles changed around 6000 BP , from the nomadic lives of the hunter @-@ gatherer , to a settled life of agricultural farming : the Neolithic Revolution . However , analysis of the human remains found at Parc Cwm long cairn show the people interred in the cromlech continued to be either hunter @-@ gatherers or herders , rather than agricultural farmers .
Parc Cwm long cairn lies in a former medieval deer park , established in the 1220s CE by the Marcher Lord of Gower as Parc le Breos – an enclosed area of about 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 810 ha ) , now mainly farmland . The cromlech is on the floor of a dry narrow limestone gorge containing about 500 acres ( 2 @.@ 0 km2 ) of woodland . Free pedestrian access is via an asphalt track leading from the park 's entrance , which has free parking for 12 – 15 cars about 250 yards ( 230 m ) from the site . Parc Cwm long cairn is maintained by Cadw , the Welsh Government 's historic environment division .
= = History = =
From the end of the last ice age ( between 12 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 BP ) Mesolithic hunter @-@ gatherers began to migrate northwards from Central Europe ; the area that would become known as Wales was free of glaciers by about 10 @,@ 250 BP . At that time sea levels were much lower than today , and the shallower parts of what is now the North Sea were dry land . The east coast of present day England and the coasts of present day Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands were connected by the former landmass known as Doggerland , forming the British Peninsula on the European mainland . The post @-@ glacial rise in sea level separated Wales and Ireland , forming the Irish Sea . Doggerland was submerged by the North Sea and , by 8000 BP , the British Peninsula had become an island . By the beginning of the Neolithic ( 6 @,@ 000 BP ) sea levels in the Bristol Channel were still about 33 feet ( 10 m ) lower than today . Historian John Davies has theorised that the story of Cantre 'r Gwaelod 's drowning , and tales in the Mabinogion of the water between Wales and Ireland being narrower and shallower , may be distant folk memories of that time . The warmer climate caused major changes to the flora and fauna of Great Britain , and encouraged the growth of dense forest that covered 80 – 90 % of the island .
Human lifestyles in North @-@ West Europe changed around 6000 BP ; from the Mesolithic ( Middle Stone Age ) nomadic lives of hunting and gathering , to the Neolithic ( New Stone Age ) agrarian life of agriculture and settlement . John Davies notes that such a transformation cannot have been developed by the people living in North @-@ West Europe independently , as neither the grain necessary for crops nor the animals suitable for domestication are indigenous to the area . Recent genetic studies conclude that these cultural changes were introduced to Britain by farmers migrating from the European mainland . They cleared the forests to establish pasture and to cultivate the land , developed new technologies such as ceramics and textile production , and used a similar tradition of long barrow construction that began in continental Europe during the 7th millennium BP – the free standing megalithic structures supporting a sloping capstone ( known as dolmens ) , common across Atlantic Europe that were , according to John Davies , " the first substantial , permanent constructions of man " . Such massive constructions would have needed a large labour force ( up to 200 men ) suggestive of large communities nearby . However , in his contribution to History of Wales , 25 @,@ 000 BC AD 2000 , archaeologist Joshua Pollard notes that not all Neolithic communities were part of the simultaneous " marked transformations in material culture , ideology and technical practices " known as the Neolithic Revolution .
= = Severn @-@ Cotswold tombs = =
The cromlech at Parc le Breos Cwm is one of 120 – 30 sites identified as belonging to the category of long barrow tomb known as the Severn @-@ Cotswold or Cotswold @-@ Severn group . Excavations show these tombs to have been built on sites that had already " gained some significance " . Archaeologist Julian Thomas theorises that these sites may have been " very long @-@ lived woodland clearances " that had become landmarks and meeting @-@ places .
Constructed during the Neolithic , cairns in the Severn @-@ Cotswold tradition share several characteristics : an elongated trapezoidal ( or wedge ) shape up to 328 feet ( 100 m ) long ; a cairn ( a mound of deliberately placed stones or rocks erected as a memorial or marker ) ; a revetment ( retaining wall ) of carefully constructed dry @-@ stone walling that also defines a horned forecourt at the widest end ; huge capstones supported by orthostats ; and a chamber ( or chambers ) in which human remains were placed , accessible after the cairn was completed by way of a gallery ( passageway ) . Diverse internal transept chamber plans exist within the group . The earlier tombs contained multiple chambers set laterally , or pairs of transept chambers leading from a central passageway ; the later , terminally chambered tombs , contained a single chamber .
As the name implies , Severn @-@ Cotswold cairns are concentrated mainly to the east of the River Severn , in and around the Cotswolds , in present @-@ day England . However , similar Severn @-@ Cotswold type structures have been identified in south east Wales – between Brecon , Gower and Gwent – and in Capel Garmon ( near Betws @-@ y @-@ Coed , Conwy , north Wales ) , Wayland 's Smithy ( Oxfordshire , England ) and Avebury ( Wiltshire , England ) . As well as monuments to house and to honour their departed ancestors , these cromlechs may have been communal and ceremonial sites where , according to archaeologist Francis Pryor , people met " to socialise , to meet new partners , to acquire fresh livestock and to exchange ceremonial gifts " .
Parc Cwm long cairn is one of six chambered tombs discovered on Gower and one of 17 in what is commonly known as Glamorgan . Severn @-@ Cotswold cairns are the oldest surviving examples of architecture in Great Britain – Parc Cwm long cairn was built about 1 @,@ 500 to 1 @,@ 300 years before either Stonehenge or the Great Pyramid of Giza , Egypt was completed .
= = Features = =
The megalithic cromlech at Parc le Breos Cwm , known as Parc Cwm long cairn ( carn hir Parc Cwm ) , is a Severn @-@ Cotswold type chambered tomb , built around 5850 BP ( during the early Neolithic ) in what is now known as Gower – about eight miles ( 13 km ) west of Swansea , Wales , and about 1 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 2 km ) north of the Bristol Channel . Alternative names include Parc le Breos burial chamber ( siambr gladdu Parc le Breos ) , the Long Cairn and the Giant 's Grave .
The cromlech consists of a north – south aligned long mound of locally obtained rocks and cobbles , mainly of limestone , revetted by two coursed , dry @-@ stone kerbs of " a fine standard " . The inner wall was built using a heavier stone . Trapezoid @-@ shaped and about 72 feet ( 22 m ) long , the cromlech tapers from 43 feet ( 13 m ) wide at its southern entrance to about 20 feet ( 6 m ) at its northern end . The wall at the front , right section , is missing or has collapsed , and the rubble has tumbled out leaving a previously covered orthostat exposed .
At the entrance to the tomb the kerbs sweep inwards to form a pair of deep protrusions , or horns , forming a narrow bell @-@ shaped forecourt . A straight central passageway ( or gallery ) , 21 feet ( 6 m ) long by 3 feet ( 1 m ) wide , orientated north – south , leads from the forecourt into the cairn . Each side of the passageway is lined with thin limestone slabs known as orthostats , placed on end and up to 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) high with a coursed dry @-@ stone infill between the slabs . Two pairs of rectangular transept chambers lead from the passageway , averaging 5 1 ⁄ 2 feet ( 1 @.@ 6 m ) , east – west , by 3 1 ⁄ 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 0 m ) ; or " 6 ft by 2 ft " , according to Archaeologia Cambrensis in 1886 . Each , except the south west chamber , has shallow limestone sillstones at its entrance .
Archaeologist R J C Atkinson believed that ( unusually among cairns in the Severn @-@ Cotswold tradition ) Parc Cwm long cairn had been built beside a stream that now flows underground . He noted that the stones on the eastern side had " marked signs of erosion and rounding by silt @-@ laden flood @-@ water " .
Originally , the transept chambers would have been covered with one large ( or several smaller ) capstones , enclosing the chambers containing human remains . The earth covering and the upper part of the cromlech have been removed , leaving the passageway and lateral chambers fully exposed . There is no record of a capstone having been discovered .
= = Excavation = =
Workmen digging for road stone discovered the site in 1869 . John Lubbock and Hussey Vivian excavated it that year , believing it to be a round barrow . The excavation revealed human bones that were " much broken and in no regular arrangement " , animal remains ( " deer and swine 's teeth " ) , and sherds of " plain Western Neolithic pottery " . The bones , initially thought to heve been disturbed by repeated access or subsequent interments , were at first thought to be from 20 – 24 individuals , all of whom except three were adults . Archaeologists Alasdair Whittle and Michael Wysocki note that such estimates were commonly based on the " numbers of skulls or mandibles " , and recent analysis has shown the bones to be from at least 40 individuals . Following the excavation , most of the human remains were reburied in clay pots beneath their original contexts , some are held in the Ashmolean Museum , University of Oxford , England – with the animal and pottery remains – and the whereabouts of the remainder are unrecorded .
An excavation led by Professor Glyn Daniel in 1937 identified the site as a chambered long barrow . However , more recently , long barrows have been defined as having long earthen mounds with wooden internal structures , whereas chambered tombs , while also being covered by a long mound , have internal chambers built of stone . No long barrows with wooden internal structures have been identified in southeast Wales , perhaps because long barrows were usually built where there was no suitable stone .
At Parc Cwm long cairn a variety of mortuary practices was evident and the deliberate ordering of skeletal parts noticeable . Whittle and Wysocki ( 1998 ) note cremated human remains were placed only in the front , right ( south – east ) chamber , where females and males , and all age ranges were represented . The south – east chamber was also unusual in that it contained nearly three times as many individuals as in each of the other chambers , which contained the remains of all representative groups except younger children and infants . At the forecourt entrance Atkinson recorded finds , deposited in groups , including : flint debitage , lithic cores and a bladelet ( burnt and unburnt ) ; a leaf @-@ shaped arrowhead ( burnt ) ; pieces of quartz ; pieces of stalactite ( now missing ) ; sherds of Neolithic pottery ; and cremated bone fragments . Atkinson speculated that the stalactite originated from Cat Hole cave , which ( along with Tooth Hole cave ) Whittle and Wysocki note as a possible source of the quartz too .
Following the excavation led by R J C Atkinson in 1960 , the cromlech was placed under the guardianship of the then Ministry of Public Building and Works and , in 1961 , was partly restored . Atkinson made " minimal " excavation records , and no report of it was published until Whittle and Wysocki 's detailed report in 1998 . In it , they suggest that corpses may have been placed in caves near the cromlech until they decomposed , when the bones were moved to the tomb ; a process known as excarnation .
= = Analysis = =
Few human remains survive in Great Britain from the early Neolithic ( c . 6400 – c . 5850 BP ) , although they are comparatively well preserved in the Black Mountains ( Mynydd Du ) , Gower and the Vale of Glamorgan ( Bro Morgannwg ) where up to 50 individuals have been interred – men , women and children – in each cromlech .
The skeletal remains of over 40 individuals were recovered from the cromlech at Parc le Breos Cwm , some of which showed evidence of weathering and of biting and gnawing by animals . This suggests the corpses lay exposed to decompose and were interred in the burial chambers defleshed , as parcels of bone . Skeletal remains from the passageway were part – articulated , showing no sign of animal scavenging , suggesting they were placed in the cromlech as fleshed corpses . Whittle and Wysocki note that among the human remains are the bones of " 8 dogs , a cat , a red deer , pig , sheep and cattle " . They speculate that the two caves near the cromlech were used as depositories for the corpses prior to decomposition , and that when the bones were collected from the caves for reinterment others already lying in the cave were unwittingly gathered too .
Radiocarbon dated samples from the cromlech show the tomb was accessed by many generations over a period of 300 – 800 years , and that the human bones are the disarticulated remains ( i.e. , not complete skeletons ) of at least 40 individuals : male and female adults , adolescents , children , and infants . One of the red deer bones has been radiocarbon dated to between 2750 BP and 2150 BP , showing that at least some of the bones entered long after the site had been deserted .
= = = Lifestyle indicators = = =
Examination of the bones from which stature could be estimated , indicate that the male mortuary population were " big men " – the 1869 report notes males of " gigantic proportions " – whereas the females were " short and gracile " . Pollard notes that males analysed from Parc Cwm long cairn were " particularly robust " when compared to females .
Prior to the publication of Whittle and Wysocki 's 1998 report , bones and teeth of the mortuary population of Parc Cwm long cairn were re @-@ examined for indications of lifestyle and diet .
Musculoskeletal analysis showed significant gender lifestyle variation . Greater leg muscle development was found in males of the Parc Cwm cromlech , possibly the result of hunting or herding , confirming the sexual dimorphism found in previous analyses of the remains . In contrast , no such variation was noticeable in the remains found during excavations from other nearby
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
by Graig Nettles , Walker Cooper , and Willie Mays .
In the final series of the 1924 season , the Giants were playing the Philadelphia Phillies at the Polo Grounds and battling for the pennant with the Brooklyn Dodgers . Jimmy O 'Connell offered Phillies shortstop Heinie Sand $ 500 to intentionally lose the games . Sand rejected the bribe and reported it to Phillies manager Art Fletcher . It eventually led to the lifetime suspension of O 'Connell and Giants coach Crazy Dolan by Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis . O 'Connell implicated Kelly , Frankie Frisch , and Ross Youngs as co @-@ conspirators . However , Commissioner Landis cleared Kelly , Frisch and Youngs of any wrongdoing .
That following offseason , Kelly , Sam Bohne and other Major League Baseball ( MLB ) players agreed to play professional basketball with O 'Connell . National League ( NL ) president John Heydler insisted that anyone who played with O 'Connell could be suspended . The Giants were also displeased with Kelly 's arrangement , as they were concerned about the chance he could injure himself in non @-@ baseball activity . However , Kelly had not played in any games at that point . He was removed from the roster and thus avoided suspension by MLB .
Kelly , naturally a first baseman , saw regular time as a second baseman in 1925 when Frisch injured his hand , while backup Bill Terry began playing first base . With the emergence of Terry , who requested a trade so that he could receive more playing time , and Giants manager John McGraw desiring an improvement in the outfield , Kelly was traded to the Cincinnati Reds prior to the 1927 season for Edd Roush . The Reds traded Roush due to a contract dispute . With Wally Pipp at first base for the Reds , Kelly was slated to play center field . The Reds released Pipp before the 1929 season , and Kelly returned to first base .
Kelly was released by the Reds on July 10 , 1930 , and signed by the minor @-@ league Minneapolis Millers of the Class @-@ AA American Association . The Millers traded Kelly to the Chicago Cubs for Mal Moss and a player to be named later ( Chick Tolson ) late in the 1930 season to fill in for the injured Charlie Grimm . Kelly he was released by the Cubs in February 1931 . He returned to the Millers for the 1931 season , and participated in a tour of Japan along with Frisch , Lou Gehrig , Mickey Cochrane , Al Simmons , Lefty Grove , and Rabbit Maranville , among others .
In April 1932 , the Millers traded Kelly to the Brooklyn Dodgers for Pea Ridge Day . With the Dodgers , he filled in for the injured Del Bissonette . Kelly played his final MLB game on July 27 , 1932 . He returned to the International League to finish the 1932 season with the Jersey City Skeeters , and played the 1933 season for the Oakland Oaks of the Pacific Coast League before retiring .
= = Player profile = =
Kelly was known as an excellent defensive first baseman . His positioning and footwork on hits to the outfield became the standard method for teaching future first basemen to handle relays . Frisch considered Kelly the finest first baseman he had seen .
Kelly also had a reputation as a clutch hitter . McGraw said there was no player he preferred to have bat in a big situation . Waite Hoyt considered him dangerous in clutch situations .
= = Hall of Fame induction = =
To be inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame , a player must receive at least 75 % of the vote from the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) or the Veterans Committee . Kelly was on the BBWAA ballot seven times , never coming close to being elected , and never garnering more than 1 @.@ 9 % of the vote . By year , voting results for Kelly were : 1947 ( one vote , 0 @.@ 6 % ) , 1948 ( two votes , 1 @.@ 7 % ) , 1949 ( one vote , 0 @.@ 7 % ) , 1956 ( two votes , 1 @.@ 0 % ) , 1958 ( two votes , 0 @.@ 8 % ) , 1960 ( five votes , 1 @.@ 9 % ) , and 1962 ( two votes , 0 @.@ 6 % ) . Despite the lack of support from the BBWAA , he was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1973 by the Veterans Committee . At the time of Kelly 's election , the writers ' ballot was voted on by approximately 400 writers , while the Veterans Committee had a membership of twelve former players and executives .
The selection of Kelly was controversial , as many felt Kelly was not worthy of enshrinement in the Hall . According to the BBWAA , the Veterans Committee was not selective enough in choosing members . Charges of cronyism were levied against the Veterans Committee . When Kelly was elected , the Veterans Committee included two of his former teammates , Bill Terry and Frankie Frisch , who also shepherded the selections of Giants teammates Jesse Haines in 1970 , Dave Bancroft and Chick Hafey in 1971 , Ross Youngs in 1972 , Jim Bottomley in 1974 , and Freddie Lindstrom in 1976 . This led to the Veterans Committee having its powers reduced in subsequent years . Baseball historian Bill James , while ranking Kelly as the 65th greatest first baseman of all @-@ time , also cites Kelly as " the worst player in the Hall of Fame " .
= = Coaching career = =
Kelly served as a coach for the Cincinnati Reds , managed by former teammate Chuck Dressen , from 1935 to 1937 . Former teammate Casey Stengel hired Kelly to coach the Boston Braves from 1938 to 1943 . He returned to the Reds ' coaching staff in 1947 and 1948 . He coached the Oakland Oaks of the Pacific Coast League in 1949 . In 1954 , Kelly managed the independent Wenatchee Chiefs in the Western International League .
= = Personal life = =
A native San Franciscan , Kelly remained in the San Francisco Bay Area , living in Millbrae , California following his playing career . Kelly 's brother , Ren Kelly , uncle , Bill Lange , and cousin , Rich Chiles , also played in MLB .
Kelly suffered a stroke on October 5 , 1984 and died on October 13 at Peninsula Hospital in Burlingame , California . He is interred at the Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma , California .
= John T. Hayward =
John Tucker " Chick " Hayward ( 15 November 1908 – 23 May 1999 ) was a World War II naval aviator . He helped develop one of the two atomic bombs that was dropped on Japan in the closing days of the war . Later , he was a pioneer in the development of nuclear propulsion , nuclear weapons , guidance systems for ground- and air @-@ launched rockets , and underwater anti @-@ submarine weapons . A former batboy for the New York Yankees , Hayward dropped out of high school and lied about his age to enlist in the United States Navy at age 16 . He was subsequently admitted to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis , from which he graduated 51st in his class of 1930 . He volunteered for naval aviation .
During World War II , he served at the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia , where he was involved in an effort to improve aircraft instrumentation , notably the compass and altimeter . He attended the University of Pennsylvania 's Moore School of Electrical Engineering , and studied nuclear physics . In June 1942 , he assumed command of a new patrol bomber squadron , VB @-@ 106 , equipped with PB4Y @-@ 1 Liberators , which he led in a daring raid on Wake Island , in the Solomon Islands campaign , and in the Southwest Pacific Area . Returning to the United States in 1944 , he was posted was to the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern , California , where he joined the Manhattan Project , participating in Project Camel , the development of the non @-@ nuclear components of the Fat Man bomb , and in its drop testing .
After the war ended , he travelled to Hiroshima and Nagasaki as part of the team investigating the bomb damage , and during Operation Crossroads , he led the effort to photograph the nuclear explosion at the Bikini Atoll . In 1949 , he assumed command of VC @-@ 5 , the first naval nuclear bomber squadron . In March 1949 , he took off from the carrier USS Coral Sea in the Atlantic in a Lockheed P2V Neptune bomber carrying a dummy Little Boy pumpkin bomb , flew across the United States to make a simulated attack on a test site in California . , and flew back to Patuxent River , where he landed after a total of 23 hours flying . In August 1950 , he was at the controls of the first carrier landing and takeoff of an AJ @-@ 1 Savage heavy attack bomber .
From June 1951 to May 1953 , Hayward was head of the Military Applications Division of the Atomic Energy Commission , where he conducted atomic weapons laboratory work at Los Alamos National Laboratory . In June 1953 , he assumed command of the escort carrier USS Point Cruz , and was involved in the rescue of a baby who was found abandoned in the trash at a U.S. Army depot . In June 1954 , he became the first naval aviator to command the Naval Ordnance Laboratory , where he was involved with the development of the Mark 52 naval mine and the Mark 90 nuclear bomb , a nuclear depth charge . He was Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Research and Development , and then Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Development . In 1962 he assumed command of a carrier task force which included the nuclear @-@ powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise . He commanded the Antisubmarine Warfare Force , Pacific Fleet , from 1963 to 1966 , and then was president of the Naval War College from 1966 until 1968 .
= = Early life = =
Hayward was born in New York City on November 15 , 1908 one of eight children of Charles Brian and Rosa Hayward , née Valdetaro . As a youngster , he was a batboy for the New York Yankees . In May 1925 , he dropped out of high school at Loyola School and enlisted in the United States Navy by lying about his age , which at the time he believed to be only 15 , and forging his father 's signature on the papers . He soon acquired the nickname " Chick " from a bosun who asked " And how in did a little chick like you get in here amongst all these grown men ? " The nickname would remain with him for the rest of his naval career .
Hayward did his initial naval training at the Naval Station Newport at Newport , Rhode Island . He was encouraged by the Chaplain , Father John J. Brady , to try for admission to United States Naval Academy at Annapolis . Brady arranged for Hayward to be sent to the Naval Academy Preparatory School in Norfolk , Virginia , to study for the entrance exams . During World War I , some one @-@ hundred presidential appointments to Annapolis had been set aside for enlisted sailors , but few had applied , and fewer still had passed the entrance exams . Of the 119 sailors who sat the exams in 1926 , only 19 passed , one of whom was Hayward . He entered Annapolis in August 1926 , and was commissioned as an ensign on graduation in June 1930 , ranking 51st in his class of 406 .
After graduation , Hayward volunteered for naval aviation , and learned to fly in a Consolidated NY seaplane at Naval Air Station Hampton Roads . A tour of sea duty on the cruiser USS Richmond followed , after which he was posted to the Naval Air Station Pensacola to complete his flight training . He received his aviator 's wings in July 1932 . While there he met a local woman , Leila Marion ( Lili ) Hyer , and the two were married at St John 's Church in Warrington , Florida on 15 October 1932 . Their marriage would produce five children .
Hayward was posted to a scout bombing squadron , VS @-@ 1B , flying Vought SBU Corsairs , on the aircraft carrier USS Langley on the West Coast , and was soon promoted to the rank of lieutenant ( junior grade ) , but owing to government austerity measures , was not paid as such . In 1935 , the squadron was transferred to the USS Saratoga . Coming in for a landing , a fuel line on his aircraft broke , spraying him with fuel and damaging his left eye . After he recovered , and his flight status was restored , he was sent to VP @-@ 2 , which was stationed in the Panama Canal Zone , flying Martin PM patrol aircraft . Following a two @-@ year tour there , he was assigned to the SON Seagull detachment aboard the newly commissioned cruiser USS Philadelphia , where he was promoted to lieutenant on 30 June 1937 . He then repeated the procedure of commissioning the aircraft detachment of a new cruiser on another ship of the same class , the USS Phoenix in 1938 .
= = World War II = =
= = = Pacific Theater = = =
Hayward was posted to the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia in June 1940 , where he continued graduate studies at Temple University that he had begun in 1937 , and then attended the University of Pennsylvania 's Moore School of Electrical Engineering , where he studied nuclear physics . At the Naval Aircraft Factory , he was involved in an effort to improve aircraft instrumentation , notably the compass and altimeter . He was promoted to lieutenant commander in January 1942 .
In June 1942 , Hayward assumed command of a new patrol bomber squadron , VB @-@ 106 , equipped with PB4Y @-@ 1 Liberators . He was promoted to commander in August 1942 . VB @-@ 106 trained in Hawaii , and flew its first combat mission against Wake Island in October 1943 . For this mission , he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross . His citation read :
For extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight as Squadron Commander of a Heavy Bombing Squadron during the attack by U.S. Naval Forces against Wake Island on 5 October 1943 . He led the attack by his squadron and personally directed the operations against enemy objectives during which time he successfully and effectively bombed , strafed enemy installations , and obtained many valuable photographs of the island in the face of intense anti @-@ aircraft fire . His aggressive and skillful leadership and constant devotion to duty contributed directly to the success of this action against the enemy and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service .
Hayward was awarded a second Distinguished Flying Cross on the recommendation of Captain Arleigh Burke for leading his squadron in the South Pacific Area . His citation read :
For extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight against the enemy as Commanding Officer of a Navy Bombing Squadron operating in the South Pacific area from 8 November 1943 to 24 February 1944 . During this period , Commander Hayward completed many combat and search missions over Japanese territory , frequently encountering heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire . Several of the missions were made , despite adverse weather conditions . On 8 November while on a routine search , he bombed Kapingimarangi Island , scoring four direct hits on an enemy bivouac area . On 20 and 31 December and 8 January he bombed , strafed and sank enemy supply barges on each occasion . On 24 February , his efficient spotting enabled our destroyers to destroy three Japanese cargo vessels in Kavieng Harbor . His superior airmanship and outstanding leadership contributed materially to the success of the squadron in inflicting severe damage on the Japanese forces in the area . His courageous conduct was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service .
In March 1944 , VB @-@ 106 was transferred to Nadzab in the Southwest Pacific Area , where it came under the command of the Fifth Air Force . It thus served in three different theaters in the Pacific . Hayward was awarded a third Distinguished Flying Cross :
For extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight from 13 April 1944 to 23 April 1944 . Captain Hayward completed twenty flights in a combat area where enemy anti @-@ aircraft fire was expected to be effective or where enemy aircraft patrols usually occurred .
He was also awarded the Legion of Merit with the valor device :
for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Commanding Officer of Bombing Squadron One Hundred Six ( VB @-@ 106 ) , in connection with operations against enemy Japanese forces in the Pacific Ocean Area from 25 March to 1 June 1944 . During this period , Captain Hayward successfully carried out three hundred and five long @-@ range search operations , armed reconnaissance and offensive strikes against the enemy . His competent leadership , professional skill and initiative were contributing factors in the success of his squadron in sinking twelve enemy cargo vessels and thirteen barges ; and in shooting down twelve aircraft and damaging three in aerial combat . Captain Hayward 's aggressiveness and unwavering devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service .
Somewhat depleted in both aircraft and aircrews , VB @-@ 106 handed over its three PB4Ys with the least hours on the clock to its relief , VB @-@ 115 , on 27 May 1944 , and returned to the United States .
= = = Manhattan Project = = =
Hayward 's next posting was to the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern , California . Initially he was involved with test firing rockets from various aircraft , including the Grumman F6F Hellcat and the twin engine Grumman F7F Tigercat . Once his security clearance was complete , he was assigned to the Manhattan Project . He participated in Project Camel , the development of the non @-@ nuclear components of the Fat Man bomb , and in its drop testing . This involved flying the four engine Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress . After the war ended , he travelled to Hiroshima and Nagasaki as part of the Manhattan Project team investigating the bomb damage . He was promoted to captain on 10 December 1945 . During Operation Crossroads , he led the effort to photograph the nuclear explosion at the Bikini Atoll .
= = Post war = =
= = = Nuclear weapons = = =
After a series of clashes with his superior at Inyokern , Captain James B. Sykes , Hayward left to become the Director for Plans and Operations for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project , Sandia National Laboratories on 1 August 1947 . On 1 January 1948 , he was reduced in rank to commander again . The Air Force offered a commission as a brigadier general , and Convair offered a job working on the SM @-@ 65 Atlas missile , but Hayward elected to stay in the navy . He participated in the Operation Sandstone nuclear tests in the Pacific in April 1948 .
After World War II , the US Navy sought to acquire a nuclear strike capability , and the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air , Rear Admiral Arthur W. Radford wanted them to operate from aircraft carriers . There were practical problems with this . Nuclear weapons at that time were bulky and required a large aircraft to carry them . After Operation Crossroads , Radford asked Hayward if the Navy had such an aircraft , and Hayward suggested modifying the Lockheed P2V Neptune for carrier operations using jet @-@ assisted takeoff ( JATO ) rocket boosters . It was an interim solution , as it a could not carry a Fat Man , but only the smaller Little Boy bomb ; it could only be operated by the large Midway class aircraft carriers , which still had to be modified for the task ; and initially had no tailhook , so it was unable to land on a carrier , and a mission would have to end with it either landing at a land base or ditching at sea .
On 28 April 1948 , two P2Vs were launched from a carrier , the USS Coral Sea , for the first time . The intention was that each of the three Midway @-@ class carriers would have a nuclear attack squadron . The first of these , Composite ( Heavy Attack ) Squadron 5 ( VC @-@ 5 ) was formed at Moffett Field , California , on 9 September 1948 , with Commander Frederick L. " Dick " Ashworth , who had been weaponeer on the Nagasaki raid , as its acting commander . However , Rear Admiral Deak Parsons felt that Ashworth did not have sufficient flight time for the role , so it was decided that Hayward would command VC @-@ 5 . He assumed command on 3 January 1949 , with Ashworth as his executive officer . Hayward intended that Ashworth would take command of the next squadron , VC @-@ 6 , when it was formed .
Hayward was promoted to captain again on 19 February 1949 . On 7 March , he took off Coral Sea in the Atlantic in a P2V carrying a dummy Little Boy pumpkin bomb , and flew across the United States to make a simulated attack on the Salton Sea test site near El Centro , California . He then flew to Patuxent River , where he landed after a total of 23 hours flying . Hayward had tailhooks fitted to a pair of P2Vs , and made practice landings on a carrier deck painted on the ground at NAS Patuxent River , Maryland , He made some touch and go passes at the USS Franklin D. Roosevelt , but a carrier landing was considered too dangerous for regular crews to attempt .
The P2Vs would be first augmented , and then replaced , by the more capable North American AJ Savage as they became available . These could take off and land on a carrier , carrying a Fat Man . On 21 August 1950 , Hayward was at the controls of the first carrier landing and takeoff of an AJ @-@ 1 Savage heavy attack bomber , on the Coral Sea with the Commander of Naval Air Forces Atlantic Fleet ( COMAIRLANT ) , Vice Admiral Felix Stump , in the back seat . However by mid @-@ December VC @-@ 5 still only had six AJ @-@ 1s .
From June 1951 to May 1953 , Hayward was head of the Military Applications Division of the Atomic Energy Commission , where he conducted atomic weapons laboratory work at Los Alamos National Laboratory . He also worked on the foundation of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory program in 1952 in close collaboration with Edward Teller . The culmination of this was working on the Ivy Mike nuclear test .
= = = Point Cruz = = =
In June 1953 , Hayward took command of the escort carrier USS Point Cruz . He confessed to the crew that he did not know what he was doing , and urged any crewman who felt he was doing something wrong to tell him so at once . At the end of the Korean War , the carrier was deployed at Inchon , where a baby was found abandoned in the trash at a U.S. Army depot . The baby was brought to an orphanage , and Hayward sent Point Cruz 's chaplain in response to a request for assistance . The nun running the orphanage felt the blue @-@ eyed baby would not be safe if he remained in Korea . Hayward is said to have told the chaplain : " You are not to return to this vessel until you have procured that baby . "
Hayward is credited with putting his naval career " on the line " by bringing the baby on the ship , which was against regulations , and he subsequently received orders to get the baby off the ship . However , having a baby on board boosted sailors ' morale , and Hayward later said that a leader must " know when to intelligently disregard regulations . " A visa was obtained by intervention of Richard Nixon 's staffers , and a passport was secured by winning a poker game against the South Korean who issued passports . The baby , adopted by Navy surgeon Hugh Keenan , who was also in port at Inchon , was later named Daniel , and was transferred to a civilian ship in Japan . Daniel Keenan was raised in Seattle and began attending reunions of the crew of the Point Cruz in 1993 . The story of Daniel Keenan was made into a television movie , A Thousand Men and a Baby , which aired on CBS in 1997 .
= = = Later career = = =
Hayward assumed command of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory at White Oak , Maryland in June 1954 . He was the first naval aviator to do so , all the previous commanders having been naval ordnance officers . Under his guidance , the Naval Ordnance Laboratory developed the Mark 52 naval mine , an air @-@ delivered weapon with acoustic , magnetic and pressure sensors . Hayward encountered some resistance with this project , as mine warfare was a neglected field in the Navy . The Naval Ordnance Laboratory also developed the Mark 90 nuclear bomb , a nuclear depth charge , which was tested during Operation Wigwam in May 1955 .
From a naval career point of view , Hayward 's most notable drawback was his lack of time in command of a ship at sea . Admiral Arleigh Burke , now Chief of naval Operations , arranged for Hayward to be given command of the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt in February 1956 . This would normally be the climax of naval aviator 's career , but that year he was selected for promotion to rear admiral . His record of 13 @,@ 200 flight hours was the highest ever achieved by a flag officer . On 7 January 1957 , he was assigned to the office of the Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Plans and Operations . In October , he became Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Research and Development . The very public failure of Project Vanguard resulted in Hayward being called to appear before a Congressional Committee , where he was grilled by its chairman , Senator Lyndon B. Johnson . The post was upgraded to Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Development in 1959 , and he was promoted to vice admiral . He pushed the development of a number of new weapons systems , including the Lockheed P @-@ 3 Orion and the nuclear @-@ powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise . Between 1959 and 1961 , Defense expenditure on research and development grew from $ 525 million ( roughly equivalent to $ 4 @.@ 26 billion in 2016 ) to $ 4 billion ( roughly equivalent to $ 31 @.@ 7 billion in 2016 ) .
In 1962 , President John F. Kennedy offered Hayward four stars and the job of Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . Hayward turned it down , accepting a demotion to rear admiral on 9 March 1962 to take command of Carrier Division 2 , which included the nuclear @-@ powered Enterprise Long Beach , Bainbridge and Truxtun . In October 1962 , his ships participated in the Cuban Missile Crisis . In June 1963 , he was restored to the rank of vice admiral , which was backdated to 25 April 1959 , the day he had first been promoted . He commanded the Antisubmarine Warfare Force , Pacific Fleet , from 13 June 1963 to 12 January 1966 , for which he was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his " leadership , judgment and foresight in research and development associated with antisubmarine warfare and the training of Antisubmarine Warfare Groups during his tenure of command .
Hayward was president of the Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island from 1966 until 1968 . He strove to transform the Naval War College into the Navy 's premier postgraduate school , one from which graduation would fit officers for , and mark them out as future flag officers . Heading a captain 's selection board in May 1967 , he disapproved of two officers with spotless records . " You mean they never argued , never had a difference of opinion ? " he remarked . " What kind of man is that ? "
Hayward was awarded a second Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his service as president of Naval War College . He retired in 1968 , but returned to serve to duty as a rear admiral from November 1970 to December 1971 as Commander , 14th Naval District , Commander Fleet Air Hawaii and Commander , Naval Base Pearl Harbor . His responsibilities included " the planning , training and execution of highly successful recoveries of Apollo spacecraft in the Mid @-@ Pacific " , for which he was awarded a third Legion of Merit .
= = Later life = =
After retiring from the Navy , Hayward worked for General Dynamics as a vice president for international programs until 1973 , and then as a consultant until 1979 . He then worked with the Draper Laboratory and the Hertz Foundation . He became an American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Fellow in 1998 , and was inducted into the Naval Aviation Hall of Honor in 2004 .
Hayward died of cancer on 23 May 1999 in Atlantic Beach , Florida , and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery , along with his wife Leila , who had died the year before . He was survived by his son and four daughters . His papers are in the Naval History & Heritage Command at the Washington Navy Yard .
= David Bedell @-@ Sivright =
David Revell " Darkie " Bedell @-@ Sivright ( 8 December 1880 – 5 September 1915 ) was a Scottish international rugby union forward who captained both Scotland and the British Isles . Born in Edinburgh , and educated at Fettes College where he learned to play rugby , he studied at Cambridge University and earned four Blues playing for them in the Varsity Match . He was first selected for Scotland in 1900 in a match against Wales . After playing in all of Scotland 's Home Nations Championship matches in 1901 , 1902 and 1903 , Bedell @-@ Sivright toured with the British Isles – now known as the British and Irish Lions – side that toured South Africa in 1903 . After playing the first 12 matches of the tour , he was injured and so did not play in any of the Test matches against South Africa .
The next year Bedell @-@ Sivright was appointed captain for the British Isles team that toured Australia and New Zealand . Due to a broken leg he played only one Test match during the tour – against Australia – but was involved in a notable incident during a non @-@ Test match . Despite not playing , Bedell @-@ Sivright pulled the British team from the field for 20 minutes after disputing the decision by a local referee to send @-@ off one of their players . Bedell @-@ Sivright eventually allowed his side to resume play , but without their ejected teammate .
Following the tour Bedell @-@ Sivright briefly settled in Australia , before returning to Scotland to study medicine . He captained Scotland against the touring New Zealanders in 1905 , and in 1906 helped his country defeat the visiting South Africans 6 – 0 . After retiring from international rugby in 1908 he went on to become Scotland 's amateur boxing champion . A surgeon by profession , he joined the Royal Navy during the First World War , and died on active service during the Gallipoli Campaign .
Bedell @-@ Sivright had a reputation as an aggressive and hard rugby player , as well as a ferocious competitor . He was an inaugural inductee into the Scottish Rugby Hall of Fame , and in 2013 was inducted into the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) Hall of Fame .
= = Personal history = =
David Bedell @-@ Sivright was born in Edinburgh in 1880 to William Henry Revell Bedell @-@ Sivright of North Queensferry . Bedell @-@ Sivright was educated at Fettes College. before going to Trinity College , Cambridge in 1899 to read medicine . He later completed his medical training at the University of Edinburgh . His brother John played for Cambridge University RFC , and gained a single international cap in 1902 .
There are many tales surrounding Bedell @-@ Sivright , and it is difficult to separate fact from fiction . He had a reputation for aggression , and in 1909 became Scottish amateur boxing champion . After one international he rugby tackled a cart horse in Princes Street in Edinburgh after apparently laying down on a city tram track – this held up the traffic for an hour as no policeman would approach him . It is not clear exactly where Bedell @-@ Sivright picked up the nickname " Darkie " . One explanation is that it was due to " cynical " tactics he employed as captain , the other is that it was due to the dark rings around his eyes .
On 25 January 1915 Bedell @-@ Sivright was commissioned as a surgeon in the Royal Navy . He was posted to the Hawke Battalion of the Royal Naval Division stationed at Gallipoli during the Dardanelles Campaign in May 1915 . He was loaned to the Royal Scots Fusiliers from 8 to 20 June , and was then posted to the Portsmouth Battalion of Royal Marine Light Infantry . After a period onshore in the trenches while serving at an advanced dressing station , he was bitten by an unidentified insect . He complained of being fatigued and was taken offshore and transferred to the hospital ship HMHS Dunluce Castle . Two days later , on 5 September , he died of septicaemia and was buried at sea off Cape Helles . He is commemorated on the Portsmouth Naval Memorial .
= = Rugby career = =
Bedell @-@ Sivright learned his rugby while a student at Fettes College , but first came to note as a player when he represented Cambridge University in the Varsity matches – contested against Oxford University – between 1899 and 1902 ; this won him four sporting Blues . He was first capped for Scotland in 1900 in a match against Wales at St Helen 's , Swansea . The match was a turning point for Welsh rugby , who won 12 – 3 , but the selectors stuck with Bedell @-@ Sivright who won another 21 caps for his country . He is the only Scottish player to have won three Triple Crowns – wins over Ireland , Wales and England within the same Home Nations Championship ( now the Six Nations ) – in 1901 , 1903 and 1907 .
In 1903 Bedell @-@ Sivright was selected for his first match with invitational touring side the Barbarians . He played a total of five games for the side between 1903 and 1907 , and captained them against Cardiff RFC in 1907 .
Bedell @-@ Sivright was later chosen to tour with two different British Isles teams . The first was the 1903 tour of South Africa under the captaincy of fellow Scottish international Mark Morrison . Although at the centre of the British Isles pack , Beddel @-@ Sivright did not play in any of the test matches . He played in the first 12 tour matches , where the team won six and lost six , but was injured thereafter .
In 1904 , at the request of the England Rugby Board ( known as the Rugby Football Union ) , Bedell @-@ Sivright was selected to lead a British Lions team on a tour of Australia and New Zealand . He only played in one Test , against Australia , because of a broken leg , but the team did go undefeated in Australia – winning all their matches there , and the three Test matches 17 – 0 , 17 – 3 and 16 – 0 . A notable incident on the Australian leg of the tour was a dispute between the British side and one of the Australian referees . The referee – Hugh Dolan – had ordered off British Isles player Denys Dobson after claiming Dobson had directed a personal insult at him . Bedell @-@ Sivright was not playing , but pulled his team from the field for 20 minutes while disputing the decision with Dolan and the other officials . Eventually the British side returned to play , but without Dobson . Following the match Bedell @-@ Sivright accused the referee of incompetence , and an inquiry eventually cleared Dobson of using indecent language , but he became the first British Isles player ever ordered off .
The five @-@ match New Zealand leg of the tour was far less successful for the British team . The tourists won their first two matches , but their third – the sole Test against New Zealand – was lost 9 – 3 . Bedell @-@ Sivright did not play in the Test after injuring himself in the teams ' first New Zealand tour match , but blamed that loss , and their subsequent draw and loss ( the final loss was 13 – 0 to Auckland ) on fatigue after their tour of Australia . According to a New Zealand newspaper , Bedell @-@ Sivright only ever claimed his side was " stale " after a loss , and never before . A New Zealand representative side was scheduled to tour the British Isles in 1905 , and Bedell @-@ Sivright did not report favourably on their chances of success . This may have contributed to the Home Nations underestimating the All Blacks – as the 1905 team become known – who ended up winning all but one of their 35 matches .
Bedell @-@ Sivright was so impressed with Australia that he decided to settle there . After a year he became bored of jackarooing ( stock @-@ rearing ) , and decided to leave and head back to Scotland to study medicine . While studying in Edinburgh he joined the Edinburgh University RFC – captaining them for two seasons in 1906 – 07 and 1908 – 09 . He had returned to Scotland in time to face the touring New Zealanders , and so he captained his country against them at Inverleith . The All Blacks had not been troubled in any of their previous matches on tour , scoring 612 points , and conceding only 15 . Rugby writer Winston McCarthy described the Scottish forwards as " fast , vigorous and good dribblers " , and they led 7 – 6 at half @-@ time . However the New Zealanders were the better team , and scored six unanswered points in the second half to win 12 – 6 .
In 1906 the South Africans were touring the British Isles , and Bedell @-@ Sivright was selected for the Scotland side that defeated them 6 – 0 . This was the last Home Nations team to defeat South Africa in nearly 60 years . Hence he became the first Home Nations ' player to contest a Test match against each of Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa .
Bedell @-@ Sivright was one of the inaugural inductees into the Scottish Rugby Hall of Fame in 2010 , and in 2013 was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in a ceremony that honoured players from the British and Irish Lions ( as the British Isles team is now known ) and Australia during that year 's Lions tour of Australia . Edinburgh University RFC have a scholarship in Bedell @-@ Sivright 's honour ; the scholarships of between £ 500 and £ 2000 per year are intended " to attract the best young talent in the UK [ United Kingdom ] to play and study at The University of Edinburgh " .
Writing in 1919 , rugby journalist and author E. H. D. Sewell said of Bedell @-@ Sivright " If a plebiscite was taken on the question : " Who was the hardest forward who ever played International football ? " Sivright would get most votes if the voting was confined to players , and probably so in any event . " Bedell @-@ Sivright is described as one of the " hardest " men to ever play for Scotland , with author Nick Oswald – who wrote a book on the history of Scottish rugby – describing him as " a very aggressive forward . He didn 't excel in any one aspect of the game , but he was an absolutely ferocious competitor . " On hearing of his death , it was reported that :
= = International record = =
= Curtis Glencross =
Curtis Jack Glencross ( born December 28 , 1982 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . An undrafted player , he signed with the Anaheim Mighty Ducks as a free agent in 2004 and made his NHL debut with the team in 2007 . He has also played for the Columbus Blue Jackets , Edmonton Oilers , Calgary Flames and Washington Capitals . He was an effective goal scorer and active within the community during his time in Calgary , which led to the team naming him its recipient of the Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award in 2012 . After splitting the 2014 – 15 season between Calgary and Washington , Glencross was unable to reach a contract deal with any NHL team and opted to retire as a player . During his playing career , Glencross was a spokesman for the Special Olympics . He has also participated with Rae Croteau Jr . ' s chuckwagon racing team in the summer .
= = Early life = =
Glencross was born December 28 , 1982 , in Kindersley , Saskatchewan , but grew up in Provost , Alberta . He is the son of Mel and Robin Glencross , and has a younger brother , Matthew , and sister , Kari . His parents both played hockey and say he inherited an intense competitive nature from them . His family moved to Red Deer , Alberta when he was a teenager as his parents began a livestock auction business . Glencross was small for his age , standing less than five feet tall when he was 15 , and as a result was often left off the top teams in minor hockey despite having the talent to play ; he played Midget C hockey in Provost . He experienced a rapid growth spurt , growing a full foot in a period of 17 months , and was recruited to play Junior A hockey for the expansion Brooks Bandits of the Alberta Junior Hockey League ( AJHL ) in 2000 . He went on to become the first Bandit alumnus to play in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , and his number 17 was retired by the team in 2011 .
= = Playing career = =
= = = College and minor professional = = =
The Bandits were a last @-@ place team both years Glencross played , but he was among the AJHL 's leading goalscorers in 2001 – 02 with 42 goals . He went undrafted by an NHL team , but received interest from National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) schools and was considering returning to Brooks for a third season of junior . Jack Kowal , assistant coach of the University of Alaska @-@ Anchorage Seawolves , had scouted Glencross during the season . Impressed with his ability and intensity on the ice , offered Glencross a full scholarship to play for his school . Glencross played two seasons at Alaska @-@ Anchorage between 2002 and 2004 , scoring 32 goals and 57 points in 72 games . He was named the Western Collegiate Hockey Association offensive player of the week for December 15 , 2003 , after scoring a hat trick against the Colorado College Tigers in a 5 – 2 win . He led the Seawolves in goals ( 21 ) and points ( 34 ) in 2002 – 03 .
Glencross chose to forgo his final two years of college eligibility , signing a professional contract with the Anaheim Mighty Ducks on March 25 , 2004 . He was assigned to the team 's American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks , to complete the 2003 – 04 season . He scored two goals in seven regular season games , and one more in nine playoff games . He remained with Cincinnati in 2004 – 05 , appearing in 51 games and scoring nine points . He was moved to the Portland Pirates , also of the AHL , in 2005 – 06 and improved to 15 goals and 25 points in 41 games while also appearing in 19 post @-@ season games .
= = = Ducks , Blue Jackets and Oilers = = =
Glencross ' 2006 – 07 season was split between four teams . Glencross began with the Pirates , but at mid @-@ season earned his first call @-@ up and made his NHL debut on January 13 , 2007 . He scored his first goal on his first NHL shot that night , against Peter Budaj , in a 3 – 2 loss against the Colorado Avalanche . He played two games with Anaheim before he was traded , along with Zenon Konopka and a 7th round draft pick , to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for Mark Hartigan , Joe Motzko and a 4th round pick on January 26 . Glencross appeared in seven games with the Blue Jackets but finished the season in the AHL with the Syracuse Crunch .
Glencross established himself as an NHL regular in 2007 – 08 . He appeared in 36 games for the Blue Jackets before being traded to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Dick Tarnstrom on February 1 , 2008 . Glencross appeared in 26 games for the Oilers , scoring 15 goals and 25 points in 61 games combined between Columbus and Edmonton . Though he played well with Edmonton , the Oilers did not make a contract offer , making him an unrestricted free agent . Glencross hoped to remain in Edmonton as it was close to his Red Deer home . But after the Oilers made little effort to negotiate with him , he chose to sign a three @-@ year , $ 3 @.@ 6 million deal with Edmonton 's provincial rival , the Calgary Flames .
= = = Calgary Flames = = =
In his first year with the Flames , Glencross set new personal highs in games played ( 74 ) , goals ( 13 ) and points ( 40 ) . He missed six games in December 2008 with a knee injury , and three more early in the 2009 – 10 NHL season after he was suspended for a blind @-@ side hit on Chris Drury of the New York Rangers . He set a new personal best with 15 goals on the season that included his first NHL hat trick in a victory over the Carolina Hurricanes . His season was ended on March 17 after suffering a leg injury when he was struck by Matt Hendricks of the Colorado Avalanche in a knee @-@ on @-@ knee collision .
Playing in the final year of his contract , Glencross set personal highs of 24 goals and 43 points in 2010 – 11 . While the Flames received offers from other teams for Glencross at the trade deadline , the team chose to hold on to him though they risked losing him as an unrestricted free agent following the season . Glencross chose to remain in Calgary , agreeing to a four @-@ year , $ 10 @.@ 2 million contract with the Flames on May 17 , 2011 . Glencross felt that he could have earned a bigger contract on the open market , but chose to take less money to remain in Calgary . With 26 goals in 2011 – 12 , Glencross finished second on the team to Jarome Iginla 's 32 . He was the league 's most efficient scorer , scoring on 23 @.@ 6 percent of his shots on net .
Glencross reached several milestones in the lockout @-@ shortened 2012 – 13 season en route to leading the Flames with 15 goals . After scoring his 100th career goal , he recorded both his 100th assist and 200th point in a 5 – 4 victory over the Phoenix Coyotes on February 24 , 2013 . His season was ended prematurely by a knee injury after Anaheim 's Ben Lovejoy stuck his leg out to cause a knee @-@ on @-@ knee collision . The injury forced Glencross out of the team 's final four games of the season .
Injuries plagued Glencross throughout the 2013 – 14 season as he missed 15 games to a sprained knee , then suffered a high ankle sprain three weeks after his December 10 return . The injury forced him out of the lineup for nearly three months ; he missed an additional 29 games before returning to action . In just the sixth game after his return , he scored his third career hat @-@ trick in an 8 @-@ 1 victory against the Edmonton Oilers .
= = = Washington Capitals = = =
As Glencross ' contract was set to expire at the end of the 2014 – 15 season , his future in Calgary was placed in doubt ; the team asked him for a list of teams he would agree to waive his no trade clause to as the March 2 , 2015 , trade deadline approached . Though the team was in playoff contention at the deadline , it still opted to move Glencross . He was traded to the Washington Capitals on March 1 , in exchange for second and third round picks at the 2015 NHL Entry Draft . He made his debut with Washington two nights later . Combined between Calgary and Washington , Glencross scored 13 goals and 35 points in 71 games played .
Despite his reduced offensive output relative to previous seasons , Glencross expected to sign with a new team as a free agent . However , when no contract offers materialized , Glencross instead accepted a professional tryout offer with the Toronto Maple Leafs . Toronto opted against signing Glencross and , after releasing him from the try @-@ out , Glencross signed another tryout offer , with the Colorado Avalanche . After two scoreless pre @-@ season games he was released by the Avalanche on October 5 , 2015 . His first pre @-@ season game with the Avalanche was in Calgary ; the Flames recognized Glencross ' contributions with the team during the game , a gesture he appreciated . However , the Avalanche also released Glencross , leaving his career in limbo as the 2015 – 16 NHL season began . He opted against playing in Europe in favour of remaining in Canada with his young family and , on October 20 , 2015 , announced his retirement as a player . Glencross played 507 games , scored 134 goals and had 275 points .
= = Personal life = =
While Glencross grew up around the rodeo circuit , he did not enter into the sport until he met World Professional Chuckwagon Association driver Rae Croteau Jr. in 2005 . He became interested in chuckwagon racing at the time , and while he does not race , Glencross was a part of Croteau 's team in 2007 and 2008 , helping around the stables .
Glencross and his wife Tanya have two daughters and a son . An active member of the community during his playing career , Glencross served as a spokesman for the Special Olympics program , and hosted an annual charity golf tournament in support of Calgary Crime Stoppers . The first event , held in 2009 , raised C $ 100 @,@ 000 . Glencross is also involved with the Alberta Children 's Hospital . In recognition of his community efforts , the Flames named him the 2012 recipient of the Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award , given by the team in recognition of on @-@ ice leadership coupled with community service .
= = Career statistics = =
= SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 1 ) =
The first season of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants , created by former marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg , aired from May 1 , 1999 to April 8 , 2000 , and consisted of 20 episodes . The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom . The shows features the voices of Tom Kenny as SpongeBob SquarePants , Bill Fagerbakke as Patrick Star , Rodger Bumpass as Squidward Tentacles , Clancy Brown as Mr. Krabs , Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks , and Mr. Lawrence as Plankton . Among the first guest stars in the show were Ernest Borgnine and Tim Conway voicing the superhero characters of Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy , respectively .
Hillenburg initially conceived the show in 1984 and began to work on it shortly after the cancellation of Rocko 's Modern Life in 1996 . To voice the character of SpongeBob , Hillenburg approached Tom Kenny , who had worked with him on Rocko 's Modern Life . The show was originally to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy ! , but the name SpongeBoy was already in use for a mop product . Upon finding it out , Hillenburg decided to use the name " SpongeBob " . He chose " SquarePants " as a family name as it referred to the character 's square shape and it had a " nice ring to it " .
Several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season were released . The SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 1st Season DVD was released in Region 1 on October 28 , 2003 , Region 2 on November 7 , 2005 , and Region 4 on November 30 , 2006 . The pilot episode , " Help Wanted " , was not included on the DVD due to copyright issues with the song " Living in the Sunlight " by Tiny Tim , which appears in the episode , but was later released as a bonus feature on various series DVDs , including that of the third season . The season received positive reviews from media critics upon release .
= = Development = =
Creator Stephen Hillenburg initially conceived SpongeBob SquarePants in 1984 , while he was teaching and studying marine biology at what is now the Orange County Ocean Institute . During this period , Hillenburg became fascinated with animation , and wrote a comic book entitled The Intertidal Zone starring various anthropomorphic forms of sea life , many of which would evolve into SpongeBob SquarePants characters , including " Bob the Sponge " , who was the co @-@ host of the comic and resembled an actual sea sponge , as opposed to SpongeBob who resembles a kitchen sponge . In 1987 , Hillenburg left the institute to pursue his dream of becoming an animator , and began to envision the possible concept of a project involving anthropomorphic sea life , drawing several rough sketches . In 1992 , Hillenburg began to attend the California Institute of the Arts to study animation , having been accepted into the institute by Jules Engel , who was impressed with Hillenburg 's previous work .
While attending animation school , Hillenburg received a job on the children 's television series Mother Goose and Grimm , and worked on the series from 1991 to 1993 . When attending the California Institute of the Arts , he made his thesis film entitled Wormholes , which was funded by the Princess Grace Foundation and was later displayed at various animation festivals . In 1995 , Joe Murray , creator of Rocko 's Modern Life , met Hillenburg at an animation festival , and offered him a job as a director of the series .
Rocko 's Modern Life ended in 1996 . Shortly following this , Hillenburg began working on SpongeBob SquarePants , teaming up with several Nickelodeon veterans and Rocko crew members , including creative director Derek Drymon , writers and directors Sherm Cohen and Dan Povenmire , writer Tim Hill , actor and writer Martin Olson , animation director Alan Smart , and story editor Merriwether Williams . To voice the character of SpongeBob , Hillenburg approached Tom Kenny , who had worked with him on Rocko 's Modern Life . Originally the character was to be named SpongeBoy and the show would be called SpongeBoy Ahoy ! . However , the Nickelodeon legal department discovered that the name SpongeBoy was already in use for a mop product . This was discovered after voice acting for the original seven @-@ minute pilot was recorded in 1997 . Upon finding this out , Hillenburg decided that the character 's given name still had to contain " Sponge " so viewers would not mistake the character for a " Cheese Man " . Hillenburg decided to use the name " SpongeBob " . He chose " SquarePants " as a family name as it referred to the character 's square shape and it had a " nice ring to it " .
= = Production = =
= = = Cast = = =
The first season had a cast of six main actors . Tom Kenny provided the voice of the title character SpongeBob SquarePants and his pet snail Gary . SpongeBob 's best friend , a starfish named Patrick Star , was voiced by Bill Fagerbakke , while Rodger Bumpass played the voice of Squidward Tentacles , an arrogant and ill @-@ tempered octopus . Other members of the cast were Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks , a squirrel from Texas ; Clancy Brown as Mr. Krabs , a miserly crab obsessed with money and SpongeBob 's boss at the Krusty Krab ; and Mr. Lawrence as Plankton , a small green copepod and Mr. Krabs ' business rival .
While Hillenburg , Derek Drymon , and Tim Hill were writing the pilot " Help Wanted " , Hillenburg was also conducting auditions to find voices for the show characters . He had created the character of SpongeBob with Tom Kenny , in which he utilised Kenny 's and other people 's personalities to help create SpongeBob 's personality . The voice of SpongeBob was originally used by Kenny for a very minor female alligator character named Al in Rocko 's Modern Life . Kenny forgot the voice initially as he created it only for that single use . Hillenburg , however , remembered it when he was coming up with SpongeBob and used a video clip of the episode to remind Kenny of the voice . Kenny says that SpongeBob 's high pitched laugh was specifically aimed at being unique , stating that they wanted an annoying laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker . Hillenburg originally had Mr. Lawrence for the role of voicing Squidward . Drymon said " We knew Doug from Rocko , where he was a storyboard director and where he also did the voice of Filburt . We were showing Doug the storyboard , and he started reading back to us in his Tony the Tiger / Gregory Peck voice . It was really funny , and we wound up having SpongeBob use a deep voice when he entered the Krusty Krab for the first time . " Hillenburg loved the voice and decided to give Lawrence the part of the series villain , Plankton .
The season had a number of secondary characters including Jill Talley as Plankton 's computer wife , Karen ; Mary Jo Catlett as Mrs. Puff , SpongeBob 's driving instructor ; Lori Alan as Pearl , Mr. Krabs ' daughter ; and Brian Doyle @-@ Murray as the Flying Dutchman . In addition to the regular cast members , episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions , including actors , musicians , and artists . Former McHale 's Navy actors Ernest Borgnine and Tim Conway reunited for their first joint TV project in 33 years as guest actors portraying SpongeBob 's favorite superheroes , Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy , respectively . Borgnine said " We [ he and Conway ] played off each other . Tim 's such a performer - a little more caustic than I am . We were making all sorts of noise . People outside the room were guffawing . We 're supposed to be underwater , you know . " They would reprise their role in the episode " Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy II " , which also guest starred Charles Nelson Reilly as their nemesis , the Dirty Bubble . In the episode " Scaredy Pants " , a Halloween special , American band the Ghastly Ones performed a special musical performance , while Brian Doyle @-@ Murray voiced the Flying Dutchman . American country guitarist and singer Junior Brown made a vocal cameo , performing the song " Texas " in the episode of the same name . In " Neptune 's Spatula " , John O 'Hurley appeared as King Neptune . John Lurie and Jim Jarmusch ( who collaborated to make the films Stranger Than Paradise and Down by Law ) made a cameo as themselves in the episode " Hooky " , through excerpts from the Bravo serial , Fishing with John .
= = = Writing = = =
Prior to start of production on the show , Hillenburg decided early that he wanted SpongeBob SquarePants to be a storyboard @-@ driven show , rather than script @-@ driven . Storyboard @-@ driven is an approach that required artists who could take a skeletal story outline and flesh it out with sight gags , dialogue and a structure that " would strike a balance between narrative and whimsy . " Hillenburg originally wanted " a team of young and hungry people " to work on the show . The group , who worked with Hillenburg on Rocko 's Modern Life before , consisted of Alan Smart , Nick Jennings , and Derek Drymon . Tim Hill was asked about if he want to work as story editor , but was unavailable at the time . The crew got Peter Burns to work as story editor who developed the idea for the episode " Ripped Pants " about SpongeBob ripping his pants .
During the first season , the writing staff used most of the story ideas that were in Hillenburg 's series bible and they had problems on how to generate new ideas . At one point , the writing staff went to the beach for inspiration for a possible episode . However , the day " was overcast and cold , so we [ the writers ] had to stay in the car . " Drymon said " We didn 't come up with too many ideas that day . " Story editor Peter Burns left , and the crew had Merriwether Williams to overtake . Hillenburg said to Williams that " it was her responsibility to get us [ the writers ] to come up with new ideas . " Drymon said " [ It ] is a tall order . " Williams gave Drymon a book called Zen in the Art of Writing , written by Ray Bradbury , that catalogs a collection of essays about writing processes . One of the ways in the book to inspire plots was " to write nouns that interested him [ Bradbury ] on a note card and hang them in his office . He felt just having the word in his eyesight would get his mind working . " Williams took this scheme and made it into " a writing exercise . " In writing meetings , the staff would all enumerate 10 nouns on strips of paper and place them in a hat . The hat would be passed throughout and a writer would have a limited time to spawn an idea based on the noun he wrote . Drymon said " It would almost always start a discussion , and we wound up getting a lot of episodes out of it . " Furthermore , Drymon said that Williams " really came up with a great addition to the process . "
One time , Hillenburg came to Williams and said , " Why don 't you go read a bunch of books about writing . " Hillenburg wanted to keep the enthusiasm in the writing room , because , according to Williams , " sometimes it can be a slog . " She went off , read more books about writing , and came up with two more exercises for writing meetings .
= = = Animation and design = = =
The animation was handled overseas in South Korea at Rough Draft Studios . Throughout the season 's run , from 1999 to 2000 , SpongeBob was animated using cel animation . The show shifted to digital ink and paint animation during its second season in 2000 . Executive producer Paul Tibbitt , in 2009 , said " [ ... ] The first season of SpongeBob was done the old @-@ fashioned way on cells , and every cell had to be part @-@ painted , left to dry , paint some other colors . It 's still a time @-@ consuming aspect of the process now , but the digital way of doing things means it doesn 't take long to correct . " The season was storyboarded and by Sherm Cohen , Derek Drymon , Steve Fonti , Stephen Hillenburg , Chuck Klein , Jay Lender , Chris Mitchell , Mark O 'Hare , Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan , Vincent Waller , and Erik Wiese .
When the crew began production on the pilot , they were tasked to design the stock locations where " [ ... ] the show would return to again and again , and in which most of the action would take place , such as the Krusty Krab and SpongeBob 's pineapple house . " Hillenburg had a " clear vision " of what he wanted the show to look like . The idea was " to keep everything nautical " so the crew used lots of rope , wooden planks , ships ' wheels , netting , anchors , and boilerplate and rivets .
The season marked the introduction of the " sky flowers " as the main background . It first appeared in the pilot and has since become a common feature throughout the series . When series background designer Kenny Pittenger was asked " What are those things ? , " he answered " They function as clouds in a way , but since the show takes place underwater , they aren 't really clouds . " Since the show was influenced by tiki , the background painters have to use a lot of pattern . Pittenger said " So really , the sky flowers are mostly a whimsical design element that Steve [ Hillenburg ] came up with to evoke the look of a flower @-@ print Hawaiian shirt — or something like that . I don 't know what they are either . "
= = Reception = =
The season was critically acclaimed . Three of its episodes won Best Sound Editing in Television Animation at the 2000 Golden Reel Awards . It consisted of the episodes " Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy " and " Pickles " for Music , while the " Karate Choppers " won for the Sound . In 2001 , " Rock Bottom " and " Arrgh ! " also won the Golden Reel Awards for Best Sound Editing in Television Animation — Sound , while " Fools in April " and " Neptune 's Spatula " were nominated for Best Sound Editing in Television Animation — Music .
In his review for the Variety , Noel Holston said " [ The show ] is smarter and freakier than most of the prime @-@ time animated series that have popped up in the past year . " Furthermore , most of the first season DVD reviews were positive towards the series as being one of the best American comedy shows . In a DVD review by Bill Treadway for DVD Verdict , he called the show " the best animated American comedy since The Simpsons , it is a claim I stand behind . " Treadway said the show is " accessible to all " that " adults will enjoy the witty satire and sly in @-@ jokes subtly inserted into every episode . " He also mentioned that " children will love the bright colors , spunky pace , and lively characters " and that " parents will not have to worry about violence or crude humor . " Jason Bovberg of DVD Talk called SpongeBob SquarePants " the coolest Saturday morning cartoon since the heyday of Warner Bros. " In a separate review for the season 's DVD release , Bovberg " highly recommended " the set and wrote " I love the show so much , I can 't see any way around giving this one a recommendation . " Bovberg was particular on the exclusion of the pilot episode " Help Wanted " , saying " But why is ' Help Wanted ' missing ? I suppose I 'll have to buy a " theme " disc down the road to secure that one . Sigh . " Furthermore , he described it as " the only disappointment of the set . " Ron J. Epstein , also from DVD Talk , said that the character of SpongeBob is " one of the strangest cartoon characters I have ever had the pleasure to watch . " He said that " Unlike most cartoons today , SpongeBob SquarePants caters to both a child and an adult audience . "
In his review for The Washington Post , Michael Cavna rewatched the pilot episode " Help Wanted " in 2009 and said " so much of the style and polish are already in place . " He ranked the episode at No. 3 at his The Top Five SpongeBob Episodes : We Pick ' Em list . Nancy Basile of the About.com said " [ The ] humor and optimistic essence of SpongeBob is evident even in this first episode . "
= = Episodes = =
Key
The following episodes listed in the chart are arranged according to their production order , rather than by their original air dates .
= = DVD release = =
The DVD boxset for season one was released by Paramount Home Entertainment and Nickelodeon in the United States and Canada in October 2003 , three years after it had completed broadcast on television . The DVD release features bonus materials including audio commentaries , featurettes , and music videos . The pilot episode " Help Wanted " was excluded in the DVD release due to copyright issues . According to Derek Drymon , the episode was not included because Nickelodeon did not want to pay Tiny Tim 's estate for the DVD rights . " Help Wanted " was later released on the SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 3rd Season DVD as a bonus feature on September 27 , 2005 . It was also released on the SpongeBob SquarePants : The First 100 Episodes DVD , alongside all the episodes of seasons one through five . The DVD included a featurette called " Help Wanted " the Seven Seas Edition that featured " Help Wanted " in numerous languages . The episode was also a bonus feature in the series DVD called SpongeBob SquarePants : 10 Happiest Moments that was released on September 14 , 2010 . Upon release , the DVD set was quickly sold out at Best Buy and was selling " briskly " at online retailers , including Amazon.com , Barnes & Noble and Walmart . In 2012 , the DVD was released in slim packaging .
= Einherjar =
In Norse mythology , the einherjar ( Old Norse " single ( or once ) fighters " ) are those who have died in battle and are brought to Valhalla by valkyries . In Valhalla , the einherjar eat their fill of the nightly @-@ resurrecting beast Sæhrímnir , and are brought their fill of mead ( from the udder of the goat Heiðrún ) by valkyries . The einherjar prepare daily for the events of Ragnarök , when they will advance for an immense battle at the field of Vígríðr ; the battle which the " ein " ( here meaning single @-@ time ) refers to . Heimdall occasionally returned the best of Einherjar to Midgard or Jotunheim with the purpose of killing giants , but they were forbidden to talk with the living .
The einherjar are attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson , the poem Hákonarmál ( by the 10th century skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir ) as collected in Heimskringla , and a stanza of an anonymous 10th century poem commemorating the death of Eric Bloodaxe known as Eiríksmál as compiled in Fagrskinna .
Scholarly theories have been proposed etymologically connecting the einherjar to the Harii ( a Germanic tribe attested in the 1st century AD ) , the eternal battle of Hjaðningavíg , and the Wild Hunt . The einherjar have been the subject of works of art and poetry . Valhalla is the place of Odin . It is told in Norse mythology that einherjar are those with golden auras only seen by Valkyries . The einherjar are the Warriors trained by Asgardians .
= = Attestations = =
= = = Poetic Edda = = =
In the poem Vafþrúðnismál , Odin engages the wise jötunn Vafþrúðnir in a game of wits . Disguised as Gagnráðr , Odin asks Vafþrúðnir " where men fight in courts every day . " Vafþrúðnir responds that ( here einherjar is translated as einheriar ) :
In the poem Grímnismál , Odin ( disguised as Grímnir ) tells the young Agnar that the cook Andhrímnir boils the beast Sæhrímnir , which he refers to as " the best of pork " , in the container Eldhrímnir , yet adds that " but few know by what the einheriar are nourished . " Further into Grímnismál , Odin gives a list of valkyries ( Skeggjöld , Skögul , Hildr , Þrúðr , Hlökk , Herfjötur , Göll , Geirahöð , Randgríð , Ráðgríð , and Reginleif ) , and states that they bear ale to the einherjar . Towards the end of the poem , another reference to the einherjar appears when Odin tells the king Geirröd ( unaware that the man he has been torturing is Odin ) that Geirröd is drunk , and that Geirröd loses much when he loses his favor and the favor of " all the Einherjar . "
In the poem Helgakviða Hundingsbana I , the hero Sinfjötli flyts with Guðmundr . Sinfjötli accuses Guðmundr of having once been a female , including that he was " a witch , horrible , unnatural , among Odin 's valkyries " and that all of the einherjar " had to fight , headstrong women , on your account " .
= = = Prose Edda = = =
In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , the einherjar are introduced in chapter 20 . In chapter 20 , Third tells Gangleri ( described as king Gylfi in disguise ) that Odin is called Valföðr ( Old Norse " father of the slain " ) " since all those who fall in battle are his adopted sons , " and that Odin assigns them places in Valhalla and Vingólf where they are known as einherjar . In chapter 35 , High quotes the Grímnismál valkyrie list , and says that these valkyries wait in Valhalla , and there serve drink , and look after tableware and drinking vessels in Valhalla . In addition , High says that Odin sends valkyries to every battle , that they allot death to men , and govern victory .
In chapter 38 , High provides more detail about the einherjar . Gangleri says that " you say that all those men that have fallen in battle since the beginning of the world have now come to Odin in Val @-@ hall . What has he got to offer them food ? I should have thought that there must be a pretty large number there . " High replies that it is true there are a pretty large number of men there , adding many more have yet to arrive , yet that " there will seem too few when the wolf comes . " However , High adds that food is not a problem because there will never be too many people in Valhalla that the meat of Sæhrímnir ( which he calls a boar ) cannot sufficiently feed . High says that Sæhrímnir is cooked every day by the cook Andhrímnir in the pot Eldhrimnir , and is again whole every evening . High then quotes the stanza of Grímnismál mentioning the cook , meal , and container in reference .
Further into chapter 38 , Gangleri asks if Odin consumes the same meals as the einherjar . High responds that Odin gives the food on his table to his two wolves Geri and Freki , and that Odin himself needs no food , for Odin gains sustenance from wine as if it were drink and meat . High then quotes another stanza from Grímnismál in reference . In chapter 39 , Gangleri asks what the einherjar drink that is as plentiful as their food , and if they drink water . High responds that it is strange that Gangleri is asking if Odin , the All @-@ Father , would invite kings , earls , and other " men of rank " to his home and give them water to drink . High says that he " swears by his faith " that many who come to Valhalla would think that he paid a high price for a drink of water if there were no better beverages there , after having died of wounds and in agony . High continues that atop Valhalla stands the goat Heiðrún , and it feeds on the foliage of the tree called Læraðr . From Heiðrún 's udders flow mead that fills a vat a day . The vat is so large that all of the einherjar are able to drink to their fullness from it .
In chapter 40 , Gangleri says that Valhalla must be an immense building , yet it must often be crowded around the doorways . High responds that there are plenty of doors , and that crowding doesn 't occur around them . In support , High again quotes a stanza from Grímnismál . In chapter 41 , Gangleri notes that there are very many people in Valhalla , and that Odin is a " very great lord when he commands such a troop " . Gangleri then asks what entertainment the einherjar have when they 're not drinking . High responds that every day , the einherjar get dressed and " put on war @-@ gear and go out into the courtyard and fight each other and fall upon each other . This is their sport . " High says that when dinner time arrives , the einherjar ride back to Valhalla and sit down to drink . In reference , High quotes a stanza from Grímnismál .
In chapter 51 , High foretells the events of Ragnarök . After the god Heimdallr awakens all the gods by blowing his horn Gjallarhorn , they will assemble at a thing , Odin will ride to the well Mímisbrunnr and consult Mímir on behalf of himself and his people , the world tree Yggdrasil will shake , and then the Æsir and the einherjar will don their war gear . The Æsir and einherjar will ride to the field Vígríðr while Odin rides before them clad in a golden helmet , mail , and holding his spear Gungnir , and heading towards the wolf Fenrir .
In chapter 52 , Gangleri asks what will happen after the heavens , earth , and all of the world are burned and the gods , einherjar and all of mankind have died , noting that he had previously been told that " everyone will live in some world or other for ever and ever . " High replies with a list of locations , and then describes the re @-@ emerging of the world after Ragnarök . The einherjar receive a final mention in the Prose Edda in chapter 2 of the book Skáldskaparmál , where a quote from the anonymous 10th century poem Eiríksmál is provided ( see the Fagrskinna section below for more detail and another translation from another source ) :
= = = Heimskringla = = =
At the end of the Heimskringla saga Hákonar saga góða , the poem Hákonarmál ( by the 10th century skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir ) is presented . The saga relates that king Haakon I of Norway died in battle , and yet though he is Christian , he requests that since he has died " among heathens , then give me such burial place as seems most fitting to you . " The saga relates that , shortly after , Haakon died on the same slab of rock that he was born upon , that he was greatly mourned by friend and foe alike , and that his friends moved his body northward to Sæheim in North Hordaland . Haakon was there buried in a large burial mound in full armor and his finest clothing , yet with no other valuables . Further , " words were spoken over his grave according to the custom of heathen men , and they put him on the way to Valhalla . " The poem Hákonarmál is then provided .
In Hákonarmál , Odin sends forth the two valkyries Göndul and Skögul to " choose among the kings ' kinsmen " and who in battle should dwell with Odin in Valhalla . A battle rages with great slaughter . Haakon and his men die in battle , and they see the valkyrie Göndul leaning on a spear shaft . Göndul comments that " groweth now the gods ' following , since Hákon has been with host so goodly bidden home with holy godheads . " Haakon hears " what the valkyries said , " and the valkyries are described as sitting " high @-@ hearted on horseback , " wearing helmets , carrying shields and that the horses wisely bore them . A brief exchange follows between Haakon and the valkyrie Skögul :
Skögul says that they shall now ride forth to the " green homes of the godheads " to tell Odin the king will come to Valhalla . In Valhalla , Haakon is greeted by Hermóðr and Bragi . Haakon expresses concern that he shall receive Odin 's hate ( Lee Hollander theorizes this may be due to Haakon 's conversion to Christianity from his native heathenism ) , yet Bragi responds that he is welcome :
= = = Fagrskinna = = =
In chapter 8 of Fagrskinna , a prose narrative states that , after the death of her husband Eric Bloodaxe , Gunnhild Mother of Kings had a poem composed about him . The composition is by an anonymous author from the 10th century and is referred to as Eiríksmál , and describes Eric Bloodaxe and five other kings arriving in Valhalla after their death . The poem begins with comments by Odin ( as Old Norse Óðinn ) :
The god Bragi asks where a thundering sound is coming from , and says that the benches of Valhalla are creaking — as if the god Baldr had returned to Valhalla — and that it sounds like the movement of a thousand . Odin responds that Bragi knows well that the sounds are for Eric Bloodaxe , who will soon arrive in Valhalla . Odin tells the heroes Sigmund and Sinfjötli to rise to greet Eric and invite him into the hall , if it is indeed he .
Sigmund asks Odin why he would expect Eric more than any other king , to which Odin responds that Eric has reddened his gore @-@ drenched sword with many other lands . Eric arrives , and Sigmund greets him , tells him that he is welcome to come into the hall , and asks him what other lords he has brought with him to Valhalla . Eric says that with him are five kings , that he will tell them the name of them all , and that he , himself , is the sixth .
= = Theories and proposed etymological connections = =
According to John Lindow , Andy Orchard , and Rudolf Simek , scholars have commonly connected the einherjar to the Harii , a Germanic tribe attested by Tacitus in his 1st @-@ century AD work Germania . Tacitus writes :
As for the Harii , quite apart from their strength , which exceeds that of the other tribes I have just listed , they pander to their innate savagery by skill and timing : with black shields and painted bodies , they choose dark nights to fight , and by means of terror and shadow of a ghostly army they cause panic , since no enemy can bear a sight so unexpected and hellish ; in every battle the eyes are the first to be conquered .
Lindow says that " many scholars think there may be basis for the myth in an ancient Odin cult , which would be centered on young warriors who entered into an ecstatic relationship with Odin " and that the name Harii has been etymologically connected to the -herjar element of einherjar . Simek says that since the connection has become widespread , " one tends to interpret these obviously living armies of the dead as religiously motivated bands of warriors , who led to the formation of the concept of the einherjar as well as the Wild Hunt [ ... ] " . Simek continues that the notion of an eternal battle and daily resurrection appears in book I of Saxo Grammaticus ' Gesta Danorum and in reports of the eternal battle of Hjaðningavíg .
According to Guðbrandur Vigfússon , the concept of the einherjar links directly to the Old Norse name Einarr . Vigfússon comments that " the name Einarr is properly = einheri " , and points to a relation to the term with the Old Norse common nouns einarðr ( meaning " bold " ) and einörð ( meaning " valour " ) .
= Italian cruiser Etna =
Etna was a protected cruiser of the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) built in the 1880s . She was the lead ship of the Etna class , which included three sister ships . Named for Mount Etna on the island of Sicily , the ship was laid down in January 1883 , was launched in September 1885 , and was completed in December 1887 . She was armed with a main battery of two 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) and six 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns , and could steam at a speed of around 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) .
Etna frequently cruised abroad throughout her career , including visits to the United States for the World 's Columbian Exposition and the Hudson @-@ Fulton Celebration in 1893 and 1909 , respectively . She served as a training ship for naval cadets from 1907 . She saw action during the Italo @-@ Turkish War of 1911 – 12 , primarily providing gunfire support to Italian troops ashore in Libya . By the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , Etna had been withdrawn from service and was employed as a headquarters ship for the commander of the Italian fleet at Taranto and later for the light forces based at Brindisi . The old cruiser was finally sold for scrap in May 1921 .
= = Description = =
Etna was 283 feet 6 inches ( 86 @.@ 4 m ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 42 feet 6 inches ( 13 @.@ 0 m ) . She had a mean draft of 19 feet ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) and displaced between 3 @,@ 474 long tons ( 3 @,@ 530 t ) . Her crew numbered 12 officers and 296 men . The ship had two horizontal compound steam engines , each driving a single propeller , with steam provided by four double @-@ ended cylindrical boilers . Etna was credited with a top speed of 17 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 0 km / h ; 20 @.@ 5 mph ) from 7 @,@ 480 indicated horsepower ( 5 @,@ 580 kW ) . She had a cruising radius of 5 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 9 @,@ 300 km ; 5 @,@ 800 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The main armament of the ships consisted of two Armstrong 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) , 30 @-@ caliber breech @-@ loading guns mounted in barbettes fore and aft . She was also equipped with six 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) , 32 @-@ caliber , breech @-@ loading guns that were carried in sponsons along the sides of the ship . For anti @-@ torpedo boat defense , Etna was fitted with five 57 @-@ millimeter ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) 6 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns and five 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 1 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns . Etna was also armed with four 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes . One was mounted in the bow underwater and the other three were above water . She was protected with an armored deck below the waterline with a maximum thickness of 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) . The conning tower had .5 in ( 13 mm ) worth of armor plating .
From 1905 to 1907 the ship was rebuilt with forecastle and poop decks added and her armament was revised . The heavy 10 @-@ inch guns were replaced with two quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) guns and the six breech @-@ loading 6 @-@ inch guns were replaced by four QF 6 @-@ inch guns , two on each side amidships .
= = Service history = =
Etna was built by the Castellammare shipyard ; her keel was laid down on 19 January 1883 and her completed hull was launched on 26 September 1885 . After fitting @-@ out work was finished , she was commissioned into the Italian fleet on 3 December 1887 . Etna served in the Squadra Permamente ( Permanent Squadron ) from her commissioning to 1893 and then served in North and South American waters until the end of 1895 . During this period , Etna and the protected cruisers Dogali and Giovanni Bausan represented Italy at the international naval review in New York , held at the start of the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 . The Exposition marked the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in North America . Contingents from France , Germany , Britain , Spain , and several other nations also participated in the celebration . During the visit , she flew the flag of Rear Admiral G. B. Magnaghi ,
During the First Italo @-@ Ethiopian War of 1895 – 6 she was stationed in the Red Sea . She thereafter supported Italian interests during the Cretan Revolt of 1898 . In 1897 , Etna was assigned to the cruiser squadron along with Lombardia and Dogali . The ship was then transferred to the Far East , during which time she made a visit to Sydney , Australia . She returned home in 1902 and was disarmed ; she was then commissioned as the flagship of the Superior Torpedo @-@ Boat Command in 1904 . In 1907 , Etna was converted into a training cruiser for naval cadets . Etna visited the United States in September 1909 for the Hudson @-@ Fulton Celebration in New York City , which also included ships from the German , British , and French fleets , among others , in addition to the hosting US Navy . On this occasion , she was joined by the cruiser Etruria .
Etna saw limited action during the Italo @-@ Turkish War in 1911 – 12 . At the outbreak of the war in September 1911 , she was stationed in eastern Africa , where Italy had colonies in Eritrea and Somaliland . She was joined there by the cruisers Elba , Liguria , Piemonte and Puglia . In December 1911 , she was stationed at Tobruk , where she , the battleship Vittorio Emanuele , the cruiser Etruria , and twelve torpedo boats provided gunfire support to the Italians defending the city . She remained there through January 1912 while the bulk of the Italian fleet returned to Italy for repairs . In April , Etna bombarded Ottoman positions outside Benghazi , and in August , she sent men ashore at Zuwarah to relieve the garrison there . On 13 September she shelled Ottoman troops near the ruins of ancient Tripoli . The following month , the Ottomans agreed to surrender , ending the war .
In September 1914 , Etna was withdrawn from service as a training ship and used instead as a floating headquarters . Italy entered World War I in May 1915 and the ship was thereafter used as a harbor defense ship before returning to her previous role as a headquarters ship for the commander in chief of the Italian fleet at Taranto . By May 1917 , she had been transferred to Brindisi , where she served as the headquarters ship for Rear Admiral Alfredo Acton during the Battle of the Strait of Otranto . The old cruiser was sold for scrapping on 15 May 1921 , and was the last surviving ship of her class .
= Hotarubi no Mori e =
Hotarubi no Mori e ( Japanese : 蛍火の杜へ , lit . " Into the Forest of Fireflies ' Light " ) is a one @-@ shot shōjo manga written by Yuki Midorikawa . It was published in the July 2002 issue of LaLa DX in Japan , and in July 2003 it was reprinted in a tankōbon short story collection of the same name , which included four romantic one @-@ shot stories written by Midorikawa . Hotarubi no Mori e tells the story of a young girl named Hotaru and her friendship with Gin , a strange young man wearing a mask , who she meets at the age of six in a mountain forest near her grandfather 's country home . Hotaru learns that her friend is supernatural and that touching Gin will cause him to disappear forever . Hotaru returns every summer to spend time with Gin , and their relationship matures as both struggle with its limitations . The inspiration to write the story came suddenly to Midorikawa , who immediately drew the manga — a process that went smoothly despite some initial conflicting elements . Hotarubi no Mori e is considered a starting point for Midorikawa 's best known work , Natsume 's Book of Friends .
A 44 @-@ minute anime film with the same title was produced in 2011 at the anime studio Brain 's Base and directed by Takahiro Omori . The film starred Japanese voice actors Ayane Sakura and Kōki Uchiyama , and its soundtrack included music by Makoto Yoshimori . The film maintained a strong following for months in Japan after its opening on September 17 , 2011 . The European premiere of Hotarubi no Mori e was on October 8 , 2011 at the Scotland Loves Animation festival , where it won the Jury Prize . It was screened at the Leeds International Film Festival , Anime Contents Expo and Anime Expo convention , and also won the Animation Film Award at the 66th Annual Mainichi Film Awards .
The anime was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc ( BD ) and DVD in Japan on February 22 , 2012 . An additional story related to the original manga and anime film , titled Hotarubi no Mori e Tokubetsuhen ( 蛍火の杜へ 特別編 ) , was released in a keepsake edition of the manga 12 days prior to the release of the anime . Both the keepsake edition manga and the limited edition BD ranked No. 13 on Japan 's Oricon sales chart shortly after their release . Sakura reported experiencing a strong emotional reaction to the story while recording the voice of Hotaru , and Midorikawa acknowledged that the story had a positive impact on her career . Reviewers universally praised the anime film for its beauty , simplicity , and tenderness , likening it to the works of Hayao Miyazaki of Studio Ghibli and Makoto Shinkai . There were few criticisms , most commonly focusing on its short length .
= = Plot = =
The original Hotarubi no Mori e shōjo manga and subsequent film tell the story of a six @-@ year @-@ old girl named Hotaru Takegawa , who gets lost in a forest inhabited by a yamagami , or mountain spirit , as well as yōkai ( strange apparitions from Japanese folklore ) . She is found by a mask @-@ wearing , human @-@ like entity named Gin , who informs Hotaru that he will disappear forever if he is touched by a human . Gin then leads Hotaru out of the forest . Hotaru returns to visit Gin in the forest over the next few days and they become friends despite the limitations on their interactions . Although at summer 's end she must leave Gin to return to the city and her studies , Hotaru promises to return to visit him every summer holiday . As the years go by , Gin hardly ages while Hotaru physically matures and grows closer to his apparent age . Upon reaching adolescence Hotaru begins to struggle with their budding romance and their uncertain future together , while Gin wishes he could touch and hold the young woman that Hotaru has become . When Hotaru reaches high school , Gin takes her on a date to a festival in the forest hosted by the spirits . The night ends in tragedy when Gin mistakenly touches a young boy who sneaked into the spirit festival , though before he disappears , he and Hotaru embrace and confess their love for one another . The story ends with Hotaru accepting her pain and moving on with her life . The 2011 anime film adaptation of the story follows all of the events from the manga , adding only a few additional scenes .
Hotarubi no Mori e Tokubetsuhen ( 蛍火の杜へ 特別編 ) , published in 2011 , expands on the original story with a short episode told from Gin 's perspective . When Hotaru is a teenager , she shares some pudding with Gin before she leaves at the end of the summer . After Hotaru leaves , the yōkai attempt to cheer Gin up by bringing him a couple persimmons , one of the most prized treats on the mountain . Impressed with the taste , Gin thinks of sharing one of these persimmons with Hotaru next year . After discussing ways to preserve the persimmon with the yōkai and a spirit named Matsumino , Gin sets off to find ice on the highest mountain peak , but is disappointed to find none during the summer . When Gin returns scratched up from his fruitless search for ice , Matsumino feels sorry for him and offers to deliver the persimmon to Hotaru for him . However , not knowing where she lives , Matsumino gets lost and grows hungry . After he returns from his unsuccessful attempt to find Hotaru , Matsumino apologizes to Gin for eating the persimmon and Gin forgives him . The story concludes with Gin seeing Hotaru the following summer and wondering if he will be able to tell her about his feelings for her .
= = Production = =
= = = Manga = = =
The author , Yuki Midorikawa , explained in the postscript of the Aizoban Hotarubi no Mori e reprint that the idea for the story came to her more easily than for any other work up until that point . Although she had been planning to write a story as challenging as Hotarubi no Mori e once she had gained more experience writing manga , she decided to undertake the project sooner when the idea for the story suddenly came to her . Afraid that she might lose the idea , she promptly began to draw it , and Midorikawa 's writing progressed smoothly despite having numerous conflicting ideas for the development of the story .
The story came from Midorikawa 's desire to draw several scenes . She was interested in drawing a scene where a boy dodges a girl who is falling towards him . She also wanted to draw a shadowy summertime forest , which would allow her to expand the range of tones and blacks used in the manga . A third inspiration was the desire to depict a more tranquil summer festival than those she had drawn before . She was also eager to create the mask worn by Gin at the festival , which resembled the face of a fox whose typical slitted eyes were replaced by oval ones to give the mask a " creepy " hybrid fox @-@ primate appearance .
The supernatural love story between Hotaru and Gin is considered a starting point for Midorikawa 's best known work , Natsume 's Book of Friends , which also depicts ill @-@ fated interactions between humans and yōkai ( sometimes referred to as ayakashi ) . In both stories , differences in lifespan and other insurmountable barriers mar their relationships and attempts to understand each other .
Prior to the anime film 's theatrical release in 2011 , Midorikawa published an additional chapter to the story , Hotarubi no Mori e Tokubetsuhen . Since the original story was already complete and she initially felt uncomfortable about adding to it , she opted instead to expand on the story from Gin 's perspective .
= = = Anime = = =
According to the animation director , Yumi Satou , the anime project originated with his personal wish to animate original manga , which he enjoyed . The project was given approval in early 2011 , and according to the film 's producer , Shuko Yokoyama , the anime was originally planned as an OVA ( Original video animation ) , which would not have been released in theaters . However , the popularity of Natsume 's Book of Friends , which was also written by Midorikawa and developed by the same production staff , gave them the support they needed to create an anime film . The film was produced by the studio Brain 's Base and directed by Takahiro Omori , starring Japanese voice actors Ayane Sakura as Hotaru and Kōki Uchiyama as Gin . Satou had frequently worked together with Yokoyama on previous projects . Other staff included Akira Takata ( character design ) , Yukihiro Shibuya ( art ) , Hiromi Miyawaki ( color design ) , Hitoshi Tamura ( photography ) , and Kazuhiko Seki ( editor ) . The anime film had a very small staff because it was a very short film and was produced domestically , unlike the TV series , Natsume 's Book of Friends , which was primarily outsourced to other countries — a common trend in anime production .
In March 2011 , midway through production , the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami struck Japan . Despite the national tragedy , the production crew continued its work , and according to Omori , the team hoped that their work would help soothe the nation after it had time to recover . Omori speculated that this was part of the reason for the strong positive reception and the awards the anime later received .
The setting in the manga was based on a shrine in the Kumamoto Prefecture of Japan , known as Kamishikimi Kumanoimasu Shrine , which is dedicated to Izanagi @-@ no @-@ Mikoto and Izanami @-@ no @-@ Mikoto from Japanese mythology . The animation crew spent two hours searching the location for settings on which they could base their art . Because the story was set in the forest of a mountain god , Omori intended the art to represent a " different world " where the background scenery was obscure and the blue sky was slightly brighter than normal . Omori and his crew devoted extra attention to lighting and coloring , making the forest dim with light coming through the canopy and landing on the characters with the appropriate intensity . The contrast between light and dark was also used during the festival scene to emphasize its bizarre nature , reminding the audience that Hotaru should not be there . Because of the significance of the summer season to the story , Omori deliberately loaded the film with summer scenes , such as rustling leaves and chirring of cicadas .
According to the Omori , the idea for the opening scene was suggested by Yokoyama ; following traditional cinematography , the images of scenes indirectly related to the main story were played while the opening credits appeared . Originally intended to show Gin 's life before meeting Hotaru , Omori allowed the viewer to decide its relationship in time
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Kakera " ( 体温のかけら ) ( 2003 ) and " Hoshi mo Mienai " ( 星も見えない ) ( 2005 ) .
= = = Anime = = =
The anime film , Hotarubi no Mori e , is categorized as a drama / romance , with a running time of 44 minutes . In March 2011 , the anime version was to be put on display at the Anime Contents Expo in Chiba , Japan , along with new work on Natsume 's Book of Friends , but the event was canceled following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . The opening date for the film was announced on June 4 on the film 's official website . On June 18 , special pre @-@ order tickets were sold along with the limited offer of a free poster . Around a week later , four television commercials focused on the anime 's main characters were streamed from the film 's official website . Sixteen days before the official release , a 96 @-@ second trailer was posted on Cinema Today , a Japanese movie website .
The film opened in Japan on September 17 , 2011 , playing at Theater Umeda in Osaka and Ikebukuro 's Cine Libre in Tokyo . The European premiere of Hotarubi no Mori e was on October 8 , 2011 at the Scotland Loves Animation festival in Glasgow , followed by interviews and a Q / A session with the animation director and the producer . It was screened again at the Scotland Loves Animation festival in Edinburgh on October 14 , along with two other short films produced by Brain 's Base studio . It was also a late addition to the 2011 Leeds International Film Festival and shown as a free presentation on November 18 in Leeds Town Hall . Hotarubi no Mori e was one of 60 titles screened at the first Anime Contents Expo held at Makuhari Messe in Chiba in late March 2012 . It was also shown on June 30 , 2012 at the Anime Expo convention at the Los Angeles Convention Center .
Limited edition copies of the Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD were released in Japan on February 22 , 2012 . The limited edition sets included card set illustrations , stickers , a 40 @-@ page booklet , a strap with an attached mask ( like Gin 's ) , and other limited time specials . The DVD was also released at the same time without these extras .
= = = = Music = = = =
The original soundtrack ( catalog number : SVWC @-@ 7783 ) was released on August 24 , 2011 , less than a month prior to the release of the anime film . The music was recorded by Makoto Yoshimori , and the ending theme , " Natsu o Miteita " ( 夏を見ていた , lit . " I Was Watching Summer " ) , was sung by Shizuru Ōtaka .
All songs written and composed by Makoto Yoshimori .
= = Reception = =
The keepsake edition manga , Aizoban Hotarubi no Mori e by Midorikawa , ranked No. 13 on Japan 's Oricon comic sales chart during September 5 – 11 , 2011 , with 40 @,@ 641 copies sold during its first week .
In Japan , the anime was considered a hit , attracting many fans at each screening in Tokyo for several months . Following its European premiere at the Scotland Loves Animation festival in Glasgow , Hotarubi no Mori e was awarded the Jury Award . In January 2012 , it won the Animation Film Award at the 66th Annual Mainichi Film Awards and received at the awards ceremony held on February 13 , 2012 in Kawasaki , Japan . The limited edition Blu @-@ ray Disc also ranked No. 13 on Oricon 's weekly BD sales chart between February 20 – 26 , 2012 , with 7 @,@ 171 copies sold in the five days following its release .
The anime film of Hotarubi no Mori e was well received by its reviewers , and likened to the works of Hayao Miyazaki of Studio Ghibli and Makoto Shinkai . UK Anime Network 's Andy Hanley , who attended a screening at the Scotland Loves Animation festival , said it is " beautiful in its simplicity " , though noting that the climax seemed a bit rushed and sudden , leaving the audience to struggle with their emotions .
Nick Browne of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews described it as a " vignette of bittersweet nostalgia " , praising the anime for being a " gorgeously detailed piece with beautiful animation . " Browne also wrote favorably of the story 's progression , noting that its dark undertones grew heavier as the main character matured , and that the consistent characterization of Hotaru from childhood to her early teens was impressive , especially given the film 's length . Browne 's criticisms were limited to noting the film 's short length , a clash between the cartoonish depictions of the forest spirits and the rest of the movie , and an issue with one element of plot development near the end of the film . He did note that sensitive viewers may interpret some aspects of the story as inappropriate , such as the initial age difference between the main characters and the way Gin punishes Hotaru as a child when she tries to touch him . In the case of the former , Browne noted that their romance developed only when Hotaru began to approach Gin 's physical age , and with the latter , he noted that no harm was intended . In both cases , he also mentioned that cultural differences must be considered .
Both Yokoyama and Satou noted the " Japanese @-@ ness " of the anime during the panel discussion following the main showing at the Scotland Loves Animation festival . Yokoyama had originally been concerned that foreign audiences would not fully understand and appreciate the work , but the reaction of the audience at the Glasgow showing alleviated his concerns . According to Yokoyama and Satou , elements of the story that exhibited strong elements of Japanese culture included the watermelon eating scene , the part where Gin hits young Hotaru over the head with a stick , and the scene where young Hotaru gets scared at night when she sees the face of a yōkai in the patterns of the wood panels on the ceiling .
Midorikawa attributed the success of Hotarubi no Mori e to the quality of the story , noting even those readers of the original manga who were critical of her artwork were drawn to read the story from start to finish . She speculated that hiding Gin 's face behind a mask had helped mitigate some of the artistic issues for which her earlier work had been criticized . The intense pressure experienced by Midorikawa early in her manga writing career was relieved as a result of the positive feedback she received upon her success with Hotarubi no Mori e . In 2011 , she expressed excitement for the new anime film and having the manga reprinted in a new short story collection , remarking that her attempts to write about her feelings and recent experiences in relation to Hotarubi no Mori e brought tears to her eyes . She described the story as a " precious work " that had help her build social connections .
= Nicola Zagame =
Nicola Maree " Ziggy " Zagame ( born 11 August 1990 in Sydney ) is an Australian water polo centre back / driver . She attended Kirrawee High School in New South Wales . One of her hobbies is art , and some of it was displayed as part of an exhibit at the Hazelworth Regional Gallery and Arts Centre in 2008 . She became a water polo player after being recruited from surf lifesaving when she was thirteen . She has had a water polo scholarship with the New South Wales Institute of Sport . She plays for the Cronulla Sharks in the National Water Polo League where she has twice set single season scoring records . She has represented her country as a member of Australia women 's national water polo team on both the junior and senior levels , and was part of the silver winning team at the 2010 FINA Women 's Water Polo World Cup . She represented Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics .
= = Personal = =
Zagame , nicknamed Ziggy and Nicky , was born on 11 August 1990 in Sydney and grew up attending Kirrawee High School . Currently residing in Gymea Bay , New South Wales , the 174 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) tall 73 kilograms ( 161 lb ) right handed Zagame disclosed her hobbies to be surfing , art , scrapbooking , and reading . Her art was displayed at the Hazelworth Regional Gallery and Arts Centre in 2008 as part of an exhibition of works of young local artists . She is " intrigued by the animal @-@ like qualities often found in people , both in physical appearance and personality " and integrated this theme into her works which were on display . She attended Sydney University where she was part of a course related to medical radiation science @-@ diagnostic radiography . She is a water polo coach and works at a shop making sandwiches .
= = Water polo = =
Zagame plays as a centre back / driver and prefers to wear cap number twelve . She keeps a rock that she considers lucky in her pool bag . She started playing water polo as a thirteen @-@ year @-@ old in Sutherland , New South Wales having been recruited from Cronulla SLSC where was involved with surf lifesaving . At the time of her transition to water polo , she was a better surf swimmer than a stillwater swimmer . She has held a scholarship for water polo at the New South Wales Institute of Sport . In 2008 , she competed in the Women 's International Series .
= = = Club team = = =
Zagame is a member of and plays club water polo for the Cronulla Sharks Water Polo Club in the National Water Polo League . During the 2009 season , she scored 76 goals . She played for the team in 2010 , including the finals tournament , during which she was named in the league final 's All Star team . She has twice set season goal @-@ scoring records while playing in the league , with the second time coming in a 2010 game when her team beat Adelaide at home in the Sutherland Leisure Centre . She challenges opposition players in such a way that it frequently results in her fouling out of games . She was the captain of the team during the 2011 season . In 2012 , she played briefly with the club before taking a break from the team following their 18 February 2012 game to attend the national team training camp . Her last game before the break was against the Balmain Tigers . As a member of the team , she helped win the first two games of the season 8 – 4 and 7 – 4 .
= = = Junior national team = = =
Zagame has represented Australia on the junior national level . In July 2006 , she was a member of the Youth Girls squad that competed in an international series in Auckland , New Zealand .
= = = Senior national team = = =
Zagame is a member of the Australia women 's national water polo team , nicknamed the Stingers . She made her senior team debut in May 2009 . In 2009 , she was part of the Australian side that finished third at the FINA World Leaue Super Finals in Kirishi , Russia . This was her first major international tournament as a member of the senior squad . In 2009 , she was part of the team that finished sixth at the FINA World Championships in Rome , Italy in 2009 . She was also part of the Australian side that won the 2009 Holiday Cup in the United States .
Zagame was a member of the 2010 Stingers squad that competed at the FINA World Cup in Christchurch , New Zealand where Australia finished second . In the team 's quarter finals 10 – 8 victory over the United States women 's national water polo team , she scored three goals . In May 2010 , she was a member of the team that competed at the FINA World League Asia @-@ Oceania zone held in Osaka , Japan and Tianjin , China .
Zagame was part of the Australian side that won a silver medal at the 2011 Kirishi Cup in June . In the game for the medal , they played Kazakhstan women 's national water polo team . In that match , she scored two goals . In July 2011 , she was a member of the Australian Stingers that competed in the 2011 FINA World Championships in Shanghai . In preparation for this tournament , she attended a team training camp in Perth , Western Australia .
In January 2012 , Zagame competed in the Pan Pacific Championships for the Stingers , and was a member of the squad that competed the three @-@ game test series against the United States . The Australian team won two of the three matches , with scores of 12 – 13 in an opening series loss , winning 11 – 6 in the second match and winning the third match 12 – 7 clash at Sutherland Leisure Centre . Zagame scored a goal in the second half of the final match in the series . This test series was the first time she had played an international match in her home swimming pool , Sutherland Leisure Centre .
In February 2012 , Zagame was named in the 17 @-@ member training squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics , and attended a training camp that started on 20 February 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport . She was part of the Stingers squad that competed in a five @-@ game test against Great Britain at the AIS in late February 2012 . This was the team 's first matches against Great Britain 's national team in six years . The team will be cut to thirteen before the team departs for the Olympic games , with the announcement scheduled on 13 June .
Zagame is planning to stay in the sport and hopes to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics .
= 4 Walls =
4 Walls is the fourth studio album by South Korea @-@ based girl group f ( x ) , released by S.M. Entertainment on October 27 , 2015 . Lee Soo @-@ man , former president of S.M. Entertainment , served as the executive producer of the album . It marked the group 's first release as a four @-@ member group after former member Sulli left the group in August 2015 .
To promote the album , f ( x ) appeared and performed on several music programs including M Countdown , Music Bank and Show ! Music Core . The group further embarked on its first concert tour Dimension 4 – Docking Station ( 2016 ) , which visited South Korea and Japan in January and February 2016 . The title track " 4 Walls " was released as a single in conjunction with the release of the album . The record 's musical styles are diverse , incorporating the group 's signature electropop and synthpop sound with elements of various genres including house , EDM and UK garage .
The album received favorable reviews from music critics , who noted that the other members had the opportunity to showcase their vocal abilities more following the departure of Sulli . The release peaked atop South Korea 's Gaon Album Chart and has sold over 76 @,@ 000 physical copies in the country as of January 2016 ; in addition , 4 Walls topped the Billboard World Albums Chart and charted at number thirty @-@ nine on the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart . The single " 4 Walls " , meanwhile , peaked at numbers two on the Gaon Digital Chart and the Billboard World Digital Songs .
= = Background = =
South Korea @-@ based girl group f ( x ) had been known as a five @-@ member girl group , with its original lineup consisting of members Krystal , Amber , Victoria , Sulli , and Luna . The group 's last release as a five @-@ member group was Red Light , released in July 2014 . During the promotion of Red Light , member Sulli did not participate in live performances due to her " suffering from continual negative comments and false rumors , " according to the group 's parent company S.M. Entertainment 's official statement on July 25 , 2014 @.@ f ( x ) ' s promotional activities thereafter involved the four other members , while Sulli took a career hiatus . On August 7 , 2015 , it was announced that Sulli had officially withdrawn from the group to focus on her acting career , and f ( x ) would continue to promote as a four @-@ member group .
= = Release and promotion = =
f ( x ) was announced to be working on its then @-@ forthcoming studio album on September 11 , 2015 , when the group traveled to Jeju Island to film a music video . The album , titled 4 Walls , was released digitally worldwide on October 27 , 2015 by S.M. Entertainment . In South Korea , the album was distributed digitally and physically by S.M. Entertainment and KT Music . The music video for the title track " 4 Walls " was released simultaneously . The song impacted Korean Broadcasting System 's " K @-@ Pop Connection " radio on October 29 .
Following the release of the album , f ( x ) appeared and performed on several music programs . Its first televised appearance was on July 29 , 2014 on Mnet 's M Countdown , where the group performed " 4 Walls " and " Diamond " . The group subsequently appeared on KBS ' Music Bank and MBC 's Show ! Music Core on the two following days , respectively . To further promote the album , f ( x ) embarked on the concert tour Dimension 4 – Docking Station , which was its first concert tour since their debut in 2009 . The tour kicked off in Seoul , South Korea at Olympic Park from January 29 to 31 , 2016 , and further included six shows in four cities of Japan : Tokyo , Fukuoka , Osaka and Nagoya . The tour lasted from February 20 to 28 , 2016 .
= = Musical styles = =
The album , in the words of Pitchfork Media , keeps up with f ( x ) ' s signature electropop and synthpop styles that the group cultivated through its previous albums Pink Tape ( 2013 ) and Red Light ( 2014 ) . Jeff Benjamin of Billboard noted the emphasis on house and dance genres on the album . The opening track " 4 Walls " was described as a tropical house song with " slinky " synthesizers and " dreamy " hooks by The Star . It was characterized as an " update " of UK garage by Spin , while Billboard detailed it as having a deep house sound . The next song , " Glitter " , is an R & B and synthpop number . " Deja Vu " mixes industrial beats with glitch pop sounds , while " X " draws influences from the 1980s funk , 1990s disco and R & B.
" Rude Love " is described as a piano house song with dance fusion . " Diamond " is an electropop song , while " Traveler " features retro @-@ styled melodies and smooth rap verses . The track " Papi " , instrumented by synthesizers , infuses Latin music and EDM styles . " Cash Me Out " is an EDM song that incorporates elements of American electropop . The album closer " When I 'm Alone " is a synthpop track which was initially written by Canadian singer Carly Rae Jepsen during recording sessions for her third studio album Emotion ( 2015 ) , but its inclusion was withdrawn and its rights were later purchased by S.M. Entertainment .
= = Critical reception = =
4 Walls was subject to favorable reviews from music critics . Jeff Benjamin from Billboard shared that despite the fact that the album was " arguably worse " than f ( x ) ' s previous albums Pink Tape ( 2013 ) and Red Light ( 2014 ) , it allowed the other members to showcase their vocal abilities more following the departure of Sulli . He praised it as a " rarity in K @-@ pop to do once " by " finding the right sonicscapes " and appreciated the " house and trendy dance " production . Benjamin subsequently named 4 Walls the second best K @-@ pop album of 2015 , writing : " Known for crafting some of the best full @-@ length K @-@ pop albums , f ( x ) did not disappoint with their long @-@ awaited 4 Walls comeback . "
Jakob Dorof on behalf of Pitchfork Media labeled the record a " superficial rebirth " following f ( x ) ' s lineup change and commented that the other members had the chance to express their talents more , particularly with Amber 's alto " harmonies " on " Rude Love " . He , upon reviewing the album for Spin , disliked the songs " Deja Vu " , " Papi " , " Cash Me Out " and " When I 'm Alone " . He nonetheless labeled them " minor misgivings " and complimented 4 Walls on featuring " sophisticated and innovative " musical styles that could " signal a surprise second life for the world 's greatest living pop group . " Echoing Dorof 's viewpoint , Chester Chin of The Star was not impressed by the inclusion of the " derivative " tracks " Glitter " and " Cash Me Out " , yet expressed his admiration for the " solid and edgy " album 's " more cohesive " sound as well as " more polished and sharper " beats .
= = Commercial performance = =
4 Walls was a commercial success in South Korea , and also charted in Japan and the United States . It debuted atop South Korea 's Gaon Album Chart on the chart issue dated October 25 – 31 , 2015 . It was the fourth best @-@ selling physical album of October 2015 in South Korea , with sales figures standing at 65 @,@ 933 copies . The album was additionally the eighteenth highest @-@ selling album of November with 7 @,@ 820 units sold . Overall , it ranked at number thirty @-@ three on the Gaon 's 2015 year @-@ end album chart , with accumulated sales of 75 @,@ 625 copies . 4 Walls debuted at number thirty @-@ nine on Japan 's Oricon Albums Chart on November 16 , 2015 . It peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard World Albums Chart on November 14 , 2015 , becoming f ( x ) ' s second number one on the chart following 2013 's Pink Tape . 4 Walls was the group 's best @-@ charting album on the U.S. Heatseekers Albums Chart , where it charted at number seven . The single " 4 Walls " debuted at number two on South Korea 's Gaon Digital Chart for the week of October 25 , 2015 . It was the twenty @-@ sixth best @-@ selling single of October 2015 ( 199 @,@ 976 digital units sold ) , and the twelfth best @-@ selling single of November 2015 ( 247 @,@ 232 digital units sold ) in South Korea . The track debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard World Digital Songs , becoming their highest @-@ charting song on the chart .
= = Track listing = =
= = Chart performance = =
= = Release history = =
= 1st Croatian Guards Corps =
The 1st Croatian Guards Corps ( Croatian : 1 @.@ hrvatski gardijski zbor ) was a special formation of the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) directly subordinated to the Ministry of Defence rather than the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia and reporting directly to the President of Croatia . The corps was established in 1994 by the amalgamation of various HV special forces . The 2 @,@ 500 @-@ strong unit was organised into the 1st Croatian Guards Brigade ( 1 @.@ hrvatski gardijski zdrug – HGZ ) , a multi @-@ purpose special forces combat unit , and four battalions tasked with ensuring the security of the President of Croatia and carrying out ceremonial duties . The HGZ took part in a number of military operations during the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War . It was disbanded in 2000 , when its components were amalgamated with other HV units to form the Special Operations Battalion , the 305th Military Intelligence Battalion , and the Honour Guard Battalion .
= = Establishment = =
On 25 February 1994 , the special forces of the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) were reorganised when all HV 's special forces units were combined to form the 1st Croatian Guards Corps ( 1 @.@ hrvatski gardijski zbor ) . In April , personnel of the 8th Military Police Light Assault Brigade ( itself only established in September 1993 ) were also transferred to the corps , ultimately making the corps 2 @,@ 500 @-@ strong . In addition to special forces operations , the corps was also tasked with providing security for the President of Croatia . The corps was organised into four specialised battalions and the 1st Croatian Guards Brigade ( 1 @.@ hrvatski gardijski zdrug – HGZ ) , a multi @-@ purpose special forces combat unit . The HGZ was considered the elite unit of the HV . The entire corps was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Defence rather than the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia , and reported directly to the president . It was commanded by Major General Mile Ćuk . Ćuk and his deputy were based in the Presidential Palace , while the bulk of the corps was based in nearby Tuškanac barracks . The HGZ was capable of fielding up to 300 troops in combat . It was commanded by Colonel ( later Major General ) Miljenko Filipović , who had previously commanded the Zrinski Battalion — one of the special forces units amalgamated into the corps .
= = Combat service = =
The HGZ took part in several battles of the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War . In late November and December 1994 , it participated in Operation Winter ' 94 , the joint offensive of the HV and the Croatian Defence Council ( Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO ) which pushed the Army of Republika Srpska ( Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS ) from the western parts of the Livanjsko field in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Elements of the HGZ also saw action along the Novska – Okučani axis of advance in the HV 's Operation Flash offensive that took place in western Slavonia in early May 1995 . By this time , the HGZ also commanded its own artillery and Mil Mi @-@ 24 helicopter gunships , in addition to Mil Mi @-@ 8 transport helicopters . The HGZ redeployed west of Livno once again in early June to take part in Operation Leap 2 , extending the salient that had been created in late 1994 west towards Bosansko Grahovo and Glamoč . The unit participated in the capture of those towns in late July 1995 during Operation Summer ' 95 .
In preparation for Operation Storm , the HV 4th Guards and 7th Guards Brigades were pulled back from positions facing the VRS that had been established during Operation Summer ' 95 , and were reoriented south towards the Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina ( ARSK ) . The ARSK was protecting the northern approaches to Knin − the capital of the unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina − which Croatia claimed as part of its own territory . As the two brigades turned over the positions north and west of Bosansko Grahovo to the HV 81st Guards Battalion , the HGZ was deployed to the rear of the battalion , tasked with intervening in case of any VRS attack towards Bosansko Grahovo . On the second day of the operation , 6 August , after Knin was captured by the HV , the HGZ was airlifted from the Livanjsko field to the village of Rovanjska north of Zadar . They then linked up with the 2nd Battalion of the 9th Guards Brigade and advanced east to capture the villages of Muškovac and Kaštel Žegarski . On 8 August , the HGZ participated in an operation against the last significant ARSK pocket in the area of Donji Lapac and Srb , alongside the three guards brigades and special police forces .
In September 1995 , the HGZ took part in Operation Mistral 2 , which extended HV and HVO control in western Bosnia and Herzegovina and captured the towns of Jajce , Šipovo and Drvar , moving the confrontation line north towards the Bosnian Serb capital of Banja Luka . In October , the HGZ also participated in Operation Southern Move , which captured the town of Mrkonjić Grad , and reached the southern slopes of Mount Manjača , 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) south of Banja Luka .
= = Reorganisation = =
The corps was disbanded in 2000 and its constituents reorganised . A part of the HGZ was amalgamated with the Special Combat Skills Centre Šepurine to form the Special Operations Battalion . The remainder of the brigade was amalgamated with the Reconnaissance @-@ Sabotage Company based in Pula , the 350th Sabotage Detachment , the 280th Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Platoon , and the 275th Electronic Warfare Company to form the 305th Military Intelligence Battalion . The elements of the corps which were tasked with security of the President of Croatia and ceremonial duties were reformed and the Honour Guard Battalion was established in their place .
= 1993 – 94 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season =
The 1993 – 94 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season was the most active since the start of reliable satellite coverage in 1967 , with 15 named storms including one named tropical depression . Activity lasted from mid @-@ November , when Moderate Tropical Storm Alexina formed , until mid @-@ April , when Tropical Cyclone Odille became extratropical . Four tropical cyclones – Daisy , Geralda , Litanne , and Nadia – struck eastern Madagascar , of which Geralda was the costliest and deadliest . With gusts as strong as 350 km / h ( 220 mph ) accompanied by heavy rainfall , the cyclone destroyed more than 40 @,@ 000 homes and left 356 @,@ 000 people homeless . Geralda killed 231 people and left more than $ 10 million in damage . Cyclone Nadia was the second deadliest cyclone , having killed 12 people in northern Madagascar and later severely damaging portions of northeastern Mozambique , killing about 240 people and leaving $ 20 million in damage in the latter country . In February , Cyclone Hollanda struck Mauritius near peak intensity , causing $ 135 million in damage and two deaths .
Three storms – Alexina , Bettina , and Cecilia – formed in late 1993 , of which Cecilia affected land ; it produced heavy rainfall in Réunion while dissipating . Cyclone Daisy was the first storm in 1994 , which struck Madagascar twice and affected many areas that were later struck by Geralda . One cyclone – Farah – previously formed in the Australian basin as Tropical Cyclone Pearl before crossing into the south @-@ west Indian Ocean . Tropical Cyclone Ivy threatened Mauritius just days after Hollanda struck , and Intense Tropical Cyclone Litanne in March was the third of the season to hit northeastern Madagascar . The basin is defined as the area west of 90 ° E and south of the Equator in the Indian Ocean , which includes the waters around Madagascar westward to the east coast of Africa . Tropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion ( MFR ) , as well as by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) .
= = Seasonal summary = =
On July 1 , 1993 , the Météo @-@ France office in Réunion ( MFR ) became a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center , as designated by the World Meteorological Organization . In the year , MFR tracked tropical cyclones south of the equator from the coast of Africa to 90 ° E. Due to the high activity during the season , MFR issued twice the number of advisories as in the previous year . Every six hours in the season , the agency issued bulletins when there was a tropical system within the basin . Storms were named by advisory centers in Mauritius and Madagascar .
During the year , there were neutral El Niño Southern Oscillation conditions , and for several months there was a well @-@ established monsoon trough that extended into the Australian basin . The average storm duration was 9 days , although the final storm , Odille , lasted 16 days , a record at the time . The season was the most active on record since the start of reliable satellite coverage in 1967 . Due to the high number of storms , there were a record number of cyclone days – days in which a tropical cyclone is active – as well as intense tropical cyclone days , the latter with 27 . The next season approach either total was the 2001 – 02 season . MFR had an alphabetically prepared list of names for the season , the last seven of which went unused : Pemma , Ronna , Sydna , Telia , Valentina , Williana , and Yvanna .
In addition to the named storms , MFR tracked three other tropical systems that did not last for more than 24 hours . The first , designated Tropical Depression C1 , formed on December 5 near the eastern portion of the basin , and quickly dissipated . The other two , designated E1 and H1 , formed in January and February , respectively . In addition , Tropical Cyclone Willy crossed into the basin as a dissipating tropical depression , for which MFR did not issue advisories .
= = Storms = =
= = = Moderate Tropical Storm Alexina = = =
The first storm of the season formed from a low pressure area with associated convection that persisted east of the Chagos Archipelago on November 7 . It formed in tandem with two tropical depressions in the North Indian ocean . The JTWC began tracking the system that day , although MFR did not follow suit until two days later . On November 10 , the depression intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Alexina , having developed a central dense overcast . A narrow eastward @-@ moving trough caused the storm to move generally southward for its entire duration , the only such storm of the season to maintain a largely north @-@ south track . On November 11 , MFR estimated that Alexina attained peak winds of 85 km / h ( 55 mph ) , while JTWC estimated peak winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) . Increased wind shear disrupted the convection , while a building ridge to the south caused its movement to slow . By late on November 12 , Alexina weakened to tropical depression status , which subsequently drifted to the west until dissipating on November 16 .
= = = Severe Tropical Storm Bettina = = =
On November 23 , the intertropical convergence zone spawned a low pressure area in the far northeastern portion of the basin , which the JTWC assessed as having formed in the western Australian basin . Located north of a large ridge , the system tracked southwestward initially before turning more to the west . Late on November 25 , MFR began classifying the system as a tropical disturbance , and within 12 hours the agency upgraded it to Moderate Tropical Storm Bettina . On November 26 , the storm turned to the southwest . The next day , Bettina developed an eye feature , and MFR upgraded it to a severe tropical storm , with winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) . By comparison , the JTWC estimated winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) . After wind shear increased sharply on November 28 , the storm quickly weakened and within 24 hours was devoid of convection . Bettina again turned to the west as a tropical depression , moving around the large ridge . It briefly re @-@ intensified on December 1 , but dissipated on December 3 south of the Mascarene Islands .
= = = Severe Tropical Storm Cecilia = = =
The intertropical convergence zone spawned a tropical disturbance in the northeast portion of the basin on December 9 . Initially the system did not develop , and MFR did not classify it until December 12 . The next day , the depression intensified into a moderate tropical storm , and was named Cecilia . The strengthening was short @-@ lived , and the storm quickly weakened to tropical depression status on December 14 . After initially tracking to the southwest , Cecilia turned to the west on December 15 due to a strengthening ridge to the south , by which time it had restrengthened and developed a central dense overcast . On December 17 , MFR upgraded the storm toa severe tropical storm , with winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) according to MFR . The next day , JTWC estimated that Cecilia intensified to reach winds of 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) . While near peak intensity , the storm turned to the southwest and began weakening after wind shear increased . By December 19 , Cecilia had weakened to tropical depression status , and dissipated on December 21 after passing west of Réunion . An approaching trough had caused thunderstorms to reform in the eastern portion of the circulation , which resulted in heavy rainfall over Mauritius and later Réunion . In the latter island , the rainfall was heaviest in the northern portion , peaking at 475 mm ( 18 @.@ 7 in ) in Salazie in 24 hours ; the same station recorded 286 mm ( 11 @.@ 3 in ) in a 6 hour period , including 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) in just 30 minutes .
= = = Tropical Cyclone Daisy = = =
In early January , the intertropical convergence zone persisted off the northeast coast of Madagascar , spawning a low pressure area on January 6 . The next day , the system developed into a tropical disturbance , which initially moved to the east due to high pressure to the south . On January 8 , the system developed a curved area of convection , which later developed into a central dense overcast . Initially located within a broader trough , the disturbance gradually became better defined as a distinct system . On January 10 , it intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Daisy while passing near St. Brandon . A trough to the south weakened the ridge , causing the storm to turn to the southwest toward Madagascar . Daisy intensified into a severe tropical storm on January 11 , and later into a tropical cyclone the next day . At around 1200 UTC on January 13 , the cyclone made landfall near Brickaville in eastern Madagascar , with MFR estimating winds of about 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) ; at around the same time , the JTWC estimated peak winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) . At landfall , Daisy had a symmetrical cloud pattern 400 km ( 250 mi ) in diameter . The high mountains of Madagascar caused the storm to quickly weaken , although it emerged into the Mozambique Channel as a tropical disturbance on January 15 . That day , a trough turned Daisy to the south , and it briefly re @-@ intensified into a tropical storm over warm waters . On January 16 , Daisy made a second landfall in southern Madagascar and dissipated the next day .
When Daisy struck Madagascar , it produced 200 km / h ( 120 mph ) wind gusts on Île Sainte @-@ Marie , along with heavy rainfall . The storm destroyed over 90 schools and government buildings and damaged the road network . Madagascar 's capital Antananarivo was flooded , forcing 6 @,@ 000 people to evacuate . Many of the same areas affected by Daisy were later affected by Geralda in February .
= = = Severe Tropical Storm Edmea = = =
The intertropical convergence zone spawned a low pressure area south of the Chagos archipelago on January 12 , and developed a large area of convection the next day . On January 13 , MFR began classifying the system as a tropical depression , and following further intensification , the agency upgraded the depression to Moderate Tropical Storm Edmea later that day . With a ridge to the southeast , the storm tracked generally to the southwest . Its initial strengthening rate slowed until Edmea reached peak winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) on January 17 . An approaching trough turned the storm to the south away from any landmasses , and also increased shear which caused weakening . Turning to the southeast on January 18 , Edmea became extratropical the following day and was later absorbed by the trough .
= = = Tropical Cyclone Pearl – Farah = = =
On January 11 , a tropical low formed northwest of Broome , Western Australia . It was named Pearl a few hours later by the Bureau of Meteorology . The cyclone continued westward and reached a peak intensity of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) . As the system moved west of 90 ° E , MFR took over warning responsibility on January 18 and renamed the cyclone Farah . At that time , MFR estimated winds of about 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . After having moved westward due to a ridge to the south , Farah turned to the south upon entering the basin due to an approaching trough , which previously absorbed Edmea . High wind shear caused rapid weakening , and by January 19 , there was little remaining convection . The next day , Farah weakened to tropical depression status and turned to the southeast . The ridge built behind the trough , causing the depression to stall and drift northward , and by February 22 , Farah dissipated .
= = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Geralda = = =
Cyclone Geralda originated from an area of low pressure from the monsoon trough on January 25 . Over the following few days , the depression underwent gradual intensification , and MFR estimated peak winds of 200 km / h ( 125 mph ) on January 31 . Cyclone Geralda made landfall near Toamasina , Madagascar after weakening from its peak intensity . Within hours of moving onshore , the system had substantially weakened , and by February 5 , Geralda had degenerated into a land depression . After briefly emerging into the Mozambique Channel , Geralda crossed southern Madagascar , and it became extratropical on February 8 . Geralda was the strongest of the season and the strongest to hit Madagascar since a cyclone in March 1927 .
Geralda was the second cyclone in as many months to strike eastern Madagascar , after Daisy in January . Geralda produced wind gusts as strong as 350 km / h ( 220 mph ) , which were the highest worldwide for several decades . The cyclone also dropped heavy rainfall that caused flooding , particularly in valleys . About 80 % of the city of Toamasina was destroyed , including most schools , homes , and churches . The cyclone heavily damaged roads and rail lines , which later disrupted relief efforts . In the capital Antananarivo , Geralda killed 43 people after flooding many houses . Overall , more than 40 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed , leaving 356 @,@ 000 people homeless . Nationwide , the cyclone killed 231 people and caused over $ 10 million in damage . Relief work in the storm 's aftermath was hampered by lack of coordination , and the Malagasy military were deployed to help storm victims . Few stocks were pre @-@ positioned , causing food prices to rise greatly . Several countries and departments of the United Nations donated money or supplies to the country .
= = = Tropical Cyclone Hollanda = = =
The monsoon trough remained active , spawning a tropical depression on February 6 south of the Chagos archipelago . The system moved generally southwestward for much of its duration , steered by a ridge to the south . On February 8 , the depression intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Hollanda , and the next day became a tropical cyclone , developing a small 20 km ( 12 mi ) eye . On February 10 , the cyclone attained peak winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) , as assessed by MFR , and that day Hollanda struck the island of Mauritius at that intensity . Subsequently , the cyclone weakened while turning more to the south . A trough turned Hollanda to the east on February 13 , and the next day the storm became extratropical .
While moving across the island , Hollanda produced wind gusts of 216 km / h ( 134 mph ) in the capital city of Port Louis , while heavy rainfall reached 711 mm ( 28 @.@ 0 in ) in Mare aux Vacoas . The cyclone destroyed or severely damaged 450 houses , which left at least 1 @,@ 500 people homeless . High winds downed about 30 % of the island 's trees and left half of the island without power . Hollanda also caused severe crop damage ; nearly half of the island 's sugar crop was destroyed , which necessitated for the government to assist in replanting efforts . Hollanda killed two people and caused $ 135 million in damage on Mauritius . The highest rainfall from the cyclone fell on Réunion , with 741 mm ( 29 @.@ 2 in ) recorded at Grand Coude . On that island , there was also damage to crops and power lines .
= = = Tropical Cyclone Ivy = = =
The origins of Cyclone Ivy were from a disturbance that the JTWC began tracking on February 6 in the Australian basin . The next day , the disturbance crossed into the south @-@ west Indian Ocean , and on February 8 , MFR began tracking it . A ridge to the south imparted a general westward movement . With the convection gradually organizing , MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression on February 9 and later to Moderate Tropical Storm Ivy the next day . A trough associated with the stronger Cyclone Hollanda turned the storm to the southwest . Although the JTWC upgraded Ivy to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane on February 12 , MFR estimated the storm weakened slightly , due to wind shear obscuring the center . By the following day , convection reorganized and the storm re @-@ strengthened , first to severe tropical storm status on February 15 and then to tropical cyclone status the next day . Around that time , Ivy approached within 100 km ( 62 mi ) of Rodrigues , where gusts reached 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) , and there was some damage .
After passing near Rodrigues , Ivy strengthened further , developing a well @-@ defined eye 50 km ( 31 mi ) in diameter , while turning more to the south due to a trough associated with the remnants of Hollanda . The JTWC estimated peak winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) on February 17 , around the same time MFR estimated peak winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . The strengthening ridge caused Ivy to slow its motion to the southwest while increased shear caused weakening . On February 18 , the cyclone weakened to tropical storm status , and by the next day was downgraded to tropical depression status . On February 20 , Ivy became extratropical , which dissipated the subsequent day .
= = = Tropical Depression Julita = = =
In the middle of February , the monsoon trough persisted over the Mozambique Channel and spawned a circulation on February 15 to the west of Juan de Nova Island . Thunderstorms increased around the circulation , and later that day , MFR began tracking the system as a tropical depression . Despite warm air temperatures , the system did not develop a warm core like most tropical cyclones as it moved to the southeast . On February 16 , the storm passed about 40 km ( 25 mi ) south of Juan de Nova Island , producing gusts of 75 km / h ( 47 mph ) . The next day , MFR estimated peak winds of about 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) ; despite that the system did not intensify into a moderate tropical storm , the Meteorological Service of Madagascar named the depression Julita on February 17 . It weakened as its structure deteriorated , and Julita moved ashore in western Madagascar near Morondava early on February 18 . It dissipated shortly thereafter . Julita affected areas impacted by earlier cyclones Daisy and Geralda , but caused minimal damage and no deaths .
= = = Moderate Tropical Storm Kelvina = = =
The intertropical convergence zone spawned an area of convection on March 5 off the northeast coast of Madagascar , which was classified by both JTWC and MFR that day . A large anticyclone to the east caused the system to track generally to the south , and initially wind shear prevented significant strengthening . On March 6 , the Meteorological Service of Madagascar named the system Kelvina , although the depression did not intensify into a moderate tropical storm until the next day . At around that time , the convection became better organized , extending away from the center to the east . On March 8 , MFR estimated peak winds of about 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) , although further strengthening was prevented by an increase in wind shear . On March 10 , Kelvina passed near Reunion , where it dropped heavy rainfall . The next day , the storm became extratropical , which continued south for several days , eventually degenerating into a trough that influenced the tracks of subsequent tropical cyclones .
= = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Litanne = = =
In late February , low pressure area developed near the Cocos Islands , associated with the monsoon trough . After initially moving eastward , a ridge turned it to the west , and on March 7 , the system crossed 90 ° E into the south @-@ west Indian Ocean as a developing tropical depression . The next day , MFR upgraded it to Tropical Storm Litanne . For much of its track , Litanne moved generally to the west @-@ southwest , to the north of a large ridge . The storm quickly intensified , developing an eye feature within its central dense overcast by late on March 8 . Late on March 9 , MFR upgraded Litanne to a tropical cyclone , after the storm developed a small , well @-@ defined eye 20 km ( 12 mi ) in diameter . With warm sea surface temperatures , Litanne intensified into an intense tropical cyclone by late on March 10 , although it subsequently weakened slightly . The cyclone turned to the southwest due to a trough from the remnants of Kelvina . Around 2000 UTC on March 12 , Litanne passed near St. Brandon , and the next day the cyclone passed about 300 km ( 190 mi ) north of Réunion island . At the time , the storm 's eye was 40 km ( 25 mi ) wide , and the wind radius was about 175 km ( 109 mi ) wide . The islands reported high surf but little effects . Subsequently , the storm turned more to the west , and Litanne restrengthened into an intense tropical cyclone while approaching the eastern coastline of Madagascar . MFR estimated peak winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) on March 14 .
Weakening slightly after peaking in intensity , Cyclone Litanne continued to the west , making landfall near Brickaville in east @-@ central Madagascar at 1600 UTC on March 15 . This occurred months after cyclones Daisy and Geralda affected the same general area . Four hours before landfall , the storm had peak winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) . A strengthening trough turned Litanne southward over the eastern portion of the country , and the storm dropped heavy rainfall . Flooding was limited , although high winds severely damaged the rice crop . Increasing wind shear removed the convection , causing quick weakening . On March 17 , Litanne emerged from southeastern Madagascar into the Indian Ocean as a tropical depression , and the next day transitioned into an extratropical cyclone after being absorbed by a nearby trough . Five days later after accelerating to the southeast , the storm dissipated about 2 @,@ 000 km ( 1 @,@ 200 mi ) south of where it first developed .
= = = Severe Tropical Storm Mariola = = =
The monsoon trough persisted east of the Cocos Islands in early March in the Australian basin , spawning the earlier Cyclone Litanne and the system that would eventually become Mariola . An area of convection developed on March 5 , and gradually organized with favorable upper @-@ level winds . The JTWC began tracking it on March 7 , and MFR followed suit the next day , when the system was located about 2 @,@ 000 km ( 1 @,@ 200 mi ) east of Litanne . On March 10 , the MFR estimated the system became a tropical depression once it developed a central dense overcast , and that night the system crossed into the basin as a moderate tropical storm , making it one of three concurrent storms , along with Kelvina and Litanne . With the ridge to the south , the storm tracked generally westward for much of its duration . After MFR named the storm Mariola early on March 11 , steady strengthening continued . On March 12 , a small eye feature developed , indicating the storm was near tropical cyclone intensity . MFR estimated peak winds of 115 km / h ( 70 mph ) , and JTWC estimated peak winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) .
Due to Litanne crossing the same path three days earlier , Mariola was unable to intensify further . It began weakening shortly after peak intensity , and the structure gradually deteriorated . The storm turned slightly to the south @-@ west due to the remnants of Kelvina disrupting the ridge , although a west motion resumed after the ridge restrengthened . Cooler and drier air weakened the convection , and Mariola weakened below tropical storm status on March 18 . The next day , the depression dissipated north of Reunion .
= = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Nadia = = =
Cyclone Nadia formed on March 16 and moved westward for the first ten days of its duration , due to a ridge to the south . Warm waters and low wind shear allowed for the storm to gradually strengthen , first into a moderate tropical storm on March 19 and later into a tropical cyclone on March 21 . After developing a well @-@ defined eye , Nadia intensified to reach winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) early on March 22 , according to MFR . The JTWC estimated winds of about 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) . On March 23 , the cyclone struck northern Madagascar , causing flooding and localized damage where it moved ashore . There were 12 deaths in the country . Nadia emerged into the Mozambique Channel as a weakened storm , although it reintensified slightly before making landfall in northeastern Mozambique on March 24 . The storm turned southward through the country , emerging over water on March 26 . It turned to the northeast and meandered over waters before dissipating on April 1 .
Damage was heaviest in Mozambique , estimated at about $ 20 million . Cyclone Nadia severely affected four provinces in the country , primarily Nampula Province where it moved ashore . There , 85 % of the houses were destroyed , and across its path , the cyclone left 1 @.@ 5 million people homeless . High winds caused widespread power outages , left areas without water , and significantly damaged crops , notably the cashew crop . The storm struck before the harvest , and lack of food caused 300 deaths in the months after the storm . Across Mozambique , Nadia directly caused 240 deaths and injured thousands . Effects spread as far inland as Malawi .
= = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Odille = = =
Around March 26 , an area of disturbed weather persisted just east of 90 ° E , associated with a low pressure area . That day , the JTWC began tracking the system . Located north of an anticyclone , the system tracked slowly to the south before curving to the west . On March 30 , it became a tropical depression , and that day crossed into the basin . The next day , the depression was named Odille after it intensified further . With low wind shear , the storm steadily intensified as it moved to the west , reaching severe tropical cyclone status on April 2 after an eye feature developed . The JTWC estimated winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) on April 3 , equivalent to a minimal hurricane , although subsequently Odille weakened after turning to the northwest and experiencing increased wind shear . By April 6 , the system had weakened to a tropical disturbance with a poorly defined center , which was dislocated from the remainder of the convection .
On April 4 , Odille began redeveloping convection and re @-@ intensified into a moderate tropical storm , after entering an area of more favorable conditions . Around that time , it began moving to the southwest due to a break between the ridge . On April 10 , Odille intensified into a tropical cyclone while moving slowly around a ridge . The next day , it intensified into an intense tropical cyclone while passing near St. Brandon and turning to the southeast due to an approaching trough . Odille developed a well @-@ defined eye 45 km ( 28 mi ) in diameter , and MFR estimated peak winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) , while the JTWC estimated winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) . On April 12 , the cyclone passed about 150 km ( 95 mi ) west of Rodrigues , where wind gusts reached 125 km / h ( 78 mph ) at Port Mathurin . Steady weakening occurred as Odille accelerated and experienced increasing shear , weakening below tropical cyclone status on April 13 . The next day , the storm became extratropical , which lasted three more days until it was absorbed by the cold front .
= = Season effects = =
This table lists all the cyclones that developed in the Indian Ocean , during the 1993 – 94 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season . It includes their intensity , duration , name , landfalls , deaths , and damages .
= Lafayette College =
Lafayette College is a private liberal arts college located in Easton , Pennsylvania , United States . The school , founded in 1826 by James Madison Porter , son of General Andrew Porter of Norristown , and the citizens of Easton , first began holding classes in 1832 . The founders voted to name the school after General Lafayette , who famously toured the country in 1824 – 25 , as " a testimony of respect for [ his ] talents , virtues , and signal services ... in the great cause of freedom " .
Located on College Hill in Easton , the campus is situated in the Lehigh Valley , about 70 mi ( 110 km ) west of New York City and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of Philadelphia . Lafayette College guarantees campus housing to all enrolled students . The school requires students to live in campus housing unless approved for residing in private off @-@ campus housing or home as a commuter .
Lafayette College is one of the most highly selective institutions in the United States . The student body , consisting entirely of undergraduates , comes from 46 U.S. states and Territories and 48 countries . Students at Lafayette are involved in over 250 clubs and organizations including athletics , fraternities and sororities , special interest groups , community service clubs and honor societies . Lafayette College 's athletic program is notable for The Rivalry with nearby Lehigh University . Since 1884 , the two football teams have met 151 times , making it the most played rivalry in the history of college football .
The College leads American liberal arts colleges with the most Goldwater Scholarship recipients in the past six years .
Notable people of Lafayette College include CEOs Ian Murray ( Vineyard Vines ) and Chip Bergh ( Levi Strauss & Co . ) , author Jay Parini , coach Pete Carril , and politicians William E. Simon ( Secretary of the Treasury ) , John W. Griggs ( Attorney General ) , and Marcia Bernicat ( U.S. Ambassador to Bangladesh ) . Additionally , Lafayette counts two Nobel Laureates as alumni , along with dozens of prominent bankers , judges , and scientists .
= = History = =
= = = Founding = = =
A group of Easton citizens led by James Madison Porter met on December 27 , 1824 at White 's Tavern to explore the possibility of opening a college . The recent visit of General Lafayette to New York during his grand tour of the US in 1824 and 1825 prompted the founders to name the school after the French military officer . The group also established the 35 @-@ member Board of Trustees , a system of governance that has remained at the college to this day . In need of an education plan , the meeting gave the responsibility to Porter , lawyer Jacob Wagener , and Yale @-@ educated lawyer Joel Jones . The charter gained approval and on March 9 , 1826 , Pennsylvania Governor John Andrew Shulze 's signature made the college official . Along with establishing Lafayette as a Liberal Arts College , the charter called for religious equality amongst professors , students , and staff .
The Board of Trustees met on May 15 , 1826 for the election of officers , resulting with Thomas McKeen as Treasurer , Joel Jones as Secretary , and James Madison Porter as the first President of the College . Over the next few years , the Board met several times to discuss property and funding for the college 's start @-@ up . Six years after the first meeting , Lafayette began to enroll students .
The College opened on May 1 , 1829 , with four students under the guidance of Rev. John Monteith . At the start of the next year , the Rev. George Junkin , a Presbyterian minister , was elected President of the college and moved the all @-@ male Manual Labor Academy of Pennsylvania from Germantown to Easton . Classes began on May 9 , 1832 , with the instruction of 43 students on the south bank of the Lehigh River in a rented farmhouse . In order to earn money to support the program students had to labor in the fields and workshops . This manual labor infused College took the place of the original Military / Civil Engineering focus on which the school was founded , and would remain part of the curriculum until 1839 . Later that year , Lafayette purchased property on what is now known as " College Hill " – nine acres of elevated land across Bushkill Creek . The College 's first building was constructed two years later on the current site of South College .
A dispute between Porter and Rev. Junkin led to his resignation of the presidency in 1841 . Though still young , Lafayette was beginning to take shape , grappling with the possibility of religious affiliation for financial stability . In 1854 , Lafayette College became affiliated with the Presbyterian Church . By relinquishing their control , the College was able to collect $ 1000 a year from the Presbyterian Church Board of Education as regularly as the latter could pay it . In the time from 1855 to 1856 , Lafayette experienced a new peak enrollment of 112 students , leading to the " famous class " of 1857 . This close @-@ knit class of 27 men worked in secrecy to establish charters in national fraternities , thus instating the first Greek Fraternities at Lafayette College . These Fraternities remained secret and discouraged by the authorities until 1915 .
= = = World War I = = =
In preparation for World War I , Lafayette announced that their current students would be awarded their degrees in absentia if they enlisted or went to work for farms to support the war effort . Professor Beverly Kunkel organized The Lafayette Ambulance United , Section 61 , United States Army Ambulance Corps . During the summer of 1917 , Dr. MacCracken arranged to turn the campus into a war camp for the War Department . Men trained to serve in mechanical trades . Lafayette remained a war camp until January 2 , 1919 when the regular course of study was re @-@ established at Lafayette .
= = = Lafayette in The Depression = = =
A drastic change in numbers of undergraduate and graduate students occurred between 1930 and 1934 during the Great Depression . The college made efforts to bolster enrollment including creation of new scholarship opportunities as well as scholarship loans . Lafayette College also founded an Engineering Guidance Conference for boys . The Conference was two weeks long and introduced twenty @-@ one high school students to the concepts of engineering . This program continued until the outbreak of World War II . Though the College faced its own deficits , it aided the larger community by offering a series of classes to unemployed men free of charge beginning in 1932 . They also made athletic facilities available to unemployed members of the community . Enrollment began to rise again for the 1935 – 1936 school year .
= = = Decade of Progress campaign = = =
As the college moved out of the great depression , the college 's new President , William Mather Lewis , began what it called the Decade of Progress campaign . It started as a celebration of the 70th anniversary of Lafayette 's engineering program . President Lewis regarded this 70 @-@ year period as a period , which " covers the great development in American engineering which has now seemed to reach its peak . " The goal of this campaign was to raise $ 500 @,@ 000 for payments on Gates hall , renovation of Van Wickle Memorial Library as well as equipment upgrades in other departments . By the time the campaign closed in 1944 , the total amount received was $ 280 @,@ 853 @.@ 34 .
= = = World War II = = =
Initially , Lafayette College on the student and faculty level was committed to keeping peace in the Western Hemisphere . When President Roosevelt addressed the Pan @-@ American Congress stating that it was America 's duty to protect American 's science , culture , freedom and civilization , thirty @-@ seven Lafayette faculty members wired the President objecting to his sentiments . When the country was left with no other option in the wake of Pearl Harbor , The College Council of Defense was organized and overseen by the Northampton County Council of Defense . The college took official action as well . It bolstered its ROTC program and improved their facilities to prepare for air raid tests . The college continued to thrive until the draft age was lowered from 20 to 18 in November 1942 . Lafayette College was one of 36 academic institutions selected to train engineering and aviation cadets by the War Department . After the war The Serviceman 's Readjustment Act of 1944 caused enrollment at Lafayette to jump dramatically peaking in 1949 with approximately 2000 students .
= = = Coeducational institution = = =
In 1967 , faculty requested that a special committee be formed to discuss making Lafayette a co @-@ educational institution . That committee issued a formal recommendation the following year . In September 1970 Lafayette College welcomed its first official coeducational class with 146 women ( 123 freshmen , and 23 transfers ) .
= = = 21st century = = =
In 2004 , a report on religious life at Lafayette College was compiled . This report recommended a review of the college 's formal relationship with the Presbyterian church . To date , however , this affiliation remains in place , although the college is not a member of the Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities .
In 2007 , the college commemorated the 250th birthday of General Lafayette through a series of lectures and campus dedications . Major festivities were held on September 6 , 2007 , Lafayette 's birthday , and were kicked off the night before with a lecture by renowned historian David McCullough . Lafayette commemorated the recognition of the College Charter by the Pennsylvania Legislature on March 9 , with a campus wide and alumni toast around the world .
On January 16 , 2013 , Dr. Alison R. Byerly was announced as Lafayette 's 17th and first female President . She took office on July 1 , 2013 , replacing outgoing president Daniel Weiss .
= = Academics = =
Lafayette College offers a bachelor of arts ( B.A. ) degree in 37 fields . Lafayette also offers 14 bachelor of science ( B.S. ) degrees , 10 in areas of science and four in fields of engineering . The most popular majors are in the fields of Social Sciences , Engineering , Biology , English , and Psychology . Students may also create their own major by combining courses from different programs .
Lafayette College offers engineering programs within its liberal arts setting . The engineering programs offer five concentrations : Chemical , Civil , Electrical & Computer , Mechanical , and Engineering studies . In 2012 , 94 % of Lafayette 's candidates ( currently enrolled ) passed the Fundamentals of Engineering Examination . This is the first requirement toward getting a professional engineering license . The National average varies from 70 – 87 % depending on the type of engineering .
In the recent years , Lafayette College students earned numerous national and international scholarships , For the class of 2012 , Lafayette gave financial aid to 66 % of the students , with the average package amounting to $ 26 @,@ 850 for all students . The college also offers a merit @-@ based academic scholarship – the Marquis Scholarship , which provides $ 20 @,@ 000 per year . Lafayette 's endowment is more than $ 580 million , with total assets amounting to more than $ 1 billion .
Lafayette is also a Hidden Ivy
= = Rankings and reputation = =
= = = Admissions = = =
= = = Overlap Schools = = =
The most common overlap schools , as of 2015 , are Bucknell University , Cornell University , Lehigh University , Princeton University , and Villanova University
= = = Admission = = =
Admission to Lafayette has become increasingly competitive over the last few years ; in 2013 the acceptance rate was 34 % but it dropped to 28 % in 2016 .
= = Campus overview = =
= = = Campus = = =
Lafayette College is settled at the top of College Hill in Easton , Pennsylvania , located in the Lehigh Valley . The campus location is about 70 mi ( 110 km ) west of New York City and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of Philadelphia . Its 340 @-@ acre campus houses 69 buildings , comprising approximately 1 @.@ 76 million square feet , which includes a 230 @-@ acre athletic campus . Lafayette 's campus buildings range in architectural style from Pardee Hall 's Second Empire design and Hogg Hall 's Collegiate Gothic , to the late modern architecture of the Williams Center for the Arts , the William E. and Carol G. Simon Wing of Skillman Library and the Farinon College Center .
= = = Academic facilities = = =
Williams Center for the Arts is the college 's performing arts center . Completed in 1983 , the building houses the Performance Series , the Williams Art Gallery and College Collections , the College Theater program , the departments of Art and Music , and the student @-@ led Arts Society . The centerpiece of the Williams Center is the 400 @-@ seat theater / concert hall and also contains a versatile art gallery , a 100 @-@ seat black box theater , and classrooms and studios for music and art .
Pardee Hall was completed in 1873 and remains one of the earliest buildings at Lafayette College . When initially constructed it was one of the largest academic buildings of its era . Pardee was first designed to hold all of the science programs ; currently it holds most of Lafayette 's humanities and social science departments .
The Kirby Hall of Civil Rights was constructed in the late 1920s between the First World War and the Great Depression . It was donated by the entrepreneur : Fred Morgan Kirby . In accordance to its time , the design " rumored to be per square foot the most expensive building of its day . " Lafayette selected the architectural firm Warren and Wetmore , known for their project designs with the New York Yacht Club , the Biltmore Hotel and Grand Central Station . The building 's exterior embraces styles of Republic Rome , the Renaissance , 17th English classicism , and Beaux @-@ Arts . The interior lobby area contains broad staircases and is constructed of travertine marble . The building currently houses the Government and Law department , giving students access to the Kirby library , with its twenty @-@ foot ceilings and oak @-@ paneled book cases .
Markle Hall , now the main administrative building , home of the Offices of Admissions and Financial Aid , originally was designated the Hall of Mining Engineering . An online historical survey of campus buildings is maintained by the College 's Special Collections .
The David Bishop Skillman library built in 1961 is the main library on campus with the addition of the Simon Wing in 1986 and $ 22 million renovation and expansion in 2004 . The library contains over 500 @,@ 000 volumes in its collections and is subscribed to thousands of magazines , journals , and newspapers in the electronic and paper format . In addition , the college 's Special Collections and College Archives are located inside for research and displays holdings related to the Marquis de Lafayette . Inside also contains reading and study areas and computer labs available to the students .
= = = Housing and student life facilities = = =
Lafayette College guarantees campus housing to all enrolled students . The school requires students to live in campus housing unless approved for residing in private off @-@ campus housing or home as a commuter . The College offers on @-@ campus housing options including traditional halls , Greek chapter houses , suite @-@ style halls , and group living units ; where some halls are single gender while others may be co @-@ ed by floor , wing , room , or suite . In addition , Lafayette College provides specialty housings that ties to specific academic departments , student organizations , or religious affiliations . Other residences include the McKelvy House , the Arts Houses , the French / German House , Hispanic Society of Lafayette , and the Hillel House .
Lafayette College offers a variety of dining options for the campus residents . Farinon College Center houses two of the main dining halls on campus . The top floor of Farinon is an " all @-@ you @-@ can @-@ eat " style buffet , while ground level is a food court . Marquis Hall , the second largest dining hall on campus , is the second dining hall with an " all @-@ you @-@ can @-@ eat " style buffet . Marquis also houses regularly themed events and contests . Gilbert 's Cafe , a coffeehouse located on the ground floor of Kirby House , was opened in 1999 to provide a late @-@ night hangout and food for students . Simon 's , a sandwich shop is located in the ground floor of Kamine , a residence hall . The Skillman Café located in the Skillman Library sells Starbucks coffee and fresh @-@ baked items made by the college . Lafayette also maintains an off @-@ campus organic farm , Lafarm , which provides vegetables to the dining halls and employment for interested students .
= = Athletics = =
The Lafayette Leopards compete in the Patriot League under the guidance of current Athletic Director Bruce McCutcheon . Lafayette offers students the opportunity to participate in 23 NCAA Division I sports , 18 club sports , and over 30 intramural sports . The student @-@ athletes are considered students first , and athletes second . Lafayette currently ranks 3rd nationally in student @-@ athlete graduation success rate , according to the most recent NCAA study .
Among other firsts , Lafayette became the first non @-@ Ivy League school to win a national football championship in 1896 . Additionally , other American football innovations at Lafayette include the first use of the huddle and the invention of the head harness , precursor to the football helmet . The men 's basketball program also encompasses a decorated history , peaking in the late nineties under the leadership of Fran O 'Hanlon , who led the Leopards to back @-@ to @-@ back Patriot League championships and NCAA Tournament appearances in 1999 and 2000 . These seasons were documented by John Feinstein in his book , The Last Amateurs .
Affiliation : NCAA Division I , Football : Football Championship Subdivision
Conference : Patriot League
Team name : Leopards
Team colors : Maroon and white
Arch rival : Lehigh University
Other rivals : Bucknell University , Colgate University , Princeton University , University of Pennsylvania , Harvard University
Facilities : Fisher Field at Fisher Stadium ( Football ) , Kirby Sports Center ( Basketball ) , Metzgar Fields Athletic Complex
= = = Varsity sports = = =
= = = The Rivalry ( Lafayette @-@ Lehigh ) = = =
Lafayette College 's athletic program is notable for " The Rivalry " with nearby Lehigh University . Since 1884 , the two football teams have met 150 times , making it the most played rivalry in the history of American college football , and also one of the oldest when including high school or secondary school contests . It is also the longest running rivalry in college football , with the teams playing at least once every year since 1897 . The Rivalry is considered one of the best in all of college athletics by ESPNU , which recently ranked it # 8 among the Top Ten College Football Rivalries .
Lafayette leads the all @-@ time series 78 – 67 – 5 . In the most recent contest , Lafayette won against Lehigh on Saturday , November 22 , 2014 by a score of 27 – 7 at Yankee Stadium ( storied home of the New York Yankees baseball team since 1923 , in The Bronx , New York ) . It was also the most well @-@ attended game in the series , with 48 @,@ 256 people .
= = Student life = =
Students at Lafayette are involved in over 250 clubs and organizations including athletics , fraternities and sororities , special interest groups , community service clubs and honor societies . The Lafayette College Student Government , consisting of fifteen elected students , is responsible for most of the student organizations on campus , and is responsible for the budget , emergency allocation , programming . These programs and activities are meant to promote student involvements around campus and to provide a space for interactions outside of the classroom . Further , Student Government actively collaborates with different bodies on campus to better the community , as well as maintains an influential relationship with the faculty , administration , and Board of Trustees in order to best meet the needs of the students .
= = = Greek life = = =
Lafayette College encompasses a lively Greek community . Though students are not eligible to join these organizations until sophomore year , approximately 40 @.@ 20 % of eligible students join the school 's four fraternities and six sororities . All but two of the Greek organizations at Lafayette are located on campus , making it a viable living option . Additionally , members of each house commit themselves to various philanthropic ventures throughout the academic year as these groups work together with the college , local , and national affiliates to help achieve the goals and ideals their organizations were founded upon .
= = = Fraternities = = =
= = = Sororities = = =
In addition to the 10 social fraternities and sororities , there are also a number of academic honor societies on campus .
= = = Academic honor societies = = =
= = = Newspaper = = =
The Lafayette , Lafayette 's weekly student newspaper , was founded in 1870 and is the oldest college newspaper in Pennsylvania . It is available in both print and online form . The newspaper has been published continuously since its creation , with the exception of during World War II , when operations were suspended between fall 1943 and March 1945 . Over 4 @,@ 200 digitized issues of The Lafayette are available online .
= = = Investment Club = = =
Founded in 1946 , it is the oldest student @-@ run investment club in the country . The club made national news in 2016 , when CNN profiled their investment skills that led to returns of over 175 times their initial investment over 70 years ( from $ 3 @,@ 000 in 1946 to $ 530 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) , thereby beating the S & P 500 Index . As of March 2016 , the portfolio contains 41 stocks .
= = = Engineers Without Borders = = =
The club was founded in 2003 and is a member of EWB @-@ USA . Members of the club represent many disciplines in engineering and the liberal arts . The club is linked with rural villages in the Yoro region of Honduras . EWB 's mission is to design and implement projects in these villages that help promote better life . The club has focused its efforts on water treatment systems .
El Convento , which is located in the Yoro district of central Honduras , will be the third sustainable water project EWB @-@ LC students have worked on in the country since 2003 when the club was founded . The group has implemented gravity @-@ fed water systems in neighboring Lagunitas and La Fortuna . In La Fortuna , the group utilized a slow sand filter in its system . The group 's previous work garnered national media exposure for being one of six national institutions to receive a $ 75 @,@ 000 grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
= = = Volunteer opportunities = = =
= = = = Landis Center = = = =
The Landis Center , Lafayette College 's community outreach program , provides students with service opportunities . Landis ' mission is to cultivate personal , civic and intellectual growth for students through meaningful and effective service experiences . The program also strives to foster college @-@ community partnerships that contribute to the well @-@ being of the community , both locally and globally .
= = = = Alternative School Break = = = =
Another volunteering alternative to the aforementioned Engineers Without Borders and Landis is Alternative School Break ( ASB ) . Students travel in teams during the January interim or spring break and help communities build homes , paint , and tutor . Recent destinations have included the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , New Orleans , Chicago , and New York City . Students raise money through various fundraising events to mitigate the cost of the trip .
= = = Lafayette Activities Forum = = =
The Lafayette Activities Forum is a student @-@ run organization that strives to promote campus interaction and student relations by incorporating programs and entertainment that reflect the interests of the general student body . LAF is made up of three committees : Live Entertainment , Campus Culture , and Marketing & Public Relations . They are in charge of planning events such the Spring Concert , Fall Fest , the Spot Underground , Open Mic nights , and Live Comedy .
= = Notable alumni = =
Lafayette alumni include two Nobel Laureates and five Governors : Alexander Ramsey ( Class of 1836 ) , Henry M. Hoyt ( Class of 1849 ) , John W. Griggs ( Class of 1868 ) , Robert B. Meyner ( Class of 1930 ) , and Wayne Dumont ( Class of 1935 ) . Additionally , the College counts sixteen current and former members of the United States Congress as alumni .
Other notable alumni :
Philip S. Hench ( Class of 1916 ) – Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for the discovery of the hormone cortisone
Joel Silver ( Class of 1974 ) – Head of Hollywood 's Silver Pictures and producer of films including the Die Hard , Lethal Weapon , and The Matrix series
Jed Plafker ( Class of 1992 ) – President of Franklin Templeton Investments
Michael F. Weinstein ( Class of 1970 ) – Former CEO of Snapple
Haldan K. Hartline ( Class of 1923 ) – Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967 for his work in analyzing the neurophysiological mechanisms of vision
S. Donald Stookey ( Class of 1938 ) – Inventor of Corningware who earned his master 's degree in chemistry in the 1930s .
William E. Simon ( Class of 1952 ) – 63rd Secretary of the Treasury and president of the United States Olympic Committee
William F. Durand ( Class of 1888 ) – Mechanical engineer and first civilian chair of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Peyton C. March ( Class of 1886 ) – Former Army Chief of Staff
James McKeen Cattell ( Class of 1880 ) – First professor of psychology in the United States at the University of Pennsylvania .
Charles Bergstresser ( Class of 1881 ) – Founder of Dow Jones & Company .
Chip Bergh ( Class of 1979 ) – CEO of Levi Strauss & Co .
A. Mitchell Palmer ( Class of 1893 ) - 50th U.S. Attorney General and overseer of the " Palmer Raids "
Stephen Messer ( Class of 1993 ) – Founder of Rakuten Linkshare and angel investor .
Pete Carril ( Class of 1952 ) – Head coach of Princeton University and creator of the " Princeton offense "
Jim Rosenhaus – Broadcaster for the Cleveland Indians
Richard Roberts ( Class of 1875 ) – Personal assistant to General George Armstrong Custer
Sarkis Acopian ( Class of 1951 ) – Inventor of the solar radio and philanthropist
Maynard Bixby ( Class of 1876 ) – Discoverer of bixbyite and explorer
Jay Weiss ( Class of 1962 ) – Experimental psychologist and a 1984 MacArthur Fellow
Beth Mowins ( Class of 1989 ) – ESPN announcer and one of the first women color analysts on the network
Peter Simon ( Class of 1975 ) – Co @-@ owner of the NHL 's New Jersey Devils
D. Herbert Lipson ( Class of 1952 ) – Publisher and executive chairman of Philadelphia
Brent Glass ( Class of 1969 ) – Director of Smithsonian National Museum of American History
Joe Maddon ( Class of 1976 ) – Manager of the Chicago Cubs .
Al LeConey ( Class of 1923 ) – 1924 Summer Olympics gold medalist in the 4 × 100 metres relay , later featured on a U.S. postal stamp
William McMurtrie ( Class of 1871 ) – Chief Chemist for the United States Department of Agriculture and President of American Chemical Society
George Barclay ( Class of 1898 ) – Inventor of the football helmet
Walter E. Hanson ( Class of 1949 ) – Former chairman of KPMG
Michael S. Schmidt ( Class of 2005 ) Washington correspondent for The New York Times .
Frank Reed Horton ( Class of 1918 ) – Founder of Alpha Phi Omega .
= Neurolinguistics =
Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension , production , and acquisition of language . As an interdisciplinary field , neurolinguistics draws methods and theories from fields such as neuroscience , linguistics , cognitive science , neurobiology , communication disorders , neuropsychology , and computer science . Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds , bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives . Much work in neurolinguistics is informed by models in psycholinguistics and theoretical linguistics , and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language . Neurolinguists study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language , and evaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic theories , using aphasiology , brain imaging , electrophysiology , and computer modeling .
= = History = =
Neurolinguistics is historically rooted in the development in the 19th century of aphasiology , the study of linguistic deficits ( aphasias ) occurring as the result of brain damage . Aphasiology attempts to correlate structure to function by analyzing the effect of brain injuries on language processing . One of the first people to draw a connection between a particular brain area and language processing was Paul Broca , a French surgeon who conducted autopsies on numerous individuals who had speaking deficiencies , and found that most of them had brain damage ( or lesions ) on the left frontal lobe , in an area now known as Broca 's area . Phrenologists had made the claim in the early 19th century that different brain regions carried out different functions and that language was mostly controlled by the frontal regions of the brain , but Broca 's research was possibly the first to offer empirical evidence for such a relationship , and has been described as " epoch @-@ making " and " pivotal " to the fields of neurolinguistics and cognitive science . Later , Carl Wernicke , after whom Wernicke 's area is named , proposed that different areas of the brain were specialized for different linguistic tasks , with Broca 's area handling the motor production of speech , and Wernicke 's area handling auditory speech comprehension . The work of Broca and Wernicke established the field of aphasiology and the idea that language can be studied through examining physical characteristics of the brain . Early work in aphasiology also benefited from the early twentieth @-@ century work of Korbinian Brodmann , who " mapped " the surface of the brain , dividing it up into numbered areas based on each area 's cytoarchitecture ( cell structure ) and function ; these areas , known as Brodmann areas , are still widely used in neuroscience today .
The coining of the term " neurolinguistics " is attributed to Edith Crowell Trager , Henri Hecaen and Alexandr Luria , in the late 1940s and 1950s ; Luria 's book " Problems in Neurolinguistics " is likely the first book with Neurolinguistics in the title . Harry Whitaker popularized neurolinguistics in the United States in the 1970s , founding the journal " Brain and Language " in 1974 .
Although aphasiology is the historical core of neurolinguistics , in recent years the field has broadened considerably , thanks in part to the emergence of new brain imaging technologies ( such as PET and fMRI ) and time @-@ sensitive electrophysiological techniques ( EEG and MEG ) , which can highlight patterns of brain activation as people engage in various language tasks ; electrophysiological techniques , in particular , emerged as a viable method for the study of language in 1980 with the discovery of the N400 , a brain response shown to be sensitive to semantic issues in language comprehension . The N400 was the first language @-@ relevant brain response to be identified , and since its discovery EEG and MEG have become increasingly widely used for conducting language research .
= = Neurolinguistics as a discipline = =
= = = Interaction with other fields = = =
Neurolinguistics is closely related to the field of psycholinguistics , which seeks to elucidate the cognitive mechanisms of language by employing the traditional techniques of experimental psychology ; today , psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic theories often inform one another , and there is much collaboration between the two fields .
Much work in neurolinguistics involves testing and evaluating theories put forth by psycholinguists and theoretical linguists . In general , theoretical linguists propose models to explain the structure of language and how language information is organized , psycholinguists propose models and algorithms to explain how language information is processed in the mind , and neurolinguists analyze brain activity to infer how biological structures ( populations and networks of neurons ) carry out those psycholinguistic processing algorithms . For example , experiments in sentence processing have used the ELAN , N400 , and P600 brain responses to examine how physiological brain responses reflect the different predictions of sentence processing models put forth by psycholinguists , such as Janet Fodor and Lyn Frazier 's " serial " model , and Theo Vosse and Gerard Kempen 's " unification model " . Neurolinguists can also make new predictions about the structure and organization of language based on insights about the physiology of the brain , by " generalizing from the knowledge of neurological structures to language structure " .
Neurolinguistics research is carried out in all the major areas of linguistics ; the main linguistic subfields , and how neurolinguistics addresses them , are given in the table below .
= = = Topics considered = = =
Neurolinguistics research investigates several topics , including where language information is processed , how language processing unfolds over time , how brain structures are related to language acquisition and learning , and how neurophysiology can contribute to speech and language pathology .
= = = = Localizations of language processes = = = =
Much work in neurolinguistics has , like Broca 's and Wernicke 's early studies , investigated the locations of specific language " modules " within the brain . Research questions include what course language information follows through the brain as it is processed , whether or not particular areas specialize in processing particular sorts of information , how different brain regions interact with one another in language processing , and how the locations of brain activation differs when a subject is producing or perceiving a language other than his or her first language .
= = = = Time course of language processes = = = =
Another area of neurolinguistics literature involves the use of electrophysiological techniques to analyze the rapid processing of language in time . The temporal ordering of specific patterns of in brain activity may reflect discrete computational processes that the brain undergoes during language processing ; for example , one neurolinguistic theory of sentence parsing proposes that three brain responses ( the ELAN , N400 , and P600 ) are products of three different steps in syntactic and semantic processing .
= = = = Language acquisition = = = =
Another topic is the relationship between brain structures and language acquisition . Research in first language acquisition has already established that infants from all linguistic environments go through similar and predictable stages ( such as babbling ) , and some neurolinguistics research attempts to find correlations between stages of language development and stages of brain development , while other research investigates the physical changes ( known as neuroplasticity ) that the brain undergoes during second language acquisition , when adults learn a new language . Neuroplasticity is observed when both Second Language acquisition and Language Learning experience are induced , the result of this language exposure concludes that an increase of gray and white matter could be found in children , young adults and the elderly .
Ping Li , Jennifer Legault , Kaitlyn A. Litcofsky , May 2014 . Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning : Anatomical changes in the human brain Cortex : A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System & Behavior , 410 @.@ 1016 / j.cortex.2014.05.00124996640
= = = = Language pathology = = = =
Neurolinguistic techniques are also used to study disorders and breakdowns in language — such as aphasia and dyslexia — and how they relate to physical characteristics of the brain .
= = Technology used = =
Since one of the focuses of this field is the testing of linguistic and psycholinguistic models , the technology used for experiments is highly relevant to the study of neurolinguistics . Modern brain imaging techniques have contributed greatly to a growing understanding of the anatomical organization of linguistic functions . Brain imaging methods used in neurolinguistics may be classified into hemodynamic methods , electrophysiological methods , and methods that stimulate the cortex directly .
= = = Hemodynamic = = =
Hemodynamic techniques take advantage of the fact that when an area of the brain works at a task , blood is sent to supply that area with oxygen ( in what is known as the Blood Oxygen Level @-@ Dependent , or BOLD , response ) . Such techniques include PET and fMRI . These techniques provide high spatial resolution , allowing researchers to pinpoint the location of activity within the brain ; temporal resolution ( or information about the timing of brain activity ) , on the other hand , is poor , since the BOLD response happens much more slowly than language processing . In addition to demonstrating which parts of the brain may subserve specific language tasks or computations , hemodynamic methods have also been used to demonstrate how the structure of the brain 's language architecture and the distribution of language @-@ related activation may change over time , as a function of linguistic exposure .
In addition to PET and fMRI , which show which areas of the brain are activated by certain tasks , researchers also use diffusion tensor imaging ( DTI ) , which shows the neural pathways that connect different brain areas , thus providing insight into how different areas interact . Functional near @-@ infrared spectroscopy ( fNIRS ) is another hemodynamic method used in language tasks .
= = = Electrophysiological = = =
Electrophysiological techniques take advantage of the fact that when a group of neurons in the brain fire together , they create an electric dipole or current . The technique of EEG measures this electric current using sensors on the scalp , while MEG measures the magnetic fields that are generated by these currents . In addition to these non @-@ invasive methods , electrocorticography has also been used to study language processing . These techniques are able to measure brain activity from one millisecond to the next , providing excellent temporal resolution , which is important in studying processes that take place as quickly as language comprehension and production . On the other hand , the location of brain activity can be difficult to identify in EEG ; consequently , this technique is used primarily to how language processes are carried out , rather than where . Research using EEG and MEG generally focuses on event @-@ related potentials ( ERPs ) , which are distinct brain responses ( generally realized as negative or positive peaks on a graph of neural activity ) elicited in response to a particular stimulus . Studies using ERP may focus on each ERP 's latency ( how long after the stimulus the ERP begins or peaks ) , amplitude ( how high or low the peak is ) , or topography ( where on the scalp the ERP response is picked up by sensors ) . Some important and common ERP components include the N400 ( a negativity occurring at a latency of about 400 milliseconds ) , the mismatch negativity , the early left anterior negativity ( a negativity occurring at an early latency and a front @-@ left topography ) , the P600 , and the lateralized readiness potential .
= = Experimental design = =
= = = Experimental techniques = =
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
=
Neurolinguists employ a variety of experimental techniques in order to use brain imaging to draw conclusions about how language is represented and processed in the brain . These techniques include the subtraction paradigm , mismatch design , violation @-@ based studies , various forms of priming , and direct stimulation of the brain .
= = = = Subtraction = = = =
Many language studies , particularly in fMRI , use the subtraction paradigm , in which brain activation in a task thought to involve some aspect of language processing is compared against activation in a baseline task thought to involve similar non @-@ linguistic processes but not to involve the linguistic process . For example , activations while participants read words may be compared to baseline activations while participants read strings of random letters ( in attempt to isolate activation related to lexical processing — the processing of real words ) , or activations while participants read syntactically complex sentences may be compared to baseline activations while participants read simpler sentences .
= = = = Mismatch paradigm = = = =
The mismatch negativity ( MMN ) is a rigorously documented ERP component frequently used in neurolinguistic experiments . It is an electrophysiological response that occurs in the brain when a subject hears a " deviant " stimulus in a set of perceptually identical " standards " ( as in the sequence s s s s s s s d d s s s s s s d s s s s s d ) . Since the MMN is elicited only in response to a rare " oddball " stimulus in a set of other stimuli that are perceived to be the same , it has been used to test how speakers perceive sounds and organize stimuli categorically . For example , a landmark study by Colin Phillips and colleagues used the mismatch negativity as evidence that subjects , when presented with a series of speech sounds with acoustic parameters , perceived all the sounds as either / t / or / d / in spite of the acoustic variability , suggesting that the human brain has representations of abstract phonemes — in other words , the subjects were " hearing " not the specific acoustic features , but only the abstract phonemes . In addition , the mismatch negativity has been used to study syntactic processing and the recognition of word category .
= = = = Violation @-@ based = = = =
Many studies in neurolinguistics take advantage of anomalies or violations of syntactic or semantic rules in experimental stimuli , and analyzing the brain responses elicited when a subject encounters these violations . For example , sentences beginning with phrases such as * the garden was on the worked , which violates an English phrase structure rule , often elicit a brain response called the early left anterior negativity ( ELAN ) . Violation techniques have been in use since at least 1980 , when Kutas and Hillyard first reported ERP evidence that semantic violations elicited an N400 effect . Using similar methods , in 1992 , Lee Osterhout first reported the P600 response to syntactic anomalies . Violation designs have also been used for hemodynamic studies ( fMRI and PET ) : Embick and colleagues , for example , used grammatical and spelling violations to investigate the location of syntactic processing in the brain using fMRI . Another common use of violation designs is to combine two kinds of violations in the same sentence and thus make predictions about how different language processes interact with one another ; this type of crossing @-@ violation study has been used extensively to investigate how syntactic and semantic processes interact while people read or hear sentences .
= = = = Priming = = = =
In psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics , priming refers to the phenomenon whereby a subject can recognize a word more quickly if he or she has recently been presented with a word that is similar in meaning or morphological makeup ( i.e. , composed of similar parts ) . If a subject is presented with a " prime " word such as doctor and then a " target " word such as nurse , if the subject has a faster @-@ than @-@ usual response time to nurse then the experimenter may assume that word nurse in the brain had already been accessed when the word doctor was accessed . Priming is used to investigate a wide variety of questions about how words are stored and retrieved in the brain and how structurally complex sentences are processed .
= = = = Stimulation = = = =
Transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) , a new noninvasive technique for studying brain activity , uses powerful magnetic fields that are applied to the brain from outside the head . It is a method of exciting or interrupting brain activity in a specific and controlled location , and thus is able to imitate aphasic symptoms while giving the researcher more control over exactly which parts of the brain will be examined . As such , it is a less invasive alternative to direct cortical stimulation , which can be used for similar types of research but requires that the subject 's scalp be removed , and is thus only used on individuals who are already undergoing a major brain operation ( such as individuals undergoing surgery for epilepsy ) . The logic behind TMS and direct cortical stimulation is similar to the logic behind aphasiology : if a particular language function is impaired when a specific region of the brain is knocked out , then that region must be somehow implicated in that language function . Few neurolinguistic studies to date have used TMS ; direct cortical stimulation and cortical recording ( recording brain activity using electrodes placed directly on the brain ) have been used with macaque monkeys to make predictions about the behavior of human brains .
= = = Subject tasks = = =
In many neurolinguistics experiments , subjects do not simply sit and listen to or watch stimuli , but also are instructed to perform some sort of task in response to the stimuli . Subjects perform these tasks while recordings ( electrophysiological or hemodynamic ) are being taken , usually in order to ensure that they are paying attention to the stimuli . At least one study has suggested that the task the subject does has an effect on the brain responses and the results of the experiment .
= = = = Lexical decision = = = =
The lexical decision task involves subjects seeing or hearing an isolated word and answering whether or not it is a real word . It is frequently used in priming studies , since subjects are known to make a lexical decision more quickly if a word has been primed by a related word ( as in " doctor " priming " nurse " ) .
= = = = Grammaticality judgment , acceptability judgment = = = =
Many studies , especially violation @-@ based studies , have subjects make a decision about the " acceptability " ( usually grammatical acceptability or semantic acceptability ) of stimuli . Such a task is often used to " ensure that subjects [ are ] reading the sentences attentively and that they [ distinguish ] acceptable from unacceptable sentences in the way the [ experimenter ] expect [ s ] them to do . "
Experimental evidence has shown that the instructions given to subjects in an acceptability judgment task can influence the subjects ' brain responses to stimuli . One experiment showed that when subjects were instructed to judge the " acceptability " of sentences they did not show an N400 brain response ( a response commonly associated with semantic processing ) , but that they did show that response when instructed to ignore grammatical acceptability and only judge whether or not the sentences " made sense " .
= = = = Probe verification = = = =
Some studies use a " probe verification " task rather than an overt acceptability judgment ; in this paradigm , each experimental sentence is followed by a " probe word " , and subjects must answer whether or not the probe word had appeared in the sentence . This task , like the acceptability judgment task , ensures that subjects are reading or listening attentively , but may avoid some of the additional processing demands of acceptability judgments , and may be used no matter what type of violation is being presented in the study .
= = = = Truth @-@ value judgment = = = =
Subjects may be instructed not to judge whether or not the sentence is grammatically acceptable or logical , but whether the proposition expressed by the sentence is true or false . This task is commonly used in psycholinguistic studies of child language .
= = = = Active distraction and double @-@ task = = = =
Some experiments give subjects a " distractor " task to ensure that subjects are not consciously paying attention to the experimental stimuli ; this may be done to test whether a certain computation in the brain is carried out automatically , regardless of whether the subject devotes attentional resources to it . For example , one study had subjects listen to non @-@ linguistic tones ( long beeps and buzzes ) in one ear and speech in the other ear , and instructed subjects to press a button when they perceived a change in the tone ; this supposedly caused subjects not to pay explicit attention to grammatical violations in the speech stimuli . The subjects showed a mismatch response ( MMN ) anyway , suggesting that the processing of the grammatical errors was happening automatically , regardless of attention — or at least that subjects were unable to consciously separate their attention from the speech stimuli .
Another related form of experiment is the double @-@ task experiment , in which a subject must perform an extra task ( such as sequential finger @-@ tapping or articulating nonsense syllables ) while responding to linguistic stimuli ; this kind of experiment has been used to investigate the use of working memory in language processing .
= York Community Stadium =
The York Community Stadium is a proposed multi @-@ purpose stadium in Huntington , York , England . It will be owned by City of York Council , and be shared by York City Football Club and York City Knights Rugby League Football Club . The projected capacity of the all @-@ seater stadium is 8 @,@ 005 .
The move to a new stadium was necessitated by the terms of the loan York City secured from the Football Stadia Improvement Fund to purchase their Bootham Crescent ground . Planning permission for the current design , put forward by Greenwich Leisure Ltd , was granted in March 2015 . Construction is expected to begin in the summer of 2016 , for completion in early 2018 . In addition to the stadium , the site will house a leisure complex and a community hub .
= = Background = =
York City F.C. ceased ownership of their Bootham Crescent ground in the summer of 1999 , after the club 's real property assets were transferred to a holding company called Bootham Crescent Holdings . The club secured a £ 2 million loan from the Football Stadia Improvement Fund ( FSIF ) to buy the ground in February 2004 . The terms of this loan required the club to identify a site for a new stadium by 2007 , and have detailed planning permission by 2009 , to avoid financial penalties . Once plans for a new stadium were in place , the loan would turn into a grant to assist in funding the relocation .
As part of the loan agreement , Persimmon have first refusal on purchasing Bootham Crescent once York City leave , for 10 % lower than its market value . Persimmon still intend to build 93 homes on the site , and the proceeds of the sale would go towards building the new stadium . In March 2008 , York City 's managing director Jason McGill cited " the annual cost of £ 60 @,@ 000 for the maintenance and upkeep of a 1932 stadium with few commercial and income @-@ generating opportunities " as the reason for the continued need to move to a new stadium .
= = Planning history = =
York City had identified a preferred site for a new stadium by April 2007 , but were unable to disclose the location due to confidentiality clauses . Despite the club failing to formally identify a site by the end of 2007 , financial penalties were not incurred , as the FSIF were satisfied with the progress made . However , McGill said plans with the preferred site had stalled by March 2008 . City of York Council announced its commitment to building a community stadium in May 2008 , which would be used by York City and the city 's rugby league club , York City Knights RLFC .
A project board was established in January 2009 , with the objective of ensuring the stadium be built by 2012 . City councillors approved the outline business case for the stadium in June 2009 , meaning officials could start searching for sites . Four sites were put forward to the council in June 2010 , and York City favoured the option of building a 6 @,@ 000 all @-@ seater stadium at Monks Cross in Huntington , to the north of York , on the site of Huntington Stadium , which would be ready by 2014 at the earliest . Mark Stead of The Press noted the advantages of this site , including the potential for land value to include , the opportunity to build health and fitness facilities and commercial interest , and the disadvantages , including a scheduled ancient monument being located on adjacent land and traffic concerns . In July 2010 , this location was chosen by the council executive as their preferred option .
Developers Oakgate ( Monks Cross ) Ltd submitted a planning application for a community stadium , for use by York City and York City Knights , and a retail park in September 2011 . The council granted planning permission for the development in May 2012 , with the stadium expected to be ready during the 2014 – 15 season . Gavin Aitchison of The Press commented that " one of York ’ s biggest planning controversies in years finally came to a head " after the planning committee meeting that lasted over eight hours . Critics argued the development would damage the city centre economy , with a report by Deloitte saying the development would cost the city centre £ 50 million a year . In November 2012 , construction was delayed until June 2014 , for a completion date of July 2015 . A delay to the construction of the shopping park in June 2013 , caused by the discovery of protected great crested newts at the site , meant the stadium completion date was moved to January 2016 .
In August 2014 , Greenwich Leisure Ltd ( GLL ) were named as the council 's preferred bidder to deliver an 8 @,@ 000 all @-@ seater stadium , to be shared by York City and York City Knights , and a leisure complex and a community hub . Construction was due to start during spring 2015 , for a completion date of July 2016 . York City were given responsibility for operating and managing the stadium on an initial 13 @-@ year contract . A planning application for the GLL plan was submitted to the council in December 2014 , which was passed in March 2015 . The cost of the stadium and leisure complex , including a replacement athletics track at another site , stood at £ 37 million .
In July 2015 , construction was delayed as contracts were still being finalised , and the completion date was moved to during the 2016 – 17 season . Construction was delayed again a month later , with work to begin in February or March 2016 , for completion in April or May 2017 . With construction costs increasing due to more detailed design work , construction inflation and delays , the council pledged an additional £ 7 @.@ 2 million in March 2016 , raising the total cost of the project to £ 44 @.@ 2 million . Construction was delayed to the summer of 2016 , for completion in early 2018 .
= = Structure and facilities = =
The stadium is projected to have an all @-@ seated capacity of 8 @,@ 005 . It will comprise four stands ; the East Stand ( Main Stand ) , the West Stand , the North Stand and the South Stand . The three @-@ floored East Stand is to accommodate hospitality guests , players , officials and the media , and will be connected to the adjacent retail and community facilities . The stands will stretch the length of the playing field , and each corner will host stadium facilities , including matchday emergency services , stewarding , groundsman accommodation , plant space and a fan zone . The seats will be coloured red , white and blue , a combination of the colours of both teams .
The pitch will use reinforced natural grass , with provision to counter frost . The dimensions for football matches will be 105 by 68 metres ( 115 by 74 yd ) , with 3 @-@ metre @-@ wide run @-@ offs on the sides and 6.5- metre @-@ wide run @-@ offs behind the goals , which will meet FIFA recommendations . The dimensions for rugby league matches will be 100 by 68 metres ( 109 by 74 yd ) , with 6 @-@ metre in @-@ goal areas , and 3 @-@ metre @-@ wide run @-@ offs on the sides and after the dead ball lines .
Adjoining the stadium will be the leisure complex , which will include a 25 @-@ metre , six @-@ lane swimming pool , a sports hall for netball , badminton and basketball , a gym with dance and spinning studios , an adventure sports zone and three 3G five @-@ a @-@ side pitches . A community hub will house health and well @-@ being services for York residents and visitors , including clinical services , an independent living assessment centre and a library .
= = Transport = =
Regular bus services will serve the stadium from the city centre , and additional services to other areas will be considered if there is sufficient demand . A review of the park and ride operating times will take place , with an extension to the service to be sought . On matchdays , 400 car parking places and 355 cycle parking places will be available at the stadium . A cycle route exists between the site and the city centre .
= Patrick Moore =
Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell @-@ Moore CBE , FRS , FRAS ( 4 March 1923 – 9 December 2012 ) was an English amateur astronomer who attained prominent status in that field as a writer , researcher , radio commentator and television presenter .
Moore was president of the British Astronomical Association , co @-@ founder and president of the Society for Popular Astronomy ( SPA ) , author of over 70 books on astronomy , and presenter of the world 's longest @-@ running television series with the same original presenter , the BBC 's The Sky at Night . As an amateur astronomer , he became known as a specialist in Moon observation and for creating the Caldwell catalogue . Idiosyncrasies such as his rapid diction and monocle made him a popular and instantly recognisable figure on British television .
Moore was also a self @-@ taught xylophonist , glockenspiel player and pianist , as well as an accomplished composer . He was a former amateur cricketer , golfer and chess player . In addition to many popular science books , he wrote numerous works of fiction . Moore was an opponent of fox hunting , an outspoken critic of the European Union , supporter of the UK Independence Party and served as chairman of the short @-@ lived anti @-@ immigration United Country Party . He served in the Royal Air Force during World War II . He never married or had children .
= = Early life = =
Moore was born in Pinner , Middlesex on 4 March 1923 to Capt. Charles Trachsel Caldwell @-@ Moore MC ( died 1947 ) and Gertrude ( née White ) ( died 1981 ) . His family moved to Bognor Regis , and subsequently to East Grinstead where he spent his childhood . His youth was marked by heart problems , which left him in poor health and he was educated at home by private tutors . He developed an interest in astronomy at the age of six and joined the British Astronomical Association at the age of eleven . He was invited to run a small observatory in East Grinstead at the age of 14 , after his mentor – who ran the observatory – was killed in a road accident . At the age of 16 he began wearing a monocle after an oculist told him his right eye was weaker than his left . Three years later , he began wearing a full set of dentures .
During World War II , Moore joined the Home Guard in East Grinstead where his father had been elected platoon commander . Despite recounting in his autobiography that he had lied about his age to join the Royal Air Force in 1940 at age 16 , records show that he enlisted in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve in December 1941 at age 18 and was not called up for service until July 1942 as an Aircraftman , 2nd Class . After basic training at various RAF bases in England , he went to Canada under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan and completed training at RAF Moncton in New Brunswick as a navigator and pilot . During his time in Canada , he met Albert Einstein and Orville Wright while on leave in New York . Returning to England in June 1944 , he was commissioned as a Pilot officer and was posted to RAF Millom in Cumbria , where he was a navigator in the crew of a Vickers Wellington bomber , engaged in maritime patrolling and bombing missions to mainland Europe . After the end of hostilities , Moore became an adjutant and then an Area Meteorological Officer , finally demobilized in October 1945 with the rank of Flying officer . The war had a significant influence on his life - he said his only romance ended when his fiancée Lorna , a nurse , was killed in London in 1943 by a bomb which struck her ambulance . Moore subsequently remarked that he never married because " there was no one else for me ... second best is no good for me ... I would have liked a wife and family , but it was not to be . " In his autobiography he said that after sixty years he still thought about her , and because of her death " if I saw the entire German nation sinking into the sea , I could be relied upon to help push it down . " In May 2012 he said to the " Radio Times " magazine , " We must take care . There may be another war . The Germans will try again , given another chance . A Kraut is a Kraut is a Kraut . And the only good Kraut is a dead Kraut . "
Moore said he was " exceptionally close " to his mother Gertrude , a talented artist who shared his Selsey home , which was decorated with her paintings of " bogeys " – little friendly aliens – which she produced and sent out annually as the Moores ' Christmas cards . Moore wrote the foreword for his mother 's 1974 book , Mrs Moore In Space .
= = Career in astronomy = =
After the war , Moore rejected a grant to study at the University of Cambridge , citing a wish to " stand on my own two feet " . He wrote his first book , Guide to the Moon ( later retitled Patrick Moore on the Moon ) in 1952 and it was published a year later . He wrote it on a 1908 Woodstock typewriter , which he used for every book he published . He was a teacher in Woking and at Holmewood House School in Langton Green , from 1945 to 1953 . His second book was a translation of a work of French astronomer Gérard de Vaucouleurs ( Moore spoke fluent French ) . After his second original science book , Guide to the Planets , he penned his first work of fiction , The Master of the Moon , the first of numerous young @-@ adult fiction space adventure books ( including the late 1970s series the Scott Saunders Space Adventure ) ; he wrote a more adult novel and a farce titled Ancient Lights , though he did not wish either to be published .
While teaching at Holmewood he set up a 12 ½ inch reflector telescope at his home , which he kept into his old age . He developed a particular interest in the far side of the Moon , a small part of which is visible from Earth as a result of the Moon 's libration ; the Moon was his specialist subject throughout his life . He claimed to have discovered and named the Mare Orientale ( Eastern Sea ) in 1946 , along with H P Wilkins , though he later conceded that German astronomer Julius Heinrich Franz should be credited with the discovery . The feature had been observed several times since telescopic observations began . Moore described the short @-@ lived glowing areas on the lunar surface , and gave them the name transient lunar phenomena in 1968 .
His first television appearance was in a debate about the existence of flying saucers following a spate of reported sightings in the 1950s ; Moore argued against Lord Dowding and other UFO proponents . He was invited to present a live astronomy programme and said the greatest difficulty was finding an appropriate theme tune ; the opening of Jean Sibelius 's Pelléas et Mélisande was chosen and used throughout the programme 's existence . The programme was originally named Star Map before The Sky at Night was chosen in the Radio Times . On 24 April 1957 , at 10 : 30 pm , Moore presented the first episode about the Comet Arend – Roland . The programme was pitched to casual viewers up to professional astronomers , in a format which remained consistent from its inception . Moore presented every monthly episode except for one in July 2004 when he suffered a near @-@ fatal bout of food poisoning caused by eating a contaminated goose egg and was replaced for that episode by Chris Lintott . Moore appears in the Guinness World Records book as the world 's longest @-@ serving TV presenter having presented the programme since 1957 . From 2004 to 2012 , the programme was broadcast from Moore 's home , when arthritis prevented him from travelling to the studios . Over the years he received many lucrative offers to take his programme onto other networks , but rejected them because he held a ' gentlemen 's agreement ' with the BBC .
A highlight of the series in 1959 was when the Russians allowed Moore to be the first Westerner to see the photographic results of the Luna 3 probe , and to show them live on air . Less successful was the transmission of the Luna 4 probe , which ran into technical difficulties and around this time Moore famously swallowed a large fly ; both episodes were live and Moore had to continue regardless . He was invited to visit the Soviet Union , where he met Yuri Gagarin , the first man to journey into outer space . For the fiftieth episode of The Sky at Night , in September 1961 , Moore 's attempt to be the first to broadcast a live direct telescopic view of a planet resulted in another unintended ' comedy episode ' , as cloud obscured the sky .
In 1965 , he was appointed director of the newly constructed Armagh Planetarium in Northern Ireland , a post he held until 1968 . His stay outside England was short partly because of the beginning of The Troubles , a dispute Moore wanted no involvement in . He was appointed Armagh County secretary of the Scout movement , but resigned after being informed that Catholics could not be admitted . In developing the Planetarium , Moore travelled to Japan to secure a Goto Mars projector . He helped with the redevelopment of the Birr Telescope in the Republic of Ireland . He was a key figure in the development of the Herschel Museum of Astronomy in Bath .
In June 1968 he returned to England , settling in Selsey after resigning his post in Armagh . During the NASA Apollo programme , presenting on the Apollo 8 mission , he said that " this is one of the great moments of human history " , only to have his broadcast interrupted by the children 's programme Jackanory . He was a presenter for the Apollo 9 and Apollo 10 missions , and a commenter , with Cliff Michelmore and James Burke , for BBC television 's coverage of the Moon landing missions . Moore could not remember his words at the " Eagle has landed " moment , and the BBC has lost the tapes of the broadcast . A homemade recording reveals that the studio team was very quiet during the landing sequence , leaving the NASA commentary clear of interruptions . Some 14 seconds after " contact " Burke says " They 've touched " . At 36 seconds he says " Eagle has landed " . Between 53 and 62 seconds he explains the upcoming stay / no @-@ stay decision and NASA announces the T1 stay at 90 seconds after contact . At 100 seconds the recorded sequence ends . Thus any real @-@ time comment Moore made was not broadcast live and the recording ends before Burke polls the studio team for comment and reaction . Moore participated in TV coverage of Apollo missions 12 to 17 .
He was elected a member of the International Astronomical Union in 1966 ; having twice edited the Union 's General Assembly newsletters . He attempted to establish an International Union of Amateur Astronomers , which failed due to lack of interest . During the 1970s and 80s , he reported on the Voyager and Pioneer programs , often from NASA headquarters . At this time he became increasingly annoyed by conspiracy theorists and reporters who asked him questions such as " Why waste money on space research when there is so much to be done here ? " . He said that when asked these type of questions " I know that I 'm dealing with an idiot . " Another question that annoyed him was " what is the difference between astronomy and astrology ? " Despite this he made a point of responding to all letters delivered to his house , and sent a variety of standard replies to letters asking basic questions , as well as those from conspiracy theorists , proponents of hunting and ' cranks ' . Despite his fame , his telephone number was always listed in the telephone directory and he was happy to show members of the public his observatory .
He compiled the Caldwell catalogue of astronomical objects and in 1982 , asteroid 2602 Moore was named in his honour . In February 1986 he presented a special episode of The Sky at Night on the approach of Halley 's Comet , though he later said the BBC 's better @-@ funded Horizon team " made a complete hash of the programme . " In January 1998 , a tornado destroyed part of Moore 's garden observatory ; it was subsequently rebuilt . Moore campaigned unsuccessfully against the closure of the Royal Observatory , Greenwich in 1998 . Among Moore 's favourite episodes of The Sky at Night were those that dealt with eclipses , and he said " there is nothing in nature to match the glory of a total eclipse of the Sun . "
Moore was a BBC presenter for the total eclipse in England in 1999 , though the view he and his team had from Cornwall was obscured by cloud . Moore was the patron of the South Downs Planetarium & Science Centre , which opened in 2001 .
On 1 April 2007 , a 50th anniversary semi @-@ spoof edition of the programme was broadcast on BBC One , with Moore depicted as a Time Lord and featured special guests , amateur astronomers Jon Culshaw ( impersonating Moore presenting the first The Sky at Night ) and Brian May . On 6 May 2007 , a special edition of The Sky at Night was broadcast on BBC One , to commemorate the programme 's 50th anniversary , with a party in Moore 's garden at Selsey , attended by amateur and professional astronomers . Moore celebrated the record @-@ breaking 700th episode of The Sky at Night at his home in Sussex on 6 March 2011 . He presented with the help of special guests Professor Brian Cox , Jon Culshaw and Lord Rees , the Astronomer Royal .
It was reported in January 2012 that because of arthritis and the effects of an old spinal injury he was no longer able to operate a telescope . However , he was still able to present The Sky at Night from his home .
He died aged 89 at 12 : 25 p.m. on 9 December 2012 at his home in Selsey , West Sussex .
On 9 December 2014 it was reported that the Science Museum , London had acquired a large collection of Patrick Moore 's objects and manuscripts and memorabilia , including The Sky at Night scripts , and about 70 of his observation books , over more than 60 years , and manuscripts for astronomy and fiction books , and a 12 @.@ 5 inch reflecting telescope .
= = Activism and political beliefs = =
Moore was known for his conservative political views . In the 1970s , he was chairman of the anti @-@ immigration United Country Party , a position he held until the party was absorbed by the New Britain Party in 1980 . He campaigned for the politician Edmund Iremonger in the 1979 British general election , as they agreed the French and Germans were not to be trusted . Iremonger and Moore gave up political campaigning after deciding they were Thatcherites . Moore campaigned on behalf of Douglas Denny ( UKIP ) for the Chichester constituency in 2001 . A Tory voter for many years , he was a supporter and patron of the eurosceptic UK Independence Party until his death . He briefly supported the Liberal Party in the 1950s , though condemned the Liberal Democrats , saying he believed they could alter their position radically and that they " would happily join up with the BNP or the Socialist Workers Party ... if [ by doing so ] they could win a few extra votes . " He admired the Official Monster Raving Loony Party and was briefly their financial advisor . He wrote in his autobiography that Liechtenstein – a constitutional monarchy headed by a prince – had the best political system in the world . Moore was a critic of the Iraq War , and said " the world was a safer place when Ronald Reagan was in the White House " . He was a patron of the British Weights and Measures Association .
Proudly declaring himself to be English ( rather than British ) with " not the slightest wish to integrate with anybody " , he stated his admiration for controversial MP Enoch Powell . Moore devoted an entire chapter ( " The Weak Arm of the Law " ) of his autobiography to denouncing modern British society , particularly " motorist @-@ hunting " policemen , sentencing policy , the Race Relations Act , Sex Discrimination Act and the " Thought Police / Politically Correct Brigade " . He wrote that " homosexuals are mainly responsible for the spreading of AIDS ( the Garden of Eden is home of Adam and Eve , not Adam and Steve ) " .
In an interview with Radio Times , he asserted that the BBC was being " ruined by women " , commenting that : " The trouble is that the BBC now is run by women and it shows : soap operas , cooking , quizzes , kitchen @-@ sink plays . You wouldn 't have had that in the golden days . " In response , a BBC spokeswoman described Moore as being one of TV 's best @-@ loved figures and remarked that his " forthright " views were " what we all love about him " . In his June 2002 appearance on Room 101 he banished female news readers into Room 101 .
" I may be accused of being a dinosaur , but I would remind you that dinosaurs ruled the Earth for a very long time . "
Moore cited his opposition to fox hunting , blood sports and capital punishment to rebut claims that he had ultra right @-@ wing views . Though not a vegetarian , he held " a deep contempt for people who go out to kill merely to amuse themselves . " He was an animal lover , supporting many animal welfare charities ( particularly Cats Protection ) . He had a particular affinity for cats and stated that " a catless house is a soulless house " .
= = Other interests and popular culture = =
Because of his long @-@ running television career and eccentric demeanour , Moore was widely recognised and became a popular public figure . In 1976 it was used to good effect for an April Fools ' Day spoof on BBC Radio 2 , when Moore announced a once @-@ in @-@ a @-@ lifetime astronomical event that meant that if listeners could jump at that exact moment , 9 @.@ 47 a.m. they would experience a temporary sensation of weightlessness . The BBC received many telephone calls from listeners alleging they experienced the sensation . He was a key figure in the establishment of the International Birdman event in Bognor Regis , which was initially held in Selsey .
Moore appeared in other television and radio shows , including Just a Minute and , from 1992 until 1998 , playing the role of GamesMaster in the television show of the same name : a character who professed to know everything there is to know about video gaming . He would issue video game challenges and answered questions on cheats and tips . The show 's host , Dominik Diamond , claimed that Moore did not understand anything that he said on the show , yet managed to record his contributions in single takes .
Moore was a keen amateur actor , appearing in local plays . He appeared in self @-@ parodying roles , in several episodes of The Goodies and on the Morecambe and Wise show , and broadcast with Kenneth Horne only a few days before Horne 's death . He had a minor role in the fourth radio series of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , and a lead role in the Radio 1 sci @-@ fi BBC / 20th Century Fox radio play , Independence Day UK in which amongst other things , Moore fills in as a navigator . He appeared in It 's a Celebrity Knockout , Blankety Blank and Face the Music . He appeared on television at least once in a film prop space suit .
He expressed appreciation for the science fiction television series Doctor Who and Star Trek , but stated that he had stopped watching when " they went PC - making women commanders , that kind of thing " . Despite this he subsequently made a cameo appearance in the Doctor Who episode " The Eleventh Hour " in 2010 , which was Matt Smith 's debut as the Eleventh Doctor . In the 1960s , Moore had been approached by the Doctor Who story editor Gerry Davis to act as a scientific advisor on the series to help with the accuracy of stories , a position ultimately taken by Kit Pedler .
A keen amateur chess player , Moore carried a pocket set and was vice president of Sussex Junior Chess Association . In 2003 , he presented Sussex Junior David Howell with the best young chess player award on Carlton Television 's Britain 's Brilliant Prodigies show . Moore had represented Sussex in his youth .
Moore was an enthusiastic amateur cricketer , playing for the Selsey Cricket Club well into his seventies . He played for the Lord 's Taverners , a cricketing charity team , as a bowler with an unorthodox action . Though an accomplished leg spin bowler , he was a number 11 batsman and a poor fielder . The jacket notes to his book " Suns , Myths and Men " ( 1968 ) said his hobbies included " chess , which he plays with a peculiar leg @-@ spin , and cricket . " He played golf , and won a Pro @-@ Am competition in Southampton in 1975 .
Until forced to give up because of arthritis , Moore was a keen pianist and accomplished xylophone player , having first played the instrument at the age of 13 . He composed a substantial corpus of works , including two operettas . Moore had a ballet , Lyra 's Dream , written to his music . He performed at a Royal Command Performance , and performed a duet with Evelyn Glennie .
In 1998 , as a guest on Have I Got News for You , he accompanied the show 's closing theme tune on the xylophone and as a pianist , he once accompanied Albert Einstein playing The Swan by Camille Saint @-@ Saëns on the violin ( no recording was made ) . In 1981 he performed a solo xylophone rendition of the Sex Pistols ' " Anarchy in the U.K. " in a Royal Variety Performance . He did not enjoy most popular music : when played ten modern rock songs by such artists as Hawkwind , Muse and Pink Floyd , in a 2009 interview with journalist Joel McIver , he explained , " To my ear , all these songs are universally awful . "
Before encountering health problems he was an extensive traveller , and had visited all seven continents , including Antarctica ; he said his favourite two countries were Iceland and Norway . On 7 March 2006 he was hospitalised and fitted with a pacemaker because of a cardiac abnormality . He spoke in favour of Esperanto on the hundredth anniversary of the help @-@ language .
He was a friend of Queen guitarist and astrophysicist Brian May , who was an occasional guest on The Sky at Night . May bought Moore 's Selsey home in 2008 , leasing it back to him for a peppercorn rent the same day to provide financial security . May , Moore and Chris Lintott co @-@ wrote a book Bang ! The Complete History of the Universe . In February 2011 , Moore completed ( with Robin Rees and Iain Nicolson ) his comprehensive Patrick Moore 's Data Book of Astronomy for Cambridge University Press . In 1986 he was identified as the co @-@ author of a book published in 1954 called Flying Saucer from Mars , attributed to Cedric Allingham , which was intended as a money @-@ making venture and practical joke on UFO believers ; Moore never admitted his involvement . He once joined the Flat Earth Society as an ironic joke .
Moore believed himself to be the only person to have met the first aviator , Orville Wright , the first man in space , Yuri Gagarin , and the first man on the moon , Neil Armstrong .
In March 2015 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 45 @-@ minute play based on the life of Moore , The Far Side of the Moore by Sean Grundy , starring Tom Hollander as Moore and Patricia Hodge as his mother .
= = Honours and appointments = =
In 1945 , Moore was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society ; in 1977 he was awarded the society 's Jackson @-@ Gwilt Medal . In 1968 , he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) and promoted to a Commander ( CBE ) of the order in 1988 . In 1999 he became the honorary president of the East Sussex Astronomical Society , a position he held until his death . In 2001 , he was knighted for " services to the popularisation of science and to broadcasting " .
In 2001 , he was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society , the only amateur astronomer ever to achieve the distinction . In June 2002 , he was appointed as the honorary vice president of the Society for the History of Astronomy . Also in 2002 , Buzz Aldrin presented him with a British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) award for services to television . He was patron of Torquay Boys ' Grammar School in south Devon . Moore had a long association with the University of Leicester and its Department of Physics and Astronomy , and was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree in 1996 and a Distinguished Honorary Fellowship in 2008 , the highest award that the university can bestow .
In 2009 , after saving Airdrie Public Observatory from closure in 2002 , Moore accepted the position of Honorary President of Airdrie Astronomical Association , a position which he held until his death .
= = Film and television appearances = =
= Typhoon Bolaven ( 2012 ) =
Typhoon Bolaven , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Julian , was regarded as the most powerful storm to strike the Korean Peninsula in nearly a decade , with wind gusts measured up to 186 km / h ( 116 mph ) . Forming as a tropical depression on August 19 , 2012 to the southwest of the Mariana Islands , Bolaven steadily intensified as it slowly moved west @-@ northwestward in a region favoring tropical development . The system was soon upgraded to a tropical storm less than a day after formation and further to a typhoon by August 21 . Strengthening became more gradual thereafter as Bolaven grew in size . On August 24 , the system attained its peak intensity with winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 910 mbar ( hPa ; 26 @.@ 87 inHg ) . Weakening only slightly , the storm passed directly over Okinawa on August 26 as it began accelerating toward the north . Steady weakening continued as Bolaven approached the Korean Peninsula and it eventually made landfall in North Korea late on August 28 before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants rapidly tracked northeastward over the Russian Far East before turning eastward and were last noted on September 1 crossing the International Dateline .
Although Bolaven struck the Ryukyu Islands as a powerful typhoon , damage was less than expected . Relatively few buildings were damaged or destroyed across the region . The most significant effects stemmed from heavy rains , amounting to 551 @.@ 5 mm ( 21 @.@ 71 in ) , that caused flash flooding and landslides . One person drowned on Amami Ōshima after being swept away by a swollen river . In mainland Japan , two people drowned after being swept away by rough seas . In South Korea , 19 people were killed by the storm . Many buildings were damaged and approximately 1 @.@ 9 million homes were left without power . Losses in the country reached ₩ 420 billion ( US $ 374 @.@ 3 million ) , the majority of which was due to destroyed apple orchards . Significant damage also took place in North Korea where at least 59 people were killed and 50 others were reported missing . Additionally , 6 @,@ 700 homes were destroyed . Offshore , nine people drowned after two Chinese vessels sank .
= = Meteorological history = =
On August 18 , an area of showers and thunderstorms associated with a trough formed about 520 km ( 320 mi ) west @-@ southwest of Guam . Over the following day , a low @-@ level circulation developed within the trough . Tracking slowly northeastward into a region of warm sea surface temperatures , low wind shear , and favorable divergence , continued development was anticipated . Later on August 19 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert as the system was anticipated to develop further . Hours later , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the low as a tropical depression . The JTWC followed suit early on August 20 , designating the system as Tropical Depression 16W . Following the development of convective banding features along the southern side of the low , both the JMA and JTWC upgraded the depression to a tropical storm , with the former assigning it the name Bolaven . By this time , the storm began turning northwestward in response to a subtropical ridge south of Japan . Later on August 20 , microwave imagery from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite depicted a weak eye @-@ like feature .
Early on August 21 , the JMA upgraded Bolaven to a severe tropical storm , with maximum estimated winds at 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) . Throughout the day , a large central dense overcast developed around the low @-@ level circulation and banding features became more prominent , especially over the southern half of the storm . However , the northwestern quadrant of Bolaven struggled to organize as quickly due to moderate wind shear produced by a nearby upper @-@ level anticyclone . Due to the improved structure , both the JMA and JTWC upgraded Bolaven to a typhoon during the latter half of August 21 . Gradual intensification ensued over the following days as the storm became increasingly organized . A second anticyclone developed over the center of Bolaven later that day and enhanced the cyclone 's poleward outflow . Although subsidence and wind shear increased along the northern edge of the storm on August 23 , the system 's outflow allowed it mitigate the negative effects ahead of it .
Due to the storm 's large size , it began turning towards the north @-@ northwest along the subtropical ridge on August 24 , earlier than anticipated . During this brief turn , the center of Bolaven crossed 135 ° E , entering the area of responsibility of the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) . As such , the administration assigned the typhoon with the local name Julian . Later that day , a well @-@ defined , 18 km ( 11 mi ) wide eye developed within the central dense overcast and several additional feeder bands formed along the south side of the circulation . Based on the improved structure , the JTWC estimated that the system attained one @-@ minute sustained winds of 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) , equivalent to a Category 4 on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . By the morning of August 25 , Bolaven began to undergo an eyewall replacement cycle . Despite the slightly degrading structure , the JTWC estimated the storm to have intensified slightly , attaining one @-@ minute winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) .
On August 25 , Bolaven began to interact with Typhoon Tembin , which was located over the South China Sea , causing Tembin to execute a slow counter @-@ clockwise loop . An outer eyewall became more apparent late on August 25 with a clear second ring of deep convection surrounding the original eye . Similar to the JTWC , the JMA continued to indicate that Bolaven was intensifying through early on August 26 . At that time , the JMA estimated the typhoon to have reached its peak intensity with winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 910 mbar ( hPa ; 26 @.@ 87 inHg ) . As the system approached Okinawa , radar imagery showed a 55 km ( 34 mi ) wide eyewall surrounding a small , but well @-@ organized 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) wide inner eyewall . Shortly before 1500 UTC on August 26 , the center of Bolaven passed directly over Okinawa . At the time , the JTWC assessed the system to have had one @-@ minute sustained winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) while the JMA estimated the winds to be 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) . Early on August 27 , the storm 's inner eyewall collapsed as the eyewall replacement cycle finished , with the new eye estimated to be about 220 km ( 140 mi ) in diameter . In addition to its unusually large eye , the storm itself was large , spanning approximately 890 to 1 @,@ 020 km ( 550 to 630 mi ) . However , microwave satellite imagery indicated an overall weakening of the western side of the storm . Accelerating northward , Bolaven maintained a well @-@ defined outflow due to a large tropical upper @-@ tropospheric trough to its southeast and a mid @-@ latitude trough to the northwest .
As the storm moved northward over the Yellow Sea , atmospheric conditions became increasingly hostile , with significantly lower sea surface temperatures and high wind shear . During the overnight of August 27 – 28 , the typhoon brushed South Korea as a weakening cyclone . Convection on the west side of the storm diminished and its feeder bands began to collapse . Increasing shear started taking its toll early on August 28 as convection became displaced from the center of circulation , leaving part of the southwestern quadrant exposed . This also indicated that Bolaven had begun to undergo an extratropical transition as it approached the Korean Peninsula . Following structural weakening , the JMA and JTWC downgraded Bolaven to a severe tropical storm and tropical storm , respectively . Hours before moving onshore in North Korea , the majority of the convection had moved over land while the circulation and the center itself had only stratocumulus clouds covering it . Around 1500 UTC on August 28 , Bolaven made landfall in North Korea with winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) . Rapidly moving towards the northeast , the storm became fully embedded within a baroclinic zone near the China – North Korea border later that day . The JMA continued to monitor Bolaven as a tropical cyclone until early on August 29 , at which time the system was situated over the southern region of the Russian Far East . The extratropical remnants later turned eastward and were last noted on September 1 crossing the International Dateline .
= = Preparations = =
= = = Philippines = = =
On August 24 , fishing vessels and small craft off the northern and eastern coasts of Luzon , Philippines were advised to not venture out due to large swells produced by Typhoons Bolaven and Tembin .
= = = Ryukyu Islands = = =
On August 22 , hours before the JTWC classified Bolaven as a typhoon , Okinawa was placed under Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness ( TCCR ) four . The following day , media reports began calling Typhoon Bolaven " the bad one . " At this time , the then Category 4 @-@ equivalent typhoon was expected to pass directly over Okinawa and based on forecasts from the JTWC , it would be the most powerful storm to hit the island in 13 years . On August 24 , the TCCR was raised to level three . During the afternoon of August 25 , the TCCR was raised to the third @-@ highest level , one . Residents were urged to have all their preparations complete as soon as possible before the storm arrived . This was further raised to TCCR 1 @-@ C ( caution ) as tropical storm force winds began impacting the island .
Across Ishigaki Island , all public activities were canceled by August 24 and flights to mainland Japan were suspended . Ferry service to Kagoshima Prefecture was also canceled . Throughout Okinawa , 850 people , including 300 in Naha , evacuated to public shelters due to the threat of flooding . Transportation across the island was paralyzed due to the storm as ferry terminals , airports , and bus and rail services were shut down . During the evening of August 25 , All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines canceled all flights to and from the Ryukyu Islands , south of Amami Ōshima for August 26 and the morning of August 27 . The slow motion of the storm led meteorologists at the JMA to warn residents of a potential record rainfall event , stating that localized areas could receive between 400 and 600 mm ( 16 and 24 in ) of rain . Rainfall rates were expected to reach nearly 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) per hour during the height of the storm . Due to the significant threat of flash flooding and mudslides , residents living in flood @-@ prone or mountainous areas were urged to evacuate .
= = = China = = =
Although located more than 500 km ( 310 mi ) away from Eastern China , officials in the country issued sea warnings on August 27 due to waves estimated between 9 and 12 m ( 30 and 39 ft ) over the East China Sea and Yellow Sea . In Northeastern China , ferry service along the Yalu River in Dandong City was suspended the same day . Due to the threat of heavy rains , approximately 23 @,@ 000 were evacuated in Jiangsu Province . In Weihai city , more than 2 @,@ 000 vessels sought refuge at port and ferry services were canceled . In Shanghai , more than 100 flights were canceled on August 28 due to the storm .
= = = Korean Peninsula and Russia = = =
Initially , forecasts from the JMA and Korea Meteorological Administration indicated that Bolaven would strike the country at an intensity greater than that of the nation 's worst typhoon disaster in decades : Typhoon Rusa in 2002 . On August 27 , nearly all of South Korea was placed under a typhoon warning as the storm approached . The state disaster relief board went to its highest alert level prior to the storm 's arrival . More than 400 flights were canceled across the country , including 109 international flights from Incheon International Airport . The majority of cancellations were domestic flights , mainly from Ningbo to Jeju Island . Local authorities conducted safety inspections of areas prone to landslides and closed off beaches and seawalls . Residents in flood @-@ prone areas were encouraged to evacuate for their own safety as well . Along the coast , hundreds of ships sought refuge from rough seas in various harbors and ports . Numerous ports banned sea travel and shut down activities by August 27 , and 68 of the nation 's 87 ferry routes were canceled . In Busan , all ships were not allowed access to the docks until the typhoon 's passage .
Storm warnings were issued as far north as the Russian Far East as officials anticipated the remnants of the typhoon to cause significant disruption in the region . Residents were advised to avoid outdoor activities from August 28 to 29 as the storm moved through . In the Sea of Japan , more than 100 ships sought refuge in bays across the Primorsky Krai . Ferry service to all islands in the region was also suspended . All military personnel in the region were placed at an elevated state of readiness for the storm . On August 28 , crisis centers were opened in 12 cities and 22 districts across Primorsky Krai . Although the storm was expected to cause significant disruptions in the region , Russian Emergencies Minister Vladimir Puchkov stated that the Asia @-@ Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit in Vladivostok would continue as planned .
= = Impact = =
= = = Japan = = =
Regarded as the most powerful typhoon to strike the region since 1956 , strong winds in Japan 's Kagoshima Prefecture left approximately 60 @,@ 000 residences without power . Although a strong storm when it passed over Okinawa , damage was less than initially feared . Across Okinawa , sustained winds were measured up to 167 km / h ( 104 mph ) with gusts to 222 km / h ( 138 mph ) . On Okinoerabujima , wind gusts were measured up to 153 km / h ( 95 mph ) . At Kadena Air Base , a barometric pressure of 952 mb ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 11 inHg ) was measured as the storm passed over . Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted and dozens of buildings were damaged by the winds . Throughout the Ryukyu Islands , rainfall peaked in Setouchi , Kagoshima at 551 @.@ 5 mm ( 21 @.@ 71 in ) . In Kunigami , 535 mm ( 21 @.@ 1 in ) of rain fell during the storm . These rains triggered flash flooding across several islands . On Amami Ōshima , one person drowned after being swept away by a swollen river . Numerous landslides took place across the islands , damaging roads and buildings . During the height of the storm , the highest level of warning , TCCR 1 @-@ E ( emergency ) , was issued for the island , indicating that all outdoor activities were banned . Numerous roads and bridges were either shut down or blocked by debris across many of the islands , making travel difficult . Damage to public facilities throughout Kagoshima reached ¥ 6 @.@ 3 billion ( US $ 80 @.@ 6 million ) .
Due to the threat of landslides , 5 @,@ 500 households were evacuated across the Amami Islands on August 27 . One home was destroyed and 1 @,@ 065 residences were evacuated in Tokunoshima . Eight people were injured across the island and 549 sought refuge in public shelters . In Yonabaru , the typhoon 's storm surge and large swells flooded coastal highways and inundated nearby buildings . Large sections of roads were also washed away by the storm . Cellphone service was lost late on August 26 throughout much of Okinawa Prefecture .
Passing over Okinawa with a central pressure of 910 mbar ( hPa ; 26 @.@ 87 inHg ) , Bolaven became one of the most intense typhoons to ever strike the region . Off the coast of Wakayama Prefecture , swells from the typhoon battered fishing vessels and knocked the captain of one ship overboard . Although a rescue helicopter was quick to reach him , he was later pronounced dead at a local hospital . Just off the coast of Jogashima Misaki @-@ cho in Miura , Kanagawa , two boys were swept away by large swells . A mother attempted to swim after them to save them but later drowned . The two boys were later rescued with minor injuries by the Coast Guard . Although the storm did not strike the Japanese mainland , its outer bands brought showers and thunderstorms to parts of Kyushu . Due to the rains , rail service in Saga Prefecture was temporarily suspended , affecting 4 @,@ 200 passengers . In Isahaya , one person was injured after being struck by a billboard downed by high winds . Throughout Japan , losses to agriculture and fisheries amounted to ¥ 423 @.@ 28 million ( US $ 5 @.@ 39 million ) .
= = = South Korea = = =
The first area in South Korea impacted by Typhoon Bolaven was Jeju Island , a small island located off the southwestern coast of the nation . There , high winds from the storm downed power poles , broke street lamps , and damaged buildings . More than 70 @,@ 000 households on the island lost power . On Jeollanam @-@ do Wando , a wind gust of 186 km / h ( 116 mph ) was recorded during the storm 's passage . Across the country , approximately 1 @.@ 9 million people lost power , though it was quickly restored to all but 34 @,@ 000 within a day . In Seoul , strong winds damaged street lamps , church spires , and downed signs . Due to various storm @-@ related incidents , hundreds of people had to be evacuated . Throughout the country , at least 19 people were killed by Typhoon Bolaven . Reports indicated that there was extensive property damage from the storm . Many buildings lost their roofs , several collapsed , and smaller structures were blown over . In Gwangju , a record 10 @,@ 004 emergency calls were made in one day in relation to the storm , the majority of which were about fallen billboards .
In Naju , the country 's largest producer of pears , approximately 1 @,@ 400 hectares ( 3 @,@ 460 acres ) of pear trees , or 60 % of the total crop , was destroyed . Agriculture as a whole suffered significantly from the storm , with a total of 9 @,@ 000 hectares ( 22 @,@ 000 acres ) of apple and pear plantations being destroyed . As a result , the price of produce across the nation jumped substantially . In Yesan alone , a town where more than 1 @,@ 500 families relies on their apple orchards for a living , losses to the orchards reached ₩ 300 billion ( US $ 265 @.@ 4 million ) . The prices of spinach , cabbage , and lettuce rose by 124 % , 72 % , and 26 % respectively in just one day . Total losses throughout the country were estimated at ₩ 420 billion ( US $ 374 @.@ 3 million ) . More than 500 people were left homeless as a result of Bolaven , mostly in South Jeolla Province . Additionally , economic losses to airlines related to the typhoon reached ₩ 17 billion ( $ 15 million ) . Korean Air and Asiana Airlines suffered the greatest losses of the affected companies .
About 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) off the coast of Jeju Island , two Chinese vessels with a total of 33 people aboard , sank during the storm on August 28 . According to local media , 18 of the crewmen were rescued or swam back to shore while 9 drowned and 6 others remained missing . Off the coast of South Gyeongsang Province , a 77 @,@ 458 ton cargo ship ran aground during the storm and broke in half . Eighteen people were on board the vessel , though no one was injured during the incident .
= = = North Korea = = =
In North Korea , heavy rains from the storm triggered significant flooding and many landslides . The Korean Central News Agency reported wind speeds of more than 108 km / h ( 67 mph ) in North Hwanghae , South Hwanghae , South Hamgyong , South Pyongan Provinces and the city of Nampho , and waves as high as 1 @.@ 11 m ( 3 @.@ 6 ft ) in the sea of Kimchaek . According to the North Korean Hydrometeorological Management Office , wind gusts reached 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) . Widespread damage took place throughout the country as a result of the storm . The hardest hit area was South Hamgyong Province , where 48 people were killed and another 45 were reported missing . Across the province , 2 @,@ 405 homes were destroyed and another 1 @,@ 500 were damaged . In South Phyongan Province , eight people were killed and 714 homes were destroyed . Two people were killed in North Hamgyong Province and another died in Ryanggang Province . At least 8 @,@ 950 homes were destroyed and approximately 101 @,@ 000 hectares ( 250 @,@ 000 acres ) of crop and rice fields were flooded . More than a dozen schools and medical buildings were destroyed . Additionally , 16 @,@ 730 trees were downed and 880 public and industrial buildings were severely damaged . In all , at least 59 people were killed , 50 others were reported missing , and more than 21 @,@ 800 others were left homeless .
= = = China and Russia = = =
Northeastern China did not experience the full @-@ force of Typhoon Bolaven , though heavy rains did impact the country . Changchun recorded the heaviest rains in China related to Bolaven , with 120 @.@ 6 mm ( 4 @.@ 75 in ) falling . In the city alone , 25 roads were flooded and 20 power poles were downed . Thousands of people were evacuated due to flooding triggered by the storm . Gale @-@ force winds in Jilin Province damaged approximately 690 @,@ 000 hectares ( 1 @.@ 7 million acres ) of crops . Rainfall amounting to 139 mm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) caused localized flooding , disrupting transportation in Heilongjiang Province . Throughout Northeastern China , an estimated 40 million people were affected by the typhoon .
On August 29 , the remnants of Bolaven brought winds up to 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) in the Primorsky Krai , leaving 9 @,@ 800 people without power . Power was soon restored to all but 195 residents who live in the town of Vityaz . In Vladivostok , wind gusts reached 118 km / h ( 73 mph ) , downing numerous trees . Rains associated with the storm were light , with only 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) recorded in Vladivostok . Gale @-@ force winds prompted the temporary closure of the Bridge to Russky Island , which was built specifically for the Asia @-@ Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit . With ferries already canceled , residents were unable to leave the island until the storm passed . In the Khabarovsk Krai , heavy rains from the storm proved beneficial as they allowed firefighters to extinguish six wildfires and contain five others within a 24 ‑ hour span . Along the coast , large waves caused some beach erosion and prompted evacuations in Manchzhurka . Additionally , five people had to be rescued after ignoring warnings and wading into the sea . In some areas , large numbers of crabs , fish , and oysters washed ashore during the storm .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = South Korea = = =
By September 6 , farmers in southern areas of the country requested aid from the government . In South Jeolla Province , ₩ 35 billion ( US $ 31 @.@ 1 million ) was allocated for post @-@ storm recovery . Of this , about half went to repairing public facilities . Across the province , repairs were expected to be completed by October or November 2012 . On September 11 , the Food , Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries Minister announced that residents severely affected by the typhoon were eligible for up to ₩ 50 million ( US $ 44 @,@ 000 ) in construction assistance . Economically , Typhoons Bolaven and Tembin contributed to a 6 @.@ 6 % decrease in construction investment , the largest drop since January 2003 .
= = = North Korea = = =
On September 4 , Hwang Woo @-@ yea , chairman of South Korea 's Saenuri Party , urged the government to seek international aid , namely in the form of food , for North Korean residents affected by the typhoon . On September 6 , the Red Cross Society of Democratic People 's Republic of Korea announced that international aid may be requested for the effects of severe flooding in July and Typhoon Bolaven . Locally , the Red Cross distributed 2 @,@ 515 emergency kits to more than 11 @,@ 600 people in three of the hardest hit provinces . During the first week of September , the government of North Korea requested aid from South Korea and later accepted their offer of 10 @,@ 000 tons of flour , and 3 million packages of instant noodles , medical supplies and other aid . Additionally , the United Nations World Food Program called for emergency assistance for the country . However , despite initially agreeing to terms with South Korea , North Korea rejected the aid offer , stating that " they don 't need such aid . "
= ... And Justice for All ( album ) =
… And Justice for All is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica , released on August 25 , 1988 , by Elektra Records . It was the band 's first studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986 . … And Justice for All is musically progressive , with long and complex songs , fast tempos , and few verse @-@ chorus structures . The album is noted for its sterile production , which producer Flemming Rasmussen attributed to his absence during the mixing process . The lyrics feature themes of political and legal injustice seen through the prisms of censorship , war , and nuclear brinkmanship .
The album 's front cover , designed by Stephen Gorman on a scheme by James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich , features a representation of Lady Justice , bound by ropes , with one breast bare and its scales tipping toward one plate filled with money . The phrase " … And Justice for All " appears spray @-@ painted in the lower right corner . The album title is derived from the American Pledge of Allegiance . Originally released on one vinyl disc , the album was quickly re @-@ released as a double album without additional tracks . Three songs from the album were released as singles : " Harvester of Sorrow " , " Eye of the Beholder " , and " One " , while the title track was released as a promotional single .
… And Justice for All was acclaimed by music critics . It was included in The Village Voice 's annual Pazz & Jop critics ' poll of the year 's best albums , and the single " One " earned Metallica its first Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1990 . The group 's best @-@ selling album at the time , it was the first underground metal album to achieve chart success in the United States . The album was certified 8 × platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 2003 for shipping eight million copies in the US , making it Metallica 's second @-@ best @-@ selling album in the country .
= = Background = =
… And Justice for All was Metallica 's first full @-@ length studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986 . Newsted had previously played on Metallica 's The $ 5 @.@ 98 E.P. : Garage Days Re @-@ Revisited , an extended play released in 1987 . The band intended to record the album earlier , but was sidetracked by the large number of festival dates scheduled for the summer of 1987 , including the European leg of the Monsters of Rock festival . Another reason was frontman James Hetfield 's arm injury in a skateboarding accident . The band 's previous studio album , Master of Puppets , marked the end of Metallica 's contract with the Music for Nations label . Manager Peter Mensch wanted the band to sign with British record distributor Phonogram Records , and Phonogram chairman Martin Hooker was keen to obtain the band 's contract . To persuade Metallica to choose his label Hooker offered them a bigger deal , " worth well over £ 1 million , which at that time was the biggest deal we 'd ever offered anyone " . His explanation was that the final figure for combined British and European sales of all three Metallica albums was more than 1 @.@ 5 million copies . The album title was revealed in April 1988 : … And Justice for All , after the final words of the Pledge of Allegiance . The artwork was created by Stephen Gorman , based on a concept developed by Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich . It depicts a cracked statue of a blindfolded Lady Justice , bound by ropes with her breasts exposed and her scales overflowing with dollar bills . The title appears graffiti @-@ style in the lower right corner .
= = Production and recording = =
… And Justice for All was recorded from January to May 1988 at One on One Recording Studios in Los Angeles . Metallica produced the album with Flemming Rasmussen . Rasmussen was initially unavailable for the planned start on January 1 , 1988 , and the band brought in Mike Clink , who had caught their attention for producing Guns N ' Roses ' debut Appetite for Destruction ( 1987 ) . Things did not work out as planned , and three weeks later Rasmussen became available after Ulrich gave him a call . Rasmussen listened to Clink 's rough mixes for the album on his February 14 flight to Los Angeles , and upon his arrival Clink was fired . Hetfield explained that recording with Clink did not work out so well , and Rasmussen came over as a last @-@ minute replacement . However , Clink is credited with engineering the drums on two of the album 's tracks : " The Shortest Straw " and " Harvester of Sorrow " . While waiting for Rasmussen to arrive , the band recorded two cover songs — " Breadfan " and " The Prince " — to " fine ‑ tune the sound while they got into the studio vibe " . Both were released as B @-@ sides of the " Harvester of Sorrow " CD single , as separate B @-@ sides for " Eye of the Beholder " and " One " respectively , and were included on the covers album Garage Inc . ( 1998 ) .
Rasmussen 's first task was to adjust and arrange the guitar sound with which the band was dissatisfied . A guide track for the tempos and a click track for Ulrich 's drumming were used . The band played in a live room , recording the instruments separately . Each song used three reels : one for drums , a second for bass and guitars and a third for anything else . Hetfield wrote lyrics during the recording sessions ; these were occasionally unfinished as recording began , and Rasmussen said that Hetfield " wasn 't really interested in singing " but instead " wanted that hard vibe " . Metallica 's recording process was new to Jason Newsted , who questioned his impact on the overall sound and the lack of discussion with the rest of the team . Newsted had a different experience with his previous band , Flotsam and Jetsam , describing their style as " basically everybody playing the same thing like a sonic wall " . He recorded his parts separately from the rest of the band , with only the assistant engineer present . Newsted noted that his parts were at the same audio frequency as Hetfield 's guitar parts , and this created a " [ battle ] for the same frequency " . Steve Thompson , who mixed the album , claims that Ulrich was squarely to blame for the inaudible bass and unusual drums . Thompson wanted to be relieved of his mixing duties when Ulrich presented his ideas on the production , but Thompson was not allowed to leave and received the majority of the criticism for the poor sound quality of the record .
= = Music = =
… And Justice for All is a musically progressive album featuring long and complex songs , fast tempos and few verse @-@ chorus structures . Metallica decided to broaden its sonic range , writing songs with multiple sections , heavy guitar arpeggios and unusual time signatures . Hetfield later explained : " Songwriting @-@ wise , [ the album ] was just us really showing off and trying to show what we could do . ' We 've jammed six riffs into one song ? Let 's make it eight . Let 's go crazy with it . ' " Music critic Simon Reynolds noted the riff changes and experimentation with timing on the album 's epically constructed songs : " The tempo shifts , gear changes , lapses , decelerations and abrupt halts " . BBC Music 's Eamonn Stack wrote that … And Justice for All sounds different from the band 's previous albums , with longer songs , sparser arrangements , and harsher vocals by Hetfield . According to journalist Martin Popoff , the album was less melodic than its predecessors because of its frequent tempo changes , unusual song structures and layered guitars . He argued that the album is more of a progressive metal record because of its intricately performed music and bleak sound . Music writer Joel McIver called the album 's music aggressive enough for Metallica to maintain its place with bands " at the mellower end of extreme metal " . According to writer Christopher Knowles , Metallica took " the thrash concept to its logical conclusion " on the album .
The album was noted for its " dry , sterile " production . Rasmussen said that was not his intention , as he tried for an ambient sound similar to the previous two albums . He was not present during the album 's mixing , for which Steve Thompson and Michael Barbiero had been hired beforehand . Rasmussen felt that , in his absence from the mixing process , Thompson and Barbiero ended up using only the close microphones on the mix and none of the room microphones , thus causing the " clicking " , thin drum sound . Popoff noted that because of the strange production , the bass guitar was nearly inaudible , while the guitars sounded " strangled mechanistic " . He saw the " synthetic " percussion as another reason for the album 's compressed sound . The sound has nearly @-@ inaudible bass guitar , which Rasmussen claims was ordered by Hetfield and Ulrich after hearing the initial mixes , resulting in his belief that " Jason Newsted , [ engineer ] Toby Wright and I are probably the only people who know what the bass parts actually sounded like on that album " . Thompson similarly blamed Ulrich for the inaudible bass , stating that Ulrich ordered him to remove the bass from the mix . In their defence , Hetfield and Ulrich said that most of Newsted 's bass lines closely followed the rhythm guitar lines to the point of being indiscernible from each other . A lack of direction is also partly to blame ; since the album was largely produced by the band , there was no one present in the studio to guide the band 's new bassist and tell him what was expected of him , something a producer would typically do . Newsted was not satisfied with the final mixes : " The Justice album wasn 't something that really felt good for me , because you really can 't hear the bass . "
= = Lyrics = =
The lyrical content of … And Justice for All is conceptually unified around notions of political and legal injustice as seen through the prism of war , censored speech , and nuclear brinksmanship . The majority of the songs raise issues that differ from the violent retaliation of the previous releases . Tom King wrote that for the first time the lyrics dealt with political and environmental issues . He named contemporaries Nuclear Assault as the only other band who applied ecological lyrics to thrash metal songs rather than singing about Satan and Egyptian plagues . McIver noted that Hetfield , the band 's main lyricist , wrote about topics that he had not addressed before , such as his revolt against the establishment . Ulrich described the songwriting process as their " CNN years " , with him and Hetfield watching the channel in search for song subjects — " I 'd read about the blacklisting thing , we 'd get a title , ' The Shortest Straw , ' and a song would come out of that . "
Concerns about the environmental plight of the planet ( " Blackened " ) , corruption ( " … And Justice for All " ) , and blacklisting and discrimination ( " The Shortest Straw " ) are emphasized with traditional existential themes . Issues such as freedom of speech and civil liberties are presented from a grim and pessimistic point of view . " One " was unofficially entitled " antiwar anthem " because of the lyrics which portray the suffering of a wounded soldier . " Dyers Eve " is a lyrical rant from Hetfield to his parents . Burton received co @-@ writing credit on " To Live Is to Die " as the bass line was a medley of unused recordings Burton had performed prior to his death . Because the original recordings are not used on the track , the composition is credited as written by Burton and played by Newsted . The spoken word at the end of the song ( " When a man lies , he murders some part of the world . These are the pale deaths which men miscall their lives . " ) was written by German poet Paul Gerhardt , but was erroneously attributed to Burton in the liner notes . The second half of the speech ( " All this I cannot bear to witness any longer . Cannot the kingdom of salvation take me home ? " ) was written by Burton .
= = Critical reception = =
Released on August 25 , 1988 , by Elektra Records , … And Justice for All was acclaimed by music critics . In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone , Michael Azerrad said that Metallica 's compositions are impressive and called the album 's music " a marvel of precisely channeled aggression " . Spin magazine 's Sharon Liveten called it a " gem of a double record " and found the music both edgy and technically proficient . Simon Reynolds , writing in Melody Maker , said that " other bands would give their eye teeth " for the songs ' riffs and found the album 's densely complicated style of metal to be distinct from the monotonous sound of contemporary rock music : " Everything depends on utter punctuality and supreme surgical finesse . It 's probably the most incisive music I 've ever heard , in the literal sense of the word . " Borivoj Krgin of Metal Forces said that it was the most ideal album he has heard because of typically exceptional production and musicianship that is more impressive than on Master of Puppets . In a less enthusiastic review for The Village Voice , Robert Christgau felt that the band 's compositions lack song form and that the album " goes on longer " than Master of Puppets . In 1988 , … And Justice for All was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock / Metal Performance , but with much controversy , it lost to Jethro Tull 's Crest of a Knave . In 2007 , Entertainment Weekly , named the win one of the 10 biggest upsets in Grammy history .
In a retrospective review , Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said that … And Justice for All was both the band 's " most ambitious " and ultimately " flattest @-@ sounding " album . AllMusic 's Steve Huey noted that Metallica followed the blueprint of the previous two albums , with more sophisticated songs and " apocalyptic " lyrics that envisioned a society in decay . Music journalist Mick Wall was critical of the progressive elements on the album and felt that , apart from " One " and " Dyers Eve " , most of the album sounded clumsy . Colin Larkin , writing in the Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 2006 ) , wrote that , apart from the praiseworthy " One " , the album diminished the band 's creativity by concentrating the songs with too many riffs . Ulrich said in retrospect that the album has improved with time and it is well @-@ revered among their contemporaries .
= = = Accolades = = =
In The Village Voice 's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll , … And Justice for All was voted the 39th best album of 1988 , having received 117 votes , including 12 first @-@ place votes . The album was ranked at number nine on IGN 's Top 25 Metal Albums . In a 2006 reader poll by Guitar World , … And Justice for All was placed 12th among the 100 Greatest Guitar Albums . All of the album 's tracks were featured on " The 100 Greatest Metallica Songs of All Time " made by the same magazine . Kerrang ! listed the album at number 42 among the " 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time " . Martin Popoff ranks the effort at number 19 in his book The Top 500 Heavy Metal Albums of All Time , the fourth highest ranked Metallica album on the list . The album is featured in Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die .
After years of refusing to release music videos , Metallica released its first for " One " . The video was controversial among fans , who had valued the band 's apparent opposition to MTV and other forms of mainstream music . Slant Magazine ranked it number 48 on their list of the " 100 Greatest Music Videos " , saying that Metallica " evoke a revolution of the soul far more devastating than that presented in the original text " . The guitar solo was ranked number seven in Guitar World 's compilation of the 100 Greatest Guitar Solos of all time . Additionally , heavy metal website Noisecreep classed the song ninth among the " 10 Best ' 80s Metal Songs " .
= = Commercial performance = =
Although Metallica 's music was considered unappealing for mainstream radio , … And Justice for All became the first underground metal album to achieve chart success in the US . It became Metallica 's best @-@ selling album upon release , peaking at number six on the Billboard 200 , where it charted for 83 weeks . Since 1991 , when Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales , … And Justice for All has sold 5 @,@ 330 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . It was certified platinum nine weeks after it was released in stores , and sold 1 @.@ 7 million copies in the US by the end of 1988 . Since its release , the album has scanned more than 8 million copies in the US and , according to MTV 's Chris Harris , " helped cement [ Metallica 's ] status as a rock and roll force to be reckoned with " . Classic Rock explained that with this album , Metallica received substantial media exposure , becoming a multi @-@ platinum act by 1990 . The group broke through on radio in 1988 with " One " , which was released as the third single from the record . According to Billboard , … And Justice for All found the band evolving into arena headliners , as " One " , accompanied by the group 's first music video , garnered significant airplay .
… And Justice for All achieved similar chart success outside the United States . It peaked within the top 5 on the charts in Germany , Sweden , and the United Kingdom , and remained on the UK chart for six weeks . The album managed to peak in the top 10 on the Finnish , Norwegian , and Swiss album charts . It was less successful in Spain , Mexico and France , where it peaked at number 92 on the former chart , number 130 on the latter , and number 64 in Spain . … And Justice for All received a three times platinum certification from Music Canada for shipping 300 @,@ 000 copies , a platinum certification from IFPI Finland for having a shipment of little over 50 @,@ 000 copies , and was certified gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) for shipments of 250 @,@ 000 copies . It was awarded gold by the British Phonographic Industry in 2013 for shipping 100 @,@ 000 copies in the UK . … And Justice for All was commercially succeeded by the band 's following album Metallica ( 1991 ) .
= = Live performances = =
Guitarist Kirk Hammett noted that the length of the songs was problematic for fans and for the band : " Touring behind it , we realized that the general consensus was that songs were too fucking long . One day after we played ' Justice ' and got off the stage one of us said , ' we 're never fucking playing that song again . ' " Nevertheless , " One " quickly became a permanent fixture in the band 's setlist . When performed live , the opening war sound is lengthened from seventeen seconds to approximately two minutes . At the song 's conclusion , the stage turns pitch @-@ black and fire erupts from various points . The live performance is characterized as a " musical and visual highlight " by Rolling Stone journalist Denise Sheppard . Other songs from … And Justice for All that have frequently been performed are " Blackened " and " Harvester of Sorrow " , which were often featured during the album 's promotional Damaged Justice Tour .
Metallica played the title track in the opening show of the Sick of the Studio ' 07 tour , for the first time since October 1989 , and made it a set @-@ fixture for the remainder of that tour . A statue of Lady Justice is commonly placed on the scene , to be torn down as the song approaches its conclusion . " Eye of the Beholder " has not been played live since 1989 ; one such performance appears on Metallica 's live extended play , Six Feet Down Under . During the World Magnetic Tour in 2009 , " The Shortest Straw " made its way back into the setlist after a 12 @-@ year absence , and has been sporadically performed since . " The Frayed Ends of Sanity " debuted live on the Metallica By Request tour in 2014 , although the band had previously played segments during solos , impromptu jams , or in a " Justice " medley . " To Live Is to Die " premiered at the band 's 30th @-@ anniversary concert at The Fillmore in San Francisco . " Dyers Eve " debuted live sixteen years after it was recorded , during the Madly in Anger with the World Tour at The Forum in Inglewood , California .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by James Hetfield , except " To Live Is to Die " by Cliff Burton .
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = = Metallica = = =
James Hetfield – lead vocals , rhythm guitar
Kirk Hammett – lead guitar
Jason Newsted – bass guitar
Lars Ulrich – drums
= = = Production = = =
Michael Barbiero – mixing
Mike Clink – drum engineering
George Cowan – assistant engineering
Bob Ludwig – mastering
Metallica – production
Flemming Rasmussen – production , engineering
Steve Thompson – mixing
Toby Wright – additional engineering
= = = Packaging = = =
Stephen Gorman – cover art
Ross Halfin – photography
Pushead – illustrations
Reiner Design Consultants , Inc . – design , layout
= = Charts = =
= = Certification = =
= I @-@ 351 @-@ class submarine =
The I @-@ 351 @-@ class submarine ( 伊三百五十一型潜水艦 , I @-@ san @-@ byaku @-@ go @-@ jū @-@ ichi @-@ gata sensuikan ) was a class of tanker / transport submarines built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during World War II . The IJN called this type of submarine Senho type submarine ( 潜補型潜水艦 , Sen @-@ Ho @-@ gata sensuikan ) . The type name , was shortened to Hokyū Sensuikan ( 補給潜水艦 , Submarine Tanker ) . The IJN designed these submarines to support flying boats in forward areas . By the time the first submarine was finished , this capability was no longer needed and she was converted into an oil tanker . That boat , I @-@ 351 , was sunk on the return leg of her second voyage in 1945 ; the second boat was destroyed by an American air raid before she was completed . Four additional submarines were planned , but were cancelled before they were laid down .
= = Design and description = =
The I @-@ 351 @-@ class submarines were ordered under the 5th Fleet Replenishment Program of 1942 to support IJN flying boats in areas where there were no shore facilities and seaplane tenders could not operate . They were designed to support up to three flying boats with fuel , ammunition , water and even replacement aircrew .
These submarines had a length of 111 meters ( 364 ft 2 in ) overall , a beam of 10 @.@ 2 meters ( 33 ft 6 in ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 1 meters ( 20 ft 0 in ) . They displaced 3 @,@ 512 long tons ( 3 @,@ 568 t ) on the surface and 4 @,@ 290 long tons ( 4 @,@ 360 t ) submerged . They had a diving depth of 90 meters ( 300 ft ) and a crew of 77 officers and enlisted men plus accommodations for 13 aircrew .
The boats had two propellers , each of which was driven by a 1 @,@ 850 @-@ brake @-@ horsepower ( 1 @,@ 380 kW ) diesel engine as well as a 600 @-@ shaft @-@ horsepower ( 447 kW ) electric motor . This arrangement gave the I @-@ 351 @-@ class submarines a maximum speed of 15 @.@ 75 knots ( 29 @.@ 17 km / h ; 18 @.@ 12 mph ) while surfaced and 6 @.@ 3 knots ( 11 @.@ 7 km / h ; 7 @.@ 2 mph ) submerged . They had a range of 13 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 24 @,@ 000 km ; 15 @,@ 000 mi ) at 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) while on the surface and 100 nmi ( 190 km ; 120 mi ) at 3 knots ( 5 @.@ 6 km / h ; 3 @.@ 5 mph ) while submerged . This gave them an endurance of 60 days .
The boats were equipped with four 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes in the bow and they carried four torpedoes . For surface combat they were designed to carry one 14 @-@ centimeter ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) deck gun , but this was unavailable when the submarines were under construction and three 81 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 2 in ) Type 3 mortars were substituted . The submarines were fitted with seven 25 mm Type 96 anti @-@ aircraft guns , in two twin and three single mounts .
The I @-@ 351 @-@ class submarines were initially equipped to carry 365 long tons ( 371 t ) of aviation gasoline , 11 long tons ( 11 t ) of fresh water , and either sixty 550 @-@ pound ( 250 kg ) bombs or 30 bombs and 15 aircraft torpedoes . Four of the torpedoes could be replaced by an equal number of reload torpedoes for the submarine .
= = Boats = =
= = Construction and service = =
Only I @-@ 351 and I @-@ 352 were actually laid down , the other four submarines were cancelled before their keels were laid .
I @-@ 351 was modified before completion into an oil tanker . The boat made one round trip from Singapore , carrying 132 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 500 @,@ 000 l ; 110 @,@ 000 imp gal ) of aviation fuel , and was sunk on the return leg of her second trip in the South China Sea at coordinates 04 ° 30 ′ N 110 ° 00 ′ E by the American submarine Bluefish on 14 July 1945 . I @-@ 352 was 90 percent complete when she was destroyed during an air raid by Boeing B @-@ 29 heavy bombers on 22 July .
= = Books = =
Carpenter , Dorr ; Polmar , Norman ( 1986 ) . Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1904 – 1945 . London : Conway Maritime Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 85177 @-@ 396 @-@ 6 .
Jentschura , Hansgeorg ; Jung , Dieter ; Mickel , Peter ( 1977 ) . Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy , 1869 – 1945 . Annapolis , Maryland : United States Naval Institute . ISBN 0 @-@ 87021 @-@ 893 @-@ X.
Stille , Mark ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japanese Navy Submarines 1941 @-@ 45 . New Vanguard 135 . Botley , Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 84603 @-@ 090 @-@ 1 .
= Geyser =
A geyser ( US pronunciation : / ˈɡaɪzər / ; UK / ˈɡiːzə / or / ˈɡaɪzə / ) is a spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam .
The formation of geysers is due to particular hydrogeological conditions , which exist in only a few places on Earth , so they are a fairly rare phenomenon . Generally all geyser field sites are located near active volcanic areas , and the geyser effect is due to the proximity of magma . Generally , surface water works its way down to an average depth of around 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) where it contacts hot rocks . The resultant boiling of the pressurized water results in the geyser effect of hot water and steam spraying out of the geyser 's surface vent ( a hydrothermal explosion ) .
Over one thousand known geysers exist worldwide . At least 1 @,@ 283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming , United States , and an average of 465 geysers are active there in a given year . A geyser 's eruptive activity may change or cease due to ongoing mineral deposition within the geyser plumbing , exchange of functions with nearby hot springs , earthquake influences , and human intervention .
Jet @-@ like eruptions , often referred to as cryogeysers , have been observed on several of the moons of the outer solar system . Due to the low ambient pressures , these eruptions consist of vapor without liquid ; they are made more easily visible by particles of dust and ice carried aloft by the gas . Water vapor jets have been observed near the south pole of Saturn 's moon Enceladus , while nitrogen eruptions have been observed on Neptune 's moon Triton . There are also signs of carbon dioxide eruptions from the southern polar ice cap of Mars . In the latter two cases , instead of being driven by geothermal energy , the eruptions seem to rely on solar heating via a solid @-@ state greenhouse effect .
= = Name = =
The word geyser comes from Geysir , the name of an erupting spring at Haukadalur , Iceland ; that name , in turn , comes from the Icelandic verb geysa , " to gush " , the verb itself from Old Norse .
= = Form and function = =
Geysers are temporary geological features . Geysers are generally associated with volcanic areas . As the water boils , the resulting pressure forces a superheated column of steam and water to the surface through the geyser 's internal plumbing . The formation of geysers specifically requires the combination of three geologic conditions that are usually found in volcanic terrain .
= = = Intense heat = = =
The heat needed for geyser formation comes from magma that needs to be near the surface of the earth . The fact that geysers need heat much higher than normally found near the earth 's surface is the reason they are associated with volcanoes or volcanic areas . The pressures encountered at the areas where the water is heated make the boiling point of the water much higher than at normal atmospheric pressures .
= = = Water = = =
The water that is ejected from a geyser must travel underground through deep , pressurized fissures in the Earth 's crust .
= = = A plumbing system = = =
In order for the heated water to form a geyser , a plumbing system is required . This includes a reservoir to hold the water while it is being heated . Geysers are generally aligned along faults . The plumbing system is made up of a system of fractures , fissures , porous spaces and sometimes cavities . Constrictions in the system are essential to the building up of pressure before an eruption .
= = Eruptions = =
Geyser activity , like all hot spring activity , is caused by surface water gradually seeping down through the ground until it meets rock heated by magma . The geothermally heated water then rises back toward the surface by convection through porous and fractured rocks . Geysers differ from non @-@ eruptive hot springs in their subterranean structure ; many consist of a small vent at the surface connected to one or more narrow tubes that lead to underground reservoirs of water and pressure tight rock .
As the geyser fills , the water at the top of the column cools off , but because of the narrowness of the channel , convective cooling of the water in the reservoir is impossible . The cooler water above presses down on the hotter water beneath , not unlike the lid of a pressure cooker , allowing the water in the reservoir to become superheated , i.e. to remain liquid at temperatures well above the standard @-@ pressure boiling point .
Ultimately , the temperatures near the bottom of the geyser rise to a point where boiling begins ; steam bubbles rise to the top of the column . As they burst through the geyser 's vent , some water overflows or splashes out , reducing the weight of the column and thus the pressure on the water underneath . With this release of pressure , the superheated water flashes into steam , boiling violently throughout the column . The resulting froth of expanding steam and hot water then sprays out of the geyser vent .
The rocks in the nearby region produce a material called geyserite . Geyserite — mostly silicon dioxide ( SiO2 ) , is dissolved from the rocks and gets deposited on the walls of the geyser 's plumbing system and on the surface . The deposits make the channels carrying the water up to the surface pressure @-@ tight . This allows the pressure to be carried all the way to the top and not be leaked out into the loose gravel or soil that are normally under the geyser fields .
Eventually the water remaining in the geyser cools back to below the boiling point and the eruption ends ; heated groundwater begins seeping back into the reservoir , and the whole cycle begins again . The duration of eruptions and time between successive eruptions vary greatly from geyser to geyser ; Strokkur in Iceland erupts for a few seconds every few minutes , while Grand Geyser in the United States erupts for up to 10 minutes every 8 – 12 hours .
= = General categorization = =
There are two types of geysers : fountain geysers which erupt from pools of water , typically in a series of intense , even violent , bursts ; and cone geysers which erupt from cones or mounds of siliceous sinter ( including geyserite ) , usually in steady jets that last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes . Old Faithful , perhaps the best @-@ known geyser at Yellowstone National Park , is an example of a cone geyser . Grand Geyser , the tallest predictable geyser on earth , ( although Geysir in Iceland is taller , it is not predictable ) , also at Yellowstone National Park , is an example of a fountain geyser .
There are many volcanic areas in the world that have hot springs , mud pots and fumaroles , but very few have erupting geysers . The main reason for their rarity is because multiple intense transient forces must occur simultaneously for a geyser to exist . For example , even when other necessary conditions exist , if the rock structure is loose , eruptions will erode the channels and rapidly destroy any nascent geysers .
As a result , most geysers form in places where there is volcanic rhyolite rock which dissolves in hot water and forms mineral deposits called siliceous sinter , or geyserite , along the inside of the plumbing systems which are very slender . Over time , these deposits strengthen the channel walls by cementing the rock together tightly , thus enabling the geyser to persist , as mentioned in the previous section .
Geysers are fragile phenomena and if conditions change , they may go dormant or extinct . Many have been destroyed simply by people throwing debris into them while others have ceased to erupt due to dewatering by geothermal power plants . However , the Great Geysir of Iceland has had periods of activity and dormancy . During its long dormant periods , eruptions were sometimes artificially induced — often on special occasions — by the addition of surfactants to the water .
= = Biology of geysers = =
The specific colours of geysers derive from the fact that despite the apparently harsh conditions , life is often found in them ( and also in other hot habitats ) in the form of thermophilic prokaryotes . No known eukaryote can survive over 60 ° C ( 140 ° F ) .
In the 1960s , when the research of biology of geysers first appeared , scientists were generally convinced that no life can survive above around 73 ° C maximum ( 163 ° F ) — the upper limit for the survival of cyanobacteria , as the structure of key cellular proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) would be destroyed . The optimal temperature for thermophilic bacteria was placed even lower , around 55 ° C average ( 131 ° F ) .
However , the observations proved that it is actually possible for life to exist at high temperatures and that some bacteria even prefer temperatures higher than the boiling point of water . Dozens of such bacteria are known . Thermophiles prefer temperatures from 50 to 70 ° C ( 122 to 158 ° F ) , whilst hyperthermophiles grow better at temperatures as high as 80 to 110 ° C ( 176 to 230 ° F ) . As they have heat @-@ stable enzymes that retain their activity even at high temperatures , they have been used as a source of thermostable tools , that are important in medicine and biotechnology , for example in manufacturing antibiotics , plastics , detergents ( by the use of heat @-@ stable enzymes lipases , pullulanases and proteases ) , and fermentation products ( for example ethanol is produced ) . Among these , the first discovered and the most important for biotechnology is Thermus aquaticus . The fact that such bacteria exist also stretches our imagination about life on other celestial bodies , both within and beyond the solar system .
= = Major geyser fields and their distribution = =
Geysers are quite rare , requiring a combination of water , heat , and fortuitous plumbing . The combination exists in few places on Earth .
= = = Yellowstone National Park , U.S. = = =
Yellowstone is the largest geyser locale , containing thousands of hot springs , and approximately 300 to 500 geysers . It is home to half of the world 's total number of geysers in its nine geyser basins . It is located mostly in Wyoming , USA , with small portions in Montana and Idaho . Yellowstone includes the world 's tallest active geyser ( Steamboat Geyser in Norris Geyser Basin ) , as well as the renowned Old Faithful Geyser , Beehive Geyser , Giantess Geyser , Lion Geyser , Plume Geyser , Aurum Geyser , Castle Geyser , Sawmill Geyser , Grand Geyser , Oblong Geyser , Giant Geyser , Daisy Geyser , Grotto Geyser , Fan & Mortar Geysers , & Riverside Geyser , all in the Upper Geyser Basin which alone contains nearly 180 geysers .
= = = Valley of Geysers , Russia = = =
The Valley of Geysers ( " Dolina Geiserov " in Russian ) located in the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia is the only geyser field in Eurasia and the second largest concentration of geysers in the world . The area was discovered and explored by Tatyana Ustinova in 1941 . Approximately 200 geysers exist in the area along with many hot @-@ water springs and perpetual spouters . The area was formed due to a vigorous volcanic activity . The peculiar way of eruptions is an important feature of these geysers . Most of the geysers erupt at angles , and only very few have the geyser cones that exist at many other of the world 's geyser fields . On June 3 , 2007 , a massive mudflow influenced two thirds of the valley . It was then reported that a thermal lake was forming above the valley . Few days later , waters were observed to have receded somewhat , exposing some of the submerged features . Velikan Geyser , one of the field 's largest , was not buried in the slide and has recently been observed to be active .
= = = El Tatio , Chile = = =
The name " El Tatio " comes from the Quechua word for oven . El Tatio is located in the high valleys on the Andes surrounded by many active volcanoes in Chile , South America at around 4 @,@ 200 metres ( 13 @,@ 800 ft ) above mean sea level . The valley is home to approximately 80 geysers at present . It became the largest geyser field in the Southern Hemisphere after the destruction of many of the New Zealand geysers , and is the third largest geyser field in the world . The salient feature of these geysers is that the height of their eruptions is very low , the tallest being only 6 metres ( 20 ft ) high , but with steam columns that can be over 20 metres ( 66 ft ) high . The average geyser eruption height at El Tatio is about 750 millimetres ( 30 in ) .
= = = Taupo Volcanic Zone , New Zealand = = =
The Taupo Volcanic Zone is located on New Zealand 's North Island . It is 350 kilometres ( 217 mi ) long by 50 km wide ( 31 mi ) and lies over a subduction zone in the Earth 's crust . Mount Ruapehu marks its southwestern end , while the submarine Whakatane volcano ( 85 km or 53 mi beyond White Island ) is considered its northeastern limit . Many geysers in this zone were destroyed due to geothermal developments and a hydroelectric reservoir , but several dozen geysers still exist . In the beginning of the 20th century , the largest geyser ever known , the Waimangu Geyser existed in this zone . It began erupting in 1900 and erupted periodically for four years until a landslide changed the local water table . Eruptions of Waimangu would typically reach 160 metres ( 520 ft ) and some superbursts are known to have reached 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) . Recent scientific work indicates that the Earth 's crust below the zone may be as little as 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) thick . Beneath this lies a film of magma 50 km wide ( 31 mi ) and 160 km long ( 99 mi ) .
= = = Iceland = = =
Due to the high rate of volcanic activity in Iceland , it is home to some famous geysers in the world . Geysers and hot springs are distributed all over the island . Many of the geysers are located in Haukadalur . Geysers are known to have existed in at least a dozen other areas on the island . The Great Geysir , which first erupted in the 14th century , gave rise to the word geyser . By 1896 , Geysir was almost dormant before an earthquake that year caused eruptions to begin again , occurring several times a day , but in 1916 , eruptions all but ceased . Throughout much of the 20th century , eruptions , usually following earthquakes , did happen from time to time . Some man @-@ made improvements were made to the spring and eruptions were forced with soap on special occasions . Earthquakes in June 2000 subsequently reawakened the giant for a time but it is not currently erupting regularly . The nearby Strokkur geyser erupts every 5 – 8 minutes to a height of some 30 metres ( 98 ft ) .
= = = Extinct and dormant geyser fields = = =
There used to be two large geysers fields in Nevada — Beowawe and Steamboat Springs — but they were destroyed by the installation of nearby geothermal power plants . At the plants , geothermal drilling reduced the available heat and lowered the local water table to the point that geyser activity could no longer be sustained .
Many of New Zealand ’ s geysers have been destroyed by humans in the last century . Several New Zealand geysers have also become dormant or extinct by natural means . The main remaining field is Whakarewarewa at Rotorua . Two thirds of the geysers at Orakei Korako were flooded by the Ohakuri hydroelectric dam in 1961 . The Wairakei field was lost to a geothermal power plant in 1958 . The Taupo Spa field was lost when the Waikato River level was deliberately altered in the 1950s . The Rotomahana field was destroyed by the Mount Tarawera eruption in 1886 .
= = Misnamed geysers = =
There are various other types of geysers which are different in nature compared to the normal steam @-@ driven geysers . These geysers differ not only in their style of eruption but also in the cause that makes them erupt . Such geysers are not true geysers but are yet referred as such as they all emit water under pressure .
= = = Artificial geysers = = =
In a number of places where there is geothermal activity , wells have been drilled and fitted with impermeable casements that allow them to erupt like geysers . The vents of such geysers are artificial , but are tapped into natural hydrothermal systems . These so @-@ called artificial geysers , technically known as erupting geothermal wells , are not true geysers . Little Old Faithful Geyser , in Calistoga , California , is an example . The geyser erupts from the casing of a well drilled in the late 19th century . According to Dr. John Rinehart in his book A Guide to Geyser Gazing ( 1976 p . 49 ) , a man had drilled into the geyser in search for water . He had actually " simply opened up a dead geyser " .
= = = Cold @-@ water geysers = = =
The eruptions of cold @-@ water geysers are similar to those of their hot @-@ water counterparts , except that CO2 @-@ bubbles drive the eruption instead of steam . In cold @-@ water geysers , CO2 @-@ laden water lies in a confined aquifer , in which water and CO2 are trapped by less permeable overlying strata . This water and CO2 can escape this strata only in weak regions like faults , joints , or drilled wells . A drilled borehole provides an escape for the pressurized water and CO2 to reach the surface . The magnitude and frequency of such eruptions depend on various factors such as plumbing depth , CO2 concentrations , aquifer yield etc . The column of water exerts enough pressure on the gaseous CO2 so that it remains in the water in small bubbles . When the pressure decreases due to formation of a fissure , the CO2 bubbles expand . This expansion displaces the water and causes the eruption . Cold @-@ water geysers may look quite similar to their steam @-@ driven counterparts ; however , often CO2 @-@ laden water is more white and frothy . The best known of these is probably Crystal Geyser , near Green River , Utah . There are also two cold @-@ water geysers in Germany , Wallender Born ( a.k.a. Brubbel ) and Andernach Geyser ( a.k.a. Namedyer Sprudel ) , and one in Slovakia , Herľany .
= = = Perpetual spouter = = =
This is a natural hot spring that spouts water constantly without stopping for recharge . Some of these are incorrectly called geysers , but because they are not periodic in nature they are not considered true geysers .
= = Commercialization = =
Geysers are used for various activities such as electricity generation , heating and tourism . Many geothermal reserves are found all around the world . The geyser fields in Iceland are some of the most commercially viable geyser locations in the world . Since the 1920s hot water directed from the geysers has been used to heat greenhouses and to grow food that otherwise could not have been cultivated in Iceland 's inhospitable climate . Steam and hot water from the geysers has also been used for heating homes since 1943 in Iceland . In 1979 the U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) actively promoted development of geothermal energy in the " Geysers @-@ Calistoga Known Geothermal Resource Area " ( KGRA ) near Calistoga , California through a variety of research programs and the Geothermal Loan Guarantee Program . The Department is obligated by law to assess the potential environmental impacts of geothermal development .
= = Cryogeysers = =
There are several bodies in the Solar System where jet @-@ like eruptions , often termed cryogeysers ( cryo meaning " icy cold " ) , have been observed or are believed to occur . Unlike geysers on Earth , these represent eruptions of volatiles , together with entrained dust or ice particles , without liquid .
Enceladus
Geyser @-@ like plumes of water vapour , together with ice particles and smaller amounts of other components ( such as carbon dioxide , nitrogen , ammonia , hydrocarbons and silicates ) , have been observed erupting from vents associated with the " tiger stripes " in the south polar region of Saturn 's moon Enceladus by the Cassini orbiter . The mechanism by which the plumes are generated remains uncertain , but they are believed to be powered at least in part by tidal heating resulting from orbital eccentricity due to a 2 : 1 mean @-@ motion orbital resonance with the moon Dione . These jets are believed to be the source of Saturn 's E Ring .
Europa
In December 2013 , the Hubble Space Telescope detected water vapor plumes above the south polar region of Europa , one of Jupiter 's Galilean moons . It is thought that Europa 's lineae might be venting this water vapor into space , caused by similar processes also occurring on Enceladus .
Mars
Similar solar @-@ heating @-@ driven jets of gaseous carbon dioxide are believed to erupt from the south polar cap of Mars each spring . Although these eruptions have not yet been directly observed , they leave evidence in the form of dark spots and lighter fans atop the dry ice , representing sand and dust carried aloft by the eruptions , and a spider @-@ like pattern of grooves created below the ice by the out @-@ rushing gas .
Triton
One of the great surprises of the Voyager 2 flyby of Neptune in 1989 was the discovery of geyser @-@ like eruptions on its moon Triton . Astronomers noticed dark plumes rising to some 8 km above the surface , and depositing material up to 150 km downwind . These plumes represent invisible jets of gaseous nitrogen , together with dust . All the geysers observed were located close to Triton 's subsolar point , indicating that solar heating drives the eruptions . It is thought that the surface of Triton probably consists of a semi @-@ transparent layer of frozen nitrogen overlying a darker substrate , which creates a kind of " solid greenhouse effect " , heating and vaporizing nitrogen below the ice surface it until the pressure breaks the surface at the start of an eruption . Voyager 's images of Triton 's southern hemisphere show many streaks of dark material laid down by geyser activity .
= The Hudsucker Proxy =
The Hudsucker Proxy is a 1994 comedy film co @-@ written , produced , and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen . Sam Raimi co @-@ wrote the script and served as second unit director . The film stars Tim Robbins as a naïve business @-@ school graduate who is installed as president of a manufacturing company , Jennifer Jason Leigh as a newspaper reporter , and Paul Newman as a company director who hires the young man as part of a stock scam .
The script was finished in 1985 , but production did not start until 1991 , when Joel Silver acquired the script for Silver Pictures . Warner Bros. subsequently agreed to distribute the film , with further financing from PolyGram Filmed Entertainment and Working Title Films . Filming at Carolco Studios in Wilmington , North Carolina lasted from November 1992 to March 1993 . The New York City scale model set was designed by Micheal J. McAlister and Mark Stetson , with further effects provided by The Computer Film Company . Upon its release in March 1994 , The Hudsucker Proxy received mixed reviews from critics , and was a box office flop .
= = Plot = =
In December 1958 , Norville Barnes ( Tim Robbins ) , a business college graduate from Muncie , Indiana , arrives in New York City looking for a job . He struggles due to lack of experience and becomes a mailroom clerk at Hudsucker Industries . Meanwhile , the company 's founder and president , Waring Hudsucker ( Charles Durning ) , unexpectedly commits suicide during a business meeting by jumping out of a top @-@ floor window . Afterwards , Sidney J. Mussburger ( Paul Newman ) , a ruthless member of the board of directors , learns Hudsucker 's stock shares will be soon sold to the public ; he mounts a scheme to buy the controlling interest in the company by temporarily depressing the stock price by hiring an incompetent president to replace Hudsucker .
In the mailroom , Norville is assigned to deliver a " Blue Letter " , a top @-@ secret communication from Hudsucker , sent shortly before his death , to Mussburger . However , Norville takes the opportunity to pitch an invention he 's been working on which turns out to be a simple drawing of a circle and his cryptic explanation , " you know , for kids . " Believing Norville to be an idiot , Mussburger selects him as a proxy for Hudsucker . Across town , Amy Archer ( Jennifer Jason Leigh ) , a brassy Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning reporter for the Manhattan Argus , is assigned to write a story about Norville and find out what kind of man he really is . She gets a job at Hudsucker Industries as his personal secretary , pretending to be yet another desperate graduate from Muncie . One night , Amy searches the building to find clues and meets Moses , a man who operates the tower 's giant clock and knows " just about anything if it concerns Hudsucker " . He tells her Mussburger 's plot , and she takes the story back to her Chief ( John Mahoney ) , but he does not believe a word of it .
The other executives decide to produce Norville 's invention in hopes that it will flop and depress the company 's stock . The invention turns out to be the hula hoop , which initially fails but then turns into an enormous success . Norville allows success to go to his head and becomes yet another uncaring tycoon . Amy , who had fallen for his naive charm , is infuriated over Norville 's new attitude and leaves him . Buzz , the eager elevator operator , pitches a new invention : the flexi @-@ straw . Norville dismisses it and fires Buzz . Meanwhile , Aloysius ( Harry Bugin ) , a Hudsucker janitor , discovers Amy 's true identity and informs Mussburger . Mussburger reveals Amy 's secret identity to Norville and tells him he will be dismissed as president after the new year . Mussburger also convinces the board that Norville is insane and must be sent to the local psychiatric hospital .
On New Year 's Eve , Amy finds Norville drunk at a beatnik bar . She apologizes , but he storms out and is chased by an angry mob led by Buzz , whom Mussburger had convinced that Norville had stolen the hula hoop idea . Norville escapes to the top floor of the Hudsucker skyscraper and changes back into his mailroom uniform . He climbs out on the ledge , where Aloysius locks him out and watches as he slips and falls off the building at the stroke of midnight . All of a sudden , Moses stops the clock and time freezes . Waring Hudsucker appears to Norville as an angel and tells him the Blue Letter that was supposed to be delivered to Mussburger contains a legal document indicating that Hudsucker 's shares would go to his immediate successor , who is now Norville . Moses fights and defeats Aloysius inside the tower , allowing Norville to fall safely to the ground . Norville and Amy reconcile . As 1959 progresses , it is Mussburger who is sent to the asylum while Norville develops a new invention " for kids " , an enigmatic circle on a folded sheet of paper that will ultimately turn out to be a frisbee .
= = Cast = =
= = Development = =
= = = Writing = = =
The Coen brothers first met Sam Raimi when Joel Coen worked as an assistant editor on Raimi 's The Evil Dead ( 1981 ) . Together , they began writing the script for The Hudsucker Proxy in 1981 , and continued during the filming of Crimewave ( 1985 ) , and post @-@ production on Blood Simple ( 1985 ) , in which Joel and Ethan Coen shared a house with Raimi . The Coens and Raimi were inspired by the films of Preston Sturges , such as Christmas in July ( 1940 ) and the Hollywood satire , Sullivan 's Travels ( 1941 ) . The sentimental tone and decency of ordinary men as heroes was influenced by films of Frank Capra , like Mr. Deeds Goes to Town ( 1936 ) , Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) , and It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) . The dialogue is an homage to Howard Hawks ' His Girl Friday ( 1940 ) , while Jennifer Jason Leigh 's performance as fast @-@ talking reporter Amy Archer is reminiscent of Rosalind Russell and Katharine Hepburn , in both the physical and vocal mannerisms . Other movies that observers found references to include Executive Suite ( 1954 ) and Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957 ) . The brothers had no intention commenting on or parodying such movies , instead as Ethan said " It 's the case where , having seen those movies , we say ' They 're really fun - let 's do one ; as opposed to ' They 're really fun- let 's comment upon them . " Raimi describes the script as " " big @-@ business comedy . It 's a return to the very large love story comedies they used to make in the forties and early fifties . " So they brothers started to pace around their apartment , taking turns on the typewriter , and when they found themselves stuck at a point , Raimi would do all sorts of trick to get the boys back up . For example , While Ethan is pacing around , he would move things around the apartment so Ethan would be thrown off , He even said he threw firecrackers at them .
One film critic described the numerous influences : " From his infelicitous name to his physical clumsiness , Norville Barnes is a Preston Sturges hero trapped in a Frank Capra story , and never should that twain meet , especially not in a world that seems to have been created by Fritz Lang – the mechanistic monstrousness of the mailroom contrasted with the Bauhaus gigantism of the corporate offices perfectly matches the boss @-@ labour split in Metropolis ( 1927 ) . " An interviewer proposed that the characters represent capitalism versus labour economics . Joel Coen replied : " Maybe the characters do embody those grand themes you mentioned , but that question is independent of whether or not we 're interested in them – and we 're not . " The Hudsucker Proxy presents various narrative motifs pertaining to the Rota Fortunae and visual motifs concerning the shape of circles . This includes Moses ' monologue at the beginning , the Hudsucker Clock , Mussburger 's wristwatch , the inventions of both the hula hoop and frisbee , as well as Norville and Amy 's conversation about Karma .
The first image the Coens and Raimi conceived was of Norville Barnes about to jump from the window of a skyscraper and then they had to figure out how he got there and how to save him . The inclusion of the hula hoop came as a result of a plot device . Joel remembers , " We had to come up with something that Norville was going to invent that on the face of it was ridiculous . Something that would seem , by any sort of rational measure , to be doomed to failure , but something that on the other hand the audience already knew was going to be a phenomenal success . " Ethan said , " The whole circle motif was built into the design of the movie , and that just made it seem more appropriate . " Joel : " What grew out of that was the design element which drives the movie . The tension between vertical lines and circles ; you have these tall buildings , then these circles everywhere which are echoed in the plot ... in the structure of the movie itself . It starts with the end and circles back to the beginning , with a big flashback . " It took the Coens and Raimi three months to write the screenplay . As early as 1985 , the Coens were quoted as saying that an upcoming project " takes place in the late Fifties in a skyscraper and is about Big Business . The characters talk fast and wear sharp clothes . "
Despite having finished the script in 1985 , Joel explained , " We couldn 't make Hudsucker back then because we weren 't that popular yet . Plus , the script was too expensive and we had just completed Blood Simple , which was an independent film . " After completing Barton Fink ( 1991 ) , the Coens were looking forward to doing a more mainstream film . The Hudsucker Proxy was revived and the Coens and Raimi performed a brief rewrite . Producer Joel Silver , a fan of the Coens ' previous films , acquired the script for his production company , Silver Pictures , and pitched the project at Warner Bros. Pictures . Silver also allowed the Coens complete artistic control .
= = = Production = = =
This was the first time the Coen brothers chose big stars to act in their movie . Joel Silver 's first choice for Norville Barnes was Tom Cruise , but the Coens persisted in a desire to cast Tim Robbins . Winona Ryder and Bridget Fonda were in competition for the role of Amy Archer before Jennifer Jason Leigh was cast . Leigh had previously auditioned for a role in the Coens 's Miller 's Crossing and Barton Fink . Her failed auditions prompted the Coens to cast her in The Hudsucker Proxy . To prepare for her role as Amy Archer , Leigh read the biographies some of the most substantial ladies of the thirties and forties such as , Rosalind Russell , Katharine Hepburn and Jean Arthur . When casting the role of Sidney Mussburger , " Warner Bros. suggested all sorts of names , " remembered Joel . " A lot of them were comedians who were clearly wrong . Mussburger is the bad guy and Paul Newman brought that character to life . " However , the Coens first offered the role to Clint Eastwood , but he was forced to turn it down due to scheduling conflicts .
Once Newman and Robbins signed on , PolyGram Filmed Entertainment and Working Title Films agreed to co @-@ finance the film with Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures . The film was shot on five sound stages at Carolco Studios in Wilmington , North Carolina beginning on November 30 , 1992 . Raimi served as second unit director , shooting the hula hoop sequence and Waring Hudsucker 's suicide . Production designer Dennis Gassner was influenced by fascist architecture , particularly the work of Albert Speer , as well as Terry Gilliam 's Brazil ( 1985 ) , Frank Lloyd Wright and the Art Deco movement . Gassner contemplated using five huge rooms needed to accommodate the sound stages . Gassner noted " You see , we wanted things to be big . " He said that the huge 1950 's @-@ inspired table up in the boardroom was so long , it had to be built in five sections and later on assembled on the soundstage . The intention for the set sizes was to generate an oppressive feel . Principal photography ended on March 18 , 1993 .
In addition , numerous sequences were filmed in downtown Chicago , particularly in the Merchandise Mart building for the entrance and lobby to Hudsucker Industries and the Hilton Chicago Christmas ballroom .
The presses in the News & Observer building in downtown Raleigh , North Carolina appeared in the movie .
= = = Visual effects = = =
The visual effects supervisor was Michael J. McAlister ( Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , Willow ) with Mark Stetson ( Superman Returns , Peter Pan ) as miniatures supervisor . Peter Chesney , mechanical effects designer on many Coen brothers films , created a pair of 16 @-@ foot angel wings for actor Charles Durning , who portrayed Waring Hudsucker . " I made a complicated steel armature with a lot of electric motors to time everything so he can fold up his wings , unfold them and flap them about . Then we covered them with real duck and turkey feathers , " says Chesney . " We modeled them after photographs of a hovering dove landing in slow motion . " The buildings in the background ( designed by McAlister and Stetson ) were 1 : 24 scale models , shot separately and merged in post @-@ production . To lengthen the sequence , the model of the Hudsucker building was the equivalent of 90 stories , not 45 .
Despite the New York City setting , additional skyscrapers in Chicago , Illinois provided inspiration for the opening sequence of the skyline , such as the Merchandise Mart and Aon Center . Skyscrapers from New York City included the Chanin Building , the Fred F. French Building and One Wall Street , Manhattan . " We took all our favorite buildings in New York from where they actually stood and sort of put them into one neighborhood , " Gassner continued , " a fantasy vision which adds to the atmosphere and flavor . " First of all , a model had to be created based on the fantasy 1950 's New York for the opening shot . So a miniature city was created , as McAlister mentioned that the Coens did not want a realistic reproduction of 1950 's New York skyline , instead they wanted a more stylized version of it . So Gassner used the book New York in The Forties as a reference to create the look for the cityscape . It took three months and 27 crew member to create the miniature city at the scale of 24 : 1 . As for the Hudsucker building , they made it at the scale of 6 : 1 for closer shots including the long @-@ zoom in of Norville at the beginning . For that scene to be created , it started off with a wide angle shot , moving closer towards Tim Robbins , who was standing in a full sized set , which they inserted inside the shot of the model clock . ‘ Marrying a live @-@ action image with a painted or miniature element was , of course , nothing new , however , in the case of the zoom @-@ in on Robbins from such a distance , keeping the full @-@ size set locked in with the model building , ‘ that was state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art and the only way to do it was with computers . ’ says McAlister . Most of the buildings were created with two sides only , as they will only be seen from the front and the side , and some only needed one side as they were only going to be seen from the front , while the Hudsucker building was made completely three @-@ dimensional . The work of The Computer Film Company ( supervised by Janek Sirrs ) included manipulations of the zoom @-@ in shot of Norville at the beginning , as well as CGI snow and composites of the falling sequences .
To create the two suicide falls , the miniature New York set was hung sideways to allow full movement along the heights of the buildings . McAlister calculated that such a drop would take seven seconds , but for dramatic purposes it was extended to around thirty . Problems occurred when the Coens and cinematographer Roger Deakins decided that these shots would be more effective with a wide @-@ angle lens . " The buildings had been designed for an 18 mm lens , but as we tried a 14 mm lens , and then a 10 mm , we liked the shots more and more . " However , the wider amount of vision meant that the edges of the frame went beyond the fringes of the model city , leaving empty spaces with no buildings . In the end , extra buildings were created from putting the one @-@ sided buildings together and placing them at the edges . Charles Durning 's fall was shot conventionally , but because Tim Robbins had to stop abruptly at the camera , his was shot in reverse as he was pulled away from the camera .
According to Cinefex Magazine # 74 ( July 1998 ) , the skyscraper models created for The Hudsucker Proxy were re @-@ used for Godzilla .
= = Soundtrack = =
The score to The Hudsucker Proxy was written by Carter Burwell , the fifth of his collaborations with the Coen Brothers . " Adagio of Spartacus and Phrygia " from the ballet Spartacus by Khachaturian is the basis of the main theme and additional music from the ballet runs under the Hula @-@ Hoop sequence . The popular music of the time is also reflected in the character of Vic Tenetta , played by Peter Gallagher and modeled after Dean Martin , who sings " Memories Are Made of This . " Additional inspiration comes from Aram Khachaturian 's Gayane suite . A section from the ballet is used by Burwell for the scene in which Norville and Amy meet for the first time . The composer 's " Sabre Dance " ( from Gayane ) is also used when the boy is the first to try the hula hoop .
" Prologue " ( Khachaturian ) – 3 : 20
" Norville Suite " – 3 : 53
" Waring 's Descent " – 0 : 27
" The Hud Sleeps " – 2 : 13
" Light Lunch " ( Khachaturian ) – 1 : 38
" The Wheel Turns " – 0 : 52
" The Hula Hoop " ( Khachaturian ) – 4 : 10
" Useful " – 0 : 40
" Walk Of Shame " – 1 : 22
" Blue Letter " – 0 : 43
" A Long Way Down " – 1 : 46
" The Chase " – 1 : 02
" Norville 's End " – 3 : 52
" Epilogue " ( Khachaturian ) – 2 : 08
" Norville 's Reprise " – 1 : 22
Other songs used in the film but not on the soundtrack album include :
" Memories Are Made of This " , performed by Peter Gallagher as Vic Tenetta , the party singer
" In a Sentimental Mood " , performed by Duke Ellington
" Flying Home " , performed by Duke Ellington
" Carmen " , performed by Grace Bumbry ; used in dream dance sequence .
The classical music used was :
Georges Bizet , Habanera from Carmen
Luigi Boccherini , Minuet ( 3rd movt ) from String Quintet in E , Op.11 No.5
Frédéric Chopin Chopin Waltz ( Waltz No.1 in E @-@ flat " Grande valse brillante " , Op.18 B62 ) from Les Sylphides
Aram Khachaturian , Adagio of Spartacus and Phrygia
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
from Spartacus Suite No.2
Aram Khachaturian , Sabre Dance from Gayane Suite No.3
Peter Tchaikovsky , Waltz from Swan Lake
= = Release = =
= = = Commercial reception = = =
Warner Bros. held test screenings and audience comments were largely mixed . The studio suggested re @-@ shoots , but the Coens , who held final cut privilege , refused because they were very nervous working with their biggest budget to date and were eager for mainstream success . The producers eventually added footage that had been cut and also shot minor pick @-@ ups for the ending . Variety magazine claimed that the pick @-@ ups were done to try to save the film because Warner feared it was going to be a box office bomb . Joel Coen addressed the issue in an interview : " First of all , they weren 't reshoots . They were a little bit of additional footage . We wanted to shoot a fight scene at the end of the movie . It was the product of something we discovered editing the movie , not previewing it . We 've done additional shooting on every movie , so it 's normal . "
The film premiered in January 1994 at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City , Utah . In addition , The Hudsucker Proxy was screened at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival on May 12 , 1994 . The film was in competition for the Palme d 'Or , but lost to Pulp Fiction . The Hudsucker Proxy was released on March 11 , 1994 , and only grossed $ 2 @,@ 816 @,@ 518 in the United States . The production budget was officially set at $ 25 million , although , it was reported to have increased to $ 40 million for marketing and promotion purposes . Nonetheless , the film was a box office bomb .
= = = Critical responses = = =
Along with the film 's being a disappointment at the box office , The Hudsucker Proxy opened to lukewarm reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reports 58 % approval based on 40 reviews with the consensus : " Intriguingly strange and visually distinctive , The Hudsucker Proxy is ultimately almost -- but not quite -- as smart and absorbing as it needs to be . "
Roger Ebert praised the production design , scale model work , matte paintings , cinematography , and characters . " But the problem with the movie is that it 's all surface and no substance , " Ebert wrote . " Not even the slightest attempt is made to suggest that the film takes its own story seriously . Everything is style . The performances seem deliberately angled as satire . " Desson Thomson of The Washington Post described The Hudsucker Proxy as being " pointlessly flashy and compulsively overloaded with references to films of the 1930s . Missing in this film 's performances is a sense of humanity , the crucial ingredient in the movies Hudsucker is clearly trying to evoke . Hudsucker isn 't the real thing at all . It 's just a proxy . "
Todd McCarthy , writing in Variety , called the film " one of the most inspired and technically stunning pastiches of old Hollywood pictures ever to come out of the New Hollywood . But a pastiche it remains , as nearly everything in the Coen brothers ' latest and biggest film seems like a wizardly but artificial synthesis , leaving a hole in the middle where some emotion and humanity should be . " James Berardinelli gave a largely positive review . " The Hudsucker Proxy skewers Big Business on the same shaft that Robert Altman ran Hollywood through with The Player . From the Brazil @-@ like scenes in the cavernous mail room to the convoluted machinations in the board room , this film is pure satire of the nastiest and most enjoyable sort . In this surreal world of 1958 can be found many of the issues confronting large corporations in the 1990s , all twisted to match the filmmakers ' vision . "
Warner Home Video released The Hudsucker Proxy on DVD in May 1999 . No featurettes were included . It was one of the first Blu @-@ Ray Disc titles released through the Warner Archive Collection in 2013 , but it still lacked any featurettes .
Two decades after the film 's release , Scout Tafoya of RogerEbert.com praised the film for its stylistic adventurousness and expansion upon the themes and concepts of the films that inspired it . " Whereas the comedies of the 1930s and ' 40s could talk quickly and move quickly , they couldn 't run at a full gallop like the Coen Brothers . Their camera soars , traveling at the speed of progress , gossip , capitalism itself . Everything races at top speed . The production design , the one thing everyone felt comfortable praising , is a marvel . Every frame doubles as a survey of early modern art , from Art Deco to Futurism . "
= William Longchamp =
William Longchamp ( died 1197 ) , sometimes known as William de Longchamp or William de Longchamps , was a medieval Lord Chancellor , Chief Justiciar , and Bishop of Ely in England . Born to a humble family in Normandy , he owed his advancement to royal favour . Although contemporary writers accused Longchamp 's father of being the son of a peasant , he held land as a knight . Longchamp first served an illegitimate son of King Henry II , but quickly transferred to the service of Richard I , Henry 's eldest surviving son . When Richard became King in 1189 , Longchamp paid £ 3 @,@ 000 for the office of Chancellor , and was soon named to the see , or bishopric , of Ely and appointed legate by the pope .
Longchamp governed England while Richard was on the Third Crusade , but his authority was challenged by Richard 's brother , John , who eventually succeeded in driving Longchamp from power and from England . Longchamp 's relations with the other leading English nobles were also strained , which contributed to the demands for his exile . Soon after Longchamp 's departure from England , Richard was captured on his journey back to England from the crusade and held for ransom by Henry VI , Holy Roman Emperor . Longchamp travelled to Germany to help negotiate Richard 's release . Although Longchamp regained the office of Chancellor after Richard 's return to England , he lost much of his former power . He aroused a great deal of hostility among his contemporaries during his career , but he retained Richard 's trust and was employed by the king until the bishop 's death in 1197 . Longchamp wrote a treatise on the law , which remained well known throughout the later Middle Ages .
= = Background and early life = =
Longchamp 's ancestors originated in the village of Longchamps , Normandy , but he was born near the Norman village of Argenton . His father , Hugh de Longchamp , also held land in England , as did many other Norman nobles after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 . Hugh Nonant — one of Longchamp 's opponents — declared that the elder Longchamp was the son of a peasant , which seems unlikely , as Hugh de Longchamp appears to have held a knight 's tenancy in Normandy . The family was originally of humble background , but rose through service to King Henry II . The elder Longchamp also held land in Herefordshire in England , including the manor of Wilton near Ross in Wales . Hugh married a woman named Eve , a relative of the Lacy family . Historian David Balfour suggests that Eve was the daughter of Gilbert de Lacy , the son of Roger de Lacy , exiled by King William II in 1095 for rebellion .
Longchamp 's sister , Richeut , married the castellan of Dover Castle . A second sister , Melisend , came to England with Longchamp , but otherwise is unknown . A sister is recorded as having married Stephen Devereux , but whether this is Melisend is unclear . Of Longchamp 's brothers , Osbert remained a layman , and owed much of his advancement to William ; Stephen served King Richard I on crusade ; Henry , another layman , became a sheriff along with Osbert ; and Robert became a monk . Two of Longchamp 's brothers became abbots .
Longchamp entered public life at the close of Henry II 's reign , as an official for the King 's illegitimate son Geoffrey . He soon left Geoffrey 's service , and served in Henry II 's chancery , or writing office , before he entered service with Henry 's son Richard . Richard , who was Duke of Aquitaine at the time , named Longchamp chancellor of the Duchy of Aquitaine . Longchamp first distinguished himself at the court of King Philip II of France in Paris in 1189 , when he acted as Richard 's envoy in a dispute with William Marshall , King Henry 's envoy . By that time , Longchamp was already one of Richard 's trusted advisors .
= = Chancellor and Justiciar = =
On Richard 's accession to the throne of England in 1189 Longchamp became Chancellor of England . Longchamp paid 3 @,@ 000 pounds ( £ ) for the office of Chancellor . This was followed by an increase in the price of having chancery documents sealed with the Great Seal , necessary for their authentication , perhaps to help Longchamp recoup the cost of office . At the council held at Pipewell on 15 September 1189 , the king raised Longchamp to the bishopric of Ely . Richard named three other bishops at the same time : Godfrey de Lucy to Winchester , Richard FitzNeal to London , and Hubert Walter to Salisbury . Longchamp was consecrated on 31 December 1189 and enthroned at Ely on 6 January 1190 .
Before leaving England in 1189 , Richard put the Tower of London in Longchamp 's hands and appointed him jointly with Hugh de Puiset , the Bishop of Durham , to the office of Chief Justiciar , at that time not strictly a judicial office . Instead , the justiciar was the person entrusted with much of the king 's authority when the king was outside the kingdom , able to act in the king 's name . Along with Puiset , the king named Hugh Bardulf , William Briwerre , Geoffrey fitz Peter , and William Marshall as associates in the justiciarship , under Puiset and Longchamp . As Justiciar , Longchamp sent judges throughout the country to visit the shires on judicial visits , even though he had no previous knowledge of the judiciary . Longchamp and Puiset were unable to work together , and so in March 1190 Richard gave authority north of the River Humber to Hugh , and authority south of the river to Longchamp . Historian 's opinions are divided whether Richard explicitly made Longchamp superior to Puiset at this time , or if in theory the two were supposed to co @-@ equal in their respective spheres . By June , Longchamp had eased Puiset out of power and the justiciar 's office . He also received a commission as a papal legate from Pope Clement III at this time . Supposedly Richard paid 1 @,@ 500 marks ( £ 1 @,@ 000 ) to the papacy to secure the legateship for Longchamp .
Longchamp granted the citizens of London the right to elect their own sheriffs , and to collect and remit their monetary levy of £ 300 directly to the Exchequer , the treasury of England . On Longchamp 's visits to his diocese he was accompanied by a large train of retainers and animals , which became notorious throughout the country as a sign of his extravagance . Under his legatine authority , the bishop held legatine councils of the church at Gloucester and Westminster in 1190 . He also acted to restore authority in York , which had suffered a breakdown in order after the massacre of Jews in March 1190 . Also in 1190 , he sent an army against Rhys ap Gruffydd , a Welsh prince who was attempting to throw off the control of the marcher lords that surrounded Wales .
= = Disputes with John = =
Longchamp 's relations with the English people were made more difficult because he was a native of Normandy , and often insensitive to English customs . The medieval writer William of Newburgh claimed that Longchamp was " an obscure foreigner of unproven ability and loyalty " . For example , it appears likely that Longchamp did not speak English , making his relations with his flock more difficult . The leading nobles complained that Longchamp marginalised the other officials Richard had appointed to serve with him , and that he brought in foreigners to fill offices . Although the first charge is mostly untrue , the second appears to have been valid , as Longchamp did install non @-@ natives in judicial offices and as sheriffs . He also attempted to seize control of a number of English castles by granting their custody to relatives and dependents .
Throughout 1190 , Longchamp 's relations with Richard 's younger brother John were difficult . This led to Longchamp besieging Lincoln Castle because the castellan would not surrender the castle and allow himself to be replaced by Longchamp 's nominee . The castellan , Gerard de Camville , had sworn allegiance to John and stated he would no longer recognise the chancellor 's authority . In response , John took the two castles of Tickhill and Northampton . News of the dispute reached Richard , who sent Walter de Coutances , the Archbishop of Rouen , to England in late spring 1191 , with orders to negotiate a peace between John and Longchamp . Eventually , Walter brokered a compromise between the two as a result of which Gerard was confirmed as castellan and John relinquished the castles . Longchamp also agreed to work to ensure John 's succession to the throne in the event of Richard 's death .
Longchamp 's legatine commission from the papacy expired in spring 1191 , on the death of Clement III , thus removing one of Longchamp 's power bases . The legation was , however , renewed a few months later by Clement 's successor , Celestine III . A further complication for Longchamp arose in September 1191 , when Henry II 's illegitimate son Geoffrey , Archbishop of York , was arrested by Longchamp 's subordinates , led by the castellan of Dover Castle , Longchamp 's brother @-@ in @-@ law . Their orders had been to arrest the Archbishop of York as he landed at Dover on the archbishop 's return to England , but Geoffrey had been warned of their plans , and fled to sanctuary in St. Martin 's Priory . Longchamp 's men laid siege to the priory , and after four days forcibly removed Geoffrey . The violence of the attack reminded the public of Thomas Becket 's martyrdom , and public opinion turned against Longchamp . Longchamp claimed that Geoffrey had not sworn fealty to Richard , but this was likely just an excuse to eliminate a rival .
An intense propaganda campaign led by partisans of John ensued . One of the leaders of the campaign against Longchamp was Hugh Nonant , the Bishop of Coventry , and he along with other magnates , including Geoffrey , who had been released , convened a trial on 5 October 1191 at Loddon Bridge near London . Longchamp did not attend , but he was deposed and excommunicated , and after trying to hold the Tower of London , he was forced to surrender due to lack of support from the citizens of London . The council then declared his offices forfeit , and ordered the surrender of the castles in his custody . The main charge against Longchamp appears to have been his autocratic behaviour .
Longchamp went to Dover in late 1191 to seek transport to the continent . During his escape , he was unable to answer the local people when they spoke to him in English . He attempted to leave England in various disguises , including a monk 's habit and women 's clothes . Hugh Nonant wrote that Longchamp attempted on one occasion to hide dressed as a prostitute , which led to him being assaulted by a fisherman who mistook him for a whore . Longchamp eventually succeeded in leaving England , on 29 October .
= = Exile and return = =
Longchamp went to the court of Henry VI , the Holy Roman Emperor , who was holding King Richard I captive at Trifels . The bishop arranged for Richard to be held at the imperial court and negotiated a payment plan for the ransom , 100 @,@ 000 marks , under the terms of which the emperor agreed to release Richard once 70 @,@ 000 marks had been paid and hostages for the payment of the rest had been received . When the Emperor in January 1194 called a meeting of the imperial magnates to debate King Philip II of France 's offer to pay the Emperor to keep Richard captive , Longchamp attended along with Walter of Coutances and Eleanor of Aquitaine , Richard 's mother . After further diplomatic wrangling , Richard was freed on 4 February 1194 .
Richard rewarded Longchamp with the custody of Eye and an appointment as Sheriff of Essex and Sheriff of Hertfordshire when the pair returned to England , but Longchamp soon became embroiled in a renewal of his disagreement with Archbishop Geoffrey of York . Richard left England in May 1194 , and Longchamp accompanied him to the continent , never to return to England ; Longchamp returned to the Emperor 's court in 1195 . Richard continued to use Longchamp in diplomacy — although it was Geoffrey who arranged a truce with King Philip in 1194 — as well as retaining the bishop as chancellor , but the main power in England was now Hubert Walter . Longchamp spent the rest of his life outside his diocese , usually accompanying the king .
= = Death and legacy = =
Longchamp died in January 1197 , at Poitiers , while on a diplomatic mission to Rome for Richard , and was buried at the abbey of Le Pin . Much of the information on his career comes from people hostile to him , for example , Gerald of Wales called Longchamp that " monster with many heads " . The historian Austin Lane Poole says that Gerald described Longchamp as more like an ape than a man . Longchamp was reportedly a cultured and well @-@ educated man . He was supported by others among his contemporaries , including Pope Clement III , who , when he appointed Longchamp legate , wrote that he did so at the urging of the English bishops . When he was one of four men named bishop in 1189 , medieval chronicler Richard of Devizes wrote that the four new bishops were " men of no little virtue and fame " . Historian John Gillingham wrote that Longchamp 's " record of his life in politics and administration was a good one , spoiled only by his failure in 1191 " .
One of Longchamp 's probable innovations as chancellor was the replacement of the first person singular previously used in documents drafted in the king 's name with the majestic plural or " royal we " . He wrote a work on law entitled Practica legum et decretorum , a manual on the usage of both civil and canon law in the Angevin possessions on the continent , composed sometime between 1181 and 1189 . It was well known in the Middle Ages , and served as a practical guide for those involved in litigation . The medieval poet Nigel Wireker ( also known as Nigel de Longchamps ) dedicated to the bishop a satirical poem , Speculum Stultorum ( " Mirror of Fools " ) , on the habits of students . Richard Barre , a medieval writer and judge , dedicated his work Compendium de veteris et novo testamento to Longchamp . Longchamp was one of Barre 's patrons , and secured the post of Archdeacon of Ely for him as well as judicial posts .
Two writers have seen in the assembly that met to try Longchamp in 1191 a precursor to the gathering at Runnymede in 1215 that drew up Magna Carta , as it was one of the earliest examples of the nobles of the realm coming together to force the government to rule with their advice . Longchamp also promoted the careers of his brothers ; Henry and Osbert became sheriffs in the 1190s , Osbert the Sheriff of Yorkshire . His brother Robert , a cleric , also benefitted , becoming prior of the Ely cathedral chapter and later abbot of St Mary 's Abbey , York .
= Rip Hawk =
Harvey Maurice Evers ( June 6 , 1930 – December 22 , 2012 ) was an American professional wrestler best known by his ring name , Rip Hawk . He began his wrestling career in the Mid @-@ Western United States before joining Jim Crockett Promotions ( JCP ) in the early 1960s . In the company , he teamed with fellow wrestler Swede Hanson as the " Blond Bombers , " and the duo held several championships . In the 1970s , he worked as a booker in JCP .
= = Early life = =
Evers was born on June 6 , 1930 in Indiana . He was raised in Ohio .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Hawk made his wrestling debut in 1949 . He began as an amateur in Ohio and was discovered by professional boxer Jack Dempsey , who convinced him to wrestle professionally . His ring name came from a variety of sources : his sister called him " Rip " as a nickname , while a promoter gave him the last name " Hawk " due to his nose and his movements in the wrestling ring . His nickname , " The Profile " , was taken from actor John Barrymore . He began wrestling professionally in Ohio around his 18th birthday , and later moved to Chicago , where he trained for a year with Karl Pojello . He also briefly wrestled in New York .
Hawk was soon drafted to serve in the Korean War . He joined the United States Marine Corps and continued to wrestle during his service . He was discharged from the Marine Corps in 1954 , believing he could make a better living from wrestling . He competed in several territories after returning to the United States , including Tennessee and Atlanta , Georgia , Iowa . He later moved to Missouri , where he competed in St. Joseph and St. Louis . In St. Joseph , he had a scripted feud with Sonny Myers and Larry Hamilton . He continued to move around and held his first championship , the NWA Rocky Mountain Heavyweight Championship , while wrestling for NWA Western States Sports in 1958 .
= = = Jim Crockett Promotions = = =
Hawk moved to North Carolina in the early 1960s , where he began competing for Jim Crockett Promotions , an organization run by Jim Crockett , Sr. that promoted events in the Carolinas . He met fellow wrestler Swede Hanson and approached Crockett about forming a tag team with Hanson . Crockett agreed to the idea , and Hawk and Hanson began competing as the " Blond Bombers " , named after their matching blond hair and their strength in the ring . While competing in Australia , Hawk met manager Gary Hart . He approached Crockett and convinced him to bring Hart to the Carolinas to manage Hawk and Hanson .
The team competed as heels ( villains ) and was unique for wearing suits to their matches , as most wrestlers did not worry about dressing like professionals outside of the ring . They aroused anger from many spectators , some of whom threw acid or threatened the team with knives and guns . They also had a following among some fans , and a fan club was formed for them at one point . During interviews , Hawk spoke for the team while Hanson stood silently ; Hawk occasionally insulted Hanson in the interviews , but Hanson did not respond . The team competed in the Carolinas and Virginia , as well as touring overseas in Australia , New Zealand , and Japan .
Hawk wrestled in other territories , including Texas , where he held the NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship and the Texas version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship ( the latter while teaming with Rock Hunter ) . Nine of his championships came as a member of the Blond Bombers , however . Hawk and Hanson were booked in an angle to win their first title together , the Florida version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship , on August 3 , 1965 . They combined to hold the NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship on four occasions , which was the center of their feud with Johnny Weaver and George Becker . They were also booked to win the IWA World Tag Team Championship on a wrestling tour of Tasmania .
The Blond Bombers were involved in a series of unusual matches in Jim Crockett Promotions ; they faced other heel tag teams , which was a rarity at the time because most promoters stuck to good versus evil storylines . They competed against such teams as Aldo Bogni and Bronko Lubich , Gene and Ole Anderson , and Skull Murphy and Brute Bernard . Hawk , along with Johnny Weaver , was also involved in booking , or scheduling , events in Jim Crockett Promotions , a task he took on in the early 1970s . He also collaborated with Johnny Ringo to design the National Wrestling Alliance logo .
In 1971 , Hanson suffered a heart attack and had to take time off of wrestling . Hawk competed as a singles wrestler and feuded with the Brisco brothers ( Jack and Jerry ) . During this rivalry , Hawk held the NWA Eastern States Heavyweight Championship four times . He was then paired with Ric Flair , who was billed as his nephew . On July 4 , 1974 , Hawk and Flair were booked the NWA Mid @-@ Atlantic Tag Team Championship .
Hanson returned to wrestling but soon became a face ( fan favorite ) and feuded with Hawk . The former partners faced each other in tag team matches in which Hanson teamed with Tiger Conway , Jr. and Hawk teamed with Flair . Eventually , the partners were dropped and the two faced each other in a series of singles matches . Hawk left Jim Crockett Promotions permanently in 1975 due to differences with booker George Scott .
= = = Later career = = =
Hawk then took on a new partner , Roger Kirby , with whom he held the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship twice over the next two years . Hawk and Hanson reunited as a tag team in Texas , where they competed for NWA Western States Sports . In 1976 and 1977 , they were booked to win the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship three times . After their final title reign , Hanson left to wrestle elsewhere while Hawk continued to wrestle in Texas .
Hawk and Hanson were inducted into the NWA Legends Hall of Heroes in 2007 . Hawk returned in 2008 to posthumously induct long @-@ time rival and real @-@ life friend Johnny Weaver .
= = Personal life = =
After retiring from wrestling , he moved to Hereford , Texas , where he lived with his wife , Kitty . They have 2 daughters . He worked as a personal trainer and wrestling coach at the YMCA in Hereford until 2011 . Several of his trainees went to the Junior Olympics and received athletic scholarships to college .
Evers died on December 22 , 2012 . He had suffered from cardiac problems prior to his death .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
Piledriver
Managers
Gary Hart
Homer O 'Dell
Nicknames
" The Profile "
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) - with Roger Kirby
NWA World Tag Team Championship ( Florida version ) ( 1 time ) - with Swede Hanson
Mid @-@ Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship ( 4 times ) - with Swede Hanson
NWA Eastern States Heavyweight Championship ( 4 times )
NWA Mid @-@ Atlantic Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) - with Ric Flair
NWA Southern Tag Team Championship ( Mid @-@ Atlantic version ) ( 1 time ) - with Swede Hanson
NWA Western States Sports
NWA Rocky Mountain Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
NWA Western States Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) - with Swede Hanson
Southwest Sports Inc .
NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
NWA World Tag Team Championship ( Texas version ) ( 1 time ) - with Rock Hunter
St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2014
World Championship Wrestling ( Australia )
IWA World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) - with Swede Hanson
= New York State Route 37 =
New York State Route 37 ( NY 37 ) is a state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States , extending for 127 @.@ 40 miles ( 205 @.@ 03 km ) on a west – east axis . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pamelia , Jefferson County . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with US 11 , NY 11B , and NY 30 in Malone , Franklin County . In between the termini , NY 37 passes through Ogdensburg and Massena . It is a two @-@ lane , nondivided , full access roadway for most of its entire length , except for portions between Massena and western Franklin County , where the route widens to a four @-@ lane divided highway .
NY 37 was assigned in 1930 to the portion of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway between Redwood and Malone as well as to a previously unnumbered roadway between Watertown and Redwood . The Redwood – Malone portion was originally part of NY 3 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . NY 37 has since been rerouted in areas , primarily near Ogdensburg and Massena .
= = Route description = =
= = = Watertown to Ogdensburg = = =
NY 37 begins at an intersection with US 11 just north of Watertown in the town of Pamelia . Between Watertown and Theresa , NY 37 follows a north – south alignment and parallels Interstate 81 ( I @-@ 81 ) , located just west of NY 37 . Southwest of Theresa , I @-@ 81 turns to the northwest as NY 37 intersects NY 26 and NY 411 , the westward continuation of NY 26 . NY 26 joins NY 37 around the western edge of the village before splitting to the northwest a short distance to the north . NY 37 , however , continues northward , passing through Redwood before curving northeast as it enters St. Lawrence County .
Across the county line , NY 37 parallels NY 12 to the north as both routes proceed northeast . Roughly 7 miles ( 11 km ) from the county line , NY 37 encounters Hammond , a small village located west of Black Lake . Past Hammond , Route 37 heads north toward Morristown , where it meets NY 12 , the primary roadway along the St. Lawrence River 's southern bank west of this point . NY 12 ends here ; however , NY 37 takes over the routing of NY 12 and proceeds northeast along the edge of the St. Lawrence River . Just east of NY 12 , NY 37 meets the northernmost point of NY 58 .
Midway between Morristown and Ogdensburg , NY 37 enters St. Lawrence State Park , one of many New York state parks located on the southern bank of the river . The route exits the park and heads northeast to Ogdensburg , where it meets NY 68 ( the former routing of NY 37 into Ogdensburg ) west of the city . While NY 68 continues into downtown , NY 37 turns eastward , then northeastward and bypasses the city to the south . Near the Ogdensburg International Airport , NY 37 meets NY 812 at an interchange . Here , NY 812 joins NY 37 and the two routes intersect NY 68 once more before leaving Ogdensburg .
= = = Ogdensburg to Massena = = =
Just outside Ogdensburg , NY 812 separates from NY 37 to continue northward to Canada over the Ogdensburg – Prescott International Bridge , where it becomes Highway 16 farther inland . NY 37 , however , continues to follow the south bank of the St. Lawrence River , passing Galop Island State Park on its way to Waddington , where it intersects the northernmost point on NY 345 . East of the village , NY 37 passes south of the riverside Coles Creek State Park and traverses Coles Creek itself .
In the Louisville hamlet of Louisville Corner ( west of Massena ) , NY 37 departs the St. Lawrence River and intersects the western end of NY 131 , a northerly bypass of Massena along the riverbank . Farther east in Massena , NY 37 intersects NY 37B , the former routing of NY 37 through Massena , west of the village before crossing over the Grasse River and intersecting the northern termini of both NY 56 ( where NY 37 widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway ) and NY 420 . NY 37B later rejoins NY 37 east of the village , as does NY 131 directly north of the Massena International Airport .
= = = Eastern St. Lawrence and Franklin counties = = =
East of the airport in the town of Massena , NY 37 begins to parallel the north bank of the Raquette River as it intersects NY 37C near a hamlet named for the waterway . NY 37 and the river continue northeast to the vicinity of the hamlet of Rooseveltown , where NY 37 formerly connected to a large traffic circle linking NY 37 to the Three Nations Crossing as well as County Route 45 ( CR 45 ) . The traffic circle has since been replaced with a T @-@ intersection and traffic light because of the expansion of the American Customs facility . Upon crossing into Franklin County and the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation a short distance to the east , the road narrows back to a two @-@ lane undivided highway and crosses over the Raquette River .
Although most of NY 37 in the town of Bombay is contained within the reservation , a short portion east of Hogansburg and the St. Regis River and west of Tarbell Road is located outside the reservation limits . Within this stretch , NY 37 meets both the eastern end of NY 37C and the northern terminus of NY 95 . East of the reservation , NY 37 roughly parallels the CSX Transportation @-@ owned Montreal Subdivision northeast to Fort Covington , where NY 37 crosses the railroad line and intersects Water Street ( unsigned NY 970T ) , a connector to Quebec Route 132 on the northern side of the Canadian border .
East of Fort Covington , NY 37 follows a more southeasterly routing as it separates from the northernmost extents of the state . In the Westville hamlet of Westville Center , NY 37 meets the western terminus of NY 122 . Farther south , NY 37 enters the village of Malone , where it terminates at US 11 , NY 11B and NY 30 .
= = History = =
The portion of NY 37 from Redwood to Malone was originally part of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway , an international auto trail connecting Portland , Maine , on the Atlantic Ocean coast to Portland , Oregon , east of the Pacific Ocean . When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , the entirety of the Roosevelt Highway in New York was designated NY 3 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 3 was rerouted to follow its current routing between Watertown and Plattsburgh . The former routing of NY 3 along the St. Lawrence River became part of the new NY 37 , which utilized a previously unnumbered highway between Watertown and Redwood via Theresa . Initially , NY 37 directly served Theresa by way of modern CR 136 , CR 46 , and CR 193 ; however , it was realigned c . 1934 to bypass the village to the west .
When NY 37 was first assigned , it entered Ogdensburg on Main Street ( modern NY 68 ) and exited the city on Ford Street and Proctor Avenue . East of the city , NY 37 used less than 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of its modern alignment before turning south to follow Van Rensselaer Road to Waddington . The modern , riverside alignment of NY 37 between Ogdensburg and Waddington was designated as NY 37A as part of the 1930 renumbering . In the late 1950s , the alignments of NY 37 and NY 37A were flipped , placing NY 37 on its current routing and NY 37A on Van Rensselaer Road . During the same time period , NY 37 was rerouted to follow a new bypass around the southern edge of Ogdensburg .
In the Massena area , NY 37 originally broke from its modern alignment west of the village and followed what is now NY 37B east to Main Street . Here , it turned south onto Main Street to traverse the Grasse River before continuing east on Orvis Street ( and meeting modern NY 37B at Center Street ) to reconnect to its current alignment east of the village . Lastly , from modern NY 131 adjacent to the Massena International Airport to Rooseveltown , NY 37 was initially routed on Trippany Road , NY 37C , and Roosevelt Road . In the mid @-@ 1950s , construction began on a new southern bypass of Massena that connected to NY 37 at the modern termini of NY 37B . It was completed and opened to traffic by 1958 . Work on an eastward , divided highway extension of the bypass to Rooseveltown began c . 1961 . The final section , from the hamlet of Raquette River to Rooseveltown , opened to traffic later that year .
= = Suffixed routes = =
NY 37 once had as many as four suffixed routes ; two have since been removed .
NY 37A was an alternate route of NY 37 between Ogdensburg and Waddington . It was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to what is now NY 37 between the two locations . At the time , NY 37 was routed on Van Rensselaer Road . The alignments of NY 37 and NY 37A were flipped in the late 1950s . On April 10 , 1980 , the NY 37A designation was removed . Ownership and maintenance of Van Rensselaer Road was transferred from the state of New York to St. Lawrence County on September 1 , 1982 , at which time the highway was redesignated as CR 28 .
NY 37B ( 4 @.@ 03 miles or 6 @.@ 49 kilometres ) is the former routing of NY 37 through Massena . NY 37B leaves NY 37 west of the village and rejoins its parent just east of Massena . It was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering .
NY 37C ( 9 @.@ 89 miles or 15 @.@ 92 kilometres ) is a loop off of NY 37 in northeastern St. Lawrence County and northwestern Franklin County . While NY 37 follows a direct east – west routing between Massena and the Bombay community of Hogansburg , NY 37C dips south to serve to the Brasher community of Helena . NY 37C was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering .
NY 37D was a spur connecting NY 37 to NY 26 in Theresa , utilizing part of NY 37 's original alignment through the Theresa area . It was assigned c . 1936 and removed in the mid @-@ 1960s . It is now maintained by Jefferson County as CR 136 and CR 46 .
= = Major intersections = =
= 2nd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division ( United States ) =
The 2nd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division , originally known as the 13th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the United States Army , and a part of the 7th Infantry Division . The brigade was based at Fort Ord , California for most of its history .
Activated for service in World War I , the unit saw brief service in the conflict , but never fought as an entire unit . After the Korean War , it was reactivated as a brigade , and was returned to the United States where it saw action in Operation Just Cause and Operation Golden Pheasant . The 2nd Brigade was sent to quell civil unrest resulting from the 1992 Los Angeles Riots . The brigade was finally deactivated in 1993 .
= = History = =
= = = World War I = = =
The 2nd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division was first constituted and activated in the regular army as the 13th Infantry Brigade on 6 December 1917 at Camp Wheeler , Georgia . One month later it organized and prepared for deployment to Europe to participate in World War I as a part of the American Expeditionary Force , along with the rest of the division . The 13th Infantry Brigade was one of two brigades assigned to the division headquarters , the other being the 14th Infantry Brigade . Serving within the brigade were the 34th Infantry Regiment and the 55th Infantry Regiment , bringing the total strength of the brigade to around 8 @,@ 000 men . Most of the brigade sailed to Europe aboard the SS Leviathan .
During its time in France , the brigade did not participate as a whole in any engagements , though its infantry and reconnaissance elements did engage German forces . On 11 October 1918 the 13th Brigade and 7th Division first came under shelling attacks . At Saint @-@ Mihiel the units also came under chemical attack . Elements of the 7th probed up toward Prény near the Moselle River , capturing positions and driving German forces out of the region . It was around this time that the division first received its shoulder sleeve insignia , which the 13th Brigade wore as a part of the division .
In early November , the 13th Brigade began readying itself for an attack on the Hindenburg Line with the division , which was part of the Second Army . The division launched a reconnaissance in force on the Voëvre Plain , but before it could begin a full assault , the Allies signed an Armistice ending hostilities . After 33 days on the front lines , the 7th Division suffered 1 @,@ 988 casualties . It was awarded one campaign streamer for Lorraine . The brigade performed occupation duties for the next year as it began preparations to return to the continental United States .
The 13th Brigade returned to the United States in late 1919 , and gradually demobilized at Camp George G. Meade , Maryland until 1921 . On 22 September of that year , the Headquarters Company , 7th Division was inactivated , and the 13th and 14th Brigades deactivated with it .
= = = Reorganization = = =
On 1 July 1940 , the 7th Infantry Division was reactivated at Camp Ord , California Under the command of Major General Joseph W. Stilwell . The Headquarters element , 13th and 14th Brigades did not reactivate , however , and the division was instead centered around three infantry regiments ; the 17th Infantry Regiment , the 32nd Infantry Regiment , and the 53rd Infantry Regiment . The 13th Brigade was not activated for the duration of the war and its headquarters formation was not used to form a new unit .
= = = Post @-@ Korean War = = =
In the wake of the Korean War , between 1953 and 1971 , the 7th Infantry Division defended the Korean Demilitarized Zone . Its main garrison was Camp Casey , South Korea . During these occupation duties , the division saw a complete reorganization in compliance with the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions plan . In 1963 , the division 's former headquarters company grew into the 1st Brigade , 7th Infantry Division while the 13th Infantry Brigade became the 2nd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division . The 14th Infantry Brigade redesignated at the 3rd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division . These renamed formations retained all of the lineage and campaign credits of their previous designations . On 2 April 1971 , the division and its brigades returned to the United States and inactivated at Fort Lewis , Washington .
In October 1974 the 7th and two brigades reactivated at their former garrison , Fort Ord ( a National Guard " roundout " brigade , the 41st , would periodically train with the division as its third brigade ) . The unit did not see any action in Vietnam or during the post war era , but was tasked to keep a close watch on South American developments . It trained at Fort Ord , Camp Roberts , and Fort Hunter Liggett . On 1 October 1985 the division redesignated as the 7th Infantry Division ( Light ) , organized again as a light infantry division . It was the first US division specially designed as such . The various battalions of the 17th , 31st , and 32nd Regiments moved from the division , replaced by battalions from other regiments , including battalions from the 21st Infantry Regiment , the 27th Infantry Regiment , and the 9th Infantry Regiment . The 27th Infantry and the 9th Infantry Regiment participated in Operation Golden Pheasant in Honduras . In 1989 the 2nd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division participated in Operation Just Cause in Panama .
In 1991 the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended the closing of Fort Ord due to the escalating cost of living on the Central California coastline . By 1994 , the garrison was closed and the Division was assigned to relocate to Fort Lewis , Washington . The 2nd Brigade , to include its Headquarters and Headquarters Company along with the 3rd Brigade 's 3rd Battalion 17th Infantry Regiment and other assigned military police companies participated in one final mission in the United States before inactivation ; quelling the 1992 Los Angeles Riots , called Operation Garden Plot . In 1993 the division was slated to move to Fort Lewis , WA and inactivate as part of the post @-@ Cold War drawdown of the US Army , but the 2nd and 3rd Brigades of the 7th inactivated at Ft . Ord in 1993 . The 1st Brigade relocated to Ft . Lewis and was later reflagged as the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division while the division headquarters formally inactivated on 16 June 1994 at Fort Lewis .
= = Honors = =
= = = Unit decorations = = =
= = = Campaign streamers = = =
= Orthodox Church in America =
The Orthodox Church in America ( OCA ) is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in North America . The OCA consists of more than 700 parishes , missions , communities , monasteries and institutions in the United States and Canada . In 2011 , it had an estimated 84 @,@ 900 members in the United States .
The OCA began when eight Russian Orthodox monks established a mission in Alaska , then part of Russian America , in 1794 . This became a diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church after the United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 . By the late 19th century , the Russian Orthodox Church had grown in other areas of the United States due to the arrival of immigrants from areas of Eastern and Central Europe , many of them formerly of the Eastern Catholic churches ( " Greek Catholics " ) , and from the Middle East . These immigrants , regardless of nationality or ethnic background , were united under a single North American diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church .
After the Bolshevik Revolution , Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow directed all Russian Orthodox churches outside of Russia to govern themselves autonomously . Orthodox churches in America became a self @-@ governing Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in America in 1924 under the leadership of Metropolitan Platon ( Rozhdestvensky ) , popularly called the Metropolia . The Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in America was granted autocephaly by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1970 , and renamed the Orthodox Church in America . Its hierarchs are part of the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of North and Central America .
= = Official name = =
According to the April 1970 Tomos of Autocephaly granted by the Russian Orthodox Church , the official name of the Church is The Autocephalous Orthodox Church in America . The more comprehensive March 1970 Agreement of Tomos of Autocephaly , however , states in Article VIII that the legal name of the Church was changed to " Orthodox Church in America " ( with no definite article ) .
In 2005 , Tikhon ( Fitzgerald ) , then Bishop of the OCA Diocese of the West , commented that the official name of the jurisdiction is The Orthodox Church in America ( TOCA ) , but the definite article was dropped due to a printing error . The former uses ( Orthodox Church in America and OCA ) remain the most common both within and outside the jurisdiction .
= = History = =
= = = Missionary work = = =
The first Native Americans to become Orthodox were the Aleuts living in contact with Siberian fur traders in the mid 18th century . They had been baptized mostly by their Orthodox trading partners or during occasional visits by priests serving aboard exploring vessels of the Russian navy . Russian colony in Alaska was established in 1784 by merchant Grigory Shelikhov . Shelikhov 's attempt to colonize Kodiak Island was met with resistance by the native population . He returned to Russia and installed Alexandr Baranov as director of the colony . In order to convince the Russian imperial court of the seriousness of his colonial ambitions , Shelikhov recruited volunteers from the Valaam , an environment that appears strikingly similar to the Kodiak archipelago 's landscape , and Konevitsa monasteries to travel to the new colony .
The volunteers , led by Archimandrite Joasaph ( Bolotov ) , departed Saint Petersburg on December 21 , 1793 , and arrived at Kodiak Island on September 24 , 1794 . When they arrived they were shocked by the harsh treatment of the Kodiak natives at the hands of the Russian settlers and Baranov . They sent reports to Shelikhov detailing the abuse of the local population , but were ignored . In response , however , the Holy Synod created an auxiliary episcopal see in Alaska in 1796 , and elected Fr . Joasaph as bishop . Fr . Joasaph and a small party returned to Russia in 1798 for his consecration , and to offer first @-@ hand accounts of what they had seen . During their return voyage to the colony in May 1799 , their ship sank and all aboard died . In 1800 , Baranov placed the remaining monks under house arrest , and forbade them to have any further contact with the local population .
Despite the lack of leadership , the Orthodox mission in Alaska continued to grow . In 1811 , however , the Holy Synod officially closed the episcopal see . It was not until 1823 that the Holy Synod sent instructions for a new priest to travel to Alaska . John Veniaminov of Irkutsk volunteered for the journey , and left Russia in May 1823 . He and his family arrived at Unalaska Island on July 29 , 1824 . In 1840 , after the death of his wife , Veniaminov accepted monastic tonsure and , taking the name Innocent , ordination as the Bishop of Kamchatka , the Kurile and Aleutian Islands , making him the first ruling bishop of the Alaskan mission since Bishop Joasaph . Bishop Innocent was elevated to archbishop in 1850 . For his missionary and scholarly work that had focused on blending indigenous Alaskan languages and cultures with Orthodox tradition , Innocent became a saint of the Orthodox Church in America in 1977 , and is referred to as the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas .
= = = Growth = = =
In 1868 , the first Orthodox church in the continental United States was established in San Francisco , California . Numerous parishes were established across the country throughout the rest of the 19th century . Although these parishes were typically multi @-@ ethnic , most received support from the missionary diocese . In 1872 the diocesan see was relocated from Alaska to the city of San Francisco , California in the United States . The mission itself was instituted as a separate Diocese of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands on June 10 , 1870 , subsequent to the sale of Alaska to the United States in 1867 . In November 1870 , the first Orthodox church in New York City was consecrated .
Eastern @-@ Rite Catholicism was viewed with suspicion by several Latin @-@ Rite bishops in the United States ; some , such as Archbishop John Ireland of Saint Paul , Minnesota , were actually hostile , especially concerning the matter of married clergy . In 1891 , Alexis Toth brought a group of 361 Eastern Catholics into Orthodoxy . From then until his death in 1909 , Toth brought approximately 20 @,@ 000 Eastern Catholics from 65 independent communities to Orthodoxy . By 1917 , 163 Eastern @-@ Rite Catholic parishes consisting of more than 100 @,@ 000 faithful had been converted . For his efforts , Toth was glorified as a saint by the OCA in 1994 .
In recognition of the expansion of the Church beyond Alaska , Bishop Tikhon ( Belavin ) petitioned the Holy Synod to change the diocese 's title to the Diocese of the Aleutians and North America . This was approved in February 1900 . He consecrated an auxiliary bishop for Alaska in 1903 , and in 1904 he consecrated Raphael Hawaweeny to administer to the Arab parishes . In 1905 , Bishop Tikhon relocated the diocesan administration from San Francisco to New York City .
In a report to the Holy Synod that year , Bishop Tikhon proposed dramatic changes in the operation of the diocese . Recognizing the needs of the growing multi @-@ ethnic Orthodox community , he recommended reforming the missionary diocese into a self @-@ supporting American diocese , composed of numerous ethnic auxiliary dioceses . His plan called for Russian ( New York ) , Arab ( Brooklyn ) , Serbian ( Chicago ) , and Greek dioceses . Additionally , he called for the formation of a governing council , composed of clergy and laity , which would meet to discuss administrative and canonical issues . On March 5 , 1907 , the first All @-@ American Sobor convened in Mayfield , Pennsylvania . Following Archbishop Tikhon 's reassignment to Russia that year , however , few of his reforms were implemented .
During this period , education and charity was a focus of the diocese . In 1905 , Archbishop Tikhon oversaw the creation of an Orthodox seminary in Minneapolis , Minnesota . St. Platon 's Seminary moved from Minneapolis to Tenafly , New Jersey in 1912 and enrolled 78 students from then until 1923 . In 1916 , an unaccredited Russian Women 's College was established in Brooklyn . An immigrant society and orphanage also were established , as well as the first Orthodox monasteries in the United States ( Saint Tikhon 's Monastery for men in 1905 and Holy Virgin Protection for women in 1915 ) .
By 1917 , the American diocese was the largest in the Russian Orthodox Church . It had grown from ten parishes in 1890 to more than 350 . Most of the funding for the diocese was provided by Russian Church , via the Imperial Missionary Society . The connections between the American diocese and the Russian Church would be severely compromised by the events of that year .
= = = Revolution and turmoil = = =
The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent establishment of the Communist Soviet government ushered in a period of repression for the Russian Orthodox Church . Church property was confiscated , and when Patriarch Tikhon resisted , he was imprisoned from April 1922 until June 1923 . On November 20 , 1920 , Patriarch Tikhon formally authorized Russian Orthodox bishops to set up temporarily independent organizations , until such time as normal communications with and governance from the patriarchate could be restored .
Ethnic groups within the American diocese began to re @-@ align themselves with other national churches . In 1918 , a group of Ukrainians in Canada formed the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church in Canada , and in 1922 , the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America was established . In 1926 , the Serbs aligned with the Serbian Orthodox Church .
In Soviet Russia , a splinter group known as the Living Church gained official state recognition in place of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1922 . In the United States , a group of Living Church clergy led by John Kedrovsky attempted to depose ruling American hierarch Bishop Alexander ( Nemolovsky ) . Bishop Alexander , in addition to the political and ethnic struggles of his diocese , had also to deal with mounting Church debt as a result of the loss of funds from the Russian Church . He was forced to mortgage Church property to pay creditors , and was replaced in 1922 by Archbishop Platon ( Rozhdestvensky ) , who had previously served as archbishop of the diocese from 1907 to 1914 .
After Archbishop Platon 's return , he was elected Metropolitan of All America and Canada at the third All @-@ American Sobor in November 1922 . Soon after , Communist authorities in Russia ( in collaboration with the Living Church ) attempted to seize Church assets in the United States . In response , the fourth All @-@ American Sobor convened in April 1924 . During the Sobor , the historic step of declaring the North American diocese to be temporarily self @-@ governing was taken . This was meant to be necessary only until relations with the Russian Church could be normalized , and the justification for the move was the earlier decree by Patriarch Tikhon . The diocese was officially incorporated as the Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church of America .
Despite the conditions set out by Tikhon 's decree for this temporary autonomy not being met , the American diocese of the Russian church declared self @-@ governance in 1924 , against the protests of the patriarchate , with which it had communication and which was capable of governance had its American branch been willing . The refusal of the American branch to submit to the patriarchate thus based itself officially on a document whose conditions it had not met . In reality , however , it was a fear of Communism and a belief that the patriarchate had been compromised which fueled the rebellion , paired with a desire on the part of the Metropolia to dissociate itself from the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia ( ROCOR ) of which it had been part .
Despite the declaration of self @-@ governance , Kedrovsky and the Living Church were awarded the Church 's diocesan cathedral in New York City . To prevent further loss of property , the diocese allowed individual parishes to take ownership of their properties , which made them effectively independent . This , combined with the increasing number of ethnic parishes aligning themselves with other Orthodox jurisdictions ( as well as some non @-@ Orthodox ) , led to a unique situation in Orthodox America whereby multiple jurisdictions overlapped geographically . The remainder of the American Church became known informally as the Metropolia ( or under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan ) . Following Patriarch Tikhon 's death , the Russian Orthodox Church , led by Metropolitan Sergius , began cooperating with the Soviet government . In 1933 , the Russian Church declared the Metropolia to be schismatic .
A third Russian Church , the Synod of Bishops of the Russian Church Abroad ( also known as the Karlovtsy Synod and later , the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia or ROCOR ) , formed in 1921 . The Synod saw itself as representing all Russian Orthodox abroad , including the Metropolia . The Metropolia cooperated with the Synod at first but severed relations with them in 1926 , citing the Synod 's increasing claims of authority in America . The Synod , for its part , suspended Metropolitan Platon and his clergy . In 1935 , an agreement entitled " Temporary Regulations of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad " was signed that normalized relations between the Metropolia and the ROCOR . The 6th All @-@ American Sobor , held in 1937 , affirmed that while the Metropolia remained autonomous , it reported to the ROCOR in matters of faith .
The ROCOR , forced to leave Yugoslavia toward the end of World War II , eventually established its base of operations in New York City . In 1946 , it was decided at the 7th All @-@ American Sobor that the Metropolia would sever its ties with the ROCOR and attempt to return to the Patriarchate of Moscow . This return was proposed with the stipulation that the Metropolia be allowed to retain its autonomy . When this condition was not met , the Metropolia continued as a self @-@ governing Church .
Although there were periodic attempts at reconciliation between the Metropolia and the Russian Church over the next few decades , no serious progress was made . During this time , the ethnic character of the Metropolia began to change . Since many Russian immigrants to America aligned themselves with the vocally anti @-@ Communist ROCOR , the Metropolia experienced its growth increasingly through the addition of English @-@ speaking converts . As a result , the ethnic makeup of the Metropolia began to shift away from a purely Slavic one that had included mainly Russians , Ukrainians , Galicians , and Rusyns .
= = = Move toward unity and independence = = =
Prior to the 13th All @-@ American Sobor in November 1967 , a proposal was prepared to change the name of the Church from the Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church of America to the " Orthodox Church in America " . The Council of Bishops , already aware of the proposal , forbade a vote on the matter . After much debate however , a non @-@ binding straw poll was permitted . The result of the poll was decidedly in favor of the name change . As a result , the decision to deal with the matter at another Sobor ( to be held in two years ) was made .
In the early 1960s , the Metropolia resumed communication with the Patriarch of Moscow . In 1968 , the Metropolia and the Russian Church communicated informally to resolve long @-@ standing differences . Representatives from the Metropolia sought the right of self @-@ governance , as well as the removal of Russian jurisdiction from all matters concerning the American Church . Official negotiations on the matter began in 1969 . On April 10 , 1970 , Patriarch Alexius I and fourteen bishops of the Russian Church 's Holy Synod signed the official Tomos of Autocephaly , which made the newly renamed Orthodox Church in America the fifteenth autocephalous Orthodox Church . The name change , as well as the granting of autocephaly , was officially accepted at the 14th All @-@ American Sobor ( also known as the 1st All @-@ American Council in recognition of the Church 's new @-@ found independence ) in October 1970 . The OCA 's autocephaly is currently recognized only by a minor share of other autocephalous Orthodox Churches . All canonical Orthodox Churches recognize the OCA as canonical and its sacraments as valid , however .
Within the past twenty years , the OCA has established more than 220 new parishes . It was a member of the Standing Conference of Orthodox Bishops in America ( SCOBA ) , together with the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America , the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America ( AOCA ) and the other member jurisdictions . In 2010 , SCOBA was dissolved with the creation of the new Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of North and Central America , which was mandated by Orthodox Patriarchates in 2009 at a meeting in Switzerland . Serious consideration has been given recently to a possible merger between the OCA and the AOCA . Both groups share a significant common history , in that a Syrian priest , Raphael Hawaweeny , was sent by the Moscow Patriarchate in the late 19th century as a missionary to Arabic @-@ speaking Orthodox Christians living in North America . Raphael was ordained a bishop in 1904 , and his flock eventually became the AOCA . Bishop Raphael was canonized in March 2000 by the OCA as St. Raphael of Brooklyn .
= = = Financial scandal = = =
In 2005 , former treasurer , Protodeacon Eric Wheeler publicly accused the OCA administration of financial misconduct . Wheeler alleged that millions of dollars in donations to the church were improperly used for personal expenses or to cover shortfalls in church accounts .
A 32 @-@ page report was released on September 3 , 2008 , that addressed the financial scandal and recommended " discipline " for five individuals including then @-@ primate Metropolitan Herman , his predecessor Metropolitan Theodosius and two former treasurers as well as a former comptroller . The same report recommended then @-@ primate Metropolitan Herman immediately resign or retire from his post or risk bring defrocked .
One day after the report was released , Metropolitan Herman resigned from his position as Metropolitan . That November , the OCA elected a new Primate at its 15th Annual All @-@ American Council . Metropolitan Jonah ( Paffhausen ) was chosen because he had recently been appointed as a bishop ( only 11 days prior ) and was viewed to not be involved with the previous financial scandal . Metropolitan Jonah immediately took a strong stance against the previous scandal and became a very public metropolitan , seeking to repair damage done by the previous scandal and bring the OCA into the public realm . Metropolitan Jonah also sought to improve relations with non @-@ Orthodox groups and especially sought to repair the relations between the OCA and traditional Anglican groups . He was invited twice to speak at the conference of the Anglican Church of North America , in 2009 and 2012 .
Less than four years after his election , Metropolitan Jonah was asked by the Holy Synod , in a unanimous decision , to resign from his position . While wary of initially releasing information about the resignation , the Holy Synod felt prompted to release a public statement about his release due to rumors that had spread about their intentions . The statement they released on the official website of the OCA detailed several administrative decisions Metropolitan Jonah had made that the Holy Synod felt put the church and its members at risk . In the statement , the Holy Synod clarified the reason they withheld information initially was to protect the reputation and integrity of Metropolitan Jonah as well as protect anyone involved in the specific decisions made by him .
On November 13 , 2012 , an extraordinary All @-@ American Council elected Archbishop Tikhon Mollard of Philadelphia and Eastern Pennsylvania as the Metropolitan of All @-@ America and Canada . He was installed on January 27 , 2013 . Metropolitan Tikhon is a convert to the Orthodox faith and a long @-@ time monk of St. Tikhon 's Monastery in South Canaan , Pennsylvania .
= = = Recognition of autocephaly = = =
Currently , the Russian , Bulgarian , Georgian , Polish , Serbian , and Czech and Slovak churches recognize the autocephaly of the OCA , though the Bulgarian , Russian , and Serbian patriarchates continue to maintain parishes inside the OCA 's claimed jurisdiction . Among the churches that do not recognize it is the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , which argues that the Russian Church did not have the authority to grant autocephaly , partly because the Russian Church at the time was considered to be heavily influenced by the Soviet government . The Ecumenical Patriarch also cites Canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon , which asserted the jurisdiction of the bishop of Constantinople in dioceses located " among the barbarians " ( i.e. outside the Roman Empire ) , is cited as the source of the Ecumenical Patriarchate 's authority in the matter .
Apologists for the OCA 's autocephaly claim that the decree did not need the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarchate , as it was an internal matter for the Russian Orthodox Church to decide . Many autocephalous churches , the Russian Church included , were not recognized as such for many years , albeit their autocephaly was granted by the Ecumenical Patriarchate .
= = Membership = =
The exact number of OCA parishioners is debated . According to the 2006 edition of the Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches , the OCA has 1 @,@ 064 @,@ 000 members , an increase of 6 @.@ 4 percent from 2005 . This figure places the OCA as the 24th largest Christian denomination in the United States , and the second largest Eastern Orthodox church in the country , after the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America .
In 2000 , a study by Alexei D. Krindatch , of the Patriarch Athenagoras Orthodox Institute , presented a substantially lower figure — 115 @,@ 100 adherents ( baptized Orthodox who attend services on at least an occasional basis and their children ) and 39 @,@ 400 full members ( persons older than 18 , paying annual Church membership fees ) . The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese , by comparison , was listed as having 440 @,@ 000 adherents . In response to the study , an OCA representative stated the Church had " around 750 @,@ 000 adults and children . "
In 2004 , Jonathan Ivanoff stated in a presentation at the OCA 's Evangelization Conference that the Church 's census population in 2004 was 27 @,@ 169 , and that membership from 1990 – 2000 declined 13 percent . It further stated that the OCA population in the continental United States declined between six and nine percent per year .
In 2011 , The Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches , published by Holy Cross Orthodox Press and based on research by Alexei Krindatch , was released . It has extensive data on various Orthodox Churches in the United States , including both Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox groups ( as well as groups considered uncanonical by those two groups ) . The publication is endorsed by the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops and is being used by various Assembly committees as part of their research and planning . The Atlas lists the United States membership of the OCA as 84 @,@ 900 , 33 @,@ 800 of which it says are regular church attendees . It lists the OCA as having 551 parishes and 19 monasteries in the United States . It also indicates the states with the heaviest concentration of OCA parishes are , in order : Alaska ( with 86 ) , Pennsylvania ( with 83 ) , California ( with 43 ) and New York ( with 41 ) .
= = Structure = =
= = = Episcopacy = = =
The supreme canonical authority of the OCA is the Holy Synod of Bishops , composed of all the church 's diocesan bishops . The ex officio chairman of the Holy Synod is the metropolitan . The Holy Synod meets twice annually , however special sessions can be called either by the metropolitan or at the request of at least three diocesan bishops .
= = = Metropolitan = = =
The primate of the OCA is the metropolitan . He also serves as the bishop of one of the Church 's dioceses . With the other bishops of the Church , the metropolitan is considered the first among equals . His official title is " Metropolitan of All @-@ America and Canada . " His role is to manage the welfare of the Church , and to act as its representative with other Orthodox Churches , religious organizations , and secular authorities . The metropolitan is elected , when necessary , by the Holy Synod at an All @-@ American Council ( a general council of OCA clergy and laity ) . There are no age or term limits for the metropolitan , and he may retire at any time , but usually does so only for health @-@ related reasons .
= = = Dioceses = = =
The diocese is the basic church body that comprises all the parishes of a determined geographical area . It is governed by the Diocesan Bishop , with the assistance of a Diocesan Assembly and a Diocesan Council . The OCA is currently composed of twelve geographic and three ethnic dioceses . The boundaries of the ethnic dioceses overlap those of certain geographic ones . These dioceses are the result of smaller ethnic jurisdictions joining the OCA at some point in its history , usually after having broken from other bodies . Dioceses are established by the Holy Synod whenever needed , and the Synod may also modify the boundaries of an existing diocese .
= = = All @-@ American Council = = =
According to the Statute of the Orthodox Church in America , the All @-@ American Council is the " highest legislative and administrative authority within the Church . " The Council is composed roughly of the Metropolitan , all bishops , priests , and selected lay delegates . The purpose of the All @-@ American Council is to discuss and vote on Church matters . When necessary , the Council has also elected new metropolitans .
The period between All @-@ American Councils is set at three years , although this is not always the case . The first thirteen Councils ( held from 1907 – 1970 ) are referred to as All @-@ American Sobors , reflecting the American Church 's jurisdictional ties to the Russian Orthodox Church . The fourteenth Sobor ( held in 1970 ) is jointly known as the 1st All @-@ American Council , reflecting the autocephalous status of the OCA . The most recent All @-@ American Council ( 16th ) was held in November 2012 , at which time Metropolitan Tikhon ( Mollard ) was elected .
= = = Metropolitan Council = = =
The Metropolitan Council is the permanent executive body of the Church 's administration . It is tasked with implementing the decisions of the All @-@ American Council , as well as handling the Church 's budgetary concerns . The Council is headed by a chairman ( the current Metropolitan ) , and is composed of the OCA 's chancellor , secretary , treasurer , and selected clergy and lay delegates . It usually meets twice per year , but in December 2006 a rare joint meeting between the Metropolitan Council and the Holy Synod of Bishops was held .
= Alexandre Burrows =
Alexandre " Alex " Ménard @-@ Burrows ( born April 11 , 1981 ) is a French @-@ Canadian professional ice hockey right winger and an alternate captain for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He is known for playing in the style of an agitator and for his ascension to the NHL from being an undrafted player in the ECHL . After a two @-@ year career in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) , he played in the minor leagues for three seasons . He was signed by the Canucks in 2005 from their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Manitoba Moose . Burrows established himself as a checking forward with the Canucks in his first three NHL seasons before emerging as a scorer with four consecutive 25 + goal seasons from 2008 – 09 to 2011 – 12 .
Before making it to the NHL , Burrows also enjoyed a prolific ball hockey career , competing in national and international tournaments in the summers . In 2005 , he was named the International Ball Hockey Player of the Year . He has also been inducted into the Canadian and International Ball Hockey Hall of Fame .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Junior and minor leagues = = =
Burrows played two seasons in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) with the Shawinigan Cataractes , beginning in 2000 – 01 . He recorded 16 goals and 30 points over 63 regular season games , then added three points over 10 post @-@ season games . The following season , he improved to 35 goals and 70 points over 64 games , third in team @-@ scoring , behind Jonathan Bellemare and Jason Pominville . He went on to lead his team in post @-@ season scoring with nine goals and 21 points in 12 games as the Cataractes advanced to the Conference Finals , where they were eliminated in seven games by the Victoriaville Tigres .
Undrafted by a National Hockey League ( NHL ) club , Burrows went professional in 2002 – 03 with the Greenville Grrrowl of the ECHL , a third @-@ tier minor league . Late in his professional rookie season , he transferred to the Baton Rouge Kingfish and finished with a combined 32 points in 66 games between the two teams . The following season , in 2003 – 04 , he returned to the South Division , as he was signed by the Columbia Inferno . Early in the season , he was signed by Columbia 's American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Manitoba Moose , on October 21 , 2003 , having been scouted by Moose general manager Craig Heisinger . He appeared in two AHL games for Manitoba before being sent back down to the ECHL . Shortly after his return , he was suspended for three games and fined an undisclosed amount by the league for abusing officials during a game on October 24 against the Greensboro Generals . Later on in the season , he was named to the 2004 ECHL All @-@ Star Game for the Eastern Conference and recorded one assist . He went on to finish the season with 29 goals and 73 points , second in points among Columbia players to league @-@ scoring champion Tim Smith .
In the subsequent off @-@ season , Burrows was re @-@ signed by the Moose on August 3 , 2004 . He was initially sent back down to the ECHL after a training camp both he and head coach Randy Carlyle described as disappointing . Following an injury to Wade Brookbank , he was recalled on October 29 , 2004 . He scored his first AHL goal with the Moose five days later , a game @-@ winning goal against goaltender David LeNeveu of the Utah Grizzlies in a 2 – 1 win . He finished the 2004 – 05 season with Manitoba and posted 26 points over 72 games in a fourth @-@ line role .
= = = Vancouver Canucks = = =
Having worked his way up from the ECHL , Burrows ' energetic play in the minors earned him a two @-@ way contract with the Moose 's NHL affiliate , the Vancouver Canucks , on November 8 , 2005 . He had appeared earlier in the Canucks ' training camp for the 2005 – 06 season , but was sent back to the Moose . After recording 30 points in 33 games with the Moose , he was recalled by the Canucks on January 2 , 2006 . Eight days later , Burrows scored his first career NHL goal against Ed Belfour of the Toronto Maple Leafs . He also added an assist as the Canucks won the game 4 – 3 . Establishing himself on the Canucks roster , he added his first NHL career hat trick on March 27 , 2006 , in a 7 – 4 win against the Los Angeles Kings . He finished with seven goals and 12 points over 43 games in his NHL rookie campaign . Burrows ' ascension to the NHL has been attributed to his hard @-@ working and abrasive style of play , generating momentum for his team and aggravating opposing players .
Burrows completed his first full campaign with the Canucks the following season in 2006 – 07 . He contributed primarily on the team 's penalty kill , which ranked first in the league . Burrows ' average shorthanded ice time per game was second among team forwards , behind Ryan Kesler . He struggled to produce offensively , however , and recorded a career @-@ low three goals and nine points in 81 games .
In 2007 – 08 , Burrows formed an effective duo with center Ryan Kesler on the third line as defensive forwards , countering opposing teams ' top players while contributing offensively , as well . During the season , he was fined an undisclosed amount by the league after spearing Detroit Red Wings forward Aaron Downey at centre ice during the two teams ' pre @-@ game skate on February 23 , 2008 . He finished the campaign with 12 goals , 31 points and a team @-@ high plus @-@ minus of + 11 . He was voted by Canucks ' fans to receive the team 's Most Exciting Player Award and the Fred J. Hume Award , given to the team 's " unsung hero " as voted by the Canucks Booster Club .
After remaining on the third line with Kesler at the start of the following season , head coach Alain Vigneault separated the two after the All @-@ Star break , placing Burrows on the first line with Daniel and Henrik Sedin , beginning on February 12 , 2009 , during a game against the Phoenix Coyotes . Burrows ' crash @-@ the @-@ net style – skating hard to the opposing team 's goalmouth for rebounds or tip @-@ ins – combined well with the Sedins ' cycling plays . Vigneault 's line adjustments were precipitated by a losing streak in January , which Burrows was instrumental in breaking . The Canucks ' home winless streak had extended to eight games , a franchise record , when Burrows broke a 3 – 3 tie with a shorthanded breakaway goal with 82 seconds remaining in a game against the Carolina Hurricanes . This sparked a resurgence in the Canucks , spearheaded by Burrows , who then immediately followed their record setting home losing streak with a record setting home winning streak , winning their next 10 games at home . Shortly thereafter , the Canucks extended his contract with a four @-@ year , $ 8 million deal on February 4 , 2009 , quadrupling his $ 525 @,@ 000 salary . Following a game against the Edmonton Oilers on April 4 , Burrows received a $ 2 @,@ 500 fine from the league for punching Oilers enforcer Zach Stortini from the bench .
Late in the campaign , he was selected by the Professional Hockey Writers ' Association as the Canucks ' nominee for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy , awarded for perseverance , dedication and sportsmanship . Burrows was not shortlisted for the award , however . Prior to the last game of the season , he received his second consecutive Most Exciting Player Award .
Playing in a more offensive role on the first line for the latter part of the season , Burrows finished the 2008 – 09 campaign with 51 points . His 28 goals broke Andrew Brunette 's mark for the most in a single season by an ECHL alumnus ( 27 in 2006 – 07 ) . In the subsequent first round of the 2009 playoffs , Burrows scored the series @-@ winning goal in overtime to sweep the St. Louis Blues . It was his second goal of the game . The Canucks advanced to meet the Chicago Blackhawks in the second round , who defeated them in six games . Burrows ' level of play was noticeably diminished in the Chicago series and it was revealed afterwards that he required surgery to remove bone chips in his left wrist . He finished the playoffs with three goals and an assist over 10 games .
The following season , Burrows recorded back @-@ to @-@ back hat tricks against the Columbus Blue Jackets and Phoenix Coyotes on January 5 and 7 , 2010 , respectively . It marked the first time an NHL player notched consecutive three @-@ goal games since Ilya Kovalchuk in November 2007 and the first time a Canucks player did so since Petri Skriko in 1986 . With six goals and an assist over two games , Burrows was named the NHL First Star of the Week on January 11 , 2010 .
= = = = NHL officials controversy = = = =
The night of his first star of the week selection , Burrows and the Canucks played a controversial game against the Nashville Predators . With the game tied 2 – 2 in the third period , Burrows was penalized twice by referee Stéphane Auger – once for diving and the other for interference . The latter call was deemed questionable by media sources , including TSN and the National Post . The interference penalty along with an additional penalty committed by Henrik Sedin resulted in Nashville 's game @-@ winning , 5 @-@ on @-@ 3 powerplay goal late in the game . With three seconds to go in regulation , Burrows skated by Auger and protested the interference penalty , resulting in an unsportsmanlike minor and a ten @-@ minute misconduct .
Following the game , Burrows accused Auger of having a personal vendetta against him for a play against the Predators the previous month that had made him look bad . After Burrows had been hit into the boards by Nashville forward Jerred Smithson during a game on December 8 , 2009 , Auger assessed Smithson with a five @-@ minute major and a game misconduct . However , the league later rescinded because it was believed Burrows had embellished injury . Burrows claimed that Auger told him before the January 11 game : " you made me look bad [ for calling the Smithson penalty ] so I 'm going to get you back tonight . " He went on to tell reporters that Auger " should stay out for the rest of the year making calls like that ... We just blew two points because of his officiating tonight . "
The following day , the NHL fined Burrows US $ 2 @,@ 500 for publicly criticizing Auger and deemed that his claims " cannot be substantiated . " Later that week , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) ' s Hockey Night in Canada telecast aired an 11 @-@ minute segment hosted by Ron MacLean and NHL vice @-@ president Colin Campbell reviewing Burrows ' past transgressions , spanning two years . The segment was widely criticized for being biased against Burrows and failing to illustrate both sides of the argument . Burrows ' parents subsequently issued a formal letter of complaint to the CBC , accusing MacLean of " verbal assassination " and for displaying " no journalistic balance . "
The following Saturday after the segment aired , the Canucks refused any interviews with the CBC before , during or after their game against the Chicago Blackhawks , which was broadcast on Hockey Night in Canada . The boycott was ordered by Canucks general manager Mike Gillis after MacLean refused to apologize . CBC and Canucks representatives later agreed in a conference call to " move on " and team players were allowed to resume interviews . MacLean later issued an unofficial apology aimed to clarify the situation .
= = = Vancouver Canucks ( cont 'd ) = = =
Later in the 2009 – 10 season , Burrows left during a game against the Los Angeles Kings after being hit in the throat by a Jarret Stoll slapshot . He was not injured , however , and did not miss any games thereafter . Playing a full season on the Canucks ' top line with the Sedins , he recorded a career @-@ high 35 goals , 32 assists , 67 points and a + 34 rating . His goals total ranked first on the Canucks . Fans voted him as recipient of the team 's Most Exciting Player Award for the third consecutive season .
The Canucks first line struggled to score in the playoffs , however . In 12 games , Burrows scored three goals , two of which were into empty nets , and notched three assists . The Canucks advanced to the second round past the Los Angeles Kings , where they were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks for the second consecutive year . It was revealed in the off @-@ season that Burrows was suffering from a shoulder injury , which he later received surgery for .
While Burrows ' offensive numbers increased from playing on the top line , the Sedins ' mutually benefitted from playing with him . Daniel and Henrik had not had a constant linemate on the first line since Anson Carter played with them in 2005 – 06 . Since then , Vigneault had used a variety of wingers , including Markus Naslund , Taylor Pyatt and Steve Bernier , to fill out the unit . In those years , Daniel and Henrik were point @-@ a @-@ game players ; with Burrows on their line , they vaulted into top scorers in the league , as Henrik won the Art Ross Trophy as the league 's leading point @-@ getter ( Daniel scored at a similar pace , but played less due to an injury ) .
Due to rehabilitation from the shoulder surgery , Burrows missed the first ten games of the 2010 – 11 season . Continuing to play with the Sedins upon his return , he recorded 48 points ( 26 goals and 22 assists ) in 72 games , sixth in team @-@ scoring . Winning the Presidents ' Trophy , the Canucks entered the 2011 playoffs as the first seed in the West and matched up against the Blackhawks for the third consecutive year . With a 3 – 0 lead in the series , the Canucks lost their next three games , resulting in a game seven . In the deciding game , Burrows scored two goals in a 2 – 1 overtime win , helping Vancouver eliminate Chicago . After defeating the Nashville Predators and San Jose Sharks in rounds two and three , the Canucks reached the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in 17 years . Playing the Boston Bruins , Burrows received much attention of the series for allegedly biting opposing forward Patrice Bergeron during a scrum at the end of the first period in Game 1 of the series . While the two players were being held apart by a linesman , Burrows appears to be shown biting down on Bergeron 's finger , while both players were pushing and shoving at one another . The incident was reviewed by the league , but was ruled unsuspendable with " no conclusive evidence that [ he ] intentionally bit [ Bergeron 's ] finger . " The following game , Burrows scored his second overtime @-@ winner of the playoffs , part of a three @-@ point effort ( two goals and an assist ) . Occurring 11 seconds into the extra period , it was the second @-@ fastest goal scored from the start of an overtime game in Stanley Cup Finals history ( Montreal Canadiens forward Brian Skrudland scored nine seconds into overtime in Game 2 of the 1986 Stanley Cup Finals against the Calgary Flames ) . With two overtime goals in one playoff season , Burrows tied the NHL record , which was held by 28 other players . After leading two @-@ games @-@ to @-@ none in the series , Vancouver went on to lose the Stanley Cup to Boston in seven contests . Burrows finished the post @-@ season with 9 goals and 17 points over 25 games .
In 2011 – 12 , Burrows recorded 28 goals and 52 points in 80 contests , helping Vancouver to a second consecutive Presidents ' Trophy . Facing the eighth @-@ seeded Los Angeles Kings in the first round , they were eliminated in five games . Burrows had one goal during the series . The Los Angeles Kings went on to become the 2012 Stanley Cup Champions .
= = International play = =
Following his seventh NHL season , Burrows received his first invite to the Canadian national team for the 2012 IIHF World Championship , held in Finland and Sweden . Burrows ' Vancouver Canucks had been eliminated in the first round of the 2012 playoffs , making him available for selection . At 31 years old , he was the oldest player on the Canadian roster . Making his Team Canada debut against Slovakia in the first game of the tournament , he fell to the ice and hit his head after colliding with two opposing players . After leaving the ice , he was kept out of the contest with concerns that he had sustained a concussion . The following day , Burrows ' agent , Paul Corbeil , told reporters that while he was symptom free , a return to the lineup would not be possible for four @-@ to @-@ five days , as per team protocol in scenarios in which a concussion is suspected . Returning to the lineup a week after the hit , he scored his first career international goal against Finnish goaltender Kari Lehtonen in a 5 – 3 win . The following contest , he scored a shorthanded goal in an 8 – 0 win against Kazakhstan to earn player of the game honours for Canada .
= = Ball hockey career = =
Burrows began playing organized ball hockey at the age of 19 . In 2001 , he won his first national championship with the Montreal Red Lites in Burnaby , British Columbia . Burrows went on to win the national championship in every year he played with the Red Lites . He was the tournament scoring leader in 2002 and 2003 and earned All @-@ Star Team honours from 2002 to 2004 . In 2005 , Burrows scored two goals in a 5 – 2 win against the Toronto Midnight Express in the national final to capture his fifth consecutive Canadian title with the Red Lites . Burrows was named the Tournament MVP by the Canadian Ball Hockey Association ( CBHA ) . He returned the following year to lead the Red Lites to a sixth consecutive title in 2006 .
Burrows made his first appearance on the international stage in ball hockey when he was named to Canada 's national ball hockey team for the 2003 World Championships in Sierre , Switzerland . He helped Canada beat the Czech Republic 6 – 1 in the final . Tying for the lead in tournament scoring with five goals and 10 points , Burrows was named the Most Valuable Forward . Two years later , in 2005 , he won his second World Championship in as many appearances with Canada in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He capped the season off by being named the 2005 International Player of the Year by the International Street and Ball Hockey Federation ( ISBHF ) . The following year , he was voted in a Canadian poll as the country 's greatest ball hockey player ever .
Burrows has credited ball hockey for his fitness and discipline which has carried over to the NHL . Following his first full season with the Canucks in 2006 – 07 , Burrows retired from his ball hockey career . In 2010 , he was inducted into the CBHA Hall of Fame , along with national teammate and goaltender Michel Perodeau . He is also a member of the ISBHF Hall of Fame .
= = Personal life = =
Burrows was born in Pincourt , Québec , to parents Rodney and Carole . His father emigrated from London , England , at 23 , while his mother , a Québec native , is an elementary school principal . Burrows has two sisters as well – one older and one younger . He grew up speaking mostly French and attended French schools . His English has a noticeable French accent .
In July 2010 , Burrows married his longtime girlfriend , Nancy Roy . On April 27 , 2011 , Nancy gave birth to the couple 's first child , a girl named Victoria . Alex became a second time father on March 4 , 2013 to a daughter named Lexie . They live in Montreal during the offseason .
Burrows was the closest friend on the Canucks to former teammate Luc Bourdon , who died in a motorcycle accident in May 2009 . In the hockey season following his death , Burrows occasionally celebrated goals with a bow @-@ and @-@ arrow mime , a gesture that Bourdon himself did after scoring during his junior career . He and his wife ( girlfriend at the time ) remained close to Bourdon 's girlfriend , Charlene Ward .
In the 2009 off @-@ season , Burrows was involved in an assault incident while playing in a summer ice hockey league . Police were called to an arena in Kirkland , Québec , on July 21 after Burrows allegedly struck a goaltender , 19 @-@ year @-@ old Koray Celik , in the face . No arrests , however , were made at the scene .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Awards = =
= = = ECHL = = =
= = = Vancouver Canucks = = =
= = = NHL = = =
= = = Ball hockey = = =
= Ahimsa in Jainism =
Ahimsā ( Ahiṃsā ) in Jainism is a fundamental principle forming the cornerstone of its ethics and doctrine . The term ahimsa means nonviolence , non @-@ injury or absence of desire to harm any life forms . Vegetarianism and other nonviolent practices and rituals of Jains flow from the principle of ahimsa . The Jain concept of ahimsa is very different from the concept of nonviolence found in other philosophies . Violence is usually associated with causing harm to others . But according to the Jain philosophy , violence refers primarily to injuring one 's own self – behaviour which inhibits the soul 's own ability to attain moksha ( liberation from the cycle of births and deaths ) . At the same time it also means violence to others because it is this tendency to harm others that ultimately harms one 's own soul . Furthermore , the Jains extend the concept of ahimsa not only to humans but to all animals , plants , micro @-@ organisms and all beings having life or life potential . All life is sacred and everyone has a right to live fearlessly to its maximum potential . The living beings do not have any fear from those who have taken the vow of ahimsa . According to Jainism , protection of life , also known as abhayadānam , is the supreme charity that a person can make .
Ahimsa does not merely indicate absence of physical violence , but also indicates absence of desire to indulge in any sort of violence . Jains have strongly advocated vegetarianism and nonviolence throughout the ages . Ahimsa being central to the Jain philosophy , Jain Ācāryas have produced , through ages , quite elaborate and detailed doctrinal materials concerning its various aspects . According to Aidan Rankin , the concept of ahimsa is very much intertwined with Jainism .
= = Overview = =
Jain texts expound that there are ten vitalities or life @-@ principles , these are : the five senses , energy , respiration , life @-@ duration , the organ of speech , and the mind . Living beings are classified on the basis of their sensory organs ( indriya ) and vitalities ( praṇa ) they possess . According to Jain texts :
The one @-@ sensed lives possess four vitalities – sense organ of touch , strength of body or energy , respiration , and life @-@ duration .
The two @-@ sensed beings have six , namely the sense of taste and the organ of speech in addition to the former four .
The three @-@ sensed beings have seven with the addition of the sense of smell .
The four @-@ sensed beings have eight with the addition of the sense of sight .
The five- sensed beings without mind have nine life @-@ principles with the addition of the sense of hearing . Those endowed with mind are said to have ten vitalities with the addition of the mind .
According to Tattvarthasutra , a major Jain text , " the severance of vitalities out of passion is injury " . Therefore , the higher the number of senses and vitalities a being has , the more is its capacity to suffer and feel pain . Hence according to Jainism , violence to higher @-@ sensed beings like man , cow , tiger and those who have five senses and the capacity to think and feel pain attracts more karma than violence to lesser @-@ sensed beings like insects , or single @-@ sensed beings like microbes and plants . Out of the five types of living beings , a householder is forbidden to kill , or destroy , intentionally , all except the lowest ( the one sensed , such as vegetables , herbs , cereals , etc . , which are endowed with only the sense of touch ) . But , the ascetic is required to avoid even injuring the one @-@ sensed form of life to the best of his ability .
Hence Jainism enjoins its adherents to completely avoid violence to higher @-@ sensed beings and as far as possible minimise violence to lower @-@ sensed and single @-@ sensed beings .
= = Vow of Ahiṃsā = =
In Jainism , both ascetics and householders ( śrāvaka ) have to follow five major vows ( vratas ) . Ascetics observe these fives vows more strictly and therefore observe complete abstinence .
1 . Ahimsa is formalised into Jain doctrine as the first and foremost vow . The votary must not to hurt any living being by actions , words or thoughts . Jain text , Puruşārthasiddhyupāya deals with the conduct required of the householder ( śrāvaka ) and therefore discusses the fundamental vow of Ahimsa in detail . The text expounds that " all these subdivisions ( injury , falsehood , stealing , unchastity , and attachment ) are hiṃsā as indulgence in these sullies the pure nature of the soul . Falsehood etc. have been mentioned separately only to make the disciple understand through illustrations . "
2 . Satya ( Truth ) - The underlying cause of falsehood is passion and therefore , it is said to cause hiṃsā ( injury ) . According to Jain text Sarvārthasiddhi , translates S.A. Jain , " that which causes pain and suffering to the living is not commendable , whether it refers to actual facts or not is immaterial " .
3 . Asteya ( Non @-@ thieving ) - According to Puruşārthasiddhyupāya :
Driven by passions , taking anything that has not been given be termed as theft and since theft causes injury , it is hiṃsā
4 . Brahmacharya- It means chastity for householders and celibacy in action , words & thoughts for ascetics .
Unchastity ( abrahma ) is copulation arising from sexual desire . There is all @-@ round injury to the living in copulation and , therefore , it is hiṃsā .
Just as a hot rod of iron inserted into a tube filled with sesame seeds burns them up , in the same way , many beings get killed during sexual intercourse
5 . Aparigraha ( Non @-@ possession ) - According to Jain texts , attachment to possessions ( parigraha ) is of two kinds : attachment to internal possessions ( ābhyantara parigraha ) , and attachment to external possessions ( bāhya parigraha ) . The fourteen internal possessions are : Wrong belief , the three sex @-@ passions ( male sex @-@ passion , female sex @-@ passion , and neuter sex @-@ passion ) , also the six defects ( laughter , liking , disliking , sorrow , fear , and disgust ) , and four passions ( anger , pride , deceitfulness , and greed ) . According to Jain texts , " internal possessions are proved to be hiṃsā as these are just another name for himsā " . External possessions are divided into two subclasses , the non @-@ living , and the living . " External possessions , due to the passion of attachment in them , result into himsā . "
= = = Ascetic practices for adherence to Ahimsa = = =
These five vows are called Mahāvratas ( major vows ) when observed by an ascetic . Ahimsa is the first and foremost of all vows . Jain monks and nuns must rank among the most " nonviolent " people in the world . A Jain ascetic is expected to uphold the vow of Ahimsa to the highest standard , even at the cost of his own life . The other four major vows – truthfulness , non @-@ stealing , non @-@ possession and celibacy – are in fact extension of the first vow of complete nonviolence .
The ascetic practices of total renunciation of worldly affairs and possessions , refusal to stay in a single place for a long time , continuous practice of austerities like fasting etc. are geared towards observance of Ahimsa . The Jain mendicants abide by a rigorous set of rules of conduct , where they must eat , sleep and even walk with full diligence and with an awareness that even walking kills several hundreds of minute beings . Jain ascetics sweep the ground before them to avoid injuring the most minuscule forms of life . They generally brush the ground clear of insects before they tread . Digambara monks do not wear any clothes and eat food only when it is not prepared for themselves . Ascetics of the Śvētāmbara tradition wear a small mask to avoid taking in tiny insects . The observation of three guptis or the controls of mind , speech and body and five samiti are designed to help the monks in observing the vow of Ahimsa faultlessly . A monk is required to cultivate the habit of carefulness ( samti ) , in respect of the following five particulars : -
walking , so as not to injure any living being ;
speech , so as not to cause pain to any one by offensive , disagreeable language , or by a careless use of words having a tendency to incite others to violent deeds ;
eating , so as not to cause injury to any living being ;
handling things — the water gourd , books and the feather whisk , with which there is a great danger of injury to small insects ; and
evacuation and disposal of faeces , urine , and the like .
Entire day of a Jain monk is spent in ensuring that he observes his vow of ahimsa through mind , body and speech faultlessly . This seemingly extreme behaviour of the monks comes from a sense that every action , no matter however subtle , has a karmic effect which can bind soul and inhibit liberation , especially those that result in hiṃsā ( injury ) .
= = = Householders adherence to the vow = = =
A Jain layman , on account of his household and occupational compulsions , is unable to adhere to the five major vows of ascetic . Hence he observes aṇuvrata or minor vows which although are similar to the major vows of the ascetics are observed with a lesser severity . It is difficult to avoid some violence by a lay person to single @-@ sensed immobile beings in the process of occupation , cooking , self @-@ defense etc . That is why he vows not to kill without a necessary purpose and determined intention , a moving sentient being , when it is innocent . Tying up , injuring , mutilating , burdening with heavy load and depriving from food and drinks any animal or human being with a mind polluted by anger and other passions are the five aticāra or transgressions of the vow of ahimsa . However , it is to be understood that ultimately , there is limited spiritual progress and no emancipation unless the major vows are adhered to .
Jainism is perhaps the only religion in the world that requires all its adherents to follow a strict vegetarian diet . Vegetarian food that also involves more harm to the living beings such as roots , bulbs , multi seeded vegetables etc. are avoided by strict Jains . The importance of ahimsa manifests in many other ways in the daily life of Jains . For a layperson it means participating in business that results in least amount of violence to living beings . No furs , plumes or silk are worn . Use of leather is kept to a minimum and must in any event be from naturally dead animals . Food is usually eaten during the day unless unavoidable , since there is too much danger of injuring insects in cooking at night . The Jain will not use an open light nor leave a container of liquid uncovered lest a stray insect be destroyed ; even with this precaution , liquids are always strained before use . Through the ages Jains have sought to avoid occupations that unavoidably entail injury , and this accounts for the disproportionate number who have entered banking , commerce and other mercantile trades .
= = = Transgressions = = =
Jain text list down five transgressions of the vow of ahimsa :
Tying up animals too tightly ,
Beating them mercilessly ,
Cutting their limbs ,
Overloading them ,
Neglecting to feed them properly .
A king who fights in defending his empire , however , does not violate the vow of ahimsa , for his motive is to protect his subjects . The same is the case with the judge who punishes to maintain law and order .
= = Philosophical overview = =
= = = Important constituents = = =
While Jainism enjoins observance of total nonviolence by the ascetics , it is often argued that the man is constantly obliged to engage in destructive activities of eating , drinking , breathing and surviving in order to support his body . According to Jainism , life is omnipresent with infinite beings including microorganisms pervading each and every part of universe . Hence it may still be possible to avoid killing of gross animals , but it is impossible to avoid killing of subtle microorganisms in air and water , plant life and various types of insects that may be crushed by walking .
However , the Jain conception of ahimsa is quite different from what is commonly understood by violence . The violence is defined more by the motives and the consequences to the self rather than by the act itself . Furthermore , according to Jain Scriptures , destruction of less developed organism brings about lesser karmas than destruction of developed animals and karmas generated in observance of religious duties faultlessly disappears almost immediately . Hence , it is possible to observe complete nonviolence with right knowledge , even when some outward violence occurs to living beings in the course of performing religious duties by observing carefulness and pure mental disposition without any attachment .
= = = = Carefulness = = = =
According to Jainism , a monk who is careless in his activities is guilty of violence irrespective of whether a living being remains alive or dies ; on the other hand , the person who is ever vigilant and careful in observing the samitis experiences no karmic bondage simply because some violence may have taken place in connection with his activities . Carefulness came to be seen as a defence for the monks against violence in Jainism . Tattvārthasūtra defines hiṃsā or violence simply as removal of life by careless activity of mind , body and speech . Thus action in Jainism came to be regarded as truly violent only when accompanied by carelessness .
= = = = Mental states and intention = = = =
Ahimsa does not merely indicate absence of physical violence , but also indicates absence of desire to indulge in any sort of violence . This Jain ideal of ahimsa profoundly influenced Mahatma Gandhi ; through his friendship with the Jain scholar Shrimad Rajchandra , it formed a basis of his satyagraha ( truth struggle ) against colonial rule and caused him to rethink many aspects of contemporary Hindu practices . Jains have strongly advocated vegetarianism and nonviolence throughout the ages . Ahimsa being central to the Jain philosophy , Jain Ācāryas have produced , through ages , quite elaborate and detailed doctrinal materials concerning its various aspects . Paul Dundas quotes Ācārya Jinabhadra ( 7th century ) , who shows that the omnipresence of life @-@ forms in the universe need not totally inhibit normal behaviour of the ascetics :
It is the intention that ultimately matters . From the real point of view , a man does not become a killer only because he has killed or because the world is crowded with souls , or remain innocent only because he has not killed physically . Even if a person does not actually kill , he becomes a killer if he has the intention to kill ; while a doctor has to cause pain but is still non @-@ violent and innocent because his intention is pure , for it is the intention which is the deciding factor , not the external act which is inconclusive .
Thus pure intention along with carefulness was considered necessary to practice Ahimsa as Jains admitted that even if intention may be pure , careless activities often resulted in violence unknowingly .
= = = = Knowledge = = = =
The Jains also considered right knowledge as a prerequisite for practising Ahimsa . It is necessary to know what is living and what is non @-@ living to practice Ahimsa faultlessly . A person who is confused between Living and non @-@ living can never observe non @-@ violence . Daśavaikālika Sūtra declared :
First knowledge , then compassion . Thus does one remain in full control . How can an ignorant person be compassionate , when he cannot distinguish between the good and the evil ?
It further declares :
Knowledge of living and non @-@ living alone will enable one to become compassionate towards all living creatures . Knowing this all aspirants , proceed from knowledge to eternal virtues . What can an ignorant do ? How does he know what is noble and what is evil ?
The knowledge is also considered necessary to destroy Karmas . Samaṇ Suttaṁ declared :
The ignorant cannot destroy their Karmas by their actions while the wise can do it by their inaction i.e. by controlling their activities because they are free from greed and lustful passions and do not commit any sin as they remain contented
= = = Anekantavada = = =
Anekantavada is the principle of relativity of truth or the doctrine of multiple aspects . Jains hold that truth is multifaceted and has multiple sides that cannot be completely comprehended by anyone . Anekantavada describes the world as a multifaceted , ever @-@ changing reality with an infinity of viewpoints relative to the time , place , nature and state of one who is the viewer and that which is viewed . What is true from one point of view is open to question from another . Absolute truth cannot be grasped from any particular viewpoint alone , because absolute truth is the sum total of all different viewpoints that make up the universe . Because it is rooted in these doctrines , Jainism cannot exclusively uphold the views of any individual , community , nation , or species . It recognises inherently that other views are valid for other peoples , and for other life @-@ forms . This perception leads to the doctrine of syadvada or sevenfold predication stating the truth from different viewpoints . Anekantvada is the doctrine and Syadvada is its expression . According to Jaina philosophers all important philosophical statements should be expressed in this sevenfold way in order to remove the danger of dogmatism ( ekanta ) in philosophy .
The concept of syadvada allows the Jains to accept the truth in other philosophies from their perspectives , thus inculcating a tolerance for other viewpoints . Anekantvada is non @-@ absolutist and stands firmly against all dogmatisms , even including any assertion that only Jainism is the right religious path . It is thus an intellectual Ahimsa or Ahimsa of mind . In Anekantvada , there is no " battle of ideas " , because this is considered to be a form of intellectual himsa or damage , leading quite logically to physical violence and war . In today 's world , the limitations of the adversarial , " either with us or against us " form of argument are increasingly apparent leading to political , religious and social conflicts .
= = = Various aspects and consequences of violence = = =
Ācārya Amṛtacandra has described as to how the consequences of violence ( karmas attracted ) differ from person to persons for similar and different types of acts . A small violence may bring serious consequences to one person , while to another person grievous violence may bring about lesser consequences . For instance , a person hunting and killing only one small animal suffers severe consequences while a person who is building a temple or hospital suffers milder karmic consequences even though its construction kills many animals . Even when violence is jointly committed by two persons , the same act may result in severe consequence for one person and mild consequence for another person . This may happen in the case where the leader and planner of violence binds severe karmas , while a follower binds much lesser karmas . One who actually does not commit violence may be responsible for hiṃsā while one who actually commits violence is not responsible for hiṃsā . For instance , a burglar who fails in his robbery is still a felon but a diligent surgeon who is trying to save a patient is not responsible for violence even if a patient dies during the surgery . Persons who have not committed violence may become responsible for violence committed by others . This may happen when a violence which is carried out by someone is approved and instigated by someone else . Ahimsa often gives result of himsa to one and himsa may sometimes give result of ahimsa to another . For instance , one person saves another from oppression by use of violence and hence enjoys consequences of ahimsa although resorting to violence , while another does not act to
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Therefore , while Downing , as attorney general , would normally be the person to move the nomination of chief justice in cabinet , he refused to do so , leaving Heffron to do it himself . Heffron 's motion to nominate Evatt was passed narrowly by 8 votes to 6 . Downing 's concerns would come to pass as Evatt indeed proved highly ineffective , often wracked by mental and physical ill @-@ health , was reduced to having most of his judgements written or co @-@ written for him , and resigning in 1962 after only two years as chief justice .
= = = Legislative Council abolition = = =
Upon his elevation as premier Heffron , following an approved motion from the 1958 state conference , reanimated the longstanding Labor policy to abolish the Legislative Council of New South Wales by announcing a statewide referendum on this question . Heffron had long supported this policy from his Langite days , seeing the council as an outdated bastion of conservative privilege , a position that was echoed by trade union official and member of the Legislative Council , Tom Dougherty , who had pushed through a rule at the 1952 state conference that banned MLCs from becoming members of the state party executive . However , Heffron 's efforts found themselves up against significant opposition , not only from the Liberal and Country parties but also within the Labor party itself . Indeed , when the ' Constitution Amendment ( Legislative Council Abolition ) Bill ' came before the Legislative Council on 2 December 1959 , the council resolved 33 votes to 25 to send it back to the Legislative Assembly on the grounds that such a bill should have originated in the council . This was passed with the support of seven Labor councillors crossing the floor ( including Cyril Cahill , Anne Press and Donald Cochrane ) , who were all subsequently expelled from the party and formed the Independent Labor Group .
On 6 April 1960 , Heffron attempted to send the bill back to the council , which returned it to the assembly on the same grounds as before . As a result of the deadlock , Heffron requested the Governor to order a joint session of parliament on 20 April , a session which lasted two hours and was boycotted by the opposition . On 12 May the Assembly resolved that the bill be submitted for a referendum . However , later that day the leader of the opposition in the Legislative Council , Hector Clayton , started legal action against the government on the grounds that under section 5B of the NSW Constitution , the council had neither voted nor deliberated on the bill and thus the bill could not be submitted for a referendum . In the case of Clayton v. Heffron ( 1960 ) a majority of the full bench of the Supreme Court of New South Wales ( headed by Chief Justice Evatt ) found in favour of the government four to one on the grounds that they had complied fully with the intention of section 5B , while also denying the plaintiff leave to appeal to the High Court . The subsequent appeal to the New South Wales Court of Appeal was rejected by Chief Judge in Equity McLelland on 10 October . In a subsequent case to the High Court , Clayton argued that section 15 of the Commonwealth Constitution , which dealt with the process by which state parliaments filled senate vacancies , entrenched the requirement for such parliaments to be bicameral on account of its exclusive mention of both houses . This was rejected by the court that affirmed that the mention did not exclude the right of state parliaments to do as they saw fit regarding abolition or reform .
In January 1961 , Heffron announced the date of the referendum for 29 April 1961 and affirmed that it would be a simple yes / no question and would not include " alternative proposals such as retaining the Upper House on an elective basis " . However , despite the lack of time allocated for a campaign , the Liberal / Country opposition led by Robert Askin and Charles Cutler , despite rallying around a moderate slogan of " retain and reform " , spearheaded a strong campaign centered on warnings of a Labor @-@ dominated single house subject to " Communist and Trades Hall influence " . Askin promised to fight abolition " from one end of the state to the other " while Cutler also promised an " all @-@ out campaign " alongside the Liberals . By contrast Heffron and Labor 's campaign was described as extremely " tame " and " lacklustre " , having been weakened against the fact that any criticism of the Legislative Council also included its Labor members , with some Labor backbench MLAs terming the council " the union officials club " .
As a result , the referendum on 29 April was categorically rejected with 802 @,@ 512 votes ( 42 @.@ 4 % ) for abolition and 1 @,@ 089 @,@ 193 votes ( 57 @.@ 5 % ) against . This would be the last attempt to abolish the council and , as the first time the NSW Labor party had lost a state poll in many years , was widely seen as the beginning of the end for the Labor government , which had been in power since 1941 . Heffron 's supporter Dougherty resigned from the council a month later in protest of the result .
= = = Second term = = =
At the 1962 election Heffron , despite the damage to prestige represented by the failed referendum , put forward new policies including the establishment of a Department of Industrial Development to reduce unemployment , free school travel , aid to home buyers and commencing the construction of the Sydney – Newcastle Freeway as a toll @-@ road . At the election the Labor Party increased its margin by 5 seats , leaving a comfortable majority in the new parliament , although its success was attributed to the unpopularity at the time of Sir Robert Menzies ' federal Liberal government following the 1961 credit squeeze .
Another one of Heffron 's election promises , namely a Royal Commission into the legalisation of off @-@ course betting , caused considerable tension with his own cabinet . His Attorney General Reg Downing favoured its legalisation through a government @-@ supervised Totalisator Agency Board ( TAB ) while his Chief Secretary Gus Kelly favoured legalising the activities of existing SP bookmakers . Downing however , went over Heffron 's head and procured an ALP State Executive order requiring the establishment of a TAB . When the Final Report of Commission was handed down on 29 March 1963 , echoing the position of Downing , Heffron was obliged to carry out the establishment of the TAB .
Another issue arose when Cardinal Norman Gilroy presented Heffron in September 1962 with a plan for State aid to Catholic Church schools , including assistance for teacher salaries and capital grants for buildings , an issue that was highly explosive in the sectarian politics of New South Wales at the time . Heffron , alive to the need for a limited form of state support to placate sectarian conflict that could destroy the government , permitted Treasurer Jack Renshaw to include state support for school laboratories and a means @-@ tested allowance to school students in the 1963 budget . Heffron later dropped the school laboratory provision but his permitting of the means @-@ tested allowance provoked condemnation from the Federal Party Executive in Adelaide on 30 September 1962 , who were less interested in placating the traditional Catholic hierarchy and more informed by the bitterness of the earlier ALP / DLP split in the party in 1955 . Heffron and Renshaw backed down on this last provision , leaving no state aid for Catholic schools , and affirming the dominance of the Federal party in such matters .
Heffron , humiliated and tired after several decades in ministerial office , resigned as Premier six months later on 30 April 1964 at the age of 73 . His announcement came as a surprise to many members of his own party , although there had been existing hints in the previous months that the Labor caucus had been discussing a departure plan for Heffron , to be replaced by the Deputy Premier Renshaw . Heffron insisted that he had made the decision to himself a year prior , declaring : " It was purely my own decision , so I cannot complain about anyone throwing me out or advising me to get out . Sometimes we are advised to get out - there are hints , but we don 't take any notice when they come from outside , but it is not the same , of course , as coming from your own party . " Renshaw succeeded him as Premier . On 24 June 1964 , Heffron was granted by Queen Elizabeth II retention of the title " The Honourable " for having served for more than three years as a Member of the Executive Council of New South Wales .
= = Later life = =
After resigning as Premier , Heffron remained in Parliament as Member for Maroubra , retaining his seat at the 1965 election , thereby witnessing his Labor Party enter opposition for the first time in twenty @-@ five years . He stayed for one more term until his retirement in January 1968 , marking thirty @-@ seven years in Parliament . In his valedictory speech , Heffron remarked :
" In looking back on my life , I express happiness that I did go into politics . If anybody had then said to me that I would become a Minister of the Crown , I should have thought that I would be the last card in the pack . When I see these young fellows in the Ministry , it reminds me of when I was beating about back in the dark days of the depression . Had anybody then suggested that I would become a Premier of New South Wales , I should have considered that man a suitable candidate for Callan Park . However , with the passage of time , these things happen , and it then becomes a matter of doing one 's best . That is what I have tried to do over the years . "
In youth a Roman Catholic , he spent most of his adulthood – unusually for a New South Wales Labor politician at the time – outside the Roman Church , describing himself as a " proselytising rationalist " . In his later years he became more attached to the beliefs of his youth , and became the first Australian statesman to be received by Pope Paul VI during an official visit to the Vatican in July 1963 . In retirement , Heffron lived in the North Shore suburb of Kirribilli . His wife Jessie died aged 84 on 7 July 1977 at Kirribilli Private Hospital while Heffon was also admitted there as a patient . He died aged 87 at the same hospital on 27 July 1978 , survived by his two daughters . Heffron was granted a State funeral with a service at St Stephen 's Uniting Church , Sydney that was attended by over 200 people including Governor Roden Cutler , Premier Neville Wran and former Premiers McKell , Renshaw , Askin , Lewis and Willis , before being sent for cremation at Eastern Suburbs Crematorium in Matraville . In Heffron 's condolence motion in the Legislative Assembly on 15 August 1978 , Wran reflected on Heffron 's achievements :
" The importance of his term as Minister for Education lies not merely in its record length of sixteen years ; it lies in the unprecedented challenges of those years and the way he met them . Because of the seminal importance of those years , Mr Heffron could well lay claim to be father of the modern education system in New South Wales . [ ... ] These were years not only of vast expansion in the number of schools and pupils ; they were also years of great experimentation and innovation reflecting deep changes in community attitudes to the purposes of education . The Heffron years established for the first time that equality of opportunity in education was the right of all , not just of the privileged few . "
= = Honours and legacy = =
In 1947 Heffron was honoured by the Royal Australian Historical Society by being made an Honorary Fellow . Heffron was made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Sydney on 29 August 1952 , with his citation reading :
" Robert James Heffron 's whole political career has shown him to be a man of deep sincerity of purpose and with the courage of his convictions , ' One who never turned his back , but marched breastforward . ' It is , in consequence , not surprising that under his ministerial aegis we see the results of his educational zeal and enthusiasm in the rapid growth of the Child Welfare Department , which he has raised to a level equal to the best overseas , in the expansion of library and other cultural facilities , in the planning and creation of new schools , colleges and institutes of higher learning , and last , but not least , in the unfailing sympathy he has always shown with our own University and in his ready understanding of its more pressing problems . "
Heffron was also awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science at the New South Wales University of Technology 's first graduation ceremony to be held on the Kensington campus on 16 April 1955 . The citation noted that Heffron " has played a vital role in the founding and early development of this university and remains a sympathetic and wise counsellor to our cause ... His name is written indelibly into the history of the New South Wales University of Technology " . In 1956 his portrait , depicting him in the Scarlet and Old Gold robes of his honorary D.Sc. , was painted by Henry Hanke , entered into that year 's Archibald Prize , and was purchased by the university for its collection in 1957 . In 1962 , the now University of New South Wales , in honour of his role in its establishment and his continuing support , named its newest building after him as the " Robert Heffron Building " , it is now the Australian School of Business .
He was also made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of New England in 1956 . In 1961 Prince Henry Hospital named the A Ward building of its 1935 extension as " Heffron House " in his honour . In 1962 , in honour of Heffron 's role in establishing the school in 1950 , South Sydney Boys ' High School named its library after him as the " R. J. Heffron Library " . The nearby Randwick Boys High School had done the same to its new library when Heffron opened the school on 11 March 1959 . On 14 June 1966 , the Sydney City Council resolved to name the newly built community hall on Burton Street , Darlinghurst , after him as " Heffron Hall " . In 1973 , the New South Wales Electoral Commission named the new state electorate of Heffron after him and it covers much of his former electorate of Botany . The Charles Sturt University Faculty of Education building in its Bathurst Campus was also named after Heffron in honour of his role in the establishment of the preceding Bathurst and Wagga Wagga Teacher 's Colleges ( now the CSU Bathurst and Wagga Wagga campuses ) . Heffron Park and Heffron Road in Maroubra are named after him , as is Heffron Road in Lalor Park . His first daughter , Maylean , married Dutch sailor Pieter Cordia in 1945 , was a trained nurse and was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2005 for her efforts to save the heritage of Prince Henry Hospital , which included the building named after her father forty years previously .
= Great Southern Group =
Great Southern Group was a group of Australian companies that was notable as the country 's largest agribusiness managed investment scheme ( MIS ) business . Great Southern Limited ( GSL ) , the parent company was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange . Through its wholly owned subsidiary , Great Southern Managers Australia Ltd ( GSMAL ) , it established , sold and managed approximately 43 agricultural managed investment schemes . Finance for the MIS was offered to investors via another wholly owned subsidiary , Great Southern Finance ( GSF ) .
The company was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1999 . It expanded its MIS business rapidly in the 2000s , supported by favourable tax regulations for these types of investments . Most of the Group 's business was in plantation forestry to supply woodchips for the pulp and paper industry , but in the 2000s it diversified into high @-@ value timbers , beef cattle , olives , viticulture , and almond production . The company 's after @-@ tax profit peaked at A $ 132 million in 2006 , but by 2008 had deteriorated to a A $ 63 million loss .
The Great Southern companies attracted debate and criticism associated with the operation of managed investment schemes generally , and the environmental performance of their Tiwi Islands operation in particular . On 16 May 2009 , as a result of worsening economic conditions and regulatory issues , the GSL , GSMAL , GSF and other subsidiaries of GSL entered into voluntary administration . Ferrier Hodgson was appointed as the Administrator . On 18 May 2009 secured creditors appointed McGrath Nicol as the Receiver and Manager to GSL and GSMAL ( as well as other subsidiaries ) . On 19 November 2009 GSL , GSMAL and other subsidiaries of GSL were placed into liquidation . Ferrier Hodgson was appointed as liquidator .
According to Ferrier Hodgson , the Great Southern Group had about 52 @,@ 000 investors who contributed about $ 2 @.@ 2 billion . Further , the group raised over $ 260 million in equity from shareholders , obtained over $ 200 million in unsecured convertible notes and raised over $ 600 million in secured funding .
Subsequent to the liquidation of the Great Southern Group , aggrieved MIS investors commenced various class actions .
Ferrier Hodgson is currently completing the liquidation of the Great Southern Group .
The collapse of Great Southern Group , in conjunction with the failure of another high @-@ profile agribusiness company , Timbercorp , led to three separate Australian parliamentary committee inquiries into the MIS industry .
= = Business activities = =
The Great Southern Group in 2008 formed Australia 's largest managed agribusiness investment scheme operation . The company comprised a parent entity , Great Southern Plantations Limited ( from 2007 renamed Great Southern Limited ) , and over forty subsidiaries , almost all wholly owned . Those subsidiaries held or operated Great Southern 's businesses , including providing management services .
At the centre of Great Southern 's operations were management investment schemes ( referred to as MIS schemes ) . MIS schemes are a mechanism by which investors ' funds are pooled to invest in a common business enterprise . A " responsible entity " ( such as Great Southern ) controls the routine administration of the investments . In primary production schemes such as those managed by Great Southern , investors are the growers of products ( such as forestry plantations ) , with an agreement with the company to manage the investment " to plant , establish and maintain the trees until they are harvested at maturity " . Investors in Great Southern generally purchased lots ( typically of 1 hectare ) on land owned or leased by Great Southern . Thus investors owned the plantations , but the land assets belonged to the company . While investors owned individual woodlots , risks and returns were distributed across all investors in individual projects , with growers sharing " the average yield at harvest for the entire Project ... rather than the return from their individual woodlot " . These were not high rates of return for the length of investment involved . Some of the schemes relied upon the rationale that investors would retire and therefore receive income from the scheme when their marginal tax rate was lower than at the time of initial investment . Based on this premise some schemes were claiming a rate of return after tax of eight to nine percent . Others suggested the schemes were a poor investment likely to achieve only six percent return .
Returns to investors comprised a tax deduction in the year in which they bought the products , and returns from the sale of produce over the life of the project , which was typically at the point of harvest 10 – 12 years later for plantations , " and up to 23 years for horticultural projects such as almonds " . Great Southern would deduct management fees from the final sale value . A typical forestry investment in the early 2000s involved an initial payment of $ 3000 for one @-@ third of a hectare woodlot , yielding a $ 2900 tax deduction at that time . Returns on harvesting depended on many variables ; Great Southern forecast that investors would recoup their original investment and a further return of between $ 1923 and $ 4569 per woodlot , however early schemes did not achieve these figures on the basis of the timber sales , with some resulting in woodchip sales of only around A $ 1500 , half the value of what was originally invested . Investors received their returns when the product ( usually woodchip ) was harvested and sold .
While the majority of Great Southern 's activity was in the sale of managed investment schemes , in 2007 it diversified into funds management through the purchase of Rural Funds Management Ltd , retaining its diversified agricultural assets fund and offering a new share fund and a blended property fund . In addition to retailing MIS products to investors , Great Southern also provided loans to investors wanting to borrow to invest . By 2009 its loan book comprised 14 @,@ 500 loans with an average value of approximately A $ 50 @,@ 000 .
= = Rise = =
The Great Southern Group began as the company Great Southern , co @-@ founded in 1987 by accountant John Carlton Young , and microbiologist Helen Sewell . It began by managing South @-@ east Australian plantations of Pinus radiata , but in 1992 shifted to Eucalytus plantations for woodchip production , dealing in blue gum woodlot investments . Through the 1990s it developed its plantation business in south western Western Australia including the Great Southern region ( after which the company is named ) , leasing woodlots to investors on land owned by Great Southern . A related entity , Templegate Finance Pty Ltd , would also lend finance to investors .
Young was Great Southern 's Executive Chairman when it listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1999 , and co @-@ founder Sewell remained in a full @-@ time role until her retirement in February 2001 . When the ASX200 , a new stock exchange index comprising the top 200 Australian companies by market capitalisation and liquidity , was instituted in March 2000 , Great Southern was one of the stocks included .
By 2001 , the Group had 66 000 hectares of forestry plantations in New South Wales , Queensland , Victoria and Western Australia . Its performance on the share market was strong enough that it was Shares magazine 's number one ranked stock in its table of top 50 stocks by yield in January 2002 . However the business faced some turbulent times , with profits in 2001 and 2002 down on the levels of 2000 . The company was delisted from the ASX200 for a period ( from October 2002 to August 2003 ) , although it was relisted and remained in the index until December 2008 .
In 2004 , the Group diversified into viticulture , planting vines in Western Australia . The company reported that it had been the ASX200 's fourth @-@ best performer in 2004 , and second @-@ best performer over the preceding two years . In November 2004 , Young indicated to the company 's annual meeting that harvesting of the first plantations had now commenced , and forecast further MIS sales growth . The shares in Great Southern peaked at A $ 4 @.@ 76 at this time , and Young sold a significant proportion of his shareholding , netting him A $ 32 @.@ 6 million .
In 2005 Great Southern expanded into organic olives , acquired some existing beef cattle MIS businesses , and bought forest products company Sylvatech , including its A $ 700 million of assets . The purchase of Sylvatech meant the company now also had forestry plantations in the Northern Territory , on the Tiwi Islands .
Great Southern 's cattle properties included the 660 @,@ 000 @-@ hectare Moola Bulla property in WA 's East Kimberley region , the similar sized Wrotham Park , 300 kilometres west of Cairns , and the 196 @,@ 000 @-@ hectare blue @-@ ribbon station of Chudleigh Park near Townsville " , as well as a further 2 @.@ 4 million hectares of pastoral leasehold . In 2007 , the company also diversified its MIS offerings to high value timbers , such as mahogany , the uses for which included furniture and flooring . The following table outlines the expansion of the Great Southern Group 's operations .
= = Fall = =
In the mid @-@ 2000s , Great Southern 's business was growing rapidly , with sales and market capitalisation increasing at more than 100 per cent per annum . However , in its 2005 Annual Report , the company disclosed that it was subsidising the returns to its 1994 forestry scheme by approximately A $ 3 million , and that it expected to have to similarly subsidise the 1995 and 1996 schemes by up to A $ 12 million in future years . Board Chairman Peter Patrikeos and non @-@ executive director Jeffry Mews both expressed concern about the way in which Great Southern was funding shortfalls on the sales of timber products , with the issue leading directly to Mews ' resignation . Although the company continued to sell over A $ 800 million of MIS products in the two financial years after incurring losses on its early offerings , it was not meeting sales targets , and its share price was falling .
Underpinning Great Southern 's decision to subsidise returns to its early investors was a looming problem : its forestry plantations were not performing to expectations . Timber yields were poorer than had been projected . Great Southern 's baseline projection had been 250 tonnes of woodchips per hectare , but an assessment in 2003 suggested that in most plantations yield would be reduced : in some cases to less than half the planned figure . The company itself considered that yields were proving to be " disappointing " , with actual yields for the woodlots planted in the period between 1994 and 1997 ( and thus harvested by 2008 ) being between 120 and 200 tonnes per hectare . Plantation growth had been limited by drought conditions and issues with the site and seedling quality of early plantings .
The company 's sales of MIS schemes , and its profits , both peaked in 2006 , with over A $ 450 million in sales , and a net profit after tax of A $ 133 million . However , the 2006 harvest ( of 1996 plantations ) yielded a return of only A $ 1500 and $ 1750 for the woodlots that investors had bought for A $ 3000 . These plantations had not been productive enough to yield a profit for investors , so Great Southern inflated the returns to A $ 4100 using its own funds .
In December 2007 Young announced he would step down as managing director , remaining as both non @-@ executive director and major shareholder . Saying that he wanted someone younger to implement the company 's five @-@ year business plans , he handed over to Cameron Rhodes , one of Great Southern 's existing senior management team .
In 2008 , Great Southern had over 430 employees managing investment schemes on behalf of over 47 000 investors . Industry sectors in which investment occurred included beef cattle , forestry , wine grapes , almonds , and poultry production . Its plantation estate had grown to 179 000 hectares , the vast majority of which was for wood pulp production .
As MIS sales declined from their 2006 peak , the Group 's debt levels rose . By October 2008 , business analysts Austock Securities were describing the company as " excessively geared " . The Group developed a proposal , known as Project Transform , to restructure the business , in particular through seeking the agreement of investors to swap their MIS investments for shares in Great Southern Limited . The intention was to free up capital to reduce debt , and make the business more attractive to investors . Analysts such as Austock Securities and Macquarie Research Equities supported the strategy .
The company reported a A $ 64 million loss in its 2008 financial year . By 2009 , the global economic downturn , and regulatory uncertainty associated with MIS schemes , was putting the company under financial pressure , and it was seeking to improve its situation both through asset sales and refinancing of debt . Its debt levels had risen significantly : it had extended its debt financing with its banks from A $ 245 million to A $ 350 million in 2007 . By September 2008 its total debt had ballooned to A $ 820 million , of which A $ 376 million was owed to its lead bankers , ANZ , Commonwealth Bank , BankWest and Mizuho . Great Southern had also been hoping to see a rise in the price obtained for its woodchips , but was unsuccessful in its 2009 negotiations with Japanese customers .
By early 2009 , business analysts Lonsec Agribusiness Research considered Great Southern to be financially stressed , and that it was " hard to envisage a rapid turnaround in the outlook " for the company . They gave Great Southern as managers the second @-@ lowest rating on their assessment scale , just short of stating that the investment would be " detrimental to an investor 's ... portfolio " . Great Southern 's banks refused a request in 2009 for a further $ 35 million loan . Great Southern 's attempts to extract itself from financial trouble were unsuccessful and by May 2009 , when a trading halt was called , the company 's shares were worth just 12 cents . On 16 May 2009 administrators were appointed under the Corporations Act 2001 , with the companies ' assets passing into control of receivers McGrathNicol on 18 May 2009 . The assets of the group were primarily its land holdings . By the time it went into administration , they were valued at A $ 1 @.@ 8 billion , however , despite company expansion plans , its net assets had not grown for four years .
In July 2009 the receivers determined that the company was insolvent . With a complex business structure to unravel , some commentators expect it may take years for the company 's collapse to be fully resolved . By April 2010 , timber company Gunns had taken over as the responsible entity running most of Great Southern 's pulpwood schemes , but the land on which they were being grown was yet to be sold .
Following its collapse , there was some speculation about whether Great Southern had disclosed to the market issues with the rate of return it was going to achieve on some of its timber investments . During parliamentary committee inquiries , these allegations were extended to the possibility that the auditors had been misled . It was also noted that , at the time that difficulties were emerging for Great Southern , its CEO sold some of his shares at the top of the companies ' fortunes for $ 32 @.@ 6 million .
One of Australia 's other leading managed investment scheme companies , Timbercorp , had also gone into administration the previous month . The two corporate collapses prompted examination by three separate Parliamentary committee inquiries : the first by the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services , into Agribusiness Managed Investment Schemes , which reported in September 2009 ; the second by the Senate Select Committee on Agricultural and Related Industries ; and the third by the Senate Economics References Committee , " Agribusiness managed investment schemes - Bitter harvest " ; published in 11 March 2016 .
In 2012 , over 22 @,@ 000 of Great Southern 's investors commenced civil action suing for damages , claiming they had been misled by the company .
= = Great Southern and the regulation of managed investment schemes ( MIS ) = =
Great Southern and its nearest industry rival Timbercorp were estimated as having 43 per cent of all managed investment schemes ( MIS ) business in Australia . In contrast to other MIS industry participants , for which MIS activity is only a small part of their operations , managed investment schemes were 100 per cent of Great Southern Group and Timbercorp 's business .
Agribusiness MISs offer certain advantages to investors , dispersing investment risks across a large pool of investors and , through tax concessions , sharing those risks between the private investor and the taxpayer . The schemes were intended to overcome failures in the market for risk , and in the area of forestry reflect the fact that Australia has always subsidised plantation development .
MIS schemes however have a long history of criticism . Reports from the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation ( RIRDC ) in 2000 and 2004 were reported to have found the schemes performed relatively poorly , in one case relating an analysis " of schemes offered to the public in 2002 – 03 [ that ] found that less than 10 per cent were sufficiently sound investments to warrant their recommendation " . In 2006 , another RIRDC report in 2006 observed :
Along with other studies , our analysis suggests that the MIS sector ( but not all MIS ) continues to
perform poorly with respect to realistic or actual rates of return versus marketed rates . There are limited rights for investors . Issues arising from the large number and small economic size of the retail
investor population and those arising from asymmetric information dominate the economics of MIS .
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission ( ASIC ) was also reported to have identified issues with inadequate disclosure of information to potential investors , poor performance of the investments , and high management fees for agricultural MIS schemes . In 2003 , the commission commented that it " has deployed a disproportionate percentage of its resources to the regulation of this sector , which represents only a minority of funds under management " . In 2010 it commenced revision of disclosure rules , prompted by " recent turmoil in the agribusiness scheme sector " .
The Great Southern Group relied significantly on financial planners and accountants recommending their MIS products to investors . The company was paying commissions of ten percent – high by industry standards , and similar to those paid by other failed investment businesses including Westpoint Corporation and Storm Financial . It was also spending a lot of money on recruiting financial advisers to sell its products . One report indicated that A $ 137 million was spent on " commissions , marketing and promotion in two years to 2008 " . Some accountants , with Great Southern 's support , were recommending the agribusiness investment schemes , though they did not have a financial services licence ; one report suggested over half of Great Southern 's MIS sales were coming through accountants , often tax specialists from small practices . These practices had been questioned for several years by the corporate regulator ASIC and some market analysts , and were widely criticised following Great Southern 's collapse . Some experts were critical of the lack of knowledge and expertise of the investment advisers recommending agroforestry MIS schemes .
= = = Taxation treatment of MIS schemes = = =
Crucial to the attractiveness to investors of all MIS schemes is their taxation treatment . The Australian government had for many years been encouraging agricultural and forestry investment schemes by allowing investors to claim up @-@ front tax deductions of the costs of investment . Investors paid Great Southern a fee to lease plantation woodlots . Great Southern managed the woodlot , and the investor could deduct the cost of the lease from the income they declared that year for tax assessment purposes . The tax deductible status of the investment was widely regarded as the main attraction of MIS schemes to investors .
The tax @-@ driven nature of investment in the sector made it vulnerable to policy changes and court rulings interpreting tax law . Tax law reforms in the late 1990s resulting from a major review of tax policy ( called the Ralph review ) altered the way in which deductions could be claimed . These changes , together with company profit warnings , caused a decline in Great Southern 's share price and its business prospects in 2000 and 2001 . Although Great Southern survived the reforms , another company , Australian Plantation Timber , was driven into administration . In June 2001 a Senate committee report was critical of Australian Taxation Office ( ATO ) advice on forestry investments , and the ATO released a statement reassuring forest product investors that they had investment certainty . MIS schemes recovered in 2002 , despite a further Senate Committee report critical of mass @-@ marketed investment schemes , that recommended " that the government seek advice from both ASIC and the ACCC on the question of the adequacy of the current measures for monitoring the schemes market , with particular reference to agribusiness and franchise schemes " .
Throughout the mid @-@ 2000s , MIS schemes , including those of Great Southern , attracted increasing investment , driven by tax advantages . Tax benefits for investors that had been due to expire in June 2006 were extended in the Howard government 's 2005 budget to June 2008 , and Great Southern was one of the beneficiaries of the decision . Nevertheless , although Great Southern 's business had continued to grow , the sector was unhappy about taxation uncertainty . The government moved to address this in 2007 , through the Tax Laws Amendment ( 2007 Measures No.3 ) Bill 2007 . Forest industry peak bodies , the National Association of Forest Industries , Tree Plantations Australia , Treefarm Investment Managers Australia and the Australian Plantation Products and Paper Industry Council jointly supported the legislation , saying it would end " ten years of instability and uncertainty about the future ongoing taxation arrangements for retail forestry projects " . Nevertheless , the bill attracted heated debate in the Parliament , and did not end taxation issues in the sector .
In 2007 , the ATO moved to end the up @-@ front tax deductions for non @-@ forestry MIS investments . This announcement was a disappointment to Great Southern , although only 30 per cent of its business at that stage was non @-@ forestry MIS that would be affected by the ATO ruling . The ATO 's ruling was overturned in 2008 , however it had created significant investor and lender uncertainty .
= = Great Southern and Australian politics = =
Because Great Southern was involved in a controversial industry , it figured in policy debates throughout its life as a publicly listed company . At the centre of Great Southern 's business was the development of new forest estates for commercial harvest . Australia 's state and federal governments had agreed in 1992 to a National Forest Policy Statement , which included the goal of expanding Australia 's plantation forests . On this foundation , in July 1996 , the federal forests minister and his state and territory counterparts met and " endorsed the plantation industry 's target of trebling the plantation estate from 1 @.@ 1 million hectares to 3 million hectares by the year 2020 " . In October 1997 governments , the Australian Plantation Products and Paper Industry Council , the Australian Forest Growers , and the National Association of Forest Industries , jointly released Plantations for Australia : The 2020 Vision , known as " Plantations 2020 " .
The federal minister for forests from 1998 to 2001 , Wilson Tuckey , was a strong advocate of Plantations 2020 . He also held the federal seat of O 'Connor in Western Australia , which included much of the Great Southern region and significant areas of plantation forests . Tuckey and the forest industry had a close relationship , to the extent that the industry paid for newspaper advertisements that reproduced a letter from Tuckey , following critical coverage of forestry MIS schemes in the media . Great Southern also reproduced Tuckey 's letter in their 2000 Annual Report .
During the 2004 election year , Great Southern gave A $ 20 @,@ 000 to each of the governing Liberal and National Parties , as well as to the Labor opposition . In the lead up to the 2007 federal election , Great Southern made A $ 40 @,@ 000 of donations to the Labor opposition , including A $ 10 @,@ 000 two days after the release of the party 's primary industries policy . After Labor won the election , Great Southern 's managing director John Young spoke positively of the change in government and of Labor 's willingness to review policy toward managed investment schemes .
= = Environmental and land use issues = =
In acquiring the Acacia mangium plantations of Sylvatech on the Tiwi Islands , Great Southern Group had taken on responsibility for an investment that , while supported by the local Tiwi Land Council , was opposed by environmental non @-@ government organisations ( NGOs ) and some individuals on the Tiwi Islands . The concerns expressed by NGOs related to loss of biodiversity and to greenhouse gas emissions .
Complaints were made that Great Southern Group 's 2005 acquisition , Sylvatech , was conducting clearing and plantation activities in breach of environmental conditions set by the Commonwealth Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . These complaints led to a departmental investigation and an agreement between the company and the government that recognised there had been inadvertent breaches of environmental conditions by the company , where forestry operations had intruded into zones designed to protect sensitive rainforests and wetland areas . The company was required to " fix all incursions into the rainforest and wetland buffers " , post a $ 1 million bond to ensure the works were completed , and provide $ 1 @.@ 35 million over three years toward the Tiwi Land Council 's Indigenous Rangers Program , a group of Indigenous land management staff funded by the Tiwi Land Council and Great Southern to conduct environmental works , including weed management and monitoring threatened species .
There had been criticism of MIS companies generally , and Great Southern Group ( as the largest company in the sector ) in particular , suggesting that their appetite for land for plantations and agribusiness was driving up land prices in some regions , and distorting some commodity markets . In 2004 , Great Southern 's leading competitor Timbercorp reported a rise in plantation land prices from around A $ 3 @,@ 000 to around A $ 6 @,@ 000 per hectare in just five years . The high demand for forestry MIS schemes led to plantations being expanded on to less suitable land , with timber growth and yield then falling below projections that were based on better quality plantations . Some farmers claimed that MIS were driving up prices in agricultural water markets . Opinion was also divided about whether the expansion of MIS properties in a region was causing shrinkage of towns or was , conversely , stimulating employment .
= = Analysing the Group 's failure = =
Analysis of the MIS failures of Great Southern Group and Timbercorp focused on several factors . First , critics argued that some MIS investments resembled Ponzi schemes , where securing financial returns for existing investors relied on attracting new investors rather than on successful economic activity . Second , Great Southern Group 's rapid expansion had been underpinned by high levels of debt , and in difficult economic circumstances in which new investment was diminishing and new borrowings were hard to obtain , that debt could not successfully be serviced . Third , some experts and Great Southern Group itself expressed concern that investor uncertainty caused by ATO rulings , and fueled by reporting of taxation policy issues , had scared investors away from their MIS . This was a view that the Australian Taxation Office rejected , arguing that the administrators of both Timbercorp and Great Southern had not identified taxation uncertainty as an issue . Finally , a range of commentators considered that the MIS tax concessions were encouraging unsustainable business models , with companies focusing on selling the tax benefits of investments rather than focussing on profitable commodity production . This , it was argued , led them to underestimate business risks , overinflate land prices , and sell products at lower @-@ than @-@ optimal prices . The failure of MIS schemes for these reasons was predicted in 2008 by Ajani , who argued that " we know that investment driven by the demand for tax minimisation , and not market realities , is associated with collapse " .
The Australian Financial Review ( AFR ) had for years carried stories critical of managed investment schemes . An AFR story had prompted the letter , supporting the forest industries , from federal government minister Wilson Tuckey in 2000 . When Great Southern collapsed , Tuckey was asked for comment by the Sydney Morning Herald . He said " Everyone thought [ a plantation strategy ] was a good idea at the time " . He argued investors would probably not lose their money , but " shareholders and lenders could be in a bit of trouble " . With both Great Southern Group and Timbercorp under administration , the AFR continued its editorial attack on government MIS policy . An AFR journalist wrote , " as a general rule , MIS industries are inherently doomed to fail both from an investment and a social good perspective ... Taxpayers should ... not be surprised that they continue to fall over " .
= = Great Southern Class Action = =
In May , 2011 more than 2 @,@ 000 of the estimated 8 @,@ 000 investors who lost money in the collapse of GSL took legal action seeking damages from Great Southern . They said the company did not disclose the risks associated with managed investment schemes and the company 's poor financial performance . The action also sort to question Bendigo and Adelaide Bank , Javelin Asset Management and Great Southern Finance as to why they issued loans to investors in Great Southern .
The trial of the Great Southern Group proceedings began in late October 2012 and concluded in late October 2013 before his Honour Justice Croft . The plaintiffs ' principal claim was that the responsible entity , Great Southern Managers Australia Limited , issued product disclosure statements which were ' defective ' under Part 7 @.@ 9 of the Corporations Act 2001 ( Cth ) . No allegations of wrongdoing were made against the BEN Parties or Javelin . However , the plaintiffs sought consequential declarations that the loans were void and unenforceable .
In July 2014 , shortly before judgment was due to be handed down , the parties settled the Great Southern Group proceedings . A term of the settlement for those group members with loans with the BEN Parties or Javelin was an acknowledgment and admission that their loans were valid and enforceable .
The $ 23 million settlement , flagged in July , resolves a class action by 2000 investors led by Macpherson and Kelley Lawyers and targeting Bendigo and Adelaide Bank 's involvement in Great Southern 's schemes .
The class action had sought to void more than $ 300 million of loans taken out with Bendigo and Javelin Asset Management to fund the schemes on the basis that investors were misled by Great Southern , which collapsed five years ago .
The deed of settlement , however , confirms the loans are valid and enforceable , while waiving accrued penalty interest on overdue borrowings .
About $ 20 million of the $ 23 million will be paid to Macpherson and Kelley Lawyers to cover its costs , with just $ 3 million to be distributed among tens of thousands of investors who sunk nearly $ 2 billion into Great Southern .
= Ian Smith =
Ian Douglas Smith , GCLM , ID ( 8 April 1919 – 20 November 2007 ) was a politician , farmer and fighter pilot who served as Prime Minister of Rhodesia ( or Southern Rhodesia ) from 1964 to 1979 . His country 's first native @-@ born premier , he led the predominantly white government that unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom in 1965 , following prolonged dispute over the terms . He remained Prime Minister for almost all of the 14 years of international isolation that followed , and oversaw Rhodesia 's security forces during most of the Bush War , which pitted the unrecognised administration against communist @-@ backed black nationalist guerrilla groups . Smith , who has been described as personifying white Rhodesia , remains a highly controversial figure — supporters venerate him as a man of integrity and vision " who understood the uncomfortable truths of Africa " , while critics describe an unrepentant racist whose policies and actions caused the deaths of thousands and contributed to Zimbabwe 's later crises .
Smith was born to British immigrants in Selukwe , a small town in the Southern Rhodesian Midlands , four years before the colony became self @-@ governing in 1923 . Serving as a Royal Air Force fighter pilot in the Middle East and Europe during the Second World War , he spent months behind German lines in Italy and suffered debilitating facial and bodily wounds that remained conspicuous for the rest of his life . He set up a farm in his home town in 1948 and , the same year , became Member of Parliament for Selukwe — at 29 years old , the country 's youngest ever MP . Originally a Liberal , he moved to the United Federal Party in 1953 , and served as Chief Whip from 1958 . He left in 1961 in protest at the territory 's new constitution , and the following year helped Winston Field to form the all @-@ white , firmly conservative Rhodesian Front ( RF ) , which called for independence without an immediate shift to black majority rule .
Smith became Deputy Prime Minister following the RF 's December 1962 election victory , and stepped up to the premiership after Field resigned in April 1964 . With the UK government refusing to grant independence while Rhodesia did not devise a set timetable for the introduction of majority rule , talks with the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson repeatedly broke down , leading Smith and his Cabinet to declare independence on 11 November 1965 . His government endured in the face of United Nations economic sanctions with the assistance of South Africa and , until 1974 , Portugal . Talks with Britain in 1966 , 1968 and 1971 came to nothing . Smith declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970 and led the RF to three more decisive election victories over the next seven years . After the Bush War began in earnest in 1972 , he negotiated with the non @-@ militant nationalist leader Bishop Abel Muzorewa and the rival guerrilla movements headed by Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe .
In 1978 , Smith and non @-@ militant nationalists including Muzorewa signed the Internal Settlement , under which the country became Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979 . Mugabe and Nkomo continued fighting ; no country recognised the settlement . Smith was part of Muzorewa 's delegation that settled with Britain and the revolutionary guerrillas at Lancaster House , and following Zimbabwe 's recognised independence in 1980 , he was Leader of the Opposition during Mugabe 's first seven years in power . Smith was a stridently vocal critic of the Mugabe government both before and after his retirement from front @-@ line politics in 1987 ; he dedicated much of his 1997 memoirs , The Great Betrayal , to condemning Mugabe and UK politicians . As Mugabe 's reputation thereafter plummeted amid Zimbabwe 's economic ruin , reckoning of Smith and his legacy improved . Zimbabwean opposition supporters lauded the elderly Smith as an immovable symbol of resistance . He remained in Zimbabwe until 2005 , when he moved to Cape Town , South Africa for medical reasons . After his death two years later at the age of 88 , his ashes were repatriated and scattered at his farm .
= = Early life = =
= = = Family , childhood and adolescence = = =
Ian Douglas Smith was born on 8 April 1919 in Selukwe , a small mining and farming town about 310 km ( 190 mi ) southwest of the Southern Rhodesian capital Salisbury . He had two elder sisters , Phyllis and Joan . His father , John Douglas " Jock " Smith , was originally from Hamilton , Scotland ; the son of a cattle breeder and butcher , he had emigrated to Rhodesia as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old in 1898 , and become a prominent rancher , butcher , miner and garage owner in Selukwe . Jock and his English wife Agnes ( née Hodgson ) had met in 1907 , when she was 16 , a year after her family 's emigration to Selukwe from Frizington , Cumberland . After Mr Hodgson sent his wife and children back to England in 1908 , Jock Smith astonished them in 1911 by arriving unannounced in Cumberland to ask for Agnes 's hand ; they had not seen each other for three years . They married in Frizington , then returned together to Rhodesia , where Jock , an accomplished horseman , won the 1911 Coronation Derby at Salisbury .
The Smiths involved themselves heavily in local life . Jock chaired the village management board and commanded the Selukwe Company of the Southern Rhodesia Volunteers ; he was also a founder member of the Selukwe Freemasons ' Lodge and president of the town football and rugby clubs . Agnes , who became informally known as " Mrs Jock " , established and ran the Selukwe Women 's Institute . Both won the MBE ( at different times ) for their services to the community . " My parents strove to instil principles and moral virtues , the sense of right and wrong , of integrity , in their children , " Smith wrote in his memoirs . " They set wonderful examples to live up to . " He considered his father " a man of extremely strong principles " — " one of the fairest men I have ever met and that is the way he brought me up . He always told me that we 're entitled to our half of the country and the blacks are entitled to theirs . " Raised on the frontier of the British Empire in the UK 's youngest settler colony , Smith and his generation of white Rhodesians grew up with a reputation for being " more British than the British " , something in which they took great pride .
Ian Smith showed sporting promise from an early age . After attending the Selukwe primary school , he boarded at Chaplin School in Gwelo , about 30 km ( 19 mi ) away . In his final year at Chaplin , he was head prefect , captain of the school teams in cricket , rugby and tennis , recipient of the Victor Ludorum in athletics , and the school 's outstanding rifle marksman . " I was an absolute lunatic about sport , " he later said ; " I concede , looking back , that I should have devoted much more time to my school work and less to sport . " All the same , his grades were good enough to win a place at Rhodes University College , in Grahamstown , South Africa , which was often attended by Rhodesian students , partly because Rhodesia then had no university of its own , and partly because of the common eponymous association with Cecil Rhodes . Smith enrolled at the start of 1938 , reading for a Bachelor of Commerce degree . After injuring his knee playing rugby , he took up rowing and became stroke for the university crew .
= = = Second World War ; Royal Air Force pilot = = =
When the Second World War broke out in September 1939 , Southern Rhodesia had been self @-@ governing for 16 years , having gained responsible government from Britain in 1923 . It was unique in the British Empire and Commonwealth in that it held extensive autonomous powers ( including defence , but not foreign affairs ) while lacking dominion status . Coming under the British flag diplomatically , it entered the conflict automatically when the UK declared war , but issued a symbolic declaration of war anyway . Smith , who was about halfway through his university course , later described feeling patriotically compelled to put his studies aside to " fight for Britain and all that it represented " . Excited by the idea of flying a Spitfire , he wanted to join the air force , but was prevented from immediately doing so by a policy adopted in Rhodesia not to recruit university students until after they graduated . Smith engineered his recruitment into the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in spite of this rule during 1940 , suppressing mention of his studies , and formally joined in September 1941 .
After a year 's training at Gwelo under the Empire Air Training Scheme , Smith passed out with the rank of pilot officer in September 1942 . He hoped to be stationed in Britain , but was posted to the Middle East instead ; there he joined No. 237 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron RAF , flying Hurricanes . In October 1943 , in Egypt , Smith crashed his Hurricane after his throttle malfunctioned during a dawn takeoff . Suffering serious facial disfigurements , he also broke his jaw , leg and shoulder . Doctors and surgeons in Cairo rebuilt Smith 's face through skin grafts and plastic surgery , and he was passed fit to fly again in March 1944 . Turning down an offer to return to Rhodesia as an instructor , he rejoined No. 237 Squadron , which had switched to flying Spitfire Mk IXs , in Corsica in May 1944 .
During a strafing raid over northern Italy on 22 June 1944 , Smith was hit by enemy flak and forced to bail out behind German lines . He was briefly hidden by a peasant family named Zunino , then recruited into a group of pro @-@ Allied Italian partisans with whom he took part in sabotage operations against the German garrison for about three months . When the Germans pulled out of the area in October 1944 , Smith left to try to link up with the Allied forces who had just invaded southern France . Accompanied by three other servicemen , each from a different European country , and a local guide , Smith hiked across the Maritime Alps , finishing the journey walking barefoot on the ice and snow . He was recovered by American troops in November 1944 . Smith again turned down the offer of a billet in Rhodesia , and returned to active service in April 1945 with No. 130 ( Punjab ) Squadron , by then based in western Germany . He flew combat missions there , " [ having ] a little bit of fun shooting up odd things " , he recalled , until the war in Europe ended on 7 May 1945 with Germany 's surrender . Smith remained with No. 130 Squadron for the rest of his service , flying with the unit to Denmark and Norway , and was discharged at the end of 1945 with the rank of flight lieutenant . He retained reasonable proficiency in Italian for the rest of his life , albeit reportedly with an " atrocious " accent .
= = = Graduation , marriage and entrance to politics = = =
With Jock in increasingly poor health after the war , the Smith family briefly considered sending Ian to start a life in the United States with the help of Jock 's brother Elijah , who had become a prosperous New York businessman . Smith showed little interest in leaving Rhodesia , however , and decided that he would finish at university , then come home and buy his own farm . He returned to Rhodes in early 1946 to find the campus swamped with veterans like himself — there were 400 of them out of barely 1 @,@ 000 students . Smith became spokesman for the university 's ex @-@ servicemen , senior student of his hall and chairman of the students ' representative council . He turned down the presidency of the rowing club , saying it would be one administrative commitment too many , but agreed to coach the crew . Training the rowers under strict military @-@ style discipline , he led them to victory in the 1946 South African Inter @-@ Varsity Boat Race at the Vaal Dam south of Johannesburg , upstaging the well @-@ fancied Wits crew , and subsequently received national @-@ standard varsity honours for rowing , the first Rhodes student ever to do so . At the end of the year , having passed the exams to gain his commerce degree ( " by some miracle " , he recalled ) , he returned to Southern Rhodesia to study farming at Gwebi Agricultural College , near Salisbury .
Smith attended dedicated courses for ex @-@ servicemen at Gwebi during 1947 and 1948 , learning skills such as ploughing , herding and milking ; he gained practical experience at Taylor 's dairy farm near Selukwe and on a tobacco ranch at Marandellas . In 1947 he met Janet Duvenage ( née Watt ) , a schoolteacher from the Cape in South Africa who had come to Selukwe to stay with family after the death of her husband Pieter on the rugby field . What Janet had planned as a short holiday for herself and her two infant children , Jean and Robert , turned into a permanent move when she accepted a job offer from the Selukwe junior school . Smith later wrote that the qualities that had attracted him most to Janet were her intelligence , courage and " oppos [ ition ] on principle to side @-@ stepping or evading an issue ... her tendency was to opt for a decision requiring courage , as opposed to taking the easy way out " . They were engaged in 1948 . Meanwhile , Smith negotiated the purchase of a piece of rough land near Selukwe , bounded by the Lundi and Impali Rivers and bisected by a clear stream . He and Janet gave the previously nameless 3 @,@ 600 @-@ acre ( 15 km2 ) plot the name that the local Karanga people used to refer to the stream , " Gwenoro " , and set up a ranch where they ran cattle and grew tobacco and maize .
A general election was called in Southern Rhodesia in July 1948 after the United Party government , headed by the Prime Minister Sir Godfrey Huggins , unexpectedly lost a vote in the Legislative Assembly . In August , about a month before election day , Smith was approached by members of the opposition Liberal Party and asked to stand for them in Selukwe . Jacob Smit 's Liberals , despite their name , were decidedly illiberal , chiefly representing commercial farming , mining and industrial interests . Smith was initially reluctant , saying he was too busy organising his life to stand , but agreed after one of the Liberal officials suggested that a political career might allow him to defend the values he had fought for in the Second World War . With their wedding barely a fortnight away , Janet was astonished to learn of Smith 's decision to run for parliament , having never before heard him discuss politics . " I can 't say that I am really interested in party politics , " Smith explained to her , " but I 've always been most interested in sound government . " Smith duly became a Liberal Party politician , finalised his purchase of Gwenoro , and married Janet , adopting her two children as his own , all in a few weeks in August 1948 . They enjoyed a few days ' honeymoon at Victoria Falls , then went straight into the election campaign .
The Southern Rhodesian electoral system allowed only those who met certain financial and educational qualifications to vote . The criteria were applied equally to all regardless of race , but since most black citizens did not meet the set standards , the electoral roll and the colonial parliament were overwhelmingly white . Smith canvassed around the geographically very large Selukwe constituency and quickly won considerable popularity . Many white families were receptive to him because of their respect for his father , or because they had had children at school with him . His RAF service also helped , particularly as the local United Party candidate , Petrus Cilliers , had been interned during the hostilities for opposing the war effort . On 15 September 1948 , Smith defeated Cilliers and the Labour candidate Egon Klifborg with 361 votes out of 747 , and thereby became Member of Parliament for Selukwe . At 29 years old , he was the youngest MP in Southern Rhodesian history . The Liberals , however , were roundly defeated , going from 12 seats before the election to only five afterwards . Smit , who had lost his seat in Salisbury City , retired and was replaced as Leader of the Opposition by Raymond Stockil , who renamed the Liberals the Rhodesia Party . Having grown up in an area of Cape Town so pro @-@ Smuts that she had never had to vote , Janet did not think her husband 's entry to parliament would alter their lives at all . " First of all I was marrying a farmer , " she later said , " now he was going to be a politician as well . So I said , ' Well , if you are really interested in it , carry on . ' ... It never dawned on me — being so naive about politicians — that our lives would be affected in the slightest degree . "
= = Parliament = =
= = = Backbencher = = =
Because of Southern Rhodesia 's small size and lack of major controversies , its unicameral parliament then sat only twice a year , for about three months in total , holding discussions in the afternoons either side of a half @-@ hour break for tea on the lawn . Smith 's early parliamentary commitments in Salisbury therefore did not detract greatly from his ranching . His maiden speech to the Legislative Assembly , in November 1948 , concerned the Union of South Africa Trade Agreement Bill , then at its second reading . He was slow to make an impact in parliament — most of his early contributions related to farming and mining — but his exertions within the party won him Stockil 's respect and confidence . Janet ran Gwenoro during Smith 's absences , and gave birth to his only biological child , Alec , in Gwelo on 20 May 1949 .
The pursuit of full dominion status was then regarded as something of a non @-@ issue by most Southern Rhodesian politicians . They viewed themselves as virtually independent already ; they lacked only the foreign affairs portfolio and taking this on would mean having to shoulder the expense for high commissions and embassies overseas . Huggins and the United Party instead pursued an initially semi @-@ independent Federation with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , two protectorates directly administered from London , with the hope of ultimately creating a single , united dominion in south @-@ central Africa .
Smith was one of the few to raise the independence issue at this time , according to his memoirs because his " instinct and training told me to be prepared for every contingency " . During the Federation debate in the House of Assembly , he posited that since Southern Rhodesia was effectively choosing Federation over independence , a clause should be inserted into the bill guaranteeing Southern Rhodesia dominion status in the event of a Federal break @-@ up . The United Party rejected this on the grounds that the Federation had to be declared indissoluble so it could raise loans . Smith was uncertain about the Federal project , but publicly supported it after the mostly white electorate approved it in a referendum in April 1953 . He told the Rhodesia Herald that now it had been decided to pursue Federation , it was in Southern Rhodesia 's best interests for everybody to try to make it succeed . He and other Rhodesia Party politicians joined the new Federal Party , headed by Huggins and Northern Rhodesia 's Sir Roy Welensky , on 29 April 1953 .
= = = Federation ; Chief Whip = = =
The Federation was overtly led by Southern Rhodesia , the most developed of the three territories — Salisbury was its capital and Huggins its first Prime Minister . Garfield Todd replaced Huggins as Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia . Resigning his Selukwe seat , Smith contested and won the Federal Assembly 's Midlands constituency in the inaugural Federal election on 15 December 1953 , and thereafter continued as a backbench member of little distinction . In the recollection of Welensky , who took over as Federal Prime Minister on Huggins 's retirement in 1956 , Smith " didn 't spend much time in Salisbury " during the early Federal period , and had " three major interests ... one was daylight saving , one was European education and he always showed an interest in farming " .
Smith received his first political office in November 1958 , following that month 's Federal election ( in which he was returned as MP for Gwanda ) , after one of Welensky 's Federal Cabinet ministers requested Smith 's appointment as a Parliamentary Secretary in the new United Federal Party ( UFP ) government . Welensky turned this down , saying that while he appreciated Smith 's relative seniority on the back benches after 10 years in parliament , he did not think he had " shown the particular drive that I would have expected " for such a role . He decided to instead give Smith " a run as Chief Whip , which is generally the step to a ministerial appointment , and ... see how he works out " .
According to his biographer Phillippa Berlyn , Smith remained a somewhat pedestrian figure as Chief Whip , though he was acknowledged by his peers as someone who " did his homework well " whenever he contributed . Clifford Dupont , then Smith 's counterpart as Chief Whip of the Dominion Party , later commented that the UFP 's huge majority in the Federal Assembly gave Smith little opportunity to distinguish himself as few votes were ever in serious doubt .
= = = Leaving the UFP = = =
Amid decolonisation and the Wind of Change , the idea of " no independence before majority rule " ( " NIBMAR " ) gained considerable ground in British political circles during the late 1950s and early 1960s . The Federation , which had faced black opposition from the start , particularly in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , grew ever more tenuous . Despite Todd 's lowering of Southern Rhodesia 's educational and financial voting qualifications in 1957 to enlarge the black electorate , very few of the newly enfranchised blacks registered to vote , partly because the black nationalist movement targeted those who did with arson attacks and petrol bombings . Attempting to advance the case for Southern Rhodesian independence , particularly in the event of Federal dissolution , Sir Edgar Whitehead , who replaced Todd in 1958 , agreed a new constitution with Britain in 1961 . The 1961 constitution contained no explicit independence guarantees , but Whitehead , Welensky and other proponents nevertheless presented it to the Southern Rhodesian electorate as the " independence constitution " under which Southern Rhodesia would become a Commonwealth realm on a par with Australia , Canada and New Zealand if the Federation broke up .
Smith was one of the loudest voices of white dissent against the new constitution . He opposed its splitting of the heretofore non @-@ racial , qualified electorate into graduated " A " and " B " rolls , saying the proposed system had " racialist " connotations , and objected to the idea that the first black MPs would be elected on what he said would be a " debased franchise " . " Our policy in the past has always been that we would have a government , in Rhodesia , based on merit and that people wouldn 't worry whether you were black or whether you were white , " he said . He also pointed out that the document did not actually guarantee Southern Rhodesian independence in the event of Federal dissolution . At the UFP vote on the constitution on 22 February 1961 , Smith was the only member out of 280 to vote against it . Deeply disillusioned by these developments , he resigned from the UFP soon after to sit in the Federal Assembly as an independent . He lent his support to the " United Group " , an awkward coalition wherein Winston Field 's conservative Dominion Party closed ranks with Sir Robert Tredgold and other liberals against the constitutional proposals , despite opposing them for totally contradictory reasons . The black nationalist leaders initially endorsed the constitution , signing the draft document , but almost immediately repudiated it and called for blacks to boycott elections held under it . A referendum of the mostly white electorate approved the new constitution by a majority of 65 % on 26 July 1961 .
= = = Forming the Rhodesian Front = = =
As the UK government granted majority rule in Nyasaland and made moves towards the same in Northern Rhodesia , Smith decided that the Federation was a lost cause and resolved to found a new party that would push for Southern Rhodesian independence without an immediate transfer of power . With the support of the millionaire rancher , miner and industrialist D C " Boss " Lilford , he formed the Rhodesian Reform Party ( RRP ) , based around defectors from the UFP , in December 1961 . Meanwhile , Whitehead attempted to counter the black nationalists and persuade newly eligible blacks to register as voters . He banned the main nationalist group , the National Democratic Party , for being violent and intimidatory — it reformed overnight as the Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( ZAPU ) — and announced that the UFP would repeal the Land Apportionment Act , which segregated the ownership and occupation of certain areas on a racial basis , if it won the next Southern Rhodesian election . Commitments such as these won the UFP few black votes and prompted many scandalised whites to defect to the RRP or Field 's Dominion Party .
Smith , Field and others met in Salisbury on 13 March 1962 and agreed to unite against Whitehead as the Rhodesian Front ( RF ) . The Front ranged from former UFP men , including Smith , who advocated gradual transition and a government based on merit and electoral qualifications , to the Dominion Party 's more right @-@ wing members , some of whom held segregationist views not dissimilar to those of South Africa 's National Party . Amid these differences , the nascent RF coalition was shaky at best . Its members were brought together by their common opposition to Whitehead 's promises of fast @-@ track reform , which they agreed would lead to a Congo @-@ style national crisis , the flight of the white community and ultimately the country 's destruction . In the wider Cold War context , the ardently anti @-@ communist RF aspired to represent a pro @-@ Western bulwark in Africa , alongside South Africa and Portugal , in the face of what they saw as Soviet and Chinese expansionism . Smith asserted that the RF worked to thwart " this mad idea of a hand @-@ over , of a sell @-@ out of the European and his civilisation , indeed of everything he had put into his country " . " The white man is the master of Rhodesia , " he said ; " [ he ] has built it and intends to keep it " .
The RF ignored the April 1962 Federal elections , deeming them irrelevant , and instead concentrated on the Southern Rhodesian elections that were due at the end of the year . Whitehead attempted to curb the continuing black nationalist violence through new legislation and in September 1962 banned ZAPU , arresting 1 @,@ 094 of its members and describing it as a " terrorist organisation " , but he was still seen by much of the electorate as too liberal . He set a general election for 14 December 1962 . A number of corporations that had previously funded UFP campaigning this time backed the RF . The RF campaign exploited the chaos in the Congo and the uncertainty regarding Southern Rhodesia 's future to create a theme of urgency — it pledged to keep power " in responsible hands " , to defend the Land Apportionment Act , to oppose compulsory integration , and to win Southern Rhodesian independence .
The electoral race was close @-@ run until the night before election day , when Whitehead made what proved a fatal political gaffe by telling a public meeting at Marandellas that he would appoint a black Cabinet minister immediately if he won the election , and might soon have as many as six . This statement appeared on the radio news just before the polling booths opened the next morning , and stunned white voters . Many abandoned Whitehead at the last minute . The results , announced on 15 December 1962 , put the RF into government with 35 " A " -roll seats to the UFP 's 15 " A " -roll and 14 " B " -roll seats . Few had expected this ; even the RF was somewhat taken aback by its victory , though Smith later described feeling " quietly confident " on election day . Contesting the Umzingwane constituency in the rural south @-@ west , he bested the UFP 's Reginald Segar by 803 votes to 546 .
= = = Deputy Prime Minister under Field = = =
Announcing his Cabinet on 17 December 1962 , Field named Smith his Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Treasury . Two days later , R A Butler , the British Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State , announced that the UK government would allow Nyasaland to leave the Federation . With Northern Rhodesia now also under a secessionist black nationalist government — Kenneth Kaunda and Harry Nkumbula had formed a coalition to keep the UFP out — and Southern Rhodesia under the RF , the Federation was effectively over . The Field Cabinet made Southern Rhodesian independence on Federal dissolution its first priority , but the Conservative government in the UK was reluctant to grant this under the 1961 constitution as it knew doing so would lead to censure and loss of prestige in the United Nations ( UN ) and the Commonwealth . Indeed , Southern Rhodesia 's minority government had already become something of an embarrassment to the UK and it hurt Britain 's reputation to even maintain the status quo there . Granting independence without major constitutional reform would furthermore provoke outcry from the Conservatives ' main parliamentary opposition , the Labour Party , which was strongly anti @-@ colonial and supportive of black nationalist ambitions .
Butler announced on 6 March 1963 that he was going to convene a conference to decide the Federation 's future . It would be impossible ( or at least very difficult ) for Britain to dissolve the union without Southern Rhodesia 's co @-@ operation as the latter , being self @-@ governing , had been co @-@ signatory to the Federal agreement in 1953 . According to Smith , Field , Dupont and other RF politicians , Butler made several oral independence guarantees to ensure Southern Rhodesia 's attendance and support at the conference , but repeatedly refused to give anything on paper . Field and Smith claimed that Butler justified this to them the day before the conference began by saying that binding Whitehall to a document rather than his word would be against the Commonwealth 's " spirit of trust " — an argument that Field eventually accepted . " Let 's remember the trust you emphasised , " Smith warned , according to Field 's account wagging his finger at Butler ; " if you break that you will live to regret it . " No minutes were made of this meeting . Butler denied afterwards that he had ever made such a promise . Southern Rhodesia attended the conference , held at the Victoria Falls Hotel over a week starting from 28 June 1963 , and among other things it was agreed to formally liquidate the Federation at the end of 1963 .
The Federation dissolved on 31 December 1963 with Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia both on track for full statehood by the end of 1964 , while Southern Rhodesia continued to drift in uncertainty . Under huge pressure from the RF to rectify this matter and win independence , Field 's perceived vacillation and timidness in his dealings with the UK government caused sections of his party to lose confidence in him during early 1964 . On 2 April 1964 , with Smith in the chair , the RF caucus passed a near @-@ unanimous vote of no confidence in Field , leading to the Prime Minister 's resignation 11 days later . Smith accepted the Cabinet 's nomination to take his place . He was the first Southern Rhodesian Prime Minister to have been born in the country , something that he thought profoundly altered the character of the dispute with Britain . " For the first time in its history the country now had a Rhodesian @-@ born PM , someone whose roots were not in Britain , but in southern Africa , " he later reflected — " in other words , a white African . "
= = Prime Minister = =
= = = First days ; banning of PCC / ZAPU and ZANU = = =
Most of the Southern Rhodesian press predicted that Smith would not last long ; one column called him " a momentary man " , thrust into the spotlight by the RF 's dearth of proven leaders . His only real rival to replace Field had been William Harper , an ardent segregationist who had headed the Dominion Party 's Southern Rhodesian branch during the Federal years . Some reporters predicted Welensky 's imminent introduction to Southern Rhodesian politics at the head of an RF – UFP coalition government , but Welensky showed little interest in this idea , saying he would be unable to manoeuvre in an RF @-@ dominated House . The RF 's replacement of Field with Smith drew criticism from the British Labour leader Harold Wilson , who called it " brutal " , while J B Johnston , the British High Commissioner in Salisbury , indicated his disapproval by refusing to meet Smith for two weeks after he took office . The ZAPU leader Joshua Nkomo branded the new Smith Cabinet " a suicide squad ... interested not in the welfare of all the people but only in their own " , and predicted that the RF would " eventually destroy themselves " . Asserting that a lasting " place for the white man " in Southern Rhodesia would benefit all of the country 's people , the new Prime Minister said the government should be based " on merit , not on colour or nationalism " , and insisted that there would be " no African nationalist government here in my lifetime " .
Smith announced his Cabinet on his first day in office , 14 April 1964 . He increased the number of ministers from 10 to 11 , redistributed portfolios , and made three new appointments . Smith 's fellow former UFP men made up most of the new RF Cabinet , with Harper and the Minister of Agriculture , the Duke of Montrose ( also called Lord Graham ) , heading a minority of hardline Dominion Party veterans . Ken Flower , whom Field had appointed Director of the Central Intelligence Organisation ( CIO ) on its creation the previous year , was surprised to be retained by Smith . Smith announced his policies to the nation through full @-@ page advertisements in the newspapers : " No forced integration . No lowering of standards . No abdication of responsible government . No repeal of the Land Apportionment Act . No appeasement to suit the Afro @-@ Asian bloc . " " An honest Rhodesian , " a 1964 political poster declared — " Trust Mr Smith . He will never hand over Rhodesia . "
One of the Smith government 's first actions was to crack down hard on the black nationalist political violence that had erupted following the establishment of a second black nationalist organisation , the Zimbabwe African National Union ( ZANU ) , by disgruntled ZAPU members in Tanzania in August 1963 . The rival movements were split tribally , ZAPU being mostly Ndebele and ZANU predominantly Shona , and politically — ZAPU , which had relabelled itself the People 's Caretaker Council ( PCC ) within Southern Rhodesia to circumvent its ban , was Marxist – Leninist and backed by the Warsaw Pact and its allies , while ZANU had aligned itself with Maoism and the bloc headed by communist China . Their respective supporters in the black townships clashed constantly , also targeting non @-@ aligned blacks whom they hoped to recruit , and sporadically attacked whites , businesses and police stations .
Amid PCC / ZAPU 's calls for various strikes and protests , including an appeal for black children to boycott state schools , Smith 's Justice Minister Clifford Dupont had Nkomo and other PCC / ZAPU leaders restricted at Gonakudzingwa in the remote south @-@ east two days after Smith took office . The politically motivated killing of a white man , Petrus Oberholzer , near Melsetter by ZANU insurgents on 4 July 1964 marked the start of intensified black nationalist violence and police counteraction that culminated in the banning of ZANU and PCC / ZAPU on 26 August , with most of the two movements ' respective leaders concurrently jailed or restricted . ZANU , ZAPU and their respective guerrilla armies — the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) and the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA ) — thereafter operated from abroad .
= = = Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) = = =
Smith , who had been to the UK only four times before 1964 and never more than briefly , was soon labelled a " raw colonial " by Whitehall . He was almost immediately at loggerheads with the UK government , which he claimed had forsaken British ideals , and the Commonwealth , which he said had abandoned its own founding principles amid the Wind of Change . He accused both of isolating Southern Rhodesia because it still respected these values . When he learned in June that Salisbury would not be represented at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference for the first time since 1932 , he was deeply insulted and alleged British betrayal , double standards and appeasement . Three months later , Smith accepted the British condition that the independence terms had to be acceptable to majority opinion , but impasse immediately developed regarding the mechanism by which black views would be gauged . Labour 's narrow victory in the October 1964 UK general election meant that Smith would be negotiating not with Sir Alec Douglas @-@ Home but with Harold Wilson , who was far less accommodating towards the RF stand . Smith declared acceptability to majority opinion to have been demonstrated after a largely white referendum and an indaba of tribal chiefs and headmen both decisively backed independence under the 1961 constitution in October and November 1964 , but black nationalists and the UK government dismissed the indaba as insufficiently representative of the black community .
Following Northern Rhodesia 's independence as Zambia in October 1964 — Nyasaland had been independent Malawi since July — Southern Rhodesia began referring to itself simply as Rhodesia , but Whitehall rejected this change . Perceiving Smith to be on the verge of a unilateral declaration of independence ( UDI ) , Wilson issued a statement in October 1964 warning of dire economic and political consequences , and wrote to Smith demanding " a categorical assurance forthwith " that no UDI would be attempted . Smith ignored this , expressing confusion as to what he had done to provoke it . The UK and Rhodesian governments exchanged often confrontational correspondence over the next year or so , each accusing the other of being unreasonable and intransigent . Little progress was made when two Prime Ministers met in person in January 1965 , when Smith travelled to London for Sir Winston Churchill 's funeral . The RF called a fresh election for May 1965 and , campaigning on an election promise of independence , won all 50 " A " -roll seats ( elected mostly by whites ) . Wilson 's ministers deliberately stonewalled Smith during mid @-@ 1965 , hoping to eventually break him down , but this only caused the Rhodesian hierarchy to feel yet more alienated . From June , a peripheral dispute concerned Rhodesia 's unilateral and ultimately successful attempt to open an independent mission in Lisbon ; Portugal 's acceptance of this in September 1965 prompted British outrage and Rhodesian delight .
Amid rumours that UDI was imminent , Smith arrived in London with the declared intent of settling the independence issue on 4 October 1965 , but flew home eight days later with the matter unresolved . When Wilson travelled to Salisbury on 26 October , Smith offered to enfranchise about half a million black Rhodesians immediately along the lines of " one taxpayer , one vote " in return for independence , but Wilson said this was unacceptable as most blacks would still be excluded . He proposed a Royal Commission to test public opinion in Rhodesia regarding independence under the 1961 constitution , and suggested that the UK might safeguard black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing relevant devolved powers . This latter prospect horrified Smith 's team as it seemed to them to have ruled out the failsafe option of keeping the status quo . After Wilson returned to Britain on 30 October 1965 , he presented terms for the Royal Commission that the Rhodesians found unacceptable — among other things , Britain would not commit itself to accepting the results . Smith rejected these conditions on 5 November , saying they made the whole exercise pointless . After waiting a few days for new terms from Wilson , Smith made a consensus decision with his Cabinet to break ties unilaterally on 11 November 1965 , and signed the Unilateral Declaration of Independence at 11 : 00 local time .
= = = Fallout from UDI = = =
UDI , while received calmly by most Rhodesians , prompted political outrage in Britain and overseas . It astonished Wilson , who called on the people of Rhodesia to ignore the post @-@ UDI government , which he described as " hell @-@ bent on illegal self @-@ destroying " . Following orders from Whitehall , the colonial Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs formally sacked Smith and his Cabinet , accusing them of treason . Smith and his ministers ignored this , considering Gibbs 's office obsolete under the 1965 constitution enacted as part of UDI . After Gibbs made clear that he would not resign , Smith 's government effectively replaced him with Dupont , who was appointed to the post of " Officer Administering the Government " ( created by the 1965 constitution ) . No attempt was made to remove Gibbs from his official residence at Government House , however ; he remained there , ignored by the Smith administration , until the declaration of a republic in 1970 .
The UN General Assembly and Security Council quickly joined Britain in condemning UDI as illegal and racist . Security Council Resolutions 216 and 217 , adopted in the days following Smith 's declaration , denounced UDI as an illegitimate " usurpation of power by a racist settler minority " , and called on nations not to entertain diplomatic or economic relations . No country recognised Rhodesia as independent . Black nationalists in Rhodesia and their overseas backers , prominently the Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) , clamoured for the UK to remove Smith 's government with a military invasion , but Britain dismissed this option , citing logistical issues , the risk of provoking a pre @-@ emptive Rhodesian strike on Zambia , and the psychological issues likely to accompany any confrontation between British and Rhodesian troops . Wilson instead resolved to end UDI through economic sanctions , banning the supply of oil to Rhodesia and the import of most Rhodesian goods to Britain . When Smith continued to receive oil through South Africa and Portuguese Mozambique , Wilson posted a Royal Navy squadron to the Mozambique Channel in March 1966 . This blockade , the Beira Patrol , was endorsed by UN Security Council Resolution 221 the following month .
Wilson predicted in January 1966 that the various boycotts would force Smith to give in " within a matter of weeks rather than months " , but the British ( and later UN ) sanctions had little effect on Rhodesia , largely because South Africa and Portugal went on trading with it , providing it with oil and other key resources . Clandestine trade with other nations also continued , initially at a reduced level , and the diminished presence of foreign competitors helped domestic industries to slowly mature and expand . Even many OAU states , while bombarding Rhodesia with opprobrium , continued importing Rhodesian food and other products . Rhodesia thus avoided the economic cataclysm predicted by Wilson and gradually became more self @-@ sufficient . " Rhodesia can not only take it , but she can also make it , " Smith said on 29 April 1966 , while opening the annual Central African Trade Fair in Bulawayo . " When I say take it , I use it in two ways . Firstly , when it comes to sanctions we have proved we can take it . Secondly , when it comes to independence , we have also proved we can take it . "
= = = Tiger and Fearless talks with Wilson = = =
Wilson told the British House of Commons in January 1966 that he would not enter any kind of dialogue with Smith 's post @-@ UDI government ( which he called " the illegal regime " ) until it gave up its claim of independence , but by mid @-@ 1966 British and Rhodesian civil servants were holding " talks about talks " in London and Salisbury . By November that year , Wilson had agreed to negotiate personally with Smith . Smith and Wilson subsequently held two rounds of direct negotiations , both of which were held aboard Royal Navy ships off Gibraltar . The first took place aboard HMS Tiger between 2 and 4 December 1966 , while the second , aboard HMS Fearless , was held between 8 and 13 October 1968 .
The British Prime Minister went to HMS Tiger in a belligerent mindset . Wilson 's political secretary Marcia Falkender later wrote of " apartheid ... on that ship " , with the British and Rhodesian delegations separated in all activities outside the conference room at Wilson 's orders . Despite the uneasy atmosphere — accounts from both sides describe Wilson dealing with the Rhodesians extremely tersely — talks progressed relatively smoothly until the subject turned to the manner of the transition . Wilson insisted on the abandonment of the 1965 constitution , the dissolution of the post @-@ UDI government in favour of a " broad @-@ based " multiracial interim administration and a period under a British Governor , conditions that Smith saw as tantamount to surrender , particularly as the British proposed to draft and introduce the new constitution only after a fresh test of opinion under UK control . When Smith asserted on 3 December that he could not settle without first consulting his Cabinet in Salisbury , Wilson was enraged , declaring that a central condition of the summit had been that he and Smith would have plenipotentiary powers to make a deal . According to J R T Wood , Wilson and his Attorney General Sir Elwyn Jones then " bullied Smith for two long days " to try to get him to settle , without success .
A working document was ultimately produced and signed by Smith , Wilson and Gibbs , to be accepted or rejected in its entirety by each Cabinet after the Prime Ministers returned home . Whitehall accepted the proposals , but Salisbury turned them down ; Smith announced on 5 December 1966 that while he and his ministers were largely satisfied with the terms , the Cabinet did not feel it could responsibly abandon the 1965 constitution while so much uncertainty surrounded the transition and the new " mythical constitution yet to be evolved " . Gondo , Rhodesia 's Leader of the Opposition , promptly demanded Smith 's resignation , reasoning that the Cabinet 's rejection of the working document he had helped to draft amounted to a vote of no confidence . The RF ignored him . Warning that " grave actions must follow " , Wilson took the Rhodesia problem to the United Nations , which proceeded to institute the first mandatory trade sanctions in its history with Security Council Resolutions 232 ( December 1966 ) and 253 ( April 1968 ) . These measures required UN member states to prevent all trade and economic links with Rhodesia .
State press censorship , introduced by the Smith administration on UDI , was lifted in early April 1968 , though according to the Glasgow Herald the government retained " considerable powers to control information . It may reflect no more than Mr Smith 's growing confidence that nothing — short of a sell @-@ out to Britain — can undermine his position in Rhodesia " . The series of Rhodesian High Court cases debating the legality of UDI came to a close five months later on 13 September . A panel of judges headed by Sir Hugh Beadle ruled UDI , the 1965 constitution and Smith 's government to be de jure , prompting the UK Commonwealth Secretary George Thomson to accuse them of breaching " the fundamental laws of the land " .
On HMS Fearless , the British reversed their confrontational approach of the Tiger talks and made a marked effort to appear genial and welcoming , mixing socially with the Rhodesians and accommodating Smith in the Admiral 's cabin on HMS Kent , which was moored alongside . Marked progress towards agreement was made — for example , Wilson dropped altogether the transition period under a colonial Governor — but the Rhodesian delegation now demurred on a new British proposal , the " double safeguard " . This would involve elected black Rhodesians controlling a blocking quarter in the Rhodesian parliament , and thereafter having the right to appeal passed legislation to the Privy Council in London . Smith 's team accepted the principle of the blocking quarter but agreement could not be reached on the technicalities of it ; the involvement of the UK Privy Council was rejected by Smith as a " ridiculous " provision that would prejudice Rhodesia 's sovereignty . The Fearless summit ended with a joint Anglo @-@ Rhodesian statement asserting that " both sides recognise that a very wide gulf still remains " , but were prepared to continue negotiations in Salisbury . This never occurred .
= = = A republic ; failed accord with Douglas @-@ Home = = =
With their hopes of Commonwealth realm status through a settlement with Britain dimming , Smith and the RF began to seriously consider the alternative of a republic as early as December 1966 , after the Tiger talks . Republicanism was presented as a means to clarify Rhodesia 's claimed constitutional status , end ambiguity regarding ties with Britain and elicit official foreign recognition and acceptance . Smith 's government began exploring a republican constitution in March 1967 . The Union Jack and Rhodesia 's Commonwealth @-@ style national flag — a defaced Sky Blue Ensign with the Union Jack in the canton — were formally superseded on 11 November 1968 , the third anniversary of UDI , by a new national flag : a green @-@ white @-@ green vertical triband , charged centrally with the Rhodesian coat of arms . After the electorate voted " yes " in a June 1969 referendum both to a new constitution and to the abandoning of symbolic ties to the Crown , Smith declared Rhodesia a republic on 2 March 1970 . The 1969 constitution introduced a President as head of state , a multiracial senate , separate black and white electoral rolls ( each with qualifications ) and a mechanism whereby the number of black MPs would increase in line with the proportion of income tax revenues paid by black citizens . This process would stop once blacks had the same number of seats as whites ; the declared goal was not majority rule , but rather " parity between the races " .
No country recognised the Rhodesian republic . The RF was decisively returned to power in the first election held as a republic , on 10 April 1970 , winning all 50 white seats . Hopes for an Anglo @-@ Rhodesian rapprochement were boosted two months later when the Conservatives won a surprise election victory in the UK . Edward Heath took over as Prime Minister while Douglas @-@ Home became Foreign Secretary . Talks between Douglas @-@ Home and Smith began with a lengthy meeting in Salisbury in April 1971 and continued until a tentative understanding was reached in early November . A UK delegation headed by Douglas @-@ Home and the Attorney General Sir Peter Rawlinson flew to Salisbury on 15 November for negotiations over a new constitution , and after six days
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
administrative powers to the Syrian government began on 1 August , the day in which Quwatli announced the establishment of the Syrian Army and his position as the commander in chief . Quwatli also asked Khoury to form a cabinet , which was established on 24 August . The French finished their withdrawal from Syria on 15 April 1946 and Quwatli declared Syria 's independence day on 17 April .
= = = Post @-@ independence politics = = =
Following Syria 's independence , the National Bloc was dissolved and replaced by the National Party . Quwatli 's leadership , while supported by older politicians like Asali , Jabiri and Haffar , became increasingly challenged by emerging leaders such as Nazim al @-@ Qudsi of the People 's Party and Akram al @-@ Hawrani of the Arab Socialist Party as well as the Baath Party , the Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party ( SSNP ) , the Muslim Brotherhood and the Syrian Communist Party ( SCP ) . Antagonistic relations between Quwatli and the Hashemite kings of Iraq and Jordan , Abdullah I and Faisal II , respectively , increased with the latter two seeking to unite Syria , Iraq and Jordan under Hashemite monarchical rule , and Quwatli countering that Iraq and Jordan join a republican Syria under his leadership instead . The Hashemites found support in the People 's Party , which became an influential force in Aleppo , a major city and economic hub of Syria , particularly after the 1947 death of Jabiri , Quwatli 's Aleppo @-@ based ally .
In early 1947 , Quwatli and the National Party , the largest party in parliament , made an amendment to the constitution to enable Quwatli to seek re @-@ election . The move was met by strong disapproval from rival Syrian parties and opposition politicians , and a campaign to unseat Quwatli in the next presidential election was commenced . Quwatli 's allies won 24 out of 127 seats during the 1947 parliamentary election , the first in post @-@ independence Syria , while the opposition won 53 seats and independents unaffiliated with any political party won 50 . A number of Quwatli 's allies defected from the National Party and former president Atassi retired from politics because of his frustration at Quwatli 's handling of Syrian internal affairs . Quwatli tasked Jamil Mardam Bey to form a new cabinet in October , which included mostly pro @-@ Western politicians .
Despite the heavy presence of pro @-@ American figures in the cabinet and Quwatli 's initially warm ties with the US , relations between the two countries began to unravel amid the nascent Cold War and the view that Quwatli was becoming a detriment to US interests in the region . Quwatli developed close relations with the SCP and its head Khalid Bakdash , which was a contributing factor to the US Congress 's rejection of Quwatli 's arms request for the Syrian Army in late 1947 . Quwatli also rejected the construction of the Trans @-@ Arabian Pipeline in Syria ( to connect the oilfields of Saudi Arabia to Lebanon ) . Quwatli feared construction of the pipeline would threaten the mostly British @-@ owned Iraq Petroleum Company and upset the UK , as well as the Syrian public , who he believed would view the project " as a new form of indirect foreign economic control " , according to Moubayed . US support for Israel , particularly under Truman , and Quwatli 's adamant opposition to Zionism was a further source of tension .
= = Second presidential term = =
= = = Election of 1948 = = =
With the constitution amended to allow for a president to seek more than one term , Quwatli ran against Khalid al @-@ Azm for another five @-@ year term and won by a slim majority on 18 April 1948 .
= = = 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War = = =
Quwatli opposed the proposed partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states , arguing that the plan , which would allocate 56 % of Palestine to the Jewish state , violated the rights of the Palestinian Arab majority . The proposal passed the UN vote and Syria made war preparations soon afterward , including co @-@ founding the Arab Liberation Army ( ALA ) . Quwatli had proposed the creation of the ALA as a volunteer force to attract fighters from throughout the Arab world and to take the place of Arab regular armies . The ALA 's establishment was sponsored by the Arab League following the UN partition vote and Fawzi al @-@ Qawuqji , a Syrian commander who played leading roles in the Great Syrian Revolt and the 1936 revolt in Palestine , was appointed its commander . Quwatli did not believe the armies of Syria and the Arab world were ready to successfully confront Jewish forces and as war drew near in early 1948 , he petitioned Abdel Rahman Azzam , head of the Arab League , to not enter Arab armies into Palestine . Instead , Quwatli offered to provide local Palestinian Arab fighters arms and funding . Azzam was not swayed and continued his effort of rallying Arab governments to dispatch their armies . On 15 May , after the establishment of Israel was announced , Quwatli ordered the Syrian Army to enter Palestine immediately .
The Syrian Army , which consisted of 4 @,@ 500 soldiers , had been mostly repelled in their offensive during the first few days of the war , gaining control over a small area along the Syrian border . As a result of the army 's poor showing , Quwatli pressed defense minister Ahmad al @-@ Sharabati to resign his post , which Sharabati did on 24 May . He then replaced chief of staff Abdullah Atfeh with Husni al @-@ Zaim during that same period of the war . Following the war , Quwatli accused Zaim of military incompetence and his officers of profiteering . In turn , Zaim accused Quwatli of mismanagement during the conflict . The Syrian public did not spare Quwatli blame for the army 's poor performance , causing his popularity , built on his nationalist reputation , to erode further . The Syrian press was also sharply critical of Quwatli and Prime Minister Mardam Bey , urging them to leave their positions . Mardam Bey resigned on 22 August 1948 and was replaced by Khalid al @-@ Azm .
Mass demonstrations took place in Syria condemning US President Harry Truman for recognizing Israel . Synagogues were attacked in Damascus as were the offices of General Motors . US officials were frustrated at Quwatli for not attempting to stop the demonstrations . When Egypt , Jordan and Lebanon signed armistice agreements with Israel between February and April 1949 , Syria under Quwatli did not do so and refused to send a delegation to attend truce negotiations in Rhodes in March .
= = = Coup d 'état of 1949 = = =
On 29 March 1949 , Zaim launched a coup d 'état , overthrowing Quwatli . Zaim 's troops entered Damascus and raided Quwatli 's home . They disarmed his guard and confronted Quwatli in his night clothes before army officer Ibrahim al @-@ Husseini arrested him . After being allowed to change his clothes , Quwatli was taken by the authorities to the city 's Mezzeh Prison . Prime Minister al @-@ Azm was also arrested . The coup had been backed and allegedly co @-@ planned with the US Central Intelligence Agency . The US was the first country to recognize Zaim 's government , followed by the UK , France , and the Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan .
= = Exile in Egypt = =
As a result of pressure from the Egyptian and Saudi governments to spare the life of their ally Quwatli , al @-@ Zaim agreed to release Quwatli from prison in mid @-@ April 1949 . After officially resigning as President , Quwatli was exiled to Alexandria , Egypt . In Egypt he was respected as a guest of honor by King Farouk and after the July 1952 revolution , by the Free Officers who gained power . Despite his positive relationship with the ousted King Farouk , Quwatli developed a close friendship with the founder of the Free Officers , Gamal Abdel Nasser , who became Egypt 's leader in 1954 .
= = Third presidential term = =
= = = Elections of 1955 = = =
Quwatli returned to Syria in 1955 , following the ouster of President Adib al @-@ Shishakli and during the presidency of Hashim al @-@ Atassi . Quwatli entered his candidacy in the August 1955 presidential elections , at the age of 63 . Required to secure a two @-@ thirds majority in the 142 @-@ member Syrian Parliament in order to win , Quwatli defeated his main opponent Khalid al @-@ Azm 89 to 42 ( a further six votes were cast as invalid ) in the first round . This prompted a second round of voting , in which Quwatli won the presidency with 91 votes against Azm 's 41 ( a further five votes were blank and two invalid . ) Quwatli 's bid for the presidency was supported by the governments of Egypt and Saudi Arabia , both of which were allied in their opposition to the Baghdad Pact as was Quwatli .
Prime Minister Sabri al @-@ Asali resigned from his post on 6 September following the Ba 'ath Party 's withdrawal from the cabinet . As a result , Quwatli attempted to nominate Lutfi al @-@ Haffar as Prime Minister , but reneged after opposition from the Ba 'athists . Afterward , Quwatli asked Rushdi al @-@ Kikhiya to form a cabinet , but the latter refused , citing that influence from the Syrian Army would deprive his government of real power . President Nasser of Egypt recommended the reappointment of Asali , but Quwatli refused , instead opting for Said al @-@ Ghazzi , an independent . Ghazzi agreed and subsequently presided over a national unity government .
= = = Adoption of neutralism = = =
Under Quwatli 's leadership , Syria increasingly moved towards neutralism , despite the conservative views held by Quwatli . However , on 10 September , Quwatli first opted to make an official request for arms from the United States , but was eventually rebuffed despite support from US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles . Starting in 1956 , Quwatli began to look towards the Eastern bloc for economic and military assistance . During the tenure of his administration , Quwatli furthered Syria 's relations with other neutralist countries such as Yugoslavia , India and Egypt , but also with the Soviet Union ( USSR ) and the Eastern bloc . The pursuit of this policy was partially due to the support afforded to the leftist movements in Syria by the Saudi and Egyptian governments who viewed them as strong opponents of the Baghdad Pact , and the highly influential leftist factions of the Syrian Army . Quwatli and Nasser initiated the Egyptian @-@ Syrian Agreement , a defense arrangement that would serve as a counterweight to the Baghdad Pact , in March 1955 . The agreement stipulated that each country would assist the other in case of an attack , the establishment of numerous committees to coordinate joint military activities and the creation of a joint military command headed by Egyptian officer Abdel Hakim Amer . The agreement was concluded 20 October .
Increasingly concerned at the growing leftist trend in the country , Quwatli called for a national unity government that would include parties from across the political spectrum on 15 February 1956 . Despite opposition from the Ba 'athists , Quwatli managed to preside over a " national covenant " which entailed a foreign policy of opposition to Zionism and imperialism as well as the adoption of neutralism amid the Cold War . Nonetheless , and against Quwatli 's advice , Ghazzi resigned from his post in June 1956 as a result of pressure from the Ba 'athists and the communists who had been leading protests against Ghazzi 's decision to lift the ban on wheat sales to Western Europe . Faced with few options , Quwatli reappointed Asali as Prime Minister . Asali moved to further strengthen ties with Egypt , including a pledge to start unity talks , and appointed Ba 'athists to the ministerial positions of economy and foreign affairs .
Following the tripartite invasion of the Sinai Peninsula and the Suez Canal by British , French and Israeli forces in October 1956 , Quwatli severed ties with Britain . Quwatli sent hundreds of army recruits to aid the Egyptian defense and made an emergency visit to Moscow to request Soviet backing for Nasser from Premier Nikita Khrushchev , telling the latter that the tripartite forces " want to destroy Egypt ! " In response to public pressure , in late December Prime Minister Asali reshuffled his cabinet , removing several fellow conservatives and strengthening leftist influence in the government .
= = = Confronting leftist influence = = =
In July 1957 , relations between Quwatli 's ally Saudi Arabia and the governments of Iraq and Jordan , rivals of Syria , warmed considerably to the protestations of the leftist current in Syria , which viewed the growing ties between the region 's conservative monarchies with distress . After a series of public criticisms of King Saud by an array of Syrian political figures , including al @-@ Azm , Michel Aflaq and Akram al @-@ Hawrani , Saud froze Syrian assets in Saudi Arabia and withdrew his ambassador from Syria in protest . In response to the crisis between the two countries , an alarmed Quwatli ordered Asali to publicly distance his government from the anti @-@ Saudi views of some in the Syrian Parliament and press , and to publicly apologize to Saud . In addition , Quwatli personally issued a government order to shut down the communist newspaper Al Sarkha .
On 6 August , Quwatli established a long @-@ term agreement with the USSR , entailing a long @-@ term Soviet loan to fund development works in Syria and the Soviet purchase of a large portion of Syrian agricultural and textile surpluses . US fears that Syria was approaching a communist takeover had prompted an attempted CIA @-@ sponsored coup to replace the Quwatli government with former president Shishakli . However , the coup plot was foiled by the head of Syrian intelligence , Abdel Hamid al @-@ Sarraj , on 12 August and Syria consequently expelled the US military attaché from Damascus . The US , which denied the coup plot , responded by expelling the Syrian ambassador from Washington and recalling its ambassador from Syria .
Leftist influence in Syria grew further in the immediate wake of the crisis ; on 15 August , a high @-@ ranking officer from Sidon , Lebanon with Marxist leanings , Afif Bizri , was appointed army chief of staff , and several mid @-@ level officers were replaced with communist officers . Quwatli flew to Egypt amid apparent plans to resign from the presidency in favor of the Soviet @-@ leaning Azm . However , he returned to Syria on 26 August . Tensions had been rising as rumors swept the region regarding a US @-@ backed Turkish or joint Iraqi @-@ Jordanian invasion of Syria to prevent a potential communist takeover . Quwatli 's earlier success in repairing ties between Syria and Saudi Arabia proved particularly useful during this period . Saud immediately lent his full support to Quwatli , whom he viewed as a significant counterweight to the leftist movement , by rebuffing President Dwight D. Eisenhower 's appeal to endorse the Eisenhower Doctrine , a policy aimed at containing communist and Arab nationalist influence in the Middle East . He also accepted an invitation to Damascus by Quwatli on 25 August , publicly stating that Saudi Arabia would support Syria in any aggression against it . Iraqi Prime Minister Ali Jawdat also proclaimed support for Syria when he visited on 26 August , in spite of support for an attack by the Iraqi monarchy . Both Saud and Jawdat privately criticized Syria 's leadership for increasing dependence on the Eastern bloc .
Nonetheless , the US and its allies in the Baghdad Pact genuinely feared that Syria was becoming a satellite of the Soviets and decided in a September meeting that Quwatli 's government had to be removed . That same month Turkish troops massed along the border with Syria . On 13 October , Nasser , who had launched a radio campaign denouncing the Baghdad Pact countries , dispatched 1 @,@ 500 Egyptian troops , a mostly symbolic force , to the port of Latakia in northern Syria in a show of Arab strength against Turkey , to the acclaim of the Syrian and pan @-@ Arab public . The leaders of Jordan and Iraq promptly reassured Quwatli that they had no intention to interfere in Syria 's internal affairs . Nasser had apparently bypassed his ally Quwatli , coordinating the deployment with officers Sarraj and Bizri instead . Quwatli related this fact to Saud , who had complained of not being consulted of the Egyptian move beforehand , an " admission ... of Quwatli 's political irrelevance , " according to contemporary historian Salim Yaqub .
Sarraj and Bizri wielded substantial influence in Syrian politics , checking the power of the political factions and purging Nasser 's opponents from the officer corps . This was a source of concern for Quwatli , but he kept both men in their posts , partially due to pressure from Nasser . Quwatli further solidified his ties with the latter by appointing Akram al @-@ Hawrani , the prominent Arab socialist leader , as speaker of parliament , and Salah al @-@ Din Bitar , the co @-@ founder of the pan @-@ Arabist Ba 'ath Party , as foreign affairs minister .
= = = Unity with Egypt = = =
Amid the euphoria generated by Egypt 's military intervention , serious unity discussions commenced between Syria and Egypt . Towards the end of October , Anwar al @-@ Sadat , the Egyptian speaker of parliament , visited the Syrian parliament in Damascus in a gesture of solidarity , only for the visit to end with the Syrian parliament voting unanimously to enter into a union with Egypt without delay . A Syrian delegation then headed for Cairo to persuade Nasser to accept unity with Syria , but Nasser expressed his reservations regarding unity to the delegates and Quwatli , who was in Damascus . Nasser was wary of the Syrian military 's habitual interference in the country 's political affairs and the stark difference in the countries ' economies and political systems . The Syrian political and military leadership continued to press Nasser out of both sincere commitment to Arab nationalism and a realization that only unification with Egypt could prevent impending strife in the country due to increasing communist influence .
In December , the Ba 'ath Party composed a proposal entailing federal unity with Egypt , prompting their communist rivals to propose a total union . While the communists were less eager to merge with Egypt , they sought to appear before the Syrian public as the group most dedicated to unity , privately believing Nasser would reject the offer as he had the first time . According to historian Adeed Dawisha , " the communists ended up outmaneuvering themselves ... unprepared for the unfolding events spearheaded by a public driven to frenzy by all talk and promises of union . " On 11 January 1958 , the communist chief @-@ of @-@ staff , Bizri , led an officers delegation to press for unity with Cairo without consulting Quwatli beforehand . Instead , the Egyptian ambassador , Mahmud Riad , met and notified Quwatli of Bizri 's move . Quwatli was angered at the military 's move , telling Riad that it amounted to a coup and Egypt was complicit .
To his assert his influence over the unity talks , Quwatli sent Foreign Minister al @-@ Bitar to Cairo on 16 January to join the discussions . Nasser , while still hesitant at the Syrian proposal and discouraged by members of his inner circle , became increasingly concerned with the communists ' power in Syria as testified by Bizri 's leadership and autonomy from Quwatli . He was further pressured by the Arab nationalist members of the delegation , including al @-@ Bitar , who alluded to an impending communist takeover and urgently appealed to him not to " abandon " Syria .
Nasser ultimately agreed to the union , but insisted that it be formed strictly on his terms , stipulating a one @-@ party system , a merged economy , and Syria 's adoption of Egyptian social institutions ; in effect a full @-@ blown union . Syria 's political leaders , particularly the communists , the Ba 'athists and the conservatives , viewed Nasser 's terms unfavorably , but nonetheless accepted them in response to mounting popular pressure . Quwatli left for Cairo in mid @-@ February to conclude the agreement with Nasser and on 22 February the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) was established . Quwatli resigned from the presidency and Nasser became the president of the new union . To honor Quwatli for his gesture and his longtime struggle in the Arab nationalist cause , Nasser accorded him the title of " First Arab Citizen . "
The announcement of the UAR was met with widespread jubilation and celebration throughout the Arab world , most prominently in Syria . Nasser arrived in Damascus on an unannounced visit on 24 February and went directly to Quwatli 's home . According to al @-@ Hawrani , as Nasser met with Quwatli , " a sea of colliding humanity gathered with astonishing speed " as residents left their workplaces and homes to meet the leaders at Quwatli 's house . When the two decided to leave for the official guesthouse in an open @-@ top automobile , it took them two hours to reach the destination , where it normally would have taken about five minutes . The commotion of the growing crowds surrounding the car caused Quwatli to nearly faint . Following the union 's establishment , Quwatli retired from politics .
= = Later life = =
By 1960 , Quwatli had quarreled with Nasser and criticized his policies in Syria . In particular , he condemned the institution of land distribution and industrial nationalization in July 1961 , stating it would harm the economy severely . He was also personally affronted that his son @-@ in @-@ law Fayez al @-@ Ujl had much of his property seized by the government as part of the socialist measures . Resentment towards the union across the spectrum of Syria 's political class , social elite and officer corps was on the rise , with these key groups chafing at the centralization of authority into Nasser 's hands , domination by a vastly larger Egypt at the political , social and economic levels and the sidelining of these groups in the governance of Syria . The Syrian public also grew wary of the virtual police state set up in the country by Sarraj . A coup by secessionist officers was undertaken in Syria on 28 September , effectively breaking up the UAR . Quwatli lent his support toward the coup , aligning himself with the secessionist officers .
On 23 October , he made a televised speech condemning the UAR and expressing his disappointment with Nasser , saying " unity does not mean annexation and the presidential system does not mean the separation of the ruler from the ruled . " He also accused the Egyptian authorities of establishing a system of rule dependent on " 1 @,@ 001 spies " and responsible for sowing division in the republic . Quwatli told the Syrian people they controlled their own destiny , saying " Ranks and titles come and go , but you the people are immortal ! " He concluded his speech with self @-@ criticism , stating " I was able to serve your struggle as an ordinary citizen more than I was able to serve you when I was president . "
The secessionist officers , pleased at Quwatli 's statements , discussed whether or not to have Quwatli serve another term as president or to finish the term he began in 1955 , which was cut about one year short as a result of the UAR 's establishment . The proposal did not manifest , largely due to Quwatli 's relatively old age at the time . On 8 March 1963 a coalition of unionist officers consisting of Ba 'athists , Nasserists and independent Arab nationalists overthrew the secessionist government of President Nazim al @-@ Qudsi and Prime Minister Khalid al @-@ Azm . Quwatli left Syria shortly after and moved to Beirut , Lebanon .
= = Death = =
Quwatli had a heart attack shortly after the Six Day War ( 5 – 10 June 1967 ) . Feeling a pain in his chest he was taken to a hospital on 29 June . He died in Beirut on 30 June . According to Syrian historian Sami Moubayed , Quwatli died after learning of the defeat of the Syrian and Arab armies . The Ba 'athist @-@ dominated government refused to allow Quwatli 's body to be buried in Damascus and only relented after diplomatic pressure from King Faisal of Saudi Arabia . An honorary funeral organized by the state was held for him on 1 July .
On the day of his funeral , Radio Damascus called Quwatli " one of the sons of this homeland who has sacrificed and struggled for the advancement , liberation and unity of the Arab nation . " He was proclaimed a founding father of the Syrian Arab Republic . Historians and the Syrian population generally consider Quwatli to be one of the most " renowned Syrian leaders of the twentieth century , " according to Moubayed .
= Sunol Water Temple =
The Sunol Water Temple is located at 505 Paloma Way in Sunol , California . Designed by Willis Polk , the 59 foot high classical pavilion is made up of twelve concrete Corinthian columns and a concrete ring girder that supports the conical wood and tile roof . Inside the temple , water originally from the Pleasanton well fields and Arroyo de la Laguna flowed into a white tiled cistern before plunging into a deeper water channel carrying water from the filter galleries to the Niles Aqueduct in Niles Canyon and across San Francisco Bay near the Dumbarton Bridge . The roof covering the cistern has paintings depicting Indian maidens carrying water vessels . The temple is open to the public Monday to Friday , 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
= = History = =
Since the mid @-@ 19th century a private company , the Spring Valley Water Company ( SVWC ) , owned much of the Alameda Creek Watershed and had held a monopoly on water service to San Francisco . In 1906 , William Bowers Bourn II , a major stockholder in the SVWC , and owner of the giant Empire gold mine , hired Willis Polk to design a " water temple " atop the spot where three subterranean water sources converge ( a pipe from the Arroyo de la Laguna , Alameda Creek , through the Sunol infiltration galleries , and a 30 @-@ inch pipeline from the artesian well field of Pleasanton ) Some sources claim Bourn wanted to sell the water company to the City of San Francisco and saw the temple as a way to appeal to San Francisco voters , who would have to approve the purchase ( municipal efforts to buy out the SVWC had been a source of constant controversy from as early as 1873 , when the first attempt to purchase it was turned down by the voters because the price was too high ) . Other sources claim that as one born into wealth and classically educated , Bourn was partially motivated by a sense of civic responsibility .
Polk 's design , modeled after the ancient Temple of Vesta in Tivoli , Italy , was constructed in 1910 ( Tivoli is where many of the waters that fed Rome converged in the foothills of the Apennines ) . Prior to the construction of the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct , half of San Francisco 's water supply ( 6 million gallons a day ) passed through the Sunol temple . The SVWC , including the temple , was purchased by San Francisco in 1930 for $ 40 million .
For decades the Water Temple received many visitors and was a popular location for picnickers . By the 1980s the water temple had badly deteriorated , and was severely damaged in 1989 's Loma Prieta earthquake , leading some community leaders to call for its demolition . The site was closed to the public because of safety concerns . A community effort led to the temple 's restoration from 1997 to 2001 , at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 2 million , including seismic and accessibility upgrades . Following its restoration the temple opened again to the public . Today any water that flows through the temple is not part of the potable water supply .
Fields adjacent to the temple belong to the city of San Francisco which has authorized the digging of a gravel quarry on the site . Local residents concerned about the temple 's future brought a lawsuit to attempt block the quarry project , but eventually ran out of funds and dropped the suit .
In June 2006 , a new facility named the Sunol Agricultural Park was opened on a site adjacent to the temple . The park provides space for small businesses and nonprofit groups to grow produce and is a project of a non @-@ profit called Sustainable Agriculture Education ( SAGE ) . The park serves a platform for service and educational programs related to sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation .
= = Inscription = =
" I will make the wilderness a pool of water and the dry lands springs of water . [ Isaiah 41 : 18b ] The streams whereof shall make glad the city . [ Psalms 46 : 4 ] S.V.W.C. MCMX [ Spring Valley Water Company 1910 ] "
= Machine Head ( band ) =
Machine Head is an American heavy metal band from Oakland , California . Formed on October 12 , 1991 , the group was founded by vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn and bassist Adam Duce . The current lineup of the band comprises Flynn , drummer Dave McClain , guitarist Phil Demmel , and bassist Jared MacEachern . Machine Head is one of the pioneering bands in the New Wave of American Heavy Metal .
Machine Head was formed by member Robb Flynn , previously part of the bands Forbidden and Vio @-@ lence . Flynn felt musically unfulfilled with Vio @-@ lence and requested to start a side project . When his request was denied , he left the band and formed Machine Head in 1991 with Adam Duce , Logan Mader and Tony Constanza . The band 's first album Burn My Eyes , was a big success in Europe where it garnered attention on MTV 's Headbangers Ball . In America ( with HBB taken off the air during the grunge movement ) Machine Head would not have success until later albums .
The band nearly disbanded in 2002 after negotiating off its label Roadrunner Records , when controversy surrounding Machine Head 's fourth album Supercharger ( released 3 weeks after September 11 , 2001 ) resulted in their songs and music video for the song " Crashing Around You " ( which featured burning buildings ) being pulled from all media outlets . The band re @-@ signed with Roadrunner soon after and has released four albums since , 2003 's Through the Ashes of Empires , 2007 's The Blackening ( which earned Machine Head its first Grammy Award nomination ) and 2011 's Unto the Locust . Their most recent album , Bloodstone & Diamonds , was released in 2014 . Machine Head have sold over 3 million records worldwide .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and Burn My Eyes ( 1991 – 96 ) = = =
Machine Head were formed on October 12 , 1991 , in Oakland , California by vocalist / guitarist Robb Flynn and bassist Adam Duce . Flynn had recently parted ways with Vio @-@ lence after a physical fight between the band members and a local gang . He still had a desire to write music and along with Duce recruited guitarist Logan Mader and drummer Tony Costanza to form Machine Head . The band 's name was thought of by Flynn because it " sounded cool " , despite the popular belief that it came from the Deep Purple album of the same name . The band started jamming in a local warehouse shared with four punk rock bands . Machine Head recorded a demo in a friend 's bedroom , funded with US $ 800 . A record executive representing Roadrunner Records listened to the demo and signed the band .
Machine Head entered Fantasy Studios in Berkeley , California to record its debut album Burn My Eyes . Not long into production , Constanza left the band and was replaced by Chris Kontos . Most of the songs on the album were songs written by Flynn and Duce during the time Flynn was not in a band , about " being pissed off " from his previous struggles in Vio @-@ lence , as well as both of their battles with illegal drugs . Produced by Colin Richardson , the album was released on August 9 , 1994 . The album shipped nearly 400 @,@ 000 copies worldwide , becoming Roadrunner Records ' best selling debut album . Allmusic reviewer John Franck stated " Burn My Eyes is a bone @-@ shattering exercise in brutality " .
Not long after Burn My Eyes 's release Machine Head started touring heavily in support of the album , opening for Slayer in Europe in the latter half of 1994 , a tour which ended with their own headline show at the London Astoria . Following the success of the support tour the band returned to Europe for a headline tour in early 1995 , performing in the same venues they opened for Slayer . The band would return to Europe for the summer festival season but Kontos refused to tour and the band drafted Walter Ryan for the festival dates . On the band 's return to the US Kontos was fired because he was not keeping to touring commitments . Kontos went on to play drums with Testament , and was replaced by Dave McClain .
= = = The More Things Change ... and The Burning Red ( 1997 – 2000 ) = = =
After touring for Burn My Eyes , Machine Head entered the studio to record its second studio album , The More Things Change ... , with Richardson producing and mixing for a second time . The album was released on March 25 , 1997 , and debuted at number 138 on the Billboard 200 albums chart . Machine Head toured in Europe with Napalm Death , Coal Chamber and Skinlab , then went on the first Ozzfest for the first tours in support of the album . Mader showed up to a practice session late , high on methamphetamine , cursing at and insulting the band members ; and quit the band later that day . Ahrue Luster replaced him and finished touring , while Mader toured with Soulfly in support of their self @-@ titled debut album .
After three years of touring and working with producer Ross Robinson , Machine Head released its third studio album , The Burning Red , on August 10 , 1999 . The band added new elements to its music , including rapping vocals , a move which some believe to have been influenced by Ahrue Luster himself . This album and the band 's change in image / musical direction ( nu metal / alternative metal ) was highly criticized , with critics and fans alike accusing the band of " selling out " . Nevertheless , McClain stated they weren 't trying to sound like popular bands but " wanted to sound different " . Rick Anderson of Allmusic stated Machine Head was " sounding a bit looser and less constricted musically than they have in the past " . The Burning Red became Machine Head 's top selling album for a number of years , and debuted at number 88 on the Billboard 200 .
= = = Supercharger and Through the Ashes of Empires ( 2001 – 05 ) = = =
Machine Head finished touring for The Burning Red , and entered a studio with producer Johnny K to record Supercharger . Debuting at number 115 on the Billboard 200 , the album was released on October 2 , 2001 . The album met the same criticism as The Burning Red , especially for the ever @-@ present rapping vocals . Blabbermouth.net reviewer Borivoj Krgin stated Supercharger " is likely to disappoint everyone who is expecting the Bay Area quartet to return to the ultra @-@ testosterone @-@ charged sounds of their first two albums " .
Machine Head released a single for " Crashing Around You " as well as a music video . The video was released several weeks after the September 11 , 2001 attacks , and was banned from MTV for the depictions of falling buildings . Roadrunner Records , expecting to make a fair profit from album promotions , dropped the band 's funding , causing Machine Head to leave the label . At the same time the band was leaving Roadrunner , Luster departed from the band for musical differences .
By 2002 , Machine Head had sold over 1 @.@ 3 million albums worldwide , and overall Supercharger ( mixed by Colin Richardson ) would go on to sell 250 @,@ 000 copies worldwide , which was their lowest selling album to date . Once the tour for the album had been completed , Machine Head and Roadrunner Records mutually decided to sever ties with regards to distribution in North America and around the world , however to fill the ties , the band released Hellalive ( also mixed by Colin Richardson ) which was a recording of a Brixton Academy , London set .
In 2002 Ahrue Luster left the band and was temporarily replaced by Phil Demmel , who played in thrash band Vio @-@ lence alongside Flynn . Demmel played some festival shows with Machine Head ( including a headlining slot at the With Full Force festival in Germany ) . Then with Phil not being able to commit to the band , he and Machine Head parted ways . The remainder of the band starting writing songs for the next album ( eventually Through the Ashes ... ) , and hoping to get signed to a record label . They recorded a short demo , including a radio @-@ style song called " Pins and Needles " , and an Electronic Press Kit for the companies , also hoping they can get signed on the strength of their previous efforts . Nearly every record label in the music industry rejected the four track demo .
After Machine Head 's European tour , Ahrue Luster returned to his family business and the band started writing together as a three @-@ piece , while leaving a position open for Demmel . In March 2003 , Demmel joined Machine Head as a full @-@ time guitarist and started writing with the band . By June 2003 , Machine Head entered a studio with Flynn producing . On October 27 , 2003 , Machine Head released Through the Ashes of Empires in Europe .
The band was turned down by multiple record labels in the United States , until Roadrunner USA , interested in the new album , offered Machine Head another record contract . Machine Head accepted the offer on the grounds that the band owns 100 % of the music . On April 20 , 2004 , Through the Ashes of Empires was released in the United States with a bonus track for the Americans ' long wait for the album 's release . The album debuted at number 88 on the Billboard 200 . The band released a single for " Imperium " , the video for which received heavy rotation on MTV . Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic stated Through the Ashes of Empires " marked a return to form in no uncertain terms " .
Machine Head headlined the True Metal stage at the 2005 Wacken Open Air festival to 40 @,@ 000 fans — the band 's largest headlining crowd at the time . The band released a DVD containing a full sold @-@ out concert held at the Brixton Academy in December 2004 , a documentary , and music videos . The DVD debuted at number 13 on the U.S. music video charts . They also played in Dubai for the annual Dubai Desert Rock Festival in 2005 . This was their first show in the Middle East . The band also played at the farewell concert of Böhse Onkelz on the Euro Speedway Lausitz .
= = = The Blackening ( 2006 – 09 ) = = =
Machine Head 's sixth studio album , titled The Blackening , was released in North America on March 27 , 2007 . It entered the Billboard 200 at number 53 , the highest charting position for the band at that time , with first @-@ week sales of 15 @,@ 000 . It also made the top 20 in several European countries . Robb Flynn stated during an interview that the band are fans of Rush and received a great deal of influence from their album A Farewell to Kings while creating The Blackening .
The album received positive reviews from music critics , with some labeling it the best metal album of 2007 . Blabbermouth.net reviewer Don Kaye awarded the album a 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 , saying The Blackening is " one of the purest , finest , most powerful expressions of modern heavy metal released " and compared it to the 1986 Metallica album Master of Puppets , while Allmusic editor Thom Jurek described the album as " an over the top rage and pummelfest with all the qualities that earned the group its enormous fan base by touring and recording " , praising the songs " Beautiful Mourning " , " Halo " , and " Now I Lay Thee Down " . Rolling Stone reviewer Andy Greene , however , responded negatively as he was displeased with the songs running over ten minutes .
Machine Head toured North America with Lamb of God , Trivium and Gojira in early 2007 to promote The Blackening , and opened for Megadeth and Heaven & Hell in April 2007 . A European tour saw the band make an appearance at the Download Festival in Donington Park . Shortly after , the band announced a co @-@ headlining tour of Japan , Europe , and Australia titled The Black Crusade from October to December . Other bands on the bill included Trivium , Arch Enemy , DragonForce ( Europe only ) and Shadows Fall ( Europe only ) . On June 12 , 2007 , at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards , the band won the award for " Best Album " , and Flynn won the " Golden God " award . Machine Head also won Best Album at the Kerrang ! Awards 2007 . The band replaced Bullet For My Valentine supporting Metallica 's Wembley Stadium show on Sunday July 8 , 2007 , as Bullet For My Valentine 's vocalist Matt Tuck required a tonsillectomy . Machine Head also toured North America with Hellyeah , Nonpoint and Bury Your Dead in early 2008 . Machine Head recently completed a world tour where they played Bengaluru , India , Israel and Dubai , U.A.E. in March 2008 .
In October 2008 the band toured in Australia with Slipknot . The band then toured Europe with Slipknot and Children of Bodom in November and December . The band recorded a version of Iron Maiden 's classic , " Hallowed Be Thy Name " for a Kerrang ! tribute compilation album , entitled Maiden Heaven : A Tribute to Iron Maiden ; this song was played live multiple times since its release and has become a permanent in their current touring setlists . Amongst other bands who appeared on the album were label mates , Dream Theater and Trivium .
It was announced on August 10 , 2008 that Machine Head and Austin , Texas based band The Sword would be opening for Metallica at ten shows in January 2009 . In a recent interview conducted with Phil Demmel , he revealed that with Machine Head 's upcoming touring commitments , the band would not have chance to write a follow up album until at least 2010 , for an expected 2011 release date . Machine Head toured with The Sword in Metallica 's World Magnetic Tour for the Death Magnetic album from 2008 to 2009 . Machine Head also opened for Megadeth , Slayer and Suicide Silence on the Canadian Carnage tour in late June . Machine Head reportedly cancelled their appearance at Sonisphere Festival in the UK because they had disagreements with the staff over their slot . They thought they should play after Limp Bizkit . However , a week before the Sonisphere festival took place on August 1 and 2 , Machine Head agreed to take back their slot below Limp Bizkit . Their appearance was kept secret until the day they played . In August 2009 , they won the Inspiration Award at the 2009 Kerrang ! Awards . It was announced on the August 31 that Machine Head would tour through Europe and UK in 2010 with Hatebreed , Bleeding Through , and All Shall Perish in what will be known as " The Black Procession " , as well as adding dates for an Australian and New Zealand tour cycle in March . This will be the last time the band tour in support of The Blackening before writing the next album , as Dave McClain described in an interview , before their Belfast show in Northern Ireland .
= = = Unto the Locust ( 2010 – 12 ) = = =
In November 2010 , Machine Head began writing and demoing new material for their seventh studio album , Unto the Locust . With Robb Flynn acting as producer , Machine Head officially began recording the album on April 16 , 2011 at Green Day 's Jingletown Studios in Oakland , California .
In the summer of 2011 , Machine Head toured as a part of the Rockstar Mayhem Festival . During the tour , the band debuted a new song off of Unto the Locust , entitled " Locust " . The song was later released on Amazon and iTunes on June 14 , 2011 . Unto the Locust was released on September 27 , 2011 , to critical acclaim . The album charted in several countries , including number 22 in the US ( the first time the band had ever cracked the top 25 in US ) and at number 5 in Germany .
After the release of Unto the Locust , Machine Head began its Eight Plague Tour and during the first European leg , the band was supported by Bring Me the Horizon , DevilDriver and Darkest Hour . On the North American leg , Machine Head was supported by Suicide Silence , Darkest Hour , and Rise to Remain ( although Rise to Remain was later forced to drop out ) .
In 2012 , Machine Head headlined the Soundwave Festival in Australia . The band also played at the 2012 Download Festival , Metalcamp , Graspop festivals , as well as headlined both Bloodstock Open Air and the Wacken Festival . Machine Head were also scheduled to be part of the first @-@ ever Mayhem Festival cruise , until it was cancelled .
On September 10 , Machine Head announced a North American tour with Dethklok , All That Remains and Black Dahlia Murder , beginning with a " Warm Up " show on October 24 , the tour starts on October 30 and ends on December 8 . On September 14 , Machine Head won the " Best International Band " award at the 2012 Metal Hammer awards in Berlin , Germany . On October 1 , Machine Head announced the release of " Machine Fucking Head Live " , the band 's first live album since 2003 's Hellalive . The album will feature 15 live recordings from the band 's various 2011 @-@ 2012 tours and is to be released on November 13 on a two disc set or download with 4 bonus tracks , with pre @-@ orders of the album having a six track rarities & B @-@ sides EP .
On November 13 , Machine Head announced cancellation of their North American tour dates from the 13th to the 23rd due to Robb Flynn requiring emergency surgery to treat an inguinal hernia .
In a November 2012 interview , Machine Head guitarist Phil Demmel revealed that the band planned to begin writing new material for their eighth studio album in 2013 and hopes that they will begin recording it before the end of that year .
= = = Bloodstone & Diamonds ( 2013 – present ) = = =
On February 22 , 2013 , the band announced that bassist / founding member Adam Duce left the band , albeit on friendly terms . 4 days later , Robb Flynn revealed in his online blog that he fired Adam Duce because of ongoing differences . His departure makes Flynn the only remaining original member . As of March 2013 , Unto the Locust has sold 100 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , making it their third quickest @-@ selling album behind The Blackening and Supercharger which have sold 260 @,@ 000 in two weeks and 250 @,@ 000 copies in 4 months in the United States respectively . The band began the process of searching for a temporary bassist for the 2013 Rockstar Energy Drink Mayhem Festival in the U.S. For a limited time , the band accepted and reviewed YouTube submissions . On June 24 , 2013 the band announced that former Sanctity rhythm guitarist and vocalist Jared MacEachern has joined the band as their new bassist . Robb Flynn said of MacEachern : " Monte Conner recommended Jared since he was already on the tour , and that ended up being a great call . Jared flew out a few days before the tour and rehearsed with us and did great . " Phil Demmel continued : — " There were dozens of amazing players , and it was interesting to watch each one take on our tunes . One of our biggest criteria for this gig was to be able to sing the high harmonies . That was our litmus test . And Jared passed with flying colors . " .
On October 2 , 2013 the band announced that it signed to Nuclear Blast . In February 2014 , the band entered the studio to record their new album , Bloodstone & Diamonds , for a late summer release .
In early 2014 , Duce filed a lawsuit against his former band and manager in federal court " for trademark infringement , breach of fiduciary duty , breach of partnership agreement , intentional and negligent interference with prospective economic relations , negligence , defamation and unfair competition , and he wants the band enjoined from using the Machine Head marks . " The lawsuit was settled out of court on July 2 with undisclosed terms . In August 2014 , Robb Flynn announced the track listing for Bloodstone & Diamonds , consisting of 12 tracks along with its artwork .
Bloodstone & Diamonds was released in November 2014 to positive reviews from fans and critics alike , with many saying how the addition of MacEachern brought a sense of rejuvenation to the band . The band embarked on a lengthy world tour in support of the album , including a leg of European shows , two American legs and various others in Japan , Australia and New Zealand .
On June 1 , 2016 , a stand @-@ alone single titled " Is There Anybody Out There ? " premiered on Sirius XM Octane , and on June 3 the single was available for digital download .
= = Musical style , Influences and Legacy = =
Machine Head 's music crosses multiple genres such as thrash metal , groove metal , and heavy metal . The band is influenced by Californian thrash metal bands such as Vio @-@ lence , Metallica , Exodus , Slayer and Testament , crossover thrash bands Suicidal Tendencies and Cro @-@ Mags , groove metal bands Pantera and Exhorder , and grunge bands Nirvana , Soundgarden and Alice in Chains , but they also have influences from 70 's / early 80 's metal acts such as Judas Priest , Iron Maiden , Rush and Black Sabbath .
Their early albums Burn My Eyes and The More Things Change ... show a groove metal and thrash metal approach , similar to bands like Pantera and Exhorder . The albums also featured brutal and technical drumming by Chris Kontos and Dave McClain . The band changed their musical direction for the albums The Burning Red ( 1999 ) and Supercharger ( 2001 ) , which have been described as displaying a nu metal sound . These albums featured rapping by Robb Flynn and simpler guitar riffs , but retaining part of their aggressive sound . This change in direction resulted in criticism from many fans because of the popularity of nu metal at the time .
Machine Head returned to the groove metal and thrash metal sound of the first two albums with the album Through the Ashes of Empires , which proved a success .
Machine Head increased the complexity and technicality in their sound for the next album , The Blackening , which partially changes the sound of their first 5 albums in favor of a more classic heavy metal and thrash metal oriented sound , with fully complex song structures and guitar riffs . Unto the Locust features heavier , faster and more complex riffs by both Robb Flynn and Phil Demmel , influenced by classical music , and supported by fast and complex drum patterns by Dave McClain . This is also the first Machine Head 's record to include blast beats .
Robb Flynn makes use of different vocal styles including clean vocals , screams and death growls .
Machine Head is one of the bands that support the New Wave of American Heavy Metal and influenced bands such as Slipknot , Hatebreed , Lamb of God , Shadows Fall , Bullet for My Valentine , DevilDriver , Gojira , Trivium , Avenged Sevenfold , Hatriot , Killswitch Engage , Chimaira , The Black Dahlia Murder , Throwdown , Suicide Silence .
= = Band members = =
= = = Timeline = = =
= = Discography = =
Burn My Eyes ( 1994 )
The More Things Change ... ( 1997 )
The Burning Red ( 1999 )
Supercharger ( 2001 )
Through the Ashes of Empires ( 2003 )
The Blackening ( 2007 )
Unto the Locust ( 2011 )
Bloodstone & Diamonds ( 2014 )
= Jonathan Belcher =
Jonathan Belcher ( 8 January 1681 / 2 – 31 August 1757 ) was a merchant , businessman , and politician from the Province of Massachusetts Bay during the American colonial period . Belcher served simultaneously for over a decade as colonial governor of the British colonies of New Hampshire ( 1729 – 1741 ) and Massachusetts ( 1730 – 1741 ) and later for ten years as governor of New Jersey ( 1747 – 1757 ) .
Born into a wealthy Massachusetts merchant family , Belcher attended Harvard College and then entered into the family business and local politics . He was instrumental in promoting Samuel Shute as governor of Massachusetts in 1715 , and sat on the colony 's council , but became disenchanted with Shute over time and eventually joined the populist faction of Elisha Cooke , Jr . After the sudden death of Governor William Burnet in 1729 Belcher successfully acquired the governorships of Massachusetts and New Hampshire . During his tenure , Belcher politically marginalized those who he perceived as opposition and made many powerful enemies in both provinces . In a long @-@ running border dispute between Massachusetts and New Hampshire , Belcher sided with Massachusetts interests despite openly proclaiming neutrality in the matter . It was later discovered that he allowed illegal logging on Crown lands by political allies . His opponents , led by William Shirley and Samuel Waldo , eventually convinced the Board of Trade to replace Belcher ( with Shirley in Massachusetts and Benning Wentworth in New Hampshire ) , and the border dispute was resolved in New Hampshire 's favor .
Belcher was appointed governor of New Jersey in 1747 with support from its Quaker community . He unsuccessfully attempted to mediate the partisan conflicts between New Jersey 's Quakers and large landowners , and promoted the establishment of the College of New Jersey , now Princeton University . Through most of his tenure as royal governor , Belcher was ill with a progressive nervous disorder , and died in office in 1757 . Belchertown , Massachusetts is named for him .
= = Early life = =
= = = Youth and education = = =
Jonathan Belcher was born in Cambridge , Province of Massachusetts Bay , on 8 January 1681 / 2 . The fifth of seven children , his father Andrew was an adventurer and businessman , and his mother , Sarah Gilbert Belcher , was the daughter of a politically well connected Connecticut merchant and Indian trader . His mother died when he was seven , and his father sent him to live with relatives in the country while he expanded his trading business . Andrew Belcher was highly successful in trade , although some of it was in violation of the Navigation Acts , and some was supposedly conducted with pirates . However he made his money , he became one of the wealthiest men in Massachusetts in the 1680s and 1690s . To promote the family 's status , he sent his son to the Boston Latin School in 1691 , and then Harvard College in 1695 , where Belcher was listed second ( the order of listing being a rough indication of a family 's importance ) behind Jeremiah Dummer . Belcher and Dummer both went on to political careers in the province , sometimes as allies , but also as opponents . Belcher 's five sisters all married into politically or economically prominent families , forging important connections that would further his career .
In January 1705 / 6 Belcher married Mary Partridge , the daughter of former New Hampshire Lieutenant Governor William Partridge , an occasional business partner of his father 's . The couple had three children ( Andrew , Sarah , and Jonathan ) before she died in 1736 . His brother @-@ in @-@ law through this marriage was the painter Nehemiah Partridge .
= = = Agent for his father 's commercial empire = = =
Belcher graduated from Harvard at the age of 17 , and then entered into his father 's business . The trading empire his father built encompassed trade from the West Indies to Europe , and included shares or outright ownership of more than 15 ships . In the spring of 1704 Belcher 's father sent him to London to cultivate business contacts of his own , and to secure military supply contracts . After forging relations based on his father 's letters of introduction in London , Belcher traveled to the Netherlands to do the same with Dutch merchants , and to begin a tour of western Europe . After seeing the sights of Rotterdam and Amsterdam he traveled to Hanover , where he was received by Electress Sophia and met the future King of Great Britain , George , Duke of Brunswick @-@ Lüneburg . After calling on the Prussian court in Berlin , he returned to New England . During these travels he was exposed to a variety of religious practices , but found regular comfort in Christian services most similar to the Calvinist @-@ leaning New England Congregational Church . He eventually came to see himself as a defender of that faith practice , which permeated his political life .
During the years of the War of the Spanish Succession ( whose North American theater is also known as Queen Anne 's War , 1702 – 13 ) , Belcher 's father was retained as a major supplier to the provincial militia and served as the province 's commissary general . Belcher was involved in the management of the family 's trading activities . In 1708 he traveled again to London , where he secured a major contract with The Admiralty . Before returning to Massachusetts he once again traveled to Hanover , where he was well received at court . The war effort caused economic upheavals in Massachusetts , and the Belchers , who stockpiled grain and other supplies for military use , became a focus for popular discontent when food shortages arose late in the war . The family 's warehouses were the targets of mob action , and Belcher was beaten by a mob on one occasion .
= = = His own investments = = =
Belcher 's merchant interests included the occasional trafficking in slaves . He is known to have owned slaves , ordering them from his friend , Isaac Royall , Sr. He presented an enslaved Indian to Electress Sophia on his second visit to Hanover in 1708 . Despite this , he expressed a distaste for slavery , writing in 1739 , " We have but few in these parts , and I wish there were less . "
In addition to the mercantile trade , the Belcher family also had extensive land holdings in New England . Due to errors in early surveys of the line between Massachusetts and neighboring Connecticut , Massachusetts in the early 1700s gave lands in the central portion of the province to Connecticut as compensation for the survey errors , which were in its favor . When Connecticut auctioned off these " Equivalent Lands " in 1716 , Belcher was one of the buyers . The lands he was allocated were eventually incorporated as Belchertown .
Belcher also inherited property from his father that was located in what is now Wallingford and Meriden , Connecticut . He spent a significant amount of money in an unsuccessful attempt to profitably mine the property for metal ores , particularly copper . In 1714 Belcher expanded his mining interests , acquiring a stake in a mine in Simsbury ( now East Granby , Connecticut ) . In 1735 he reported having invested £ 15 @,@ 000 in these ventures , which failed in part because under British law at the time it was illegal to smelt copper in the colonies , necessitating the costly shipment of ores to England . He eventually established a technically illegal smelting operation . ( The Simsbury site , later used by the state as a prison , is now a National Historic Landmark . )
Upon the accession of King George I in 1714 , Andrew Belcher sent Jonathan to London , seeking to capitalize on the existing connection to the new king . During this trip Belcher engaged in recruiting for his properties in Connecticut . In addition to hiring an experienced metal refiner in England , he also recruited German miners ; the area near the Simsbury mine became known as " Hanover " as a consequence of their presence . ( Belcher had previously toured mines in the Harz mountains on his first visit to the Hanover . )
= = Agent and councilor = =
Colonel Elizeus Burges was commissioned as governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire by the new king . Belcher , along with compatriot Jeremiah Dummer , representing opponents of a land bank proposal that Burges had promised to support , bribed him £ 1 @,@ 000 to resign before he left England . Dummer and Belcher were then instrumental in promoting Samuel Shute as an alternative to Burges , believing among other things that he was likely to be well received in New England because he was from a prominent Dissenting family . They also coached Shute on the political situation in the province after he won the appointment . Shute arrived in Boston on 4 October 1716 , where he began a difficult and contentious tenure in office . He signaled his partisanship by first taking up residence with Paul Dudley , son of the last @-@ appointed governor Joseph Dudley and a land bank opponent , rather than Acting Governor William Tailer .
Belcher was elected to the Massachusetts Governor 's Council in 1718 . During Shute 's tenure Belcher was seen as part of a political faction that generally supported the governor . He was consequently on and off the council several times , blocked by the efforts of populist leader Elisha Cooke , Jr . This struggle continued after Shute left the province at the end of 1722 to prosecute his differences with the assembly with the Privy Council in London . Belcher , however , became increasingly unhappy that Paul Dudley wielded more influence than he did during the administration of William Dummer ( who was Dudley 's brother @-@ in @-@ law ) that followed .
When William Burnet arrived in 1728 as governor Belcher was unexpectedly elected moderator of Boston 's town meeting in an election apparently engineered by Cooke . In Burnet 's dispute with the assembly over his salary ( which exceeded that of Shute in its acrimony and occupied most of Burnet 's brief tenure ) , Cooke and Belcher made common cause over the issue . Belcher was elected by the assembly as an agent to London to explain the colonial position on the governor 's salary , and Cooke helped raise the funds needed for the trip .
= = Governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire = =
In 1729 , while Belcher was in London , news arrived that Governor Burnet had died quite suddenly . Belcher lobbied for and was awarded the job of governor of both Massachusetts and New Hampshire . This was accomplished in part by bypassing the Board of Trade and appealing directly to higher level ministers in the government , earning him the enmity of the powerful board secretary , Martin Bladen , who opposed his nomination . In accepting the appointment he was effectively promising to argue in the colony in favor of the position he had been sent to London to argue against . During Belcher 's long tenure ( he served from 1730 to 1741 , one of the longer tenures of a Massachusetts provincial governor ) he would argue with the colonial politicians that he was acting in their interest , while also working to convince London colonial administrators he was implementing their policies . Historian William Pencak writes that as a consequence , " By trying to keep on good terms with the province and the administration he lost the respect of both . "
= = = Massachusetts = = =
While he was in London Belcher arranged for Lieutenant Governor Dummer to be replaced by William Tailer ( whose appointment to that post in 1715 he had ironically managed to supersede by lobbying for Dummer 's appointment ) , and recommended that Jeremiah Dummer ( with whom his relations had become seriously strained ) be dismissed as colonial agent . He was well received in Massachusetts upon his arrival in 1731 , but immediately began to purge opponents and their supporters from positions over which he had control . This immediately put all on notice that he would freely use patronage power as a political weapon .
One early issue Belcher took on was that of defending the established church . As an ardent Congregationalist ( which was the establishment in Massachusetts ) he perceived as dangerous the attempts of adherents of the Church of England in particular to gain exemptions from church taxes . He was willing to countenance such an exemption for the relatively modest number of Quakers , but refused to support one for the more numerous and politically connected Anglicans until it was apparent in 1735 that he would be instructed to do so . His support of the Quaker exemption brought him a potent support base in that community in London . In 1735 Belcher presided over a meeting in Deerfield at which the Stockbridge Indians agreed to accept Congregationalist missionaries and authorized the erection of a mission house . ( The Mission House , built c . 1742 pursuant to this agreement , still stands , and is a National Historic Landmark . )
Belcher also sought to improve business conditions in Boston . While on his tours of Europe he had opportunity to witness the comparatively orderly markets in Dutch cities ; he used what he learned from those experiences to significantly reform the previously chaotic markets of Boston . ( His positive feelings towards the Hanovers prompted him to name Boston 's Hanover Street in their honor . )
= = = New Hampshire = = =
Belcher 's administration of New Hampshire started out friendly but rapidly turned sour . He learned that Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth had offered his support to Samuel Shute when the governorship became available , and consequently turned on the entire Wentworth clan in retaliation . He took on as an ally and confidant Richard Waldron , a bitter opponent of the Wentworths and a relative by marriage . Because John Wentworth had , during his long tenure as lieutenant governor , established a large power base with both the province 's land owners and merchants , this made him many powerful enemies . Biographer Michael Batinski theorizes that it was Waldron 's influence that drove Belcher to strip many Wentworths and their allies from patronage positions . The Wentworth power base was also generally unhappy that New Hampshire was tied to Massachusetts with the shared governorship , and many resented the fact that a Massachusetts man occupied the post . Because of their influence , New Hampshire 's assembly was hostile to Belcher , and his opponents were able to convince the Board of Trade to appoint some of their number to the provincial council over his objections . Belcher made repeated unsuccessful attempts to get sympathetic assemblies , calling for elections ten times during his tenure . The intransigent legislatures refused to enact his legislative proposals .
Belcher was disheartened when David Dunbar was appointed lieutenant governor of New Hampshire after John Wentworth died in December 1730 . Dunbar , who was friendly with the Wentworths , was also the king 's surveyor , responsible for identifying trees suitable for use as ship masts and ensuring no illegal logging was taking place on ungranted lands in all of northern New England . This work was in opposition to a significant number of Belcher 's supporters , who engaged in illegal logging on those lands , behavior explicitly countenanced by the governor . Belcher took all steps possible to ensure Dunbar could not exercise any significant powers , refusing to seat him on the council , and making frequent trips from Boston to Portsmouth to exercise his authority personally . The two men disliked one another , and Dunbar began moving supporters in London to lobby for Belcher 's replacement not long after his appointment in 1731 . The illegal logging activity by Belcher 's allies eventually came to the attention of William Shirley , the crown advocate of the provincial admiralty court whose patron was the powerful Duke of Newcastle .
= = = Boundary dispute = = =
Belcher was unwilling to resolve longstanding boundary disputes between New Hampshire and Massachusetts . The disputed territory included areas west of the Merrimack River from its great bend near present @-@ day Chelmsford , Massachusetts to present @-@ day Concord , New Hampshire . Competing grantees from the two provinces were by the 1730s engaging in increasingly tense legal action and petty violence against each other . Despite claims that he was neutral on the matter , Belcher orchestrated affairs to prefer the settlement of lands north and west of the Merrimack River by Massachusetts residents . The dispute eventually reached the highest levels of government and court in England . New Hampshire 's advocates for separation from Massachusetts found an able spokesman in John Thomlinson , a London merchant with logging interests , who in 1737 convinced the Board of Trade to establish a commission on the boundary issue . Despite Belcher 's attempts to orchestrate legislative proceedings to the advantage of Massachusetts ( for example , allowing the New Hampshire assembly only one day to prepare a case on the dispute while that of Massachusetts had several months ) , the final ruling on the boundary , issued in 1739 , went significantly in New Hampshire 's favor .
= = = United opposition = = =
By 1736 representatives of Belcher 's many political enemies began to coalesce into a unified opposition in London . William Shirley , who sought a more lucrative position , sent his wife to London to lobby on his behalf , making common cause with Samuel Waldo , a wealthy lumber baron whose supply contracts with the Royal Navy were harmed by Belcher 's support of illegal logging . David Dunbar resigned as lieutenant governor in 1737 and went to London , where he provided documentation of the logging practices . These forces united with Thomlinson in an effort to orchestrate the replacement of Belcher , preferably with Shirley in Massachusetts and Benning Wentworth in New Hampshire .
Matters became more complicated in 1739 due to London politics and a currency crisis in Massachusetts . Belcher had been ordered to effect the retirement of a large amount of Massachusetts paper currency by 1741 , and the legislation to accomplish this was rejected by the Board of Trade , leading to the introduction of competing banking proposals in the province . One faction dominated by landowners proposed a land bank , while merchants proposed a bank that would issue silver @-@ backed paper . The proposals polarized the Massachusetts political establishment , and Belcher was unable to take sides for fear of alienating supporters on either side . He instead sought without success to browbeat the assembly into passing a currency retirement scheme acceptable to London . In 1740 elections land bank supporters swept into office , and the bank began issuing notes . Merchant interests opposed to the land bank began widespread lobbying in London for Parliamentary relief ( which came in 1741 , when it passed legislation extending the 1720 Bubble Act , which disallowed unchartered companies , to the colonies ) likely abetted by John Thomlinson .
While this crisis brewed in Massachusetts , the ascendant Duke of Newcastle successfully pressured Prime Minister Robert Walpole to declare war on Spain in 1739 . Part of the war strategy involved the raising of provincial forces to assist in operations against Spanish holdings in the West Indies . Belcher , who was expected to raise about 400 men , promised to raise 1 @,@ 000 , but was only able to raise about 500 in Massachusetts , and not even the 100 he had promised from New Hampshire . This was due in part on the reluctance of the extra companies to travel to the Caribbean without assurances of pay and supply . Belcher also , in pursuit of the financial agenda , vetoed bills to issue currency with which to fund the militia that were raised .
The exact reasons for Belcher 's dismissal have been a recurring subject of scholarly interest , due to the many colonial , imperial , and political factors at play . Two principal themes within these analyses are Belcher 's acquisition of many local enemies , and the idea that good imperial governance in London eventually required his replacement . Before the issues of 1739 most of the efforts to unseat Belcher had failed : Belcher himself noted that year that " the warr I am ingag 'd in is carrying on in much the same manner as for 9 years past . " Historian Stephen Foster further notes that someone as powerful as Newcastle was at the time generally had much weightier issues to deal with than arbitrating colonial politics . In this instance , however , imperial and colonial considerations coincided over the need for Massachusetts to provide a significant number of troops for Newcastle 's proposed West Indies expedition . In April 1740 Newcastle in effect offered Shirley the opportunity to prove , in the light of Belcher 's political difficulties , that he could more effectively raise troops than the governor could . Shirley consequently engaged in recruiting , principally outside Massachusetts ( where Belcher had refused his offers of assistance , understanding what was going on ) , and deluged Newcastle with documentation of his successes while Belcher was preoccupied with the banking crisis . Newcastle handed the issue off to Martin Bladen , secretary to the Board of Trade and a known Belcher opponent . The Board of Trade then apparently decided , based on the weight of the evidence , that Belcher needed to be replaced . In April 1741 the Privy Council approved William Shirley 's commission as governor of Massachusetts , and Benning Wentworth 's commission as governor of New Hampshire was issued the following June .
= = Governor of New Jersey = =
The fact that he had been supplanted by Shirley came as a surprise to Belcher . He had expected to lose the New Hampshire governorship , but was shocked when news of Shirley 's commissioning arrived . Following Shirley 's inauguration Belcher retired to his Milton estate . Seemingly restless and in some financial need , he expressed weak interest in the possibility of holding another colonial appointment , and in 1743 traveled to England , stopping in Dublin to visit his son Jonathan Jr . When he arrived in London he joined the social circles of the Congregationalist and Quaker communities ( the latter including among its influential members his brother @-@ in @-@ law Richard Partridge ) , and called on colonial administrators in the hopes of acquiring a new posting . There he remained for three years , until in 1746 word arrived that the governor of New Jersey , Lewis Morris , had died . Since New Jersey had a strong Quaker political establishment , Belcher immediately began mobilizing supporters in the London Quaker community to assist in securing the post . Due to this alacrity he was able to get the posting before agents for Morris ' son Robert Hunter Morris had time to organize their effort .
He served as governor of New Jersey from 1747 until his death in 1757 . About a year after his arrival in Burlington ( then the provincial capital ) , he married ( for the second time ) Louise Teale , a widow he met in London , in September 1748 . The political situation he arrive in was highly acrimonious , and there had been riots in the previous year over widespread disagreements on land titles between land owners , who controlled the provincial council , and farmers and tenants , who controlled the assembly . Most legislation had been stalled since 1744 due to the inability of assembly , council , and governor to resolve differences on these issues . Governor Morris ' high @-@ handed actions in support of the proprietors had united previously divided populist factions against him and the council . The province was also a rural patchwork quilt of different cultures and religions , unlike predominantly English and Congregationalist New England . Elizabethtown , near New York , was heavily populated by evangelical Christians , among them Reverend Aaron Burr , and Belcher found himself welcome there . He regularly attended services there , and was particularly influenced by preachers including George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards , leaders of the Great Awakening with whom he corresponded .
Although Belcher 's arrival prompted some goodwill , resulting in the passage of bills to fund the government and deal with ongoing counterfeiting of the colonial paper currency , divisions soon resurface along the same sectional lines . Belcher believed that the land issues should be resolved by negotiation between the parties , and sought to maintain a position as a neutral arbiter of the dispute . Because he had been propelled into the office by antiproprietary interests , he refused to unconditionally support the council in moves to advance proprietary interests , but also received little support from the assembly . Because the assembly and council divided over the issue of how to tax undeveloped lands ( which the proprietors owned in large amounts ) , the government was short of funds between 1748 and 1751 .
One controversial matter that Belcher was able to finesse was the establishment of the College of New Jersey ( now known as Princeton University ) . The college was proposed by New Jersey 's evangelical Presbyterians , with whom Belcher found religious agreement . However , Quaker leaders and the proprietors had expressed great reservations about the Presbyterians ' drive to gain a charter for the school ( on the grounds that it would be used as a vehicle for converting their children ) , and Governor Morris had refused to grant one . After his death , council president John Hamilton , acting prior to Belcher 's appointment , granted the charter . The college 's opponents pressured Belcher to withdraw the charter ; he instead adopted the college as a cause to support , and expanded its board to include a diversity of religious views . When its first building was constructed in 1754 , the college 's board wanted to name it after Belcher , but he demurred , preferring it to be named in honor of King William , who hailed from the Dutch House of Orange @-@ Nassau . As a result , the building ( which still stands ) is known as Nassau Hall . He also supported the establishment of the college 's library , to which he bequeathed his personal library .
The legislature remained divided until after the French and Indian War broke out in 1754 , when the demands for support of military action brought some unity . The assembly objected to increased funding of the militia in 1755 because Belcher refused to authorize the emission of additional paper currency . It later acceded to demands for increased security , but was reluctant to support militia for action outside the province 's boundaries . Legislators also complained that its meetings were too frequently held at Elizabethtown , primarily because of Belcher 's poor health .
For much of his New Jersey administration Belcher was ill , suffering from a type of progressive paralytic disorder . In the summer of 1751 he moved from Burlington to Elizabethtown in the hopes that his health would improve ; it did not . Eventually his hands became paralyzed , and his wife was employed to write for him . He died at his home in Elizabethtown on 31 August 1757 ; His body was transported to Massachusetts , where he was buried at Cambridge .
= = Personal = =
Belcher 's youngest son Jonathan was appointed as Chief Justice of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court and as Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia . His other son , Andrew , continued in the family business ( although not to his father 's exacting standards ) , and also served on the Massachusetts Governor 's Council . Belcher had no children with his second wife Louise , although he did prevail on his son Andrew to marry her daughter from her first marriage . Belcher was also the uncle of future Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver and Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature Chief Justice Peter Oliver , and was the great @-@ grandfather of British Admiral Edward Belcher .
Belcher had a reputation for exhibiting an abrasive personality — something that was said by contemporaries to heighten divisions in New Jersey . Historian Robert Zemsky wrote of Belcher , " [ He ] was almost a caricature of a New England Yankee : arrogant , vindictive , often impetuous despite a most solemn belief in rational action and calculated maneuver . " Once he acquired the governorship , he took potential assaults on his power personally , and reacted vindictively in attempts to destroy or marginalize his enemies . In personal correspondence with friends , family , and supporters , he used condescending names to refer to his opponents , and he applied pressure to the press in Boston to ensure reasonably favorable coverage of him .
= = Legacy = =
Belchertown , Massachusetts is named for him . His home in Elizabethtown survives , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Belcher @-@ Ogden House . It is also a contributing property to the Belcher @-@ Ogden Mansion @-@ Price , Benjamin @-@ Price @-@ Brittan Houses District . Belcher 's summer home in Milton , Massachusetts was destroyed by fire in 1776 , but portions of it may have survived in its replacement , built by his widow and now known as the Belcher @-@ Rowe House , also listed on the National Register . ( The Jonathan Belcher House in Randolph , Massachusetts is named in recognition of someone from a different time and lineage in the Belcher family genealogy . )
= = Burial = =
At his death Gov. Belcher left instructions that he be buried with his ardent friend and cousin , Judge Jonathan Remington ( 1667 @-@ 1745 , father @-@ in @-@ law of William Ellery , a signer of the Declaration of Independence ) . The body of Judge Jonathan Remington was disinterred and placed by his side . The monument which the governor had directed to be raised over his resting @-@ place was never erected . The tomb became the family vault of Jennisons ( Gov. Belcher 's granddaughter married Dr. Timothy Lindall Jennison ) . The site of their grave was forgotten and long search has been made for it . In the late 1800s , local historians found that Gov. Jonathan Belcher and Judge Jonathan Remington were buried in one grave in Old Burying Ground , Cambridge , Ma . Their tomb is contiguous to that of Judge Edmund Trowbridge and Edmund Trowbridge Dana . In that of Judge Trowbridge rest the remains of Washington Allston ; of Chief Justice Francis Dana ; of the poet Richard Henry Dana and others of the family .
= Kirkenes Airport , Høybuktmoen =
Kirkenes Airport , Høybuktmoen ( Norwegian : Kirkenes lufthavn , Høybuktmoen ; IATA : KKN , ICAO : ENKR ) is an international airport located at Høybuktmoen , 15 kilometers ( 9 mi ) west of the town of Kirkenes , in the municipality of Sør @-@ Varanger , Finnmark county , Norway . Operated by the state @-@ owned Avinor , the airport has a single 2 @,@ 115 @-@ by @-@ 45 @-@ meter ( 6 @,@ 939 by 148 ft ) asphalt runway numbered 06 – 24 . Scandinavian Airlines and Norwegian Air Shuttle operate Boeing 737 @-@ services to Oslo Airport , Gardermoen , in part generated by Høybuktmoen 's function as a hub for Widerøe 's regional services to other airports in eastern Finnmark . There are also summer charter flights to Central Europe to bring tourists to the Hurtigruten cruises . The airport had 297 @,@ 149 passengers in 2013 .
Høybuktmoen was built as a military air station by the Luftwaffe during World War II . Civilian services were introduced after the war , but abandoned in 1948 . The airport reopened in 1963 with a new terminal and an extended runway . Originally the airport was served by Scandinavian Airlines System and Finnair , and from the 1970s also Widerøe and Norving . Since 1990 , five airlines have attempted to provide services to Murmansk , Russia . Originally the airport had two runways , 1 @,@ 600 and 1 @,@ 200 meters ( 5 @,@ 200 and 3 @,@ 900 ft ) long , respectively , but the smaller was closed in 1996 when the longer was extended . A new terminal building was put into use in 2006 . Because of the terrain the runway 's length cannot be exploited under some wind conditions , so there is a proposal to level some of the land .
= = History = =
= = = Construction = = =
The first aircraft to land in Sør @-@ Varanger was part of a trial undertaken in 1922 by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service to test the flight time from Horten to Kirkenes . The mission was awarded to Hjalmar Riiser @-@ Larsen and Finn Lützow @-@ Holm , who chose to fly the 45 @-@ hour trip along the coast . The next landing was a military Fokker which landed on the iced lake of Andrevann in 1934 . Widerøe undertook several flights within the municipality in 1937 , offering sightseeing and undertaking aerial photography . The first scheduled service started to Kirkenes the following summer with postal flights to Tromsø flown by Widerøe on behalf of Norwegian Air Lines ( DNL ) . The flight allowed post to be sent from Oslo to Kirkenes in one day and was continued the next season . The route was flown from Tromsø with intermediate stops at Vadsø and Hammerfest . There were public demands for passenger services be started .
Instead , in 1940 the German occupation of Norway terminated all civilian aviation until 1945 . A limited service was kept in Northern Norway during the resistance , but these were terminated after the German forces took control of the whole country . From 26 September 1940 , three weekly services were operated from Trondheim to Tromsø , with two of these continuing to Kirkenes , using a 16 @-@ passenger Junkers Ju @-@ 52 . This was terminated on 20 March 1941 , after most of the airline 's pilots had fled to the United Kingdom to support the Allied forces .
Høybuktmoen was selected by the Luftwaffe as one of three air stations in Northern Norway , along with Bardufoss Airport and Lakselv Airport , Banak . They built two runways , 1 @,@ 000 and 1 @,@ 200 meters ( 3 @,@ 300 and 3 @,@ 900 ft ) long , respectively . Høybuktmoen was primarily used for attacks against the Arctic convoys . With the German withdrawal in Operation Nordlicht in October 1944 , the runways were blasted at several points . The damage proved easy to repair and by January 1945 , both troops of Norwegian police officers from Sweden led by Bernt Balchen and the Soviet Air Forces could land at Høybuktmoen .
= = = Reopening = = =
The first service after the war was started by DNL on 13 October 1945 and flew to Tromsø , with onwards connection to Trondheim and Oslo . The service only lasted until 1948 , when it was replaced with a Ju @-@ 52 seaplane route with intermediate stops at Vadsø and Hammerfest to Tromsø . The route flew one direction each day , was only operated during the summer and was plagued with poor regularity . The original water aerodrome was located at Soldatbukta at Prestøya . Later it was moved to the quay on the north side of Langfjorden , on the other side as Kirkenes . Passengers were therefore freighted across the fjord by boat to the aircraft . The air traffic control moved from Høybuktmoen to Haganes in 1949 , but returned in 1963 .
The route had doubled its patronage since its introduction by 1953 — the last year it was operated by DNL . From 1954 the route was taken over by Widerøe , who introduced smaller Noorduyn Norseman and de Havilland Canada DHC @-@ 3 Otter aircraft . The Widerøe seaplane service was flown on behalf of DNL and later Scandinavian Airlines System ( SAS ) and remained until 1963 . Varangfly — based in Kirkenes — was established in 1959 by general aviation enthusiasts from Kirkenes Flyklubb . The airline originally had two seaplanes , a two @-@ seat Piper J @-@ 3 Cub and a five @-@ seat Norsk Flyindustri C @-@ 5 Polar . Operations started on 17 June 1960 . The company gradually developed services within scheduled , charter and air ambulance services . Varangfly later also bought an eight @-@ seat land aircraft which was operated to Lakselv and Bardufoss , and to Ivalo Airport in Finland , where i corresponded with Finnair 's service to Helsinki .
Planning for a new airport at Høybunktmoen was initiated by a committee established by the Ministry of Transport and Communications in 1947 , and resulted in the National Plan of 1952 . Although Kirkenes was included in the plan construction was placed on hold , both because of high costs and because other airports further south had to be completed before or at the same time . Construction at Høybuktmoen started in 1961 and the airport opened on 4 May 1963 . Work consisted of expanding the east – west runway to 1 @,@ 600 meters ( 5 @,@ 200 ft ) and building a new passenger terminal and control tower ; the latter two were not completed in time for the opening . Alta Airport and Lakselv Airport , Banak opened the same year , and Tromsø Airport followed suit the following year .
= = = Operational history = = =
SAS introduced the 52 @-@ passenger Convair Metropolitan on their domestic services , while Finnair served the airport with the 30 @-@ seat Douglas DC @-@ 3 on their flights to Finland . In the first month the two airlines had 88 aircraft movements , while the Royal Norwegian Air Force had 44 and Varangfly 60 . Both SAS and Finnair replaced Varangfly 's routes , which did not operate scheduled flights from the new airport . Varangfly therefore sold its land aircraft and instead became a seaplane operator . SAS introduced the 122 @-@ passenger Douglas DC @-@ 9 jet aircraft at Kirkenes from 1969 . Helikopter Service flew a civilian helicopter to Høybuktmoen for the first time the same year . Kirkenes Airport served 20 @,@ 638 passengers in 1964 and 40 @,@ 477 in 1970 .
Busy Bee was contracted by the Norwegian Armed Forces to fly military charters in June 1968 . They had two 50 @-@ passenger Fokker F27 Friendships stationed at Høybuktmoen and flew two daily services from Kirkenes and other locations in Northern Norway to Bodø , with onwards connection to Stavanger and Oslo on Fridays . This arrangement continued until Busy Bee 's bankruptcy in 1992 .
Varangfly merged with two other airlines in 1970 to create the Kirkenes @-@ based Norving . The new airline bought an eight @-@ passenger Britten Norman Islander and started round trips between Kirkenes and the newly upgraded Berlevåg Airport and Mehamn Airport . This was later followed up with routes to Hasvik Airport and Kjøllefjord Airport , and in 1975 to Båtsfjord Airport and Vadsø Airport . On the other hand , Widerøe received the concessions to operate to Hammerfest Airport , which opened on 1 August 1973 , and Honningsvåg Airport , which opened in 1977 . To serve the regional services Widerøe originally operated twenty @-@ passenger de Havilland Canada aircraft .
Finnair terminated their services to Kirkenes in 1975 . At the same time the ministry and SAS started looking at the airport structure in Finnmark , as all the services in the county were in need of subsidies . The proposals were either for a hike in the ticket prices or a reduction of Kirkenes to a regional @-@ only airport . SAS was flying a 90 @-@ seat aircraft two to three times per day between Kirkenes and Alta with only ten to fifteen passengers . The airport structure was kept , but ticket prices continued to rise . The airport served 110 @,@ 000 passengers in 1983 . Norving continued Varangfly 's air ambulance contract until 1987 , when the service was taken over by Air Express . Later the contract was awarded to Lufttransport , who operated the Beechcraft Super King Air . Norving filed for bankruptcy in 1992 and their routes were taken over by Widerøe .
SAS Commuter was established in 1988 and started operations in Northern Norway in May 1990 . This involved a change to the operations so that all DC @-@ 9 services from Kirkenes to Oslo were terminated and instead Fokker 50 services were introduced to Alta and Tromsø . SAS was able to reduce costs by no longer operating local routes with the DC @-@ 9 and instead increased the number of flights . The new system was met with massive opposition in Kirkenes . Emergency meetings were being held between SAS Commuter and the ministry by June 1990 because of low regularity and many cancellations . Non @-@ transfer flights from Kirkenes to Oslo were reintroduced on 1 April 1992 , albeit with the services stopping at Tromsø .
Service between Kirkenes and Murmansk Airport were initiated by SAS Commuter in 1990 , but the airline quickly terminated the service . Aeroflot started two weekly services between Kirkenes and Murmansk and onwards to Arkhangelsk Airport in June 1990 . The service was summer @-@ only until 1992 , when they increased to an all @-@ year service . Norving also started a service from Kirkenes to Murmansk , but their service terminated with the airline failing . Widerøe started two weekly services between Kirkenes and Murmansk in 1994 , using Twin Otter aircraft . Aeroflot terminated their service in 1998 and Widerøe followed suit in 2000 .
The runway was extended eastwards by 290 meters ( 950 ft ) in the late 1990s . The first expansion took place in 1996 and the second in 2000 . The extensions never received operating permit from the Civil Aviation Authority of Norway as there are two hills which hinder aircraft landing from the east to follow a safe final approach .
Arctic Air took over Widerøe 's flights to Vardø in 2000 , using a 19 @-@ passenger Dornier Do 228 . They also flew a service to Murmansk in 2001 and 2002 . They lost the Vardø – Kirkenes contract back to Widerøe in 2003 . SAS bought Braathens in 2002 , resulting in the latter taking over the service and increasing to two daily flights to Oslo . SAS and Braathens merged in 2004 to form SAS Braathens . The airline changed its name back to Scandinavian Airlines in 2007 . Norwegian Air Shuttle started flights from Kirkenes to Oslo in 2004 , at first with four weekly services . The terminal building was almost unchanged since 1963 , although it had seem some smaller upgrades . Avinor decided in 2004 that the terminal would be upgraded , consisting a new road to the airport , parking lot , tarmac and terminal . The investments cost NOK 180 million and opened on 4 May 2006 . Widerøe reopened its Murmansk service in August 2007 , but low patronage caused the airline to terminate the route from December 2008 . SAS reduced from two to one daily trip to Oslo in 2008 .
= = Facilities = =
The airport is located at Høybuktmoen in Sør @-@ Varanger , about 15 kilometers ( 9 mi ) west of Kirkenes . The terminal has room for six category C aircraft ( Airbus A320 / Boeing 737 ) . During summer the airport experiences a very high traffic peak with both scheduled and charter aircraft arriving at the same time , as both intend to correspond with Hurtigruten ; this causes patronage to rise beyond the airport 's capacity . Kirkenes Airport had a revenue of NOK 26 @.@ 4 million in 2009 , of which commercial income made up fifteen percent , and an operating deficit of NOK 45 @.@ 4 million . The deficit is cross subsidized by profits at Avinor 's largest airports . In 2013 , the airport had 297 @,@ 149 passengers , 8 @,@ 643 aircraft movements and 367 tonnes of cargo .
The runway is located southwest – northeast ( 06 – 24 ) and is 2 @,@ 015 by 45 meters ( 6 @,@ 611 ft × 148 ft ) . The touchdown zone from the west is 60 meters ( 200 ft ) from the start of the runway , while it is 420 meters ( 1 @,@ 380 ft ) from the east . There are no parallel taxiways , but two taxiways run from the runway to the tarmac . Because of the terrain to the east the maximum take @-@ off lengths on the runway vary depending on the direction : it is only 1 @,@ 605 meters ( 5 @,@ 266 ft ) from the east compared to 1 @,@ 755 meters ( 5 @,@ 758 ft ) from the west . Runway 24 is equipped with instrument landing system . There is also a closed runway located normally to the main runway ( 14 – 32 ) . It is 1 @,@ 270 meters ( 4 @,@ 170 ft ) long and gravel ; part of the length has been paved and is used as a taxiway .
The airport is located next to European Road E6 . Boreal Transport operates an airport coach service from Kirkenes to the airport in connection with all arrivals and departures . The company also serves the airport with coach services from Kirkenes to other parts of Finnmark . Parking , taxis and car rental is available at the airport .
= = Airlines and destinations = =
Three airlines serve the airport with scheduled flights . Scandinavian Airlines ( SAS ) and Norwegian Air Shuttle both operate a daily flight to Oslo , with SAS operating two services per day during summer ; both airlines use the Boeing 737 . Widerøe flies to various regional airports in Finnmark and Troms , and uses Kirkenes as a hub to feed regional passengers to Oslo flights . Widerøe operates its eight daily services with de Havilland Canada Dash 8 aircraft . Hamburg International operates charter services from Germany from May to September on behalf of Hurtigruten Group with tourist transferring to the Hurtigruten coastal voyage . There are sporadic charters of fishermen operated by Atlantic Airways .
= = Future = =
In the period 2015 to 2020 , Avinor plans to build a new control tower and a new fire- and rescue station . The former is located too close to the runway while the latter is too small and out of date . There are also plans to expand the terminal building to allow the simultaneous handling of two large and two small aircraft . Finnmark County Municipality is considering establishing a fast ferry service between Kirkenes and Vadsø which would have a service time of 45 minutes . There is a possibility of marketing Kirkenes as an alternative airport for Murmansk as Kirkenes can offer cheaper flights to Oslo than what is available from Murmansk to Moscow .
Avinor has also proposed lowering the terrain east of the airport . The terrain is actually flatter to the east , but because the runway was expanded in that direction , the extension cannot be used without removing all ground in the twelve @-@ degree slope . Although it has no impact on smaller aircraft , the reduced runway length has a severe impact on the performance of Boeing 737 aircraft , which are used by both Norwegian and SAS . For instance , during winter a 180 @-@ seat 737 @-@ 800 can only utilize 71 percent of its permitted take @-@ off weight ; this would hinder fully loaded aircraft flying further than Oslo . The impacts for 150 @-@ seat 737 @-@ 700 aircraft are smaller , as they can reach Oslo during winter and Berlin during summer . The airport served 169 @,@ 428 passengers in 1996 and 216 @,@ 000 passengers in 2000 .
The project was estimated to cost 267 million Norwegian krone . Estimates show that the benefit for society would be lower than the investment costs ( a negative net present value ) , giving an average estimated NOK 124 million deficit . Norwegian Air Shuttle is building a unified fleet of 737 @-@ 800 aircraft and will only be able to serve the airport during winter if the investments are carried out . The extension would allow increased charter traffic to Central Europe and increased regularity with existing flights . Avinor has stated that it cannot finance the investments without direct subsidies from the state .
= The Finale ( Will & Grace ) =
" The Finale " is the series finale of Will & Grace and the twenty @-@ third episode of the show 's eighth season . It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on May 18 , 2006 , when it was watched by an average of eighteen million viewers , making it the most watched episode of the final two seasons of Will & Grace . In the finale , Will and Grace have a falling @-@ out that lasts for years . They each have a child with their respective partners , and eventually reconcile when their children ( Laila and Ben ) meet at college . Meanwhile , Karen 's arch @-@ enemy Beverley Leslie makes an offer to Jack which ultimately leads to Jack inheriting Beverley 's fortune .
The episode was written by series creators and executive producers David Kohan and Max Mutchnick , and directed by James Burrows . Filming took place at CBS Studio Center in Studio City , California in April 2006 . The cast members took the news about the show ending well , but they became emotional as the final scene was being filmed . NBC heavily promoted the finale , and the main cast members appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Today Show to bid farewell . An hour @-@ long series retrospective , " Say Goodnight Gracie " , featuring interviews with the cast , crew , and guest stars , preceded the hour @-@ long series finale . Since airing , the finale has received mixed reviews from television critics .
= = Plot = =
Grace Adler ( Debra Messing ) , heavily pregnant , is having bizarre dreams of the future in which she and her gay friend and roommate Will Truman ( Eric McCormack ) are an old couple , raising their child . In her dream , Jack McFarland ( Sean Hayes ) is married to actor Kevin Bacon , and Karen Walker ( Megan Mullally ) — who has not aged ( her explanation : " Money " ) — is now in a relationship with her maid Rosario Salazar ( Shelley Morrison ) . In Grace 's real life , however , her and Will 's relationship is complicated . Grace is not sure if she wants to spend the rest of her life living with Will . So , when her ex @-@ husband Marvin " Leo " Markus ( Harry Connick , Jr . ) shows up and proposes to her — not even aware that she is pregnant with his child — she immediately accepts .
Two years later , Grace moves with Leo to Rome and lives there for a year . They then move back to New York City , where they raise their daughter Laila . Will and Vince D 'Angelo ( Bobby Cannavale ) have since reconciled , and are raising a son , Ben . Karen and Jack grow tired of the fact that Will and Grace are not speaking with each other , so they lure them to the same place and force them to make up . The four meet at Will and Vince 's apartment , and even though Will and Grace have a pleasant evening together , their relationship is tentative and somewhat awkward . They realize a lot has changed since the last time they met , and thus their relationship is not rekindled . Meanwhile , Karen learns that in her divorce from Stan , she will have no money as Stan 's money was all loaned to him , and he is now bankrupt . When learning that Beverley Leslie ( Leslie Jordan ) and his " business associate " Benji ( Brian A. Setzer ) have broken up , Karen plots to have Jack take Benji 's place , after Jack confesses that Beverly offered to share his entire fortune with him . When Beverly dies after being blown off a balcony from high winds , Jack inherits all of his money .
Around twenty years later , Laila meets Ben as they both move into college . Will and Grace are reunited under these circumstances , and their children eventually marry . Jack and Karen , meanwhile , are now living comfortably with each other and Rosario . While everyone else is older , Karen — just like in Grace 's dream — has not aged due to extensive plastic surgery , and she and Jack perform a duet of the song " Unforgettable " . The show ends with Will and Grace watching ER together , reminiscing about how their children are to be wed . Feeling uplifted by the good old times the four friends gather at a bar to toast to their friendship , which then flashes back to the four as their younger selves .
= = Production = =
Will & Grace creators and executive producers David Kohan and Max Mutchnick , who had not served as writers since the season four season finale , wrote the script for the series finale . Regarding the finale , Mutchnick stated : " We wrote about what you want to have happen with people you love . I think Will and Grace end up very fleshed out . They end up as full adults . All the things that matter in life , they end up having . " Three years before the series finale was created , Mutchnick was asked on his opinion regarding how he would like to see the character 's story come to a conclusion , " The truth is that [ Will and Grace ] serve each other 's dysfunction . And the best way for their story to end is to find love . "
The episode was shot in Studio City , California on Stage 17 at CBS Studio Center . It was filmed on April 10 , 11 , and 13 , 2006 . The make @-@ up effects used in Grace 's dream and the scenes fifteen years into the future were done by Academy Award @-@ winning make @-@ up artists . Kohan and Mutchnick joined long @-@ time director James Burrows on the set as filming began . The cast and crew tried to remain cheerful in front of the live audience between takes while the writers gathered in a room to rework lines for potentially larger laughs . However , " there were a lot of snotty , tearful faces all around the set . When we got to the very , very last scene , everybody was just a mess . We started sobbing and hugging each other , " said Megan Mullally , who plays Karen . Eric McCormack , who portrays Will , commented that his saddest moment was " the last time I stood in Will 's kitchen . That was the most colorful position for me , standing there and stirring something . It was my pulpit , the place where I delivered my best jokes . "
The set was already being broken down the day after filming finished . Debra Messing , who plays Grace , said it was " cordoned off like an accident scene . It was a shock to see parts of it gone already . " Each cast member was allowed to keep their favorite souvenir from the set . Messing took the door to Grace 's office ; she wanted to lean it up against the wall at her house as a piece of modern art . Sean Hayes was given a couple of pieces from Will 's apartment : " There 's a leather box that was on Will ’ s desk that I want to find a place for . " Mullally chose a simple portrait from one of the walls , and McCormack took a small ceramic dog , though he said he would have taken everything if he could .
The cast members of the show took the news about the show ending well . Hayes said : " I 'm proud of being a part of something in history and I 'm proud to have been given a platform to make people laugh . " McCormack added , " We have never taken ourselves or this show too seriously but now that it 's over I take our collective achievement very , very seriously . " The actors were satisfied with the episode and thought the viewers would find it satisfying as well . " It 's daring and ambitious and more far @-@ reaching than most finales go . I think people will be quite surprised , " McCormack said . Messing added : " I think Will & Grace fans will be satisfied . Ultimately , [ the episode ] was done beautifully and it ties up loose ends for all of the characters in a way that 's wonderful . "
= = Broadcast and reception = =
The series finale was heavily promoted by NBC , and the main cast members appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show , The Today Show , and Live with Regis and Kelly to bid farewell . NBC devoted a two @-@ hour block in its primetime schedule on May 18 , 2006 , for the Will & Grace send @-@ off . An hour @-@ long series retrospective , " Say Goodnight Gracie " , featuring interviews with the cast , crew , and guest stars , preceded the hour @-@ long series finale . The retrospective was viewed by an estimated 12 @.@ 7 million viewers , while the finale drew 18 @.@ 43 million viewers and a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 5 / 18 , making it the most watched episode of the final two seasons of Will & Grace .
Since airing , the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics . Richard Keller of TV Squad thought the finale 's theme of Will and Grace 's connection to each other was well @-@ presented by director James Burrows . Keller added , " While not as satisfying as , say , the Friends finale or as crushing as the Seinfeld finale , the series finale to Will & Grace did have its moments and came back to the original concept of friendship among a close group of people . There were some moments where I did laugh out loud , but they were few . " CHUD.com 's David Oliver praised the finale for not having characters " go on wild tangents that betray who they were during the entirety of the show 's run . " He also commented that Messing and McCormack are " affecting in their performances " and the episode " nicely summarizes [ Will and Grace 's ] friendship over the course of the entire show . "
Setting the finale in several different time periods was criticized by some critics . Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said " we endure a swirl of confusing , unnecessary sequences , from Grace 's dream to current reality to two years later to their kids ' first day of college to their kids ' impending wedding . By the end , instead of being sad to bid adieu , we 're just relieved not to have yet another disbelief @-@ suspending flash @-@ forward thrust upon us . " Jim Schembri of The Sydney Morning Herald wrote : " The time @-@ jumping device is overused and a tad awkward but , by and large , it ’ s a noble finale to one of the better standard three @-@ wall sitcoms from America . " Amy Amatangelo of Zap2it commented that Will & Grace " is a show that spent eight seasons predicated on the lasting friendship of Will and Grace , and we 're supposed to believe that they spent over 20 years not talking to each other just because their lives went in different directions ? That there is no way their friendship could have been sustained once they both found the love of their life ? " Amatangelo enjoyed Jack and Karen 's performance of " Unforgettable " , however , but the rest of the finale she " could have done without . "
= Ruff =
The ruff ( Philomachus pugnax ) is a medium @-@ sized wading bird that breeds in marshes and wet meadows across northern Eurasia . This highly gregarious sandpiper is migratory and sometimes forms huge flocks in its winter grounds , which include southern and western Europe , Africa , southern Asia and Australia . It is usually considered to be the only member of its genus , and the broad @-@ billed and sharp @-@ tailed sandpipers are its closest relatives .
The ruff is a long @-@ necked , pot @-@ bellied bird . This species shows marked sexual dimorphism ; the male is much larger than the female ( the reeve ) , and has a breeding plumage that includes brightly coloured head tufts , bare orange facial skin , extensive black on the breast , and the large collar of ornamental feathers that inspired this bird 's English name . The female and the non @-@ breeding male have grey @-@ brown upperparts and mainly white underparts . Three differently plumaged types of male , including a rare form that mimics the female , use a variety of strategies to obtain mating opportunities at a lek , and the colourful head and neck feathers are erected as part of the elaborate main courting display . The female has one brood per year and lays four eggs in a well @-@ hidden ground nest , incubating the eggs and rearing the chicks , which are mobile soon after hatching , on her own . Predators of wader chicks and eggs include mammals such as foxes , feral cats and stoats , and birds such as large gulls , corvids and skuas .
The ruff forages in wet grassland and soft mud , probing or searching by sight for edible items . It primarily feeds on insects , especially in the breeding season , but it will consume plant material , including rice and maize , on migration and in winter . Classified as " least concern " on the IUCN Red List criteria , the global conservation concerns are relatively low because of the large numbers that breed in Scandinavia and the Arctic . However , the range in much of Europe is contracting because of land drainage , increased fertiliser use , the loss of mown or grazed breeding sites , and over @-@ hunting . This decline has seen it listed in the Agreement on the Conservation of African @-@ Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds ( AEWA ) .
= = Taxonomy and nomenclature = =
The ruff is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae , the typical shorebirds . It is the sole member of the genus Philomachus , and recent research suggests that its closest relatives are the broad @-@ billed sandpiper , Limicola falcinellus , and the sharp @-@ tailed sandpiper , Calidris acuminata . It has no recognised subspecies or geographical variants .
This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Tringa pugnax . It was moved into its current genus by German naturalist Blasius Merrem in 1804 . Both parts of the binomial name refer to the aggressive behaviour of the bird at its mating arenas ; Philomachus is derived from Ancient Greek philo- " loving " and machē " battle " , and pugnax from the Latin term for " combative " .
The original English name for this bird , dating back to at least 1465 , is the ree , perhaps derived from a dialectical term meaning " frenzied " ; a later name reeve , which is still used for the female , is of unknown origin , but may be derived from the shire @-@ reeve , a feudal officer , likening the male 's flamboyant plumage to the official 's robes . The current name was first recorded in 1634 , and is derived from the ruff , an exaggerated collar fashionable from the mid @-@ sixteenth century to the mid @-@ seventeenth century , since the male bird 's neck ornamental feathers resemble the neck @-@ wear .
= = Description = =
The ruff has a distinctive gravy boat appearance , with a small head , medium @-@ length bill , longish neck and pot @-@ bellied body . It has long legs that are variable in colour but usually yellow or orange . In flight , it has a deeper , slower wing stroke than other waders of a similar size , and displays a thin , indistinct white bar on the wing , and white ovals on the sides of the tail . This species shows sexual dimorphism . Although a small percentage of males resemble females , the typical male is much larger than the female and has an elaborate breeding plumage . He is 29 – 32 cm ( 11 – 13 in ) long with a 54 – 60 cm ( 21 – 24 in ) wingspan , and weighs about 180 g ( 6 @.@ 3 oz ) . In the May @-@ to @-@ June breeding season , the typical male 's legs , bill and warty bare facial skin are orange , and he has distinctive head tufts and a neck ruff . These ornaments vary on individual birds , being black , chestnut or white , with the colouring solid , barred or irregular . The grey @-@ brown back has a scale @-@ like pattern , often with black or chestnut feathers , and the underparts are white with extensive black on the breast . The extreme variability of the main breeding plumage is thought to have developed to aid individual recognition in a species that has communal breeding displays , but is usually mute .
Outside the breeding season , the typical male 's head and neck decorations and the bare facial skin are lost and the legs and bill become duller . The upperparts are grey @-@ brown , and the underparts are white with grey mottling on the breast and flanks .
The female , or " reeve " , is 22 – 26 cm ( 8 @.@ 7 – 10 @.@ 2 in ) long with a 46 – 49 cm ( 18 – 19 in ) wingspan , and weighs about 110 g ( 3 @.@ 9 oz ) . In breeding plumage , she has grey @-@ brown upperparts with white @-@ fringed , dark @-@ centred feathers . The breast and flanks are variably blotched with black . In winter , her plumage is similar to that of the male , but the sexes are distinguishable on size . The plumage of the juvenile ruff resembles the non @-@ breeding adult , but has upperparts with a neat , scale @-@ like pattern with dark feather centres , and a strong buff tinge to the underparts .
Typical adult male ruffs start to moult into the main display plumage before their return to the breeding areas , and the proportion of birds with head and neck decorations gradually increases through the spring . Second @-@ year birds lag behind full adults in developing breeding plumage . They have a lower body mass and a slower weight increase than full adults , and perhaps the demands made on their energy reserves during the migration flight are the main reason of the delayed moult .
Ruffs of both sexes have an additional moult stage between the winter and final summer plumages , a phenomenon also seen in the bar @-@ tailed godwit . Before developing the full display finery with coloured ruff and tufts , the males replace part of their winter plumage with striped feathers . Females also develop a mix of winter and striped feathers before reaching their summer appearance . The final male breeding plumage results from the replacement of both winter and striped feathers , but the female retains the striped feathers and replaces only the winter feathers to reach her summer plumage . The striped prenuptial plumages may represent the original breeding appearance of this species , the male 's showy nuptial feathers evolving later under strong sexual selection pressures .
Adult males and most adult females start their pre @-@ winter moult before returning south , but complete most feather replacement on the wintering grounds . In Kenya , males moult 3 – 4 weeks ahead of the females , finishing before December , whereas females typically complete feather replacement during December and early January . Juveniles moult from their first summer body plumage into winter plumage during late September to November , and later undergo a pre @-@ breeding moult similar in timing and duration to that of the adults , and often producing as brightly coloured an appearance .
Two other waders can be confused with the ruff . The juvenile sharp @-@ tailed sandpiper is a little smaller than a juvenile female ruff and has a similar rich orange @-@ buff breast , but the ruff is slimmer with a longer neck and legs , a rounder head , and a much plainer face . The buff @-@ breasted sandpiper also resembles a small juvenile ruff , but even the female ruff is noticeably larger than the sandpiper , with a longer bill , more rotund body and scaly @-@ patterned upperparts .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The ruff is a migratory species , breeding in wetlands in colder regions of northern Eurasia , and spends the northern winter in the tropics , mainly in Africa . Some Siberian breeders undertake an annual round trip of up to 30 @,@ 000 km ( 19 @,@ 000 mi ) to the West African wintering grounds . There is a limited overlap of the summer and winter ranges in western Europe . The ruff breeds in extensive lowland freshwater marshes and damp grasslands . It avoids barren tundra and areas badly affected by severe weather , preferring hummocky marshes and deltas with shallow water . The wetter areas provide a source of food , the mounds and slopes may be used for leks , and dry areas with sedge or low scrub offer nesting sites . A Hungarian study showed that moderately intensive grazing of grassland , with more than one cow per hectare ( 2 @.@ 5 acres ) , was found to attract more nesting pairs . When not breeding , the birds use a wider range of shallow wetlands , such as irrigated fields , lake margins , and mining subsidence and other floodlands . Dry grassland , tidal mudflats and the seashore are less frequently used . The
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
density can reach 129 individuals per square kilometre ( 334 per square mile ) , but is usually much lower .
The ruff breeds in Europe and Asia from Scandinavia and Great Britain almost to the Pacific . In Europe it is found in cool temperate areas , but over its Russian range it is an Arctic species , occurring mainly north of about 65 ° N. The largest numbers breed in Russia ( more than 1 million pairs ) , Sweden ( 61 @,@ 000 pairs ) , Finland ( 39 @,@ 000 pairs ) and Norway ( 14 @,@ 000 pairs ) . Although it also breeds from Britain east through the Low Countries to Poland , Germany and Denmark , there are fewer than 2 @,@ 000 pairs in these more southerly areas .
It is highly gregarious on migration , travelling in large flocks that can contain hundreds or thousands of individuals . Huge dense groups form on the wintering grounds ; one flock in Senegal contained a million birds . A minority winter further east to Burma , south China , New Guinea and scattered parts of southern Australia , or on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Europe . In Great Britain and parts of coastal western Europe , where the breeding and wintering ranges overlap , birds may be present throughout the year . Non @-@ breeding birds may also remain year round in the tropical wintering quarters . The Ruff is an uncommon visitor to Alaska ( where it has occasionally bred ) , Canada and the contiguous states of the US , and has wandered to Iceland , Middle America , northern South America , Madagascar and New Zealand . It has been recorded as breeding well south of its main range in northern Kazakhstan , a major migration stopover area .
The male , which plays no part in nesting or chick care , leaves the breeding grounds in late June or early July , followed later in July by the female and juveniles . Males typically make shorter flights and winter further north than females ; for example , virtually all wintering ruffs in Britain are males , whereas in Kenya most are females . Many migratory species use this differential wintering strategy , since it reduces feeding competition between the sexes and enables territorial males to reach the breeding grounds as early as possible , improving their chances of successful mating . Male ruffs may also be able to tolerate colder winter conditions because they are larger than females .
Birds returning north in spring across the central Mediterranean appear to follow a well @-@ defined route . Large concentrations of ruffs form every year at particular stopover sites to feed , and individuals marked with rings or dye reappear in subsequent years . The refuelling sites are closer together than the theoretical maximum travel distance calculated from the mean body mass , and provide evidence of a migration strategy using favoured intermediate sites . The ruff stores fat as a fuel , but unlike mammals , uses lipids as the main energy source for exercise ( including migration ) and , when necessary , keeps warm by shivering ; however , little research has been conducted on the mechanisms by which they oxidise lipids .
= = Behaviour = =
= = = Mating = = =
Males display during the breeding season at a lek in a traditional open grassy arena . The ruff is one of the few lekking species in which the display is primarily directed at other males rather than to the females , and it is among the small percentage of birds in which the males have well @-@ marked and inherited variations in plumage and mating behaviour . There are three male forms : the typical territorial males , satellite males which have a white neck ruff , and a very rare variant with female @-@ like plumage . The behaviour and appearance for an individual male remain constant through its adult life , and are determined by its genes ( see § Biology of variation among males ) .
The territorial males , about 84 % of the total , have strongly coloured black or chestnut ruffs and stake out and occupy small mating territories in the lek . They actively court females and display a high degree of aggression towards other resident males ; 5 – 20 territorial males each hold an area of the lek about 1 m ( 1 @.@ 1 yd ) across , usually with bare soil in the centre . They perform an elaborate display that includes wing fluttering , jumping , standing upright , crouching with ruff erect , or lunging at rivals . They are typically silent even when displaying , although a soft gue @-@ gue @-@ gue may occasionally be given .
Territorial males are very site @-@ faithful ; 90 % return to the same lekking sites in subsequent seasons , the most dominant males being the most likely to reappear . Site @-@ faithful males can acquire accurate information about the competitive abilities of other males , leading to well @-@ developed dominance relationships . Such stable relationships reduce conflict and the risk of injury , and the consequent lower levels of male aggression are less likely to scare off females . Lower @-@ ranked territorial males also benefit from site fidelity since they can remain on the leks while waiting for the top males eventually to drop out .
Satellite males , about 16 % of the total number , have white or mottled ruffs and do not occupy territories ; they enter leks and attempt to mate with the females visiting the territories occupied by the resident males . Resident males tolerate the satellite birds because , although they are competitors for mating with the females , the presence of both types of male on a territory attracts additional females . Females also prefer larger leks , and leks surrounded by taller plants , which give better nesting habitat .
Although satellite males are on average slightly smaller and lighter than residents , the nutrition of the chicks does not , as previously thought , influence mating strategy ; rather , the inherited mating strategy influences body size . Resident @-@ type chicks will , if provided with the same amount of food , grow heavier than satellite @-@ type chicks . Satellite males do not have to expend energy to defend a territory , and can spend more time foraging , so they do not need to be as bulky as the residents ; indeed , since they fly more , there would be a physiological cost to additional weight .
A third type of male was first described in 2006 ; this is a permanent female mimic , the first such reported for a bird . About 1 % of males are small , intermediate in size between males and females , and do not grow the elaborate breeding plumage of the territorial and satellite males , although they have much larger internal testes than the ruffed males . This cryptic male , or " faeder " ( Old English " father " ) obtains access to mating territories together with the females , and " steals " matings when the females crouch to solicit copulation . The faeder moults into the prenuptial male plumage with striped feathers , but does not go on to develop the ornamental feathers of the normal male . As described above , this stage is thought to show the original male breeding plumage , before other male types evolved . A faeder can be distinguished in the hand by its wing length , which is intermediate between those of displaying males and females . Despite their feminine appearance , the faeders migrate with the larger ' normal ' lekking males and spend the winter with them .
The faeders are sometimes mounted by independent or satellite males , but are as often " on top " in homosexual mountings as the ruffed males , suggesting that their true identity is known by the other males . Females never mount males . Preliminary research results suggest that the faeder characteristics are genetically controlled by a single dominant gene . Females often seem to prefer mating with faeders to copulation with normal males , and normal males also copulate with faeders ( and vice versa ) relatively more often than with females . The homosexual copulations may attract females to the lek , like the presence of satellite males .
Not all mating takes place at the lek , since only a minority of the males attend an active lek . As alternative strategies , males can also directly pursue females ( " following " ) or wait for them as they approached good feeding sites ( " intercepting " ) . Males switched between the three tactics , being more likely to attend a lek when the copulation rate the previous day was high or when fewer females were available after nesting had started . Lekking rates were low in cold weather early in the season when off @-@ lek males spent most of their time feeding .
The level of polyandry in the ruff is the highest known for any avian lekking species and for any shorebird . More than half of female ruffs mate with , and have clutches fertilised by , more than one male , and individual females mate with males of both main behavioural morphs more often than expected by chance . In lekking species , females can choose mates without risking the loss of support from males in nesting and rearing chicks , since the males take no part in raising the brood anyway . In the absence of this cost , if polyandry is advantageous , it would be expected to occur at a higher rate in lekking than among pair @-@ bonded species .
= = = Nesting and survival = = =
The nest is a shallow ground scrape lined with grass leaves and stems , and concealed in marsh plants or tall grass up to 400 m ( 440 yd ) from the lek . Nesting is solitary , although several females may lay in the general vicinity of a lek . The eggs are slightly glossy , green or olive , and marked with dark blotches ; they are laid from mid @-@ March to early June depending on latitude .
The typical clutch is four eggs , each egg measuring 44 mm × 31 mm ( 1 @.@ 7 in × 1 @.@ 2 in ) in size and weighing 21 @.@ 0 g ( 0 @.@ 74 oz ) of which 5 % is shell . Incubation is by the female alone , and the time to hatching is 20 – 23 days , with a further 25 – 28 days to fledging . The precocial chicks have buff and chestnut down , streaked and barred with black , and frosted with white ; they feed themselves on a variety of small invertebrates , but are brooded by the female . One brood is raised each year .
Predators of waders breeding in wet grasslands include birds such as large gulls , common raven , carrion and hooded crows , and great and Arctic skuas ; foxes occasionally take waders , and the impact of feral cats and stoats is unknown . Overgrazing can increase predation by making nests easier to find . In captivity , the main causes of chick mortality were stress @-@ related sudden death and twisted neck syndrome . Adults seem to show little evidence of external parasites , but may have significant levels of disease on their tropical wintering grounds , including avian malaria in their inland freshwater habitats , and so they might be expected to invest strongly in their immune systems ; however , a 2006 study that analysed the blood of migrating ruffs intercepted in Friesland showed that this bird actually has unexplained low levels of immune responses on at least one measure of resistance . The ruff can breed from its second year , and the average lifespan for birds that have passed the chick stage is about 4 @.@ 4 years , although a Finnish bird lived to a record 13 years and 11 months .
= = = Feeding = = =
The ruff normally feeds using a steady walk and pecking action , selecting food items by sight , but it will also wade deeply and submerge its head . On saline lakes in East Africa it often swims like a phalarope , picking items off the surface . It will feed at night as well as during the day . When feeding , the ruff frequently raises its back feathers , producing a loose pointed peak on the back ; this habit is shared only by the black @-@ tailed godwit .
During the breeding season , the ruff ’ s diet consists almost exclusively of the adults and larva of terrestrial and aquatic insects such as beetles and flies . On migration and during the winter , the ruff eats insects ( including caddis flies , water @-@ beetles , mayflies and grasshoppers ) , crustaceans , spiders , molluscs , worms , frogs , small fish , and also the seeds of rice and other cereals , sedges , grasses and aquatic plants . Migrating birds in Italy varied their diet according to what was available at each stopover site . Green aquatic plant material , spilt rice and maize , flies and beetles were found , along with varying amounts of grit . On the main wintering grounds in West Africa , rice is a favoured food during the later part of the season as the ricefields dry out .
Just before migration , the ruff increases its body mass at a rate of about 1 % a day , much slower than the bar @-@ tailed godwits breeding in Alaska , which fatten at four times that rate . This is thought to be because the godwit cannot use refuelling areas to feed on its trans @-@ Pacific flight , whereas the ruff is able to make regular stops and take in food during overland migration . For the same reason , the ruff does not physiologically shrink its digestive organs to reduce bodyweight before migrating , unlike the godwit .
= = Relationship with humans = =
Ruffs were formerly trapped for food in England in large numbers ; on one occasion , 2 @,@ 400 were served at Archbishop Neville 's enthronement banquet in 1465 . The birds were netted while lekking , sometimes being fattened with bread , milk and seed in holding pens before preparation for the table .
... if expedition is required , sugar is added , which will make them in a fortnight 's time a lump of fat : they then sell for two Shillings or half @-@ a @-@ crown a piece … The method of killing them is by cutting off their head with a pair of scissars [ sic ] , the quantity of blood that issues is very great , considering the size of the bird . They are dressed like the Woodcock , with their intestines ; and , when killed at the critical time , say the Epicures , are reckoned the most delicious of all morsels .
The heavy toll on breeding birds , together with loss of habitat through drainage and collection by nineteenth @-@ century trophy hunters and egg collectors , meant that the species became almost extinct in England by the 1880s , although recolonisation in small numbers has occurred since 1963 . The draining of wetlands from the 1800s onwards in southern Sweden has resulted in the ruff 's disappearance from many areas there , although it remains common in the north of the country . The use of insecticides and draining of wetlands has led to a decrease in the number of ruff in Denmark since the early 1900s . There are still areas where the ruff and other wetland birds are hunted legally or otherwise for food . A large @-@ scale example is the capture of more than one million waterbirds ( including ruffs ) in a single year from Lake Chilwa in Malawi .
Although this bird eats rice on the wintering grounds , where it can make up nearly 40 % of its diet , it takes mainly waste and residues from cropping and threshing , not harvestable grain . It has sometimes been viewed as a pest , but the deeper water and presence of invertebrate prey in the economically important early winter period means that the wader has little effect on crop yield .
= = Conservation status = =
The ruff has a large range , estimated at 1 – 10 million square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 38 – 3 @.@ 8 million square miles ) and a population of at least 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 birds . The European population of 200 @,@ 000 – 510 @,@ 000 pairs , occupying more than half of the total breeding range , seems to have declined by up to 30 % over ten years , but this may reflect geographical changes in breeding populations . Numbers in Asia do not appear to be declining , and more ruffs are wintering in Africa . The species as a whole is therefore not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List ( that is , declining more than 30 percent in ten years or three generations ) . For these reasons , the ruff is classified as " least concern " .
The most important breeding populations in Europe , in Russia and Sweden are stable , and the breeding range in Norway has expanded to the south , but populations have more than halved in Finland , Poland , Latvia and The Netherlands . Although the small populations in these countries are of limited overall significance , the decline is a continuation of trend towards range contraction that has occurred over the last two centuries . The drop in numbers in Europe has been attributed to drainage , increased fertiliser use , the loss of formerly mown or grazed breeding sites and over @-@ hunting .
Fossils from the Pleistocene suggest that this species bred further south in Europe in the cool periods between glaciations than it does now . Its sensitivity to changing climate as well as to water table levels and the speed of vegetation growth has led to suggestions that its range is affected by global warming , and the ruff might act as an indicator species for monitoring climate change . Potential threats to this species may also include outbreaks of diseases to which it is susceptible such as influenza , botulism and avian malaria .
The ruff is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African @-@ Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds ( AEWA ) applies , where it is allocated to category 2c ; that is , the populations in need of special attention as they are showing " significant long @-@ term decline " in much of its range . This commits signatories to regulate the taking of listed species or their eggs , to establish protected areas to conserve habitats for the listed species , to regulate hunting and to monitor the populations of the birds concerned .
= = Biology of variation among males = =
The ruff has three male forms , which differ in mating behaviour and in appearance : the typical territorial males which have a dark neck ruff , satellite males which have a white neck ruff , and the very rare cryptic males known as " faeders " which have female @-@ like plumage . The behaviour and appearance of each individual male remain constant through its adult life , and are determined by a simple genetic polymorphism . Territorial behaviour and appearance is recessive to satellite behaviour and appearance . It was originally thought that the difference between the two types of males was due to a sex @-@ linked genetic factor , but in fact the genetic locus relevant for the mating strategy is located on an autosome , or non @-@ sex chromosome . That means that both sexes can carry the two different forms of the gene , not just males . The female does not normally show evidence of its genetic type , but when females are given testosterone implants , they display the male behaviour corresponding to their genotype .
Recently two studies further pinpointed the responsible region to chromosome 11 and a 4 @.@ 5 @-@ Mb covering chromosomal rearrangement . The scientists were able to show that the first genetic change happened 3 @.@ 8 million years ago on the resident chromosome , when a part of it broke off and was reintroduced in the wrong direction . This inversion created the faeder allele . About 500 @,@ 000 years ago an other rare recombination event of faeder and resident allele in the very same inverted region lead to the satellite allele . The 4 @.@ 5 Mb inversion covers 90 genes , one of them is the centromere coding gene N- CENPN- , which is located exactly at one of the inversion breakpoints . The inactivation of the gene has severe deleterious effects and pedigree data of a captive ruff colony suggests that the inversion is homozygous lethal . Over the course of the past 3 @.@ 8 million years , further mutations have accumulated within the inversion i.e. three deletions ranging from 3 @.@ 3 to 17 @.@ 6 kb . Two of these deletions remove evolutionary highly conserved elements close to two genes- HSD17B2 and SDR42E1 @-@ both holding important roles in metabolism of steroid hormones . Hormone measurements around mating time showed that whereas residents have a sharp increase of testosterone , faeders and satellites only experience higher androstenedione levels , as substance which is consider an intermediate in the testosterone biosynthesis . The authors conclude , that one or more of the deletions act as a cis @-@ acting regulatory mutation which is altering the expression of one or both genes and eventually contribute to the different male phenotypes and behaviour .
= Homme by David Beckham =
Homme by David Beckham is a men 's eau de toilette fragrance endorsed by English footballer David Beckham . The scent , which was released by Coty , Inc. in September 2011 , joined his existing scents David Beckham Instinct ( 2005 ) and Intimately Beckham ( 2006 ) , a his @-@ and @-@ hers collection with his wife Victoria Beckham . The fragrance was launched as part of a new branding venture with business partner Simon Fuller , which also included a men 's bodywear line and a number of other projects to capitalize on Beckham 's worldwide commercial appeal .
The fragrance is based on wooden and spicy notes , while still giving off a fresh and clean smell . It includes top notes of citrus , ginger , pine and pepper ; heart notes of cashmere wood , leather and rosemary and base notes of mahogany wood , patchouli and skin musk .
= = Conception = =
It was announced on 19 May 2011 that David Beckham and his business partner , Simon Fuller , would be launching a men 's bodywear line , a men 's fragrance ( with licensing partner Coty , Inc . ) , and a number of other projects to capitalize on Beckham 's worldwide commercial appeal . The fragrance , entitled Homme by David Beckham , would join existing scents David Beckham Instinct ( 2005 ) and Intimately Beckham ( 2006 ) , a his @-@ and @-@ hers collection with his wife Victoria Beckham . Steve Mormoris , senior vice president of global marketing for Coty Beauty , told Women 's Wear Daily that the fragrance is a strategic launch for Coty that represents " a key new orientation for the David Beckham fragrance brand — getting back to the male roots of the brand , enhancing David as an athlete and an aspirational man and building a new pillar to the David Beckham franchise . " Speaking of the new venture , Beckham said :
It 's not my natural inclination to see myself as a brand , I 'm just a person who has been fortunate to explore other interests and passions outside of the game I love . I will always be associated with my sport but I am now working across other areas that will continue long after my career has finished .
A new logo was created for all of Beckham 's commercial ventures in order to create a " uniform visual identity " for the brand . The mark , which was created by Alasdhair Willis , features the David Beckham name in the Replica Pro font , with a circular hole " punched out of the script " . The hole represents a football and a lens or viewfinder , which can " spotlight a product detail or visual flourish on various marketing materials " . Willis stated that the major challenge when creating the brand identity for Beckham was : " How do you convey through a brand mark the sheer diversity of the David Beckham world ? " . He expanded his comment , stating that the identity needed to represent " the future of the man as well as being true to his core DNA as one of the world 's most respected and talented sportsmen . The identity needed to deliver against all these elements and at the same time be cool , relevant , desirable , versatile and accessible " . Fuller added that the brand should also be aspirational , optimistic and inclusive .
= = Development = =
For Homme by David Beckham , Beckham wanted to create a modern , masculine fragrance that reflected his own personal style . Additionally , he designed the scent with Victoria 's preferences in mind , as the scent is something that she has to " put up with " being on him . He tested the fragrance out on his three sons , stating that : " That 's the good thing about having three boys , they are so honest and they said it was amazing " .
Homme by David Beckham features a " super masculine scent " that is based on wooden and spicy notes , while still giving off a fresh and clean smell . It includes top notes of citrus , ginger , pine and pepper ; heart notes of cashmere wood , leather and rosemary and base notes of mahogany wood , patchouli and skin musk . Beckham has cited rosewood , pink grapefruit and pepper as being three of his favourite scents . According to Beckham , the scents " gives it a kind of leather , cashmere , woody feel " ; something that he has liked in the scents he has worn " over the years " .
According to Beckham , Homme by David Beckham is for a man who opts for a " cool , rugged look and one who prefers a clean @-@ cut , sharp aesthetic . " The scent is said to " encapsulate the spirit " of Beckham , which , according to Rebecca Twomey of Digital Spy , is a concept " sure to appeal as much to women as the men it is aimed at . " The fragrance is intended to be a more manly fragrance than Beckham 's previous releases . According to Twomey , the fragrance 's bottle is " refreshingly different " to Beckham 's previous six scents .
= = Marketing and reception = =
The print campaign for Homme by David Beckham was shot by fashion photographer Alasdair McLellan in March 2011 . The photographs feature Beckham against a dark background , wearing a sleek charcoal gray suit . According to Erin Donnelly of Fashion Etc . , the styling gives Don Draper " a run for his money " . A behind @-@ the @-@ scenes video of the photo shoot was released in on 19 July by British GQ . In the video , he discusses the inspiration behind the scent , poses in a " razor @-@ sharp " suit and " runs around with his shirt off " .
The television advert for Homme by David Beckham , which was directed by Anthony Mandler , opens to see Beckham " showing off his physical prowess " as he runs topless along a platform . As he reaches the edge of the platform , Beckham dives into a vat of the fragrance . In the next scene he is fully dressed in one of his trademark tailored suits . Beckham appeared in a sketch on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to promote the fragrance . In the sketch he is " almost unrecognisable " as he stood in the cosmetics aisle at a Target store , offering passing customers a sample spray of the scent . Homme by David Beckham was included in Esquire 's list of the best colognes for men in 2011 . Digital Spy included the fragrance in their 2012 Christmas gift guide , commenting that : " The man in your life may not look like Mr Beckham – but at least he can smell like him " .
= Burzahom archaeological site =
The Burzahom archaeological site is located in the Kashmir Valley of the Jammu and Kashmir state . Archaeological excavations have revealed four phases of cultural significance between 3000 BC and 1000 BC . Periods I and II represent the Neolithic era ; Period IlI the Megalithic era ( of massive stone menhirs and wheel turned red pottery ) ; and Period IV relates to the early Historical Period ( Post @-@ megalithic period ) . The findings , recorded in stratified cultural deposits representing prehistoric human activity in Kashmir , are based on detailed investigations that cover all aspects of the physical evidence of the site , including the ancient flora and fauna .
The Burzahom site revealed the transition from the subterranean and ground level housing features of the Neolithic people to the mudbrick structures of the Megalithic people . The large cache of tools and implements made of bone and stone found at the site shows that the inhabitants were hunting and farming .
The unearthed Antiquities ( of art , architecture , customs and rituals ) indicate that the prehistoric people of the Burzahom established contact with Central Asia and South West Asia and also had links to the Gangetic plains and peninsular India . The interaction of local and foreign influences is demonstrated by the art , architecture , customs , rituals and language demonstrated by some engravings on pottery and other artifacts . Some historians have stated that the Vedic Aryan culture extended into Kashmir , but archaeological investigation at Burzahom does not support the theory .
= = Location = =
The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village of the same name in the Srinagar District . It is 16 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) to the northeast of Srinagar on the Naseem @-@ Shalimar road . The elevation of the site is 1 @,@ 800 metres ( 5 @,@ 900 ft ) above sea @-@ level . It is the northernmost excavated Neolithic site of India . The site is on an ancient Pleistocene lake bed . The location is in a high terrace which is part of the floodplain of the Jhelum river and has Karewa soil ( clay ) formation . The site has a commanding view of the Dal lake which is about 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) away . In the Kashmiri language ' Burzahom ' means " birch " , a tree species ( that generally grows in the elevation range of 3 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 200 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 to 13 @,@ 800 ft ) in the Himalayas ) , which is found in the excavated housing area in the form of roofing material , and thus confirming the existence of the tree even in the pre @-@ historic Neolithic times .
= = History = =
The first excavation at the Burzahom site was a limited exercise in 1936 , carried out by the Yale – Cambridge Expedition headed by Helmut de Terra and Dr. Thomson Paterson . The Frontier Circle of the Archaeological Survey of India made detailed investigations of the site between 1960 and 1971 ; these were carried out by T.N. Khazanchi and his associates .
The extensive excavations done at this site , unearthing stratified cultural deposits , were the first of their type in Kashmir . In 1944 , Mortimer Wheeler , Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India had conducted the first stratified archaeological excavations on the lines of geological model at other sites . Based on a similar model the Burzahom site has been named as the Northern Neolithic Culture in view of its distinctive structural features with profusion of tools made of bones and stones and tools representing the ritualistic practices .
Gufkral represents another related site in the area , near the town of Tral . Also , Hariparigam , and Awantipura , in the same area , are related .
Skeletal remains of Neolithic people found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the Indus Valley Civilization . Some historians have stated that the Vedic Aryan culture extended into Kashmir , but archaeological investigation at Burzahom does not support the " Aryans in Kashmir " theory
The management and protection of the Burzahom site , including the buffer zones , are under the jurisdiction of the Archaeological Survey of India and the State Department of Archaeology conforming to the Ancient Monuments and Sites Remains Act 1958 ( Amended in 2010 ) .
This site was nominated on 15 April 2014 for inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and is yet to be approved .
= = Discovery = =
The excavation at Burzahom was carried out in both vertical ( depth wise ) and horizontal directions ; the depth provided the stratification features while the phasing of each stratification was provided by the horizontal excavations . Four periods of continuous occupational sequence at the site were documented over a period of 11 years of investigations from 1960 to 1971 . These are : Periods I and II of the Neolithic ( Period I is called aceramic and Period II is called ceramic ) origin , particularly characterized by dwelling pits ( the largest measuring 2 @.@ 74 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at the top to 4 @.@ 75 metres ( 15 @.@ 6 ft ) at the base at a depth of 3 @.@ 95 metres ( 13 @.@ 0 ft ) ) ; Period III of the Megalithic sequence noted by the free standing large stone Menhirs installed at the site by shifting boulders manually from the hills ; and Period IV of the early Modern Period . The skeletal remains of the Neolithic humans found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the Indus Valley Civilization .
Burzahom 's ceramic industry was mostly of hunting based culture and is different from the Chinese Neolithic pottery . The economy of the people was found to be based on hunting and gathering with a nascent stage of cultivation practices . Pottery made in Burzahom showed close affinity to those found in the Swat valley in Pakistan , particularly in respect of its shapes and decorations of the black ware pottery . The burial practices and type of tools recovered from the site were inferred as having close resemblance to those found in the North Chinese Neolithic culture .
= = = Period I = = =
The remarkable find during this period was of pits which were inferred as dwelling units ; these were in circular or oval shape dug in compact natural Karewa soil formation . Some of the deep pits had steps and ladder access to the bottom level . In some of the pits the stratification revealed ash and charcoal layers , which denoted human occupancy . Post holes on the sides of pits at the surface level denoted the presence of superstructures covered with thatch made of birch . Shallow pits of circular shape of 60 – 91 centimetres ( 24 – 36 in ) diameter adjoining the housing pits were found to contain bones of animals and also tools made of bones ( of antlers used for making tools ) and stones ( harpoons , needles with or without eyes , awls ) .
Carbon dating established that the Neolithic culture of this site was traceable to the 3rd millennium BC , the earliest occupation at the site was dated to before 2 @,@ 357 BC .
The pottery found at the site were in an early stage of hand crafting , of the coarse variety , in steel @-@ grey , dull red , brown , and buff colours with mat prints at the bottom ; they were in the shape of bowl , vase and stem . The antiquities did not reveal any signs of burials sites .
Late Kot @-@ Diji type pots were found belonging to Period Ib .
= = = Period II = = =
In the Period II , the finds excavated revealed that people had moved out from pit dwelling to structures built at the ground level . However , the pits and its associated chambers formed the base floor of the superstructure , which was made up by filling the pits and covering it with mud plaster , and occasionally painted in red ochre . Post @-@ holes around the pits revealed that the superstructures were made of wood built over compacted Karewa soil floors .
This period also brought out , for the first time , the burial customs of the Neolithic people . Both human and animal skeletons were found in deep oval shaped pits , located either below the floors of the dwelling units or in its precincts . These pits were filled with ash , stones and potsherds . Some of the human skulls found here had trepanning ( bored hole ) marks . In many pits , bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along with human skeletons . The skeletons of humans were found in the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals .
Pottery finds showed better finish compared to the earlier Period I. The pots were of polished black ware , mostly handmade , in the form of a dish with stand , a high @-@ necked jar , and so forth . Also found was a wheel turned red ware pot which contained 950 beads made from carnelian and agate ( inferred as items for sale ) , which was thought to belong to the later part of this period . A very impressive painted pottery ware recovered from this period was a globular red ware pot made on a turntable ; the painting on the pot was of a wild goat of black colour with long horns and hanging ears . Another pottery item which is of interest is a polished black ware in globular shape jar with a long neck and flaring mouth .
An interesting find of this period is of two standalone finished flat stone slabs . The carving on one is not distinct . The other stone slab is 48 – 27 centimetres ( 19 – 11 in ) which depicts , on one polished side , sketches of hunting scenes such as a hunter spearing ( with a Ker ) an antlered deer and another hunter in the process of releasing an arrow , and a sketch of the movement of the Sun , at two levels . The carved figures are distinctly visible .
Agricultural practices were noted during the Periods I and II and crops grown were inferred as wheat , barley and lentil ; finding lentils established a link of the Neolithic people with Central Asia , crossing over the Himalayas .
The people who resided here were characterized as " long headed dolichocranic " . Two female skulls , different from the male skulls , were also reported . The finds did not indicate of any external ethnic intrusions during the entire Neolithic period but showed more affinity to the Harappan people .
Burzahom represents the southernmost extent of what is known as Northern Neolithic culture of Asia .
= = = Period III = = =
Some Megalithic Period Menhirs are next to Neolithic pits , suggesting a gradual transition between the two phases . The Menhirs , boulders formed due the varying temperatures , were brought down from the hills with great effort by the people and installed to mark notable events of the community . These are rough in shape , huge and of considerable weight and height , and are " free @-@ standing " . Craftsmanship was superior during this period with finds of wheel made durable hard red ware , copper objects , and tools made of bone and stone . Structures made of rubble were also found . Finds of a few copper arrowheads indicated knowledge of metallurgy .
= = = Period IV = = =
Period IV ( dated to the 3rd – 4th century AD ) , the last phase of human occupation at Burzahom , was related to the early Historical Period . The structures built were superior compared to the earlier period , and were made from mud @-@ bricks . Pottery was also superior , of red ware type with slips and wheel turned . Some iron antiquaries were also found .
= = Preservation = =
The site is maintained in the form that has been excavated , representing the natural setting of the Neolithic people . The exposed pits and the layout are well protected .
= Deuces ( song ) =
" Deuces " is a song written and performed by American recording artist Chris Brown and American rappers Tyga and Kevin McCall . Produced by McCall , " Deuces " was released digitally on June 25 , 2010 , as the lead single from Brown 's first collaborative effort with Tyga , titled Fan of a Fan ( 2010 ) . The song is a slow , down @-@ tempo R & B ballad featuring elements from the genres of house and pop music , while the song is lyrically about " breaking it off with a girl after failed attempts to make the relationship work " . " Deuces " was later included on Brown 's fourth studio album , F.A.M.E. ( 2011 ) .
" Deuces " received positive reviews from music critics , most of whom praised the production . Following its release , critics speculated that the lyrics of the song were about Brown 's former relationship with Barbadian singer Rihanna . " Deuces " earned Brown two award nominations for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration at the 53rd Grammy Awards and Best Collaboration at the 2011 BET Awards . The song was a commercial success in the United States , reaching number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , becoming Brown 's first number @-@ one single on the chart since " Say Goodbye " ( 2006 ) . Additionally , it peaked inside the top @-@ thirty in New Zealand and the top @-@ seventy in the United Kingdom .
The accompanying music video was directed by Colin Tilley and shot in black and white at the Los Angeles River . Brown performed " Deuces " live on the television show 106 & Park , during his F.A.M.E. Tour ( 2011 ) , and at Supafest ( 2012 ) in Australia . The song 's official remix , featuring rappers Kanye West , T.I. , Drake , Fabolous , Rick Ross and André 3000 , was released as a digital EP on November 2 , 2010 . Recording artists Ciara and Teairra Marí also recorded their own remixes of the song .
= = Background and composition = =
" Deuces " was written by Chris Brown , Michael " Tyga " Stevenson and Kevin McCall , who also produced the track . Vocals were recorded by Michael Congdon at the In Your Ear Studios in Richmond , Virginia , with assistance by Dustin Faltz . The recordings were later mixed by Brian Springer at The Record Plant in Los Angeles , California , with assistance by Anthony Taglianett . " Deuces " leaked online on May 20 , 2010 , and was later released digitally on June 25 , 2010 as the first single from Brown 's collaborative mixtape with Tyga , Fan of a Fan ( 2010 ) . In an interview with MTV News , Tyga elaborated on " Deuces " and its theme , stating : " Basically it 's about you getting rid of this girl , you tried to make it work , but you got to move on . So you put up one finger , put up another , and then ' Deuces ' " . The song appeared as the opening track on Brown 's fourth studio album , F.A.M.E. ( 2011 ) .
Musically , " Deuces " is a slow , down @-@ tempo R & B ballad that displays elements of house and pop music . The song has a length of four minutes and thirty @-@ six seconds . It is backed by synth chords and " eerie harmonies " , with Brown 's " smooth vocals " making use of auto @-@ tune effects . According to Sara D. Anderson of AOL Radio , the song contains lyrical content about " breaking it off with a girl after failed attempts to make the relationship work " . In the first verse , Brown sings : " All that bullshit is for the birds , you ain 't nothing but a vulture / Always hoping for the worst , waiting for me to fuck up / You 'll regret the day when I find another girl , that knows just what I need / She knows just what I mean . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" Deuces " received positive reviews from music critics . Joanne Dorken of MTV UK wrote that the song was " a good platform for Brown to show off his silky @-@ smooth vocals " . Hannah Ash of The Harber Herald called it " a great rap track " with " fantastic beats " . In an album review for F.A.M.E. , Mark Edward Nero of About.com wrote that " Deuces " was one of " the album 's best material " . A reviewer for Girlfriend magazine wrote that " Deuces " along with " Yeah 3x " and " Beautiful People " , were the only tracks on the album " worth listening to " . Mesfin Fekadu of the Associated Press labeled " Deuces " as one of the " best songs " of 2010 , while August Brown of Los Angeles Times called it his " favorite single " of 2010 . According to Steve Jones of USA Today , the song shows that " Brown is taking it to the next phase " . Sean Fennessey of The Washington Post characterised " Deuces " as " the effervescent kiss @-@ off " track . Shahryar Rizvi of Dallas Observer was critical of the song , writing that it " sounds minimally produced and quiet . As a result , it sounds kind of boring " .
Critics also speculated that the lyrics of the song were about Brown 's former relationship with pop singer Rihanna . Becky Bain of Idolator described " Deuces " as a " bitter , women @-@ hating track " that could be " about Rihanna or just females in general " , and wrote that " as damning as some of the lyrics are , this emotional jam is actually a step in the right direction for Brown " . Anthony Benigno of The Faster Times observed that the song could be a reference to " the Rihanna incident " , writing " is it about RiRi ? Maybe , maybe not . He ain 't telling , in any case " . Jayson Rodriguez of MTV News wrote that " Deuces " was indeed a " standout " track from the Fan of a Fan mixtape , and that it " appears to be a dig at Rihanna " . The song was nominated for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration at the 53rd Grammy Awards , and Best Collaboration at the 2011 BET Awards .
= = = Chart performance = = =
In the United States , " Deuces " debuted on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart at number 72 on the issue dated July 17 , 2010 . It peaked at number one in its ninth week on the chart , becoming Brown 's first number @-@ one single on the chart since " Say Goodbye " ( 2006 ) . " Deuces " was tied with Monica 's single " Everything to Me " ( 2010 ) , for both being the fastest songs in 2010 to climb to the number one spot in nine weeks . " Deuces " peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent 19 weeks on the chart . As of January 2011 , the song has sold 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 digital copies in the US . On the New Zealand Singles Chart , " Deuces " debuted and peaked at number 23 on July 26 , 2010 . It spent six weeks on the chart . In the United Kingdom , " Deuces " debuted and peaked at number 68 on November 20 , 2010 , and appeared on the chart for one week . It also charted on the UK R & B Singles Chart at number 14 .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music videos for " Deuces " and " No Bullshit " premiered simultaneously online on May 24 , 2010 , and both were directed by Colin Tilley . The video was shot in black @-@ and @-@ white , and is set at the Los Angeles River . It begins with a woman walking down the river 's culvert . As the song begins , Brown , wearing a dark sleeveless jacket , sunglasses , and light @-@ colored pants , sings his verse while standing against a car with Tyga and Kevin McCall . This scene is intercut with scenes of Brown singing alone at the culvert , wearing a hooded jumper and skinny jeans . During the chorus , Brown is seen dancing in an underground tunnel . As Tyga raps his verse , he is sitting on a graffitied concrete barrier , while Brown appears in the background . This scene is intercut with scenes of Tyga , Brown and McCall walking down a street with a lowrider driving slowly behind them . As the second chorus begins , earlier scenes from the video are intercut with each other . McCall then begins to rap his verse while leaning against a wall , which is then intercut with scenes of him rapping from previous settings of the video . During the final chorus of the song , more scenes of Brown dancing in the underground tunnel are shown .
= = Live performances and remixes = =
On May 15 , 2010 , Brown performed " Deuces " with Tyga at the " Virginia Stand Up ! A Call to Action " benefit concert as part of a set list , which included " Say Goodbye " , " Yo ( Excuse Me Miss ) " , " Gimme That " , " Kiss Kiss " , " Take You Down " and " Forever " . The concert was organized by Brown to help with continued relief efforts in Haiti following the January 2010 earthquake . Jayson Rodriguez of MTV News wrote that " the superstar singer couldn 't have been more giving , doing his best to please the packed house " . On December 3 , 2010 , Brown , wearing a charcoal grey suit with Adidas sneakers , performed the song with Tyga and Kevin McCall as part of his set list at the Cali Christmas concert . In March 2011 , Brown and Tyga performed " Deuces " on the television music show , 106 & Park . " Deuces " was also added to the set list of Brown 's F.A.M.E. Tour . In his review of the tour , Jeremy Trucker of The Baltimore Sun criticized Brown for lip syncing his performances , and remained unconvinced that Brown 's " talent was special enough to warrant his continued , well , fame " . In April 2012 , Brown performed " Deuces " at the Supafest tour in Australia as part of a set list , which included " Run It ! " , " Yeah 3x " , " Look at Me Now " , " She Ain 't You " , " Wet the Bed " and " Turn Up the Music " , among others . A reviewer for Rap @-@ Up magazine praised his set , writing " A tatted Chris Brown thrilled with his chart @-@ topping hits " .
In September 2010 , during a Ustream session with fans , Brown announced plans of releasing an " all @-@ star " remix to " Deuces " , which would feature rappers Kanye West , T.I. , Drake , Fabolous , Rick Ross , and André 3000 , . " The remix appeared online on October 1 , 2010 , and was released as a digital EP on November 2 , 2010 . A day after the " all @-@ star " remix premiered online , American R & B singer Ciara released her own remix of the song , which was supposed to be included on her Basic Instinct mixtape . American R & B singer Teairra Marí also recorded her own remix of " Deuces " for her mixtape , The Night Before X @-@ Mas ( 2010 ) .
= = Track listing = =
Digital download
" Deuces " ( feat . Tyga & Kevin McCall ) – 4 : 36
" No Bullshit " – 4 : 07
Digital Remix EP
" Deuces " ( feat . Drake & Kanye West ) – 4 : 34
" Deuces " ( feat . T.I. & Rick Ross ) – 3 : 42
" Deuces " ( feat . Fabolous & André 3000 ) – 4 : 34
" Deuces " ( feat . Drake , Kanye West & André 3000 ) – 5 : 38
" Deuces " ( feat . Drake , T.I. , Kanye West , Fabolous , Rick Ross , & André 3000 ) – 6 : 43
= = Credits and personnel = =
Chris Brown – songwriter , lead vocals
Kevin McCall – songwriter , producer , featured vocals
Brian Springer – audio mixing
Anthony Taglianett – assistant audio mixing
Michael Stevenson – songwriter , featured vocals
Credits adapted from the liner notes for F.A.M.E.
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Norfolk Spaniel =
The Norfolk Spaniel or Shropshire Spaniel is an extinct breed of dog since the early 20th century . It was originally thought to have originated from the work of one of the Dukes of Norfolk , but this theory was disproven after being in doubt during the later part of the 19th century . The term was used to designate springer type spaniels that were neither Sussex nor Clumber Spaniels , and attempts were made to use it to specify a breed that would later become known as the English Springer Spaniel .
With a liver @-@ and @-@ white or black @-@ and @-@ white coat , the Norfolk Spaniel was described as being a large cocker spaniel . The Spaniel Club set out a breed standard for Norfolk Spaniels , but specimens of the breed varied greatly across England . Members of the breed were difficult to train , but formed a strong attachment with their owners and were useful for hunting both on land and in water . The breed ceased to exist after 1903 , when it was rolled into the new English Springer Spaniel breed created by The Kennel Club to contain all spaniels of this type .
= = History = =
The Norfolk Spaniel was believed to have come about from a cross of spaniels with the Black and Tan Terrier , which was cultivated by an unspecified Duke of Norfolk . However , later historians disagree with this theory , saying that the Duke of Norfolk 's spaniels were of the King Charles type and that terrier stock had nothing to do with the origins of the Norfolk Spaniel . The theory of the Duke of Norfolk @-@ based origins of the Norfolk Spaniel was thought disproved by the investigation of James Farrow , a 19th @-@ century spaniel breeder , who wrote to Henry Fitzalan @-@ Howard , 15th Duke of Norfolk in order to find out the truth about the origins of the breed . The Duke responded , denying any connection to the breed , although he did state that his grandfather , Henry Howard , 13th Duke of Norfolk , owned Sussex Spaniels . The letter from the Duke was printed in The Kennel Gazette in 1899 . An alternative origin was proposed by Rawdon Briggs Lee in volume two of his 1897 work A History and Description of the Modern Dogs of Great Britain and Ireland . Lee argued that the Norfolk Spaniel was descended from a crossing of a curly @-@ coated water spaniel and a Sussex Spaniel or another strain of land spaniel .
In the 18th century , spaniels were split into three categories : land spaniels , water spaniels and toy spaniels . The land spaniels were split into two further types , the cocker spaniel and the springer spaniel . It was within the springer spaniel type that the Norfolk Spaniel was placed , along with the Sussex Spaniel and the Clumber Spaniel . By the 1860s , the breed was described as the " commonest breed in England " , but with a description that varies so much that the only standard point is that they averaged 16 inches ( 41 cm ) in height at the withers .
The Spaniel Club was formed in 1885 , and issued a breed standard for the Norfolk Spaniel , recognising it as a variety of spaniel . However , the general public saw it only as a generic land spaniel . By the 1890s , the breed had become common throughout the counties of England , leading dog writers such as Rawdon Briggs Lee to question the authenticity of its origins , or that the various liver and white spaniels from around England constituted a single breed ; " Personally , I do not consider the liver and white spaniel any particular variety at all , nor do I believe that it has ever been indigenous to Norfolk . " He states that similar dogs exist in Devonshire that do not trace ancestry to Norfolk , and that liver and white spaniels pre @-@ date the breeding of the Black and Tan Terrier with an ordinary spaniel . F.H.F. Mercer described the breed in 1890 as being " virtually extinct in its purity " , with its liver and white colours running through any numbers of miscellaneous spaniels , and he too discredits the origins involving the Duke of Norfolk .
The Kennel Club ( UK ) designated all medium legged spaniels which were not Clumber nor Sussex Spaniels as English Springer Spaniels in 1902 . The Norfolk Spaniel was included under this designation , with the term " Norfolk Spaniel " considered for use to cover these types of spaniels , but ultimately rejected as the Club believed that the breed was always liver and white in colour . The change in terminology was not smooth or immediate , with James Watson in his 1905 work , The Dog Book , still referring to the Norfolk Spaniel as a breed name . In the modern era , the Norfolk Spaniel is thought to be the previous name for the English Springer Spaniel , prior to recognition by The Kennel Club ( UK ) .
= = Temperament = =
The Norfolk Spaniel would typically be unhappy when they were separated from their owners , as they formed a strong attachment . Compared to the springer spaniels of the 19th century , they were more ill @-@ tempered , and could be headstrong and wilful if not successfully broken . Some members of the breed could be noisy , and were described as " babbling " and making noise on the hunt in a similar fashion to hounds , while others were far quieter .
Its use in hunting was varied , and the breed was useful both on land and in the water . In particular , it became successful in America and towards the beginning of the 20th century were popular in the area around Boston . They were described by the Spaniel Club of America as being as good in the water as the Chesapeake Bay Retriever .
= = Appearance = =
The breed was a freckled white dog with either liver or black markings , the breed standard in 1859 set their measurements at 17 – 18 inches ( 43 – 46 cm ) in height at the withers . It had long legs , feathered ears , a white area on forehead , which was said to " [ add ] a great deal to his beauty " , but there were differences from the English Springer , including a broader skull and shorter neck . It was also compared to the English Setter in its build , shape , and proportions , although it was a much smaller size . While other field spaniels of this era displayed colours other than liver and white or liver and black , the Norfolk did not . The breed @-@ specific qualities varied greatly as in some places the breeding lines were not kept particularly pure , those lines having had stock from Sussex and Clumber Spaniels bred into them .
By the end of the 19th century the description of a Norfolk Spaniel had changed slightly , The Spaniel Club breed standard for a Norfolk Spaniel in 1897 was for the animal to have a coat of either black and white or liver and white which was not curly , a reasonably heavy body and legs which are longer than other field spaniels but shorter than the Irish Water Spaniel , a deep chest with long sloping shoulders and strength in the back and loins , as well as features typical of a spaniel such as lobular ears . This standard also included the requirement for the tail to be docked . In brief , the standard described the Norfolk as simply looking like a large cocker spaniel .
= Asperger syndrome =
Asperger syndrome ( AS ) , also known as Asperger 's , is a developmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication , along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests . As a milder autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) , it differs from other ASDs by relatively normal language and intelligence . Although not required for diagnosis , physical clumsiness and unusual use of language are common . Symptoms usually begin before two years old and typically last for a person 's entire life .
The exact cause of Asperger 's is unknown . While it is likely partly inherited , the underlying genetics have not been determined conclusively . Environmental factors are also believed to play a role . Brain imaging has not identified a common underlying problem . The diagnosis of Asperger 's was removed in the 2013 fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM @-@ 5 ) , and people with these symptoms are now included within the autism spectrum disorder along with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified . It remains within the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases ( ICD @-@ 10 ) as of 2015 .
There is no single treatment , and the effectiveness of particular interventions is supported by only limited data . Treatment is aimed at improving poor communication skills , obsessive or repetitive routines , and physical clumsiness . Interventions may include social skills training , cognitive behavioral therapy , physical therapy , speech therapy , parent training , and medications for associated problems such as mood or anxiety . Most children improve as they grow up , but social and communication difficulties usually persist . Some researchers and people on the autism spectrum have advocated a shift in attitudes toward the view that autism spectrum disorder is a difference , rather than a disease that must be treated or cured .
In 2013 , Asperger 's was estimated to affect 31 million people globally . The syndrome is named after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger who , in 1944 , described children in his practice who lacked nonverbal communication , had limited understanding of others ' feelings , and were physically clumsy . The modern conception of Asperger syndrome came into existence in 1981 and went through a period of popularization . It became a standardized diagnosis in the early 1990s . Many questions and controversies remain about aspects of the disorder . There is doubt about whether it is distinct from high @-@ functioning autism ( HFA ) . Partly because of this , the percentage of people affected is not firmly established .
= = Classification = =
The extent of the overlap between AS and high @-@ functioning autism ( HFA — autism unaccompanied by intellectual disability ) is unclear . The ASD classification is to some extent an artifact of how autism was discovered , and may not reflect the true nature of the spectrum ; methodological problems have beset Asperger syndrome as a valid diagnosis from the outset . In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM @-@ 5 ) , published in May 2013 , AS , as a separate diagnosis , was eliminated and folded into autism spectrum disorder . Like the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome , the change was controversial and AS was not removed from the WHO 's ICD @-@ 10 .
The World Health Organization ( WHO ) defines Asperger syndrome ( AS ) as one of the autism spectrum disorders ( ASD ) or pervasive developmental disorders ( PDD ) , which are a spectrum of psychological conditions that are characterized by abnormalities of social interaction and communication that pervade the individual 's functioning , and by restricted and repetitive interests and behavior . Like other psychological development disorders , ASD begins in infancy or childhood , has a steady course without remission or relapse , and has impairments that result from maturation @-@ related changes in various systems of the brain . ASD , in turn , is a subset of the broader autism phenotype , which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic @-@ like traits , such as social deficits . Of the other four ASD forms , autism is the most similar to AS in signs and likely causes , but its diagnosis requires impaired communication and allows delay in cognitive development ; Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder share several signs with autism but may have unrelated causes ; and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( PDD @-@ NOS ) is diagnosed when the criteria for a more specific disorder are unmet .
= = Characteristics = =
As a pervasive developmental disorder , Asperger syndrome is distinguished by a pattern of symptoms rather than a single symptom . It is characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction , by stereotyped and restricted patterns of behavior , activities and interests , and by no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or general delay in language . Intense preoccupation with a narrow subject , one @-@ sided verbosity , restricted prosody , and physical clumsiness are typical of the condition , but are not required for diagnosis . Suicidal behavior appears to occur at rates similar to those without ASD .
= = = Social interaction = = =
A lack of demonstrated empathy affects aspects of communal living for persons with Asperger syndrome . Individuals with AS experience difficulties in basic elements of social interaction , which may include a failure to develop friendships or to seek shared enjoyments or achievements with others ( for example , showing others objects of interest ) , a lack of social or emotional reciprocity ( social " games " give @-@ and @-@ take mechanic ) , and impaired nonverbal behaviors in areas such as eye contact , facial expression , posture , and gesture .
People with AS may not be as withdrawn around others , compared with those with other , more debilitating forms of autism ; they approach others , even if awkwardly . For example , a person with AS may engage in a one @-@ sided , long @-@ winded speech about a favorite topic , while misunderstanding or not recognizing the listener 's feelings or reactions , such as a wish to change the topic of talk or end the interaction . This social awkwardness has been called " active but odd " . This failure to react appropriately to social interaction may appear as disregard for other people 's feelings , and may come across as insensitive . However , not all individuals with AS will approach others . Some of them may even display selective mutism , speaking not at all to most people and excessively to specific people . Some may choose only to talk to people they like .
The cognitive ability of children with AS often allows them to articulate social norms in a laboratory context , where they may be able to show a theoretical understanding of other people 's emotions ; however , they typically have difficulty acting on this knowledge in fluid , real @-@ life situations . People with AS may analyze and distill their observations of social interaction into rigid behavioral guidelines , and apply these rules in awkward ways , such as forced eye contact , resulting in a demeanor that appears rigid or socially naive . Childhood desire for companionship can become numbed through a history of failed social encounters .
The hypothesis that individuals with AS are predisposed to violent or criminal behavior has been investigated , but is not supported by data . More evidence suggests children with AS are victims rather than victimizers . A 2008 review found that an overwhelming number of reported violent criminals with AS had coexisting psychiatric disorders such as schizoaffective disorder .
= = = Restricted and repetitive interests and behavior = = =
People with Asperger syndrome display behavior , interests , and activities that are restricted and repetitive and are sometimes abnormally intense or focused . They may stick to inflexible routines , move in stereotyped and repetitive ways , preoccupy themselves with parts of objects or compulsive behaviors like lining thing up in patterns .
Pursuit of specific and narrow areas of interest is one of the most striking possible features of AS . Individuals with AS may collect volumes of detailed information on a relatively narrow topic such as weather data or star names , without necessarily having a genuine understanding of the broader topic . For example , a child might memorize camera model numbers while caring little about photography . This behavior is usually apparent by age 5 or 6 . Although these special interests may change from time to time , they typically become more unusual and narrowly focused , and often dominate social interaction so much that the entire family may become immersed . Because narrow topics often capture the interest of children , this symptom may go unrecognized .
Stereotyped and repetitive motor behaviors are a core part of the diagnosis of AS and other ASDs . They include hand movements such as flapping or twisting , and complex whole @-@ body movements . These are typically repeated in longer bursts and look more voluntary or ritualistic than tics , which are usually faster , less rhythmical and less often symmetrical .
According to the Adult Asperger Assessment ( AAA ) diagnostic test , a lack of interest in fiction and a positive preference towards non @-@ fiction is common among adults with AS .
= = = Speech and language = = =
Although individuals with Asperger syndrome acquire language skills without significant general delay and their speech typically lacks significant abnormalities , language acquisition and use is often atypical . Abnormalities include verbosity , abrupt transitions , literal interpretations and miscomprehension of nuance , use of metaphor meaningful only to the speaker , auditory perception deficits , unusually pedantic , formal or idiosyncratic speech , and oddities in loudness , pitch , intonation , prosody , and rhythm . Echolalia has also been observed in individuals with AS .
Three aspects of communication patterns are of clinical interest : poor prosody , tangential and circumstantial speech , and marked verbosity . Although inflection and intonation may be less rigid or monotonic than in classic autism , people with AS often have a limited range of intonation : speech may be unusually fast , jerky or loud . Speech may convey a sense of incoherence ; the conversational style often includes monologues about topics that bore the listener , fails to provide context for comments , or fails to suppress internal thoughts . Individuals with AS may fail to detect whether the listener is interested or engaged in the conversation . The speaker 's conclusion or point may never be made , and attempts by the listener to elaborate on the speech 's content or logic , or to shift to related topics , are often unsuccessful .
Children with AS may have an unusually sophisticated vocabulary at a young age and have been colloquially called " little professors " , but have difficulty understanding figurative language and tend to use language literally . Children with AS appear to have particular weaknesses in areas of nonliteral language that include humor , irony , teasing , and sarcasm . Although individuals with AS usually understand the cognitive basis of humor , they seem to lack understanding of the intent of humor to share enjoyment with others . Despite strong evidence of impaired humor appreciation , anecdotal reports of humor in individuals with AS seem to challenge some psychological theories of AS and autism .
= = = Motor and sensory perception = = =
Individuals with Asperger syndrome may have signs or symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis , but can affect the individual or the family . These include differences in perception and problems with motor skills , sleep , and emotions .
Individuals with AS often have excellent auditory and visual perception . Children with ASD often demonstrate enhanced perception of small changes in patterns such as arrangements of objects or well @-@ known images ; typically this is domain @-@ specific and involves processing of fine @-@ grained features . Conversely , compared with individuals with high @-@ functioning autism , individuals with AS have deficits in some tasks involving visual @-@ spatial perception , auditory perception , or visual memory . Many accounts of individuals with AS and ASD report other unusual sensory and perceptual skills and experiences . They may be unusually sensitive or insensitive to sound , light , and other stimuli ; these sensory responses are found in other developmental disorders and are not specific to AS or to ASD . There is little support for increased fight @-@ or @-@ flight response or failure of habituation in autism ; there is more evidence of decreased responsiveness to sensory stimuli , although several studies show no differences .
Hans Asperger 's initial accounts and other diagnostic schemes include descriptions of physical clumsiness . Children with AS may be delayed in acquiring skills requiring motor dexterity , such as riding a bicycle or opening a jar , and may seem to move awkwardly or feel " uncomfortable in their own skin " . They may be poorly coordinated , or have an odd or bouncy gait or posture , poor handwriting , or problems with visual @-@ motor integration . They may show problems with proprioception ( sensation of body position ) on measures of developmental coordination disorder ( motor planning disorder ) , balance , tandem gait , and finger @-@ thumb apposition . There is no evidence that these motor skills problems differentiate AS from other high @-@ functioning ASDs .
Children with AS are more likely to have sleep problems , including difficulty in falling asleep , frequent nocturnal awakenings , and early morning awakenings . AS is also associated with high levels of alexithymia , which is difficulty in identifying and describing one 's emotions . Although AS , lower sleep quality , and alexithymia are associated , their causal relationship is unclear .
= = Causes = =
Hans Asperger described common symptoms among his patients ' family members , especially fathers , and research supports this observation and suggests a genetic contribution to Asperger syndrome . Although no specific gene has yet been identified , multiple factors are believed to play a role in the expression of autism , given the phenotypic variability seen in children with AS . Evidence for a genetic link is the tendency for AS to run in families and an observed higher incidence of family members who have behavioral symptoms similar to AS but in a more limited form ( for example , slight difficulties with social interaction , language , or reading ) . Most research suggests that all autism spectrum disorders have shared genetic mechanisms , but AS may have a stronger genetic component than autism . There is probably a common group of genes where particular alleles render an individual vulnerable to developing AS ; if this is the case , the particular combination of alleles would determine the severity and symptoms for each individual with AS .
A few ASD cases have been linked to exposure to teratogens ( agents that cause birth defects ) during the first eight weeks from conception . Although this does not exclude the possibility that ASD can be initiated or affected later , it is strong evidence that it arises very early in development . Many environmental factors have been hypothesized to act after birth , but none has been confirmed by scientific investigation .
= = Mechanism = =
Asperger syndrome appears to result from developmental factors that affect many or all functional brain systems , as opposed to localized effects . Although the specific underpinnings of AS or factors that distinguish it from other ASDs are unknown , and no clear pathology common to individuals with AS has emerged , it is still possible that AS 's mechanism is separate from other ASDs . Neuroanatomical studies and the associations with teratogens strongly suggest that the mechanism includes alteration of brain development soon after conception . Abnormal migration of embryonic cells during fetal development may affect the final structure and connectivity of the brain , resulting in alterations in the neural circuits that control thought and behavior . Several theories of mechanism are available ; none are likely to provide a complete explanation .
The underconnectivity theory hypothesizes underfunctioning high @-@ level neural connections and synchronization , along with an excess of low @-@ level processes . It maps well to general @-@ processing theories such as weak central coherence theory , which hypothesizes that a limited ability to see the big picture underlies the central disturbance in ASD . A related theory — enhanced perceptual functioning — focuses more on the superiority of locally oriented and perceptual operations in autistic individuals .
The mirror neuron system ( MNS ) theory hypothesizes that alterations to the development of the MNS interfere with imitation and lead to Asperger 's core feature of social impairment . For example , one study found that activation is delayed in the core circuit for imitation in individuals with AS . This theory maps well to social cognition theories like the theory of mind , which hypothesizes that autistic behavior arises from impairments in ascribing mental states to oneself and others , or hyper @-@ systemizing , which hypothesizes that autistic individuals can systematize internal operation to handle internal events but are less effective at empathizing by handling events generated by other agents .
= = Diagnosis = =
Standard diagnostic criteria require impairment in social interaction and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior , activities and interests , without significant delay in language or cognitive development . Unlike the international standard , the DSM @-@ IV @-@ TR criteria also required significant impairment in day @-@ to @-@ day functioning ; DSM @-@ 5 eliminated AS as a separate diagnosis in 2013 , and folded it into the umbrella of autism spectrum disorders . Other sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed by Szatmari et al. and by Gillberg and Gillberg .
Diagnosis is most commonly made between the ages of four and eleven . A comprehensive assessment involves a multidisciplinary team that observes across multiple settings , and includes neurological and genetic assessment as well as tests for cognition , psychomotor function , verbal and nonverbal strengths and weaknesses , style of learning , and skills for independent living . The " gold standard " in diagnosing ASDs combines clinical judgment with the Autism Diagnostic Interview @-@ Revised ( ADI @-@ R ) — a semistructured parent interview — and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule ( ADOS ) — a conversation and play @-@ based interview with the child . Delayed or mistaken diagnosis can be traumatic for individuals and families ; for example , misdiagnosis can lead to medications that worsen behavior .
Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis may be problems . The cost and difficulty of screening and assessment can delay diagnosis . Conversely , the increasing popularity of drug treatment options and the expansion of benefits has motivated providers to overdiagnose ASD . There are indications AS has been diagnosed more frequently in recent years , partly as a residual diagnosis for children of normal intelligence who are not autistic but have social difficulties .
There are questions about the external validity of the AS diagnosis . That is , it is unclear whether there is a practical benefit in distinguishing AS from HFA and from PDD @-@ NOS ; the same child can receive different diagnoses depending on the screening tool . The debate about distinguishing AS from HFA is partly due to a tautological dilemma where disorders are defined based on severity of impairment , so that studies that appear to confirm differences based on severity are to be expected .
= = = Differential diagnosis = = =
Many children with AS are initially misdiagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . Diagnosing adults is more challenging , as standard diagnostic criteria are designed for children and the expression of AS changes with age . Adult diagnosis requires painstaking clinical examination and thorough medical history gained from both the individual and other people who know the person , focusing on childhood behavior . Conditions that must be considered in a differential diagnosis include other ASDs , the schizophrenia spectrum , ADHD , obsessive – compulsive disorder , major depressive disorder , semantic pragmatic disorder , nonverbal learning disorder , Tourette syndrome , stereotypic movement disorder , bipolar disorder , and social @-@ cognitive deficits due to brain damage from alcohol abuse .
There are considerable similarities and overlap between Asperger 's syndrome and obsessive – compulsive personality disorder ( OCPD ) , such as list @-@ making , inflexible adherence to rules , and obsessive aspects of Asperger 's syndrome , though the former may be distinguished from OCPD especially regarding affective behaviors , worse social skills , difficulties with theory of mind and intense intellectual interests , e.g. an ability to recall every aspect of a hobby .
= = Screening = =
Parents of children with Asperger syndrome can typically trace differences in their children 's development to as early as 30 months of age . Developmental screening during a routine check @-@ up by a general practitioner or pediatrician may identify signs that warrant further investigation . The United States Preventative Services Task Force in 2016 found it was unclear if screening was beneficial or harmful among children in whom there is no concerns .
The diagnosis of AS is complicated by the use of several different screening instruments , including the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale ( ASDS ) , Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire ( ASSQ ) , Childhood Autism Spectrum Test ( CAST ) ( previously called the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test ) , Gilliam Asperger 's disorder scale ( GADS ) , Krug Asperger 's Disorder Index ( KADI ) , and the Autism @-@ spectrum quotient ( AQ ; with versions for children , adolescents and adults ) . None have been shown to reliably differentiate between AS and other ASDs .
= = Management = =
Asperger syndrome treatment attempts to manage distressing symptoms and to teach age @-@ appropriate social , communication and vocational skills that are not naturally acquired during development , with intervention tailored to the needs of the individual based on multidisciplinary assessment . Although progress has been made , data supporting the efficacy of particular interventions are limited .
= = = Therapies = = =
The ideal treatment for AS coordinates therapies that address core symptoms of the disorder , including poor communication skills and obsessive or repetitive routines . While most professionals agree that the earlier the intervention , the better , there is no single best treatment package . AS treatment resembles that of other high @-@ functioning ASDs , except that it takes into account the linguistic capabilities , verbal strengths , and nonverbal vulnerabilities of individuals with AS . A typical program generally includes :
A positive behavior support procedure includes training and support of parents and school faculty in behavior management strategies to use in the home and school ;
An applied behavior analysis ( ABA ) technique called social skills training for more effective interpersonal interactions ;
Cognitive behavioral therapy to improve stress management relating to anxiety or explosive emotions and to cut back on obsessive interests and repetitive routines ;
Medication , for coexisting conditions such as major depressive disorder and anxiety disorder ;
Occupational or physical therapy to assist with poor sensory processing and motor coordination ;
Social communication intervention , which is specialized speech therapy to help with the pragmatics of the give and take of normal conversation .
Of the many studies on behavior @-@ based early intervention programs , most are case reports of up to five participants and typically examine a few problem behaviors such as self @-@ injury , aggression , noncompliance , stereotypies , or spontaneous language ; unintended side effects are largely ignored . Despite the popularity of social skills training , its effectiveness is not firmly established . A randomized controlled study of a model for training parents in problem behaviors in their children with AS showed that parents attending a one @-@ day workshop or six individual lessons reported fewer behavioral problems , while parents receiving the individual lessons reported less intense behavioral problems in their AS children . Vocational training is important to teach job interview etiquette and workplace behavior to older children and adults with AS , and organization software and personal data assistants can improve the work and life management of people with AS .
= = = Medications = = =
No medications directly treat the core symptoms of AS . Although research into the efficacy of pharmaceutical intervention for AS is limited , it is essential to diagnose and
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
directed the music video for Lou Reed and Metallica 's " The View " from their album Lulu .
In 2011 , Aronofsky tried to launch production on Noah , a retelling of the Bible story of Noah 's Ark , projected for a $ 115 million budget . By the following year , the film had secured funding and distribution from New Regency and Paramount Pictures , with Russell Crowe hired for the title role . The film adapted a serialized graphic novel written by Aronofsky and Ari Handel , published in French in October 2011 by the Belgian publisher Le Lombard . By July 2012 , Aronofsky 's crews were building an ark set in Oyster Bay , Long Island , New York . Aronofsky announced the start of filming on Noah on Twitter in the same month , tweeting shots of the filming in Iceland . The film featured Emma Watson , Anthony Hopkins , Logan Lerman , and Jennifer Connelly , with the latter having also starred in Requiem for a Dream . During its opening weekend , Noah held the largest non @-@ sequel opening within Russia and Brazil , and the fourth @-@ largest opening of all time . Aronofsky did not use live animals for the film , saying in a PETA video that " There 's really no reason to do it anymore because the technology has arrived . " The HSUS gave him their inaugural Humane Filmmaker Award in honor of his use of computer @-@ generated animals .
Aronofsky was set to direct an HBO series pilot called Hobgoblin . Announced on June 16 , 2011 , the series would have depicted a group of magicians and con artists who use their powers of deception to defeat Hitler during World War II . He was set to work on this project with Pulitzer Prize winning author Michael Chabon and his wife Ayelet Waldman . In June , 2013 , it was announced that HBO had dropped the show and Aronofsky had pulled out , as well . It was also announced that Aronofsky will produce an upcoming horror film , XOXO , written by Black Swan writer Mark Heyman . George Nolfi of the The Adjustment Bureau is set to direct the project , which will be overseen by Aronofsky .
On October 13 , 2015 , Variety reported that he was eyeing a spring start of his next directional untitled project based on his own script , and Jennifer Lawrence was in talks to join the film while there were no greenlit on any of her other projects . The project was not yet attached with any studio but it would probably go to New Regency under the first @-@ look deal with Aronofsky . Domhnall Gleeson , Michelle Pfeiffer & Ed Harris were added to the cast in April 2016 . On May 25 , 2016 the title was revealed as Day 6 and that the film would begin shooting in June in Montreal . The film began shooting on June 27 , 2016 .
= = Directing style = =
Aronofsky 's first two films , Pi and Requiem for a Dream , were low @-@ budget and used montages of extremely short shots , also known as hip hop montages . While an average 100 @-@ minute film has 600 to 700 cuts Requiem features more than 2 @,@ 000 . Split @-@ screen is used extensively , along with extremely tight closeups . Long tracking shots ( including those shot with an apparatus strapping a camera to an actor , called the Snorricam ) and time @-@ lapse photography are also prominent stylistic devices . Often with his films , Aronofsky alternates between extreme closeups and extreme distance shots to create a sense of isolation .
With The Fountain , Aronofsky restricted the use of computer @-@ generated imagery . Henrik Fett , the visual effects supervisor of Look Effects , said , " Darren was quite clear on what he wanted and his intent to greatly minimize the use of computer graphics ... [ and ] I think the results are outstanding . " He used more subtle directing in The Wrestler and Black Swan , which less visceral directing style showcases the acting and narratives . Aronofsky filmed both works with a muted palette and a grainy style . The cinematographer Matthew Libatique has collaborated with Aronofsky on five films , and film composer Clint Mansell has worked with him on all six films . Mansell 's music is an often important element of the films .
= = = Themes and influences = = =
Pi features several references to mathematics and mathematical theories . In a 1998 interview , Aronofsky acknowledged several influences for " Pi " :
" I 'm a big fan of Kurosawa and Fellini . In this film in particular I think there 's a lot of Roman Polanski influence and Terry Gilliam influence as well as a Japanese director named Shinya Tsukamoto — he directed The Iron Man , Tetsuo . "
The visual style of " Pi " ( and even " Requiem for a Dream " ) features numerous similarities to the Japanese film Tetsuo : The Iron Man .
The majority of reviewers characterized Requiem for a Dream in the genre of " drug movies " , along with films like The Basketball Diaries , Trainspotting , Spun , and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas . But , Aronofsky placed his movie in a wider context , saying :
Requiem for a Dream is not about heroin or about drugs ... The Harry @-@ Tyrone @-@ Marion story is a very traditional heroin story . But putting it side by side with the Sara story , we suddenly say , ' Oh , my God , what is a drug ? ' The idea that the same inner monologue goes through a person 's head when they 're trying to quit drugs , as with cigarettes , as when they 're trying to not eat food so they can lose 20 pounds , was really fascinating to me . I thought it was an idea that we hadn 't seen on film and I wanted to bring it up on the screen .
With his friend Ari Handel , Aronofsky developed the plot for The Fountain ; the director wrote the screenplay . In 1999 , Aronofsky thought that The Matrix redefined the science fiction genre in film . He sought to make a science fiction film that explored new territory , as did The Matrix and its predecessors Star Wars and 2001 : A Space Odyssey . He wanted to go beyond science fiction films with plots driven by technology and science .
In the Toronto International Film Festival interview conducted by James Rocchi , Aronofsky credited the 1957 Charles Mingus song " The Clown " as a major influence on The Wrestler . It 's an instrumental piece , with a poem read over the music about a clown who accidentally discovers the bloodlust of the crowds and eventually kills himself in performance .
Aronofsky called Black Swan a companion piece to The Wrestler , recalling one of his early projects about a love affair between a wrestler and a ballerina . He eventually separated the wrestling and the ballet worlds , considering them as " too much for one movie " . He compared the two films : " Wrestling some consider the lowest art — if they would even call it art — and ballet some people consider the highest art . But what was amazing to me was how similar the performers in both of these worlds are . They both make incredible use of their bodies to express themselves . " About the psychological thriller nature of Black Swan , actress Natalie Portman compared the film 's tone to Polanski 's 1968 film Rosemary 's Baby , while Aronofsky said Polanski 's Repulsion ( 1965 ) and The Tenant ( 1976 ) were " big influences " on the final film . Actor Vincent Cassel also compared Black Swan to Polanski 's early films , commenting that it was also influenced by Alejandro Jodorowsky ' movies and David Cronenberg 's early work .
= = Controversy = =
Several aspects of Aronofsky 's films have been controversial , most notably Requiem for a Dream , The Wrestler and Black Swan . Requiem for a Dream was originally set for release in 2000 , but it met with controversy in the United States , being rated NC @-@ 17 by the MPAA due to a graphic sex scene . Aronofsky appealed the rating , claiming that cutting any portion of the film would dilute its message . The appeal was denied and Artisan decided to release the film unrated .
The Wrestler has been condemned as an " anti @-@ Iranian " film in many Iran newspapers and websites , in response to a scene in which Mickey Rourke violently breaks a pole bearing an Iranian flag in half across his knee . Borna News , a state @-@ run Iranian newspaper , also criticized the heel ( bad @-@ guy ) wrestler character " The Ayatollah . " Portrayed as a villain , he wears Arabic items of clothing ( keffiyeh and bisht ) , which the newspaper believed was intended to lead audiences to associate Iranians with Arabs . In the wrestling ring , he wears a skimpy leotard in the pattern of an Iranian flag with the alef character , representing the first letter of the word Ayatollah .
Some Iranian newspapers avoided mentioning the character , presumably to avoid offending Iran 's clerical rulers . On March 2009 , Javad Shamaqdari , cultural adviser to President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , demanded an apology from a delegation of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences actors and producers visiting Iran for what he characterized as negative and unfair portrayals of the Islamic republic in The Wrestler and other Hollywood films .
The question of who had designed 40 ballet costumes for Portman and the dancers in Black Swan was one publicized controversy related to the film . The media gave substantial coverage to the dance double controversy : how much credit for the dancing in the film was being given to Portman and how much to her " dance double " , Sarah Lane , an American Ballet Theatre soloist . Lane claimed to have danced more than she was credited . The director and Fox Searchlight disputed Lane 's claim . Their released statements said , " We were fortunate to have Sarah there to cover the more complicated dance sequences and we have nothing but praise for the hard work she did . However , Natalie herself did most of the dancing featured in the final film . "
Aronofsky said in an interview with Entertainment Weekly :
" I had my editor count shots . There are 139 dance shots in the film . 111 are Natalie Portman untouched . 28 are her dance double Sarah Lane . If you do the math , that 's 80 % Natalie Portman . What about duration ? The shots that feature the double are wide shots and rarely play for longer than one second . There are two complicated longer dance sequences that we used face replacement . Even so , if we were judging by time , over 90 % would be Natalie Portman . And to be clear , Natalie did dance en pointe in pointe shoes . If you look at the final shot of the opening prologue , which lasts 85 seconds , and was danced completely by Natalie , she exits the scene on pointe . That is completely her without any digital magic . "
= = Personal life = =
Aronofsky began dating English actress Rachel Weisz in the summer of 2001 , and in 2005 they were engaged . Their son , Henry Chance Aronofsky , was born on May 31 , 2006 , in New York City . The couple resided in the East Village in Manhattan . In November 2010 , Weisz and Aronofsky announced that they had been apart for months , but remain close friends and are committed to raising their son together in New York . In 2012 , he began dating Canadian film and television producer Brandi @-@ Ann Milbradt . They were engaged but separated in 2015 .
He said of his spiritual beliefs in 2014 , " I think I definitely believe . My biggest expression of what I believe is in The Fountain " .
In April 2011 , Aronofsky was announced as the President of the Jury for the 68th Venice International Film Festival .
In November 2014 , Aronofsky was announced as the President of the Jury for the 65th Berlin International Film Festival , for February 2015 .
= = = Environmental activism = = =
Aronofsky is known for his environmental activism . In 2014 he traveled to the Alberta Tar Sands with the Sierra Club ’ s Michael Brune and Leonardo DiCaprio . In 2015 he traveled to Alaska 's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge with Brune , Kerri Russell , and the leaders of several veterans groups .
He has received the Humanitarian Award from both the Humane Society of the United States and PETA .
In 2015 , he collaborated with the artist JR on “ The Standing March , ” a public art installation in Paris encouraging diplomats at COP21 to take action against climate change .
He is a board member of The Sierra Club Foundation and The School of Field Studies .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Feature films = = =
= = = Unreleased short films = = =
= = = Television = = =
One Strange Rock
= = Accolades = =
= Woohoo ( Christina Aguilera song ) =
" Woohoo " is a song by American recording artist Christina Aguilera , featuring American rapper Nicki Minaj . The song was written by Aguilera , Onika Maraj , Claude Kelly , Ester Dean and Jamal " Polow da Don " Jones , and produced by Polow da Don , for Aguilera 's sixth studio album , Bionic ( 2010 ) . " Woohoo " was serviced to rhythmic contemporary crossover airplay as the album 's second radio single on May 25 , 2010 . The song , which contains a sample of the 1972 song " Add már uram az esőt " by Kati Kovács , lyrically speaks about the act of oral sex .
" Woohoo " has been described as an electro @-@ R & B and dancehall track . The song received mixed to positive reviews from critics , some of whom praised Minaj 's appearance and Aguilera 's vocals . Many noted its similarities to Kelis 's " Milkshake " . However , others expressed distaste for the song 's sexual nature . " Woohoo " debuted and peaked at 46 and 79 in Canada and the United States , respectively . Aguilera performed the song in a medley with " Bionic " and " Not Myself Tonight " at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards .
= = Composition = =
" Woohoo " was written by Aguilera , Maraj , Claude Kelly , Ester Dean and Polow da Don . The song is an electro , R & B and dancehall track . Aguilera 's vocals are distorted in parts . " Woohoo " contains a sample from the Hungarian song " Add már uram az esőt " , originally sung by the Hungarian singer Kati Kovács in 1972 . The song 's chorus has been described as " shouty " and " sing @-@ song " . Rob Harvilla of The Village Voice noted that the song sounded like a mix of " Milkshake " and " Lip Gloss " with " electro synths " . Lyrically , the song is about the act of oral sex .
= = Critical reception = =
" Woohoo " received mixed to positive reviews from critics , most of them commended Aguilera 's vocals and praising Minaj 's appearance . However , the others were not impressed with the song 's sexual nature . Sara D. Anderson of AOL Music said the " provocative , dancehall track nicely fuses Aguilera 's powerful voice with Minaj 's MC tactics " . Benjamin Boles of Now Magazine called the track the top track on Bionic , commenting that Minaj 's cameo " rescues " the song . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian , said , " If you 're going to do a five @-@ minute song about cunnilingus , it 's a good idea to enlist foul @-@ mouthed rapper Nicki Minaj , whose bug @-@ eyed contribution lends the proceedings an air of gripping abandon . " Chris Ryan of MTV Buzzworthy called the song " sexually explicit , funky club pop " , saying " In Nicki Minaj , Aguilera has found the perfect partner for her erotic @-@ pop adventures " . He also called the song a " dirtier cousin of Rihanna 's ' Rude Boy ' or ' Hollaback Girl ' " , and commended Minaj 's verse .
Becky Bain of Idolator said the song 's " catchiness " was " miles ahead " of " Not Myself Tonight " , also compared it to " Hollaback Girl " . Bain also said , " If there 's one person who can match Christina Aguilera 's naughtiness , it 's Nicki Minaj , so these two pretty much make a perfect pair for this type of song . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said the track had an " incessant title loop piercing like a dental drill " and said it " doesn 't work as temptation " . He also commented " her crassness is no longer alienating as it was on Stripped " . Michael Cragg of musicOMH also compared the song to dental work , commenting that the song , " which is about oral sex but is about as sexy as going to the dentist . " Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club called the song along with the " meat " of Bionic , " already @-@ passé electro trash . "
= = Chart performance = =
In its first week of release , " Woohoo " debuted at 46 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song became Aguilera 's 15th straight single to hit both charts , keeping her streak of having all of her singles chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song fell off both charts the following week . However , due to increased digital sales after her performance at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards and the release of Bionic , the song re @-@ entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 99 . The song also charted at number 148 on the UK Singles Chart after the release of Bionic .
= = Live performance = =
Aguilera sang a portion of the song , alongside " Bionic " and " Not Myself Tonight " , at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards . During " Woohoo " , the last of the set , Aguilera and her backup dancers removed their leather capes and revealing painted red hearts on their groins , ending with Aguilera 's LED heart glowing . James Montgomery of MTV News referred to the song as a " seriously sexy dance number . " Montgomery described the performance 's ending , stating , " Not to be outdone , Aguilera ended things by standing tall at center stage , the camera zooming in on her midsection , which now bore a beating heart of its own . "
Most critics were not impressed with the medley , comparing it to Aguilera 's identity during the Bionic era . Tamar Anitai , also of MTV Buzzworthy summarized the performance saying it " was all about her " I @-@ I 'm @-@ still @-@ a @-@ diva " vocals , frenzied stage show , and adult @-@ only innuendo ... And then this happened . " She went on to comment also sarcastically , " This is so just Christina Aguilera 's way of saying she loves you ! And that the diminutive diva still has a sense of humor .... It 's like a little knowing wink that assures you that when she 's not changing diapers and doing mommy stuff , Mamaguilera 's hanging out at dance party sex dungeons and wailing from the bottom of her light @-@ up hoo @-@ ha . She is DEFINITELY not the same girl who once bopped around on the Disney Channel in a Scrunchie . "
= = Track listing = =
Digital download
" Woohoo " – 5 : 29
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting – Christina Aguilera , Onika Maraj , Claude Kelly , Ester Dean , Polow da Don
Production – Polow da Don
Vocal production — additional by Claude Kelly
Mixing – Jaycen Joshua , assisted by Giancarlo Lino
Engineering – assistant , Matt Benefield
Recording — Josh Mosser and Jeremy Stevenson
Vocal recording — Oscar Ramirez
Source
= = Charts = =
= = Radio and release history = =
= Pornography ( album ) =
Pornography is the fourth studio album by English rock band the Cure , released on 4 May 1982 by the record label Fiction . Preceded by the non @-@ album single " Charlotte Sometimes " late the previous year , Pornography was the band 's first album with a new producer , Phil Thornalley , and was recorded at RAK Studios from January to April . The sessions saw the group on the brink of collapse , with heavy drug use , band in @-@ fighting and group leader Robert Smith 's depression fuelling the album 's musical and lyrical content . Pornography represents the conclusion of the group 's early dark , gloomy musical phase which began with Seventeen Seconds in 1980 .
Following its release , bass guitarist Simon Gallup left the band and the Cure switched to a much brighter and more radio @-@ friendly new wave sound . While poorly received by critics at the time of release , Pornography was their most popular album to date , reaching No. 8 in the UK charts . Pornography has since gone on to gain acclaim from critics , and is now considered an important milestone in the development of the gothic rock genre . The band has performed the album live in its entirety as part of the Trilogy concerts .
= = Background and recording = =
Following the band 's previous album , 1981 's Faith , the non @-@ album single " Charlotte Sometimes " was released . The single , in particular its nightmarish and hallucinatory B @-@ side " Splintered in Her Head " , would hint at what was to come in Pornography .
In the words of Robert Smith , regarding the album 's conception , " I had two choices at the time , which were either completely giving in [ committing suicide ] or making a record of it and getting it out of me " . He also claims he " really thought that was it for the group . I had every intention of signing off . I wanted to make the ultimate ' fuck off ' record , and then sign off [ the band ] " . Smith was mentally exhausted during that period of time : " I was in a really depressed frame of mind between 1981 and 1982 " . The band " had been touring for about 200 days a year and it all got a bit too much because there was never any time to do anything else " .
The band , Smith in particular , wanted to make the album with a different producer than Mike Hedges , who had produced Seventeen Seconds and Faith . The group settled on Phil Thornalley . Pornography is the last Cure album to feature founding band member Lol Tolhurst as the band 's drummer ( he then became the band 's keyboardist ) , and also marked the first time he played keyboards on a Cure release . The album was recorded at RAK Studios from January to April 1982 .
On the album 's recording sessions , Smith noted " there was a lot of drugs involved " . The band took LSD and drank a lot of alcohol , and to save money , they slept in the office of their record label . The musicians usually turned up at eight , and left at midday looking " fairly deranged " . Smith related : " We had an arrangement with the off @-@ licence up the road , every night they would bring in supplies . We decided we weren ’ t going to throw anything out . We built this mountain of empties in the corner , a gigantic pile of debris in the corner . It just grew and grew " . According to Tolhurst , " we wanted to make the ultimate , intense album . I can 't remember exactly why , but we did " . The recording sessions commenced and concluded in three weeks . Smith noted , " At the time , I lost every friend I had , everyone , without exception , because I was incredibly obnoxious , appalling , self @-@ centered " . He also noted that with the album , he " channeled all the self @-@ destructive elements of my personality into doing something " .
Polydor Records , the company in charge of Fiction Records , the label on which the album was released , was initially displeased with the album 's title , which it saw as being potentially offensive . Following the album 's release , Simon Gallup left the group .
= = Content = =
Regarding the album 's musical style , NME reviewer Dave Hill wrote , " The drums , guitars , voice and production style are pressed scrupulously together in a murderous unity of surging , textured mood " . Hill further described it as " Phil Spector in Hell " . Trouser Press said about the track " A Short Term Effect " : It " stresses ephemeralness with Smith 's echo @-@ laden voice decelerating at the end of each phrase " . Ira Robbins observed that " the song closest to basic pop " is " A Strange Day " : It " has overdubbed backing vocals plus a delineated verse and chorus wrapped in some strangely consonant guitar figures " . The journalist also commented : the song " Cold " " gets the full gothic treatment " , with " grandiose minor @-@ mode organ swells " . Describing the title track , writer Dave McCullough said that it " tries to copy Cabaret Voltaire , all shuddering tape noise " .
= = Release and reception = =
Pornography was released on 3 May 1982 . The album debuted and peaked at No. 8 in the UK Albums Chart , staying in the chart for nine weeks . Fiction owner Chris Parry found " The Hanging Garden " to be the album 's only potential single , and after being " polished " by Thornally and Smith , was released as a single on 12 July , reaching No. 32 in the UK Singles Chart .
Despite the commercial performance of the album , Pornography was not well received by most music critics upon its release . Rolling Stone initially gave the album 1 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 , with reviewer J. D. Considine commenting that the Cure 's lyrics " [ seem ] stuck in the terminal malaise of adolescent existentialism " . Considine concluded , " Pornography comes off as the aural equivalent of a bad toothache . It isn 't the pain that irks , it 's the persistent dullness " . Robert Christgau , writing in The Village Voice , derided Smith 's " glum " lyrics and felt that he should " cheer up " . NME reviewer Dave Hill was ambivalent towards the album : " The Cure have collected the very purest feelings endemic to their age , and [ hold ] them right on the spot in their most unpleasantly real form [ ... ] This record portrays and parades its currency of exposed futility and naked fear with so few distractions or adornments , and so little sense of shame . It really piles it on " . Melody Maker 's Adam Sweeting shared a similar point of view , saying : " It 's downhill all the way , into ever @-@ darkening shadows ... passing through chilly marbled archways to the final rendezvous with the cold comfort of the slab " . Sounds wrote that despite a " genuine talent still at work " , the album " has too much music too cluttered a backing for Smith 's well @-@ intended observance [ ... ] Robert Smith seems locked in himself , a spiralling nightmare that leaves The Cure making a pompous sounding music that is , when all 's said and done , dryly meaningless " . At the opposite , Trouser Press was one of the very few magazines to write a favourable review . Writer Charles McCardell observed that " The Cure imposes an order that at first seems contrary to the basic preconceptions of rock ' n ' roll . For them , lyrics are everything . Instruments may set the scene , but they seldom stray from merely creating atmosphere " . McCardell finally hailed Pornography as a " uncompromising and challenging " work .
Retrospective views of the album have been favourable . Uncut called the album " a masterpiece of claustrophobic self @-@ loathing " . In their 2004 review , BBC opined , " Indeed , were it not for its sonic depth and sheer relentless conviction , Pornography 's extraordinary misanthropy would be laughable " . Rolling Stone gave the album a higher rating , 3 out of 5 stars , in The Rolling Stone Album Guide than the initial 1982 review .
In his biography of the Cure , Never Enough : The Story of the Cure , Jeff Apter explained : " Pornography turned out to be the kind of album — just like Lou Reed 's Berlin or Bowie 's coke @-@ fueled Low — that required some distance and a good few years of music history to be really appreciated " . Mark Coleman of Rolling Stone opined in 1995 : " Though Pornography is revered by Cureheads as a masterstroke , normal listeners will probably find it impenetrable " .
= = Legacy = =
In 2005 , Spin cited the album as a " high @-@ water mark for goth 's musical evolution " . NME described Pornography as " arguably the album that invented goth " . Slant Magazine listed the album at No. 79 on its list of the best albums of the 1980s . In 2011 , NME listed Pornography at No. 6 on its " 50 Darkest Albums Ever " list . Mojo placed it at No. 83 in their list " 100 Records That Changed the World " . AllMusic critic Stewart Mason also described the record as " as one of the key goth rock albums of the ' 80s " .
According to Apter , Pornography would prove to be " enormously influential " , and has been cited as an influence by bands such as Deftones and System of a Down .
= = Live performances = =
In the period preceding and following the release of Pornography , the band started to develop their trademark image of big hair , smudged makeup and black clothes . Smith applied lipstick smeared around the eyes and the mouth . Under the lights , the lipstick melted , making it look , as Smith later put it " like we 'd been smacked in the face " . It was supposed to symbolise the violence of the new material but backstage , another kind of violence had begun to surface from the first dates of the tour .
The band performed in the UK in April 1982 . NME considered that the show " was all very skillfully deployed : a bruisingly clear sound of scathing force , a clockwork , Pavlovian lightshow , a variegation of light and shade in the song order that builds to the unmitigating force of ' Pornography ' itself as the climax " . However , the mood on stage was not good : The journalist noted that Smith looked " dejected and tired " for his birthday . Behind the scene , Smith 's relationship with Gallup was deteriorating . When the tour reached Europe , tension was so high between the two musicians that they had a fight after a concert in Strasbourg . Tolhurst found out the next day that his two partners " had both gone back to England " . At home , Smith heard his father telling him : " Get right back out on that tour ! People have bought tickets ! " After two more weeks of touring , the band played their final show in Brussels . Tolhurst later related : " I remember sitting in the dressing room thinking , ' oh well , that 's the end of the band , then ' [ ... ] I went off to France for a bit . I guess I ran away . Escaping from the reality of The Cure " . Back in England , Smith took a rest with a month 's camping holiday to the Lake District to " clean up " .
In 2002 , 20 years after the release of Pornography , The Cure performed the album live in its entirety , along with Disintegration and Bloodflowers , as part of the Trilogy concerts .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written by the Cure ( Robert Smith , Simon Gallup and Lol Tolhurst )
Side A
One Hundred Years – 6 : 40
A Short Term Effect – 4 : 22
The Hanging Garden – 4 : 33
Siamese Twins – 5 : 29
Side B
The Figurehead – 6 : 15
A Strange Day – 5 : 04
Cold – 4 : 26
Pornography – 6 : 27
= = Personnel = =
The Cure
Robert Smith – vocals , guitar , keyboards ( " One Hundred Years " , " The Hanging Garden " , " Cold " , " Pornography " ) , cello ( " Cold " ) , production , engineering
Simon Gallup – bass guitar , keyboards ( " A Strange Day " , " Cold " , " Pornography " ) , production
Lol Tolhurst – drums , keyboards ( " One Hundred Years " ) , production
Technical
Phil Thornalley – production , engineering assistance
Mike Nocito – engineering
Michael Kostiff – sleeve photography
Ben Kelly – sleeve design
= = Charts = =
= United Airlines Flight 232 =
United Airlines Flight 232 was a DC @-@ 10 ( registered N1819U ) that on July 19 , 1989 crash @-@ landed in Sioux City , Iowa after suffering catastrophic failure of its tail @-@ mounted engine , which led to the loss of all flight controls . The flight was en route from Stapleton International Airport in Denver , Colorado to O 'Hare International Airport in Chicago . Of the 296 people on board , 111 died in the accident and 185 survived . Despite the deaths , the accident is considered a prime example of successful crew resource management due to the large number of survivors and the manner in which the flight crew handled the emergency and landed the airplane without conventional control . The flight crew became well known as a result of their actions , in particular the captain , Alfred C. Haynes , and a DC @-@ 10 instructor on board who offered his assistance , Dennis E. Fitch .
= = General = =
The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of this accident was the inadequate consideration given to human factors limitations in the inspection and quality control procedures used by United Airlines ' engine overhaul facility . These resulted in the failure to detect a fatigue crack originating from a previously undetected metallurgical defect located in a critical area of the stage 1 fan disk that was manufactured by General Electric Aircraft Engines . The uncontained manner in which the engine failed resulted in high @-@ speed metal fragments being hurled from the engine ; these fragments penetrated the hydraulic lines of all three independent hydraulic systems on board the aircraft , which rapidly lost their hydraulic fluid . The subsequent catastrophic disintegration of the disk resulted in the liberation of debris in a pattern of distribution and with energy levels that exceeded the level of protection provided by design features of the hydraulic systems that operate the DC @-@ 10 's flight controls ; the flight crew lost its ability to operate nearly all of them . Despite these losses , the crew was able to attain and then maintain limited control by using the throttles to adjust thrust to the remaining wing @-@ mounted engines . By using each engine independently , the crew made rough steering adjustments , and by using the engines together they were able to roughly adjust altitude . The crew guided the crippled jet to Sioux Gateway Airport and lined it up for landing on one of the runways . Without the use of flaps and slats , they were unable to slow down for landing , and were forced to attempt landing at a very high ground speed . The aircraft also landed at an extremely high rate of descent due to the inability to flare ( reduce the rate of descent before touchdown by increasing pitch ) . As a result , upon touchdown the aircraft broke apart , rolled over and caught fire . The largest section came to rest in a cornfield next to the runway . Despite the ferocity of the accident , 185 ( 62 @.@ 5 % ) passengers and crew survived owing to a variety of factors including the relatively controlled manner of the crash and the early notification of emergency services .
= = Involved = =
= = = Aircraft = = =
The accident airplane , a McDonnell Douglas DC @-@ 10 @-@ 10 ( registration N1819U ) , was delivered in 1971 and had been owned by UAL since then . Before departure on the flight from Denver on July 19 , 1989 , the airplane had been operated for a total of 43 @,@ 401 hours and 16 @,@ 997 cycles . The airplane was powered by General Electric Aircraft Engines ( GEAE ) CF6 @-@ 6D high bypass ratio turbofan engines .
= = = Flight crew = = =
Captain Alfred C. Haynes , 57 , was hired by United Airlines on February 23 , 1956 . He had 29 @,@ 967 hours of total flight time with United Airlines , of which 7 @,@ 190 was in the DC @-@ 10 . He held Airline Transport Pilot Certificate , latest issue September 21 , 1985 , with type ratings in the DC @-@ 10 and B727 . He was type rated in the DC @-@ 10 on May 11 , 1983 . On April 6 , 1987 , he was requalified as a DC @-@ 10 captain after having served as a B @-@ 727 captain since September 1985 . His most recent proficiency check in the DC @-@ 10 was completed on April 26 , 1989 .
First Officer William R. Records , 48 , was hired by National Airlines on August 25 , 1969 . He subsequently worked for Pan American World Airways . His first pilot activity at United Airlines was completion of the United Airlines indoctrination course ( PAA Pilots to UAL ) on December 26 , 1985 . He estimated that he had accumulated approximately 20 @,@ 000 hours of total flight time . United 's records indicate that he has accrued 665 hours of flight time as a DC @-@ 10 first officer . Records completed United 's DC @-@ 10 transition course on August 8 , 1988 . This was also the date of his last proficiency check .
Second Officer Dudley J. Dvorak , 51 , was hired by United Airlines on May 19 , 1986 . He estimated that he had approximately 15 @,@ 000 hours of total flying time . United 's records indicate that he had accumulated 1 @,@ 903 hours as a second officer in the B @-@ 727 and 33 hours as a second officer in the DC @-@ 10 . Dvorak completed DC @-@ 10 transition training on June 8 , 1989 . This was also the date of his last check ride .
Training Check Airman Captain Dennis E. Fitch , 46 , was hired by United Airlines on January 2 , 1968 . He estimated that prior to his employment with United he had accrued between 1 @,@ 400 and 1 @,@ 500 hours of flight time with the Air National Guard . His total DC @-@ 10 time with United was 2 @,@ 987 hours , of which 1 @,@ 943 hours were accrued as a second officer , 965 hours as a first officer , and 79 hours as a captain . He was assigned as a DC @-@ 10 training check airman ( TCA ) at United 's Training Center in Denver , Colorado .
= = Events of crash = =
= = = Take off , engine failure , hydraulic system unresponsive = = =
Flight 232 took off at 14 : 09 ( CDT ) from Stapleton International Airport , Denver , Colorado , bound for O 'Hare International Airport in Chicago with continuing service to Philadelphia International Airport .
At 15 : 16 , while the plane was in a shallow right turn at 37 @,@ 000 feet , the fan disk of its tail @-@ mounted General Electric CF6 @-@ 6 engine failed and disintegrated . The debris from the failed disk was not contained by the engine 's nacelle , a housing that protects the engine . Pieces of the disk penetrated the aircraft 's tail section structure in numerous places , including the horizontal stabilizer . This fragmentation punctured the lines of all three hydraulic systems , allowing the fluid to rapidly drain away .
The pilots felt a jolt go through the aircraft . Warning lights illuminated that indicated that the autopilot had disengaged and the tail @-@ mounted number two engine was malfunctioning . Captain Haynes watched First Officer Records place his hands on the flight controls in response to the autopilot disconnecting and therefore focused his attention on the malfunctioning engine . Second Officer Dvorak obtained the engine failure checklist and read the first item : throttle power must be reduced to idle . Haynes was unable to move the throttle ; the linkage had been jammed as a result of the engine failure . The second item called for the fuel supply lever to be pulled to shutoff , but it would not move either . At this point , at Dvorak 's suggestion , the firewall shutoff valve was actuated , and the fuel flow to the engine was shut off . This part of the emergency took 14 seconds .
Meanwhile , First Officer Records noticed that the airliner was off @-@ course , and moved his control column to correct this , but the plane did not respond . Records reported to Captain Haynes that he could not control the airplane . Haynes , having just shut off the fuel supply to the malfunctioning engine , looked at Records and was surprised by what he saw : Records had the control column turned all the way to the left , commanding maximum left aileron , and pulled all the way back , commanding maximum up elevator . These inputs would never be utilized simultaneously in normal flight . What was more , despite these inputs , which command a roll to the left and the aircraft 's nose to rise , the aircraft was instead banking to the right with the nose dropping . Haynes took the flight controls and attempted to level the aircraft with his own control column . When this was ineffective , both Haynes and Records utilized their control columns at the same time in an attempt to recover from the steepening bank . The aircraft still did not respond . Out of options , and in danger of the aircraft rolling into a completely inverted position ( an unrecoverable situation which would result in a crash ) , the crew took the throttle for the left wing @-@ mounted number 1 engine and reduced the power to idle , while also taking the throttle for the right wing @-@ mounted number 3 engine and commanding maximum power . The resulting differential thrust ( no power on the left side and maximum power on the right side ) caused the airplane to slowly level out .
With the imminent danger over , the crew began to diagnose the situation on the flight deck . Dvorak discovered that the pressure gauges and quantity gauges on his instrument panel for the three hydraulic systems were registering zero , and reported this to Haynes . The three hydraulic systems were separate ; a single event in one system would not disable the other systems , but lines for all three systems shared the same 10 @-@ inch @-@ wide ( 250 mm ) route through the tail where the engine debris had penetrated . There was no additional backup system . The flight crew quickly realized that the initial failure had left all hydraulic systems , and therefore all control surfaces , inoperative . The crew called United Airlines ' maintenance base using one of their radios , but as a total loss of hydraulics on the DC @-@ 10 was considered " virtually impossible " , there were no procedures or guidelines for dealing with such an event .
= = = Help from Fitch , emergency landing and crash = = =
Due to the damage in the tail , the plane had a continual tendency to turn right , and without flight controls it was difficult to maintain a stable course . The plane began to slowly oscillate vertically in a phugoid cycle , which is characteristic of planes in which control surface command is lost . With each iteration of the cycle the aircraft lost approximately 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 460 m ) of altitude . Dennis E. Fitch , an off @-@ duty United Airlines DC @-@ 10 flight instructor , was seated in the first class section and , noticing the crew was having trouble controlling the airplane , offered his assistance to the flight attendants . Upon being informed that there was a DC @-@ 10 instructor on board , Haynes immediately invited him to the cockpit , hoping his instructional knowledge of the aircraft would help them regain control .
When he entered the cockpit and looked at the hydraulic gauges , Fitch concluded that the situation was beyond anything he had ever faced . The flight crew , while using the engines to control the airplane , were also still trying to fly the airplane using their control columns . Haynes asked Fitch to go into the passenger cabin and see if their control inputs were having any effect on the ailerons . Fitch reported back that the ailerons were not moving at all . Despite this news , the crew would continue trying to fly the airplane with their control columns for the remainder of the flight , hopeful that it was at least having some effect . Fitch , his first task concluded , asked how he might be of further assistance . Haynes , still trying to fly the airplane with his control column while simultaneously working the throttles , asked Fitch to work the throttles instead . With one throttle in each hand , Fitch was able to mitigate the phugoid cycle and make rough steering adjustments .
Air traffic control ( ATC ) was contacted and an emergency landing at nearby Sioux Gateway Airport was organized . Haynes kept his sense of humor during the emergency , as recorded on the plane 's cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) :
Fitch : " I 'll tell you what , we 'll have a beer when this is all done . "
Haynes : " Well I don 't drink , but I 'll sure as shit have one . "
and later :
Sioux City Approach : " United Two Thirty @-@ Two Heavy , the wind 's currently three six zero at one one ; three sixty at eleven . You 're cleared to land on any runway . "
Haynes : " [ laughter ] Roger . [ laughter ] You want to be particular and make it a runway , huh ? " ( Haynes was alluding to the extreme difficulty in controlling the aircraft and their low chances of making it to a runway at all . )
A more serious remark often quoted from Haynes was made when ATC asked the crew to make a left turn to keep them clear of the city :
Haynes : " Whatever you do , keep us away from the city . "
Haynes later noted that " We were too busy [ to be scared ] . You must maintain your composure in the airplane or you will die . You learn that from your first day flying . "
As the crew began to prepare for arrival at Sioux City , they questioned whether they should deploy the landing gear or belly @-@ land the aircraft with the gear retracted . They decided that having the landing gear down would provide some shock absorption on impact . The complete hydraulic failure left the landing gear lowering mechanism inoperative . Two options were available to the flight crew . The DC @-@ 10 is designed such that if hydraulic pressure to the landing gear is lost , the gear will fall down slightly and rest on the landing gear doors . Placing the regular landing gear handle in the down position will unlock the doors mechanically , and the doors and landing gear will then fall down into place and lock due to gravity . An alternative system is also available using a lever in the cockpit floor to cause the landing gear to fall into position . This lever has the added benefit of unlocking the outboard ailerons , which are not used in high @-@ speed flight and are locked in a neutral position . The crew hoped that there might be some trapped hydraulic fluid in the outboard ailerons and that they might regain some use of flight controls by unlocking them . They elected to extend the gear with the alternative system . Although the gear deployed successfully , there was no change in the controllability of the aircraft .
Landing was originally planned on the 9 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) Runway 31 . Difficulties in controlling the aircraft made lining up almost impossible . While dumping some of the excess fuel , the plane executed a series of mostly right @-@ hand turns ( it was easier to turn the plane in this direction ) with the intention of lining up with Runway 31 . When they came out they were instead lined up with the shorter ( 6 @,@ 888 ft ) and closed Runway 22 , and had little capacity to maneuver . Fire trucks had been placed on Runway 22 , anticipating a landing on nearby Runway 31 , so all the vehicles were quickly moved out of the way before the plane touched down . Runway 22 had been permanently closed a year earlier in 1988 .
ATC also advised that I @-@ 29 ran North and South just East of the airport they could land on if they didn 't think they could make the runway . The pilot opted to try for the runway instead .
Fitch continued to control the aircraft 's descent by adjusting engine thrust . With the loss of all hydraulics , the crew were unable to control airspeed independent from sink rate . On final descent , the aircraft was going 220 knots and sinking at 1 @,@ 850 feet per minute ( approximately 440 km / h forward and 34 km / h downward speed ) , while a safe landing would require 140 knots and 300 feet per minute ( approximately 260 and 5 km / h respectively ) . Fitch needed a seat for landing ; Dvorak offered up his own , as it could be moved to a position behind the throttles . Dvorak sat in the cockpit 's jump seat for landing . Fitch noticed the high sink rate , and pushed the throttles forward . The left engine spooled up faster than the right engine , causing it to bank sharply to the right . The flight crew had no time to react . The tip of the right wing hit the runway first , spilling fuel , which ignited immediately . The tail section broke off from the force of the impact , and the rest of the aircraft bounced several times , shedding the landing gear and engine nacelles and breaking the fuselage into several main pieces . On the final impact , the right wing was shorn off and the main part of the aircraft skidded sideways , rolled over onto its back , and slid to a stop upside @-@ down in a corn field to the right of Runway 22 . Witnesses reported that the aircraft " cartwheeled " end @-@ over @-@ end , but the investigation did not confirm this . The reports were due to misinterpretation of the video of the crash that showed the flaming right wing tumbling end @-@ over @-@ end and the intact left wing , still attached to the fuselage , rolling up and over as the fuselage flipped over .
= = Post @-@ crash response = =
= = = Injuries to persons = = =
Of the 296 people on board , 111 died in the crash . Most were killed by injuries sustained in the multiple impacts , but 35 people in the middle fuselage section directly above the fuel tanks died from smoke inhalation in the post @-@ crash fire . Of those , 24 had no traumatic blunt @-@ force injuries . The majority of the 185 survivors were seated behind first class and ahead of the wings . Many passengers were able to walk out through the ruptures to the structure , and in many cases got lost in the high field of corn adjacent to the runway until rescue workers arrived on the scene and escorted them to safety .
Of all of the passengers :
35 died due to smoke inhalation ( none were in first class )
76 died for reasons other than smoke inhalation ( 17 in first class )
47 were seriously injured ( eight in first class )
125 had minor injuries ( one in first class )
13 had no injuries ( none in first class )
The passengers who died for reasons other than smoke inhalation were seated in rows 1 – 4 , 24 – 25 and 28 – 38 . Passengers who died due to smoke inhalation were seated in rows 14 , 16 and 22 – 30 . The person assigned to 20H moved to an unknown seat and died of smoke inhalation .
One crash survivor died 31 days after the accident ; he was classified according to NTSB regulations as a survivor with serious injuries .
Fifty @-@ two children , including four " lap children " without their own seats , were on board the flight due to the United Airlines " Children 's Day " promotion . Eleven children , including one lap child , died . Many of the children had traveled alone .
Rescuers initially ignored the cockpit , as it had been compressed in the crash to approximately waist high and was completely unrecognizable . It was not until 35 minutes after the crash that rescuers discovered that the debris was the cockpit and that the four pilots were still alive inside . All four recovered from their injuries and returned to work : Haynes , Records and Dvorak returned in three months , while Fitch , more seriously injured than the others , returned in 11 months .
= = Investigation = =
National Transportation Safety Board officials were on scene within hours of the accident . N1819U had been in service since 1972 and was 17 years old , about mid @-@ life for a DC @-@ 10 , when the accident occurred . The rear section of the aircraft containing the number two engine was intact . Because of this , investigators were easily able to see inside engine number 2 . As the investigation unfolded , it became apparent that the entire fan disk and blade assembly from engine number 2 , a component approximately 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) in diameter and made of titanium alloy , was missing from the accident scene . Despite an extensive search in the weeks following the crash , the missing disk and blade assembly could not be located . Realizing that that disk potentially held the key to understanding the reasons for the engine failure , the engine 's manufacturer , General Electric , offered a $ 50 @,@ 000 reward to whoever located the disk , and $ 1 @,@ 000 for each fan blade . On October 10 , 1989 , three months after the crash , Janice Sorenson , a farmer harvesting corn near Alta , Iowa , felt resistance on her combine , and after getting out to investigate , discovered most of the fan disk with a number of blades still attached partially buried in her cornfield . The rest of the fan disk and most of the additional blades were located later in the harvest .
Investigators discovered an impurity and fatigue crack in the disk . Titanium reacts with air when melted , which creates impurities which can initiate fatigue cracks like that found in the crash disk . To prevent this , the ingot that would become the fan disk was formed using a " double vacuum " process : the raw materials were melted together in a vacuum , allowed to cool and solidify , then melted in a vacuum once more . After the double vacuum process , the ingot was shaped into a billet , a sausage @-@ like form about 16 inches in diameter , and tested using ultrasound to look for defects . Defects were located and the ingot was further processed to remove them , but some contamination remained . ( GE later changed to an improved triple @-@ vacuum process because of their investigation into failing rotating titanium engine parts . )
The contamination caused what is known as a hard alpha inclusion , a brittle part of the metal , which cracked during forging and then fell out during final machining . This formed a cavity with microscopic cracks at the edges . For the next 18 years , the crack grew slightly each time the engine was powered up and brought to operating temperature . Eventually the crack grew large enough to cause structural failure of the disk .
Significant irregularities and gaps in GE Aircraft engines ’ and its suppliers ’ manufacturing records of the crash disk noted in the NTSB report leave doubts about the origins of the crash disk . Records found after the accident indicated that two rough @-@ machined forgings having the serial number of the crash disk had been routed through GEAE manufacturing . Records indicated that Alcoa supplied GE with TIMET titanium forgings for one disk with the serial number of the crash disk . Some records show that this disk “ was rejected for an unsatisfactory ultrasonic indication ” , that an outside lab performed an ultrasound inspection of this disk , that this disk was subsequently returned to GE , and that this disk should have been scrapped . The FAA report stated “ There is no record of warranty claim by GEAE for defective material and no record of any credit for GEAE processed by Alcoa or TIMET ” .
GE records of the second disk having the serial number of the crash disk indicate that it was made with an RMI titanium billet supplied by Alcoa . Research of GE records showed no other titanium parts were manufactured at GE from this RMI titanium billet during the period of 1969 to 1990 . GE records indicate that final finishing and inspection of the crash disk were completed on December 11 , 1971 . Alcoa records indicate that this RMI titanium billet was first cut in 1972 and that all forgings made from this material were for airframe parts . If the Alcoa records were accurate , the RMI titanium could not have been used to manufacture the crash disk , indicating that the initially rejected TIMET disk with “ an unsatisfactory ultrasonic indication ” was the crash disk .
CF6 engines like that containing the crash disk were used to power many civilian and military aircraft at the time of the crash . Due to concerns that the accident could recur , a large number of disks that were in service were examined by ultrasound for indications of defects . At least two “ sister disks ” were found to have defects like that of the crash disk . Prioritization and efficiency of inspections of the many engines under suspicion would have been aided by determination of the titanium source of the crash disk . Chemical analyses of the crash disk intended to determine its source were inconclusive . The NTSB report stated that if examined disks were not from the same source , “ the records on a large number of GEAE disks are suspect . It also means that any AD action that is based on the serial number of a disk could fail to have its intended effect because suspect disks could remain in service . ” The FAA report did not explicitly address the impact of these uncertainties on operations of military aircraft that might have contained a suspect disk .
= = Cause = =
The investigation , while praising the actions of the flight crew for saving lives , would later identify the cause of the accident as a failure by United Airlines maintenance processes and personnel to detect an existing fatigue crack . The Probable Cause in the report by the NTSB read as follows :
The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the inadequate consideration given to human factors limitations in the inspection and quality control procedures used by United Airlines ' engine overhaul facility which resulted in the failure to detect a fatigue crack originating from a previously undetected metallurgical defect located in a critical area of the stage 1 fan disk that was manufactured by General Electric Aircraft Engines . The subsequent catastrophic disintegration of the disk resulted in the liberation of debris in a pattern of distribution and with energy levels that exceeded the level of protection provided by design features of the hydraulic systems that operate the DC @-@ 10 's flight controls .
Post @-@ crash analysis of the crack surfaces showed the presence of a penetrating fluorescent dye used to detect cracks during maintenance . The presence of the dye indicated that the crack was present and should have been detected at a prior inspection . The detection failure arose from poor attention to human factors in United Airlines ' specification of maintenance processes .
= = Influence on the industry = =
The National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) investigation , after subsequent reconstructions of the accident in flight simulators , deemed that training for such an event involved too many factors to be practical . While some level of control was possible , no precision could be achieved , and a landing under these conditions was stated to be " a highly random event " . The NTSB further noted that " under the circumstances the UAL flight crew performance was highly commendable and greatly exceeded reasonable expectations . "
The manufacturing process for titanium was changed in order to eliminate the type of gaseous anomaly that served as the starting point for the crack . Newer batches of titanium use much higher melting temperatures and a " triple vacuum " process in an attempt to eliminate such impurities .
Because this type of aircraft control ( with loss of control surfaces ) is difficult for humans to achieve , some researchers have attempted to integrate this control ability into the computers of fly @-@ by @-@ wire aircraft . Early attempts to add the ability to real airplanes were not very successful ; the software was based on experiments conducted in flight simulators where jet engines are usually modeled as " perfect " devices with exactly the same thrust on each engine , a linear relationship between throttle setting and thrust , and instantaneous response to input . Later , computer models were updated to account for these factors , and planes have been successfully flown with this software installed .
Newer aircraft designs such as the McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 11 have incorporated hydraulic fuses to isolate a punctured section and prevent a total loss of hydraulic fluid . Following the UAL 232 accident , such fuses were installed in the number 3 hydraulic system in the area below the number 2 engine on all DC @-@ 10 aircraft to ensure sufficient control capability remained if all three hydraulic system lines should be damaged in the tail area . Although elevator and rudder control would be lost , the aircrew would still be able to control the aircraft 's pitch ( up and down ) with stabilizer trim , and would be able to control roll ( left and right ) with some of the aircraft 's ailerons and spoilers . Although not an ideal situation , the system provides a greater measure of control than was available to the crew of United 232 .
It is still possible to lose all three hydraulic systems if serious damage occurs elsewhere , as nearly happened to a cargo airliner in 2002 during takeoff when a main gear tire exploded in the wheel well area . The damage in the left wing area caused total fluid loss from the number 1 and the number 2 hydraulic systems . The number 3 system was dented but not penetrated . DC @-@ 10s still have no fuse protection for any of the three hydraulic systems in the event of an exploding main gear tire .
Of the four children deemed too young to require seats of their own ( " lap children " ) , one died from smoke inhalation . The NTSB added a safety recommendation to the FAA on its " List of Most Wanted Safety Improvements " in May 1999 suggesting a requirement for children under 2 to be safely restrained , which was removed in November 2006 . The accident sparked a campaign led by United Flight 232 's senior flight attendant , Jan Brown Lohr , for all children to have seats on aircraft . Though it is no longer on the " most wanted " list , aircraft restraints for children under 2 is still recommended practice by the NTSB and FAA , though it is not required by the FAA as of May 2016 . The NTSB asked the International Civil Aviation Organization to make this a requirement in September 2013 .
The accident has since become a prime example of successful crew resource management . For much of aviation 's history , the captain was considered the final authority , and crews were to respect the captain 's expertise and not question him . This began to change in the 1970s , especially after the Tenerife airport disaster . Crew Resource Management , while still considering the captain the final authority , instructs crewmembers to speak up when they detect a problem , and instructs captains to listen to their concerns . United Airlines instituted a Crew Resource Management class in the early 1980s . The NTSB would later credit this training as valuable toward the success of United 232 's crew in handling their emergency . The FAA made Crew Resource Training mandatory in the aftermath of the accident .
= = Factors contributing to survival rate = =
Of the 296 people aboard , 111 were killed in the crash , while 185 survived . Captain Haynes later told of three contributing factors regarding the time of day that allowed for a greater number of passengers surviving :
The accident occurred during daylight hours in good weather ;
The accident occurred as a shift change was occurring at both a regional trauma center and a regional burn center in Sioux City , allowing for more medical personnel to treat the injured ;
The accident occurred when the Iowa Air National Guard was on duty at Sioux Gateway Airport , allowing for 285 trained personnel to assist with triage and evacuation of the injured .
" Had any of those things not been there , " Haynes said , " I 'm sure the fatality rate would have been a lot higher . "
Captain Haynes also credited Crew Resource Management as being one of the factors that saved his own life , and many others .
… the preparation that paid off for the crew was something … called Cockpit Resource Management … Up until 1980 , we kind of worked on the concept that the captain was THE authority on the aircraft . What he said , goes . And we lost a few airplanes because of that . Sometimes the captain isn 't as smart as we thought he was . And we would listen to him , and do what he said , and we wouldn 't know what he 's talking about . And we had 103 years of flying experience there in the cockpit , trying to get that airplane on the ground , not one minute of which we had actually practised , any one of us . So why would I know more about getting that airplane on the ground under those conditions than the other three . So if I hadn 't used CRM , if we had not let everybody put their input in , it 's a cinch we wouldn 't have made it .
As with the Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 crash of a similarly @-@ sized Lockheed L @-@ 1011 in 1972 , the relatively shallow angle of descent likely played a large part in the relatively high survival rate . The National Transportation Safety Board concluded that under the circumstances , " a safe landing was virtually impossible . "
= = Notable survivors = =
Spencer Bailey – subject of a famous photograph showing Lt. Colonel Dennis Nielsen carrying the three @-@ year @-@ old survivor to safety . His brother Brandon also survived the crash , but their mother , Francie , did not . A statue in part of Sioux City 's riverfront development is based on the picture . The 1994 memorial commemorates the rescue efforts by the Sioux City community following the crash , and features contemplative areas and a tree @-@ lined approach with plaques describing the accident . Bailey is now the editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Surface magazine and has been a contributor to The New York Times Magazine and Bloomberg Businessweek . He is a graduate of Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and a trustee of the Noguchi Museum . He lives in New York City .
Jerry Schemmel – radio announcer for the Colorado Rockies , Denver 's Major League Baseball team , and a former radio announcer for the Denver Nuggets , Denver 's National Basketball Association basketball team . He wrote a book about United Airlines Flight 232 titled Chosen to Live , and was credited with saving the life of a child in the crash .
Michael R. Matz – trainer of the 2006 Kentucky Derby favorite and winner Barbaro and the 2012 Belmont Stakes winner Union Rags . He was credited with saving the lives of four children in the crash , three from the same family . Matz competed for the US in equestrian show jumping in several Summer Olympics , winning silver in the team show jumping event at the 1996 games .
Alfred C. Haynes – the captain of United Airlines flight 232 . His actions , along with the actions of the flight crew , are credited for saving the lives of the survivors . He returned to flying after recovering from his injuries and would continue to fly DC @-@ 10s as captain until reaching mandatory retirement age in 1991 . Several rescuers , crew members and passengers from flight 232 flew with Haynes on his final flight . Haynes became a public speaker soon after the accident , giving speeches about what happened aboard flight 232 . He continued these after retirement , and credits this work with helping his own healing process .
Dennis E. Fitch – a DC @-@ 10 pilot and instructor , he helped Captain Haynes fly United Airlines Flight 232 . " For the 30 minutes I was up there , " Fitch said , " I was the most alive I 've ever been . That is the only way I can describe it to you . " Fitch died at the age of 69 on May 7 , 2012 , after a battle with brain cancer .
Pete Wernick – banjo player with the Hot Rize bluegrass band and instructor , he was on his way to a festival in the Albany , New York , area . Wernick walked away from the crash with his young son , and along with his wife , they took a later flight to go to the festival . He gave his personal account of the day 's events in the song " A Day in ' 89 ( You Never Know ) " . Wernick has yet to release a recording of the song , but has published the lyrics on his website .
Jan Brown Lohr – United 232 's Senior Flight Attendant . She was forced by regulation to ask parents with " lap children " aboard flight 232 to place their children on the cabin floor during the flight 's final moments before impact . One of four children died from smoke inhalation . The dead child 's mother confronted Lohr at the crash scene . Since then , Lohr has lobbied in Washington D.C. for new federal regulations requiring all children to have a seat belt on every flight .
= = Depictions = =
The accident was the subject of the 1992 television movie A Thousand Heroes , also known as Crash Landing : The Rescue of Flight 232 .
It was featured in an episode of Seconds From Disaster on the National Geographic Channel and MSNBC Investigates on the MSNBC news channel .
The History Channel distributed a documentary named Shockwave ; a portion of Episode 7 ( originally aired January 25 , 2008 ) detailed the events of the crash .
The episode " A Wing and a Prayer " of Survival in the Sky ( UK title : Black Box ) featured the accident .
The Biography Channel series I Survived ... explained in detail the events of the crash through passenger Jerry , flight attendant Jan Brown Lohr , and pilot Alfred Haynes .
Mayday ( also known as Air Crash Investigation in the UK , Australia and Asia and Air Emergency or Air Disasters in the United States ) produced a one @-@ hour docudrama about the crash entitled " Impossible Landing " .
The episode " Crisis in the Cockpit " ( Season 2 , Episode 1 ) of " Why Planes Crash " on The Weather Channel featured the accident .
The 1999 play Charlie Victor Romeo ( made into a film in 2013 ) dramatically reenacted the incident using transcripts from the flight deck voice recorder .
The 1991 novel Cold Fire , by Dean Koontz , includes a fictional crash based on Flight 232 .
The 1993 film Fearless portrayed a fictional air crash based in part on the crash of Flight 232 .
= = Survivor accounts = =
Dennis Fitch described his experiences in Errol Morris 's television show First Person .
Martha Conant told her story of survival to her daughter @-@ in @-@ law , Brittany Conant , on " Storycorps " during NPR 's Morning Edition of January 11 , 2008 .
Flight 232 : A Story of Disaster and Survival by Laurence Gonzales ( 2014 , W. W. Norton & Company ; ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 24002 @-@ 3 ) .
Miracle in the Cornfield – an inside survivor narrative by Joseph Trombello ( 1999 , PrintSource Plus , Appleton , WI ; ISBN 0966981502 ) .
When the World Breaks Your Heart : Spiritual Ways of Living With Tragedy by Gregory S. Clapper , a chaplain in the National Guard who relates the stories of some of the survivors he aided in the aftermath of the crash ( 1999 ; 2016 , Wipf and Stock ; ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 498 @-@ 28428 @-@ 8 ) .
= = Similar accidents = =
The odds against all three hydraulic systems failing simultaneously had previously been calculated as high as a billion to one . Yet such calculations assume that multiple failures must have independent causes , an unrealistic assumption , and similar flight control failures have indeed occurred :
In 1971 a Pan American 747 struck approach light structures for the reciprocal runway as it lifted off the runway at San Francisco Airport . Major damage to the belly and landing gear resulted , which caused the loss of hydraulic fluid from three of its four flight control systems . The fluid which remained in the fourth system gave the captain very limited control of some of the spoilers , ailerons , and one inboard elevator . That was sufficient to circle the plane while fuel was dumped and then to make a hard landing . There were no fatalities , but there were some injuries .
In 1981 , a Lockheed L @-@ 1011 , operating as Eastern Airlines Flight 935 , suffered a similar failure of its tail @-@ mounted number two engine . The shrapnel from that engine inflicted damage on all four of its hydraulic systems , which were also close together in the tail structure . Fluid was lost in three of the four systems . The fourth hydraulic system was impacted with shrapnel , but not punctured . The hydraulic pressure remaining in that fourth system enabled the captain to land the plane safely with some limited use of the outboard spoilers , the inboard ailerons , and the horizontal stabilizer , plus differential engine power of the remaining two engines . There were no injuries .
On August 12 , 1985 , Japan Airlines Flight 123 , a Boeing 747 @-@ 146SR , suffered a rupture of the pressure bulkhead in its tail section , caused by undetected damage during a faulty repair to the rear bulkhead after a tailstrike seven years earlier . Pressurized air subsequently rushed out of the bulkhead and blew off the plane 's vertical stabilizer , also severing all four of its hydraulic control systems . The pilots were able to keep the plane airborne for almost 30 minutes using differential engine power , but without any hydraulics or the stabilizing force of the vertical stabilizer , the plane eventually crashed in mountainous terrain . There were only 4 survivors among the 524 on board . This accident is the deadliest single @-@ aircraft accident in history .
In 1994 , RA85656 , a Tupolev Tu @-@ 154 operating as Baikal Airlines Flight 130 , crashed near Irkutsk shortly after departing from Irkutsk Airport , Russia . Damage to the starter caused a fire in engine number two ( located in the rear fuselage ) . High temperatures during the fire destroyed the tanks and pipes of all three hydraulic systems . The crew lost control of the aircraft . The unmanageable plane , at a speed of 275 knots , hit the ground at a dairy farm and burned . All passengers and crew , as well as a dairyman on the ground , died .
In 2003 , OO @-@ DLL , a DHL Airbus A300 , was struck by a surface @-@ to @-@ air missile shortly after departing from Baghdad International Airport , Iraq . The missile struck the port @-@ side wing , rupturing a fuel tank and causing the loss of all three hydraulic systems . With the flight controls disabled , the crew used differential thrust to execute a safe landing at Baghdad .
The disintegration of a turbine disc , leading to loss of control , was a direct cause of two major aircraft disasters in Poland :
On March 14 , 1980 , LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007 , an Ilyushin Il @-@ 62 , attempted a go @-@ around when the crew experienced troubles with a gear indicator . When thrust was applied , the low pressure turbine disc in engine number 2 disintegrated because of material fatigue ; parts of the disc damaged engines number 1 and 3 and severed control pushers for both horizontal and vertical stabilizers . After 26 seconds of uncontrolled descent , the aircraft crashed , killing all 87 people on board .
On May 9 , 1987 , improperly assembled bearings in Il @-@ 62M engine number 2 on LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055 overheated and exploded during cruise over the village of Lipinki , causing the shaft to break in two ; this caused the low @-@ pressure turbine disc to spin to enormous speeds and disintegrate , damaging engine number 1 and cutting the control pushers . The crew managed to return to Warsaw , using nothing but trim tabs to control the crippled aircraft , but on the final approach , the trim controlling links burned and the crew completely lost control over the aircraft . Soon after , it crashed on the outskirts of Warsaw ; all 183 on board perished . Had the plane stayed airborne for 40 seconds more , it would have been able to reach the runway .
= Distinguished Warfare Medal =
The Distinguished Warfare Medal was a planned United States military decoration announced by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta on 13 February 2013 . It would have been the first American combat @-@ related award to be created since the Bronze Star Medal in 1944 . The blue , red and white @-@ ribboned medal was to be awarded to individuals for " extraordinary achievement " related to a military operation occurring after 11 September 2001 . It was intended to recognize military achievement in cyberwarfare or combat drone operations for actions that did not include valor in combat .
Reception for the medal was mixed , with veterans criticizing the placement of the medal in the order of precedence . Production of the medal was halted on 12 March 2013 , pending a review of its precedence as ordered by Secretary of Defense , Chuck Hagel . It was subsequently cancelled by Secretary Hagel on 15 April 2013 who made the decision to instead create and offer a new distinguishing device to existing medals . On January 8 , 2016 , the DoD presented two new award devices .
= = Criteria = =
The intention of the Distinguished Warfare Medal involved recognizing - in the name of the Secretary of Defense - extraordinary achievement by members of the United States Armed Forces . Such achievement would have taken place after 11 September 2001 , and need not have involved acts of valor . The criteria required that the qualifying achievement must have had a direct impact , through any domain , on combat or other military operations . These operations must have occurred under one of the following circumstances :
engaged in military operations against enemies of the United States
engaged in operations in conflict against an opposing foreign force
while serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in operations with an opposing armed force where the United States is not a belligerent party
The achievement would have had to have had such an outstanding or exceptional nature as to set the individual apart from peers serving in similar duties or situations . The medal was only to be awarded for single exemplary acts and would not have been awarded for sustained operational service . The Distinguished Warfare Medal could have been awarded posthumously .
Additional awards of the Distinguished Warfare Medal would be shown with oak leaf clusters for U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force awardees , and with 5 / 16 inch stars for U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Coast Guard awardees .
Prior to cancellation , the service secretaries had not completed developing the criteria for the medal for each of their military services . The awarding criteria would have been included in the next Manual of Military Decorations and Awards .
= = Appearance = =
The Distinguished Warfare Medal was to consist of a 1 7 / 8 inch bronze medallion . The obverse would have depicted a grid lined globe surrounded by a laurel wreath . Superimposed over the globe is the eagle from the Seal of the United States Department of Defense in front of a lozenge . The top of the medallion is surmounted by a six @-@ pointed star . The reverse continues the laurel wreath design surmounted by a six @-@ pointed star . In the center is a blank space for engraving the recipients name . Above the space is the inscription DISTINGUISHED WARFARE , below is the inscription DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE .
The medallion would have been borne by a light blue ribbon with dark blue edges . In the center would have been two white stripes bordered by red on their outsides and dark blue on the inside .
The symbolism of the medal would have stated as the following :
The wreath honors the recipient 's significant meritorious achievement to battlefield operations . The globe and gridlines signify that the operational support or other military engagement may be performed remotely . The diamond shape symbolizes the four corners of the globe , representing the operational reach of our armed forces in the defense of liberty and justice . The DoD Eagle indicates that the medal is presented in the name of the Secretary of Defense . Operational magnitude and mission success are denoted by the six pointed star , symbolizing an ordinance burst and target neutralization .
Designed by the United States Army Institute of Heraldry , it was reviewed by the United States Commission of Fine Arts .
= = Reception = =
The medal 's order of precedence was criticized by the Veterans of Foreign Wars . The commander of this organization , John Hamilton , explained , " It is very important to properly recognize all who faithfully serve and excel , but this new medal – no matter how well intended – could quickly deteriorate into a morale issue . Medals that can only be earned in direct combat must mean more than medals awarded in the rear . " The Military Order of the Purple Heart joined in condemnation , stating " To rank what is basically an award for meritorious service higher than any award for heroism is degrading and insulting to every American Combat Soldier , Airman , Sailor or Marine who risks his or her life and endures the daily rigors of combat in a hostile environment . The Military Order of the Purple Heart strongly urges the newly appointed Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff to either reconsider the precedence of the Distinguished Warfare Medal or develop another way to recognize the achievements of those whose indirect actions contribute greatly to the accomplishment of the mission without diminishing the sacrifice of life and limb by those who confront the enemy firsthand on the battlefield . " The Association of the United States Navy also expressed criticism of the medal 's placement , stating " While AUSN supports the medal itself , as well as the achievements and importance of the cyber warfare community , the concern lies with the ranking of the medal . " Doug Sterner , military medals expert and curator of the Military Times Hall of Valor , expressed confusion , saying , " I understand the need to recognize the guys at the console who are doing some pretty important things . But to see it ranking above the Bronze Star ( with ) V ? " Nick McDowell , a member of the Orders and Medals Society of America said that an alternative to adding a new medal could be adding a new ribbon device to an existing medal , and said that " The problem is that we 're adding another non @-@ valor personal decoration into a system that is already crowded with non @-@ valor personal decorations . "
Outgoing Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta defended the award 's precedence , saying " Our military reserves its highest decorations obviously for those who display gallantry and valor in actions when their lives are on the line and we will continue to do so . But we should also have the ability to honor the extraordinary actions that make a true difference in combat operations . The contribution they make does contribute to the success of combat operations , particularly when they remove the enemy from the field of battle , even if those actions are physically removed from the fight . " Pentagon spokesman , Lieutenant Commander Nate Christensen , added , " Extraordinary achievement directly impacting combat operations at this level deserves to be recognized with a distinctive medal , not a device on an existing medal . The DWM is visionary in that it fills a need for a non @-@ valorous combat impact medal . "
On 26 February , three military veteran congressmen ( Duncan D. Hunter , Tom Rooney , and Tim Murphy ) introduced legislation in the House of Representatives to reduce the precedence of the medal , by banning it from being rated equal to , or above , the Purple Heart . At the time of the medal 's cancellation , that bill had gained 124 cosponsors , while a corresponding bill introduced in the Senate on 6 March had gained 31 cosponsors .
= = Cancellation = =
On 12 March 2013 , it was reported that the Secretary of Defense , Chuck Hagel , ordered a review of the medal and its initial place in the order of precedence . On 15 April , he announced its cancellation , noting that it would be an " unnecessary " medal . Initially , it was speculated that the precedence order of the medal would be lowered from its current position above the Purple Heart and Bronze Star Medal . Instead , Hagel announced that the medal would be replaced by a new " distinguishing " device that could be attached to an existing medal or service ribbon .
= Who 's That Girl ( Madonna song ) =
" Who 's That Girl " is a song by American singer Madonna from the soundtrack album to the 1987 film Who 's That Girl . It was released on June 30 , 1987 , by Sire Records as the first album single . The song was later included on the two @-@ disc edition of Madonna 's 2009 greatest hits album Celebration . While shooting for the film , then called Slammer , Madonna had requested Patrick Leonard to develop an uptempo song that captured the nature of her film persona . She later added the lyrics and vocals to the demo tape developed by Leonard , and decided to rename the song as well as the film to " Who 's That Girl " .
Featuring instrumentation from drums , bass , and stringed instruments , " Who 's That Girl " continued Madonna 's fascination with Hispanic culture by incorporating Spanish lyrics and using the effect of double vocals . Although it received mixed reactions from reviewers , the song became Madonna 's sixth single to top the Billboard Hot 100 , while peaking atop the charts in countries like the United Kingdom , Canada , Netherlands , Ireland and Belgium . It was also nominated for " Best Song From A Motion Picture " at the 1988 Grammy Awards and " Best Original Song " at the 1988 Golden Globe Awards .
The music video portrayed a different persona of Madonna , rather than her film character for which it was released . Like the song , it incorporated Hispanic culture and portrayed her dressed in Spanish style as a young lady in search of a treasure . Madonna has performed the song on her Who 's That Girl World Tour ( 1987 ) and on the Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) . The song has been covered by many artists and has appeared in compilations and tribute albums .
= = Background = =
In 1986 , Madonna was shooting for her third motion picture Who 's That Girl , known at the time as Slammer . Needing songs for the soundtrack of the movie , she contacted Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray , who had written and produced her third studio album True Blue in 1986 . Madonna explained to them that she needed an uptempo song and a downtempo song . She came to the studio one Thursday as Leonard developed the chorus of the song . He handed over that cassette to Madonna , who went to the backroom and finished the melody and the lyrics of the song , while Leonard worked on the other parts of the song .
After finishing the lyrics , Madonna declared that she wanted the song to be named " Who 's That Girl " and changed the movie to the same , rather than Slammer , considering it to be a better title . In Fred Bronson 's The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits book , Leonard explained that the song was recorded in one day with Madonna adding her vocals only once . Additional instrumental tracks with guitars and percussion were included by Leonard and Bray later . Regarding the development of the music for the film , Madonna further explained
" I had some very specific ideas in mind , music that would stand on its own as well as support and enhance what was happening on screen and the only way to make that a reality was to have a hand in writing the tunes myself . [ ... ] The songs aren 't necessarily about Nikki [ her character name in the movie ] or written to be sung by someone like her , but there 's a spirit to this music that captures both what the film and the characters are about , I think . "
= = Composition = =
The song is composed in Madonna 's typical style — mingling the drum machine , a bubbling bass synth line , and the sound of stringed instruments . The three parts of the song , namely the bridge , where Madonna sings " what can help me now " , the chorus and the verse flow together strongly . The chorus has a haunting effect in it . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , the song is composed in the time signature of common time , with a key of A minor and a medium tempo of 104 beats per minute . Madonna 's vocals span from the notes of G3 to B4 . The song follows a basic sequence of Am9 – G – Csus2 – Am9 – G – Dm as its chord progression .
The song epitomizes Madonna 's interest with Hispanic culture that continued after the release of " La Isla Bonita " , by adding Spanish phrases in the chorus and over the trumpets of the second verse , and also by the added instrumental break in the middle . It also uses the sonic effect brought about by the combination of multiple vocal lines , which had been previously used by groups like The Beach Boys in their singles " God Only Knows " ( 1966 ) and " I Get Around " ( 1964 ) as well as R.E.M. ' s singles " Fall on Me " ( 1986 ) and " Near Wild Heaven " ( 1991 ) . " Who 's That Girl " employs this effect on the last chorus where three or four different vocal hooks are intertwined .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Critical reaction to the song has been mixed . In his book The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , author Rikky Rooksby explained that the song was Madonna 's best take on her original music style . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic commented that " Who 's That Girl " along with " Causing a Commotion " were not amongst Madonna 's best singles . Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli , in his book Madonna : An Intimate Biography called the song " quintessential Madonna music " and went on to describe it as " funky , sassy and melodic , with a Latin accent . "
Noah Robischon from Entertainment Weekly opined that with both the song and the movie , Madonna had pushed " synergy over the borderline . " Enio Chiola of PopMatters.com listed " Who 's That Girl " as one of the top @-@ fifteen singles of Madonna 's career , stating that it is an " insta @-@ party from the moment in begins . " The song was nominated for " Best Song From A Motion Picture " at the 1988 Grammy Awards and " Best Original Song " at the 1988 Golden Globe Awards .
= = = Chart performance = = =
" Who 's That Girl " was released in the United States in June 1987 . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 43 , reached the top of the chart in its seventh week , maintained the top position for one week , and spent 16 weeks on the chart . It became Madonna 's sixth number @-@ one single in the United States , making her the first artist to accumulate six number @-@ one singles in the 1980s , and the first female performer to get that many number @-@ ones as a solo act . The song peaked at number 44 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart . In 2000 , the song came tenth in a vote conducted to determine the favourite Madonna song . In Canada , the song debuted at number 83 on the RPM singles chart on July 11 , 1987 , reached the top for one week on August 29 , 1987 , and stayed on the chart for 23 weeks . It placed at number 12 on the RPM Year @-@ end chart for 1987 .
In the United Kingdom , " Who 's That Girl " was released on July 14 , 1987 , and debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart , climbing to number one the next week to become Madonna 's fifth number @-@ one single in the United Kingdom . According to the Official Charts Company , the song has sold 380 @,@ 000 copies there . It received a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Across Europe , " Who 's That Girl " also topped the singles charts in Belgium , Italy , Ireland , and the Netherlands , as well as peaking in the top five in Austria , France , Germany , Norway , Sweden , and Switzerland . It was certified gold by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique for shipment of 500 @,@ 000 copies in France .
= = Music video = =
The music video was shot over two days , at A & M Soundstages in Hollywood , California . Madonna had adopted a garish , platinum blond hairstyle for the Who 's That Girl movie which she used in the music video ; it was her way of reviving the comedy heroine of the 1930s Hollywood screwball comedies . She continued with her Hispanic look from the " La Isla Bonita " music video , this time she appeared dressed boyishly in a wide @-@ brimmed Spanish hat and bolero jacket — a combination which would later become a fashion trend .
The music video , directed by Peter Rosenthal , begins with Madonna entering a park . After meeting two children and a teenage boy , they start roaming around the park , with Madonna singing the song . These scenes are interchanged with scenes from the motion picture , which show Madonna as the movie character Nikki Fynn . As the music video progresses , Madonna is shown to be in search of an Egyptian treasure casket . After being directed to it by a version of the High Priestess tarot card displaying her cartoon impersonation , Madonna opens it to find a huge diamond . She looks up happily to the children . The video ends with them continuing dancing and Madonna carrying away the casket .
The video portrayed a different image of Madonna rather than her real self . According to Vincent Canby of The New York Times , Madonna at that time was shrewdly pragmatic about her persona and appearance — resembling Marilyn Monroe , but with the " comic tartness " of Jean Harlow . This persona was reflected in the second half of the Who 's That Girl film . However , the music video chose not to capture her real self and qualities , or to promote the movie for which it was specifically created . Instead , it concentrated on the humorous off @-@ putting personality of Madonna 's film character depicted in the first half of the film .
= = Live performances and covers = =
Madonna performed the song on two of her tours . On her 1987 Who 's That Girl World Tour where it was performed as a part of the encore . Madonna came out on the stage in a bright red flamenco dress and performed the song , assisted by her backup singers Niki Haris , Donna De Lory and Debra Parson . Two different performances of the song on this tour can be found on the videos : Who 's That Girl : Live in Japan , filmed in Tokyo , Japan , on June 22 , 1987 , and Ciao Italia : Live from Italy , filmed in Turin , Italy , on September 4 , 1987 . Almost 30 years later , Madonna performed an acoustic , guitar @-@ driven version of the song during the Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) . The wardrobe for the performance consisted of a gypsy inspired ensemble , made up of shawl , lace gloves , long black skirt with silk fringes , a hat with silk flowers on it , and high @-@ heeled knee @-@ high lace @-@ up leather boots . After the song , the singer admitted that it took her " a hell of a long time " to answer who the titular girl was in the song .
The song has been covered many times , mostly on tribute albums . In 1999 , The Countdown Singers made a sound @-@ alike cover version for the album Hit Parade of 80 's , Vol . 2 . The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ( RPO ) made an instrumental version of the song for the 1998 album Material Girl : RPO Plays Music of Madonna . German actress Eva Mattes covered the song for her 2006 album Language of Love . In 2007 , The Bubonic Plague recorded a cover of the song that was included on the tribute album Through the Wilderness .
= = Formats and track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – lyrics , producer , vocals
Patrick Leonard – lyrics , producer
Michael Barbiero – additional production , audio mixing
Steve Thompson – additional production , audio mixing
Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Certifications = =
= Terri Schiavo case =
The Terri Schiavo case was a legal struggle over end @-@ of @-@ life care in the United States from 1990 to 2005 , involving Theresa Marie " Terri " Schiavo , a woman in an irreversible persistent vegetative state . Schiavo 's husband and legal guardian argued that Schiavo would not have wanted prolonged artificial life support without the prospect of recovery , and elected to remove her feeding tube . Schiavo 's parents argued in favor of continuing artificial nutrition and hydration and challenged Schiavo 's medical diagnosis . The highly publicized and prolonged series of legal challenges presented by her parents , which ultimately involved state and federal politicians up to the level of President George W. Bush , caused a seven @-@ year delay before Schiavo 's feeding tube was ultimately removed .
Schiavo suffered a cardiac arrest in her St. Petersburg , Florida , home on February 25 , 1990 . She was resuscitated , but suffered massive brain damage due to lack of oxygen to her brain and was left comatose . After two and a half months without improvement , her diagnosis was changed to that of a persistent vegetative state . For the next two years , doctors attempted speech and physical therapy and other experimental therapy , hoping to return her to a state of awareness , without success . In 1998 , Schiavo 's husband , Michael , petitioned the Sixth Circuit Court of Florida to remove her feeding tube pursuant to Florida law . He was opposed by Terri 's parents , Robert and Mary Schindler , who argued that she was conscious . The court determined that Schiavo would not have wished to continue life @-@ prolonging measures , and on April 24 , 2001 , her feeding tube was removed for the first time , only to be reinserted several days later . On February 25 , 2005 , a Pinellas County judge again ordered the removal of Terri Schiavo 's feeding tube . Several appeals and federal government intervention followed , which included U.S. President George W. Bush returning to Washington D.C. to sign legislation designed to keep her alive . After appeals through the federal court system upheld the original decision to remove the feeding tube , staff at the Pinellas Park hospice facility disconnected the feeding tube on March 18 , 2005 , and Schiavo died on March 31 , 2005 .
In all , the Schiavo case involved 14 appeals and numerous motions , petitions , and hearings in the Florida courts ; five suits in federal district court ; extensive political intervention at the levels of the Florida state legislature , then @-@ governor Jeb Bush , the U.S. Congress , and President George W. Bush ; and four denials of certiorari from the Supreme Court of the United States . The case also spurred highly visible activism from the pro @-@ life movement , the right @-@ to @-@ die movement , and disability rights groups . Since Schiavo 's death , both her husband and her family have written books on their sides of the case , and both have also been involved in activism over its larger issues .
= = Background = =
= = = Early life = = =
Terri Schiavo was born Theresa Marie Schindler on December 3 , 1963 , in Lower Moreland Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , a suburb of Philadelphia . Overweight throughout her childhood , as a teenager Terri stood 5 ' 3 " ( 160 cm ) tall and weighed 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) . She attended Brebeuf Jesuit High School . Through dieting she had lost 65 pounds ( 29 kg ) by the time she attended college . She attended Bucks County Community College , where she met Michael Schiavo in 1982 . The two began dating and were married on November 10 , 1984 . They moved to Florida in 1986 , following Terri 's parents . Michael worked as a restaurant manager , while Terri took up a job with an insurance company .
= = = Initial medical crisis : 1990 = = =
In the early morning of February 25 , 1990 , Terri Schiavo collapsed in a hallway of her St. Petersburg , Florida , apartment . Firefighters and paramedics arriving in response to her husband Michael 's 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 call found her face @-@ down and unconscious . She was not breathing and had no pulse . They attempted to resuscitate her and she was transported to the Humana Northside Hospital . Paramedics had her intubated and ventilated .
= = = = Initial medical assessments = = = =
Her medical chart contained a note that " she apparently has been trying to keep her weight down with dieting by herself , drinking liquids most of the time during the day and drinking about 10 – 15 glasses of iced tea . " Upon admission to the hospital , she was noted as suffering from hypokalemia ( low potassium levels ) : her serum potassium level was an abnormally low 2 @.@ 0 mEq / L ( the normal range for adults is 3 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 0 mEq / L ) . Her sodium and calcium levels were normal . Electrolyte imbalance is often caused by drinking excessive fluids . A serious consequence of hypokalemia can be heart rhythm abnormalities , including sudden arrhythmia death syndrome . Vomiting , a self @-@ induced act for many bulimic patients , is another cause of low potassium levels . Terri was eventually switched from being fed by a nasogastric feeding tube to a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( PEG ) feeding tube .
Dr. Garcia J. DeSousa , board @-@ certified neurologist in St. Petersburg , Florida , who previously treated Terri Schiavo , cared for her during her initial admission to Humana Northside ; both he and Dr. Victor Gambone , an internist and Schiavo family physician , independently made the diagnosis of persistent vegetative state ( PVS ) within approximately one year after her sudden cardiac arrest .
= = = Relationship between Terri 's husband and parents = = =
From 1990 to 1993 , Michael Schiavo and the Schindlers ( Terri Schiavo 's parents ) enjoyed an amicable relationship , with the Schindlers allowing Michael to live rent @-@ free in their condominium for several months .
= = = Rehabilitation efforts : 1990 – 1993 = = =
In November 1990 , Michael Schiavo took Terri to the University of California , San Francisco for experimental nerve stimulation with a thalamic stimulator . The treatment took several months and was unsuccessful . He returned to Florida with her in January 1991 and admitted her as an inpatient to the Mediplex Rehabilitation Center in Bradenton , Florida . On July 19 , 1991 , Terri Schiavo was transferred to the Sabal Palms Skilled Care Facility , where she received neurological testing and regular speech and occupational therapy until 1994 . In mid @-@ 1993 , Michael Schiavo requested a do not resuscitate order for her after she contracted a urinary tract infection . The court @-@ appointed guardian ad litem , Jay Wolfson , later wrote a report stating that Michael Schiavo 's decision was " predicated on his reasoned belief that there was no longer any hope for Terri 's recovery . "
= = Legal cases 1992 – 2002 = =
= = = Malpractice = = =
In 1992 Michael filed a malpractice suit against Terri 's obstetrician on the basis that he failed to diagnose bulimia as the cause of her infertility . Terri had gone to the doctor because she had stopped menstruating but the doctor had failed to take her medical history into account which might have revealed an eating disorder . During the case , one of Terri 's friends testified that she knew Schiavo was bulimic . In November 1992 , Michael won the case and was awarded $ 6 @.@ 8 million by the jury , later reduced to $ 2 million as Terri was found partly at fault for her condition . After attorneys ' fees and other expenses , Michael received $ 300 @,@ 000 and $ 750 @,@ 000 was put in a trust fund for Terri 's medical care . According to Michael , in early 2003 the Schindlers demanded that he share the malpractice money with them .
= = = Petition to remove feeding tube = = =
On June 18 , 1990 , the court appointed Michael Schiavo as Terri Schiavo 's legal guardian ; this appointment was not disputed by the Schindlers at the time . In May 1998 , Michael Schiavo filed a petition to remove Terri Schiavo 's feeding tube , which her parents opposed . Richard Pearse was appointed by the court as a second guardian ad litem ( GAL ) , and on December 29 , 1998 , reported " Dr. Jeffrey Karp 's opinion of the ward 's condition and prognosis is substantially shared among those physicians who have recently been involved in her treatment . " Pearse concluded from Karp 's and Dr. Vincent Gambone 's diagnosis of PVS that Schiavo was legally in a persistent vegetative state as defined by Florida Statutes , Title XLIV , Chapter 765 , § 101 ( 12 ) . This includes the " absence of voluntary action " and an " inability to communicate or interact purposefully . "
Pearse found that there was no possibility of improvement but that Michael Schiavo 's decisions might have been influenced by the potential to inherit what remained of Terri Schiavo 's estate as long as he remained married to her . Due to a lack of a living will and questions regarding Michael 's credibility , Pearse recommended denying his petition to remove her feeding tube . Pearse reported that the issue of conflict of interest applied to the Schindlers as well since , had Michael divorced Terri as they wanted him to , they would have inherited the remainder of Mrs. Schiavo 's estate upon her death .
= = = Schiavo end @-@ of @-@ life wishes = = =
Given the lack of a living will , a trial was held before Pinellas County Judge George Greer during the week of January 24 , 2000 , to determine what Terri Schiavo 's wishes would have been regarding life @-@ prolonging procedures . Michael Schiavo was represented by attorney George Felos , who had won a landmark right @-@ to @-@ die case before the Florida Supreme Court in 1990 .
The trial included testimony from eighteen witnesses regarding her medical condition and her end @-@ of @-@ life wishes . Michael Schiavo claimed that his wife would not want to be kept on a machine where her chance for recovery was minuscule . According to Abstract Appeal Trial Order , her parents " claimed that Terri was a devout Roman Catholic who would not wish to violate the Church 's teachings on euthanasia by refusing nutrition and hydration . " Judge Greer issued his order granting the petition for authorization to discontinue artificial life support for Terri Schiavo in February 2000 . In this decision , the court found that Terri Schiavo was in a persistent vegetative state and that she had made reliable oral declarations that she would have wanted the feeding tube removed . This decision was upheld by the Florida Second District Court of Appeal ( 2nd DCA ) and came to be known by the court as Schiavo I in its later rulings .
= = = Oral feeding and the Second Guardianship Challenge = = =
In March 2000 , the Schindlers filed a motion to permit assisted feeding of Terri , which is not considered a life @-@ prolonging procedure under Florida law . Since clinical records indicated that Terri Schiavo was not responsive to swallowing tests and required a feeding tube , Judge Greer ruled that she was not capable of orally ingesting sufficient nutrition and hydration to sustain life , and denied the request . The Medical Examiner in his postmortem report was more definitive and reaffirmed that Schiavo could not have swallowed .
In 2000 , the Schindlers again challenged Michael Schiavo 's guardianship . The Schindlers suggested that he was wasting the assets within the guardianship account by transferring Terri Schiavo to a Pinellas Park , Florida hospice " after it was clear that she was not ' terminal ' within Medicare guidelines " for hospices . By this time , while still legally married to Terri Schiavo , Michael Schiavo was in a relationship with Jodi Centonze , and had fathered their first child . He said he chose not to divorce his wife and relinquish guardianship because he wanted to ensure her final wishes ( not to be kept alive in a PVS ) were carried out . The court denied the motion to remove the guardian , allowing that the evidence was not sufficient and in some instances , not relevant . It set April 24 , 2001 as the date on which the tube was to be removed .
= = = Schiavo II = = =
In April 2001 , the Schindlers filed a motion for relief from judgment citing new evidence of Terri Schiavo 's wishes . Judge Greer denied the motion as untimely under Rule 1 @.@ 540 ( b ) ( 5 ) of the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure . The Second District Court of Appeal upheld Greer 's decision but remanded the issue in order to give the Schindlers an opportunity to file a new motion . On April 24 , 2001 Terri 's feeding tube was removed for the first time . The Schindlers filed a civil suit against Michael Schiavo alleging perjury , which was assigned to another court . The judge , Frank Quesada , issued an injunction against the removal of feeding tube until this was settled . The feeding tube was reinserted on April 26 , 2001 . On appeal by Michael Schiavo , the Second District Court of Appeal reversed Judge Quesada 's order . In the same time frame , Michael Schiavo filed a motion to enforce the mandate of the guardianship court ( that the feeding tube be removed ) . The Second District Court of Appeal denied the motion . ( These three decisions , all published in a single order by Florida 's Second District Court of Appeal , came to be known by the court as Schiavo II in its later rulings . )
= = = Schiavo III & IV : PVS diagnosis challenge = = =
On August 10 , 2001 , on remand from the Florida Second District Court of Appeal , Judge Greer heard a motion from the Schindlers claiming that new medical treatment could restore sufficient cognitive ability such that Terri Schiavo herself would be able to decide to continue life @-@ prolonging measures . The court also heard motions from the Schindlers to remove the guardian ( Michael Schiavo ) and to require Judge Greer to recuse himself . Judge Greer denied the motions and the Schindlers appealed to the Second District Court of Appeals . On October 17 , 2001 the Court of Appeal affirmed the denials of the motions to remove and recuse . The Court of Appeals acknowledged that their opinion misled the trial court , and they remanded the question of Terri Schiavo 's wishes back to the trial court and required an evidentiary hearing to be held . The court specified that five board certified neurologists were to testify . The Schindlers were allowed to choose two doctors to present findings at an evidentiary hearing while Michael Schiavo could introduce two rebuttal experts . Finally , the trial court itself would appoint a new independent physician to examine and evaluate Terri Schiavo 's condition . ( These decisions , all published in a single order by the Florida Second District Court of Appeal , came to be known by the court as Schiavo III in its later rulings . ) In October 2002 , on remand by the Second District Court of Appeal , an evidentiary hearing was held in Judge Greer 's court to determine whether new therapy treatments could help Terri Schiavo restore any cognitive function . In preparation for the trial , a new computed axial tomography scan ( CAT scan ) was performed , which showed severe cerebral atrophy . An EEG showed no measurable brain activity . The five physicians chosen were Dr. William Maxfield , a radiologist , and four neurologists : Dr. William Hammesfahr , Dr. Ronald Cranford , Dr. Melvin Greer and Dr. Peter Bambakidis .
The five doctors examined Terri Schiavo 's medical records , brain scans , the videos , and Terri herself . Drs. Cranford , Greer , and Bambakidis testified that Terri Schiavo was in a persistent vegetative state . Drs. Maxfield and Hammesfahr testified that she was in a minimally conscious state . As part of the court @-@ ordered medical exam , six hours of video of Terri Schiavo were taped and filed at the Pinellas County courthouse . The tape included Terri Schiavo with her mother and neurologist William Hammesfahr . The entire tape was viewed by Judge Greer , who wrote , Terri " clearly does not consistently respond to her mother " . From that six hours of video , the Schindlers and their supporters produced six clips showing reactions and emotions , totaling less than six minutes , and released those clips to public websites . Judge Greer ruled that Terri Schiavo was in a PVS , and was beyond hope of significant improvement . The trial court order was particularly critical of Hammesfahr 's testimony , which claimed positive results in similar cases by use of vasodilation therapy , the success of which is unsupported in the medical literature . This ruling was later affirmed by Florida 's Second District Court of Appeal , which stated that " this court has closely examined all of the evidence in the record , " and " we have ... carefully observed the video tapes in their entirety . " The court concluded that " ... if we were called upon to review the guardianship court 's decision de novo , we would still affirm it . " ( This decision by the Second District Court of Appeals came to be known as Schiavo IV in later rulings . )
Around the start of 2003 , the Schindlers began to create more publicity by lobbying for their case to keep their daughter alive . They selected pro @-@ life activist Randall Terry as their spokesman and continued to pursue their available legal options . On September 11 , 2003 , the Schindlers petitioned the court to forestall removal of the feeding tube to provide for " eight weeks ' therapy " . Accompanying the petition were four affidavits from members of the Schindler family and one from Dr. Alexander T. Gimon . At the hearing , the Schindlers ' counsel read into the record additional affidavits from three speech professionals and two nurses .
On September 17 , 2003 Judge George Greer denied the petition , and wrote that " the Petition is an attempt by Mr. and Mrs. Schindler to re @-@ litigate the entire case . It is not even a veiled or disguised attempt . The exhibits relied upon by them clearly demonstrate this to be true . " Regarding ( Nurse ) Iyer 's statements , Greer wrote that they were " incredible to say the least " and that " Ms. Iyer details what amounts to a 15 @-@ month cover @-@ up April 1995 through July 1996 which include the staff of Palm Garden of Largo Convalescent Center , the Guardian of the Person , the guardian ad litem , the medical professionals , the police and , believe it or not , Mr. and Mrs. Schindler ... It is impossible to believe that Mr. and Mrs. Schindler would not have subpoenaed Ms. Iyer for the January 2000 evidentiary hearing had Iyer contacted them in 1996 as her affidavit alleges " .
= = Terri 's Law and other government delays = =
On October 15 , 2003 , Schiavo 's feeding tube was removed . Within a week , when the Schindlers ' final appeal was exhausted , State Rep. Frank Attkisson and the Florida Legislature hastily passed " Terri 's Law , " giving Governor Jeb Bush the authority to intervene in the case . Governor Bush immediately ordered the feeding tube reinserted . Governor Bush sent the Florida Department of Law Enforcement ( FDLE ) to remove Schiavo from the hospice . She was taken to Morton Plant Rehabilitation Hospital in Clearwater , where her feeding tube was surgically reinserted . She was then returned to the hospice . Part of the legislation required the appointment of a guardian ad litem ( GAL ) , Dr. Jay Wolfson , to " deduce and represent the best wishes and best interests " of Schiavo , and report them to Governor Bush . Wolfson 's report did not change Michael 's role as her legal guardian and did not otherwise obstruct him legally .
Michael Schiavo opposed the Governor 's intervention in Schiavo 's case , and was represented , in part , by the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) . At the same time , Robert and Mary Schindler , her parents , attempted to intervene and participate in the " Terri 's Law " case but were denied by Judge W. Douglas Baird , a Circuit Judge in the Florida Sixth Circuit , the same circuit as for Judge George W. Greer . They appealed , and , on February 13 , the Florida Second District Court of Appeal ( Second District Court of Appeals ) reversed Baird 's ruling , allowing them to participate . On March 17 , Baird denied the Schindlers the right to intervene a second time , and the Schindlers , represented by the American Center for Law and Justice ( ACLJ ) , appealed the right to participate in the " Terri 's Law " case , with the court scheduling an oral argument date for June 14 . The Schindlers ' other attorney , Pat Anderson , was concurrently challenging Michael Schiavo 's right to be her guardian , and , on June 16 , she made a petition for writ of Quo Warranto .
On May 5 , 2004 , Baird found " Terri 's Law " unconstitutional , and struck it down . Bush appealed this order to the Second District Court of Appeals , but on May 12 , the court issued an " Order Relinquishing Case for Entry of Final Judgment and Order to Show Cause Why this Proceeding Should Not be Certified to the Supreme Court As Requiring Immediate Resolution . " The Second District Court of Appeals , in sending it directly to the Florida Supreme Court , invoked " pass through " jurisdiction .
The Florida Supreme Court then overturned the law as unconstitutional .
= = Final feeding tube removal and federal involvement = =
= = = Early 2005 motions = = =
On February 23 , 2005 , the Schindlers filed a motion for relief from judgment pending medical evaluations . The Schindlers wanted Schiavo to be tested with an fMRI and given a swallowing therapy called VitalStim . The motion was accompanied by thirty @-@ three affidavits from doctors in several specialties , speech @-@ language pathologists and therapists , and a few neuropsychologists , all urging that new tests be undertaken . Patricia Fields Anderson , the Schindler family attorney , still held out hope " that Terri might be able to take nourishment orally , despite past findings that she is incapable . " Judge Greer formally denied the motion and ordered the " removal of nutrition and hydration from the ward " and set the time and date for the removal of the feeding tube as , " 1 : 00 p.m. on Friday , March 18 , 2005 . "
On February 28 , 2005 the Schindlers filed a motion , asking for permission to attempt to provide Schiavo with " Food and Water by Natural Means . " This second motion asked for permission to " attempt to feed " Schiavo by mouth . Judge Greer denied the second motion on March 8 , saying " it has become clear that the second motion is part and parcel of the previous motion on medical evaluations . The same declarations are being used for both motions and the motion appears to be an alternative pleading to the previous motion . Both are asking for an experimental procedure . " The following day , Greer denied the first motion as well , citing that an affiant doctor for Michael cautioned that fMRI was an experimental procedure that should be conducted in an academic setting , because Schiavo had already undergone swallowing tests and failed , and because VitalStim had only been performed on patients who were not in a PVS . Greer noted that " most of the doctor affidavits submitted are based on their understanding of Schiavo 's condition from news reports or video clips they have seen . Many are obviously not aware of the medical exams undertaken for the 2002 trial . ... "
Following Greer 's order on March 18 , 2005 to remove the feeding tube , Republicans in the United States Congress subpoenaed both Michael and Terri Schiavo to testify at a congressional hearing . Greer told congressional attorneys , " I have had no cogent reason why the ( congressional ) committee should intervene . " He also stated that last @-@ minute action by Congress does not invalidate years of court rulings .
= = = Palm Sunday Compromise = = =
President Bush and Congressional Republicans anticipated Greer 's adverse ruling well before it was delivered and worked on a daily basis to find an alternative means of overturning the legal process by utilizing the authority of the United States Congress . On March 20 , 2005 , the Senate , by unanimous consent , passed their version of a relief bill ; since the vote was taken by voice vote , there was no official tally of those voting in favor and those opposed . Soon after Senate approval , the House of Representatives passed an identical version of the bill S.686 , which came to be called the " Palm Sunday Compromise " and transferred jurisdiction of the Schiavo case to the federal courts . The bill passed the House on March 21 , 2005 at 12 : 41 a.m. ( UTC @-@ 5 ) . U.S. President George W. Bush flew to Washington , D.C. from his vacation in Texas in order to sign the bill into law at 1 : 11 a.m.
While the bill had been proposed by Republican Senators Rick Santorum and Mel Martinez , it also had the support of Democratic Senator Tom Harkin due to disability rights concerns in the Schiavo case . Harkin had worked with disability rights groups for years and co @-@ authored the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act . American disability rights groups traditionally tend to ally themselves with Democrats and the political left ; however , in the Schiavo case they joined pro @-@ life organizations in opposing the removal of her feeding tube and supporting the Palm Sunday Compromise . According to Marilyn Golden , Harkin 's support was necessary for passage of the bill , as any voice opposition by Democrats would have delayed it .
As in the state courts , all of the Schindlers ' federal petitions and appeals were denied , and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to grant certiorari , effectively ending the Schindlers ' judicial options . At the same time , the so @-@ called Schiavo memo surfaced , causing a political firestorm . The memo was written by Brian Darling , the legal counsel to Florida Republican senator Mel Martinez . It suggested the Schiavo case offered " a great political issue " that would appeal to the party 's base ( core supporters ) and could be used against Senator Bill Nelson , a Democrat from Florida , because he had refused to co @-@ sponsor the bill . Nelson easily won re @-@ election in 2006 .
Senator and physician Bill Frist opposed the removal of her feeding tube and in a speech delivered on the Senate Floor
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
set forward ; they have canted , triple @-@ mullion bay windows and are surmounted above the parapet by shaped gables with attic windows . All the main windows of this face are double transomed .
The east face of the eastern wing has four bays with canted bay windows , shaped end gables and a central cartouche . In the centre of the northern ( garden ) face is a large bow window , originally Jacobean , which illuminates the chapel ; it has stone panels decorated with cartouches below arched stained glass lights . This face otherwise reverses the main façade , with the addition of mezzanine windows .
The western half of the building is stepped forward ( southwards ) by two bays from the original building . Originally the service wing , it is plainer than the eastern building and dates from the Georgian era . Though using Georgian proportions , it was built in an early Jacobean revival style which has been heightened by subsequent alterations , particularly the addition of a central gable . The main part of the south ( front ) face has seven bays , with a balustraded parapet running along the entire façade at eaves level . In the centre of the five east bays is a canted bay window beneath a shaped gable ; the flanking bays have single @-@ mullion , double @-@ transomed windows . The two west bays are set backwards and have a central oriel window on the first floor with two single @-@ mullion , double @-@ transomed windows on the ground floor .
The western wing is dominated by a square tower of stone @-@ dressed brick which rises two storeys above the roof and is capped by an ogee spirelet surrounded by four corner chimneys . Designed by Barry in the High Victorian style , it was added after the fire . A slender bell tower also rises from the west wing . At the rear is a loggia with a vaulted ceiling supported by Tuscan columns . The western end of this wing is a single @-@ storey extension by Thomas Bower dating from 1896 .
= = = Interior = = =
The interior of Crewe Hall contains a mixture of original Jacobean work , faithful reproductions of the original Jacobean designs ( which in some cases had been recorded ) , and work in the High Victorian style designed by Barry . The entrance hall in the east wing was remodelled by both Edward Blore and Barry . It is panelled in oak and contains a marble chimneypiece with Tuscan columns featuring the Crewe arms . It opens via a columned screen into the central hall , which was an open courtyard in the Jacobean house . Roofed by Blore at the first @-@ floor level , Barry converted the space into an atrium featuring cloisters around the walls , with a wooden gallery over them at the mezzanine level and a tunnel @-@ vaulted first @-@ floor gallery above . The floor is paved with a pattern of coloured marbles and the first @-@ floor gallery corridors have stained glass panels . The atrium has a hammerbeam roof supported by columns at the gallery level . To the east of the central hall is an accurate reconstruction by Barry of the original staircase , which Nikolaus Pevsner described as " one of the most ingeniously planned and ornately executed in the whole of Jacobean England . " Heavily carved , the newels feature heraldic animals , which were originally gilded and painted .
To the east of the entrance lies the dining room , which was formerly the Jacobean great hall . The room least damaged by the fire , it was restored by Barry to its 17th @-@ century appearance , with facsimiles of the original ceiling and carved wooden screen . It contains an overmantel featuring a relief of Plenty , considered to be original , and a large stone chimneypiece , which is believed to be the only surviving work by Blore on the interior . The oak parlour , in the south west , contains a large wooden Jacobean overmantel , featuring Green Men carving . The Jacobean carving here and in the dining room is noticeably cruder than the Victorian work . The carved parlour is another reproduction by Barry of the original . Panelled in oak , it has a plaster frieze of the Elements , Graces and Virtues . The alabaster chimneypiece depicts the winged figure of Time rewarding Industry and punishing Sloth , symbolised by two boys , which is surmounted by a carved portrait of Sir Randolph Crewe .
A small chapel lies to the north of the central hall . Originally rather austere , it was lavishly decorated by Barry in the High Victorian style . There is much elaborate wood carving , with the altar rail featuring angels and the benches poppyheads . The marble apse has alabaster carved heads of the prophets and evangelists by J. Birnie Philip , and the wall panelling features bronze medallions depicting biblical characters by the same artist . The ornate choir gallery , reached from the central hall 's mezzanine gallery , contains the family pew . The stained glass and wall murals are by Clayton and Bell , and the painting and stencilling are by J. G. Crace .
The suite of state rooms on the first floor of the east wing contains the long gallery , library , drawing room ( great chamber ) , small drawing room and two bedrooms . All date originally from the Jacobean mansion , but are likely to have been significantly altered by John Crewe and then extensively reworked by Blore in neo @-@ Jacobean style . They were restored to Barry 's designs , usually with little attempt to reproduce the Jacobean appearance , probably because records of most of the original designs were lacking . Crace performed much of the decoration work in these rooms . All the state rooms contain elaborate plasterwork and stone chimneypieces , often flanked with Corinthian columns or pilasters .
The long gallery , along the north side , has a chimneypiece in coloured marbles with busts by Henry Weekes depicting Sir Randolph Crewe and Nathaniel Crew , 3rd Baron Crew , Bishop of Durham . The library , above the carved parlour , contains statuettes of book lovers by Philip and a frieze of scenes from literature by J. Mabey . The drawing room has a facsimile of the Jacobean ceiling , which had been recorded by architect William Burn . Identical in pattern to one at the Reindeer Inn in Banbury , of which the Victoria and Albert Museum has a plaster cast , it was presumably originally the work of the same craftsman . One of the state bedrooms has another survivor of the fire , a Jacobean stone fireplace with a plaster overmantel relief depicting Cain and Abel .
= = Stables , outbuildings and gate lodges = =
The former stables , in red brick with a tiled roof , were completed around 1636 and are contemporary with the Jacobean mansion ; they are listed at grade II * . They form a quadrangle immediately to the west of the hall , enclosing a rectangular courtyard . The main east face of the quadrangle stands at right angles to the front of the house ; it has nine bays of two storeys and an attic . Its centrepiece , added by Edward Blore in around 1837 , consists of an arched stone entrance flanked by pilasters , above which a clock tower rises from the first @-@ floor level . The tower features twinned arrow @-@ slit windows and clock faces with stone surrounds , and is topped by a bell chamber and ogee cupola with finials . In addition to the centrepiece , the east face has four bays which are set forward and have shaped gables topped with finials . The north and south ends of this east building also have shaped gables .
The north and south sides of the quadrangle have large arched carriage openings beneath shaped gables ; the keystones are carved with horse 's heads . The walls within the carriageway opening are decorated with bands of blue brick . The east , north and south faces are all finished with an openwork brick parapet with a stone coping . The west building has twelve arched openings accessed from the courtyard . The main storeys of the quadrangle mainly have three @-@ light , stone @-@ dressed mullion windows , with two @-@ light windows at the attic level . All the roofs have tall octagonal chimneys and feature decorative ridge tiles . The interior of the stables block was rebuilt during the building 's conversion to its present use of laboratories and offices .
The Apple House , a small red @-@ brick building to the west of the stables quadrangle , also dates from around 1636 , and can be seen in a painting of Crewe Hall from around 1710 . Originally a dovecote , it is used as a storehouse . Built on an octagonal plan with two storeys , it has two oval windows with stone surrounds . The lower entrance has a stone semicircular arch ; a second doorway is located at first @-@ floor height . The pyramidal tiled roof is topped by a glazed lantern with a lead cap . The building is listed at grade II .
The park has two gate lodges ; both are listed at grade II . The northern lodge at Slaughter Hill is by Blore and dates from 1847 . In red brick with darker @-@ brick diapering , stone dressings and a slate roof , it has a T @-@ shaped plan with a single storey , and is Jacobean in style . It features two shaped gables , each decorated with a panel carved with Crewe Estate emblems , and a hexagonal central bay with a pyramidal roof which forms a porch . The Elizabethan @-@ style Weston or Golden Gates Lodge to the south of the house dates from before 1865 and is attributed to William Eden Nesfield , although it is not typical of his style . In red brick with blue @-@ brick zig – zag diapering , ashlar dressings and a slate roof , the lodge has two storeys , with a projecting canted bay to the road face . The driveway face has an ashlar panel with a shield bearing the Crewe family coat of arms .
= = Gardens and park = =
The National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens lists 201 hectares ( 497 acres ) of the gardens and surrounding parkland at grade II . An early engraving shows a walled forecourt to the south of the original hall , with a large stone gateway carved with Sir Randolph Crewe 's arms and motto . The forecourt had terraces , balustrades and a path decorated with diamond patterns . As depicted in a painting of around 1710 , the grounds were laid out in extensive formal walled pleasure gardens with parterres .
During the 18th century , the park was landscaped in a more naturalistic style for John Crewe ( later the first Baron Crewe ) by Lancelot Brown ( before 1768 ) , William Emes ( 1768 – 71 ) , and Humphry Repton and John Webb ( 1791 ) . Repton 's design included an ornamental lake of 23 hectares ( 57 acres ) immediately north of the house , created by damming Engelsea Brook , which still runs through the park . He also created new approaches to the house . The lake drained away in 1941 when a dam burst , and the area is now planted with poplars . A stone statue of Neptune with a reclining female , originally located on the banks of the lake , now stands in woodland ; it dates from the early 19th century . A boathouse , originally at the head of the lake , was in need of restoration in 2007 . A Temple of Peace formerly stood on the north shore of the lake , but was demolished some time after 1892 . Much of the parkland is now covered with mixed woodland , including Rookery Wood and Temple of Peace Wood .
Formal gardens were laid out around the house by W. A. Nesfield in around 1840 – 50 for Hungerford Crewe . Nesfield 's design included statuary , gravelled walks and elaborate parterres realised using low box hedges and coloured minerals . Balustraded terraces were also constructed on the north and south sides of the hall , probably designed by E. M. Barry , and incorporating statues of lions , griffins and other heraldic beasts , echoing the interior staircase . Military usage during the Second World War , however , destroyed parts of the gardens ; army buildings were erected near the house , and the area in front of the hall served as a parade ground and later was ploughed up to grow potatoes . The grounds were further neglected while the house was used as offices , and little has survived except the terraces , gates and statues . In 2009 , English Heritage placed the hall on the Heritage at Risk Register as highly vulnerable , considering that the historic character of the gardens and park is compromised by recent developments to the hotel complex , in particular the conference centre , spa and associated parking area .
The entrance gates and wall separating the gardens from the park and farmland date from 1878 and are listed at grade II . The wrought @-@ iron gates are by Cubitt & Co . , and were exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1878 . Two outer single gates and a double inner gate are supported by four sandstone piers . The outer pair of gate piers are capped by a bud @-@ shaped device supported on scrolls ; the inner pair are surmounted by a griffin and a lion , mirroring the statuary of the hall 's terraces . The lower gate sections of lyre @-@ like panels with leaf and spearhead motifs are topped with Jacobean @-@ style arched panels . The ornate gate overthrows include shields and emblems capped with crowns , sheaves and sickles . The inner gates bear the inscription Quid retribuam domino ( " What can I render to the Lord ? " ) , while the outer gates bear the date . The wall , of brick with stone dressings , features arcading and has piers surmounted with ogee caps carved to match the tiles of the main hall tower . A further feature of the gardens to survive is a grade @-@ II @-@ listed sundial dating from the early 19th century , which stands to the rear of the house .
= = Crewe estate = =
= = = History = = =
The original estate purchased by Sir Randolph Crewe in 1608 included the manors of Crewe , Barthomley and Haslington and cost over £ 6 @,@ 000 . Lands from the Offley estate in Staffordshire and the Done estate in Cheshire were acquired by marriage and inheritance in the late 17th and early 18th centuries , and in common with the other great Cheshire estates , the estate flourished during the 18th century . The estate of 1804 included land or property in Barthomley , Burwardsley , Crewe , Crowton , Elton , Hale , Northrode , Rushton , Sandbach , Spurstow , Tattenhall , Warmingham and Weston in Cheshire , as well as Madeley in Staffordshire and Muxton in Shropshire . The predominant land use was dairy farming , but the estate also included some arable land ; tenancies ranged from crofts of 1 or 2 acres ( less than a hectare ) to large farms of over 300 acres ( 120 ha ) . The gardens , park and home farm occupied 583 acres ( 236 ha ) . Hungerford Crewe was the fifth greatest landowner in the county in 1871 , with a total of 10 @,@ 148 acres ( 4 @,@ 107 ha ) . The majority of the Crewe estate was sold by Robert Crewe @-@ Milnes to the Duchy of Lancaster in 1936 .
= = = Estate buildings = = =
Crewe Hall Farmhouse , the estate 's home farm , stands on the edge of the grounds , ¼ mile to the south east of the hall ; it dates from around 1702 and is listed at grade II . In brown brick with a slate roof , it has two storeys and five bays to the front . Two of the adjacent farm buildings , dating from 1883 – 4 , are also listed . As of 2009 , the Duchy of Lancaster is developing outbuildings at Crewe Hall Farm , including the two listed buildings , into leasehold offices totalling 27 @,@ 850 square feet ( 2 @,@ 590 m2 ) .
Several estate cottages near Weston Lodge were designed by W. E. Nesfield between 1860 and 1866 , and are among his earliest works . They include Stowford and Magnolia Cottages ( 1864 – 65 ) , which Nikolaus Pevsner describes as " cheerful and just a little Kate Greenaway " , Smithy Cottage ( around 1865 ) and Fir Tree Cottage ( 1865 ) , all listed at grade II , as well as a half @-@ timbered farmhouse on Weston Road . Rather than either the Jacobean mansion or its High Victorian interiors , their style derives from buildings of the Home Counties , with tile hanging , incised pargetting , half @-@ hipped gables and high chimneys . Pevsner credits Nesfield with introducing these features to Cheshire .
= = Modern hotel and Crewe estate = =
As of 2013 , Crewe Hall is a hotel in the QHotels group , set in 8 acres ( 3 @.@ 2 ha ) of parkland , with a restaurant , brasserie , conference facilities , tennis courts and health club , including a gym , spa and swimming pool . There are 117 bedrooms , of which 25 are located in the old building . The hotel has four AA stars ; the restaurant and brasserie each have two AA Rosettes . The hall is licensed for civil wedding ceremonies . The hall and park are not otherwise open to the public . The Duchy of Lancaster retains ownership of a large area of the estate , which is mainly managed as dairy farms and woodland , with some commercial development near Crewe and at Crewe Hall Farm .
= = Gallery = =
= Confessions of a Dangerous Mind =
Confessions of a Dangerous Mind is a 2002 biographical spy comedy film depicting the life of popular game show host and producer Chuck Barris , who claimed to have also been an assassin for the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . The film was directed by George Clooney ( as his feature film directorial debut ) . It was written by Charlie Kaufman , and starred Sam Rockwell , Julia Roberts , Drew Barrymore , and Clooney .
Columbia Pictures had planned to produce a film adaptation of Barris 's memoir of the same name in the late 1980s . When the film rights were purchased by producer Andrew Lazar , Charlie Kaufman was commissioned to write a new script , which attracted various A @-@ list actors and filmmakers to the project . Bryan Singer at one point planned to direct the film with Johnny Depp in the lead role , but the production was canceled . The production resumed when Clooney took over directing duties .
Barris remained heavily involved in production in an attempt to portray the film from his point of view . To accommodate the $ 30 million budget , Clooney convinced actresses Drew Barrymore and Julia Roberts to lower their asking prices . Confessions of a Dangerous Mind was released with respectful reviews from critics and was modestly successful at the box office . Rockwell , in particular , was praised for his acting and won the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 2003 Berlin International Film Festival .
= = Plot = =
Tired of being rejected by the beautiful women he lusts after , Chuck Barris ( Rockwell ) moves to Manhattan to become an NBC page with dreams of becoming famous in television but is eventually fired . He moves back to Philadelphia and becomes Dick Clark 's personal assistant on American Bandstand in 1961 . He writes the successful song " Palisades Park " and becomes romantically involved with a woman named Penny Pacino ( Barrymore ) . Chuck is given permission to pitch the concept for The Dating Game at the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) ; he receives $ 7 @,@ 500 to create a television pilot for the studio . However , ABC abandons The Dating Game in favor of Hootenanny .
One night after Barris is kicked out of a bar for fighting , he is approached by CIA agent Jim Byrd ( Clooney ) , who recruits him as an assassin . Returning from a mission in Mexico , Barris finds that Penny has become a Hippie . Meanwhile , ABC decides to greenlight The Dating Game , and by 1967 the TV show is a phenomenon .
Barris takes another mission for the CIA in Helsinki , Finland , where he meets female operative Patricia Watson ( Roberts ) . He finds more success back home when The Newlywed Game goes on air . He and Penny decide to move to Los Angeles into a house , but Barris is cautious of marriage , much to Penny 's dismay . The journey in Barris 's life is tied in to the story of Thomas Carlyle 's main character in Sartor Resartus , Teufelsdröckh , and this parallel is referred to throughout the film . In 1970 , Byrd convinces Barris to go on another mission in East Berlin to assassinate communist Hans Colbert ( Norman Roy ) . Barris is introduced there to German @-@ American agent Keeler ( Rutger Hauer ) , whom he helps to murder Colbert . However , he is captured by the KGB and , after some weeks , freed during a West @-@ East spies exchange .
In 1976 , in Los Angeles , Barris creates The Gong Show and becomes even more famous as its host ; he is also criticized for lowering the general quality of television . Meanwhile , Keeler is murdered and Byrd warns Chuck of a mole in the agency . His TV shows are canceled due to poor ratings , and Penny threatens to leave him after catching him cheating on her . One night , Barris finds Byrd sitting atop the diving board of his backyard pool . Byrd reveals to Barris why he was chosen by the CIA to become an assassin : he is the son of a serial killer and has been raised during his infancy as a girl by his mother , so he " fit the profile " . Barris threatens to kill Byrd , and the film cuts to a point soon after Byrd is killed , with Barris still pointing his gun at him .
Faced with the unpleasant truth about himself , Barris begins to spiral out of control . After almost having a nervous breakdown on one of his shows , Barris shuts himself away in a New York City hotel . Penny manages to find him there and tries in vain to convince him to return to California to get married .
Barris finally leaves his room and confronts Patricia in Boston . After a cup of coffee with her , Barris falls to the floor , seemingly poisoned . Patricia then reveals that she is the mole . However , Barris actually tricked Patricia into drinking from the poisoned cup , and he himself wasn 't actually poisoned at all . After her death , he returns home and begins to write his autobiography , Confessions of a Dangerous Mind . He finally decides to marry Penny . At the end of the ceremony , he notices some of the people he previously killed among the crowd . Distraught , he confesses to her his double life as a CIA agent and assassin , but she merely laughs , assuming he is joking , and he decides not to correct her . In 2002 , he prepares for an interview for the film adaptation of his autobiography .
= = Cast = =
Sam Rockwell as Chuck Barris , a successful game show host and producer who lives a double life as a CIA assassin
Michael Cera as young Chuck Barris
Drew Barrymore as Penny Pacino ; she first meets Chuck in the 1960s and remains his girlfriend for years
George Clooney as Jim Byrd , a CIA agent who recruits Chuck
Julia Roberts as Patricia Watson , a female agent
Rutger Hauer as Keeler , a German @-@ American spy and World War II veteran who befriends Chuck
Jerry Weintraub as Larry Goldberg , the president of the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC )
Robert John Burke as Instructor Jenks , an eccentric FCC instructor
Michael Ensign as Simon Oliver , a British CIA supervisor who is the first of Patricia 's murders
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Debbie , a stagehand who works with Barris on the set for American Bandstand , and who eventually sleeps with him
Rachelle Lefevre as Tuvia
Kristen Wilson as Loretta
Daniel Zacapa as Renda
Emilio Rivera as Benitez
Carlos Carrasco as Brazioni
Richard Kind as Casting executive
Brad Pitt and Matt Damon ( cameos ) as The Dating Game bachelors , Brad and Matt
Akiva Goldsman ( uncredited ) as Playboy party guest
Barris , Dick Clark , Jim Lange , Murray Langston ( The Unknown Comic ) , Jaye P. Morgan , and Gene Patton ( Gene Gene the Dancing Machine ) are featured in the film through interviews central to the storyline through self @-@ referencing events .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Chuck Barris first sold the film rights of his " unauthorized autobiography " to Columbia Pictures in the late 1980s . Columbia president Dawn Steel greenlighted Confessions of a Dangerous Mind with Jim McBride directing . McBride offered the lead role to Richard Dreyfuss , who refused to read the script because he believed Barris 's morbid humor was distasteful . The project was abandoned at Columbia when Steel was fired in 1989 . Producer Andrew Lazar optioned the film rights from Columbia in 1997 and set Confessions of a Dangerous Mind at Warner Bros. Pictures that same year . Charlie Kaufman entered discussions to write a new screenplay in June 1997 and finished his first draft later that year . Barris gave positive feedback to Kaufman 's script and Curtis Hanson instantly agreed to direct with Sean Penn in the lead role and George Clooney and Drew Barrymore attached to co @-@ star .
Hanson eventually dropped out , but with the financial success of My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) , P. J. Hogan entered discussions with Warner Bros. to direct in January 1998 . Mike Myers signed on to replace Sean Penn , who vacated the lead role . However , negotiations with Hogan fell through ; Sam Mendes , David Fincher and Darren Aronofsky all became interested in taking over the director 's position . Fincher and Myers were fast tracking production for Confessions in April 2000 but Fincher dropped out and , by that October , Brian De Palma was attached to direct with Renaissance Pictures co @-@ financing . Later that month , Warner Bros. put the project in turnaround , and Myers lost interest . Russell Crowe , Kevin Spacey , and Edward Norton had also been attached to the film in the early development stages .
In December 2000 , Ben Stiller was in discussions to star as Chuck Barris , with Bryan Singer directing and Clooney still aboard . However , Stiller was forced to vacate Confessions due to scheduling conflicts with Zoolander ( 2001 ) and The Royal Tenenbaums ( 2001 ) . Although Singer was interested in Sam Rockwell in the lead role , the director cast Johnny Depp to replace Stiller and commenced pre @-@ production in January 2001 on a planned $ 35 million budget . Renaissance Pictures was holding international distribution rights , but the filmmakers still needed more financing as well as a studio to cover distribution duties in the United States .
Grosvenor Park was interested in co @-@ financing with Renaissance , but the next month ( February 2001 ) , Confessions was once again stalled in development . Miramax Films had been negotiating for domestic rights , but difficulties arose when Miramax also wanted to cover international rights . Renaissance was also unable to close the financing in time to accommodate both the " production insurance " deadline and the 65 @-@ day shooting schedule , which was set to primarily take place in Montreal and British Columbia , Canada . Artisan Entertainment then became interested in covering North American distribution rights but dropped out after the bid went over $ 8 million . Johnny Depp eventually went to work on other films .
= = = Director = = =
With Singer busy preparing X2 , Confessions was rejuvenated with Clooney taking over as director . Miramax Films agreed to cover distribution duties and co @-@ finance the film . In the end , funding for Confessions came from Miramax , Clooney 's own Section Eight Productions , Village Roadshow Pictures , producer Andrew Lazar 's Mad Chance , Allied Filmmakers , and The Kushner @-@ Locke Company . Clooney explained , " I thought if I came on board as a director , for scale , and was able to bring everybody else on inexpensively , if I could get the film back down to $ 30 million , then I was going to be able to get the film made . That was a big part of my pitch to Harvey Weinstein at Miramax . "
Because Confessions was his directing debut , Clooney took inspiration from friends Steven Soderbergh and the Coen brothers for his filmmaking style . Writer Charlie Kaufman said he was dissatisfied with the way Clooney treated the screenplay . " I spent a lot of time working on the script , " he explained , " but I don 't think he was interested in the things I was interested in . I 've moved on and I don 't have any animosity towards Clooney , but it 's a movie I don 't really relate to . " Clooney acknowledged that Kaufman 's original script contained " really funky scenes that would never reach the green light of being a studio film . " A drug addiction subplot was removed based on Barris 's request for historical authenticity .
Clooney was adamant that Barris become heavily involved during production in an attempt to portray the film from his point of view . Barris was so enthusiastic with Clooney 's work on the film that he began writing Bad Grass Never Dies ( ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7867 @-@ 1379 @-@ 0 ) , the sequel to Confessions ; Miramax also owns the film rights to Bad Grass . Barris filmed cameo appearances of himself during the shoot in Canada and taped a voice @-@ over in Clooney 's house .
When asked about Barris 's claim of being a CIA assassin , Clooney commented , " I don 't know how much I believed it . I didn 't want to officially ask him , because I didn 't want him to say , ' I made it up . ' I wanted to tell the story and I thought how interesting , if it was all made up , why someone as wealthy and as successful as Chuck Barris would have to do that . I thought that was an interesting person to explore , and that 's what we wanted to do with the film . " Clooney acknowledged that his upbringing with father Nick Clooney had a great bearing on his choice of depicting the 1960 / 70s game shows . " My father had a game show when I was growing up called The Money Maze . I know what those sets look like . I showed the guy how to do cue cards . I grew up on them , " the director reflected , " and knew what it looked like and smelled like . And I know something about some of the trappings of fame , so I thought I had a unique take on it . "
= = = Casting = = =
Casting the lead role of Barris was a long , difficult process . " After two months of screen tests and everything I still wasn 't able to get Sam Rockwell , " Clooney reflected . Rockwell had always been Clooney 's first choice ever since they worked together on Welcome to Collinwood ( 2002 ) . Both Clooney and Barris also believed Rockwell shared an uncanny resemblance to Barris . " I didn ’ t want someone too famous to play the role , " the director reasoned . " In my opinion , you cannot have famous people playing famous people . It doesn ’ t work . Sam was the guy for the part , ready to break and hadn 't yet . "
Prior to his audition , Rockwell " immersed " himself in the role by watching episodes of The Gong Show in an attempt to impress the filmmakers . " I went to LA [ and ] did an old @-@ fashioned screen test , like a real Scarlett O 'Hara @-@ type screen test , which you know they don 't really do anymore , " the actor remembered . For research , Rockwell spent two and a half months with Barris . " We went to coffee shops and dinner and movies , took walks , went to the zoo ; I even filmed him , " Rockwell explained . " I had him tape my lines in a tape recorder , and I listened to that to get his voice down . "
Clooney cast Julia Roberts as the mysterious CIA agent Patricia Watson due to their positive working relationship in Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) . Her role was originally set for Nicole Kidman , who dropped out over scheduling conflicts with The Hours . After Rockwell 's casting , Confessions was once again briefly postponed ; Miramax did not greenlight the film until Roberts signed on . Clooney commented , " Julia really helped me . Her doing the part made it possible for me to cast Sam Rockwell . He can 't drive a $ 28 million film , but Julia certainly can . " Renée Zellweger and Gwyneth Paltrow were considered for the Penny Pacino role , which eventually went to Drew Barrymore .
Miramax was unsure of Clooney 's decision to cast Rockwell over other famous actors such as Robert Downey , Jr . , and Ben Stiller . Clooney convinced the studio into giving him the right of final cut privilege and casting Rockwell in exchange for first look deals on Full Frontal ( 2002 ) and other low @-@ budget films from Clooney 's Section Eight Productions . Clooney also agreed to cameo in Miramax 's Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams ( 2002 ) so Rockwell could be cast . To accommodate the $ 30 million budget , Clooney convinced Roberts and Barrymore to lower their asking prices .
= = = Filming = = =
Under Clooney 's direction , filming was initially set to begin in September 2001 , but principal photography did not start until January 14 , 2002 . From January to March 2002 , production for Confessions of a Dangerous Mind took place primarily in California and Montreal . The Playboy Mansion scene was shot in early April at Los Angeles , California ; the remaining two weeks of production took place around the Mexico – United States border . Filming for Confessions ended in late April 2002 .
Clooney and cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel used various techniques when portraying the different decades of Barris 's life . " We thought in order to go back in time , most people remember things through film , " Clooney reasoned . " I don 't remember the 1950s – I wasn 't around for them – I know the 50s through Technicolor . Not Technicolor as it was shot , but Technicolor as it has faded now . " The filmmakers studied various films and magazine issues of that decade for inspiration on the color palette . Racking focuses were highly stylized for scenes set in the 1960s , similar to the Spaghetti Westerns of that era . Hand @-@ held cameras were used for scenes set in the 1970s , an homage to the films of Sidney Lumet , Mike Nichols and Alan J. Pakula , primarily Klute ( 1971 ) , Carnal Knowledge ( 1971 ) , and The Parallax View ( 1974 ) . Bob Fosse 's All That Jazz also influenced Clooney 's direction .
Clooney commented that post @-@ production for Confessions was stressful because he was simultaneously acting in Solaris ( 2002 ) .
= = Reception = =
= = = Release = = =
To tie in with the release of the film , Miramax Books republished Barris 's 1984 book . The film premiered out @-@ of @-@ competition at the May 2002 Cannes Film Festival before Miramax Films gave it a limited release in the United States on December 31 , 2002 ; the wide release came on January 23 , 2003 . The film only barely recouped its production costs , grossing only $ 33 @.@ 01 million , of which $ 16 million was domestic revenue and $ 17 @.@ 01 million came from foreign markets . It also suffered poor sales in its September 2003 Region 1 DVD release . The DVD includes over 20 minutes of deleted scenes , Rockwell 's three screen tests , a short documentary titled The Real Chuck Barris , Clooney 's audio commentary , and a making @-@ of featurette .
= = = Critical response = = =
The film received positive responses from critics . Based on 159 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , 79 % of the reviewers enjoyed Confessions of a Dangerous Mind with an average rating of 7 @.@ 2 / 10 . Metacritic calculated an average score of 67 / 100 , based on 33 reviews . Confessions of a Dangerous Mind was shown at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 10 , 2003 . Sam Rockwell won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and George Clooney was nominated the Golden Bear but lost to Michael Winterbottom of In This World .
Roger Ebert gave Confessions a positive review . " George Clooney 's directorial debut is not only intriguing as a story but great to look at , " Ebert said , " a marriage of bright pop images from the 1960s and 1970s and dark , cold spyscapes that seem to have wandered in from John le Carré . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine wrote that the film carried a perfect balance of dark humor and psychological drama . " Clooney tackles a far @-@ reaching absurdist fantasy with Barris as a paradigm of paranoia , " Travers reviewed . " He wisely hooks up with talent he worked with as an actor : cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel , from Three Kings ( 1999 ) , and editor Stephen Mirrione from Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) . "
Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that " there may be more entertaining and less problematic movies , but Confessions of a Dangerous Mind has something about it that hangs in there , working on the mind like a dog gnawing on a table leg . The movie makes a case for itself through sheer oddness and perversity . I 'm not sure Confessions is a good movie , but I am sure I like it . " Owen Gleiberman , writing in Entertainment Weekly , observed that " Sam Rockwell is handsome in a rumpled , slightly goofy rabbit @-@ toothed way , but he doesn 't really have the look , or aura , of a movie star , " Glieberman stated . " He 's more like a weirdly sincere space cadet , babbling to himself with puppyish befuddlement , breaking into funky soft dance moves that look as if he 's been doing them in his bedroom since he was 8 . All of which makes him an inspired choice to play Chuck Barris . "
Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave a negative review . He disliked the characterization of Chuck Barris and commented that " with its multiplicity of over @-@ stylized looks and slick gimmicks , Dangerous Mind was doubtless more stimulating to direct than it will be for audiences to experience . " Internet reviewer James Berardinelli wrote a mixed critique . " George Clooney is eager to show how much he has learned at the hands of the A @-@ list filmmakers he has toiled under . So we get a style that is about 50 % Steven Soderbergh and 50 % Coen brothers . Sometimes it works , but mostly it comes across as too artsy , with all sorts of bizarre angles and unusual shots . "
= Monsters , Inc . =
Monsters , Inc. is a 2001 American computer @-@ animated comedy film directed by Pete Docter at his directorial debut , produced by Pixar Animation Studios , and released by Walt Disney Pictures . John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton both served as executive producers . The film was co @-@ directed by Lee Unkrich and David Silverman and stars the voices of John Goodman , Billy Crystal , Steve Buscemi , James Coburn and Jennifer Tilly .
The film centers on two monsters employed at the titular Monsters , Inc . : top scarer James P. " Sulley " Sullivan ( John Goodman ) and his one @-@ eyed partner and best friend Mike Wazowski ( Billy Crystal ) . Monsters , Inc. employees generate their city 's power by targeting and scaring children , but they are themselves afraid that the children may contaminate them ; when one child enters Monstropolis , Mike and Sulley must return her .
Docter began developing the film in 1996 and wrote the story with Jill Culton , Jeff Pidgeon , and Ralph Eggleston . Fellow Pixar director Andrew Stanton wrote the screenplay with screenwriter Daniel Gerson . The characters went through many incarnations over the film 's five @-@ year production process . The technical team and animators found new ways to render fur and cloth realistically for the film . Randy Newman , who composed the music for Pixar 's three prior films , returned to compose its fourth .
Monsters , Inc. was praised by critics and proved to be a major box office success from its release on November 2 , 2001 , generating over $ 562 million worldwide . Monsters , Inc. saw a 3D re @-@ release in theaters on December 19 , 2012 . Twelve years later , a prequel , Monsters University , directed by Dan Scanlon , was released on June 21 , 2013 .
= = Plot = =
The parallel city of Monstropolis is inhabited entirely by monsters , and is powered by electricity which is generated from the screams of human children . At the Monsters , Inc. factory , skilled individuals called " scarers " access the human world through closet doors in children 's bedrooms , to scare the children , and harvest their screams . It is considered dangerous work , as human children are believed to be " toxic " to monsters . Energy production is falling because children are becoming more difficult to scare . The company 's chairman , Henry J. Waternoose , is determined to find a solution . James P. " Sulley " Sullivan is the organization 's top scarer , however , he is goaded in a fierce rivalry with a chameleon @-@ like monster , Randall Boggs .
One day , Sulley discovers that Randall left a door activated on the scarefloor , and a small girl has entered the factory . After desperate failed attempts to put her back , Sulley takes her home . His best friend , Mike Wazowski is on a date with his girlfriend Celia , and chaos erupts when the child is discovered . Sulley and Mike escape the Child Detection Agency ( CDA ) and gradually discover that the little girl is actually not toxic . Sulley grows attached to her and names her " Boo " . They smuggle her into the factory in an attempt to send her home . Randall discovers that Boo is there , and tries to kidnap her , but instead kidnaps Mike . Randall reveals that he has built a large machine named " The Scream Extractor " in an attempt to extract all possible screams out of captured human children to help avert the company 's production problems . Randall straps Mike to the machine , but Sulley unplugs it and reports Randall to Waternoose . However , Waternoose is secretly in league with Randall , and instead exiles Mike and Sulley to the Himalayas . The two are taken in by a Yeti , who tells them about a nearby village which can enable them to return to the factory . Sulley heads out , but a frustrated Mike refuses to follow . Meanwhile , Randall straps Boo to the Scream Extractor , but Sulley saves her by destroying the machine . Waternoose sends Randall to capture Sulley . Mike returns to reconcile , but thinks Sulley is ignoring him because an invisible Randall is attacking Sulley . Sulley temporarily incapacitates Randall , and flees with Mike and Boo .
Randall pursues them as they speed through the factory , riding on the doors that are heading into a giant vault where millions of doors are stored . Boo 's laughter activates the doors , which allows the pursuit to pass in and out of the human world . Randall attempts to kill Sulley , but Boo attacks him . Sulley and Mike trap Randall in the human world , at a trailer park , where two residents beat him with a shovel . Sulley and Mike find Boo 's door , but Waternoose sends it back to the Scarefloor . While Mike distracts the CDA , Sulley confronts and argues with Waternoose , who reveals that he is working with Randall to kidnap kids and use the Scream Extractor to keep the company from going out of business and to stop its failing energy production . The CDA arrests him after discovering the recorded confession . The CDA 's leader is revealed to be Roz , who has worked undercover for two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years , trying to expose Waternoose 's plot . Sulley and Mike say goodbye to Boo and return her to her home as Boo 's door is subsequently shredded to prevent any more escapes .
With the factory shut down , Sulley comes up with a way to end the company 's production problems , and is promoted as a new CEO of Monsters , Inc . The monsters now enter children 's bedrooms to make them laugh as laughter is ten times more powerful than screams , averting the energy crisis . Mike takes Sulley aside , revealing he has rebuilt Boo 's door , and only needs one more piece , which Sulley took as a memento . Sulley enters and happily reunites with Boo .
= = Voice cast = =
John Goodman as James P. " Sulley " Sullivan , a large , furry blue monster with horns and purple spots . Even though Sully excels at scaring children , he is kindhearted and thoughtful by nature . At the film 's beginning , Sully has been the " Best Scarer " at Monsters , Inc. for several months running .
Billy Crystal as Michael " Mike " Wazowski , a short , round green monster with a single big eyeball and skinny limbs . Mike is Sulley 's stationrunner and coach on the scare floor , and the two are close friends and roommates . Mike is charming and generally the more organized of the two , but is prone to neurotics and his ego sometimes leads him astray . He is dating Celia Mae , who calls him " Googly @-@ Bear " . He makes cameo appearances in Finding Nemo , Cars , WALL @-@ E , and Toy Story 3 .
Mary Gibbs as Mary " Boo " , a three @-@ year @-@ old human girl who is unafraid of any monster except Randall , the scarer assigned to her door . She believes Sulley is a large cat and refers to him as " Kitty " . The book based on the film gives Boo 's " real " name as Mary Gibbs , the name of her voice actress . In the film , one of Boo 's drawings is covered with the name " Mary " .
Steve Buscemi as Randall Boggs , a purple eight @-@ legged lizard monster with a chameleon @-@ like ability to change skin color and blend in completely with his surroundings . He is a snide and preening character who makes himself a rival to Mike and Sulley in scream collection .
James Coburn as Henry J. Waternoose , an arthropodic monster with a crab @-@ like lower body . Waternoose is the CEO of Monsters , Inc . , a job passed down through his family for three generations . He acts as a mentor to Sully , holding great faith in him as a scarer .
Jennifer Tilly as Celia Mae , a gorgon @-@ like monster with one eye and tentacle @-@ like legs . Celia is the receptionist for Monsters , Inc. and Mike 's girlfriend .
Bob Peterson as Roz , a slug @-@ like monster with a raspy voice reminiscent of Selma Diamond 's who administrates for Scarefloor F where Sully , Mike and Randall work . At the end of the movie , it is revealed that Roz is the " number 1 " agent of the CDA , and has worked undercover at Monsters , Inc. for about 2 years .
John Ratzenberger as Yeti aka . The Abominable Snowman , a furry white monster who was banished to the Himalayas . He was inspired by the Abominable Snowman from the 1964 Rankin / Bass animated special Rudolph the Red @-@ Nosed Reindeer .
Frank Oz as Jeff Fungus , Randall 's red @-@ skinned , three @-@ eyed assistant . He is generally incompetent and is often bullied by Randall .
Dan Gerson as Smitty and Needleman , two goofy adolescent monsters with cracking voices who work as janitors and operate the Door Shredder when required . The pair of them idolize Sully , and are generally seen as a nuisance by Mike .
Steve Susskind as Jerry Slugworth , a red seven @-@ fingered monster who manages Scare Floor F and is a good friend of Waternoose .
Bonnie Hunt as Ms. Flint , a female monster who trains new monsters to scare children .
Jeff Pidgeon as Thaddeus " Phlegm " Bile , a trainee scarer for Monsters , Inc .
Samuel Lord Black as George Sanderson , a chubby , oranged @-@ furred monster with a sole horn on top of his head . A running gag throughout the film involves George repeatedly making contact with artifacts of human clothing ( socks and the like cling to his fur via static ) , which prompts his scare coach to trigger " 23 – 19 " incidents with the CDA resulting in him mobbed and shaved bald .
Phil Proctor as Charlie , George 's assistant with sea @-@ green skin and tendrils for limbs . He is friend with George , Mike and Sully but is quick to call the CDA on his scarer at the drop of a hat .
Joe Ranft as Pete " Claws " Ward , a blue monster with razor @-@ sharp claws and horrifying breath .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
The idea for Monsters , Inc. was conceived in a lunch in 1994 attended by John Lasseter , Pete Docter , Andrew Stanton and Joe Ranft during the production of Toy Story . One of the ideas that came out of the brainstorming session was a film about monsters . " When we were making Toy Story " , Docter said , " everybody came up to me and said ' Hey , I totally believed that my toys came to life when I left the room . ' So when Disney asked us to do some more films , I wanted to tap into a childlike notion that was similar to that . I knew monsters were coming out of my closet when I was a kid . So I said , ' Hey , let 's do a film about monsters . ' "
Docter began work on the film that would become Monsters , Inc. in 1996 while others focused on A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) and Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) . Its code name was Hidden City , named for Docter 's favorite restaurant in Point Richmond . By early @-@ February 1997 , Docter had drafted a treatment together with Harley Jessup , Jill Culton , and Jeff Pidgeon that bore some resemblance to the final film . Docter pitched the story to Disney with some initial artwork on February 4 that year . He and his story team left with some suggestions in hand and returned to pitch a refined version of the story on May 30 . At this pitch meeting , longtime Disney animator Joe Grant – whose work stretched back to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) – suggested the title Monsters , Inc . , a play on the title of a gangster film Murder , Inc . , which stuck .
= = = Writing = = =
Docter 's initial concept for the film went through many changes , but he found the notion of monsters living in their own world to be an appealing and workable one . His original idea featured a 30 @-@ year @-@ old man dealing with monsters that he drew in a book as a child coming back to bother him as an adult . Each monster represented a fear he had , and conquering those fears caused the monsters eventually to disappear .
After Docter scrapped the initial concept of a 30 @-@ year @-@ old terrified of monsters , he decided on a buddy story between a monster and a child titled simply Monsters , in which the monster character of Sulley ( known at this stage as Johnson ) was an up @-@ and @-@ comer at his workplace , where the company 's purpose was to scare children . Sulley 's eventual sidekick , Mike Wazowski , had not yet been added .
Between 1996 and 2000 , the lead monster and child went through radical changes as the story evolved . As the story continued to develop , the child varied in age and gender . Ultimately , the story team decided that a girl would be the best counterpart for a furry , 8 feet ( 96 in ) tall co @-@ star . After a girl was settled upon , the character continued to undergo changes , at one point being from Ireland and at another time being an African @-@ American character . Originally the character of the little girl , known as Mary , became a fearless seven @-@ year @-@ old who has been toughened by years of teasing and pranks from four older brothers . In stark contrast , Johnson is nervous about the possibility of losing his job after the boss at Monsters , Inc. announces a downsizing is on the way . He feels envious because another scarer , Ned ( who later became Randall ) , is the company 's top performer . Through various drafts , Johnson 's occupation went back @-@ and @-@ forth from being a scarer and from working in another area of the company such as a janitor or a refinery worker , until his final incarnation as the best scarer at Monsters , Inc . Johnson was originally planned to have tentacles for feet ; however , this caused many problems in early animation tests . The idea was later largely rejected , as it was thought that audiences would be distracted by the tentacles . Mary 's age also differed from draft to draft until the writers settled on the age of 3 . " We found that the younger she was , the more dependent she was on Sulley " , Docter said .
Eventually Johnson was renamed Sullivan . The name was suggested by an animator who had attended Texas A & M University , inspired by one of Texas A & M 's historic icons , Lawrence Sullivan Ross , nicknamed " Sully " by students . Sullivan was also planned to wear glasses throughout the film . However , the creators found it a dangerous idea because the eyes were a perfectly readable and clear way of expressing a character 's personality ; thus , the idea was rejected .
The idea of a monster buddy for the lead monster emerged at an April 6 , 1998 " story summit " in Burbank with employees from Disney and Pixar . A term coined by Lasseter , a " story summit " was a crash exercise that would yield a finished story in only two days . Such a character , the group agreed , would give the lead monster someone to talk to about his predicament . Development artist Ricky Nierva drew a concept sketch of a rounded , one @-@ eyed monster as a concept for the character , and everyone was generally receptive to it . Docter named the character Mike for the father of his friend Frank Oz , a director and Muppet performer . Jeff Pidgeon and Jason Katz story @-@ boarded a test in which Mike helps Sulley choose a tie for work , and Mike Wazowski soon became a vital character in the film . Originally , Mike had no arms and had to use his legs as appendages ; however , due to some technical difficulties , arms were soon added to him .
Screenwriter Dan Gerson joined Pixar in 1999 and worked on the film with the filmmakers on a daily basis for almost two years . He considered it his first experience in writing a feature film . He explained , " I would sit with Pete [ Docter ] and David Silverman and we would talk about a scene and they would tell me what they were looking for . I would make some suggestions and then go off and write the sequence . We 'd get together again and review it and then hand it off to a story artist . Here 's where the collaborative process really kicked in . The board artist was not beholden to my work and could take liberties here and there . Sometimes , I would suggest an idea about making the joke work better visually . Once the scene moved on to animation , the animators would plus the material even further . "
= = = Casting = = =
Bill Murray was considered for the voice role of James P. " Sulley " Sullivan . He screen tested for the role and was interested , but when Pete Docter was unable to make contact with him , he took it as a " no " . The voice role of Sulley went to John Goodman , the longtime co @-@ star of the comedy series Roseanne and a regular in the films of the Coen brothers . Goodman interpreted the character to himself as the monster equivalent of a National Football League player . " He 's like a seasoned lineman in the tenth year of his career , " he said at the time . " He is totally dedicated and a total pro . " Billy Crystal , having regretted turning down the part of Buzz Lightyear years prior , accepted that of Mike Wazowski , Sulley 's one @-@ eyed best friend and scare assistant . The casting of Steve Buscemi as Randall , Sulley 's rival , saw a reunion between himself and John Goodman ; they had previously worked together on The Big Lebowski and Barton Fink .
= = = Animation = = =
In November 2000 , early in the production of Monsters , Inc . , Pixar packed up and moved for the second time since its Lucasfilm years . The company 's approximately 500 employees had become spread among three buildings , separated by a busy highway . The company moved from Point Richmond to a much bigger campus , co @-@ designed by Lasseter and Steve Jobs , in Emeryville .
In production , Monsters Inc. differed from earlier Pixar features in that each main character had its own lead animator — John Kahrs on Sulley , Andrew Gordon on Mike , and Dave DeVan on Boo . Kahrs found that the " bearlike quality " of Goodman 's voice provided an exceptionally good fit with the character . He faced a difficult challenge , however , in dealing with Sulley 's sheer mass ; traditionally , animators conveyed a figure 's heaviness by giving it a slower , more belabored movement , but Kahrs was concerned that such an approach to a central character would give the film a sluggish feel . Like Goodman , Kahrs came to think of Sulley as a football player , one whose athleticism enabled him to move quickly in spite of his size . To help the animators with Sulley and other large monsters , Pixar arranged for Rodger Kram , a University of California , Berkeley expert on the locomotion of heavy mammals , to lecture on the subject .
Adding to Sulley 's lifelike appearance was an intense effort by the technical team to refine the rendering of fur . Other production houses had tackled realistic fur , most notably Rhythm & Hues in its 1993 polar bear commercials for Coca @-@ Cola and in its talking animals ' faces in Babe ( 1995 ) . Monsters , Inc . , however , required fur on a far larger scale . From the standpoint of Pixar 's engineers , the quest for fur posed several significant challenges . One was figuring out how to animate the huge numbers of hairs – 2 @,@ 320 @,@ 413 on Sulley – in a reasonably efficient way . Another was making sure the hairs cast shadows on other hairs . Without self @-@ shadowing , fur or hair takes on an unrealistic flat @-@ colored look . ( The hair on Andy 's toddler sister , as seen in the opening sequence of Toy Story , is an example of hair without self @-@ shadowing . )
The first fur test had Sullivan run an obstacle course . Results were not satisfactory , as objects would catch the fur and stretch it out because of the extreme amount of motion . Another similar test was also unsuccessful , with the fur going through the objects .
Eventually Pixar set up a Simulation department and created a new fur simulation program called Fizt ( short for " physics tool " ) . After a shot with Sulley had been animated , the Simulation department took the data for the shot and added his fur . Fizt allowed the fur to react in a natural way . When Sulley moved , the fur would automatically react to his movements , taking into account the effects of wind and gravity as well . The Fizt program also controlled movement on Boo 's clothing , which provided another breakthrough . The deceptively simple @-@ sounding task of animating cloth was also a challenge to animate because of the hundreds of creases and wrinkles that automatically occurred in the clothing when the wearer moved . It also meant solving the complex problem of how to keep cloth untangled – that is , how to keep it from passing through itself when parts of it intersect . Fizt applied the same system to Boo 's clothes as to Sulley 's fur . Boo would first be animated shirtless ; the Simulation department then used Fizt to apply the shirt over Boo 's body , and when she moved , her clothes would react to her movements in a natural manner .
To solve the problem of cloth @-@ to @-@ cloth collisions , Michael Kass , Pixar 's senior scientist , was joined on Monsters , Inc. by David Baraff and Andrew Witkin and developed an algorithm they called " global intersection analysis " to handle the problem . The complexity of the shots in Monsters , Inc . – including elaborate sets such as the door vault – required more computing power to render than any of Pixar 's earlier efforts combined . The render farm in place for Monsters , Inc. was made up of 3500 Sun Microsystems processors , compared with 1400 for Toy Story 2 and only 200 for Toy Story .
= = Release = =
The film premiered on October 28 , 2001 at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California . It was theatrically released on November 2 , 2001 in the United States , in Australia on December 26 , 2001 , and in the United Kingdom on February 8 , 2002 . The theatrical release was accompanied with the Pixar short animated film For the Birds . As in A Bug 's Life and Toy Story 2 , a montage of " outtakes " and a performance of the company play were made and included in the end credits of the film sometime later . After the success of the 3D re @-@ release of The Lion King , Disney and Pixar re @-@ released Monsters , Inc. in 3D on December 19 , 2012 .
= = = Home media = = =
Monsters , Inc. was released on VHS and DVD on September 17 , 2002 . It was then released on Blu @-@ ray on November 10 , 2009 , and on Blu @-@ ray 3D on February 19 , 2013 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
Monsters , Inc. ranked number 1 at the box office on its opening weekend , grossing $ 62 @,@ 577 @,@ 067 in North America alone . The film had a small drop @-@ off of 27 @.@ 2 % over its second weekend , earning another $ 45 @,@ 551 @,@ 028 . In its third weekend , the film experienced a larger decline of 50 @.@ 1 % , placing itself in the second position just after Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . In its fourth weekend , however , there was an increase of 5 @.@ 9 % , making $ 24 @,@ 055 @,@ 001 that weekend for a combined total of over $ 525 million . As of May 2013 , it is the eighth @-@ biggest fourth weekend ever for a film .
The film made $ 289 @,@ 916 @,@ 256 in North America , and $ 272 @,@ 900 @,@ 000 in other territories , for a worldwide total of $ 562 @,@ 816 @,@ 256 . The film is Pixar 's ninth highest @-@ grossing film worldwide and sixth in North America . For a time , the film surpassed Toy Story 2 as the second highest @-@ grossing animated film of all time , only behind 1994 's The Lion King .
In the U.K. , Ireland , and Malta , it earned £ 37 @,@ 264 @,@ 502 ( $ 53 @,@ 335 @,@ 579 ) in total , marking the sixth highest @-@ grossing animated film of all time in the country and the thirty @-@ second highest @-@ grossing film of all time . In Japan , although earning $ 4 @,@ 471 @,@ 902 during its opening and ranking second behind The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring for the weekend , it moved to first place on subsequent weekends due to exceptionally small decreases or even increases and dominated for six weeks at the box office . It finally reached $ 74 @,@ 437 @,@ 612 , standing as 2001 's third highest @-@ grossing film and the third largest U.S. animated feature of all time in the country behind Toy Story 3 and Finding Nemo .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 96 % based on 192 reviews , with an average score of 8 / 10 . The critical consensus was : " Clever , funny , and delightful to look at , Monsters , Inc. delivers another resounding example of how Pixar elevated the bar for modern all @-@ ages animation . " Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 78 based on 34 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews . "
Charles Taylor from Salon.com stated : " It 's agreeable and often funny , and adults who take their kids to see it might be surprised to find themselves having a pretty good time . " Elvis Mitchell from The New York Times gave a positive review , praising the film 's use of " creative energy " : " There hasn 't been a film in years to use creative energy as efficiently as Monsters , Inc . " Although Mike Clark from USA Today thought the comedy was sometimes " more frenetic than inspired and viewer emotions are rarely touched to any notable degree , " he thought the film to be as " visually inventive as its Pixar predecessors . "
ReelViews film critic James Berardinelli , who gave the film 31 ⁄ 2 stars out of 4 , wrote that Monsters , Inc. was " one of those rare family films that parents can enjoy ( rather than endure ) along with their kids . " Roger Ebert , film critic from Chicago Sun @-@ Times , who gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , called the film " cheerful , high @-@ energy fun , and like the other Pixar movies , has a running supply of gags and references aimed at grownups . " Lisa Schwarzbaum , a film critic for Entertainment Weekly , giving the film a B , praised the film 's animation , stating " Everything from Pixar Animation Studios , the snazzy , cutting @-@ edge computer animation outfit , looks really , really terrific , and unspools with a liberated , heppest @-@ moms @-@ and @-@ dads @-@ on @-@ the @-@ block iconoclasm . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Monsters , Inc. won the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( Randy Newman , after fifteen previous nominations , for If I Didn 't Have You ) . It was one of the first animated films to be nominated for Best Animated Feature ( lost to Shrek ) . It was also nominated for Best Original Score ( lost to The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ) and Best Sound Editing ( lost to Pearl Harbor ) . At the Kid 's Choice Awards in 2002 , it was nominated for " Favorite Voice in an Animated Movie " for Billy Crystal ( who lost to Eddie Murphy in Shrek ) . The American Film Institute nominated " If I Didn 't Have You " in the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs category . The film was also nominated in the AFI 's 10 Top 10 animated film category .
= = Music = =
Monsters Inc. was Randy Newman 's fourth feature film collaboration with Pixar . The end credits song " If I Didn 't Have You " was sung by John Goodman and Billy Crystal .
The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media . The score lost both these awards to The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , but after sixteen nominations , the song " If I Didn 't Have You " finally won Newman his first Academy Award for Best Original Song . It also won a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media .
All songs written and composed by Randy Newman .
Chart positions
= = Lawsuits = =
Shortly before the film 's release , Pixar was sued by children 's songwriter Lori Madrid of Wyoming , stating that the company had stolen her ideas from her 1997 poem " There 's a Boy in My Closet . "
Madrid mailed her poem to six publishers in October 1999 , notably Chronicle Books , before turning it into a local stage musical in August 2001 . After seeing the trailer for Monsters , Inc . , Madrid concluded that Chronicle Books had passed her work to Pixar and that the film was based on her work . In October 2001 , she filed the suit against Chronicle Books , Pixar , and Disney in a federal court in Cheyenne , Wyoming . Her lawyer asked the court to issue a preliminary injunction , that would forbid Pixar and Disney from releasing the film while the suit was pending .
In a hearing on November 1 , 2001 – the day before the film 's scheduled release on 5 @,@ 800 screens in 3 @,@ 200 theaters across the country – the judge refused to issue the injunction . On June 26 , 2002 , he ruled that the film had nothing in common with the poem .
In November 2002 , Stanley Mouse filed a lawsuit , in which he alleged that the characters of Mike and Sulley were based on drawings of Excuse My Dust , a film that he had tried to sell to Hollywood in 1998 . The lawsuit also stated that a story artist from Pixar visited Mouse in 2000 , and discussed Mouse 's work with him . A Disney spokeswoman responded , by saying that the characters in Monsters , Inc. were " developed independently by the Pixar and Walt Disney Pictures creative teams , and do not infringe on anyone 's copyrights " . The case was ultimately settled under undisclosed terms .
= = Prequel = =
A prequel , titled Monsters University , was released on June 21 , 2013 . John Goodman , Billy Crystal , and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles of Sulley , Mike , and Randall , while Dan Scanlon directed the film . The prequel 's plot focuses on Sulley and Mike 's studies at Monsters University , where they start off as rivals but soon become best friends .
= = Other media = =
An animated short , Mike 's New Car , was made by Pixar in 2002 in which the two main characters have assorted misadventures with a car Mike has just bought . This film was not screened in theaters , but is included with all home video releases of Monsters , Inc . , and on Pixar 's Dedicated Shorts DVD . In August 2002 , a manga version of Monsters , Inc. was made by Hiromi Yamafuji and distributed in Kodansha 's Comic Bon Bon magazine in Japan ; the manga was published in English by Tokyopop until it went out of print . A series of video games , including a multi @-@ platform video game were created based on the film . The video games included Monsters , Inc . , Monsters , Inc . Scream Team and Monsters , Inc . Scream Arena . A game titled Monsters , Inc . Run was released on the App Store for iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad on December 13 , 2012 .
Feld Entertainment toured a Monsters , Inc. edition of their Walt Disney 's World on Ice skating tour from 2003 to 2007 . Monsters , Inc. has inspired three attractions at Disney theme parks around the world . In 2006 Monsters , Inc . Mike & Sulley to the Rescue ! opened at Disneyland Resort 's Disney California Adventure in Anaheim , California . In 2007 , Monsters , Inc . Laugh Floor opened at Walt Disney World Resort 's Magic Kingdom in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , replacing The Timekeeper . The show is improvisational in nature , and features the opportunity for Guests to interact with the monster comedians and submit jokes of their own via text message . In 2009 Monsters , Inc . Ride & Go Seek opened at Tokyo Disney Resort 's Tokyo Disneyland in Chiba , Japan .
In 2009 , Boom ! Studios produced a Monsters Inc. comic book mini @-@ series that ran for four issues . The storyline takes place after the movie and focuses on Sulley and Mike 's daily struggles to operate Monsters Inc. on its new laughter @-@ focused company policy . At the same time , their work is impeded by the revenge schemes of Randall and Waternoose , as well as a human child ( indirectly revealed to be Sid Phillips from the Toy Story franchise ) who has hijacked the company 's closet door technology to commit a string of toy thefts throughout the human world .
= Andrei Rublev ( film ) =
Andrei Rublev ( Russian : Андрей Рублёв , Andrey Rublyov ) , also known as The Passion According to Andrei ( Russian : Страсти по Андрею ) , is a 1966 Soviet biographical historical drama film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky and co @-@ written with Andrei Konchalovsky . The film is loosely based on the life of Andrei Rublev , the great 15th @-@ century Russian icon painter . The film features Anatoly Solonitsyn , Nikolai Grinko , Ivan Lapikov , Nikolai Sergeyev , Nikolai Burlyayev and Tarkovsky 's wife Irma Raush . Savva Yamshchikov , a famous Russian restorer and art historian , was a scientific consultant of the film .
Andrei Rublev is set against the background of 15th @-@ century Russia . Although the film is only loosely based on the life of Andrei Rublev , it seeks to depict a realistic portrait of medieval Russia . Tarkovsky sought to create a film that shows the artist as " a world @-@ historic figure " and " Christianity as an axiom of Russia ’ s historical identity " during a turbulent period of Russian history that ultimately resulted in the Tsardom of Russia . The film 's themes include artistic freedom , religion , political ambiguity , autodidacticism , and the making of art under a repressive regime . Because of this , it was not released domestically in the officially atheist and authoritarian Soviet Union for years after it was completed , except for a single 1966 screening in Moscow . A version of the film was shown at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival , where it won the FIPRESCI prize . In 1971 , a censored version of the film was released in the Soviet Union . The film was further cut for commercial reasons upon its U.S. release through Columbia Pictures in 1973 . As a result , several versions of the film exist .
Although these issues with censorship obscured and truncated the film for many years following its release , since being restored to its original version , Andrei Rublev has come to be regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , and has often been ranked highly in both the Sight & Sound critics ' and directors ' polls .
= = Plot summary = =
Note : The following synopsis refers to the original , 205 minute version of the film .
Andrei Rublev is divided into eight chapters , with a prologue and an epilogue only loosely related to the main film . The main film charts the life of the great icon painter through several episodes of his life . The background is 15th century Russia , a turbulent period characterized by fighting between rival princes and the Tatar invasions .
The film 's prologue shows the preparations for a hot air balloon ride . The balloon is tethered to the spire of a church next to a river , with a man named Yefim ( Nikolay Glazkov ) attempting to make the flight by use of a harness roped beneath the balloon . At the very moment of his attempt an ignorant mob arrive from the river and attempt to thwart the flight , putting a firebrand into the face of one of the men on the ground assisting Yefim . In spite of this the balloon is successfully released and Yefim is overwhelmed and delighted by the view from above and the sensation of flying , but he can not prevent a crash landing shortly after . He is the first of several creative characters , representing the daring escapist , whose hopes are easily crushed . After the crash , a horse is seen rolling on its back by a pond , a symbol of life – one of many horses in the movie .
I. The Jester ( Summer 1400 )
Andrei ( Anatoly Solonitsyn ) , Daniil ( Nikolai Grinko ) and Kirill ( Ivan Lapikov ) are wandering monks and religious icon painters , looking for work . The three represent different creative characters . Andrei is the observer , a humanist who searches for the good in people and wants to inspire and not frighten . Daniil is withdrawn and resigned , and not as bent on creativity as on self @-@ realization . Kirill lacks talent as a painter , yet still strives to achieve prominence . He is jealous , self @-@ righteous , very intelligent and perceptive . The three have just left the Andronikov Monastery , where they have lived for many years , heading to Moscow . During a heavy rain shower they seek shelter in a barn , where a group of villagers is being entertained by a jester ( Rolan Bykov ) . The jester , or skomorokh , is a bitterly sarcastic enemy of the state and the Church , who earns a living with his scathing and obscene social commentary and by making fun of the Boyars . He ridicules the monks as they come in , and after some time Kirill leaves unnoticed . Shortly , a group of soldiers arrive to arrest the skomorokh , whom they take outside , knock unconscious and take away , also smashing his musical instrument . As the rain has stopped the three monks thank the villagers for allowing them to shelter and continue on their way . As they walk on the heavy rain starts again .
II . Theophanes the Greek ( Summer – Winter – Spring – Summer 1405 – 1406 )
Kirill arrives at the workshop of Theophanes the Greek ( Nikolai Sergeyev ) , a prominent and well @-@ recognized master painter , who is working on a new icon of Jesus Christ . Theophanes is portrayed as a complex character : an established artist , humanistic and God @-@ fearing in his views yet somewhat cynical , regarding his art more as a craft and a chore in his disillusion with other people . His young apprentices have all run away to the town square , where a wrongly convicted criminal is about to be tortured and executed . Kirill talks to Theophanes , and the artist , impressed by the monk 's understanding and erudition , invites him to work as his apprentice on the decoration of the Cathedral of the Annunciation in Moscow . Kirill refuses at first , but then accepts the offer on the condition that Theophanes will personally come to the Andronikov Monastery and invite Kirill to work with him in front of all the fraternity and Andrei Rublev , who according to Theophanes ' comments has some fame as an icon painter in the outside world .
A short while later at the Andronikov Monastery , a messenger arrives from Moscow to ask Andrei for his assistance in decorating the Annunciation Cathedral with Theophanes the Greek . Both Daniil and Kirill are agitated by the recognition that Andrei receives . Daniil refuses to accompany Andrei and reproaches him for accepting Theophanes ’ offer without considering his fellows , but soon repents of his temper and tearfully wishes Andrei well when the younger monk comes to say goodbye to his friend . Kirill is jealous of Andrei and in a fit of anger , decides to leave the monastery for the secular world , throwing accusations of greed in the face of his fellow monks , who also dismiss him . Kirill stumbles out of the monastery into the snowy countryside and is pursued by his dog , but Kirill savagely beats it with his walking stick and leaves it for dead . Andrei leaves for Moscow with his young apprentice Foma ( Mikhail Kononov ) . Foma is another creative character , representing the light @-@ hearted and practical @-@ minded commercial artist . Still he seems to be contemplative enough to get along with Andrei .
III . The Passion According to Andrei ( 1406 )
While walking in the woods , Andrei and Foma have a conversation about Foma ’ s faults , especially lying . Foma confesses to taking honey from the bee garden , after Andrei notices his cassock is tacky , and smears mud on his face to soothe a bee sting . While Foma has talent as an artist , he is less concerned with the deeper meaning of his work and more concerned with practical aspects of the job , like perfecting his azure , a colour which in painting was often considered unstable to mix . They encounter Theophanes in the forest , and the old master sends Foma away . As he leaves , the apprentice finds a dead swan and pokes at it with a stick . We cut to banks of a stream where Andrei and Theophanes are arguing about religion , while Foma cleans his masters paint brushes . Theophanes argues that the ignorance of the Russian people is due to stupidity , while Andrei says that he doesn ’ t understand how he can be a painter and maintain such views . This section contains a reenactment of Christ 's Crucifixion on a snow @-@ covered hillside which plays out as Andrei recounts the story and expresses his belief that the men who crucified Jesus were obeying God 's will and loved him .
IV . The Feast ( 1408 )
Camping for the night on a riverbank , Andrei and Foma are collecting firewood for their group when Andrei hears the distant sounds of celebration further upstream in the woods . Going to investigate he encounters a large group of naked pagans , who are conducting a torch lit ritual for Midsummer . Andrei is intrigued and excited by the behaviour of the pagans but is caught spying on a couple making love , is tied to the crossbeam of a hut in a mockery of Jesus ' crucifixion and is threatened with drowning in the morning . A woman named Marfa ( Nelly Snegina ) , dressed only in a fur coat approaches Andrei . After explaining that her people are persecuted for their beliefs she drops her coat , kisses Andrei and then unties him . Andrei runs away , and is lost in the dense woods , scratching his face . The next morning Andrei returns to his group , including Daniil , and as they leave on their boats a group of soldiers appear on the riverbank chasing after several of the pagans including Marfa . Her partner is captured but she escapes by swimming into the river past Andrei ’ s boat . He and his fellow monks look away in shame .
V. The Last Judgment ( Summer 1408 )
Andrei and Daniil are working on the decoration of a church in Vladimir . Although they have been there for several months the walls are still white and bare as Andrei is doubting himself . A messenger arrives with word from the furious Bishop to say they have until the Autumn to finish the job . On a nearby road in the middle of a field of flowers Andrei confides to Daniil that the task disgusts him and that he is unable to paint a subject such as the Last Judgement as he doesn ’ t want to terrify people into submission . He comes to the conclusion that he has lost the ease of mind that an artist needs for his work . Foma , impatient and ambitious , resigns and leaves Andrei 's group to take up the offer of painting a smaller , less prestigious , church . Stone carvers and decorators of Andrei 's party have also been working on the Grand Prince 's mansion . The Prince wants the work to be done again more in line with his tastes but the workers already have another job , at the mansion of the Grand Prince 's brother , and refuse . On a path through the woods soldiers accost the artisans on the orders of the Grand Prince and gouge their eyes out , so that they cannot replicate their work . Back at the church Andrei is dismayed by the news of their fate and angrily throws paint and smears it on one of the walls . Sergei ( Vladimir Titov ) one of the young apprentices who escaped the attack unharmed reads a random section of the bible aloud , at Daniil 's request , concerning women . Durochka ( Irma Raush ) ( whose name identifies her as a holy fool or Yurodivy ) , wanders in out of the rain and is upset by the sight of the paint on the wall . Her feeble @-@ mindedness and innocence leads Andrei to the idea to paint a feast .
VI . The Raid ( Autumn 1408 )
While the Grand Prince is away in Lithuania , his power hungry younger brother forms an allegiance with a group of Tatars and raids Vladimir . We see flashbacks of the Grand Prince and his brother attending a religious service in the church , and see the rivalry and animosity between them . The invasion of the combined armed forces on horseback and the resulting carnage is shown in great detail . The city is burned , the citizens are murdered and women raped and killed . One scene shows a horse falling from a flight of stairs and being stabbed by a spear . Another shows a cow being set on fire . Foma narrowly escapes being killed in the city and escapes into the nearby countryside . As he is crossing a river a Tatar sentry shoots him in the back with an arrow , as he dies he falls into the river and is swept away . The Tatars force their way into the barricaded church , now fully decorated with Andrei 's paintings , where the majority of the citizens have taken refuge . The Tatars show no mercy and massacre the people inside and burn all the painted wooden altarpieces . Andrei saves Durochka from being raped by killing the invader with an axe . The Bishop 's messenger is cruelly tortured to make him reveal the location of the city 's gold , which he refuses to do . After being repeatedly burned , he has liquid metal from a melted crucifix poured into his mouth and is dragged away tied to a horse . In the aftermath only Andrei and Durochka are left alive in the church . Andrei imagines a conversation with the dead Theophanes the Greek , lamenting the loss of his work and the evil of mankind , while Durochka distractedly plaits the hair of a dead woman . Andrei decides to give up painting and takes a vow of silence to atone for killing another man .
VII . The Silence ( Winter 1412 )
Andrei is once again at the Andronikov Monastery as famine and war grip the country . He no longer paints and never speaks , and keeps Durochka with him as a fellow companion in silence . Several refugees discuss the problems in their respective home towns , and one man talks in a broken voice of his escape from Vladimir . He is recognised by a younger monk as the long absent Kirill . He has suffered during his time away from the monastery and begs the father superior to allow him to return . His wish is granted but he is instructed to copy out the holy scriptures fifteen times in penance . A group of Tatars stops at the monastery while travelling through the region , much to the concern of Andrei and Kirill who experienced their brutality first hand . Durochka is too simple minded to remember what the Tatars did and is fascinated by one of the soldier 's shining breastplate . The group taunt and play with her , but the soldier takes a liking to her , putting his horned helmet on her head and dressing her as a bride , finally deciding to take her away with him as his eighth , and only Russian , wife . Andrei attempts to stop her from leaving , but she is determined and rides away with the Tatars . Kirill talks to Andrei for the first time since they both left the monastery , and he assures him that Dorochka won 't be in any danger , as harming a holy fool is considered bad luck , and she will be let go . Andrei continues his menial work of carrying large hot stones from a fire with tongs to heat water for the monastery , but drops the stone in the snow .
VIII . The Bell ( Spring – Summer – Winter – Spring 1423 – 1424 )
Andrei ’ s life turns around as he witnesses the casting of a bell for the Grand Prince . The bellmaker and all his family have died of a plague that has ravaged the area , and only his son Boriska ( Nikolai Burlyayev ) has survived . He tells the Prince 's men that he is the only one who possesses his father 's secret , delivered on his death bed , of casting a bronze bell and persuades them to take him with them as he is the only person left alive who can make it successfully . Boriska is put in charge of the project and frequently contradicts and challenges the instincts of his co @-@ workers when choosing the location of the pit , the selection of the proper clay , the building of the mold , the firing of the furnaces and finally the hoisting of the bell . The process of making the bell grows into a huge , expensive endeavour with many hundreds of workers and Boriska makes several risky decisions , guided only by his instincts . As the furnaces are opened and the molten metal pours into the mould , he privately asks God for help . Andrei silently watches Boriska during the casting , and the younger man notices him too .
During the bell @-@ making , the skomorokh from the first sequence makes a reappearance amongst the crowds who have come to watch the bell being raised up and he threatens to kill Andrei , whom he mistakes for the man who denounced him years earlier and therefore led to his arrest , torture and prison sentence . Kirill intervenes on behalf of the silent Andrei and later privately confesses that his sinful envy of Andrei ’ s talent dissipated once he heard Andrei had abandoned painting and that it was he , Kirill , who had denounced the skomorokh . Kirill then criticises Andrei for allowing his God @-@ given talent for painting to go to waste and pleads with him to resume his artistry , to no response .
As the bell @-@ making nears completion , Boriska ’ s confidence slowly transforms into a stunned , detached disbelief that he ’ s succeeded at the task . The work crew takes over as Boriska makes several attempts to fade into the background of the activity . Once the bell has been hoisted into its tower the Grand Prince and his entourage arrive for the inaugural ceremony as the bell is blessed by the priests . As the bell is prepared to be rung the royal entourage is overhead discussing their doubts that it will . It is revealed that Boriska and the work crew know if the bell fails to ring the Grand Prince will have them all beheaded . ( It is also overheard that the Grand Prince had his brother , who raided Vladimir in The Raid sequence , beheaded . ) There is a quiet , agonizing tension as the foreman slowly coaxes the bell 's clapper back and forth , nudging it closer to the lip of the bell with each swing . A pan across the assembly reveals white @-@ robed Durochka , leading a horse ( preceded by a boy , presumably her son ) as she walks through the crowd . At the critical moment the bell rings perfectly and she smiles . After the ceremony , Andrei finds Boriska collapsed on the ground , sobbing as he admits his father never told him the secret of casting a bell . Andrei comforts him , breaking his vow of silence and telling the boy that they should carry on their work together : “ You ’ ll cast bells . I ’ ll paint icons . ” Andrei sees Durochka , the boy , and the horse walk off across a muddy field in the distance .
The epilogue is the only part of the film in colour and shows time @-@ aged , but still vibrant , details of several of Andrei Rublev ’ s actual icons . The icons are shown in the following order : Enthroned Christ , Twelve Apostles , The Annunciation , Twelve Apostles , Jesus entering Jerusalem , Birth of Christ , Enthroned Christ , Transfiguration of Jesus , Resurrection of Lazarus , The Annunciation , Resurrection of Lazarus , Birth of Christ , Trinity , Archangel Michael , Paul the Apostle , The Redeemer . The final scene crossfades from the icons and shows four horses standing by a river in the rain .
= = Cast = =
Anatoly Solonitsyn – Andrei Rublev
Nikolai Grinko – Daniel Chorny
Nikolai Sergeyev – Theophanes the Greek
Nikolai Burlyayev – Boriska
Ivan Lapikov – Kirill
Yuri Nikulin – Patrikei
Yuriy Nazarov – Prince Yury of Zvenigorod / Grand Prince Vasily I of Moscow
Rolan Bykov – the Skomorokh
Irma Raush – Durochka ( the holy fool girl )
Mikhail Kononov – Foma
Nikolay Glazkov – Yefim
Bolot Beishenaliyev – Edigu , Khan of the Nogai Horde
Irina Miroshnichenko – Mary Magdalene
= = Production = =
In 1961 , while working on his first feature film Ivan 's Childhood , Tarkovsky made a proposal to Mosfilm for a film on the life of Russia 's greatest icon painter , Andrei Rublev . The contract was signed in 1962 and the first treatment was approved in December 1963 . Tarkovsky and his co @-@ screenwriter Andrei Konchalovsky worked for more than two years on the script , studying medieval writings and chronicles and books on medieval history and art . In April 1964 the script was approved and Tarkovsky began working on the film . At the same time the script was published in the influential film magazine Iskusstvo Kino , and was widely discussed among historians , film critics and ordinary readers . The discussion on Andrei Rublev centered on the sociopolitical and historical , and not the artistic aspects of the film .
According to Tarkovsky , the original idea for a film about the life of Andrei Rublev was due to the film actor Vasily Livanov . Livanov proposed to write a screenplay together with Tarkovsky and Konchalovsky while they were strolling through a forest on the outskirts of Moscow . He also mentioned that he would love to play Andrei Rublev . Tarkovsky did not intend the film to be a historical or a biographical film about Andrei Rublev . Instead , he was motivated by the idea of showing the connection between a creative character 's personality and the times through which he lives . He wanted to show an artist 's maturing and the development of his talent . He chose Andrei Rublev for his importance in the history of Russian culture .
Tarkovsky cast Anatoli Solonitsyn for the role of Andrei Rublev . At this time Solonitsyn was an unknown actor at a theater in Sverdlovsk . According to Tarkovsky everybody had a different image of the historical figure of Andrei Rublev , thus casting an unknown actor who would not remind viewers of other roles was his favoured approach . Solonitsyn , who had read the film script in the film magazine Iskusstvo Kino , was very enthusiastic about the role , traveled to Moscow at his own expense to meet Tarkovsky and even declared that no one could play this role better than him . Tarkovsky felt the same , saying that " with Solonitsyn I simply got lucky " . For the role of Andrei Rublev he required " a face with great expressive power in which one could see a demoniacal single @-@ mindedness " . To Tarkovsky , Solonitsyn provided the right physical appearance and the talent of showing complex psychological processes . Solonitsyn would continue to work with the director , appearing in Solaris , The Mirror , and Stalker , and in the title role of Tarkovsky 's 1976 stage production of Hamlet in Moscow 's Lenkom Theatre . Before his death from cancer in 1982 , Solonitsyn was also intended to play protagonist Andrei Gortchakov in Tarkovsky 's 1983 Italian @-@ Russian co @-@ production Nostalghia , and to star in a project titled The Witch which Tarkovsky would significantly alter into his final production , The Sacrifice .
Tarkovsky chose to shoot the main film in black and white and the epilogue , showing some of Rublev 's icons , in color . In an interview he motivated his choice with the claim that in everyday life one does not consciously notice colors . Consequently , Rublev 's life is in black and white , whereas his art is in color . The film was thus able to express the co @-@ dependence of an artist 's art and his personal life . The color sequence of Rublev 's icons begins with showing only selected details , climaxing in Rublev 's most famous icon , The Trinity . One reason for including this color final was , according to Tarkovsky , to give the viewer some rest and to allow him to detach himself from Rublev 's life and to reflect . The film finally ends with the image of horses at river in the rain . To Tarkovsky horses symbolized life , and including horses in the final scene ( and in many other scenes in the film ) meant that life was the source of all of Rublev 's art .
Filming did not begin until April 1965 , one year after approval of the script . The initial budget was 1 @.@ 6 million Rubles , but it was cut several times to one million Rubles ( In comparison , Sergei Bondarchuk 's War and Peace had a budget of eight and half million Rubles ) . As a result of the budget restrictions several scenes from the script were cut , including an opening scene showing the Battle of Kulikovo . Other scenes that were cut from the script are a hunting scene , where the younger brother of the Grand Prince hunts swans , and a scene showing peasants helping Durochka giving birth to her Russian @-@ Tatar child . In the end the film cost 1 @.@ 3 million Rubles , with the cost overrun due to heavy snowfall , which disrupted shooting from November 1965 until April 1966 . The film was shot on location , on the Nerl River and the historical places of Vladimir / Suzdal , Pskov , Izborsk and Pechory .
Several scenes within the film depict violence , torture and cruelty toward animals , leading to controversy and censorship attempts upon completion of the film . Most of these scenes took place during the raid of Vladimir , showing for example the blinding and the torture of a monk . Most of the scenes involving cruelty toward animals were simulated . For example , during the Tatar raid of Vladimir a cow is set on fire . In reality the cow had an asbestos @-@ covered coat and was not physically harmed ; however , one scene depicts the real death of a horse . The horse falls from a flight of stairs and is then stabbed by a spear . To produce this image , Tarkovsky injured the horse by shooting it in the neck and then pushed it from the stairs , causing the animal to falter and fall down the flight of stairs . From there , the camera pans off the horse onto some soldiers to the left and then pans back right onto the horse , and we see the horse struggling to get its footing having fallen over on its back before being stabbed by the spear . The animal was then shot in the head afterward off camera . This was done to avoid the possibility of harming what was considered a lesser expendable , highly prized stunt horse . The horse was brought in from a slaughterhouse , killed on set , and then returned to the abattoir for commercial consumption . In a 1967 interview for Literaturnoe obozrenie , interviewer Aleksandr Lipkov suggested to Tarkovsky that " the cruelty in the film is shown precisely to shock and stun the viewers . And this may even repel them . " In an attempt to downplay the cruelty Tarkovsky responded : " No , I don 't agree . This does not hinder viewer perception . Moreover we did all this quite sensitively . I can name films that show much more cruel things , compared to which ours looks quite modest . "
The film is referenced in Tarkovsky 's two films that followed this one . It is first referenced in Solaris , made in 1972 , by having an icon by Andrei Rublev being placed in the main character 's room . It is next referenced by having a poster of the film being hanged on a wall in The Mirror , made in 1975 . It thus forms the first part in a series of three films by Tarkovsky referencing Andrei Rublev .
= = Distribution = =
The first cut of the film was completed in July 1966 and was named The Passion According to Andrei and ran 205 minutes . Goskino demanded cuts to the film , citing its length , negativity , violence , and nudity . After Tarkovsky completed this first version , it would be five years before the film was widely released in the Soviet Union .
The ministry 's demands for cuts first resulted in a 190 @-@ minute version . Despite Tarkovsky 's objections expressed in a letter to Alexey Romanov , the chairman of Goskino , the ministry demanded further cuts , and Tarkovsky trimmed the length to 186 minutes . The film premiered with a single screening at the Dom Kino in Moscow in 1966 . Audience reaction was enthusiastic , despite some criticism of the film 's naturalistic depiction of violence . In February 1967 , Tarkovsky and Alexei Romanov complained that the film was not yet approved for a wide release and refused to cut further scenes from the film . Tarkovsky 's refusal resulted in Andrei Rublev not being released for years , despite being a topic of discussion at the top level of Mosfilm , Goskino and even during a meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party .
Andrei Rublev was invited to the Cannes Film Festival in 1967 as part of a planned retrospective of Soviet film on occasion of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution . The official answer was that the film was not yet completed and could not be shown at the film festival . A second invitation was made by the organizers of the Cannes Film Festival in 1969 . Soviet officials accepted this invitation , but they only allowed the film to screen at the festival out of competition , and it was screened just once at 4 A.M. on the final day of the festival . Audience response nevertheless was enthusiastic , and the film won the FIPRESCI prize . Soviet officials tried to prevent the official release of the film in France and other countries , but were not successful as the French distributor had legally acquired the rights in 1969 .
In the Soviet Union , influential admirers of Tarkovsky 's work — including the film director Grigori Kozintsev , the composer Dmitri Shostakovich and Yevgeny Surkov , the editor of Iskusstvo Kino — began pressuring for the release of Andrei Rublev . Tarkovsky and his second wife , Larisa Tarkovskaya wrote letters to other influential personalities in support of the film 's release , and Larisa Tarkovskaya even went with the film to Alexei Kosygin , then the Premier of the Soviet Union .
Despite Tarkovsky 's refusal to make further cuts , Andrei Rublev finally was released on December 24 , 1971 in the 186 @-@ minute 1966 version . The film was released in 277 prints and sold 2 @.@ 98 million tickets . When the film was released , Tarkovsky complained in his diary that in the entire city not a single poster for the film could be seen but that all theaters were sold out .
Despite the cuts having originated with Goskino 's demands , Tarkovsky ultimately endorsed the 186 @-@ minute cut the film over the original 205 @-@ minute version :
Nobody has ever cut anything from Andrei Rublev . Nobody except me . I made some cuts myself . In the first version the film was 3 hours 20 minutes long . In the second — 3 hours 15 minutes . I shortened the final version to 3 hours 6 minutes . I am convinced the latest version is the best , the most successful . And I only cut certain overly long scenes . The viewer doesn 't even notice their absence . The cuts have in no way changed neither the subject matter nor what was for us important in the film . In other words , we removed overly long scenes which had no significance .
We shortened certain scenes of brutality in order to induce psychological shock in viewers , as opposed to a mere unpleasant impression which would only destroy our intent . All my friends and colleagues who during long discussions were advising me to make those cuts turned out right in the end . It took me some time to understand it . At first I got the impression they were attempting to pressure my creative individuality . Later I understood that this final version of the film more than fulfils my requirements for it . And I do not regret at all that the film has been shortened to its present length .
In 1973 , the film was shown on Soviet television in a 101 @-@ minute version that Tarkovsky did not authorize . Notable scenes that were cut from this version were the raid of the Tartars and the scene showing naked pagans . The epilogue showing details of Andrei Rublev 's icons was in black and white as the Soviet Union had not yet fully transitioned to color TV . In 1987 , when Andrei Rublev was once again shown on Soviet TV , the epilogue was once again in black and white , despite the Soviet Union having completely transitioned to color TV . Another difference from the original version of the film was the inclusion of a short explanatory note at the beginning of the film , detailing the life of Andrei Rublev and the historical background . When the film was released in the U.S. and other countries in 1973 , the distributor Columbia Pictures cut it by an additional 20 minutes , making the film an incoherent mess in the eyes of many critics and leading to unfavorable reviews .
In the mid @-@ 1990s , Criterion Collection released the original , 205 @-@ minute version of Andrei Rublev on laserdisc , which Criterion re @-@ issued on DVD in 1999 . ( Criterion advertises this version as the " director 's cut , " despite Tarkovsky 's stated preference for the 186 @-@ minute version . ) According to Tarkovsky 's sister , Marina Tarkovskaya , one of the editors of the film , Lyudmila Feiginova , secretly kept a print of the 205 @-@ minute cut under her bed . Criterion 's producer from the project stated that the video transfer was sourced from a film print that filmmaker Martin Scorsese had acquired while visiting Russia .
= = Awards = =
Andrei Rublev won several awards . In 1969 , the film was screened at the Cannes Film Festival . Due to pressure by Soviet officials , the film could only be shown out of competition , and was thus not eligible for the Palme d 'Or or the Grand Prix . Nevertheless , it won the prize of the international film critics , FIPRESCI . In 1971 Andrei Rublev won the Critics Award of the French Syndicate of Cinema Critics , and in 1973 the Jussi Award for best foreign film .
= = = Regard = = =
In 2010 , the film was honored when it came equal second in a U.K. newspaper series of the " Greatest Films of All Time " as voted by critics from The Guardian and The Observer .
The film was ranked No. 87 in Empire magazine 's " The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema " in 2010 .
Also in 2010 , the Toronto International Film Festival released its " Essential 100 " list of films in which Andrei Rublev also placed No. 87 .
The film is rated at No. 25 on the Rate Your Music website 's top 100 films chart .
= = Influence = =
The film inspired Polish composer , Kasia Glowicka to construct a 2009 audio @-@ visual performance called " Quasi Rublev , " inspired by the film , with Goska Isphording playing harpsichord and Roos Theuws performing live visuals .
= Salt March =
The Salt March ' , also known as the Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha , was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India initiated by Mohandas Gandhi to produce salt from seawater , as was the practice of the local populace until British officials introduced taxation on salt production , deemed their sea @-@ salt reclamation activities illegal , and then repeatedly used force to stop it . The 24 @-@ day march began on 12 March 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly , and it gained worldwide attention which gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and started the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement .
The march was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since the Non @-@ cooperation movement of 1920 – 22 , and directly followed the Purna Swaraj declaration of sovereignty and self @-@ rule by the Indian National Congress on 26 January 1930 .
Gandhi led the Dandi March from his base , Sabarmati Ashram , near the city of Ahmedabad . 78 people began the march with Gandhi , who intended to walk 240 miles ( 390 km ) to the coastal village of Dandi , which was located at a small town called Navsari in the state of Gujarat . As Gandhi and the others continued on what would become a 24 @-@ day march to Dandi to produce salt without paying the tax , growing numbers of Indians joined them along the way . When Gandhi broke the salt laws at 6 : 30 am on 6 April 1930 , it sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against the British Raj salt laws by millions of Indians . The campaign had a significant effect on changing world and British attitudes towards Indian sovereignty and self @-@ rule and caused large numbers of Indians to join the fight for the first time .
After making salt at Dandi , Gandhi continued southward along the coast , producing salt and addressing meetings on the way . The Congress Party planned to stage a satyagraha at the Dharasana Salt Works , 25 miles south of Dandi . However , Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of 4 – 5 May 1930 , just days before the planned action at Dharasana . The Dandi March and the ensuing Dharasana Satyagraha drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement through extensive newspaper and newsreel coverage . The satyagraha against the salt tax continued for almost a year , ending with Gandhi 's release from jail and negotiations with Viceroy Lord Irwin at the Second Round Table Conference . Over 80 @,@ 000 Indians were jailed as a result of the Salt Satyagraha . However , it failed to result in major concessions from the British .
The Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhi 's principles of nonviolent protest called satyagraha , which he loosely translated as " truth @-@ force " or " truthful demand " . " Literally , it is formed from the Sanskrit words satya , " truth " , and agraha , " insistence " . In early 1930 the Indian National Congress chose satyagraha as their main tactic for winning Indian sovereignty and self @-@ rule from British rule and appointed Gandhi to organise the campaign . Gandhi chose the 1882 British Salt Act as the first target of satyagraha . The Salt March to Dandi , and the beating by British police of hundreds of nonviolent protesters in Dharasana , which received worldwide news coverage , demonstrated the effective use of civil disobedience as a technique for fighting social and political injustice . The satyagraha teachings of Gandhi and the March to Dandi had a significant influence on American activists Martin Luther King , Jr . , James Bevel , and others during the movement for civil rights for blacks and other minority groups in the 1960s .
= = Declaration of sovereignty and self @-@ rule = =
At midnight on 31 December 1929 , the Indian National Congress raised the tricolour flag of India on the banks of the Ravi at Lahore . The Indian National Congress , led by Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru , publicly issued the Declaration of sovereignty and self @-@ rule , or Purna Swaraj , on 26 January 1930 . ( Literally in Sanskrit , purna , " complete , " swa , " self , " raj , " rule , " so therefore " complete self @-@ rule " . ) The declaration included the readiness to withhold taxes , and the statement :
We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people , as of any other people , to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life , so that they may have full opportunities of growth . We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it . The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses , and has ruined India economically , politically , culturally and spiritually . We believe therefore , that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete sovereignty and self @-@ rule .
The Congress Working Committee gave Gandhi the responsibility for organising the first act of civil disobedience , with Congress itself ready to take charge after Gandhi 's expected arrest . Gandhi 's plan was to begin civil disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the British salt tax . The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt , limiting its handling to government salt depots and levying a salt tax . Violation of the Salt Act was a criminal offence . Even though salt was freely available to those living on the coast ( by evaporation of sea water ) , Indians were forced to purchase it from the colonial government .
= = Choice of salt as protest focus = =
Initially , Gandhi 's choice of the salt tax was met with incredulity by the Working Committee of the Congress , Jawaharlal Nehru and Dibyalochan Sahoo were ambivalent ; Sardar Patel suggested a land revenue boycott instead . The Statesman , a prominent newspaper , wrote about the choice : " It is difficult not to laugh , and we imagine that will be the mood of most thinking Indians . "
The British establishment too was not disturbed by these plans of resistance against the salt tax . The Viceroy himself , Lord Irwin , did not take the threat of a salt protest seriously , writing to London , " At present the prospect of a salt campaign does not keep me awake at night . "
However , Gandhi had sound reasons for his decision . The salt tax was a deeply symbolic choice , since salt was used by nearly everyone in India , to replace the salt lost by sweating in India 's tropical climate . An item of daily use could resonate more with all classes of citizens than an abstract demand for greater political rights . The salt tax represented 8 @.@ 2 % of the British Raj tax revenue , and hurt the poorest Indians the most significantly . Explaining his choice , Gandhi said , " Next to air and water , salt is perhaps the greatest necessity of life . " In contrast to the other leaders , the prominent Congress statesman and future Governor @-@ General of India , C. Rajagopalachari , understood Gandhi 's viewpoint . In a public meeting at Tuticorin , he said :
Suppose , a people rise in revolt . They cannot attack the abstract constitution or lead an army against proclamations and statutes ... Civil disobedience has to be directed against the salt tax or the land tax or some other particular point — not that ; that is our final end , but for the time being it is our aim , and we must shoot straight .
Gandhi felt that this protest would dramatise Purna Swaraj in a way that was meaningful to the lowliest Indians . He also reasoned that it would build unity between Hindus and Muslims by fighting a wrong that touched them equally .
After the protest gathered steam , the leaders realised the power of salt as a symbol . Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular response , “ it seemed as though a spring had been suddenly released . ”
= = Satyagraha = =
Mahatma Gandhi , along with many members of the Congress Party , had a long @-@ standing commitment to nonviolent civil disobedience , which he termed satyagraha , as the basis for achieving Indian sovereignty and self @-@ rule . Referring to the relationship between satyagraha and Purna Swaraj , Gandhi saw " an inviolable connection between the means and the end as there is between the seed and the tree . " He wrote , " If the means employed are impure , the change will not be in the direction of progress but very likely in the opposite . Only a change brought about in our political condition by pure means can lead to real progress . "
Satyagraha is a synthesis of the Sanskrit words Satya ( truth ) and Agraha ( insistence on ) . For Gandhi , satyagraha went far beyond mere " passive resistance " and became strength in practising nonviolent methods . In his words :
Truth ( satya ) implies love , and firmness ( agraha ) engenders and therefore serves as a synonym for force . I thus began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha , that is to say , the Force which is born of Truth and Love or nonviolence , and gave up the use of the phrase “ passive resistance ” , in connection with it , so much so that even in English writing we often avoided it and used instead the word “ satyagraha ” ....
His first significant attempt in India at leading mass satyagraha was the non @-@ cooperation movement from 1920 – 1922 . Even though it succeeded in raising millions of Indians in protest against the British created Rowlatt Acts , violence broke out at Chauri Chaura , where a mob killed 22 unarmed policemen . Gandhi suspended the protest , against the opposition of other Congress members . He decided that Indians were not yet ready for successful nonviolent resistance . The Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928 was much more successful . It succeeded in paralysing the British government and winning significant concessions . More importantly , due to extensive press coverage , it scored a propaganda victory out of all proportion to its size . Gandhi later claimed that success at Bardoli confirmed his belief in Satyagraha and Swaraj : " It is only gradually that we shall come to know the importance of the victory gained at Bardoli ... Bardoli has shown the way and cleared it . Swaraj lies on that route , and that alone is the cure ... " Gandhi recruited heavily from the Bardoli Satyagraha participants for the Dandi march , which passed through many of the same villages that took part in the Bardoli protests .
= = Preparing to march = =
On 5 February , newspapers reported that Gandhi would begin civil disobedience by defying the salt laws . The salt satyagraha would begin on 12 March and end in Dandi with Gandhi breaking the Salt Act on 6 April . Gandhi chose 6 April to launch the mass breaking of the salt laws for a symbolic reason — it was the first day of " National Week " , begun in 1919 when Gandhi conceived of the national hartal ( strike ) against the Rowlatt Act .
Gandhi prepared the worldwide media for the march by issuing regular statements from Sabarmati , at his regular prayer meetings and through direct contact with the press . Expectations were heightened by his repeated statements anticipating arrest , and his increasingly dramatic language as the hour approached : " We are entering upon a life and death struggle , a holy war ; we are performing an all @-@ embracing sacrifice in which we wish to offer ourselves as oblation . " Correspondents from dozens of Indian , European , and American newspapers , along with film companies , responded to the drama and began covering the event .
For the march itself , Gandhi wanted the strictest discipline and adherence to satyagraha and ahimsa . For that reason , he recruited the marchers not from Congress Party members , but from the residents of his own ashram , who were trained in Gandhi 's strict standards of discipline . The 24 @-@ day march would pass through 4 districts and 48 villages . The route of the march , along with each evening 's stopping place , was planned based on recruitment potential , past contacts , and timing . Gandhi sent scouts to each village ahead of the march so he could plan his talks at each resting place , based on the needs of the local residents . Events at each village were scheduled and publicised in Indian and foreign press .
On 2 March 1930 Gandhi wrote to the Viceroy , Lord Irwin , offering to stop the march if Irwin met eleven demands , including reduction of land revenue assessments , cutting military spending , imposing a tariff on foreign cloth , and abolishing the salt tax . His strongest appeal to Irwin regarded the salt tax :
If my letter makes no appeal to your heart , on the eleventh day of this month I shall proceed with such co @-@ workers of the Ashram as I can take , to disregard the provisions of the Salt Laws . I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man 's standpoint . As the sovereignty and self @-@ rule movement is essentially for the poorest in the land , the beginning will be made with this evil .
As mentioned earlier , the Viceroy held any prospect of a ' salt protest ' in disdain . After he ignored the letter and refused to meet with Gandhi , the march was set in motion . Gandhi remarked , " On bended knees I asked for bread and I have received stone instead . " The eve of the march brought thousands of Indians to Sabarmati to hear Gandhi speak at the regular evening prayer . An American academic writing for The Nation reported that " 60 @,@ 000 persons gathered on the bank of the river to hear Gandhi 's call to arms . This call to arms was perhaps the most remarkable call to war that has ever been made . "
= = March to Dandi = =
On 12 March 1930 , Gandhi and 80 satyagrahis many of them were scheduled castes , set out on foot for the coastal village of Dandi , Gujarat , over 390 kilometres ( 240 mi ) from their starting point at Sabarmati Ashram . The Salt March was also called the White Flowing River because all the people were joining the procession wearing white khadi .
According to The Statesman , the official government newspaper which usually played down the size of crowds at Gandhi 's functions , 100 @,@ 000 people crowded the road that separated Sabarmati from Ahmadabad . The first day 's march of 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) ended in the village of Aslali , where Gandhi spoke to a crowd of about 4 @,@ 000 . At Aslali , and the other villages that the march passed through , volunteers collected donations , registered new satyagrahis , and received resignations from village officials who chose to end co @-@ operation with British rule .
As they entered each village , crowds greeted the marchers , beating drums and cymbals . Gandhi gave speeches attacking the salt tax as inhuman , and the salt satyagraha as a " poor man 's struggle " . Each night they slept in the open . The only thing that was asked of the villagers was food and water to wash with . Gandhi felt that this would bring the poor into the struggle for sovereignty and self @-@ rule , necessary for eventual victory .
Thousands of satyagrahis and leaders like Sarojini Naidu joined him . Every day , more and more people joined the march , until the procession of marchers became at least two miles long . To keep up their spirits , the marchers used to sing the Hindu bhajan Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram while walking . At Surat , they were greeted by 30 @,@ 000 people . When they reached the railhead at Dandi , more than 50 @,@ 000 were gathered . Gandhi gave interviews and wrote articles along the way . Foreign journalists and three Bombay cinema companies shooting newsreel footage turned Gandhi into a household name in Europe and America ( at the end of 1930 , Time magazine made him " Man of the Year " ) . The New York Times wrote almost daily about the Salt March , including two front page articles on 6 and 7 April . Near the end of the march , Gandhi declared , " I want world
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
with the turret outside the airframe , possibly so that it could engage targets as it landed . However , the design was considered to be impractical , both by the company and the War Office , and a more conventional design was finally arrived at in a joint meeting between the two in January 1941 . It called for a glider which would be constructed primarily out of wood capable of carrying a Tetrarch light tank and two universal carriers with a combined maximum weight of approximately 17024 lbs ; a surviving requisition form from the Air Ministry to GAL confirms a cost of £ 50 @,@ 000 per glider . By early February 1941 the basic design for the glider had been completed by the company 's chief designer , and had been designated the GAL . 49 ' Hamilcar ' ; the name came from the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca .
Such a large glider had never been constructed before by the British military , and in order to test the design , a half @-@ scale prototype model was first designed ; designated GAL . 50 it still required an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley medium bomber to act as a tug to get it airborne , and was first flown in September 1941 . However , it only flew once ; the test pilot approached the landing area too low , attempted to raise the flaps for extra glide , and instead crashed the prototype and wrecked it . However , the trial was considered to be a success and the first full @-@ scale prototype model was finished at GAL 's works in Hanworth , Middlesex in March 1942 . The Hamilcar was transported to RAF Snaith in Yorkshire , as GAL 's airfield at Hanworth was too short for the glider to take off from ; moving the glider to a secure military airfield would also ensure that it remained secret . Its first flight was conducted on 27 March 1942 , towed by a Handley Page Halifax bomber . A second prototype was completed in June 1942 , and further testing and development took place at a number of different airfields , including the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment at RAF Beaulieu ; all flight trials appear to have been successful , and there were few differences between the prototypes and the production models .
= = = Production problems = = =
The number of Hamilcars that the War Office required frequently fluctuated . In May 1942 the War Office asked GAL for 360 Hamilcars to be used in two major airborne operations , but this was found to be unrealistic ; not only was the production rate for the glider far too slow to accommodate this large number , the same number of tugs needed to tow the gliders could not be found . In November 1943 the War Office issued another report in which it increased the number of required gliders to 800 , an even more unrealistic number ; by the time production of the Hamilcar ended , a total of 344 had been built . GAL produced an initial run of 22 Hamilcars , which included the two prototype models and ten pre @-@ production aircraft required for evaluation trials . Subsequent production of parts was assigned to a series of sub @-@ contractors called the ' Hamilcar Production Group ' , which included the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company , the Co @-@ operative Wholesale Society and AC Cars . Production for the glider was targeted to begin in late 1941 with approximately 40 @-@ 50 to be completed by the end of that year ; in reality this was overoptimistic , with the planned 40 @-@ 50 only being completed by June 1944 .
The slow rate of production for the Hamilcar appears to be the result of a combination of factors . There was a great demand on the specific types of wood required to build the glider , and difficulty in finding suitably large airfields with enough skilled personnel where the gliders could be constructed and stored ; it also appears that a lack of official priority and poor management at GAL also impeded production . Between March and August 1942 GAL had promised eighteen Hamilcars would be built and delivered , but by September only one had actually appeared ; this slow rate of production so concerned the Ministry of Aircraft Production that it appointed an ' Industrial Panel ' of three senior industrial experts to visit GAL and detail the causes of the problems . The panel visited GAL in early September 1942 and issued a report on 24 September which stated that the root of the problems was that GAL appeared to have taken a bigger workload than it could handle , which was exacerbated by poor organization and management skills . There were also conflicts between GAL and the Hamilcar Production Group which hurt production ; the Group had been formed by the Ministry on 28 July in an attempt to speed up production , but senior GAL managers resented this and failed to cooperate fully with the Group . The panel also identified a ' piecemeal method of ordering ' by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a cause of further delays . Ultimately several senior managers and staff at GAL were replaced on the recommendation of the panel in an attempt to decrease internal conflicts and speed up production .
The ten pre @-@ production gliders were eventually delivered by the end of 1942 , and the first production glider was put together between March and April 1943 . Production of parts and the building of complete gliders continued throughout 1943 , but production schedules continued to fall behind , particularly when the United States Army Air Forces became interested in the glider , requiring a significant number to be completed for Operation Overlord , the airborne landings in Normandy , and a number of others to be used in the Far East . This placed further pressure on GAL and the Hamilcar Production Group , as the USAAF demands would require further production and new flight trials to see if the glider would operate effectively in a tropical climate . In late 1943 the USAAF required 140 Hamilcars , which would be used to transport bulldozers and other construction equipment for airfield building , and in November it was agreed that 50 would be supplied to them by June 1944 . However , the continued slow production of the gliders so concerned the USAAF that it cancelled its requirement in February 1944 ; this meant that American personnel who had been helping with the production of the gliders were withdrawn and production times were further delayed . It also meant that only British airborne forces would utilize the Hamilcar . By January 1944 only 27 Hamilcars had been erected and were ready for use ; a total of 53 had been produced , but the rest were in storage awaiting parts to complete them or to be erected . Finding personnel to erect the gliders , and airfields to store them , continued to be a problem . By June , however , eighty of the gliders had been manufactured and erected and were ready for use in airborne operations , in time for a small number to be used during Operation Tonga , the British airborne landings in Normandy . Production continued throughout the conflict and finally ended in 1946 , with a total of 344 being produced .
= = Design = =
The Hamilcar was constructed primarily from wood , mainly birch and spruce , with fabric @-@ covered plywood forming the skin , and high grade steel reinforcement beams in critical areas . It had a wingspan of 110 feet ( 34 m ) , a length of 68 feet ( 21 m ) and a height of 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) to the top of the fin with the tail down . < > It weighed 18 @,@ 400 pounds ( 8 @,@ 300 kg ) when empty , and could transport a military load of 17 @,@ 600 pounds ( 8 @,@ 000 kg ) to give a total weight of 36 @,@ 000 pounds ( 16 @,@ 000 kg ) . The whole aircraft was broken down into smaller sections for transport . It was so large and heavy that it required the largest and most powerful aircraft to pull it off the airfield and subsequently tow it ; four @-@ engined bombers were used , most frequently the Handley Page Halifax . Both wing and cockpit were set above the fuselage to provide the greatest amount of room for the cargo compartment , and to ensure that they did not interfere with the loading of vehicles ; the compartment measured approximately 32 feet 31 @.@ 5 inches ( 10 @.@ 554 m ) , 7 feet 10 @.@ 5 inches ( 2 @.@ 400 m ) inches wide and between 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) and 7 feet 7 inches ( 2 @.@ 31 m ) inches in height . The nose of the glider was hinged and opened to the side for ease of loading vehicles and cargo , and the crew of two pilots were seated in tandem in a cockpit on the top of the fuselage , which was accessed via an internal ladder and was fifteen feet above ground ; they were eventually protected by a bullet @-@ proof windscreen and a plate of armour behind the second pilot . An intercom was also added to provide communication between the pilots and the personnel below them . An initial design feature , which was eventually removed prior to full @-@ scale production , was the installation of an under @-@ fuselage hatch which would allow the prone firing of a Bren light machine gun as the glider approached the landing zone .
The ratio between length and wingspan was practically the same as that of an Avro Lancaster bomber , which had a wingspan of 102 feet ( 31 m ) and a length of 69 feet 6 inches ( 21 @.@ 18 m ) , in contrast to modern sport gliders which possess a particularly large wingspan to enhance gliding performance . This was the result of a decision taken by the War Office in early 1940 on how military gliders would be used ; the idea was for the glider to be released at a low altitude close to the landing zone and conduct a steep descent to reduce time in the air and exposure to enemy fire . The glider also possessed large flaps which assisted in a steep and rapid descent , and through adjustments of their angle during landing a precise control over descent rate and point of landing could be achieved ; they also allowed a slower touchdown speed to be attained . They were operated through a small bottle of compressed air large enough only for a single landing ; a small bottle not only saved weight , but gave a smaller chance of it being hit by enemy fire , thereby exploding and damaging the glider . Standard approach speed for the Hamilcar was 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) , although for shorter landings this could be slowed to 80 miles per hour ( 130 km / h ) , and stalling speeds were 64 miles per hour ( 103 km / h ) with flaps up or 52 miles per hour ( 84 km / h ) with flaps deployed . The Hamilcar was fitted with tailwheel landing gear , with oleo @-@ pneumatic shock absorbers that could be deflated to bring the fuselage nose down for loading or unloading purposes . A jettisonable undercarriage was initially designed for the glider , as it was discovered that it travelled for a shorter distance when it landed only on its skids . However , this was eventually replaced with a fixed undercarriage - the same as had been designed for ferrying operations - as pilots found that they preferred to land on wheels because of the extra control it gave them and the ability to avoid other gliders and potential collisions in the landing area . The wheeled undercarriage was not fitted until after the glider had been loaded ; two 15 @-@ ton jacks were used to lift the aircraft for the fitting .
When the glider was carrying tanks or other vehicles , common practice was that their engines would be started in the air , usually just prior to the glider casting off from the tug ; special exhaust ducts were fitted to the glider to expel exhaust fumes . The Tetrarch and M22 Locust light tanks were so large that they barely fit inside the glider , and as such their crews stayed inside the tank for the duration of the flight . Once the glider landed , the anchorages keeping the vehicle stationary would be released by the driver pulling a lanyard within his reach , and the driver would then drive the tank forward , which automatically pulled a line that operated the swing door release . However , Universal Carriers and other vehicles relied on one of the pilots operating the door line manually . This was achieved by the pilot sliding down the fuselage and then dropping to the ground . They would then go to each undercarriage leg and release the valves there , which would expel hydraulic fluid and allow the shock absorbers struts to deflate , and then enter the glider and operate the door release line . If the swing door was jammed after the glider had landed , it was possible for tanks to break through the unopened forward fuselage and drive straight out of the glider , which occurred in both airborne operations where Hamilcars transported tanks .
= = Operational history = =
When the parts for a Hamilcar were completed and the glider was erected , it was flown to RAF North Luffenham in Rutland to have its specific cargo placed on board , and it was then flown to RAF Tarrant Rushton , which had been selected as the Hamilcar training and operational base in November 1943 . It was not possible to tow the glider empty , so any empty gliders usually carried Universal Carriers or concrete blocks as ballast . Training with the Hamilcar appears to have taken place primarily at RAF Tarrant Rushton , and began sometime between the end of 1943 and the first months of 1944 . Hamilcar training began with dual instruction , where an instructor accompanied the pilots for several hours , and then moved onto flying solo flights . Most of this training consisted of ' circuits and bumps ' , where the pilots practiced controlling the glider as it took off from an airfield under tow , and then landing it after the tow rope was detached ; cross @-@ country navigation was also practiced . It was common practice for members of airlanded units to be inside the gliders as cargo when training took place , although there is evidence that tank crews only acted as cargo for one or two flights , probably due to the risk of accidents which might cost the lives of specialized troops and equipment . Those flights that tank crews did experience usually consisted of gliders landing on carefully marked airfields instead of the open countryside in order to minimize the risks involved , and also make recovery of the glider easier . Accidents do not seem to have been a common occurrence . During training by ' C ' Squadron of the Glider Pilot Regiment , part of the Army Air Corps , which specialized in flying Hamilcars , over 2800 lifts were made with an average of 50 lifts per crew . Only three incidents resulted in fatalities or injuries , with seven pilots killed during the training .
= = = Operation Tonga = = =
Operation Tonga originated in the planning of Operation Overlord , the plan for the eventual invasion of France and the opening of a Second Front in North @-@ Western Europe . Planning for the invasion of Europe by the Allies had begun in May 1943 when President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had met at the Washington Conference . The two Allied leaders decided that all available Allied forces in the theatre should be concentrated in Great Britain , and that planning for the invasion of North @-@ Western Europe should begin . A provisional target date of May 1944 was set , the code @-@ name Overlord decided upon , and a joint Anglo @-@ American planning staff created under Lieutenant @-@ General Frederick E. Morgan , who was given the title of Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander ( COSSAC ) . The plan eventually agreed upon called for the British 6th Airborne Division and the American 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions to land either side of the landing areas to secure their flanks and protect the landing troops from counterattack . The British airborne forces were to land in the east and the American airborne forces to land to the west of Bayeux in support of the infantry and armoured units advancing from the beachheads . The operation began on the night of 5 June , with the deployment of 6th Airborne Division to eastern Normandy . It was tasked with protecting the eastern flank of the Allied seaborne landings , securing strategically important areas east of Caen , capturing several important bridges over the Caen Canal and River Dives , and destroying a coastal artillery battery .
The division would use approximately 350 gliders for the operation , the majority of which would transport 6th Airlanding Brigade . This number included thirty @-@ four Hamilcars ; four would land in landing zone ' N ' between 03 : 00 and 04 : 30 in support of the operations of 3rd Parachute Brigade and 5th Parachute Brigade , and would carry four 17 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank guns and their transport vehicles and crews . The other thirty would land at approximately 21 : 00 in landing @-@ zone ' W ' as part of a reinforcement lift . Twenty of the Hamilcars would carry Tetrarch light tanks and their crews which belonged to 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment , four more carried three Rota trailers without crews , and another three carried Universal Carriers with their crews . The last three carried two Universal Carriers converted to accommodate a 3 @-@ inch mortar , one Universal Carrier which carried a slave battery , sixteen motorcycles and a jeep . The four Hamilcars which were to land in support of 3rd and 5th Parachute Brigades took off from Tarrant Rushton at 02 : 10 on 6 June and were due to land at approximately 03 : 30 ; however , only two landed successfully . One suffered a broken tow rope shortly after it took off , although it was able to land safely at an airfield in England ; the other reached the Normandy coast , but the tow rope was disconnected too early and it landed a considerable distance away from the landing zone . When dawn broke , it was discovered by German forces and attacked ; four of the crew and passengers were killed and one captured , but the rest managed to escape .
The remaining Hamilcars took off between 18 : 40 and 19 : 35 with the rest of the gliders which would transport 6th Airlanding Brigade and began their journey towards the landing zone . One Hamilcar , which was transporting a Tetrarch light tank , was lost over the English Channel when the tank broke loose of its shackles and crashed through the nose of the glider that was carrying it , causing both to fall into the sea mid @-@ flight . The rest of the gliders arrived safely at the landing zone at approximately 21 : 00 , flying astern of each other as closely as possible ; several accounts mention that the sight of the Hamilcars and other gliders as they landed was a great morale booster for Allied troops who saw them . However , their landings were not all without incident . Two Hamilcars collided with each other in the landing zone , destroying themselves and the Tetrarchs they carried ; a third Hamilcar hit another Tetrarch as it was being unloaded and flipped the tank upside down , rendering it unusable , although the crew escaped without injury . Another Hamilcar rammed several of the wooden poles that had been driven into the ground by the Germans to damage gliders , which resulted in one of its wings being completely torn off as it landed . However , there were few casualties and actual German opposition to the gliders as they landed was minimal . Of those gliders that survived the journey and made a successful landing , many later suffered heavy damage from German artillery and mortar fire , as well as the movement of Allied armour through the landing zones . Although approximately forty gliders were later repaired and flown back to Britain , none of these were Hamilcars as their size precluded any attempt to recover them .
= = = Operation Market Garden = = =
After major defeats in Normandy in July to August 1944 , remnants of German forces withdrew across the Low Countries and eastern France towards the German border . In the north in the first week of September , the British 21st Army Group under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery was advancing on a line running from Antwerp to the northern border of Belgium with its British Second Army under Lieutenant @-@ General Sir Miles Dempsey while its First Canadian Army under Lieutenant @-@ General Harry Crerar had commenced its task of recapturing the ports of Dieppe , Le Havre and Boulogne @-@ sur @-@ Mer . To the south , the U.S. 12th Army Group under Lieutenant General Omar Bradley was nearing the German border and had been ordered to orient on the Aachen gap with Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges ' U.S. First Army in support of Montgomery 's advance on the Ruhr , while its U.S. Third Army under Lieutenant General George S. Patton moved eastward towards the Saar . The U.S. 6th Army Group under General Jacob L. Devers was advancing towards Germany after their landings in southern France . Field @-@ Marshal Bernard Montgomery devised an ambitious plan called Operation Market Garden which would take place in mid @-@ September ; it was intended to bypass the Siegfried Line by hooking around its northern end and thereby allow the Allies to cross the Rhine with large @-@ scale forces and trap the German Fifteenth Army between Arnhem and the shores of the IJsselmeer . Market , the airborne element of the plan , would employ four of the six divisions of the First Allied Airborne Army . The U.S. 101st Airborne Division , under Major General Maxwell D. Taylor , would drop in two locations just north of XXX Corps to take the bridges northwest of Eindhoven at Son and Veghel . The 82nd Airborne Division , under Brigadier General James M. Gavin , would drop northeast of them to take the bridges at Grave and Nijmegen , and the British 1st Airborne Division , under Major @-@ General Roy Urquhart , and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade would drop at the extreme north end of the route , to take the road bridge at Arnhem and rail bridge at Oosterbeek .
A lack of sufficient transport aircraft meant that 1st Airborne Division would be dropped in three separate lifts over three successive days . 1st Parachute Brigade and most of 1st Airlanding Brigade would land on 17 September , 4th Parachute Brigade and the rest of 1st Airlanding Brigade would land on 18 September , and on 19 September the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade would land , along with a supplies for the entire division . The division would utilize approximately 650 gliders during the operation , of which 39 would be Hamilcars . It appears that the Hamilcars that had been utilized by 6th Airborne Division and subsequently abandoned in June had been replaced , as records state that 64 of the gliders were available by September . Thirteen Hamilcars would be flown on 17 September and land in landing zone ' Z ' . Eight of the gliders would carry 17 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank guns , their towing vehicles and crews , and the other five would carry ten Universal Carriers , two apiece ; the Carriers were to act as transports for the airborne troops . On 18 September fifteen Hamilcars would land in landing zone ' X ' ; eight would carry a 17 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank gun , their towing vehicles and crews each , and the other four would carry eight Universal Carriers , which would once again act as transport for the airborne troops that were flown in . The final three were packed with ammunition and stores , as well as a number of sappers from the Royal Engineers ; these were experimental loads , as it was believed that the Hamilcar might be a more efficient way of transporting supplies rather than the Horsa due to its larger size . On 19 September , ten Hamilcars would transport American engineers who belonged to the American 878th Aviation Engineer Battalion and their equipment , which included bulldozers , cranes and graders ; they were to construct a forward airfield in landing zone ' W ' after the gliders had been cleared away .
All fifteen Hamilcars which participated in the first lift on 17 September arrived over the landing zones safely , but problems were experienced when they came in to land . Two of the gliders landed on soft ground , which caused them to rapidly decelerate ; this , combined with the majority of their equipment being in the front of the gliders , resulted in them flipping onto their backs . Three of the pilots were killed and the fourth was badly wounded and later taken prisoner , and several passengers were wounded ; the 17 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank guns on board the gliders were damaged beyond repair . The rest of the Hamilcars landed successfully , although one overran the landing zone and hit a railway embankment ; this damaged the two Universal Carriers being carried by the glider , although both were later salvaged . The lift on 18 September was delayed for several hours due to poor weather conditions , and the glider force did not take off until approximately 11 : 00 . En route to the landing zones , one Hamilcar was forced to cast off and land at an airfield in England after its tow aircraft developed engine trouble , and another ditched in the English Channel when its tug developed engine troubles as well ; both had been carrying 17 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank guns . The rest of the Hamilcars encountered heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire as they landed , with several being hit . As a result , one Hamilcar landed short of the landing zone after being hit in the wing , and another was forced to make an emergency landing far from the landing zone after being hit ; the stores , pilots and passengers were captured by German forces shortly after the glider landed . The rest of the Hamilcars landed successfully . The third lift on 19 September did not take place due to weather problems , and because several of 1st Airborne Division 's landing zones had been overrun . Finally on 21 September the weather cleared , but due to 1st Airborne Division 's deteriorating situation it was decided that the 878th Aviation Engineer Battalion would not be delivered . As such , only a single Hamilcar accompanied 1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade when it set off for its drop near the town of Driel ; this was the same Hamilcar which had been forced to land in England on 19 September when its tug had experienced engine trouble . However , the tow rope between the glider and tug snapped over Belgium , and it was forced to land near Ghent .
= = = Operation Varsity = = =
By March 1945 , the Allied armies had advanced into Germany and had reached the River Rhine . The Rhine was a formidable natural obstacle to the Allied advance , but if breached would allow the Allies to access the North German Plain and ultimately advance on Berlin and other major cities in Northern Germany . Following the " Broad Front Approach " laid out by General Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force , it was decided to attempt to breach the Rhine in several areas . Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery , commanding the British 21st Army Group , devised a plan to allow the forces under his command to breach the Rhine , which he entitled Operation Plunder , and which was subsequently authorized by Eisenhower . Plunder envisioned the British Second Army under Lieutenant @-@ General Sir Miles Dempsey and the U.S. Ninth Army under Lieutenant General William Simpson crossing the Rhine on three fronts ; at Rees , Wesel , and in the area south of the Lippe Canal . To ensure the operation 's success , Montgomery insisted that the amphibious assaults be supported by an airborne landing , which was code @-@ named Operation Varsity . Varsity was initially planned with three airborne divisions in mind , with all three to be dropped behind German lines in support of 21st Army Group as it conducted its amphibious assaults to breach the Rhine . However , during the earliest stages of planning , it became apparent to the planners that the 13th Airborne Division would be unable to participate in the operation , as there were only enough combat transport aircraft in the area to effectively transport two divisions . The plan for the operation was therefore altered to accommodate the two remaining airborne divisions , the British 6th Airborne and the US 17th Airborne Division . The two airborne divisions would be dropped behind German lines , with their objective to land around Wesel and disrupt enemy defences in order to aid the advance of the British Second Army towards Wesel .
6th Airborne Division would be dropped in a single lift , unlike Operation Market Garden , and was to seize the high ground north of the town of Bergen , capture the town of Hamminkeln and several bridges over the river IJssel , and then hold the northern portion of the operational area until relieved by Allied ground forces . The division would utilize 440 gliders for the operation , which included a large number of the new Horsa Mark II and 48 Hamilcars . The loads assigned to the Hamilcars were similar to those used during Operation Market Garden , with sixteen of the gliders transporting 17 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank guns , as well as their vehicles and crews . Twelve were assigned to 716th Airborne Light Composite Company of the Royal Army Service Corps , and were loaded with twelve Universal Carriers , trailers and stores of ammunition and equipment . The company were to use the Universal Carriers and trailers , along with transport to be provided by 6th Airlanding Brigade , to collect , control and issue supplies dropped by aerial resupply drops to the airborne troops as they fought . Eight Hamilcars were to transport M22 Locust light tanks which belonged to 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment , and another four were to carry panniers of supplies . Two more were to carry a single Royal Engineers D4 bulldozer each , and finally 3rd Parachute Brigade and 5th Parachute Brigade were assigned three Hamilcars each ; these would each carry a Universal Carrier for use as transport by the headquarters staff of the brigades .
All of the gliders successfully took off at 07 : 20 on 24 March , but seven were lost en route to the landing zones , the majority being forced to cast off and land in Allied territory due to their tugs suffering engine failures ; however , one Hamilcar which carried an M22 Locust broke up in mid @-@ air as it approached the Rhine , possibly due to structural failure , and all aboard were killed . Three more of the gliders were destroyed by German anti @-@ aircraft fire as they approached the landing zones , as their slow speed made them easy targets . The thirty @-@ eight that remained landed successfully between 10 : 46 and 11 : 00 , although a number of them suffered damage from anti @-@ aircraft fire . Particularly hard hit were the Hamilcars that carried the RASC personnel and supplies ; eight landed successfully , but only three were sufficiently undamaged to allow the stores they carried to be recovered . Of the eight Hamilcars that transported the M22 Locusts of 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment , seven reached the landing zones intact but had problems when they landed due to anti @-@ aircraft fire and smoke obscuring the area . Four landed safely , but the other three came under heavy German anti @-@ aircraft fire and crashed as they landed ; one tank survived with a damaged machine gun , another crashed through a house which put its wireless radio set and main armament out of action , and the third broke loose of the glider as it landed and was flipped over onto its turret , which rendered it useless . After the operation had come to an end , a few of the undamaged Hamilcars were dismantled and their parts shipped to England to aid in the construction of further gliders .
= = = Post @-@ war = = =
Operation Varsity was the last time that the Hamilcar would be used in combat , but the model did remain in service for a number of years after the end of the Second World War ; they were particularly useful for transporting large and heavy loads . On 31 December 1945 64 Hamilcars were recorded as being present at RAF Tarrant Rushton , where they were used for routine training exercises . However , in January 1946 a process was begun to dispose of ' surplus ' Hamilcars , with 44 moved to disposal facilities and twenty remaining . The remainder continued to be used for routine flying exercises until July , when six more were disposed of due to ' glue deterioration ' , and by February 1947 only twelve were left in operation . These last few Hamilcars appear to have remained in service until 1950 , with several used in airshows and public displays by the RAF , and were ultimately phased out as obsolescent by the mid @-@ 1950s .
= = Variants = =
Several variants on the Hamilcar Mark I were planned , although only one was actually produced . The Hamilcar Mark X , also known as the GAL . 58 , was designed to specification X 4 / 44 in an attempt to allow Hamilcars to be used in the tropical climate of the Pacific , where high temperatures and the high altitudes of many airfields reduced the efficiency of piston @-@ engined aircraft . This meant that Halifax bombers could not tow Hamilcars without a drastically reduced fuel load , which in turn narrowed the range of the Hamilcar . Two initial solutions were proposed to correct this problem ; the first was to convert a Hamilcar into a rocket @-@ assisted take off ( RATO ) aircraft . Two cylindrical steel cylinders filled with twenty @-@ four three @-@ inch rockets were attached to either side of the glider to provide it with 20 @,@ 000 lbs of mean thrust as it took off ; they would then be jettisoned once the glider was airborne . Initial trials conducted in January 1943 proved to be successful , but was not pursued any further for unknown reasons . The second solution was double towing , where two Halifax aircraft , one stripped of all unnecessary equipment , attached tow ropes to a Hamilcar and then took off from an airfield ; once airborne the normal Halifax would then detach its towrope and land , and the modified Halifax would tow the glider to its destination . However , this idea went no further than initial trials in England , as it was considered to be a high risk operation with a high probability of a serious accident occurring . As such , a powered version of the Hamilcar , the Mark X , was decided upon , as it offered the possibility of long @-@ range airborne operations and the ability to retrieve the glider once it had been used . The decision was taken to start developing the Mark X in November 1943 when the potential for airborne operations against Japan itself began to be considered by the Allies ; however , for some reason a relaxed view was taken to the development of the production models , and the first was not available until the early months of 1945 .
The first prototype was converted from a Hamilcar Mark I. Two Bristol Mercury radial piston engines , capable of producing 965 hp , were added to the wings of the glider , and the wings and fuselage were strengthened so they could take the weight of the engines . Extra controls were added to the cockpit and duplicated in the two pilot positions , although space restrictions meant that the glider could only be started from the rear seat , and fuel tanks were added to the wings , with the possibility of a third being carried in the fuselage . These additions increased the glider 's weight to 47 @,@ 000 pounds ( 21 @,@ 000 kg ) , but its other dimensions remained unchanged , including the carrying capacity in the fuselage . The first flight of the Mark X , under its own power , took place in February 1945 and the initial flight and further trials showed that the glider operated as had been expected . With engines installed , a Mark X could be towed by a fully loaded Halifax and achieve an operational radius of approximately 900 miles ( 1 @,@ 400 km ) . However , if the glider itself was fully loaded and took off on its own power , it was discovered that it could not maintain height even at full power ; this resulted in a decision to decrease the amount of cargo it could carry under its own power , which in turn decreased its weight to 32 @,@ 500 pounds ( 14 @,@ 700 kg ) . Two Hamilcar Mark Is were converted for initial trials , and when these proved satisfactory a further eight Mark Is were converted and ten Mark Xs built from scratch ; any further orders were cancelled when the conflict ended in August 1945 , although further tests were conducted in the United States . One other Hamilcar variant was proposed , although it never went into production or appeared to go further than the design stage . This was a proposal to mate a Lockheed P @-@ 38 Lightning fighter to the top of a Hamilcar , as the fighter would provide enough power to keep both aircraft in flight and relieve the glider pilots of the task of controlling the glider until it cast off to land .
While the unpowered glider needed ballast to be flown empty , the Hamilcar X was less sensitive to centre of gravity issues . The performance of the Hamilcar X under its own power was not dissimilar to performance under tow , notwithstanding the low load . At 32 @,@ 500 lb , it could take off in 1 @,@ 385 yards . Its maximum speed was 145 miles per hour ( 233 km / h ) but it could cruise at 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) . With 400 gallons of fuel it could manage 705 miles ( 1 @,@ 135 km ) in still air or 1 @,@ 675 miles ( 2 @,@ 696 km ) with 860 gallons onboard replacing the cargo capacity .
= = Operators = =
United Kingdom
British Army
Royal Air Force
= = Survivors = =
A significant proportion of the fuselage of Hamilcar TK777 is preserved at the Museum of Army Flying in Hampshire , England . A badly preserved section of the fuselage of TK718 is part of the collection of the Bovington Tank Museum , where it is displayed with a Tetrarch tank .
= = Specifications = =
Data from Jane 's All The World 's Aircraft 1945 @-@ 1946
General characteristics
Crew : 2
Capacity : 7 tons
Length : 68 ft ( 20 @.@ 73 m )
Wingspan : 110 ft ( 33 @.@ 53 m )
Height : 20 ft 3 in ( 6 @.@ 17 m )
Wing area : 1 @,@ 657 @.@ 5 ft2 ( 153 @.@ 98 m2 )
Airfoil : RAF.34 modified
Empty weight : 18 @,@ 400 lb ( 8 @,@ 346 kg )
Max. takeoff weight : 36 @,@ 000 lb ( 16 @,@ 329 kg )
Performance
Never exceed speed : 187 mph ( 300 km / h )
Maximum speed : 150 mph ( 240 km / h )
Stall speed : 65 mph ( 105 km / h )
Wing loading : 22 @.@ 37 lb / ft ² ( 109 @.@ 2 kg / m ² )
= Within the Woods =
Within the Woods is a 1978 horror short film written , directed and produced by Sam Raimi . Raimi drew inspiration from his earlier short film Clockwork , deciding to produce a " prototype " horror film to help build the interest of potential investors . Raimi cast his friends Bruce Campbell and Ellen Sandweiss as the two protagonists and produced the film for $ 1600 . Shot on location in a remote cabin in the woods , production was a difficult process because of the low budget . Several of the special effects presented in the film were done in a severely low budget manner , some of which were improvised on set . The film centers around demonic possession and mysterious forces originating from the woods .
Raimi convinced a local theater manager to screen the film alongside The Rocky Horror Picture Show which sparked minor interest . Initially a meager success , the film screened well to test audiences and inspired a larger budget remake directed by Raimi , called The Evil Dead ( 1981 ) . The film was the first in the Evil Dead franchise , and launched the careers of both Campbell and Raimi . Several of the aesthetic qualities found in Within the Woods later defined Raimi 's films .
= = Plot = =
Two romantic couples , consisting of four teenagers , decide to spend a weekend together located in a remote cabin found in the woods . An unseen force stalks and watches the group without their knowledge . Ellen ( Ellen Sandweiss ) and her boyfriend Bruce ( Bruce Campbell ) enter the woods to have a picnic lunch . The other couple , Scotty ( Scott Spiegel ) and Shelly ( Mary Valenti ) , remain at the cabin playing Monopoly to pass time . During their lunch , Bruce announces to Ellen that they 're camping on an Indian burial ground . Ellen is concerned , but Bruce assures her that they will be fine as long as they don 't disturb the graves of the dead . Bruce then explores the area and discovers an ancient dagger belonging to the Indians . Ignoring his own advice , he takes the dagger with him .
After lunch , Ellen takes a nap . When she awakes , she finds Bruce missing and wanders into the woods looking for him . To her horror , she finds Bruce 's dead body , horribly mutilated with apparent knife wounds . She is then startled by the presence of a demonic entity hiding within the woods , and quickly runs back to the cabin . While fleeing , she is attacked by unseen forces . She runs back to the cabin and screams to be let in immediately , being let in just as the entity is approaching her . Ellen tells her friends that Bruce has been murdered , but Scotty dismisses the whole thing as a joke and goes to find Bruce . Shelly - Scotty 's girlfriend - , and Ellen are concerned when Scotty doesn 't return right away . Shelly walks outside to begin a search for the missing men , but a possessed Bruce assaults and strangles her , eventually stabbing her in the neck and killing her with the dagger that he found , moaning " join us . "
Ellen encounters her possessed friend and flees into another room , grabbing knives to protect her . Something attempts to enter the room where Ellen is hiding , and she blindly lashes out with a knife - mistakenly stabbing Scotty who had just returned to the cabin . While horrified , Ellen is then attacked by the possessed Bruce . Ellen manages to trap Bruce outside , stabbing Bruce 's hand several times in the process . The bleeding Scotty tells Ellen to look into the cellar for the gun they brought along . While walking down the stairs to the cellar , she trips on a broken step and injures herself . After finding the gun , she goes back up stairs and discovers that Scotty had been stabbed to death while she was downstairs . The demonic Bruce then attacks her , but she manages to cut off his hand .
Ellen attempts to flee but is severely beaten by the possessed Bruce , who throws her around the cabin . While being strangled , Ellen picks up Bruce 's mutilated hand which is still holding the dagger found from before , and she uses it to stab Bruce . A large amount of blood is expended by Bruce , who lies motionless for a moment , only to then continue his assault on Ellen . Ellen mutilates Bruce 's body even further with an axe , chopping off nearly every limb from the writhing body . Severely disturbed by the things she has witnessed , Ellen rocks back and forth muttering to herself . The corpse of Scotty suddenly springs up , before turning towards the oblivious Ellen , ready to attack . The screen then cuts to black , leaving the fate of Ellen ambiguous .
= = Production = =
= = = Background = = =
Before the development stages of Within the Woods , Sam Raimi and Bruce Campbell were long time friends who had grown up with each other . The duo had produced several low @-@ budget films with super 8 mm film during their youth . During the early parts of Raimi 's career , he directed films that were mostly classified as comedies , such as Booby Bartenders , Shemp Eats the Moon and The Great Bogus Monkey Pignut Swindle . While those films were described as " goofy " and primitive by members of the cast and crew , Raimi eventually produced the short film It 's Murder ! , which featured mostly comedic moments . One of the sequences of the film involved a suspenseful moment where a criminal jumped on an unsuspecting individual . Raimi later dismissed the short film , but complimented that scene , stating that it was " the only part of It 's Murder ! that really worked well .
While working on the film , it inspired Raimi to approach the horror genre with more enthusiasm , leading to the conception of his next short film Clockwork . The film featured a woman being stalked by a demented man , and launched an interest in Raimi to pursue working on more horror films . While both Raimi and Campbell expressed a positive opinion on the genre , they admitted they had little experience with the genre and went to drive @-@ in theaters to research various science fiction and horror films . Raimi developed the motto " the gore the merrier " during these sessions at the drive @-@ in , and quickly developed an interest in films featuring high levels of blood . Raimi gained an appeal in B movie cinema , which led him to want to pursue the production of a more ambitious film for his next project . In order to gain the interest of producers , Raimi and Campbell set out to produce a " prototype " film that would serve as a showcase of their talents . The film would work as a trailer to help promote further cinematic productions .
The prototype film was called Within the Woods . In addition to Raimi 's interest in various horror films , one of the main inspirations came in the writing of H. P. Lovecraft , who introduced the concept of the " book of the dead " to Raimi . Raimi studied the concept of magical books , in particular the Necronomicon , which formed the basis of the film . Campbell described the film as a combination of " creative writing and ancient history " . In order to flesh out of the idea , Raimi came up with a concept where a group of teenagers went into the woods and were attacked by demonic spirits , summoned by the disturbance of an Indian burial ground . The book of the dead concept was not present in the finished film , but appeared extensively in later films by Raimi .
= = = Filming = = =
Raimi was able to secure $ 1600 to produce the film . Raimi and Campbell collected a group of their friends and family who were interested in participating in the production of the film . The film was primarily shot at a farm house belonging to one of Raimi 's friends located in Marshall , Michigan . One of the regular actors involved with Raimi 's early short films , Ellen Sandweiss , was cast as the film 's protagonist . This decision stemmed from the notion that most horror films at the time involved female leads , who were more enjoyable to watch terrorized . The current boyfriend of Sandweiss was cast as the film 's antagonist , a demon who threatens the cast . Campbell was cast as one of the protagonists , though he initially was not familiar with horror cinema and instead identified as a fan of comedies . One of the films that inspired Campbell 's interest in the genre was John Carpenter 's film Halloween . Another Raimi regular , Scott Spiegel , was also cast as a protagonist based on his prior collaborations with the group .
The effects of the film were entirely low @-@ budget . Nearly every effect in the film was done via things picked up at a make @-@ up and Halloween store located close to where the film was shot . The effects in the film were notably more intricate than the simple ones featured in Raimi 's prior projects , and contained mutilated bodies , stabbed body parts and demonic possession skin @-@ attachments . Tom Sullivan was one of the primary make @-@ up supervisors on set , and he found it difficult working presentable effects out of such low budgets . One notable example involved a chest stabbing rig that had to be attached to Spiegel 's chest by straps and duct tape .
Campbell had to sleep wearing his make @-@ up . Because of several scenes that required to be shot in both the day and the night , it was considered easiest to have Campbell sleep all night wearing his make @-@ up , since removing it was too complicated . When Campbell eventually had the effect removed , he was alarmed to notice that his face had actually " changed shape " because of how long the make @-@ up had been applied , though it returned to normal after an extended amount of time . This serves as one of several moments where the film @-@ makers had to be creative to make the film considering the low budget . Other examples include blacking out the windows to make scenes darker and shooting all night long to make the filming schedule . Raimi had to get increasingly inventive during production , often coming up with " bizarre " ideas while shooting scenes . This led to him experimenting with camera moves and camera speeds , " taking it a little further than we had gone before , recording synch @-@ sound at a third slower for a more monstrous effect .
= = = Post @-@ production = = =
Though production was difficult for many of the actors involved , especially Campbell , the film was eventually completed within acceptable budget limits . Raimi had completed the filming of his " prototype " and sought out to develop and edit the film as cheaply as possible . Though at the time it was unknown how the film was going to be distributed . Raimi had shot the film in the same style as many of his earlier films , with 8mm film . He intended to blow the footage up after filming to the industry standard of 35mm in order to save money , though Campbell noted that the idea was without precedent . Though the request was " obscure " in nature , a company in San Francisco managed to accommodate the task with little difficulty . Upon testing how the footage looked at a local movie theater , it came out mostly acceptable , until further tests led to the footage appearing grainy and difficult to make out .
= = Distribution and reception = =
After production , Raimi virtually had no idea how the film was going to be distributed and what would come of it . The main idea behind shooting the film was to make a trailer to show to future investors , but even that was proving to be difficult . Eventually , Raimi got in contact with a manager at a movie theater in Detroit who was " open and flexible " . The same theater played The Rocky Horror Picture Show every single week and was open to more unusual cinema . To Raimi 's shock , the manager agreed to screen Within the Woods right before a midnight showing of The Rocky Horror Picture Show . The premiere of the film received a positive reception by the audience , and the cast and crew was paid just over $ 10 , all of which was donated to the American Cancer Society . The film , however , was never commercially released .
While critics mostly ignored the locally distributed , low @-@ budget horror film , local The Detroit News critic Michael McWilliams watched the premiere of the film , writing that " it will probably never be advertised alongside the glossy , big @-@ budget horror movies of our time , but you won 't easily forget a locally produced little film called Within the Woods . He compared the low @-@ budget film to the blockbuster The Amityville Horror , writing that it provided more scares . Tom Sulivan , the make @-@ up supervisor of the film , stated that the film " really packs a punch " , and expressed a positive opinion of working on the project .
= = Aftermath = =
In order to produce a follow @-@ up picture , Raimi needed nearly $ 150 @,@ 000 . Raimi approached Phil Gillis , a lawyer to one of his friends , asking if he wanted to invest money into the production of a remake . Gillis was unimpressed with Within the Woods , but offered Raimi legal advice on how to approach further productions . Raimi approached several investors , " begging " for money , and eventually acquired nearly $ 90 @,@ 000 of the funds needed and set out to make the movie anyway .
Within the Woods was later retooled by Raimi with a vastly higher production value and a full @-@ length running time as the 1981 film The Evil Dead . The Evil Dead would go on to be the first installment of a film franchise spawning two sequels , Evil Dead II ( 1987 ) , and Army of Darkness ( 1992 ) , both of which were directed by Raimi and featured Campbell as Ash Williams . A remake , known as Evil Dead , was released in 2013 with Raimi and Campbell as producers and creative consultants . In 2015 , the Starz television network began airing the ongoing comedy horror series Ash vs Evil Dead , which features Bruce Campbell returning as an older Ash Williams .
Several aspects of Within the Woods were later presented in future Raimi films , including the use of the " Raimi @-@ cam " , a camera rig that creates a fluent flow of camera movement . Other elements , such as graphic imagery , bleak endings , and mutilations , defined many of Raimi 's other films . Raimi has put Campbell in cameo roles in all three of Raimi 's Spider @-@ Man trilogy , as well as several other films .
Academy Award winning film @-@ making duo the Coen brothers were inspired by Raimi 's decision to produce a short film as a trailer , utilizing the concept to produce funding for their debut Blood Simple ( 1984 ) . The Coen brothers served as editors for The Evil Dead , and developed a friendship with Raimi . The duo have cast Campbell in some of their films such as The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) and Fargo ( 1996 ) , the former of which was co @-@ written by Raimi .
= Psilocybe allenii =
Psilocybe allenii is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae . Described as new to science in 2012 , it is named after John W. Allen , who provided the type collection . It is found in the northwestern North America from Los Angeles , California to British Columbia , Canada , most commonly within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of the Pacific coast .
The fruitbodies ( mushrooms ) grow on rotting wood , especially wood chips used in garden landscaping . The caps of the mushrooms are brown to buff , broadly convex to flattened and have a diameter up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) , while the white stipes are up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) long and 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) thick . As a bluing species in the genus Psilocybe , P. allenii contains the psychoactive compounds psilocin and psilocybin , and it is consumed recreationally for its hallucinogenic properties . It is closely related to Psilocybe cyanescens , from which it differs macroscopically by the lack of a wavy cap margin .
= = Taxonomy = =
Psilocybe allenii was described as new to science in 2012 by Jan Borovička , Alan Rockefeller , and Peter G. Werner . Borovička received material collected from Seattle , Washington , which he noted was microscopically similar to Psilocybe cyanescens , but lacked the wavy cap margins characteristic of that species . In previous publications , Borovička had noted that both macro- and microscopic characters of certain Psilocybe species were highly variable , which could also account for the differences observed in the Seattle material . However , DNA sequencing revealed a 5 @-@ base pair change in the internal transcribed spacer regions ( a segment of RNA often used in molecular phylogenetics to identify or distinguish fungal species ) between P. cyanescens and the Seattle collections . This difference , in addition to the readily observable macroscopic differences , was deemed sufficient to warrant describing the taxon as a new species . Additional molecular studies published by Borovička and colleagues in 2015 identified P. azurescens , P. cyanescens , P. weraroa , P. cubensis , and P. serbica as closely related to P. allenii .
For several years before its official description , the taxon was known in the San Francisco Bay Area , and suspected of being an undescribed species . The authors suggest that a color photograph of " P. cyanescens " in David Arora 's popular 1986 guidebook Mushrooms Demystified may actually depict P. allenii . Mycologist Paul Stamets suggested in 2005 that it " probably is new , or least a newly imported species " . It is commonly called " Psilocybe cyanofriscosa " in the online mycological community , but this name is grammatically incorrect Latin and has never been validly published in scientific literature . The specific epithet allenii honors John W. Allen , who collected the original material and provided the impetus for the study . Allen collected the type material from the University of Washington Campus in November 2009 . He first collected the fungus in Capitol Hill in 1982 , and several times later from Seattle . Some of these collections he sent to Mexican Psilocybe specialist Gastón Guzmán , who initially thought them to be P. cyanescens because of their overlapping spore size ranges .
= = Description = =
Fruitbodies of P. allenii are variable in size , depending on the substrate in which they grow . The caps are 1 @.@ 5 – 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter , and range from broadly convex to flattened , sometimes with a slight depression in the center . The cap margin is either straight and slightly curved inward , rarely slightly wavy , and sometimes has radial grooves in moist specimens . The surface is smooth , sticky when moist , with a gelatinous cap cuticle that can be peeled . Wet fruitbodies are so slippery that they are difficult to collect . Caps are hygrophanous , and so will change color depending on how moist they are . They are pale orange brown to caramel brown when moist , but dry to yellowish @-@ buff . Gills have an adnate to sinuate attachment to the stipe , and are initially cream to pale gray brown , but become dark purple as the spores mature .
The cylindrical , hollow stipe typically measures 4 – 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 8 in ) long by 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 3 in ) thick , with the base slightly thicker . The top of the stipe is pruinose ( covered with white powdery granules ) , while the base is connected to thick white rhizomorphs . The stipe surface is smooth to silky fibrillose ( as if made of silky , slender fibers ) , and its color initially white before yellowing slightly in age . Mycelium at the base of the stipe is white or stained blue . All parts of the fruitbody stain blue if bruised or handled . Young specimens have a white partial veil that later disappears , or remains as a zone on the stipe that can be colored purplish brown by spores . The odor and taste of the mushroom is farinaceous — similar to freshly ground flour .
Spore prints are dark brown , sometimes with violet shades . Spores are thick @-@ walled with an apical pore , and elongated ellipsoid to equilateral in face view , and somewhat inequilateral in side view , typically measuring 12 @.@ 0 – 12 @.@ 6 – 13 @.@ 1 by 6 @.@ 8 – 7 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 4 μm . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are cylindrical , four @-@ spored with sterigmata up to 5 @.@ 5 μm long , and have dimensions of 27 – 37 by 9 – 11 μm . Clamp connections are present in hyphae . Cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are abundant . They are hyaline ( translucent ) , thin @-@ walled , and variably shaped , and range from narrow clubs to narrow flasks with a neck no longer than 8 μm ; their dimensions are typically 20 – 30 by 6 – 8 μm . The pleurocystidia ( found on the gill face ) are common ; they are broadly club @-@ shaped but taper to a point ( sometimes with a rounded tip at the end ) , and measure 25 – 35 by 9 – 14 μm . Caulocystidia ( found on the stipe ) are also present , with variable shapes similar to the cheilo- and pleurocystidia .
The mushrooms are consumed for their psychoactive properties , and have a potency roughly similar to P. cyanescens . Borovička and colleagues say they are " commonly sought out by some mushroom hunters " . According to Rockefeller , " If you go to Golden Gate Park in December you will see hundreds of hippies looking at the wood chip landscaping for Psilocybe cyanescens and Psilocybe allenii . "
= = = Similar species = = =
Several Psilocybe species have an appearance roughly similar to P. allenii , but these can usually be distinguished by differences in morphology or distribution . The European species P. serbica var. moravica has a similar cap and stipe , but is generally more slender than P. allenii . The closely related P. cyanescens is indistinguishable by microscopic characteristics , but features a wavy cap in maturity , a longer fruiting season ( from late September through April ) , and lacks a ring zone on the stipe often seen in P. allenii . P. azurescens has a broader cap , an umbo that may be broad or acute , a longer stipe up to 20 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) , and a growing season similar to that of P. cyanescens . The authors also note that the Australian P. subaeruginosa is similar ( including three taxa that have since been synonymized : P. australiana , P. eucalypta , and P. tasmaniana ) but suggest that further research is required to better understand the delimitation of this species complex .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Psilocybe allenii is found in the northwestern North America , with a range extending from British Columbia south to Los Angeles , California . It is most common in areas up to 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the Pacific coast , although it has been collected 100 miles ( 160 km ) inland . Fruitbodies grow scattered , in groups , or ( more rarely ) in clusters , on woody debris , such as wood chips often used in landscaping . Favored substrates include hardwood mulches made of oak , eucalyptus , Douglas fir , and alder . Fruiting occurs in cold weather , generally from late September to January . The species can be readily cultivated on agar , grain spawn , and cellulosic material , including wood chips and sawdust .
= Suillellus luridus =
Suillellus luridus ( formerly Boletus luridus ) , commonly known as the lurid bolete , is a fungus of the bolete family , found in deciduous woodlands on chalky soils in Asia , Europe , and eastern North America . Fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn and may be abundant . It is a solid bolete with an olive @-@ brown cap up to 20 cm ( 8 in ) in diameter , with small red pores on the underside . The stout ochre stem reaches 8 – 14 cm ( 3 – 6 in ) high and 1 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) wide , and is patterned with a red mesh @-@ work . Like several other red @-@ pored boletes , it stains blue when bruised or cut . Though edible when cooked , it can cause gastric upset when eaten raw and can be confused with the poisonous Boletus satanas , though the latter species has a pale cap ; as a result , some guidebooks recommend avoiding consumption altogether . When consumed with alcohol , Suillellus luridus has been implicated in causing adverse reactions similar to those caused by the compound coprine , though laboratory testing has not revealed any evidence of coprine in the mushroom .
First described in 1774 , the species has been transferred to various Boletaceae genera in its taxonomic history , although it retained the original name given to it by German botanist Jacob Christian Schaeffer until a transfer to genus Suillellus in 2014 . Several varieties , a subspecies , and a form have been described by European mycologists . Suillellus luridus is mycorrhizal , forming a symbiotic association with deciduous trees such as oak , birch and beech , and has been found to have a growth @-@ enhancing effect on conifers in experiments . The fruit bodies are highly attractive to , and often infested by , insects , and several species of fly have been recorded feeding on them . Chemical analyses have revealed some aspects of the mushroom 's components , including its volatile flavour compounds , its fatty acid and amino acid compositions , and the identities of the carotenoid compounds responsible for its colour .
= = Taxonomy = =
Boletus luridus was described by German botanist Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774 , in his series on fungi of Bavaria and the Palatinate , Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones . The specific epithet is the Latin adjective luridus , ' sallow ' . French botanist Pierre Bulliard 's 1791 Boletus rubeolarius is a heterotypic synonym ( based on a different type ) . The following year , Johann Friedrich Gmelin called it Boletus subvescus , from the Latin words sub " nearly " or " under " , and vescus " edible " . However , this is a nomen nudum . Several taxonomical synonyms arose when the species was transferred to different genera within the family Boletaceae by different authorities , including Leccinum by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821 , Tubiporus by Petter Karsten in 1881 , Dictyopus by Lucien Quélet in 1888 , and Suillellus by William Murrill in 1909 .
The variety Boletus luridus var. erythropus , published as " beta " by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 Systema Mycologicum , is synonymous with Boletus erythropus . Boletus luridus var. rubriceps was originally described from Spain ( as a species of Tubiporus ) by René Maire in 1937 , and later formally transferred to Boletus by Aurel Dermek in 1987 . Other varieties of B. luridus include Roman Schulz 's var. obscurus and var. rubromaculatus published in 1924 ; Josef Velenovský 's 1939 var. tenuipes , found in the Czech Republic ; and Jean Blum 's 1969 var. lupiniformis and var. queletiformis , originally described from France and Spain , respectively . Boletus erythrentheron , originally described as a distinct species by Jan Bezděk , was later published as the variety B. luridus var. erythrentheron by Albert Pilát and Dermek in 1979 , and finally as a subspecies by Jiri Hlavácek in 1995 . Carmine Lavorato and Giampaolo Simonini defined the form primulicolor from Sardinia in 1997 . Rolf Singer 's 1947 variety caucasicus is currently considered an independent species , Boletus caucasicus Singer ex . Alessio . Similarly , B. luridus f. sinensis , found in Hainan Province , China , was later elevated to distinct species status as B. sinensis .
Boletus luridus is the type species of Boletus section Luridi , originally circumscribed by Fries in 1838 . This section includes species producing medium to large fruit bodies with thick , swollen stems , and minute pores that are coloured red , orange , or brown . However , the genus as a whole is strongly paraphyletic and will probably be fragmented once further studies have resolved relationships to a finer detail . Manfred Binder and David Hibbett showed B. luridus to be most closely related to a group containing B. torosus and B. luteocupreus , with B. vermiculosus and Pulveroboletus ravenelii as more distant relatives , based on molecular phylogenetics inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences . In a separate molecular study of ten frequently eaten European boletes , B. luridus clustered together with B. rhodoxanthus . Genetic analysis published in 2013 shows that B. luridus and many ( but not all ) red @-@ pored boletes are part of a dupainii clade ( named for Boletus dupainii ) , well @-@ removed from the core group of Boletus edulis and relatives within the Boletineae . For this reason , it is now considered a species of Suillellus .
The English common name is lurid bolete . Both it and Boletus satanas are known as ayimantari , " bear mushroom " , in Eastern Turkey .
= = Description = =
Suillellus luridus is a stout fungus with a thick yellow @-@ olive to olive @-@ brown convex cushion @-@ shaped cap that can reach 20 cm ( 8 in ) in diameter . The cap colour tends to darken with age , and regions of red , orange , purple , brown , or olive @-@ green can develop in maturity . The cap surface is tomentose ( velvety ) , becoming smoother with old age , and sticky in wet weather . The pore surface is initially dark red before turning orange @-@ red , and has a lighter @-@ coloured zone encircling the margin . There are 2 – 3 circular pores per millimetre , and the tubes are 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) deep . The tubes are shorter around the cap margin and close to the stem , where they form a circular depression . Initially pale yellow , the tubes gradually become olive @-@ yellow and then bluish @-@ green upon exposure to air . A characteristic feature is the presence of a maroon layer between the tubes and the flesh . The thick stem is 8 – 14 cm ( 3 – 6 in ) tall and 1 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) wide , and bears a distinctive orange @-@ red meshlike pattern on a paler yellowish or ochre background . The flesh is yellowish , with red marks in the cap , and stains an intense dark blue when bruised or broken . There is a faint sour smell , and the taste is described as mild .
Variety queletiformis can be distinguished from the main form by the reddish discolouration of the stem base that occurs both on the exterior surface and in the flesh . Variety rubriceps has a deep crimson red cap , while var. lupiniformis has a pale yellow or dirty ochre cap , sometimes with pink tones throughout .
The spore dust is olive to brownish olive . The spores are oval to somewhat fuse @-@ shaped , measuring 11 – 15 μm long by 4 @.@ 5 – 6 @.@ 5 μm wide . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are club @-@ shaped and four @-@ spored , and measure 29 @.@ 2 – 36 @.@ 5 by 11 @.@ 0 – 12 @.@ 4 μm . Cystidia on the sides of the tubes ( pleurocystidia ) are fuse @-@ shaped with swollen middles and long necks , measuring 33 – 48 by 7 @.@ 3 – 13 @.@ 5 μm ; cheilocystidia ( on the edges of the pores ) have a similar morphology . The cap cuticle is made of cylindrical hyphae 3 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 8 μm wide that are interwoven compactly , and the hyphal tips are erect and arranged in bundles . In contrast , the hyphae of the cap flesh is loosely interwoven with hyphae that are cylindrical and branched , measuring 3 @.@ 7 – 8 @.@ 8 μm . Hyphae do not contain clamp connections . The mycelium is an unusual yellow colour .
Some chemical tests can be used to help identify the mushroom . A drop of dilute potassium hydroxide placed on the cap cuticle will stain dark red to blackish , and orange @-@ yellow on the flesh , while ferrous sulphate solution turns the cuticle yellow and then greenish @-@ yellow . Melzer 's reagent will turn the flesh dark blue , after the natural bluing reaction to injury has faded .
= = = Similar species = = =
Also found on calcareous ( chalky ) soils , Rubroboletus satanas is larger and has a pale cap , and its upper stem lacks the reticulations characteristic of S. luridus . Its flesh does not turn blue so markedly on bruising or cutting . It has a more globular overall shape , and young mushrooms carry a smell of decay . The edible Neoboletus luridiformis can be distinguished from S. luridus by its dark brown cap ; it also grows on sandy soils associated with conifers . In North America , it can be confused with the poisonous Rubroboletus pulcherrimus , which has a fatter stalk and deeper red pores . Initially collected in Michigan under oak , Boletus vinaceobasis resembles S. luridus but has shorter spores and its cystidia are dark brown in Melzer 's reagent . Boletus species that share a similar appearance with S. luridus but lack reticulation in their stems include B. subvelutipes ( found in North America and Asia ) and B. hypocarycinus ( United States ) .
Boletus caucasicus , found in southern Europe , has yellow flesh in the cap tissue immediately above the tube layer , in contrast to the reddish colour of the same flesh found in S. luridus . Another European species , Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus , has characteristic pinkish tones in the cap . The Chinese species Neoboletus sinensis , originally described as a form of S. luridus , can be most reliably distinguished from the latter by its larger spores , which have been reported to be as large as 12 – 17 by 5 @.@ 5 – 7 μm . Fruit bodies closely resembling S. luridus have been recorded in Australia , though renamed Boletus barragensis as they differ in spore size and preference for trees of the family Myrtaceae .
= = Ecology and distribution = =
The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous trees such as oak , birch and beech on chalky soils . It is also suspected of being a mycorrhizal associate of subshrub rock roses in the genus Helianthemum . Field studies indicate that the fungus , when paired as a mycorrhizal partner with seedlings of the conifer Cunninghamia lanceolata , increases the seedling 's survival rate , augments its height and ground diameter , and increases the chlorophyll content in the leaves . A similar growth @-@ enhancing effect had been noted earlier with Pinus taiwanensis seedlings . These beneficial effects on plant growth are a result of multiple interactions among the fungus , host plant , and indigenous soil microbes that increase the biomass of carbon , and increase the bacterial diversity in the mycorrhizosphere . In a study comparing the salinity resistance of three common ectomycorrhizal fungi ( the others were Suillus bovinus and S. luteus ) , S. luridus was the most tolerant to high concentrations of salt , and is a good candidate species for the inoculation of tree seedlings to be planted on saline soil . Fruit bodies grow singly or scattered on the ground , from June to November after summer rains . S. luridus may occur in parks near a single tree , though it will not be found in acidic soils .
The predilection of insects for this mushroom was noted by 19th @-@ century British mycologist Anna Maria Hussey , who wrote in 1847 :
there are very few of the soft @-@ fleshed tribes , all of which are the nurseries of innumerable insects , so much in favour as the poisonous Boletus luridus , on breaking an old one it is a living mass of larvae . Our present subject is so soon attacked by insects that it is very rare to find specimens devoid of wriggling life , and being a very common and abundant kind , it must be of great service in the economy of insect existence .
Several fly species have been recorded feeding on the fruit bodies , including Phaonia boleticola , P. rufipalpis , Thricops diaphanus , and , in North America , Drosophila falleni , Pegomya mallochi , P. winthemi , Megaselia pygmaeoides , and Muscina assimilis . In contrast , slugs tend to avoid consuming this species .
The fungus is widespread in Europe , east to the Black Sea region and eastern Anatolia in Turkey , and Pakistan , where it has been recorded from Khanspur , Kuzagali , Sudhan Gali and Hajinpir . In North America , it is known from eastern Canada and the United States east of the Great Lakes , although in one instance it was found in North Dakota . Its range extends south to Mexico , and it has been recorded once from Costa Rica . In Asia , it has been found in the Bar 'am Forest in the Upper Galilee in northern Israel , and India . Taiwan , It is widely distributed in China , having been found in Hebei , Jiangsu , Anhui , Henan , Guangdong , and Yunnan provinces . The variety rubriceps has been recorded growing under linden ( Tilia ) in the Czech Republic .
= = Toxicity = =
Mild tasting , Suillellus luridus is edible after thorough cooking and is highly regarded in France . It is also commonly consumed in Italy and China . The mushroom is sold in regional markets in central Mexico ; despite this , it is considered inedible by inhabitants of La Malinche National Park . Caution is advised if choosing this species for consumption , as it resembles other less edible blue @-@ staining boletes . Some guidebooks recommend avoiding it altogether . If eaten raw or insufficiently cooked , symptoms of gastrointestinal poisoning can occur within 30 minutes to two hours , including nausea , vomiting , abdominal cramps , and diarrhoea . A full recovery can be expected within 24 to 48 hours if fluid losses are restored . Chemical analysis has revealed traces of the toxin muscarine and its stereoisomers .
Suillellus luridus has been suspected of causing an enhanced alcohol sensitivity similar to that caused by the common ink cap ( Coprinopsis atramentaria ) , with gastric symptoms . A German mycologist reported having suffered symptoms himself upon imbibing alcohol with this " otherwise excellent " mushroom . A 1982 report of three cases from Switzerland further incriminated the species , yet a 1994 study casts doubt on this ; researchers Ulrich Kiwitt and Hartmut Laatsch looked for antabuse @-@ like compound coprine content in S. luridus and similar species , and found none in the historical suspect but did find indications for it in the rare B. torosus . They concluded that the most likely explanation for historical incidents was a misidentification of B. torosus with S. luridus , though they could not rule out S. luridus containing a hitherto unidentified compound causing alcohol @-@ related reactions .
= = Chemistry = =
The composition of the volatile flavour compounds of Suillellus luridus consists largely of linoleic acid , with smaller proportions of 1 @-@ butanol , 3 @-@ methyl @-@ 1 @-@ butanol , pentadecanoic acid , palmitic acid , linoleic acid methyl ester , and heptadecanoic acid . Pyrazine compounds might be responsible for the characteristic odour of the dried mushroom . The predominant sterol present in the fruit bodies is ergosterol , with smaller amounts of closely related derivative compounds . The main fatty acids of the mushroom include linoleic acid ( 53 @.@ 4 % of total fatty acids ) , oleic acid ( 24 @.@ 1 % ) , and palmitic acid ( 10 @.@ 2 % ) . Arginine is the free amino acid found in the highest concentration ( 96 @.@ 9 μM per gram of dry weight ) , followed by glutamine ( 9 @.@ 7 ) and alanine ( 8 @.@ 2 ) .
The carotenoid content of the fruit bodies differs substantially between the cap , the tubes , and the stem . The upper part of the cap , which contains 3 @.@ 1 micrograms of carotenoid per gram ( µg / g ) fresh weight , has predominantly mutatochrome ( 47 % of total carotenoids ) , 4 @-@ keto @-@ α @-@ carotene ( 40 @.@ 2 % ) , and δ @-@ carotene ( 6 @.@ 4 % ) . The major carotenoids in the tubes ( totaling 4 @.@ 3 µg / g ) include neurosporaxanthin ( 31 @.@ 1 % ) , auroxanthin ( 17 @.@ 2 % ) , 4 @-@ keto @-@ α @-@ carotene ( 17 @.@ 1 % ) , and rhodopin ( 15 @.@ 8 % ) . The stem ( 1 @.@ 2 µg / g ) contains primarily auroxanthin ( 32 @.@ 5 % ) , followed by 4 @-@ keto @-@ α @-@ carotene ( 19 @.@ 9 % ) , β @-@ zeacarotene ( 18 @.@ 5 % ) , and rhodopin ( 11 @.@ 4 % ) . The colour change observed with tissue injury is caused by variegatic and xerocomic acids , both of which turn blue when oxidized enzymatically upon exposure to air .
= Yasser Arafat =
Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al @-@ Qudwa ( / ˈærəˌfæt , ˈɑːrəˌfɑːt / ; Arabic : محمد ياسر عبد الرحمن عبد الرؤوف عرفات ; 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004 ) , popularly known as Yasser Arafat ( Arabic : ياسر عرفات , Yāsir `Arafāt ) or by his kunya Abu Ammar ( Arabic : أبو عمار , ' Abū `Ammār ) , was a Palestinian leader . He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) , President of the Palestinian National Authority ( PNA ) , and leader of the Fatah political party and former paramilitary group , which he founded in 1959 . Originally opposed to Israel 's existence , he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242 . Arafat and his movement operated from several Arab countries . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , Fatah faced off with Jordan in a brief civil war . Forced out of Jordan and into Lebanon , Arafat and Fatah were major targets of Israel 's 1978 and 1982 invasions of that country .
Later in his career , Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the government of Israel to end the decades @-@ long conflict between it and the PLO . These included the Madrid Conference of 1991 , the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit . His political rivals , including Islamists and several PLO leftists , often denounced him for being corrupt or too submissive in his concessions to the Israeli government . In 1994 Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize , together with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres , for the negotiations at Oslo . During this time , Hamas and other militant organizations rose to power and shook the foundations of the authority that Fatah under Arafat had established in the Palestinian territories . In late 2004 , after effectively being confined within his Ramallah compound for over two years by the Israeli army , Arafat became ill , fell into a coma and died on 11 November 2004 at the age of 75 . While the cause of Arafat 's death has remained the subject of speculation , investigations by Russian and French teams determined no foul play was involved .
Arafat remains a controversial figure . The majority of the Palestinian people — regardless of political ideology or faction — viewed him as a heroic freedom fighter and martyr who symbolized the national aspirations of his people , while many Israelis have described him as an unrepentant terrorist .
= = Early life = =
= = = Birth and childhood = = =
Arafat was born in Cairo , Egypt . His father , Abdel Raouf al @-@ Qudwa al @-@ Husseini , was a Palestinian from Gaza City , whose mother , Yasser 's paternal grandmother , was Egyptian . Arafat 's father battled in the Egyptian courts for 25 years to claim family land in Egypt as part of his inheritance but was unsuccessful . He worked as a textile merchant in Cairo 's religiously mixed Sakakini District . Arafat was the second @-@ youngest of seven children and was , along with his younger brother Fathi , the only offspring born in Cairo . His mother , Zahwa Abul Saud , was from a Jerusalem @-@ based family . She died from a kidney ailment in 1933 , when Arafat was four years of age .
Arafat 's first visit to Jerusalem came when his father , unable to raise seven children alone , sent him and his brother Fathi to their mother 's family in the Moroccan Quarter of the Old City . They lived there with their uncle Salim Abul Saud for four years . In 1937 , their father recalled them to be taken care of by their older sister , Inam . Arafat had a deteriorating relationship with his father ; when he died in 1952 , Arafat did not attend the funeral , nor did he visit his father 's grave upon his return to Gaza . Arafat 's sister Inam stated in an interview with Arafat 's biographer , British historian Alan Hart , that Arafat was heavily beaten by his father for going to the Jewish quarter in Cairo and attending religious services . When she asked Arafat why he would not stop going , he responded by saying that he wanted to study Jewish mentality .
= = = Education = = =
In 1944 , Arafat enrolled in the University of King Fuad I and graduated in 1950 . He later claimed to have sought a better understanding of Judaism and Zionism by engaging in discussions with Jews and reading publications by Theodor Herzl and other prominent Zionists . At the same time , he became an Arab nationalist and began procuring weapons to be smuggled into the former British Mandate of Palestine , for use by irregulars in the Arab Higher Committee and the Army of the Holy War militias .
During the 1948 Arab – Israeli War , Arafat left the University and , along with other Arabs , sought to enter Palestine to join Arab forces fighting against Israeli troops and the creation of the state of Israel . However , instead of joining the ranks of the Palestinian fedayeen , Arafat fought alongside the Muslim Brotherhood , although he did not join the organization . He took part in combat in the Gaza area ( which was the main battleground of Egyptian forces during the conflict ) . In early 1949 , the war was winding down in Israel 's favor , and Arafat returned to Cairo from a lack of logistical support .
After returning to the University , Arafat studied civil engineering and served as president of the General Union of Palestinian Students ( GUPS ) from 1952 to 1956 . During his first year as president of the union , the University was renamed Cairo University after a coup was carried out by the Free Officers Movement overthrowing King Farouk I. By that time , Arafat had graduated with a bachelor 's degree in civil engineering and was called to duty to fight with Egyptian forces during the Suez Crisis ; however , he never actually fought . Later that year , at a conference in Prague , he donned a solid white keffiyeh – different from the fishnet @-@ patterned one he adopted later in Kuwait , which was to become his emblem .
= = = Marriage = = =
In 1990 , Arafat married Suha Tawil , a Palestinian Christian when he was 61 and Suha , 27 . Before their marriage , she was working as a secretary for Arafat in Tunis after her mother introduced her to him in France . Prior to Arafat 's marriage , he adopted fifty Palestinian war orphans .
During her marriage , Suha tried to leave Arafat on many occasions , but was not permitted to by her husband . She views her marriage to Arafat as a mistake . Suha said she regrets the marriage and given the choice again , would not have wed him .
On 24 July 1995 , Arafat 's wife Suha gave birth to a daughter in Neuilly @-@ sur @-@ Seine , France . She was named Zahwa after Arafat 's deceased mother .
= = = Name = = =
Arafat 's full name was Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al @-@ Qudwa . Mohammed Abdel Rahman was his first name , Abdel Raouf was his father 's name and Arafat his grandfather 's . Al @-@ Qudwa was the name of his tribe and al @-@ Husseini was that of the clan to which the al @-@ Qudwas belonged . The al @-@ Husseini clan was based in Gaza and is not related to the well @-@ known al @-@ Husayni clan of Jerusalem .
Since Arafat was raised in Cairo , the tradition of dropping the Mohammed or Ahmad portion of one 's first name was common ; notable Egyptians such as Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak did so . However , Arafat also dropped Abdel Rahman and Abdel Raouf from his name as well . During the early 1950s , Arafat adopted the name Yasser , and in the early years of Arafat 's guerrilla career , he assumed the nom de guerre of Abu Ammar . Both names are related to Ammar ibn Yasir , one of Muhammad 's early companions . Although he dropped most of his inherited names , he retained Arafat due to its significance in Islam .
= = Rise of Fatah = =
= = = Founding of Fatah = = =
Following the Suez Crisis in 1956 , Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser agreed to allow the United Nations Emergency Force to establish itself in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip , precipitating the expulsion of all guerrilla or " fedayeen " forces there — including Arafat . Arafat originally attempted to obtain a visa to Canada and later Saudi Arabia , but was unsuccessful in both attempts . In 1957 , he applied for a visa to Kuwait ( at the time a British protectorate ) and was approved , based on his work in civil engineering . There he encountered two Palestinian friends : Salah Khalaf ( " Abu Iyad " ) and Khalil al @-@ Wazir ( " Abu Jihad " ) , both official members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood . Arafat had met Abu Iyad while attending
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
. On 10 February , Haruna was assigned to the Kure Naval District . On 19 March 1945 , American carrier aircraft attacked the remainder of the Japanese Navy at Kure . The base was defended by veteran Japanese fighter instructors flying Kawanishi N1K @-@ J " Shiden " or " George " fighters , led by the man who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor , Minoru Genda . These fighter planes were superior in some respects to America 's main fighter , the F6F Hellcat . They surprised the attackers , destroyed several American aircraft , and defended the base from the brunt of the attack . Haruna sustained light damage from a single bomb on the starboard side , and remained at Kure .
On 24 July 1945 , the U.S. Navy 's Task Force 38 began a series of aerial attacks on Kure Naval Base to destroy the last remnants of Japan 's navy . The same day , the battleship Hyūga was sunk , and Haruna was hit by a single bomb which caused light damage . Four days later , she sustained eight bomb hits from Task Force 38 's aircraft and sank at her moorings at 16 : 15 . In two days of attacks , 65 officers and men of Haruna were killed . Her remnants were raised from the sea floor in 1946 and broken up over the course of two months .
= Carl Eytel =
Carl Eytel ( September 12 , 1862 – September 17 , 1925 ) was a German American artist who built his reputation for paintings and drawings of desert subjects in the American Southwest . Immigrating to the United States in 1885 , he eventually settled in Palm Springs , California in 1903 . With an extensive knowledge of the Sonoran Desert , Eytel traveled with author George Wharton James as he wrote the successful Wonders of the Colorado Desert , and contributed over 300 drawings to the 1908 work . While he enjoyed success as an artist , he lived as an ascetic and eventually died in poverty . Eytel 's most important work , Desert Near Palm Springs , hangs in the History Room of the California State Library .
= = Life = =
= = = Early life and immigration = = =
Carl Eytel was born as Karl Adolf Wilhelm Eytel in Maichingen , Böblingen to Tusnelda ( née Schmid ) and Friederick Hermann Eytel , a Lutheran minister in the Kingdom of Württemberg ( now the state of Baden @-@ Württemberg , near Stuttgart ) , Germany . As a boy , he became a ward of his grandfather when his father died . Eytel was well educated in the German gymnasium and became enamored of the American West while reading the works of Prussian natural science writer and explorer Alexander von Humboldt , which he found in the Stuttgart Royal Library . From 1880 to 1884 he studied forestry in Tübingen and then was drafted into the German Army . He first traveled to the United States in 1885 aboard the Suevia and worked as a ranch hand in Kansas . Later he worked at a slaughterhouse for 18 months to earn his living and to study cattle . In 1891 , he read an article about the Palm Springs area in the San Francisco Call and was " incited " to visit the California desert .
= = = Palm Springs = = =
Eytel returned to Germany to study art for 18 months ( 1897 – 1898 ) at the Royal Art School Stuttgart and then re @-@ immigrated to the United States . Wanting to be a cowboy , he worked as a cowhand in the San Joaquin Valley and he eventually settled in Palm Springs in 1903 . Living in small cabins he built himself , Palm Springs remained his home . Eytel often walked on his travels , covering 400 miles in the Colorado Desert on foot . On one of his travels he was nearly lynched as a horse thief and in 1918 , during a trip to northern Arizona , he was threatened with lynching as a German spy .
= = Work = =
While living for the most part as a " desert rat " and starving artist , he both traveled alone throughout the American Southwest and accompanied author J. Smeaton Chase and painter Jimmy Swinnerton on their travels . Serving as George Wharton James ' guide to " every obvious and obscure location of importance " , he illustrated James ' two volume The Wonders of the Colorado Desert . The work was successful and received generally favorable reviews . The collaboration on the book lasted from 1903 to 1907 . Eytel 's illustrations were also used by James in his 1906 article " The Colorado Desert : As General Kearney Saw It " .
= = = Successes = = =
By 1908 Eytel was exhibiting works in Pasadena and enjoying the patronage of socialite Martha M. Newkirk . He was also planning to build a bungalow in Beaumont , California . And , in 1909 , his work was being exhibited in major art venues and the Kanst gallery in Los Angeles . Later , in 1911 , after traveling with Chase on horseback , he contributed 21 realistic line art drawings to Chase 's book , Cone @-@ bearing Trees of the California Mountains .
Besides his work in Wonders of the Colorado Desert and Cone @-@ bearing Trees , Eytel contributed ( both drawings and articles ) to the best periodicals , including the Los Angeles Times and , for nearly 14 years , the New Yorker Staats @-@ Zeitung . ( During his travels in the southwest he became friends with Los Angeles Times city editor Charles Lummis . ) A stone wall in the dining room of Dr. Welwood Murray 's early hotel was covered with an Eytel mural of Palm Canyon . His hundreds of drawings of native palms were his trademark and he became known as " The Artist of the Palms " . His work helped publicize early Palm Springs . In 1977 his works were selling for $ 10 @,@ 000 and under .
= = = " Creative Brotherhood " = = =
Along with naturalist Edmund C. Jaeger , and authors Chase and Charles Francis Saunders , Eytel was a core member of what University of Arizona Professor Peter Wild called a " Creative Brotherhood " that lived in Palm Springs in the early 20th century . Other Brotherhood members included cartoonist and painter Swinnerton , author James , and photographers Fred Clatsworthy and Stephen H. Willard . The men lived near each other ( like Eytel , Jaeger built his own cabin ) , traveled together throughout the Southwest , helped with each other 's works , and exchanged photographs which appeared in their various books .
The Brotherhood lasted from 1915 when Jaeger , who was the teacher in the Palm Springs one @-@ room school house , met Eytel and Chase . It ended in 1923 when Chase died . ( In 1924 , after completing his studies at Occidental College in Los Angeles , Jaeger began a 30 @-@ year teaching career at Riverside Junior College in Riverside , California . ) Jaeger wrote the initial eulogy for Eytel upon his death and in 1948 , recalling his time with him , Jaeger said :
As an artist Eytel was largely self @-@ taught .... Not widely schooled , but widely read . Eytel possessed a knowledge not only of the Greek and Roman classics but of the best literature of England , America and his native Germany . I never knew Eytel to sleep indoors . Trying to inure himself to hardships in the belief it would toughen his constitution ....
Over the years it was Eytel who served as their " spiritual figurehead " . Even after Jaeger left to complete his studies and Chase married the wealthy Isabel White ( 1917 ) , the three , plus Saunders , often exchanged letters . Suffering from a " hacking and persistent cough " , Eytel remained in Palm Springs , impoverished , and Swinnerton would buy art supplies for him . Later Eytel became a recluse .
= = = Smoketree School = = =
Journalist Ann Japenga has characterized Eytel 's work as " Smoketree School " – a school which is named after a favorite desert art subject , the smoketree . The school has origins with Alson S. Clark and Jack Frost , who were influenced by French impressionist Claude Monet . Other Smoketree artists include Carl Bray , Fred Chisnall , Maynard Dixon , Clyde Forsythe , Sam Hyde Harris , John Hilton , R. Brownell McGrew , Agnes Pelton , Hanson Puthuff and Swinnerton .
= = = Style and subjects = = =
Like many artists of the desert southwest , Eytel 's style was impressionistic . His subjects were varied and included the Mission San José de Tumacácori , in the Tumacácori National Historical Park near Nogales , Arizona ( pre @-@ restoration ) , and California Mission San Gabriel Arcángel and Mission San Juan Capistrano Spanish missions . His drawings for Cone @-@ bearing Trees of the California Mountains and Wonders of the Colorado Desert were especially detailed and included Desert Bighorn Sheep , desert reptiles , and cattle . ( His Mirage in the Desert ( 1905 ) , painted for Wonders , depicts cattle and cowboys . )
Eytel depicted the life of Navajo , Hopi , Cahuilla , Serrano and Kamia peoples , including landscapes of the New Mexico Eight Northern Pueblos in San Ildefonso , Laguna , Tesuque and Taos Pueblo . The Walpi Pueblo on First Mesa , Hopi Reservation , Arizona , and Cocopah people near Calexico , California were drawn as well .
Prospectors working the Anaconda ( Dale District ) and Manana ( Colorado River ) mines in Arizona and the famous Picacho gold mine were drawn , as were the Rancho Guajome Adobe near Encinitas , California , the Sierra Bonita Ranch near Fort Grant , Arizona , turn of the century Tucson , Arizona , and the Yuma Territorial Prison , Yuma , Arizona .
His scenes from early Palm Springs included the stagecoach station and William Pester – " The Hermit of Palm Springs " .
Eytel 's landscapes and mountain scenes in Wonders included :
Ehrenberg , Arizona
Algodones , including the Pilot Knob landmark , Imperial County , California
Palo Verde , Arizona
San Jacinto National Forest , California
Oak Creek Canyon , within Coconino National Forest , Arizona
Mt . San Gorgonio , California
Mt . San Jacinto , California
Royal Gorge , Colorado
San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff , Arizona
Sentinel Rock and Cathedral Spires in Yosemite Valley , California
Tahquitz Peak , near Idyllwild , California
Twin Buttes , Navajo County , Arizona
= = Honors = =
Eytel was a friend of the Cahuilla people and they allowed him to be buried in their cemetery in Palm Springs after he died of tuberculosis in a Banning , California sanatorium . His funeral and burial were arranged by Nellie Coffman , who had established the original Desert Inn in the Palm Springs village in 1909 .
Eytel received the following eulogy from Saunders writing in August 1926 :
But to Carl Eytel , pioneer of Palm Springs artists , working there long before the world of fashion had heard of the place , Palm Springs was his home , and the desert his life . He knew it in all seasons , in all moods , and he painted it with a sort of religious ardor springing from unfailing love , in season and out . Others have been better draughtsmen than he , but when you look at a canvas by Eytel at his best you are looking into what seems the desert ’ s heart .
His painting Desert near Palm Springs ( 1914 ) is displayed in the California History Room of the California State Library . The Palm Springs Art Museum has a set of Eytel 's sketches and displays various of his paintings .
The desert shrub amphipappus fremontii was given the common name " eytelia " in his honor . The short " Via Eytel " in Palm Springs is named in his honor , as is the short " Eytel Road " in nearby Cathedral City .
= Catch Me If You Can ( Girls ' Generation song ) =
" Catch Me If You Can " is a song recorded in two languages ( Japanese and Korean ) by South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation . The Korean version was released by S.M. Entertainment and KT Music on April 10 , 2015 , while the Japanese version was released on April 22 by EMI and Universal Music Japan . The song was composed by Erik Lidbom and Jin Choi , with the Korean lyrics written by Mafly and Choe A @-@ Leum , and the Japanese lyrics written by Junji Ishiwatari and Jeff Miyahara . Musically , it was described by critics as an EDM track . The song marked the first release of Girls ' Generation as an eight @-@ member group following the dismissal of member Jessica Jung in September 2014 .
The single received generally favorable review from music critics , who not only praised its musical styles , but also compared the song to works by American musicians such as Zedd and Skrillex . Commercially , the single peaked at number 19 on the South Korean Gaon Digital Chart and number 8 on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart . Two music videos were created for the single , one for the Korean version and one for the Japanese version , which were released simultaneously on April 10 , 2015 . The music videos were hailed for their " mind @-@ blowing " choreography , as described by Billboard magazine .
= = Background = =
South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation had achieved success on the Asian music scene with hit singles such as " Gee " and " I Got a Boy " since their 2007 debut as a nine @-@ piece girl group , consisting of members Taeyeon , Sunny , Tiffany , Hyoyeon , Yuri , Sooyoung , Yoona , Seohyun , and Jessica . In September 2014 , Jessica announced that she had been dismissed as a member of Girls ' Generation by their parent company S.M. Entertainment , due to her schedule conflict between the group 's mutual music activities and her own fashion business Blanc & Eclare ; the release of " Catch Me If You Can " marked Girls ' Generation 's first release as an eight @-@ member group .
On February 18 , 2015 , it was announced that Girls ' Generation was preparing for their comeback in Japan by releasing their ninth Japanese single named " Catch Me If You Can " , which was scheduled to be released in Japan on April 22 , 2015 . On March 23 , further information regarding the single was announced : the Japanese version of " Catch Me If You Can " would be distributed under three formats : CD single , digital download , and 12 @-@ inch single . The Korean version was released digitally worldwide by S.M. Entertainment on April 10 , 2015 . Due to its popularity on YouTube , the song also received airplay on SiriusXM Hits 1 radio during the week of April 20 , 2015 . Both versions of the single contain a B @-@ side track titled " Girls " .
= = Composition and reception = =
The music for " Catch Me If You Can " was composed by Erik Lidbom and Jin Choi . The Korean lyrics were written by Mafly and Choe A @-@ Leum , while the Japanese lyrics were written by Junji Ishiwatari and Jeff Miyahara . Musically , the song was described as an electronic dance music ( EDM ) track . Jeff Benjamin , writing for Fuse , noted it as a departure from the group 's signature bubblegum pop styles and named it " high @-@ turbo " EDM . The song is instrumented by " surging " synthesizers , tribal house beats , and bass drops . Upon its release , " Catch Me If You Can " received generally positive reviews from music critics . Benjamin further compared the track 's breakdowns to the musical styles of Russian – German DJ Zedd and wrote that the song " rise [ s ] above any mediocre label " . He also wrote an article for Billboard where he compared its musical styles to those of Zedd and American DJ Skrillex , labelling it a " smart move " .
= = = Chart performance = = =
The Korean version of " Catch Me If You Can " peaked at number 19 on the Gaon Digital Chart and has sold 135 @,@ 068 digital downloads . It also peaked at number 2 on the US World Digital Songs chart by Billboard magazine , becoming the group 's highest @-@ charting single on the chart . The Japanese version debuted at number 8 on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart , selling 20 @,@ 835 physical copies in its first week of release . It has since sold 23 @,@ 167 physical units in Japan , becoming the 31st highest @-@ selling CD single of April in Japan . It additionally charted at number 9 on the Japan Hot 100 by Billboard Japan . In Taiwan , the single charted atop the G @-@ Music J @-@ pop chart in the first week of May 2015 .
= = Music videos and promotion = =
On April 10 , 2015 , S.M. Entertainment released the Korean music video on YouTube and other online web @-@ sharing websites , while the Japanese music video was disclosed on the group 's Japanese official website . The audio was revealed simultaneously on several South Korean online distributors .
Prior to the release , the members of Girls ' Generation had promoted the new song on their social network profiles , including Instagram and Sina Weibo . S.M. Entertainment also started a selfie contest with the hashtag " # catchGG " on Twitter , accompanying the group 's comeback . Following the release of the song , the group did not do any official promotion in South Korea . However , Girls ' Generation later performed the song on South Korean music program Show ! Music Core , in conjunction with the release of the group 's subsequent single " Party " , in July 2015 . They also performed the song on NTV 's Live Monster concert in Japan during the same month .
The music video for " Catch Me If You Can " was directed by Toshiyuki Suzuki and features the members dancing in white tank tops and orange uniforms at a construction zone . Jeff Benjamin from American music magazine Billboard described the choreography as " powerful and sexy " and " mind @-@ blowing " . He furthered commented that the members sure " can dance their asses off " and compared the video to Ciara 's 2009 music video for " Work " for the same construction zone background and the white tank top look . Similarly , Filipino channel Myx praised the music video 's visual , commenting that the group were " keeping it hot with their steamy moves and outfits " . In June 2015 , an earlier version of the music video featuring ex @-@ member Jessica was unofficially released onto the Internet . It was presumably filmed before she was dismissed from the group in September 2014 .
= = Track listings and formats = =
= = Chart = =
= = Release history = =
= Copernicium =
Copernicium is a chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112 . It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element that can only be created in a laboratory . The most stable known isotope , copernicium @-@ 285 , has a half @-@ life of approximately 29 seconds , but it is possible that this copernicium isotope may have a nuclear isomer with a longer half @-@ life , 8 @.@ 9 min . Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt , Germany . It is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus .
In the periodic table of the elements , it is a d @-@ block transactinide element . During reactions with gold , it has been shown to be an extremely volatile metal and a group 12 element , and it may even be a gas at standard temperature and pressure . Copernicium is calculated to have several properties that differ between it and its lighter homologues , zinc , cadmium and mercury ; the most notable of them is withdrawing two 6d @-@ electrons before 7s ones due to relativistic effects , which confirm copernicium as an undisputed transition metal . Copernicium is also calculated to show a predominance of the oxidation state + 4 , while mercury shows it in only one compound at extreme conditions and zinc and cadmium do not show it at all . It has also been predicted to be more difficult to oxidise copernicium from its neutral state than the other group 12 elements .
In total , approximately 75 atoms of copernicium have been detected using various nuclear reactions .
= = History = =
= = = Official discovery = = =
Copernicium was first created on February 9 , 1996 , at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung ( GSI ) in Darmstadt , Germany , by Sigurd Hofmann , Victor Ninov et al . This element was created by firing accelerated zinc @-@ 70 nuclei at a target made of lead @-@ 208 nuclei in a heavy ion accelerator . A single atom ( the second was subsequently dismissed ) of copernicium was produced with a mass number of 277 .
208
82Pb + 70
30Zn → 278
112Cn * → 277
112Cn + 1
0n
In May 2000 , the GSI successfully repeated the experiment to synthesize a further atom of copernicium @-@ 277 . This reaction was repeated at RIKEN using the Search for a Super @-@ Heavy Element Using a Gas @-@ Filled Recoil Separator set @-@ up in 2004 and 2013 to synthesize three further atoms and confirm the decay data reported by the GSI team .
The IUPAC / IUPAP Joint Working Party ( JWP ) assessed the claim of discovery by the GSI team in 2001 and 2003 . In both cases , they found that there was insufficient evidence to support their claim . This was primarily related to the contradicting decay data for the known nuclide rutherfordium @-@ 261 . However , between 2001 and 2005 , the GSI team studied the reaction 248Cm ( 26Mg , 5n ) 269Hs , and were able to confirm the decay data for hassium @-@ 269 and rutherfordium @-@ 261 . It was found that the existing data on rutherfordium @-@ 261 was for an isomer , now designated rutherfordium @-@ 261m .
In May 2009 , the JWP reported on the claims of discovery of element 112 again and officially recognized the GSI team as the discoverers of element 112 . This decision was based on the confirmation of the decay properties of daughter nuclei as well as the confirmatory experiments at RIKEN .
= = = Naming = = =
Using Mendeleev 's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements , copernicium should be known as eka @-@ mercury . In 1979 , IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ununbium ( with the corresponding symbol of Uub ) , a systematic element name as a placeholder , until the element was discovered ( and the discovery then confirmed ) and a permanent name was decided on . Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels , from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks , the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field , who either called it " element 112 " , with the symbol of ( 112 ) or even simply 112 .
After acknowledging the GSI team 's discovery , the IUPAC asked them to suggest a permanent name for element 112 . On 14 July 2009 , they proposed copernicium with the element symbol Cp , after Nicolaus Copernicus " to honor an outstanding scientist , who changed our view of the world " .
During the standard six @-@ month discussion period among the scientific community about the naming , it was pointed out that the symbol Cp was previously associated with the name cassiopeium ( cassiopium ) , now known as lutetium ( Lu ) . For this reason , the IUPAC disallowed the use of Cp as a future symbol , prompting the GSI team to put forward the symbol Cn as an alternative . On 19 February 2010 , the 537th anniversary of Copernicus ' birth , IUPAC officially accepted the proposed name and symbol .
= = Isotopes = =
Copernicium has no stable or naturally @-@ occurring isotopes . Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory , either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements . Six different isotopes have been reported with atomic masses from 281 to 285 , and 277 , two of which , copernicium @-@ 283 and copernicium @-@ 285 , have known metastable states . Most of these decay predominantly through alpha decay , but some undergo spontaneous fission .
The isotope copernicium @-@ 283 was instrumental in the confirmation of the discoveries of the elements flerovium and livermorium .
= = = Half @-@ lives = = =
All copernicium isotopes are extremely unstable and radioactive ; in general , heavier isotopes are more stable than the lighter . The most stable isotope , 285Cn , has a half @-@ life of 29 seconds , although it is suspected that this isotope has an isomer with a half @-@ life of 8 @.@ 9 minutes , and 283Cn may have an isomer with a half @-@ life of about 5 minutes . Other isotopes have half @-@ lives shorter than 0 @.@ 1 seconds . 281Cn and 284Cn both have half @-@ lives of 97 ms , and the other two isotopes have half @-@ lives slightly under one millisecond . It is predicted that the heavy isotopes 291Cn and 293Cn may have half @-@ lives of around 1200 years , and may have been produced in the r @-@ process and be detectable in cosmic rays , though they would be about 10 − 12 times as abundant as lead .
The lightest isotopes were synthesized by direct fusion between two lighter nuclei and as decay products ( except for 277Cn , which is not known to be a decay product ) , while the heavier isotopes are only known to be produced by decay of heavier nuclei . The heaviest isotope produced by direct fusion is 283Cn ; the two heavier isotopes , 284Cn and 285Cn have only been observed as decay products of elements with larger atomic numbers . In 1999 , American scientists at the University of California , Berkeley , announced that they had succeeded in synthesizing three atoms of 293Uuo . These parent nuclei were reported to have successively emitted three alpha particles to form copernicium @-@ 281 nuclei , which were claimed to have undergone an alpha decay , emitting an alpha particle with decay energy of 10 @.@ 68 MeV and half @-@ life 0 @.@ 90 ms , but their claim was retracted in 2001 . The isotope , however , was produced in 2010 by the same team . The new data contradicted the previous ( fabricated ) data .
= = Predicted properties = =
= = = Chemical = = =
Copernicium is the last member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest group 12 element in the periodic table , below zinc , cadmium and mercury . It is predicted to differ significantly from the lighter group 12 elements . Due to stabilization of 7s electronic orbitals and destabilization of 6d ones caused by relativistic effects , Cn2 + is likely to have a [ Rn ] 5f146d87s2 electronic configuration , using the 6d orbitals before the 7s one , unlike its homologues . The fact that the 6d electrons participate readily in chemical bonding mean that copernicium should behave more like a transition metal than its lighter homologues , especially in the + 4 oxidation state . In water solutions , copernicium is likely to form the + 2 and + 4 oxidation states , with the latter one being more stable . Among the lighter group 12 members , for which the + 2 oxidation state is the most common , only mercury can show the + 4 oxidation state , but it is highly uncommon , existing at only one compound ( mercury ( IV ) fluoride , HgF4 ) at extreme conditions . The analogous compound for copernicium , copernicium ( IV ) fluoride ( CnF4 ) , is predicted to be more stable . The diatomic ion Hg2 +
2 , featuring mercury in the + 1 oxidation state , is well @-@ known , but the Cn2 +
2 ion is predicted to be unstable or even non @-@ existent . Oxidation of copernicium from its neutral state is also likely to be more difficult than those of previous group 12 members . Copernicium ( II ) fluoride , CnF2 , should be more unstable than the analogous mercury compound , mercury ( II ) fluoride ( HgF2 ) , and may even decompose spontaneously into its constituent elements . In polar solvents , copernicium is predicted to preferentially form the CnF −
5 and CnF −
3 anions rather than the analogous neutral fluorides ( CnF4 and CnF2 , respectively ) , although the analogous bromide or iodide ions may be more stable towards hydrolysis in aqueous solution . The anions CnCl2 −
4 and CnBr2 −
4 should also be able to exist in aqueous solution .
The valence s @-@ subshells of the group 12 elements and period 7 elements are expected to be relativistically contracted most strongly at copernicium . This and the closed @-@ shell configuration of copernicium result in it probably being a very noble metal . Its metallic bonds should also be very weak , possibly making it extremely volatile , like the noble gases , and potentially making it gaseous at room temperature . However , it should be able to form metal – metal bonds with copper , palladium , platinum , silver , and gold ; these bonds are predicted to be only about 15 – 20 kJ / mol weaker than the analogous bonds with mercury .
= = = Physical and atomic = = =
Copernicium should be a very heavy metal with a density of around 23 @.@ 7 g / cm3 in the solid state ; in comparison , the most dense known element that has had its density measured , osmium , has a density of only 22 @.@ 61 g / cm3 . This results from copernicium 's high atomic weight , the lanthanide and actinide contractions , and relativistic effects , although production of enough copernicium to measure this quantity would be impractical , and the sample would quickly decay . However , some calculations predict copernicium to be a gas at room temperature , the first gaseous metal in the periodic table ( the second being flerovium ) , due to the closed @-@ shell electron configurations of copernicium and flerovium . The atomic radius of copernicium is expected to be around 147 pm . Due to the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the 6d orbital , the Cn + and Cn2 + ions are predicted to give up 6d electrons instead of 7s electrons , which is the opposite of the behavior of its lighter homologues .
In addition to the relativistic contraction and binding of the 7s subshell , the 6d5 / 2 orbital is expected to be destabilized due to spin @-@ orbit coupling , making it behave similarly to the 7s orbital in terms of size , shape , and energy . Hence copernicium may not be a noble transition metal , but rather a semiconductor with a band gap of around 0 @.@ 2 eV . Copernicium is expected to crystallize in the hexagonal close @-@ packed crystal structure , with lattice parameters a
= 332 pm and c =
540 pm . The c / a ratio of 1 @.@ 63 is the ideal value , establishing a kinship between solid copernicium and the solid noble gases , though its cohesive energy ( enthalpy of crystallization ) should be on the order of that of mercury rather than be near the lower value of the noble gases .
= = Experimental atomic gas phase chemistry = =
Interest in copernicium 's chemistry was sparked by predictions that it would have the largest relativistic effects in the whole of period 7 and group 12 . Copernicium has the ground state electron configuration [ Rn ] 5f146d107s2 and thus should belong to group 12 of the periodic table , according to the Aufbau principle . As such , it should behave as the heavier homologue of mercury and form strong binary compounds with noble metals like gold . Experiments probing the reactivity of copernicium have focused on the adsorption of atoms of element 112 onto a gold surface held at varying temperatures , in order to calculate an adsorption enthalpy . Owing to relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons , copernicium shows radon @-@ like properties . Experiments were performed with the simultaneous formation of mercury and radon radioisotopes , allowing a comparison of adsorption characteristics .
The first experiments were conducted using the 238U ( 48Ca , 3n ) 283Cn reaction . Detection was by spontaneous fission of the claimed parent isotope with half @-@ life of 5 minutes . Analysis of the data indicated that copernicium was more volatile than mercury and had noble gas properties . However , the confusion regarding the synthesis of copernicium @-@ 283 has cast some doubt on these experimental results . Given this uncertainty , between April – May 2006 at the JINR , a FLNR – PSI team conducted experiments probing the synthesis of this isotope as a daughter in the nuclear reaction 242Pu ( 48Ca , 3n ) 287Fl . In this experiment , two atoms of copernicium @-@ 283 were unambiguously identified and the adsorption properties indicated that copernicium is a more volatile homologue of mercury , due to formation of a weak metal @-@ metal bond with gold , placing it firmly in group 12 .
In April 2007 , this experiment was repeated and a further three atoms of copernicium @-@ 283 were positively identified . The adsorption property was confirmed and indicated that copernicium has adsorption properties completely in agreement with being the heaviest member of group 12 . These experiments also allowed the first experimental estimation of copernicium 's boiling point : 84 + 112
− 108 ° C.
= 2011 Guerrero earthquake =
The 2011 Guerrero earthquake struck with a moment magnitude of 5 @.@ 7 in southern Mexico at 08 : 24 local time on Thursday , 5 May . It was positioned west of Ometepec , Guerrero , with a focal depth of 24 km ( 14 @.@ 9 mi ) , and was lightly felt in many adjacent areas .
Buildings swayed with the tremor in Mexico City , prompting evacuations and causing panic among many . Following the quake , police patrolled city streets for safety reasons and damage assessments were carried out across the affected region . There were no casualties , though two local police stations suffered slight damage . A number of light aftershocks succeeded the main event , of which the strongest measured a magnitude of 4 @.@ 1 ( ML ) .
= = Geology = =
The magnitude 5 @.@ 7 ( Mw ) earthquake occurred inland near the southern coast of Mexico at a depth of 24 km ( 14 @.@ 9 mi ) , with a duration of nearly one minute and an epicenter about 55 km ( 34 mi ) west of Ometepec , Guerrero . In the region , the Cocos , North American , and Caribbean Plates converge and create a tectonic zone of continuous seismic activity . The quake struck near the eastern periphery of the Guerrero seismic gap , which extends from Acapulco to Ixtapa – Zihuatanejo and contains enough seismic energy to generate an earthquake of up to magnitude 7 @.@ 5 , but it did not cause the gap to rupture . Initial estimates from the USGS placed its intensity at a magnitude of 5 @.@ 8 ( Mw ) ; the National Seismological Service registered the earthquake at magnitude 5 @.@ 5 ( ML ) .
Owing to the moderate magnitude of the quake , significant shaking was felt only in localized parts of Costa Chica , registering strongest at VI ( strong ) on the Mercalli scale in Azoyú and V ( moderate ) in populous areas around the epicenter . Lighter ground motions ( MM IV – III ) were perceived in much of Guerrero , including Acapulco and Chilpancingo , with weak tremors ( MM II ) reported as far away as in Mexico City , about 300 km ( 187 mi ) from the epicenter . The capital city rests on a former lakebed of largely unconsolidated sedimentary layers , so earthquake shaking in its vicinity is generally amplified .
= = Aftershocks = =
By 6 May , a total of five light aftershocks had occurred near the earthquake 's epicenter . Of the five , the first registered a magnitude of 3 @.@ 7 ( ML ) and struck about 15 minutes after the main shock , and was succeeded by a magnitude 3 @.@ 9 ( ML ) tremor at 10 : 09 local time . Two similar quakes of minor intensity struck the region the next day ; however , the strongest and final aftershock registered a magnitude of 4 @.@ 1 ( ML ) and occurred at 04 : 00 in the morning .
= = Impact and response = =
Despite relatively strong ground motions , damage to the area was very limited ; structures around the epicenter were a mix of fairly vulnerable and resistant to earthquake shaking . Buildings swayed with the tremor in Mexico City , causing panic among many citizens and prompting some to evacuate . Several schools in Guerrero were evacuated as a safety precaution . The earthquake and its aftershock sequence contributed to intermittent power outages in Acapulco ; more than 40 @,@ 000 residences in some 40 districts remained without power by the next day . There were no reports of major losses or fatalities in the wake of the tremor , though two police stations located in Acapulco and Marquelia suffered light damage . Elsewhere , some fallen roof tiles and small landslides occurred east of the epicenter in Cuautepec .
Prior to the arrival of seismic waves in Mexico City , seven of twelve earthquake sensors near the coast of Guerrero detected a " potentially significant quake " . Alert systems were subsequently activated in the area , giving locals at least 50 seconds to secure themselves . Shortly after impact , authorities dispatched five helicopters to ascertain any damage in the wake of the quake . SSP officials , along with over 3 @,@ 000 police officers , patrolled the city streets as a safety measure . In response to the earthquake 's occurrence , the Federal District announced the installation of 50 @,@ 000 seismic alarms in local schools , hospitals , and offices . Reassessments of structural conditions — particularly in earthquake @-@ prone parts of the state — were scheduled , and about 1 @,@ 817 @,@ 000 government workers partook in an earthquake simulation exercise the following day .
= = = Scientific reaction = = =
Although the intensity of the quake was fairly significant , specialists reported that earthquakes of such magnitude do not release nearly enough seismic energy to prevent a major earthquake from occurring in the region . In reality , roughly 900 earthquakes of similar intensities to that of the Guerrero earthquake are required per year to total the energy unleashed by a magnitude 7 @.@ 5 event . Many locals perceived an apparent increase in recent earthquake occurrences , though at the time seismologists registered normal levels of seismic activity in the area . In 2009 , a similar magnitude 5 @.@ 8 Mw earthquake struck Guerrero near Acapulco at a depth of 35 km ( 22 mi ) , killing at least two people .
= Alan Moore ( war artist ) =
Alan Moore ( 1 August 1914 – 24 September 2015 ) was an Australian war artist during World War II . He is best known for his images of the Bergen @-@ Belsen concentration camp .
= = Early life = =
Moore was born in Melbourne in 1914 . He began life drawing art classes at age 16 , but was forbidden by his father from continuing because the subjects were nude . He took up his studies again when he turned 18 , at the National Gallery of Victoria Art School , this time completing his studies to obtain a degree . He also studied under J.S. Watkins in Sydney .
He won several art and drawing prizes in Melbourne , including the Grace Joel scholarship prize in 1942 for a nude painting .
On 14 July 1939 Moore married this first wife , Maria .
= = Career = =
= = = During the war = = =
Moore enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) in 1942 , where he was tasked with drawing airplane diagrams . A problem with one leg prevented him from being aircrew . In late 1943 , following recommendations from artists William Dargie and Harold Herbert , he was commissioned as an official war artist attached to the army , and given the rank of lieutenant .
Moore 's first deployment as an artist was with the RAAF in Papua New Guinea in early 1944 . His earlier watercolour paintings , made in Milne Bay and Goodenough Island , were destroyed by wet weather and humidity ; he subsequently changed to working with oils , which were more suitable for the tropical environment .
During his time in Papua New Guinea he flew in several bombing raids to make sketches from the air .
Towards the end of World War II , he recorded war scenes from Papua New Guinea , the Middle East , Italy , England and Germany .
In 1945 Moore accompanied the British 11th Armoured Division when they liberated the Bergen @-@ Belsen concentration camp in Germany . He spent three days sketching and painting the state of the camp , its prisoners and their captors , including Fritz Klein . It was suggested by one soldier that nobody would believe the portrayals , prompting Moore to also photograph the scenes as proof .
= = = After the war = = =
After the war , Moore returned to Melbourne , where he painted images from his Belsen sketches and photographs . They were exhibited commercially , but failed to sell . The Australian War Memorial initially rejected the material because it did not depict Australian soldiers ; however it accepted them in 1969 when they were donated by Moore . In 2013 – 14 the Belsen images formed the basis of a year @-@ long exhibition at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra , which Moore himself visited at the invitation of the Memorial .
The War Memorial also commissioned Moore to paint several large portraits , including of Generals Douglas MacArthur and Arthur Samuel Allen . As of 2015 the War Memorial holds more than 200 of his works .
After the war Moore spent some years in Europe .
He taught painting at Swinburne Technical College from c . 1963 .
= = Later life = =
Moore continued to paint at his studio in Avoca until he was 95 , stopped by arthritis and failing vision . At about the same time he moved into a nursing home in Avoca .
He died on 24 September 2015 , survived by his third wife , Alison .
= Bond Street =
Bond Street in the West End of London , connects Piccadilly in the south to Oxford Street in the north . The street , consisting of two sections , has been a popular shopping area since the 18th century and is the home of many fashion outlets that sell prestigious and expensive items . The southern section is Old Bond Street and the longer northern section New Bond Street — a distinction not generally made in everyday usage .
The street was originally fields surrounding Clarendon House on Piccadilly , which were developed by Sir Thomas Bond . It was built up in the 1720s , and by the end of the 18th century was a popular place for the upper @-@ class residents of Mayfair to socialise . Prestigious and expensive shops were established along the street but it declined as a centre of social activity in the 19th century , although it held its reputation as a fashionable place for retail , and is home to the auction houses Sotheby 's and Bonhams ( formerly Phillips ) and the department stores Fenwick and Tiffany 's . It is one of the most expensive and sought after strips of real estate in Europe .
= = Geography = =
Bond Street is the only street that runs between Oxford Street and Piccadilly . Old Bond Street is at the southern end between Piccadilly and Burlington Gardens . The northern section , New Bond Street , extends as far as Oxford Street . The whole street combined is around 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) long . The street is narrow , and many of the shops along its front are less than 20 feet ( 6 m ) wide .
The nearest tube stations are Green Park on Piccadilly , and Bond Street station on Oxford Street . Despite its name , the station does not directly connect to either New or Old Bond Street . No bus routes use the street , though the C2 service crosses New Bond Street . Part of New Bond Street is classified B406 ; the remainder and all of Old Bond Street has no number . New Bond Street is pedestrianised between Grafton Street and Clifford Street to prevent through traffic and to stop the road being used as a rat run .
= = History = =
There has been evidence of Roman settlement around what is now Bond Street . In 1894 , a culvert made from brick and stone was discovered in the area . The street was named after Sir Thomas Bond , the head of a syndicate of developers who purchased a Piccadilly mansion called Clarendon House , from Christopher Monck , 2nd Duke of Albemarle in 1686 , and proceeded to demolish the house and develop the area . At that time , the house backed onto open fields , known as Albemarle Ground , and the development of various estates in Mayfair had just begun .
New Bond Street was added during a second phase of construction 14 years after Bond 's syndicate began developing the area . Most of the building along the street occurred in the 1720s , on what was the Conduit Mead Estate . John Rocque 's map of London , published in 1746 , shows properties along the entire length of Bond Street , including the fully constructed side streets . The two parts of the street have always had separate names , and a plan by the council to merge the two into a singular " Bond Street " in the 1920s were rejected by locals .
During the 18th century , the street began to become popular with the bourgeoisie living around Mayfair . Shop owners let out the upstairs for residential purposes , attracting lodgers such as Jonathan Swift , George Selwyn , William Pitt the Elder and Laurence Stern . In 1784 , Georgiana Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire , an active socialite , demanded that people boycotted Covent Garden as its residents had voted against Whig member of parliament Charles James Fox , causing him to lose his seat in parliament and dissolve the Fox – North Coalition . She insisted people should look for nearer shopping streets , and encouraged people to go to Bond Street . Consequently , the street became a retail area for people living in Mayfair . By the end of the century , an upper class social group known as the Bond Street Loungers had appeared , wearing expensive wigs and parading up and down the street in a pretentious manner .
Lord Nelson stayed at temporary lodgings on New Bond Street between 1797 – 8 , and again in 1811 – 13 . Thomas Pitt , 2nd Baron Camelford lived on Bond Street and was unhappy about the presence of the Bond Street Loungers . Already notorious for a violent and abusive temper , on 7 October 1801 , he refused invitations to join in celebrations of peace between Britain and France ( which led to the Treaty of Amiens ) , resulting in an altercation with several Loungers at his doorstep . Camelford retreated upstairs and fired upon the crowd with a pistol .
During the 19th century , Bond Street became less known for its social atmosphere and increased its reputation as a street for luxury shopping . The auctioneer Phillips was established in 1796 at No. 101 Bond Street , specialising in stringed instruments and sheet music . The jewellers Asprey originally opened in 1830 at Nos. 165 – 169 New Bond Street . The Jewish practice of Kabbalah has been associated with the street after former East End trader Sarah Levenson opened a shop on No. 50 New Bond Street in 1856 and immediately became profitable , albeit through exaggerated and questionable product claims . Levenson was twice taken to court and prosecuted for fraud , each resulting in a five @-@ year prison sentence . She died mid @-@ way through the second . Nevertheless , the practice regained popularity and a Kabbalah Centre remains on the street .
The Royal Arcade links Old Bond Street with Albemarle Street . It was originally proposed in 1864 as a longer link between Old Bond Street and Regent Street , but this was rejected due to the scale of proposed demolition and restricting access to existing properties . It was subsequently redesigned to its current layout , opening in 1879 and replacing the Clarendon Hotel , which had been demolished in 1870 .
The street has maintained its reputation for luxury shopping into the 21st century , and has on occasions been regarded as the best retail location in Europe . In 2011 , Bloomberg Business reported that New Bond Street was the most expensive retail street in Europe after the Champs @-@ Élysées in Paris . As a consequence , though , the street has suffered from armed robbery on numerous occasions , with thieves being attracted by the high value of goods that can be stolen in raids . The Graff Diamonds robbery in Bond Street in 2009 resulted in an estimated loss of £ 40 million .
= = Properties = =
Westminster City Council have said that Bond Street has the highest density of haute couture stores anywhere in the world , attracting " the rich , the famous , and the simply curious " . The entire length of Bond Street has been part of the Mayfair Conservation Area controlled by Westminster City Council since 1969 . Building alterations and constructions are tightly controlled to ensure the street 's appearance and upkeep are unaltered . Many buildings are listed . The council regulates the style and materials used on shop front advertising .
At one time , Bond Street was best known for top @-@ end art dealers and antique shops that were clustered around the London office of Sotheby 's auction house — which has been at Nos. 34 – 35 Bond Street since 1917 and the Fine Art Society , founded in 1876 . The sculpture over the entrance to Sotheby 's is from Ancient Egypt and is believed to date from around 1600BC . It is the oldest outdoor sculpture in London .
Some dealers and antique shops remain , but many of the shops became occupied by fashion boutiques , some of which are branches of global designer brands . The street still has a reputation as a fashionable place for shopping , including the flagship stores for Ralph Lauren and Cartier . Fenwick have had a department store on Bond Street since 1891 . The Phillips building at No. 101 is still used for auctions ; the company was bought by Bonhams in 2001 and subsequently spent £ 30 million expanding and refurbishing the premises . In 2015 , Valentino announced plans to build a new flagship store on Old Bond Street .
The street features " Allies " , a statue of Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt , who are portrayed sitting on a park bench in conversation , sculpted by Lawrence Holofcener . The statue , popular with tourists , was unveiled in May 1995 by Princess Margaret and was erected by the Bond Street Association to commemorate 50 years since the end of World War II . In 2013 , maquettes of the sculpture ( which are replicas , as Holofcener did not make any as part of the original artwork or design ) were sold at Bonhams .
The construction of Crossrail , part of which runs between Bond Street and Tottenham Court Road stations , involved demolition of property in nearby Hanover Square , some of which backs onto New Bond Street . This affected Nos. 64 – 72 , which required refurbishment .
= = Cultural references = =
Bond Street has been mentioned in several works of literature , including Jane Austen 's novel Sense and Sensibility and Virginia Woolf 's 1925 novel Mrs Dalloway . The plot of the 1948 film Bond Street centres around items purchased from shops on the street . In Suzanna Clarke 's novel Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell , Bond Street is described as having " the most fashionable shops in all the kingdom " .
Bond Street is also a square on the British Monopoly board , and is the most expensive of the green @-@ coloured set that also includes Regent and Oxford Streets . The three streets are grouped together because of their shared history in shopping and retail .
= Gateshead International Stadium =
Gateshead International Stadium is a multi @-@ purpose , all @-@ seater venue in Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England . Originally known as the Gateshead Youth Stadium , the venue was built in 1955 at a cost of £ 30 @,@ 000 . It has since been extensively re @-@ developed on three occasions . Its capacity of around 11 @,@ 800 is the greatest in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead , the third @-@ largest in Tyne and Wear ( behind only St James ' Park and the Stadium of Light ) and the sixth @-@ largest in North East England .
The main arena is principally used for athletics . The inaugural athletics competition at the redeveloped venue , the 1974 " Gateshead Games " , was instigated by Brendan Foster , a Gateshead Council employee at that time . By breaking the world record in the men 's 3 @,@ 000 m , Foster brought international publicity to the new stadium and began a tradition of athletics competitions at the venue , which has since hosted the British Grand Prix ( 2003 – 10 ) and the European Team Championships in 1989 , 2000 and 2013 . It is the only venue to have hosted the latter event three times . Five world records have been set at the stadium , including two by pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva and a tied 100 metres record by Asafa Powell in 2006 .
Although the venue primarily caters for athletics , it is the current or former home to teams in several sports . Gateshead football club have played their home games at the stadium since 1970 . Gateshead International Stadium was home to the Gateshead Thunder rugby league club during their spell in the Super League and the replacement Gateshead Thunder club played home games in the main arena , which was known as the Thunderdome when used by that team until the club relocated to Newcastle in 2015 . Gateshead Harriers Athletic Club , which includes Foster and Jonathan Edwards among its life members , are the oldest tenants , having used the site since 1956 . The stadium has also been used as a concert venue by numerous musical artists including Bon Jovi , Bryan Adams and Tina Turner .
= = History and development = =
The Stadium is built on the site of two large chemical works opened in 1827 and 1834 . These works initially thrived , but by the early part of the 20th century both were in terminal decline , and were demolished in 1932 to leave behind a 2 @-@ million @-@ tonne heap of spoil . This land , approximately 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of the centre of Gateshead , was cleared in 1942 but continued to lie derelict until the mid @-@ 1950s .
In early 1955 , Gateshead Council began work on transforming this land . The Gateshead Youth Stadium , built on the site of the old chemical works , was opened by Jim Peters on 27 August 1955 . Costing £ 30 @,@ 000 , the original venue contained little more than a cinder running track and an asphalt cycling track , though floodlights and a seating area were added soon after . On 1 July 1961 , the arena hosted its first major competition — the Vaux Breweries International Athletics Meet — but according to sportswriter John Gibson , the Youth Stadium remained " little more than a minor track with a tiny grandstand and open terraces " .
According to author Thomas Telfer , by the turn of the 1970s , the town of Gateshead was suffering from " the classic symptoms of decay in its inner @-@ city areas " . The response during the 1960s had been a programme of systematic derelict land reclamation and environmental improvement . While these measures did not have an immediate positive impact on the perception of the town , Gateshead Council pressed ahead by looking to develop existing infrastructure with a view to overall regeneration . One such opportunity was identified at the Gateshead Youth Stadium , where the council believed that investment might raise the region 's profile and bring international recognition . In April 1974 , Gateshead Council inaugurated a " Sport and Recreation " department . In July 1974 , the council appointed Brendan Foster — a former schoolteacher turned athlete and a native of Tyne and Wear — as the Council 's sport and recreation manager . Foster , who according to Gibson became " the father of Gateshead athletics " , had been forced to train in Edinburgh during 1973 as a result of the poor condition of the Youth Stadium track . In December 1973 , he had been invited to a civic reception to celebrate his breaking of the two @-@ mile world record earlier that year at Crystal Palace . At this reception , Foster was told that a new synthetic track was being laid at Gateshead Youth Stadium . His response was a promise that , if the Council was serious , he would run at the stadium and break a world record ( Foster later offered an explanation of that promise : " You know how it is when you 've had a few drinks — you promise the world ! " ) . When the track was laid in early 1974 , Foster became convinced of the Council 's sincerity . He was interviewed for the managerial position and , upon appointment , became the " driving force " behind the programme of improvements to the Youth Stadium , which included the building of the main , covered Tyne and Wear stand in 1981 and three accompanying stands ; the venue was renamed the Gateshead International Stadium . This first tranche of improvements cost around £ 8 million , and Foster 's proposal to commemorate the re @-@ opening with an athletic event was approved , allowing for the first " Gateshead Games " to be held in 1974 .
The success of the first Gateshead Games , and their subsequent annual renewal , raised the profile of the stadium and caused Gateshead Council to further their financial investment . During the 1980s , additions were made to the site infrastructure , including the building of an indoor sports hall , outdoor football pitches and a gymnasium . In 1989 the running track was again relayed and Gateshead confirmed its reputation as a top @-@ class athletics venue by hosting the Europa Cup ( forerunner to the European Team Championships ) . In the 21st century , the site has been the subject of two major re @-@ development projects . The first was completed in 2006 , when two artificial outdoor football pitches , indoor athletic training facilities , sports science provisions and conferencing rooms were added at a cost of £ 15 million . The revamped stadium , funded by collaboration between One NorthEast , Sport England and Gateshead College among others , was opened on 12 May 2006 by Sebastian Coe .
A second tranche of development , undertaken in two stages , was approved in November 2009 . This included a general refurbishment and improvement of the existing facilities at the stadium , adding cover , better toilet and new refreshment facilities to the exposed East Stand , improving wheelchair access , adding extra catering and conferencing facilities and a new media and management centre . This was funded by collaboration between Gateshead Council , local development funds and Gateshead College . The covering of the 4 @,@ 000 @-@ seat East Stand with a new canopy roof was completed in July 2010 , immediately prior to Gateshead hosting a Diamond League event . The second stage of the re @-@ development — the building of the corporate and media facilities — commenced on 6 September 2010 and was completed on time in summer 2011 . The total cost of the work was estimated to be £ 7 @.@ 6 million .
A third programme of expansion was initially mooted in 2008 . The aim of this programme was to expand the stadium into an all @-@ embracing " sports village " , replete with an ice rink , indoor golf course , restaurants and shops . Gateshead Council invited tenders in August 2008 from commercial organisations interested in undertaking the development . A formal draft development brief was compiled and published in November 2009 . A report to Council in December 2009 noted that there had been " a reasonable level of interest at the preliminary stage " from private investors , but that only one detailed proposal had been submitted , which had been declined by the Council on financial grounds . The report also noted concerns that the original centrepiece of the proposed village , the ice rink , may have been deterring investors and that a similar proposal to redevelop land at the Stadium of Light in Sunderland was detracting from what councillors had hoped to be a unique feature of the proposed village . The result was that a fresh proposal was raised to remove the ice rink from the brief in an attempt to " stimulate the market " . A public consultation was undertaken and in May 2010 the council reported that 327 of the 375 responses received were in favour of the amended proposal . As a result , notice was given to developers that the council intended to market the site and ten responses were received .
= = Structure and facilities = =
Gateshead International Stadium and its facilities occupy 24 @.@ 4 hectares ( 60 acres ) of land . The main athletics arena at Gateshead International Stadium is an all @-@ seater , bowl @-@ shaped arena consisting of four stands of seats . The precise capacity of the venue is uncertain ; some sources claim it to be 11 @,@ 750 , others 11 @,@ 762 and some provide a figure of 11 @,@ 800 . The main stand is the Tyne and Wear Stand , a steep , cantilevered structure seating 3 @,@ 300 spectators . This stand contains toilet and catering facilities and a bar area . Opposite is the East Stand , a 4 @,@ 000 @-@ seat structure that was uncovered until 2010 , when a cantilevered canopy roof was added . A bespoke design by Fabric Architecture , the roof is a 30 metres ( 98 ft ) structure incorporating five barrel vault forms . Part of the same improvement plan added toilet and catering facilities to the East Stand . The South Terrace , sometimes referred to as simply the South Stand , consists of a continuous , uncovered bank of seating in eight blocks with access through four turnstiles . The North Terrace is opposite and consists of two blocks of uncovered seating separated by a large scoreboard .
The athletics track in the main arena was laid in 2003 and is an International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) standard 400m eight @-@ lane oval . It is a polymer synthetic tartan track with a depth of 3 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 18 in ) . The sprint straight consists of eight lanes and is situated in front of the Tyne and Wear Stand , adjacent to the long and triple jump area . A height @-@ adjustable water jump , for use in steeplechase racing , is located on the inside of the track . Floodlights allow athletics events to be held at night . The inner track area , which is floodlit , is an IAAF standard @-@ sized grass surface used for athletics field events , rugby and football . When used for the latter , the pitch dimensions are 100 by 64 metres ( 109 @.@ 4 yd × 70 @.@ 0 yd ) .
The main arena is supplemented by other facilities . To the rear of the North Terrace are two third generation artificial pitches that are UEFA licensed , fully floodlit and full @-@ sized for use in competitive rugby , football and American football . Alongside them are two grassed and one sand @-@ dressed playing areas , which are also floodlit . Behind the Tyne and Wear Stand is an indoor sports hall , which contains a 33 by 44 metres ( 36 @.@ 1 yd × 48 @.@ 1 yd ) playing area marked out for various sports including badminton , netball and tennis . A retractable indoor athletics facility was previously housed alongside the sports hall , consisting of a 50 metres ( 55 yd ) long synthetic sprint straight and areas for throwing and jumping events , but its mechanical operation proved problematic and a more modern structure replaced it in 2006 . This facility has a 60 metres ( 66 yd ) sprint straight in an 82 metres ( 90 yd ) hall , throwing and jumping facilities , a weights room and gymnasium .
= = Athletics = =
The first major athletic event held at the stadium was the Vaux Breweries International Athletics meet in July 1961 . According to its sponsors , the highlight of this meet was the team three @-@ mile race , won by the Blackpool and Fylde Athletic club who were awarded a gold tankard as their prize . Attracted by a prize fund of £ 500 and the imminent AAA Championships in London , the event attracted several athletes from New Zealand , including reigning 5000m metre Olympic champion Murray Halberg and Peter Snell , the reigning 800m Olympic champion . Watched by a capacity crowd of 10 @,@ 000 spectators , the men won their respective races ; Halberg placed first in the mile with a time of 4 : 03 : 70 and Snell led a New Zealand one @-@ two in the 880 @-@ yard event , finishing ahead of teammate Gary Philpott in 1 : 50 : 40 .
When the comprehensive refurbishment of the stadium was completed more than a decade later , Brendan Foster ( by this time a Gateshead Council employee ) proposed an international athletics meet . On 3 August 1974 , the first " Gateshead Games " were staged in front of around 10 @,@ 000 spectators . Four weeks before he won the European 5000m title at the 1974 European Athletics Championships in Rome , Foster kept his earlier promise to run in the men 's 3000m and won the race in a new world @-@ record time of 7 : 35 : 20 . According to journalist John Gibson , Foster 's performance gave the meet , broadcast live by Tyne Tees Television , " landmark status " . A plaque commemorating the record was later placed at the entrance to the stadium .
The Gateshead Games became an annual event , which gave the stadium credibility as a major sporting venue . In his managerial capacity with Gateshead Council , Foster was increasingly able to attract athletes to the games . In 1977 , Foster had to intervene when BBC Radio Newcastle provided the wrong Ethiopian national anthem which , when played , offended Miruts Yifter sufficiently that he and his teammates started off towards Newcastle International Airport . The intervention worked — in the end , Foster asked Yifter and his teammates if they would sing the anthem themselves , which they did in the middle of the stadium — and Yifter returned to outclass a field including Steve Ovett over 5000m . The track was resurfaced by Regisport in 1982 and the venues ' profile was further raised in the summer of 1983 , when Gateshead @-@ born athlete Steve Cram faced Sebastian Coe over 800m in the Gateshead Games . In front of a reported crowd of 15 @,@ 000 who were " shoehorned into the bowl " and millions more watching on BBC 's Sunday Grandstand , Cram prevailed to spark " pandemonium " in his final race before winning the gold medal at the 1983 World Athletics Championships in Helsinki .
In 1989 , Gateshead hosted the Europa Cup . The men 's competition was won for the first time by a Great Britain team captained by Linford Christie and which included Kriss Akabusi and Jack Buckner ; the event was described a decade later as having had an " invigorating effect " on those who were in attendance . Four years later , on 30 July 1993 , a stadium @-@ record crowd of 14 @,@ 797 watched Christie , by this time the reigning 100m Olympic champion , in action again – this time against his old rival Carl Lewis in a race where both men were reportedly paid £ 100 @,@ 000 irrespective of the result . Christie won in a time of 10 @.@ 07 seconds , ahead of Jon Drummond in second and Lewis , who finished " a distant third " . The 100m race was the highlight of the " high profile " Vauxhall Invitational meet , which was televised in the UK by ITV and watched by around 10 million viewers . Michael Johnson , John Regis and Steve Cram competed in various events at the Vauxhall Invitational .
In August 1998 , Gateshead was selected to host the 2000 Europa Cup after the European Athletic Association switched the event from original host venue Martinique to avoid athletes travelling long distances in an Olympic year . This made Gateshead the first venue to host the event twice . On 16 – 17 July 2000 , spectators at Gateshead once again saw Great Britain 's men 's team take the title , this time by half a point from Germany in second place ; the British victory came despite missing ten first @-@ choice team members . The women 's event was won by Russia , who defeated second @-@ placed Germany by thirteen points .
Foster 's " Gateshead Games " had become the British Grand Prix by 2003 , and on 13 July 21 @-@ year @-@ old Yelena Isinbayeva set a new world record of 4.82m in the women 's pole vault event . Isinbayeva 's achievement in the last event of the meet was so unexpected that only 1 @,@ 000 of the 10 @,@ 000 spectators witnessed it , the rest having left early . For her achievement , she was given a bonus cheque for $ 50 @,@ 000 . On 27 June 2004 , Isinbayeva returned to Gateshead . This time the event organisers decided to schedule the pole vault event earlier and were rewarded when Isinbayeva defied extremely windy conditions to post a new record mark of 4.87m. Isinbayeva was the second woman to set a world record in the pole vault at Gateshead ; Daniela Bartova did so in 1995 . In 2006 , a crowd of 8 @,@ 500 saw Asafa Powell equal the world record of 9 @.@ 77 seconds in the men 's 100m . The official , un @-@ rounded time of 9 @.@ 762 seconds was then the fastest time ever recorded . The meet was also notable for the return to competition of Dwain Chambers after his ban for using performance @-@ enhancing drugs , and for Eliud Kipchoge breaking Foster 's stadium record over 3000m that had stood for more than three decades .
In 2010 , the British Grand Prix at Gateshead was chosen as one of the inaugural fourteen Diamond League events , but although competitors included Tyson Gay , Powell , Jessica Ennis and Vincent Chepkok , the attendance was unusually poor , causing the local press to wonder whether Gateshead 's contract for the marquee event would be renewed . Those fears were to prove well @-@ founded when UK Athletics agreed to a three @-@ year contract to stage the event at the Alexander Stadium in Birmingham . The move prompted one reporter to lament that " the switch is a major blow to both Gateshead International Stadium and North @-@ East sport in general , but can hardly be regarded as a major surprise given the dwindling support for major athletics events in the region . "
This loss was mitigated somewhat by the European Athletic Association 's decision to award Gateshead the 2013 European Team Championships , the successor to the Europa Cup . In doing so , Gateshead became the only stadium to host the European Team Championships on three occasions . The championships were held on 22 – 23 June 2013 amid very wet and windy conditions . On the first day of competition , Mo Farah ran a 50 @.@ 89 second final lap in winning the men 's 5000m to help the home team into third place on 181 points , behind Russia ( 194 points ) and Germany ( 195 points ) . Despite a strong start , the Great Britain team were unable to make up the deficit on the second day of competition and finished in third place overall on 338 points , behind runners @-@ up Germany ( 347 @.@ 5 points ) and the champions Russia ( 354 @.@ 5 points ) .
= = Tenants = =
= = = Gateshead Football Club = = =
Gateshead Football Club , who played in the Football League , reached the quarter @-@ finals of the FA Cup in 1953 , previously played their home games at Redheugh Park . In 1960 , the Football League failed to re @-@ elect the club and after several years playing in regional leagues , the club moved to what was then the Youth Stadium in 1970 , before folding in 1973 . They were temporarily replaced by Gateshead United , when South Shields F.C. moved to play in Gateshead in 1974 . That club played at Gateshead Stadium from 1974 to 1977 when it folded and Gateshead F.C was reformed .
Gateshead F.C. have been tenants since their re @-@ formation in 1977 . In May 2008 Gateshead hosted Buxton in a promotion play @-@ off and won 2 – 0 in front of 1 @,@ 402 spectators , the largest crowd to watch the club at the ground in 14 years . That record was broken a year later when 4 @,@ 121 saw Gateshead defeat Telford United 2 – 0 on 9 May 2009 to win promotion to the Conference Premier league . The current record attendance for a competitive fixture stands at 8 @,@ 144 , set on 4 May 2014 when Gateshead played host to Grimsby Town in the second leg of the Conference Premier play @-@ off semi @-@ final . Gateshead won 3 @-@ 1 to progress to the final at Wembley Stadium where they were beaten 2 @-@ 1 by Cambridge United . The defeat consigned the club to a 55th consecutive season outside the Football League . Gateshead F.C. continue to play at Gateshead Stadium but , according to North East Life magazine , it is " a fine but inappropriate stadium ... as a football ground it can be a soulless home " . In 2009 , chairman Graham Wood unveiled plans to move to a new , purpose @-@ built 9 @,@ 000 capacity ground on Prince Consort Road in the centre of Gateshead . Detailed proposals were published soon after , and Wood told local media in 2012 that he expects the move to increase crowds and alleviate the financial constraints on him as he continues to bankroll the club ; it is estimated that crowds would need to reach 3 @,@ 000 regularly for the club to operate profitably from Gateshead Stadium . According to the original proposal , the stadium was expected to be ready for the 2012 – 13 season , but financing has been difficult and the proposed move is now on hold .
= = = Gateshead Harriers = = =
Gateshead Harriers are an athletic club based at Gateshead International Stadium . Founded in 1904 as Gateshead St Mary 's Church Running Club , they were initially a men @-@ only club until allowing the admission of women in 1951 . The club moved to the Gateshead Youth Stadium in 1956 , making the Harriers the stadium 's oldest tenant . In 2006 they won promotion to the first division of the British Athletics League and were the only club from the north @-@ east of England to compete at that level . After a six @-@ year stay in the division , the Harriers were relegated to division two in August 2012 after failing to win enough points at the final meet of the season at Eton to prevent a bottom @-@ two league finish . Club officials received over 100 new applications for membership in the aftermath of the 2012 London Olympics .
At least one Gateshead Harrier has taken part in every Olympics and Paralympics held since 1972 . Notable alumni include Brendan Foster , who joined the club aged 17 and later claimed that " my first aim was to be the best runner of Gateshead Harriers " . Foster , inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame in 2010 and recently voted the eleventh " greatest Geordie " in a local poll , later became the president of Gateshead Harriers and remains so as of 2012 . Current world triple @-@ jump record holder Jonathan Edwards , another member of the England Athletics Hall of Fame , joined Gateshead Harriers in 1991 . Edwards was a member of the club when he set his record mark in winning gold at the 1995 World Championships in Helsinki , when winning Olympic gold at the 2000 Sydney Games and a second world title a year later in Edmonton . Both Foster and Edwards are honorary life members of the club .
= = = Gateshead Thunder = = =
In 1998 , Gateshead was awarded a rugby league franchise after a three @-@ way contest with Cardiff and Swansea . The result was Gateshead Thunder , who played in Super League IV in 1999 . The Thunder played at Gateshead International Stadium and the club had , according to sports journalist Andy Wilson , " an enjoyable and surprisingly successful season " which included home and away wins against St Helens and a sixth @-@ place finish in the table – missing out on the playoffs by two points . Despite these performances , which attracted an average crowd of 3 @,@ 895 to Gateshead Stadium , the franchise lost £ 700 @,@ 000 in its first year and in November 1999 the Rugby Football League ( RFL ) approved a merger with the Hull Sharks . The result was the formation of Hull F.C. , and when the authorities refused permission for the merged clubs to enter a Hull @-@ based team into the RFL 's second tier , the franchise moved almost in its entirety to Hull , ending Gateshead 's Super League participation after a single season ; according to Wilson , the Thunder was " left to die , provoking bitter resentment " from supporters .
According to journalist Richard Bott , since the demise of the original Thunder side the club has " struggled for their very existence . " There have been some highlights , including winning Championship 1 in 2008 and a run to the quarter @-@ final of the Challenge Cup in 2009 which ended in a 66 – 6 defeat to Super League side St Helens in front of 4 @,@ 325 fans at Gateshead International Stadium . However , the Thunder went through a 64 @-@ game losing streak spanning two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years before winning against Workington Town on 29 August 2012 .
Relations between the Thunder and Gateshead Council were strained at times , with a possible move to Kingston Park Newcastle upon Tyne , first mooted , and rejected , in 2006 . In 2008 , the club committed itself again to Gateshead Stadium for the immediate future , however , in March 2014 The Journal reported that talks had begun between Thunder 's managing director Keith Christie and representatives of Newcastle Falcons with a view to the Falcons taking over the rugby league club . Falcons ' owner Semore Kurdi confirmed that a bid had been made to purchase Gateshead Thunder on 20 March 2014 , though he refused to elaborate on whether he intended to relocate the club if that bid was accepted . The takeover was confirmed on 23 May 2014 , though it was announced that the club would continue to play at the International Stadium . In January 2015 Gateshead Thunder were officially renamed Newcastle Thunder and relocated to Kingston Park . Keith Christie told the BBC that the move was " a business decision " designed to build a new fan base for the club .
= = = Gateshead Senators = = =
The Gateshead Senators ( originally the Gateshead International Senators ) are an American football club formed in 1988 when the Newcastle Senators , who played at Northern Rugby Club , moved across the Tyne to play at the Gateshead International Stadium . The club has had mixed fortunes but their most successful season came in 1999 . Having won eight of their nine games in the regular season , the team won the Division One North title and advanced to the end @-@ of @-@ season playoffs . After beating the Merseyside Nighthawks 43 – 0 in the quarter @-@ finals , the Senators defeated the Essex Spartans 33 – 19 in the semi @-@ finals to reach the championship final . At the Saffron Lane Stadium in Leicester , the Senators faced the Bristol Aztecs . In a tight encounter , the Senators claimed the Division One British American Football League title with a 7 – 2 victory . The club reached the playoffs again in the next three seasons but were unable to replicate that success , and after a season voluntarily spent in Division Two in 2003 , returned to Division One North in 2004 . They continue to play in that division , and in the 2012 season failed to make the playoffs after recording five wins and five defeats in their ten games .
The Senators were a tenant at Gateshead Stadium from 1988 to 2011 . In 2012 , the club announced plans to move away from Gateshead for the start of the 2012 season to create " a better game @-@ day experience " and they now play at the Monkton Stadium .
= = Concert venue = =
Gateshead International Stadium has been used for many years as a concert venue . On 31 July 1982 , The Police performed at the stadium as part of their Ghost in the Machine Tour , with U2 as a supporting act . Reports in the local press suggested that The Police seemed disappointed that the stadium was only half full and cited high ticket prices and poor weather as possible causes . On 16 June 1992 Guns N ' Roses , supported by Soundgarden and Faith No More , performed at the stadium . This time the weather was hot and sunny which helped ensure that the concert , part of the Use Your Illusion Tour , was a sell @-@ out . American rock group Bon Jovi have played twice at the stadium . The first occasion was on 27 June 1995 , while supported by Skin , on their These Days Tour . The group returned to Gateshead on 22 August 2000 as part of their Crush Tour . Another artist who has performed multiple times at Gateshead International Stadium is Tina Turner . As part of her Foreign Affair : The Farewell Tour , Turner performed twice on consecutive nights ( 21 – 22 July 1990 ) and attracted a total of 60 @,@ 000 spectators . Turner performed for a third time at the stadium as part of her Wildest Dreams Tour on 12 July 1996 . Other artists to have played at the stadium include Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Simple Minds and Simply Red .
= = Transport = =
Gateshead International Stadium is 2 miles ( 3 km ) east of Gateshead Town Centre and is on the A184 Felling Bypass , with access to a car park at Neilson Road . Journey time by car from Gateshead town centre is approximately five minutes and a further five minutes travel from Newcastle upon Tyne . A footpath runs adjacent to the Felling bypass and the journey by foot from Gateshead town centre takes some fifteen minutes . A journey east to Heworth Interchange also takes around fifteen minutes . Two designated cycle routes run past the stadium . These are Hadrian 's Way , which provides access from Tynemouth in the east and Wylam in the west , and the Keelman 's Way , which runs along the south bank of the River Tyne towards Blaydon @-@ on @-@ Tyne .
The stadium is well served by public transport . It has its own Tyne and Wear Metro station , the Gateshead Stadium Metro station . This is at Shelley Drive , some five minutes ' walk from the ground . Trains run direct from this station to all other Metro destinations ; trains to South Shields and South Hylton stop at platform one while trains travelling towards St James and Airport stop at platform two . The Gateshead Stadium Metro station is open seven days a week and at peak times seventeen trains per hour stop there . The nearest mainline railway station is Newcastle Central Station , around 3 miles ( 5 km ) away , though local rail travel calls at Heworth Interchange . Go North East operate the 93 / 4 " Loop " bus service , which provides access to the stadium from the Team Valley , Gateshead Interchange , Heworth Interchange and Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Sheriff Hill . This bus runs every fifteen minutes during the day and every half @-@ hour during evenings .
= A Trip to the Dentist =
" A Trip to the Dentist " is the twenty @-@ first and penultimate episode of the first season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars . Written by Diane Ruggiero and directed by Marcos Siega , the episode premiered on UPN on May 3 , 2005 .
The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a high school student while moonlighting as a private detective . In this episode , Veronica resolves the mystery of her sexual assault a year earlier by talking to previous acquaintances and learning about the details of what happened at Shelly Pomroy 's party a year earlier while she was under the influence of GHB . Meanwhile , Duncan ( Teddy Dunn ) returns from running away earlier , and Veronica and Logan 's relationship matures as she reacts to the news that he had roofies the night of the party .
The episode , which resolved Veronica 's date rape , one of the main story arcs of the first season , was critically acclaimed .
= = Background = =
Although the first season primarily deals with the murder of Veronica 's best friend , Lilly Kane ( Amanda Seyfried ) , and the murder is resolved in " Leave It to Beaver " , another arc running throughout the season is the story of Veronica 's mysterious rape a year earlier . At that time , Veronica went to a party at a wealthy student , Shelly 's , house . There , she was slipped a mysterious drink , and the next thing she knew , she woke up in an unidentified bed missing her underwear " , indicating that she had been raped . The next day , she walked into the sheriff 's department and reported the crime , where Sheriff Don Lamb ( Michael Muhney ) mocked her predicament and refused to conduct an investigation , leaving Veronica in tears .
= = Synopsis = =
The episode opens in Havana , Cuba . Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) surprises a now @-@ bearded Duncan ( Teddy Dunn ) , who denies killing Lilly ( Amanda Seyfried ) . At school , Veronica avoids Logan , but that night , Logan shows up at Veronica 's door . Logan apologizes for owning GHB before Veronica informs him about her rape . Logan denies being her rapist , but Veronica says she 'll punish whoever it is , even if it 's Logan . Veronica talks to Meg ( Alona Tal ) about the party , and she mentions seeing Veronica being harassed by some boys before she left . Keith returns Duncan to the Kanes before threatening Clarence Wiedman ( Christopher B. Duncan ) . Veronica approaches Luke ( Sam Huntington ) about a trip to Tijuana to pick up some GHB ; he admits getting the drugs , but he says that he gave them to Dick Casablancas ( Ryan Hansen ) . Luke states that Madison Sinclair was seen writing " slut " on Veronica 's car after the party . Veronica confronts Madison , who says that she defaced Veronica 's car because she made out with Dick , her boyfriend . However , Veronica doesn 't remember this incident due to the effects of the drugs . Veronica attempts to barge in on a fight between Keith and Alicia over Wallace 's involvement in the Wiedman case , but her intervention does nothing to defuse the situation . Veronica talks to Casey , who confirms the make out sessions with Dick and Cassidy , and Veronica was also forced to make out with Shelly for the boys ' amusement .
Veronica talks to Sean Friedrich and tells him about the girl @-@ on @-@ girl event and that Dick and Beaver took her over to a bed and argued about who should have sex with her . Veronica talks to Dick , who presents a different account of events , saying that he didn 't drug her and that he found Beaver with Veronica already . Veronica approaches Beaver , who gives a set of events more similar to that of Sean . However , after Dick and Sean leave , he purports to have run away and vomited before he could bring himself to rape her . Keith says that he has to leave for an engagement in Vegas . Logan talks to Aaron , but Aaron does not even know Logan 's birth date . Veronica talks to Carrie Bishop ( Leighton Meester ) , who says that she saw Veronica having sex with Duncan . Veronica confronts Duncan , who denies the rape accusations and remembers comforting Veronica in her drugged state . Duncan says that the sex was consensual even though he knew that they were siblings , confirming Veronica 's fears . Veronica talks to Wallace about the events but says that she is content with the answers she has . Keith calls a prostitute in Vegas for an unknown reason , while Veronica apologizes to Logan and tells her about the situation with Duncan . Back in Vegas , Keith talks to the prostitute , Cheyenne , about Abel Koontz , as Cheyenne and Koontz were together at the time of Lilly 's murder . Veronica and Logan go into his darkened house before they realize that Aaron throws a surprise party for him , meaning that virtually the entire high school knows that they are dating .
Duncan abruptly exits the now @-@ awkward party . Madison gives Veronica a cocktail , which she calls " A Trip to the Dentist . " Noticing that something is strange , Veronica talks to Madison , who says that she spit in her own drugged drunk before unknowingly giving it to Veronica . Duncan suddenly starts smashing his car before Meg comes out and talks to Duncan , criticizing him . Logan and Veronica are making out before Logan reveals an important piece of information — that he drugged Duncan , not knowing what was going to happen between them . Logan temporarily leaves Veronica before she notices a camera in the ceiling . She investigates further and finds a whole network of cameras , hinting that Logan was using them for some nefarious purpose . She calls Weevil to pick her up before she enters the house , finding her mother with Keith .
= = Arc significance = =
Keith finds Duncan in Cuba . After a lengthy investigation , Veronica concludes that she and Duncan had consensual sex when they were both drugged . The Kanes believe that Veronica is Duncan 's sister , and Keith learns that Abel Koontz couldn 't have killed Lilly . Veronica goes public with her relationship with Logan before finding a series of cameras in his bedroom .
= = Production = =
The episode was originally called " Up on the Roofie " , referencing the episode 's theme of roofies , before being changed to the final title of " A Trip to the Dentist " . " A Trip to the Dentist " has the return of several guest stars from a previous single episode , including Luke ( Sam Huntington ) from " You Think You Know Somebody " , Cole ( Daniel Bess ) from " Like a Virgin " , Casey Gant ( Jonathan Bennett ) from " Drinking the Kool @-@ Aid " , Sean Friedrich ( Kevin Sheridan ) from " An Echolls Family Christmas " , and Carrie Bishop ( Leighton Meester ) from " Mars vs. Mars " . Within the context of the episode , these characters reappeared so that Veronica could ask them what they knew about the party where she was raped .
This episode reintroduces and resolves Veronica 's rape , introduced earlier in the season . However , it had been largely ignored until this point in the series . The episode was the third and final episode of the series directed by Marcos Siega , after " Drinking the Kool @-@ Aid " and " Mars vs. Mars " . In addition , the episode marks regular writer Diane Ruggiero 's sixth writing credit for the show . After the episode aired , Rob Thomas called the episode " our high @-@ water mark " . Commenting on Ruggiero writing the episode , he stated , " She was really my right hand writing the series , and it felt good to have someone who knew the voices as well as I did . We were both in a comfort zone , both writing this show and writing with each other . "
In one scene of " A Trip to the Dentist " , Weevil ( Francis Capra ) accuses Logan ( Jason Dohring ) of having hit Lilly during their relationship . The series ' writers were planning to develop that plot strand into a storyline , with it eventually being revealed that Duncan had hit Lilly in an epileptic fit . However , the storyline was abandoned in order to make time for other story arcs . Thomas commented , " At the end of the day , I don 't want people thinking that Logan hit Lilly . I did , however , want Weevil to believe it . " Although Veronica concludes in this episode that she had consensual sex with Duncan while they were both under the influence of roofies , more information about the night is later revealed in the show 's second season finale , " Not Pictured " , in which it is revealed that Cassidy " Beaver " Casablancas raped her . When asked whether the writers knew that Beaver would be eventually revealed as the rapist when writing " A Trip to the Dentist " , Thomas responded , " I wish I could claim that we were that clever . " The writers realized that there was a moment in the episode 's script where Beaver could have raped Veronica roughly a month after its airing .
= = Themes = =
The episode , and particularly its treatment of rape , has been discussed in books of essays on Veronica Mars and elsewhere . Victoria E. Thomas , writing for In Media Res , opined that Veronica frequently distances herself from her rape , noting a scene in the pilot in which she states , " I 'm no longer that girl . " She regarded " A Trip to the Dentist " as a way for Veronica to heal from her rape , writing " Her healing is tied to finding out who raped her ; a simple solution to a complex issue . This choice could mirror our present day stigma and lack of support for survivors of sexual assault , or it could simply allow the producers to erase her identity as a sexual assault survivor , leading the audience to believe that the strength of the character is not tied to her rape . "
Sarah Whitney , in Investigating Veronica Mars : Essays on the Teen Detective Series , found the episode 's portrayal of rape " troubling " . She wrote , " On of the reasons this ending has always been problematic for me as a viewer is that it is a too @-@ familiar script . Women are frequently told ( or tell themselves ) that they have " misinterpreted " sexual situations by missing cues ( " leading men on " ) or by being " unclear " about their lack of consent . Furthermore , the episode leaves us bereft of a villain that can be nailed to the wall for forcible rape . " The writer went on to state that instead of placing the blame on a single person , " A Trip to the Dentist " blamed several people for Veronica 's rape . Whitney also wrote that despite that the " official resolution of the rape narrative denies a traditional ' whodunit ' ending , " it makes a statement that she was raped by an " unfeeling class of people . "
James and Mona Rocha argued that while " Veronica showed poor judgment in the episode , the blame for her rape should not be put on her — instead , Dick , Logan , Sean , Dick , and Cassidy ( Beaver ) should take the blame . Responsibility and blame aren 't zero @-@ sum reckonings , such that adding to one person 's blame automatically subtracts it from someone else 's . " Regarding Logan , they stated that " she wouldn 't have been raped , if not for Logan 's buying the GHB . " On Dick , they wrote that " Dick didn 't intend to drug Veronica , but he did intend to drug someone . " The pair argued that Veronica made some choices that were causally related to her rape , but they concluded that she did not deserve blame . " If someone like Veronica makes a bad prudential choice that causes her harm , then maybe she should blame herself , but we can 't blame her for any moral wrong done to her as a result . She may have acted foolishly , but that was within her rights . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its original broadcast , " A Trip to the Dentist " received 2 @.@ 85 million viewers , marking a decrease from the previous episode and ranking 100th of 114 in the weekly rankings .
= = = Reviews = = =
The episode received critical acclaim . Kenneth Nguyen from The Age commented " ' A Trip to the Dentist ' , is perhaps the most complex , confronting installment thus far of a series that prides itself on being complex and confronting . " The reporter went on to praise the " expertly scripted " reveal and thought Diane Ruggiero 's " command of the tightrope high @-@ school milieu seems pretty much spot @-@ on . It is Ruggiero 's resolution of the mystery , however , that will keep fans talking . Like the best resolutions , I suppose , it raises more questions than it answers . "
Complex gave the episode a positive review , writing that it was overshadowed by " Leave It to Beaver " , but that it was also a good episode by itself as well . " [ The date rape mystery ] all comes to a head in the penultimate episode , which puts Veronica on the emotional rollercoaster until she gets to the uncomfortable truth . " The magazine also praised the reappearances of guest stars : " what really makes the episode special is the way it trots out every supporting player and case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week guest star . " IGN ranked the episode 4th on its list of the top ten Veronica Mars episodes , saying that " ' A Trip to the Dentist ' " is a heavy episode that expertly shows how different people remember the same situation . The fact that Veronica has to threaten people who were at the party into telling her the truth is frakking painful . It 's made even more sad when you realize that the version she believed to be the truth actually wasn 't . "
Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club gave a positive review , stating that the reveal was " an effective narrative , and one which creates a " satisfying " resolution for the viewer as well as the character . Veronica Mars has done a good job of subverting expectations on a regular basis , but it ’ s still a TV show , with requirements for satisfying resolutions . [ ... ] Which is my roundabout way of saying that while I wasn ’ t surprised by the reveal that it was Duncan Kane , I was impressed by how well it worked up to that point . It had to be Duncan or someone totally irrelevant and shocking . " Television Without Pity gave the episode an " A + " , its fourth such rating for the series , after " An Echolls Family Christmas " , " Clash of the Tritons " , and " M.A.D. " .
Conversely , Price Peterson , writing for TV.com , gave a more mixed review , heavily criticizing the resolution to Veronica 's rape case . While calling it an " entertaining episode " , he said that it had an " appalling message . " He explained by writing that " [ r ] egardless of Duncan having been drugged , Veronica could not give consent to him any more than she could to the dudes who were playing puppet @-@ girl with her during the party . Regardless of the retroactive comfort of knowing that she 'd lost her virginity to someone she liked , Veronica did not remember it ... That kind of psychological trauma goes away immediately ? " Kimberly Roots of TV Line called the episode " cathartic " and that " we get a huge reveal from Duncan , some unintentionally very public LoVe PDA and a say @-@ it @-@ ain ’ t @-@ so @-@ Logan ! cliffhanger that swings us right into the season finale . "
Buzzfeed ranked the episode 3rd on its complete ranking of Veronica Mars episodes , comparing it to Buffy the Vampire Slayer — " both these shows have always managed a perfect balance between high school drama ( gossip , futile betrayals , and short @-@ lived romances ) and extremely powerful and dark themes ( sexism , rape , harassment , addiction , and domestic violence ) . " TV Line ranked the episode 2nd on a similar list , only below " Pilot " . Wired called the episode a necessary episode if one binge @-@ watched the show , writing that " The information she uncovers is staggeringly heartbreaking , and the way in which the show handled the arc pays off with complex , difficult confrontations . "
= You Rock My World =
" You Rock My World " is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson from his tenth and final studio album released during his lifetime , Invincible ( 2001 ) . It was released as the lead single from the album on August 22 , 2001 by Epic Records . The lyrics pertain to being in love and trying to gain a woman 's affection . Produced by Jackson and Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins and written by Jackson , Jerkins , Fred Jerkins III , LaShawn Daniels and Nora Payne , the song is musically a disco @-@ pop song with influences from Jackson 's songs from his previous studio albums with Quincy Jones .
The song received mixed reviews from music critics , with reviewers commenting that Jackson could have made a better effort for it and that it was not his best material , while other reviewers generally praised the song 's composition and Jackson 's vocal performance . " You Rock My World " was commercially successful worldwide and peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Jackson 's first top ten song in the United States in over six years , and his last in the country until " Love Never Felt So Good " ( a duet with Justin Timberlake ) hit number 9 in 2014 . This success was achieved on airplay alone , as the song was not released as a commercial single in the United States . " You Rock My World " topped the French music chart for three consecutive weeks . It also reached the top ten in Australia , Austria , Canada , Denmark , Finland , Italy , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom .
As part of promotion for the song , a music video was released . The video , which is thirteen and a half minutes long , was directed by Paul Hunter and features Chris Tucker and Marlon Brando . In the video , Jackson and Tucker portray men who are trying to gain a woman 's affection . The video has been compared to Jackson 's previous videos " Smooth Criminal " and " The Way You Make Me Feel " and has received mixed reviews . The song was performed only twice by Jackson ; at Madison Square Garden in New York City at two concerts in September 2001 to celebrate Jackson 's career as a solo artist . Footage of the performance was shown in the two @-@ hour CBS television special , Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special . The track was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 44th Grammy Awards . " You Rock My World " has sold 6 million copies worldwide .
= = Background = =
" You Rock My World " was recorded by Michael Jackson for his studio album , Invincible ( 2001 ) . The song was written and composed by Michael Jackson and produced by Jackson and Jerkins . " You Rock My World " was officially released as the lead single from the album in mid @-@ August 2001 , by Epic Records . Prior to the singles official release it had been leaked to two New York radio stations on Friday , August 17 . Immediately after the songs radio airplay the radio stations had received " a herd of [ radio ] callers asking for more . " " You Rock My World " was first played on the WJTM @-@ FM station at 6 p.m. , with WKTU @-@ FM airing the song 45 minutes later . Both stations had played the single every two hours until around 6 p.m. Saturday , when Jackson 's record label , Epic Records , called the program director for both stations , Frankie Blue , who was also a friend of Jackson , and asked him to stop . Blue later recalled , " They informed me of the dangers of playing a song too early . " He refused to say how the song came into his possession .
= = Composition = =
" You Rock My World " is credited as being an uptempo disco @-@ pop song that has vibrating vocal harmonies . The song is played in the time signature of common time in the key E minor , with Jackson 's vocal range spanning from the tonal nodes of E4 to Bb5 . " You Rock My World " has a moderate tempo of 95 beats per minute . The chord progression in the song is Em7 – C9 @-@ Bm7 – Am7 – D – Em7 . The song 's composition has been compared to Jackson 's previous material with Quincy Jones from the 1970s and 1980s , as well as the disco @-@ theme from Jackson 's 1979 single , " Don 't Stop ' til You Get Enough " . Chris Tucker voices the vocal introduction of the song while all the instruments heard on the track were played by Jackson and Rodney Jerkins . Lyrically , the song 's lyrics are about being in love , as well as the effect that it can have , as evident in the opening line , " My life will never be the same , ' cause , girl , you came and changed the way I walk , the way I talk , I cannot explain " .
= = Critical reception = =
" You Rock My World " received generally mixed reviews from music critics . Praise was mainly directed at the song 's composition , while dissatisfaction towards the song was expressed by critics because they felt that the track was not Jackson 's best material . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic listed " You Rock My World " as being a highlight for the Invincible album . Reviewer Andrew Hamilton , also of AllMusic , stated that , " If anybody other than Michael Jackson had released ' You Rock My World ' with the tons of publicity and promotion it was accorded , it would have slam dunked the charts and been a multiple award winner . It sold well and got play everywhere , but too many critics panned the song and the album it came from as not being good enough for an artist on Jackson 's level . " Hamilton commented that people should " give Michael credit " because he was able to maintain a respectable career as a recording artist over the years of his later career .
James Hunter of Rolling Stone praised the song 's vocal rhythms as being " finely sculpted " and " exquisite " . He noted that the song shows similarities to Jackson 's previous material with Quincy Jones . Mark Beaumont , a writer for NME , described the song as being a " disco classic " and commented that he felt that the song 's brief intro was " funnier than Chris Evans on fire " . Catherine Halaby of Yale Daily News stated that the song " showcases the best of ' classic Michael ' " , and described the song as being " funky , catchy , upbeat , not too creepy " . " You Rock My World " was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male at the 44th Grammy Awards , but it lost the award to James Taylor 's " Don 't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight " . It was Jackson 's first Grammy nomination since 1997 , for his single " Earth Song " , and his first nomination in that category since 1995 .
= = Chart performance = =
" You Rock My World " was commercially successful , generally charting within the top ten positions on music charts worldwide . The song was Jackson 's last hit single in the United States in the final years of his career . " You Rock My World " charted within the top twenty positions on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 15 , 2001 . The following week , the song charted at its peak position , number ten . It became Jackson 's highest charting single since his 1995 number @-@ one single , " You Are Not Alone " . " You Rock My World " also charted at number seven and thirteen on Billboard 's Pop Charts and R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs respectively . Notably , these chart positions were attained based on airplay alone , as no commercial single was issued in the United States . Fred Bronson , Billboard 's chart expert at the time , remarked , " Certainly , if a commercial single had been available , it would have peaked higher - perhaps even at no.1 " . The song also charted within the top ten positions , peaking at number two , on the Canadian RPM Hot 100 chart . " You Rock My World " debuted on the United Kingdom Singles Chart at number two , which was its peak position in the country , on October 20 . The song remained within the top twenty positions on the chart for four consecutive weeks , and remained within the top 100 positions for fifteen consecutive weeks from October 20 , 2001 , to January 26 , 2002 . " You Rock My World " debuted on the French Singles Chart on October 13 , 2001 , at the number one position . The song remained at the number one position on the chart for three consecutive weeks , and remained within the top twenty positions for ten consecutive weeks . The song debuted on the Dutch Singles Charts at number four on October 20 , and the following week , charted at its peak position , number two . " You Rock My World " debuted on the Finnish Singles Chart on the forty first week of 2001 , at its peak position , number two . After three weeks , the song fell off the charts .
The song debuted at its peak position , number two , in Norway in the 42nd second week of 2001 . The song remained on the chart for six consecutive weeks , charting within the top twenty positions . " You Rock My World " entered New Zealand charts on September 16 , at number thirty one . After seven weeks , the song charted at its peak position , number thirteen , and remained on the chart for twelve weeks in 2001 . " You Rock My World " debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at its peak position , number four . After the song charted within the top fifty positions for five consecutive weeks , it fell off the chart , and re @-@ entered two weeks later at number thirty seven , and fell off the chart for the second time on January 6 , 2002 . " You Rock My World " debuted on the Italian Singles Chart on November 11 , at its peak position number three , and remained within the top ten positions for four weeks in 2001 . The song peaked at number two and four on the Belgium Flanders and Walonia charts in 2001 . On the Austrian Singles Chart , the song debuted at its peak position , number nine , on October 21 , and it remained on the chart for a total of eight weeks .
After Jackson 's death in June 2009 , " You Rock My World " re @-@ entered music charts worldwide and re @-@ entered Billboard charts for the first time in almost eight years . The song also peaked at number sixty two on Billboard 's Digital Songs chart on July 11 , 2009 . The song re @-@ entered the United Kingdom Singles Chart on July 4 , charting at number ninety @-@ seven . The following week the song charted at its peak position , number sixty , and charted out of the top 100 positions after spending three weeks on the chart . " You Rock My World " re @-@ entered the Australian Singles Chart for the third time on July 19 , at number fifty . The song remained on the chart for only one week .
= = Promotion = =
In late August 2001 , Jackson and Sony Music began a promotional campaign for " You Rock My World " . As part of promotion for the single , as well as the album , Jackson made a public appearance by celebrating his 43rd birthday — one day late — by presiding over the NASDAQ market opening ceremony in Times Square on Thursday morning , on August 30 , 2001 . Jackson only performed " You Rock My World " twice . The only performances of " You Rock My World " was during two concerts in early September 2001 , which was to celebrate Jackson 's 30th year as solo artist , at Madison Square Garden . Tucker , who is part of the song 's dialogue and video , was part of the live performance . Footage of the second concert on September 10 was shown in a two @-@ hour television special , entitled Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special , which was aired on CBS in November of the same year .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " You Rock My World " was directed by Paul Hunter , and was released in 2001 . The video , which is over thirteen minutes long , was described as being a short film . The dance performed during the video consists of fragments from the canceled " Dangerous " music video . The video consists of Jackson 's and Tucker 's characters trying to gain a woman 's ( Kishaya Dudley ) affection by subsequently following her around the neighborhood . The video for " You Rock My World " was thought to be the last music video to feature any participation from Jackson before the video for " One More Chance " was unearthed ( his following videos would consist of archive footage of himself and others ) . The video has been compared to Jackson 's previous 1980s music videos for his singles , " Smooth Criminal " ( 1987 ) , " Bad " ( 1987 ) , and " The Way You Make Me Feel " ( 1987 ) , all from his 1987 studio album , Bad . In the video , Jackson can be seen wearing a Blazer and his traditional hat . The video features appearances from Marlon Brando , Michael Madsen and Billy Drago . The video won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video at the award shows 2002 ceremony . In several instances in the video , Tucker 's character makes several references to previous songs by Michael Jackson , such as " Beat It " , " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " , " The Girl Is Mine " , " Bad " and " Dangerous " . The short version of the music video appears on Number Ones , and the long version appears on Michael Jackson 's Vision .
= = Covers and homages = =
In Episode 10 of the first season of the CW series Hellcats , " Pledging My Love " , the cheerleading team , led by Derrick Altman ( played by D. B. Woodside ) , danced to a shortened version of " You Rock My World " as a means for Altman to propose to coach Vanessa Lodge ( played by Sharon Leal ) . The number was choreographed by episode director Debbie Allen .
= = Live performances = =
" You Rock My World " was performed twice live during the 30th anniversary concerts performed in late 2001 . In the second concert , he was joined by Usher and Chris Tucker at the end , who danced with him . It was the only full song from Invincible that Jackson had performed live . The song was set to be performed in his This Is It concerts , but he died before the concerts took place .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Written and composed by Michael Jackson , Rodney Jerkins
Produced and all musical instruments performed by Michael Jackson and Rodney Jerkins
Lead and background vocals by Michael Jackson
Intro by Chris Tucker and Michael Jackson
Recorded by Brad Gilderman , Rodney Jerkins , Jean @-@ Marie Horvat , Dexter Simmons and Stuart Brawley
Digital Editing by Harvey Mason , Jr. and Stuart Brawley
Mixed by Bruce Swedien and Rodney Jerkins
Starring Michael Jackson , Chris Tucker , Marlon Brando , Michael Madsen , Billy Drago , introducing Kryshia Dudley .
Directed by Paul Hunter
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= Autism =
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction , verbal and non @-@ verbal communication , and restricted and repetitive behavior . Parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their child 's life . These signs often develop gradually , though some children with autism reach their developmental milestones at a normal pace and then regress . The diagnostic criteria require that symptoms become apparent in early childhood , typically before age three .
While autism is highly heritable , researchers suspect both environmental and genetic factors as causes . In rare cases , autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects . Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes ; for example , the vaccine hypotheses have been disproven . Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize ; how this occurs is not well understood . In the DSM V it is one of three recognized disorders in the autism spectrum ( ASDs ) , the other two being Asperger syndrome , which lacks delays in cognitive development and language , and pervasive developmental disorder , not otherwise specified ( commonly abbreviated as PDD @-@ NOS ) , which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for autism or Asperger syndrome are not met .
Early speech or behavioral interventions can help children with autism gain self @-@ care , social , and communication skills . Although there is no known cure , there have been reported cases of children who recovered . Not many children with autism live independently after reaching adulthood , though some become successful . An autistic culture has developed , with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference and not treated as a disorder .
Globally , autism is estimated to affect 21 @.@ 7 million people as of 2013 . As of 2010 , the number of people affected is estimated at about 1 – 2 per 1 @,@ 000 worldwide . It occurs four to five times more often in boys than girls . About 1 @.@ 5 % of children in the United States ( one in 68 ) are diagnosed with ASD as of 2014 , a 30 % increase from one in 88 in 2012 . The rate of autism among adults aged 18 years and over in the United Kingdom is 1 @.@ 1 % . The number of people diagnosed has been increasing dramatically since the 1980s , partly due to changes in diagnostic practice and government @-@ subsidized financial incentives for named diagnoses ; the question of whether actual rates have increased is unresolved .
= = Characteristics = =
Autism is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder that first appears during infancy or childhood , and generally follows a steady course without remission . People with autism may be severely impaired in some respects but normal , or even superior , in others . Overt symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months , become established by age two or three years , and tend to continue through adulthood , although often in more muted form . It is distinguished not by a single symptom , but by a characteristic triad of symptoms : impairments in social interaction ; impairments in communication ; and restricted interests and repetitive behavior . Other aspects , such as atypical eating , are also common but are not essential for diagnosis . Autism 's individual symptoms occur in the general population and appear not to associate highly , without a sharp line separating pathologically severe from common traits .
= = = Social development = = =
Social deficits distinguish autism and the related autism spectrum disorders ( ASD ; see Classification ) from other developmental disorders . People with autism have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted . Noted autistic Temple Grandin described her inability to understand the social communication of neurotypicals , or people with normal neural development , as leaving her feeling " like an anthropologist on Mars " .
Unusual social development becomes apparent early in childhood . Autistic infants show less attention to social stimuli , smile and look at others less often , and respond less to their own name . Autistic toddlers differ more strikingly from social norms ; for example , they have less eye contact and turn @-@ taking , and do not have the ability to use simple movements to express themselves , such as pointing at things . Three- to five @-@ year @-@ old children with autism are less likely to exhibit social understanding , approach others spontaneously , imitate and respond to emotions , communicate nonverbally , and take turns with others . However , they do form attachments to their primary caregivers . Most children with autism display moderately less attachment security than neurotypical children , although this difference disappears in children with higher mental development or less severe ASD . Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of face and emotion recognition although this may be partly due to a lower ability to define a person 's own emotions .
Children with high @-@ functioning autism suffer from more intense and frequent loneliness compared to non @-@ autistic peers , despite the common belief that children with autism prefer to be alone . Making and maintaining friendships often proves to be difficult for those with autism . For them , the quality of friendships , not the number of friends , predicts how lonely they feel . Functional friendships , such as those resulting in invitations to parties , may affect the quality of life more deeply .
There are many anecdotal reports , but few systematic studies , of aggression and violence in individuals with ASD . The limited data suggest that , in children with intellectual disability , autism is associated with aggression , destruction of property , and tantrums .
= = = Communication = = =
About a third to a half of individuals with autism do not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs . Differences in communication may be present from the first year of life , and may include delayed onset of babbling , unusual gestures , diminished responsiveness , and vocal patterns that are not synchronized with the caregiver . In the second and third years , children with autism have less frequent and less diverse babbling , consonants , words , and word combinations ; their gestures are less often integrated with words . Children with autism are less likely to make requests or share experiences , and are more likely to simply repeat others ' words ( echolalia ) or reverse pronouns . Joint attention seems to be necessary for functional speech , and deficits in joint attention seem to distinguish infants with ASD : for example , they may look at a pointing hand instead of the pointed @-@ at object , and they consistently fail to point at objects in order to comment on or share an experience . Children with autism may have difficulty with imaginative play and with developing symbols into language .
In a pair of studies , high @-@ functioning children with autism aged 8 – 15 performed equally well as , and adults better than , individually matched controls at basic language tasks involving vocabulary and spelling . Both autistic groups performed worse than controls at complex language tasks such as figurative language , comprehension and inference . As people are often sized up initially from their basic language skills , these studies suggest that people speaking to autistic individuals are more likely to overestimate what their audience comprehends .
= = = Repetitive behavior = = =
Autistic individuals display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior , which the Repetitive Behavior Scale @-@ Revised ( RBS @-@ R ) categorizes as follows .
Stereotyped behaviors : Repetitive movements , such as hand flapping , head rolling , or body rocking .
Compulsive behaviors : Time @-@ consuming behaviors intended to reduce anxiety that an individual feels compelled to perform repeatedly or according to rigid rules , such as placing objects in a specific order , checking things , or hand washing .
Sameness is resistance to change ; for example , insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted .
Ritualistic behavior involves an unvarying pattern of daily activities , such as an unchanging menu or a dressing ritual . This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors .
Restricted behavior is limited in focus , interest , or activity , such as preoccupation with a single television program , toy or game .
Self @-@ injury includes movements that injure or can injure the person , such as eye @-@ poking , skin @-@ picking , hand @-@ biting and head @-@ banging .
No single repetitive or self @-@ injurious behavior seems to be specific to autism , but autism appears to have an elevated pattern of occurrence and severity of these behaviors .
= = = Other symptoms = = =
Autistic individuals may have symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis , but that can affect the individual or the family . An estimated 0 @.@ 5 % to 10 % of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities , ranging from splinter skills such as the memorization of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious autistic savants . Many individuals with ASD show superior skills in perception and attention , relative to the general population . Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90 % of those with autism , and are considered core features by some , although there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate autism from other developmental disorders . Differences are greater for under @-@ responsivity ( for example , walking into things ) than for over @-@ responsivity ( for example , distress from loud noises ) or for sensation seeking ( for example , rhythmic movements ) . An estimated 60 % – 80 % of autistic people have motor signs that include poor muscle tone , poor motor planning , and toe walking ; deficits in motor coordination are pervasive across ASD and are greater in autism proper .
Unusual eating behavior occurs in about three @-@ quarters of children with ASD , to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator . Selectivity is the most common problem , although eating rituals and food refusal also occur ; this does not appear to result in malnutrition . Although some children with autism also have gastrointestinal symptoms , there is a lack of published rigorous data to support the theory that children with autism have more or different gastrointestinal symptoms than usual ; studies report conflicting results , and the relationship between gastrointestinal problems and ASD is unclear .
Parents of children with ASD have higher levels of stress . Siblings of children with ASD report greater admiration of and less conflict with the affected sibling than siblings of unaffected children and were similar to siblings of children with Down syndrome in these aspects of the sibling relationship . However , they reported lower levels of closeness and intimacy than siblings of children with Down syndrome ; siblings of individuals with ASD have greater risk of negative well @-@ being and poorer sibling relationships as adults .
= = Causes = =
It has long been presumed that there is a common cause at the genetic , cognitive , and neural levels for autism 's characteristic triad of symptoms . However , there is increasing suspicion that autism is instead a complex disorder whose core aspects have distinct causes that often co @-@ occur .
Autism has a strong genetic basis , although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations with major effects , or by rare multigene interactions of common genetic variants . Complexity arises due to interactions among multiple genes , the environment , and epigenetic factors which do not change DNA sequencing but are heritable and influence gene expression . Many genes have been associated with autism through sequencing the genomes of affected individuals and their parents .
Studies of twins suggest that heritability is 0 @.@ 7 for autism and as high as 0 @.@ 9 for ASD , and siblings of those with autism are about 25 times more likely to be autistic than the general population . However , most of the mutations that increase autism risk have not been identified . Typically , autism cannot be traced to a Mendelian ( single @-@ gene ) mutation or to a single chromosome abnormality , and none of the genetic syndromes associated with ASDs have been shown to selectively cause ASD . Numerous candidate genes have been located , with only small effects attributable to any particular gene . Most loci individually explain less than 1 % of cases of autism . The large number of autistic individuals with unaffected family members may result from spontaneous structural variation — such as deletions , duplications or inversions in genetic material during meiosis . Hence , a substantial fraction of autism cases may be traceable to genetic causes that are highly heritable but not inherited : that is , the mutation that causes the autism is not present in the parental genome .
Several lines of evidence point to synaptic dysfunction as a cause of autism . Some rare mutations may lead to autism by disrupting some synaptic pathways , such as those involved with cell adhesion . Gene replacement studies in mice suggest that autistic symptoms are closely related to later developmental steps that depend on activity in synapses and on activity @-@ dependent changes . All known teratogens ( agents that cause birth defects ) related to the risk of autism appear to act during the first eight weeks from conception , and though this does not exclude the possibility that autism can be initiated or affected later , there is strong evidence that autism arises very early in development .
Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy , especially heavy metals and particulates , may increase the risk of autism . Environmental factors that have been claimed to contribute to or exacerbate autism include certain foods , infectious diseases , solvents , diesel exhaust , PCBs , phthalates and phenols used in plastic products , pesticides , brominated flame retardants , alcohol , smoking , illicit drugs , vaccines , and prenatal stress , but no evidence has been found for these claims , and some such as the MMR vaccine have been completely disproven .
Parents may first become aware of autistic symptoms in their child around the time of a routine vaccination . This has led to unsupported theories blaming vaccine " overload " , a vaccine preservative , or the MMR vaccine for causing autism . The latter theory was supported by a litigation @-@ funded study that has since been shown to have been " an elaborate fraud " . Although these theories lack convincing scientific evidence and are biologically implausible , parental concern about a potential vaccine link with autism has led to lower rates of childhood immunizations , outbreaks of previously controlled childhood diseases in some countries , and the preventable deaths of several children .
= = Mechanism = =
Autism 's symptoms result from maturation @-@ related changes in various systems of the brain . How autism occurs is not well understood . Its mechanism can be divided into two areas : the pathophysiology of brain structures and processes associated with autism , and the neuropsychological linkages between brain structures and behaviors . The behaviors appear to have multiple pathophysiologies .
= = = Pathophysiology = = =
Unlike many other brain disorders , such as Parkinson 's , autism does not have a clear unifying mechanism at either the molecular , cellular , or systems level ; it is not known whether autism is a few disorders caused by mutations converging on a few common molecular pathways , or is ( like intellectual disability ) a large set of disorders with diverse mechanisms . Autism appears to result from developmental factors that affect many or all functional brain systems , and to disturb the timing of brain development more than the final product . Neuroanatomical studies and the associations with teratogens strongly suggest that autism 's mechanism includes alteration of brain development soon after conception . This anomaly appears to start a cascade of pathological events in the brain that are significantly influenced by environmental factors . Just after birth , the brains of children with autism tend to grow faster than usual , followed by normal or relatively slower growth in childhood . It is not known whether early overgrowth occurs in all children with autism . It seems to be most prominent in brain areas underlying the development of higher cognitive specialization . Hypotheses for the cellular and molecular bases of pathological early overgrowth include the following :
An excess of neurons that causes local overconnectivity in key brain regions .
Disturbed neuronal migration during early gestation .
Unbalanced excitatory – inhibitory networks .
Abnormal formation of synapses and dendritic spines , for example , by modulation of the neurexin – neuroligin cell @-@ adhesion system , or by poorly regulated synthesis of synaptic proteins . Disrupted synaptic development may also contribute to epilepsy , which may explain why the two conditions are associated .
The immune system is thought to play an important role in autism . Children with autism have been found by researchers to have inflammation of both the peripheral and central immune systems as indicated by increased levels of pro @-@ inflammatory cytokines and significant activation of microglia . Biomarkers of abnormal immune function have also been associated with increased impairments in behaviors that are characteristic of the core features of autism such as deficits in social interactions and communication . Interactions between the immune system and the nervous system begin early during the embryonic stage of life , and successful neurodevelopment depends on a balanced immune response . It is thought that activation of a pregnant mother 's immune system such as from environmental toxicants or infection can contribute to causing autism through causing a disruption of brain development . This is supported by recent studies that have found that infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of autism .
The relationship of neurochemicals to autism is not well understood ; several have been investigated , with the most evidence for the role of serotonin and of genetic differences in its transport . The role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors ( mGluR ) in the pathogenesis of fragile X syndrome , the most common identified genetic cause of autism , has led to interest in the possible implications for future autism research into this pathway . Some data suggests neuronal overgrowth potentially related to an increase in several growth hormones or to impaired regulation of growth factor receptors . Also , some inborn errors of metabolism are associated with autism , but probably account for less than 5 % of cases .
The mirror neuron system ( MNS ) theory of autism hypothesizes that distortion in the development of the MNS interferes with imitation and leads to autism 's core features of social impairment and communication difficulties . The MNS operates when an animal performs an action or observes another animal perform the same action . The MNS may contribute to an individual 's understanding of other people by enabling the modeling of their behavior via embodied simulation of their actions , intentions , and emotions . Several studies have tested this hypothesis by demonstrating structural abnormalities in MNS regions of individuals with ASD , delay in the activation in the core circuit for imitation in individuals with Asperger syndrome , and a correlation between reduced MNS activity and severity of the syndrome in children with ASD . However , individuals with autism also have abnormal brain activation in many circuits outside the MNS and the MNS theory does not explain the normal performance of children with autism on imitation tasks that involve a goal or object .
ASD @-@ related patterns of low function and aberrant activation in the brain differ depending on whether the brain is doing social or nonsocial tasks . In autism there is evidence for reduced functional connectivity of the default network , a large @-@ scale brain network involved in social and emotional processing , with intact connectivity of the task @-@ positive network , used in sustained attention and goal @-@ directed thinking . In people with autism the two networks are not negatively correlated in time , suggesting an imbalance in toggling between the two networks , possibly reflecting a disturbance of self @-@ referential thought .
The underconnectivity theory of autism hypothesizes that autism is marked by underfunctioning high @-@ level neural connections and synchronization , along with an excess of low @-@ level processes . Evidence for this theory has been found in functional neuroimaging studies on autistic individuals and by a brainwave study that suggested that adults with ASD have local overconnectivity in the cortex and weak functional connections between the frontal lobe and the rest of the cortex . Other evidence suggests the underconnectivity is mainly within each hemisphere of the cortex and that autism is a disorder of the association cortex .
From studies based on event @-@ related potentials , transient changes to the brain 's electrical activity in response to stimuli , there is considerable evidence for differences in autistic individuals with respect to attention , orientation to auditory and visual stimuli , novelty detection , language and face processing , and information storage ; several studies have found a preference for nonsocial stimuli . For example , magnetoencephalography studies have found evidence in children with autism of delayed responses in the brain 's processing of auditory signals .
In the genetic area , relations have been found between autism and schizophrenia based on duplications and deletions of chromosomes ; research showed that schizophrenia and autism are significantly more common in combination with 1q21.1 deletion syndrome . Research on autism / schizophrenia relations for chromosome 15 ( 15q13.3 ) , chromosome 16 ( 16p13.1 ) and chromosome 17 ( 17p12 ) are inconclusive .
Functional connectivity studies have found both hypo- and hyper @-@ connectivity in brains of people with autism . Hypo @-@ connectivity seems to dominate , especially for interhemispheric and cortico @-@ cortical functional connectivity .
= = = Neuropsychology = = =
Two major categories of cognitive theories have been proposed about the links between autistic brains and behavior .
The first category focuses on deficits in social cognition . Simon Baron @-@ Cohen 's empathizing – systemizing theory postulates that autistic individuals can systemize — that is , they can develop internal rules of operation to handle events inside the brain — but are less effective at empathizing by handling events generated by other agents . An extension , the extreme male brain theory , hypothesizes that autism is an extreme case of the male brain , defined psychometrically as individuals in whom systemizing is better than empathizing . These theories are somewhat related to Baron @-@ Cohen 's earlier theory of mind approach , which hypothesizes that autistic behavior arises from an inability to as
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
cribe mental states to oneself and others . The theory of mind hypothesis is supported by the atypical responses of children with autism to the Sally – Anne test for reasoning about others ' motivations , and the mirror neuron system theory of autism described in Pathophysiology maps well to the hypothesis . However , most studies have found no evidence of impairment in autistic individuals ' ability to understand other people 's basic intentions or goals ; instead , data suggests that impairments are found in understanding more complex social emotions or in considering others ' viewpoints .
The second category focuses on nonsocial or general processing : the executive functions such as working memory , planning , inhibition . In his review , Kenworthy states that " the claim of executive dysfunction as a causal factor in autism is controversial " , however , " it is clear that executive dysfunction plays a role in the social and cognitive deficits observed in individuals with autism " . Tests of core executive processes such as eye movement tasks indicate improvement from late childhood to adolescence , but performance never reaches typical adult levels . A strength of the theory is predicting stereotyped behavior and narrow interests ; two weaknesses are that executive function is hard to measure and that executive function deficits have not been found in young children with autism .
Weak central coherence theory hypothesizes that a limited ability to see the big picture underlies the central disturbance in autism . One strength of this theory is predicting special talents and peaks in performance in autistic people . A related theory — enhanced perceptual functioning — focuses more on the superiority of locally oriented and perceptual operations in autistic individuals . These theories map well from the underconnectivity theory of autism .
Neither category is satisfactory on its own ; social cognition theories poorly address autism 's rigid and repetitive behaviors , while the nonsocial theories have difficulty explaining social impairment and communication difficulties . A combined theory based on multiple deficits may prove to be more useful .
= = Diagnosis = =
Diagnosis is based on behavior , not cause or mechanism . Under the DSM @-@ 5 , autism is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts , as well as restricted , repetitive patterns of behavior , interests , or activities . These deficits are present in early childhood , typically before age three , and lead to clinically significant functional impairment . Sample symptoms include lack of social or emotional reciprocity , stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language , and persistent preoccupation with unusual objects . The disturbance must not be better accounted for by Rett syndrome , intellectual disability or global developmental delay . ICD @-@ 10 uses essentially the same definition .
Several diagnostic instruments are available . Two are commonly used in autism research : the Autism Diagnostic Interview @-@ Revised ( ADI @-@ R ) is a semistructured parent interview , and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule ( ADOS ) uses observation and interaction with the child . The Childhood Autism Rating Scale ( CARS ) is used widely in clinical environments to assess severity of autism based on observation of children .
A pediatrician commonly performs a preliminary investigation by taking developmental history and physically examining the child . If warranted , diagnosis and evaluations are conducted with help from ASD specialists , observing and assessing cognitive , communication , family , and other factors using standardized tools , and taking into account any associated medical conditions . A pediatric neuropsychologist is often asked to assess behavior and cognitive skills , both to aid diagnosis and to help recommend educational interventions . A differential diagnosis for ASD at this stage might also consider intellectual disability , hearing impairment , and a specific language impairment such as Landau – Kleffner syndrome . The presence of autism can make it harder to diagnose coexisting psychiatric disorders such as depression .
Clinical genetics evaluations are often done once ASD is diagnosed , particularly when other symptoms already suggest a genetic cause . Although genetic technology allows clinical geneticists to link an estimated 40 % of cases to genetic causes , consensus guidelines in the US and UK are limited to high @-@ resolution chromosome and fragile X testing . A genotype @-@ first model of diagnosis has been proposed , which would routinely assess the genome 's copy number variations . As new genetic tests are developed several ethical , legal , and social issues will emerge . Commercial availability of tests may precede adequate understanding of how to use test results , given the complexity of autism 's genetics . Metabolic and neuroimaging tests are sometimes helpful , but are not routine .
ASD can sometimes be diagnosed by age 14 months , although diagnosis becomes increasingly stable over the first three years of life : for example , a one @-@ year @-@ old who meets diagnostic criteria for ASD is less likely than a three @-@ year @-@ old to continue to do so a few years later . In the UK the National Autism Plan for Children recommends at most 30 weeks from first concern to completed diagnosis and assessment , though few cases are handled that quickly in practice . Although the symptoms of autism and ASD begin early in childhood , they are sometimes missed ; years later , adults may seek diagnoses to help them or their friends and family understand themselves , to help their employers make adjustments , or in some locations to claim disability living allowances or other benefits .
Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis are problems in marginal cases , and much of the recent increase in the number of reported ASD cases is likely due to changes in diagnostic practices . The increasing popularity of drug treatment options and the expansion of benefits has given providers incentives to diagnose ASD , resulting in some overdiagnosis of children with uncertain symptoms . Conversely , the cost of screening and diagnosis and the challenge of obtaining payment can inhibit or delay diagnosis . It is particularly hard to diagnose autism among the visually impaired , partly because some of its diagnostic criteria depend on vision , and partly because autistic symptoms overlap with those of common blindness syndromes or blindisms .
= = = Classification = = =
Autism is one of the five pervasive developmental disorders ( PDD ) , which are characterized by widespread abnormalities of social interactions and communication , and severely restricted interests and highly repetitive behavior . These symptoms do not imply sickness , fragility , or emotional disturbance .
Of the five PDD forms , Asperger syndrome is closest to autism in signs and likely causes ; Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder share several signs with autism , but may have unrelated causes ; PDD not otherwise specified ( PDD @-@ NOS ; also called atypical autism ) is diagnosed when the criteria are not met for a more specific disorder . Unlike with autism , people with Asperger syndrome have no substantial delay in language development . The terminology of autism can be bewildering , with autism , Asperger syndrome and PDD @-@ NOS often called the autism spectrum disorders ( ASD ) or sometimes the autistic disorders , whereas autism itself is often called autistic disorder , childhood autism , or infantile autism . In this article , autism refers to the classic autistic disorder ; in clinical practice , though , autism , ASD , and PDD are often used interchangeably . ASD , in turn , is a subset of the broader autism phenotype , which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic @-@ like traits , such as avoiding eye contact .
The manifestations of autism cover a wide spectrum , ranging from individuals with severe impairments — who may be silent , developmentally disabled , and locked into hand flapping and rocking — to high functioning individuals who may have active but distinctly odd social approaches , narrowly focused interests , and verbose , pedantic communication . Because the behavior spectrum is continuous , boundaries between diagnostic categories are necessarily somewhat arbitrary . Sometimes the syndrome is divided into low- , medium- or high @-@ functioning autism ( LFA , MFA , and HFA ) , based on IQ thresholds , or on how much support the individual requires in daily life ; these subdivisions are not standardized and are controversial . Autism can also be divided into syndromal and non @-@ syndromal autism ; the syndromal autism is associated with severe or profound intellectual disability or a congenital syndrome with physical symptoms , such as tuberous sclerosis . Although individuals with Asperger syndrome tend to perform better cognitively than those with autism , the extent of the overlap between Asperger syndrome , HFA , and non @-@ syndromal autism is unclear .
Some studies have reported diagnoses of autism in children due to a loss of language or social skills , as opposed to a failure to make progress , typically from 15 to 30 months of age . The validity of this distinction remains controversial ; it is possible that regressive autism is a specific subtype , or that there is a continuum of behaviors between autism with and without regression .
Research into causes has been hampered by the inability to identify biologically meaningful subgroups within the autistic population and by the traditional boundaries between the disciplines of psychiatry , psychology , neurology and pediatrics . Newer technologies such as fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging can help identify biologically relevant phenotypes ( observable traits ) that can be viewed on brain scans , to help further neurogenetic studies of autism ; one example is lowered activity in the fusiform face area of the brain , which is associated with impaired perception of people versus objects . It has been proposed to classify autism using genetics as well as behavior .
= = Screening = =
About half of parents of children with ASD notice their child 's unusual behaviors by age 18 months , and about four @-@ fifths notice by age 24 months . According to an article failure to meet any of the following milestones " is an absolute indication to proceed with further evaluations . Delay in referral for such testing may delay early diagnosis and treatment and affect the long @-@ term outcome " .
No babbling by 12 months .
No gesturing ( pointing , waving , etc . ) by 12 months .
No single words by 16 months .
No two @-@ word ( spontaneous , not just echolalic ) phrases by 24 months .
Any loss of any language or social skills , at any age .
The United States Preventative Services Task Force in 2016 found it was unclear if screening was beneficial or harmful among children in whom there is no concerns . The Japanese practice is to screen all children for ASD at 18 and 24 months , using autism @-@ specific formal screening tests . In contrast , in the UK , children whose families or doctors recognize possible signs of autism are screened . It is not known which approach is more effective . Screening tools include the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers ( M @-@ CHAT ) , the Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire , and the First Year Inventory ; initial data on M @-@ CHAT and its predecessor , the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers ( CHAT ) , on children aged 18 – 30 months suggests that it is best used in a clinical setting and that it has low sensitivity ( many false @-@ negatives ) but good specificity ( few false @-@ positives ) . It may be more accurate to precede these tests with a broadband screener that does not distinguish ASD from other developmental disorders . Screening tools designed for one culture 's norms for behaviors like eye contact may be inappropriate for a different culture . Although genetic screening for autism is generally still impractical , it can be considered in some cases , such as children with neurological symptoms and dysmorphic features .
= = Prevention = =
Infection with rubella during pregnancy causes fewer than 1 % of cases of autism ; vaccination against rubella can prevent many of those cases .
= = Management = =
The main goals when treating children with autism are to lessen associated deficits and family distress , and to increase quality of life and functional independence . In general , higher IQs are correlated with greater responsiveness to treatment and improved treatment outcomes . No single treatment is best and treatment is typically tailored to the child 's needs . Families and the educational system are the main resources for treatment . Studies of interventions have methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy , however the development of evidence @-@ based interventions has advanced in recent years . Although many psychosocial interventions have some positive evidence , suggesting that some form of treatment is preferable to no treatment , the methodological quality of systematic reviews of these studies has generally been poor , their clinical results are mostly tentative , and there is little evidence for the relative effectiveness of treatment options . Intensive , sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children acquire self @-@ care , social , and job skills , and often improve functioning and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors ; claims that intervention by around age three years is crucial are not substantiated . Available approaches include applied behavior analysis ( ABA ) , developmental models , structured teaching , speech and language therapy , social skills therapy , and occupational therapy . Among these approaches , interventions either treat autistic features comprehensively , or focalize treatment on a specific area of deficit . There is some evidence that early intensive behavioral intervention ( EIBI ) , an early intervention model based on ABA for 20 to 40 hours a week for multiple years , is an effective treatment for some children with ASD . Two theoretical frameworks outlined for early childhood intervention include applied behavioral analysis ( ABA ) and developmental social pragmatic models ( DSP ) . One interventional strategy utilizes a parent training model , which teaches parents how to implement various ABA and DSP techniques , allowing for parents to disseminate interventions themselves . Various DSP programs have been developed to explicitly deliver intervention systems through at @-@ home parent implementation . Despite the recent development of parent training models , these interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in numerous studies , being evaluated as a probable efficacious mode of treatment .
= = = Education = = =
Educational interventions can be effective to varying degrees in most children : intensive ABA treatment has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing global functioning in preschool children and is well @-@ established for improving intellectual performance of young children . Similarly , teacher @-@ implemented intervention that utilizes an ABA combined with a developmental social pragmatic approach has been found to be a well @-@ established treatment in improving social @-@ communication skills in young children , although there is less evidence in its treatment of global symptoms . Neuropsychological reports are often poorly communicated to educators , resulting in a gap between what a report recommends and what education is provided . It is not known whether treatment programs for children lead to significant improvements after the children grow up , and the limited research on the effectiveness of adult residential programs shows mixed results . The appropriateness of including children with varying severity of autism spectrum disorders in the general education population is a subject of current debate among educators and researchers .
= = = Medication = = =
Many medications are used to treat ASD symptoms that interfere with integrating a child into home or school when behavioral treatment fails . More than half of US children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed psychoactive drugs or anticonvulsants , with the most common drug classes being antidepressants , stimulants , and antipsychotics . Antipsychotics , such as risperidone and aripiprazole , have been found to be useful for treating irritability , repetitive behavior , and sleeplessness that often occurs with autism , however their side effects must be weighed against their potential benefits , and people with autism may respond atypically . There is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD . No known medication relieves autism 's core symptoms of social and communication impairments . Experiments in mice have reversed or reduced some symptoms related to autism by replacing or modulating gene function , suggesting the possibility of targeting therapies to specific rare mutations known to cause autism .
= = = Alternative medicine = = =
Although many alternative therapies and interventions are available , few are supported by scientific studies . Treatment approaches have little empirical support in quality @-@ of @-@ life contexts , and many programs focus on success measures that lack predictive validity and real @-@ world relevance . Scientific evidence appears to matter less to service providers than program marketing , training availability , and parent requests . Some alternative treatments may place the child at risk . A 2008 study found that compared to their peers , autistic boys have significantly thinner bones if on casein @-@ free diets ; in 2005 , botched chelation therapy killed a five @-@ year @-@ old child with autism . There has been early research looking at hyperbaric treatments in children with autism .
Although popularly used as an alternative treatment for people with autism , there is no good evidence that a gluten @-@ free diet is of benefit . In the subset of people who have gluten sensitivity there is limited evidence that suggests that a gluten free diet may improve some autistic behaviours .
= = = Cost = = =
Treatment is expensive ; indirect costs are more so . For someone born in 2000 , a US study estimated an average lifetime cost of $ 4 @.@ 07 million ( net present value in 2016 dollars , inflation @-@ adjusted from 2003 estimate ) , with about 10 % medical care , 30 % extra education and other care , and 60 % lost economic productivity . Publicly supported programs are often inadequate or inappropriate for a given child , and unreimbursed out @-@ of @-@ pocket medical or therapy expenses are associated with likelihood of family financial problems ; one 2008 US study found a 14 % average loss of annual income in families of children with ASD , and a related study found that ASD is associated with higher probability that child care problems will greatly affect parental employment . US states increasingly require private health insurance to cover autism services , shifting costs from publicly funded education programs to privately funded health insurance . After childhood , key treatment issues include residential care , job training and placement , sexuality , social skills , and estate planning .
= = Society and culture = =
The emergence of the autism rights movement has served as an attempt to encourage people to be more tolerant of those with autism . Through this movement , people hope to cause others to think of autism as a difference instead of a disease . Proponents of this movement wish to seek “ acceptance , not cures . ” There have also been many worldwide events promoting autism awareness such as World Autism Awareness Day , Light It Up Blue , Autism Sunday , Autistic Pride Day , Autreat , and others . There have also been many organizations dedicated to increasing the awareness of autism and the effects that autism has on someone ’ s life . These organizations include Autism Speaks , Autism National Committee , Autism Society of America , and many others . Social @-@ science scholars have had an increased focused on studying those with autism in hopes to learn more about “ autism as a culture , transcultural comparisons … and research on social movements . ” Media has had an influence on how the public perceives those with autism . Rain Man , a film that won 4 Oscars including Best Picture , depicts a character with autism who has incredible talents and abilities . While many autistics don 't have these special abilities , there are some autistic individuals who have been successful in their fields .
= = Prognosis = =
There is no known cure . Children recover occasionally , so that they lose their diagnosis of ASD ; this occurs sometimes after intensive treatment and sometimes not . It is not known how often recovery happens ; reported rates in unselected samples of children with ASD have ranged from 3 % to 25 % . Most children with autism acquire language by age five or younger , though a few have developed communication skills in later years . Most children with autism lack social support , meaningful relationships , future employment opportunities or self @-@ determination . Although core difficulties tend to persist , symptoms often become less severe with age .
Few high @-@ quality studies address long @-@ term prognosis . Some adults show modest improvement in communication skills , but a few decline ; no study has focused on autism after midlife . Acquiring language before age six , having an IQ above 50 , and having a marketable skill all predict better outcomes ; independent living is unlikely with severe autism . Most people with autism face significant obstacles in transitioning to adulthood .
= = Epidemiology = =
Most recent reviews tend to estimate a prevalence of 1 – 2 per 1 @,@ 000 for autism and close to 6 per 1 @,@ 000 for ASD , and 11 per 1 @,@ 000 children in the United States for ASD as of 2008 ; because of inadequate data , these numbers may underestimate ASD 's true rate . Globally , autism affects an estimated 21 @.@ 7 million people as of 2013 , while Asperger syndrome affects a further 31 @.@ 1 million . In 2012 , the NHS estimated that the overall prevalence of autism among adults aged 18 years and over in the UK was 1 @.@ 1 % . Rates of PDD @-@ NOS 's has been estimated at 3 @.@ 7 per 1 @,@ 000 , Asperger syndrome at roughly 0 @.@ 6 per 1 @,@ 000 , and childhood disintegrative disorder at 0 @.@ 02 per 1 @,@ 000 . CDC 's most recent estimate is that 1 out of every 68 children , or 14 @.@ 7 per 1 @,@ 000 , has an ASD as of 2010 .
The number of reported cases of autism increased dramatically in the 1990s and early 2000s . This increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices , referral patterns , availability of services , age at diagnosis , and public awareness , though unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out . The available evidence does not rule out the possibility that autism 's true prevalence has increased ; a real increase would suggest directing more attention and funding toward changing environmental factors instead of continuing to focus on genetics .
Boys are at higher risk for ASD than girls . The sex ratio averages 4 @.@ 3 : 1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment : it may be close to 2 : 1 with intellectual disability and more than 5 @.@ 5 : 1 without . Several theories about the higher prevalence in males have been investigated , but the cause of the difference is unconfirmed ; one theory is that females are underdiagnosed .
Although the evidence does not implicate any single pregnancy @-@ related risk factor as a cause of autism , the risk of autism is associated with advanced age in either parent , and with diabetes , bleeding , and use of psychiatric drugs in the mother during pregnancy . The risk is greater with older fathers than with older mothers ; two potential explanations are the known increase in mutation burden in older sperm , and the hypothesis that men marry later if they carry genetic liability and show some signs of autism . Most professionals believe that race , ethnicity , and socioeconomic background do not affect the occurrence of autism .
Several other conditions are common in children with autism . They include :
Genetic disorders . About 10 – 15 % of autism cases have an identifiable Mendelian ( single @-@ gene ) condition , chromosome abnormality , or other genetic syndrome , and ASD is associated with several genetic disorders .
Intellectual disability . The percentage of autistic individuals who also meet criteria for intellectual disability has been reported as anywhere from 25 % to 70 % , a wide variation illustrating the difficulty of assessing autistic intelligence . In comparison , for PDD @-@ NOS the association with intellectual disability is much weaker , and by definition , the diagnosis of Asperger 's excludes intellectual disability .
Anxiety disorders are common among children with ASD ; there are no firm data , but studies have reported prevalences ranging from 11 % to 84 % . Many anxiety disorders have symptoms that are better explained by ASD itself , or are hard to distinguish from ASD 's symptoms .
Epilepsy , with variations in risk of epilepsy due to age , cognitive level , and type of language disorder .
Several metabolic defects , such as phenylketonuria , are associated with autistic symptoms .
Minor physical anomalies are significantly increased in the autistic population .
Preempted diagnoses . Although the DSM @-@ IV rules out concurrent diagnosis of many other conditions along with autism , the full criteria for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , Tourette syndrome , and other of these conditions are often present and these comorbid diagnoses are increasingly accepted .
Sleep problems affect about two @-@ thirds of individuals with ASD at some point in childhood . These most commonly include symptoms of insomnia such as difficulty in falling asleep , frequent nocturnal awakenings , and early morning awakenings . Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family stress , and are often a focus of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis .
= = History = =
A few examples of autistic symptoms and treatments were described long before autism was named . The Table Talk of Martin Luther , compiled by his notetaker , Mathesius , contains the story of a 12 @-@ year @-@ old boy who may have been severely autistic . Luther reportedly thought the boy was a soulless mass of flesh possessed by the devil , and suggested that he be suffocated , although a later critic has cast doubt on the veracity of this report . The earliest well @-@ documented case of autism is that of Hugh Blair of Borgue , as detailed in a 1747 court case in which his brother successfully petitioned to annul Blair 's marriage to gain Blair 's inheritance . The Wild Boy of Aveyron , a feral child caught in 1798 , showed several signs of autism ; the medical student Jean Itard treated him with a behavioral program designed to help him form social attachments and to induce speech via imitation .
The New Latin word autismus ( English translation autism ) was coined by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1910 as he was defining symptoms of schizophrenia . He derived it from the Greek word autós ( αὐτός , meaning " self " ) , and used it to mean morbid self @-@ admiration , referring to " autistic withdrawal of the patient to his fantasies , against which any influence from outside becomes an intolerable disturbance " .
The word autism first took its modern sense in 1938 when Hans Asperger of the Vienna University Hospital adopted Bleuler 's terminology autistic psychopaths in a lecture in German about child psychology . Asperger was investigating an ASD now known as Asperger syndrome , though for various reasons it was not widely recognized as a separate diagnosis until 1981 . Leo Kanner of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first used autism in its modern sense in English when he introduced the label early infantile autism in a 1943 report of 11 children with striking behavioral similarities . Almost all the characteristics described in Kanner 's first paper on the subject , notably " autistic aloneness " and " insistence on sameness " , are still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum of disorders . It is not known whether Kanner derived the term independently of Asperger .
Kanner 's reuse of autism led to decades of confused terminology like infantile schizophrenia , and child psychiatry 's focus on maternal deprivation led to misconceptions of autism as an infant 's response to " refrigerator mothers " . Starting in the late 1960s autism was established as a separate syndrome by demonstrating that it is lifelong , distinguishing it from intellectual disability and schizophrenia and from other developmental disorders , and demonstrating the benefits of involving parents in active programs of therapy . As late as the mid @-@ 1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in autism ; now it is thought to be one of the most heritable of all psychiatric conditions . Although the rise of parent organizations and the destigmatization of childhood ASD have deeply affected how we view ASD , parents continue to feel social stigma in situations where their child 's autistic behavior is perceived negatively by others , and many primary care physicians and medical specialists still express some beliefs consistent with outdated autism research .
The Internet has helped autistic individuals bypass nonverbal cues and emotional sharing that they find so hard to deal with , and has given them a way to form online communities and work remotely . Sociological and cultural aspects of autism have developed : some in the community seek a cure , while others believe that autism is simply another way of being .
= Ohio State Route 844 =
State Route 844 ( SR 844 ) is a 2 @.@ 395 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 854 km ) state route that runs between Beavercreek and Wright @-@ Patterson Air Force Base in the US state of Ohio . The north – south signed route is a spur freeway which mainly passes through government @-@ owned properties . For some of its path , SR 844 passes through Wright State University . The highway was first signed in 1995 on the same alignment as today . SR 844 replaced the SR 444A designation of the highway , which dated back to 1989 .
= = Route description = =
SR 844 begins at a partial interchange with Interstate 675 ( I @-@ 675 ) . The route heads northeast as a four @-@ lane controlled @-@ access highway , passing under North Fairfield Road . The road has a partial interchange with Colonel Glenn Highway , before passing on the southeast and east sides of Wright State University . The highway curves due north , having an interchange with University Boulevard . After the interchange with University Boulevard , the road curves northwest , passing over SR 444 . Followed by an interchange with SR 444 , SR 844 ends at Gate 15A of Wright @-@ Patterson Air Force Base .
SR 844 is signed as " McClernon Memorial Skyway " , after the late Brigadier General Glen J. McClernon . McClernon had been base commander during the time the university was being established — partially on land deeded to it by the Air Force base — and also had been a two @-@ term mayor of Fairborn .
The entire length of SR 844 is part of the National Highway System , a system of routes important to the nation 's economy , mobility and defense . The highway is maintained by the Ohio Department of Transportation ( ODOT ) .
= = History = =
SR 844 was originally SR 444A , which opened by 1989 . After a public comment period in 1994 , ODOT changed the number to " 844 " by 1995 . Although legally designated as " McClernon @-@ Skyway Memorial Drive " on September 22 , 1989 , SR 844 is both signed and recognized by the state as " McClernon Memorial Skyway " .
= = Future = =
There are plans to add a ramp from northbound SR 844 to northbound SR 444 , and to add a ramp from northbound SR 444 to southbound SR 844 . As of October 2013 , the status and funding for this project are unknown .
= = Major junctions = =
The entire route is in Greene County .
= Money in the Bank ( 2011 ) =
The 2011 Money in the Bank event was the seventh of thirteen professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view events held by WWE that year , and the second installment in the annual Money in the Bank series of events . It took place on July 17 , 2011 , at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont , Illinois .
The event featured six matches , including two Money in the Bank ladder matches . Alberto Del Rio won the match for wrestlers from the Raw brand to earn a WWE Championship match at a time of his choosing within the next year , while Daniel Bryan won the match for wrestlers from the SmackDown brand for the same opportunity for the World Heavyweight Championship . In the World Heavyweight Championship match also held at the event , Christian defeated Randy Orton by disqualification and became the new champion as per the match stipulation . The main event featured CM Punk defeating John Cena to become the new WWE Champion .
Money in the Bank was broadcast globally and received acclaim from fans and critics alike , with the main event receiving the most praise . For pay @-@ per @-@ view buys , 195 @,@ 000 customers paid to watch the event compared with 165 @,@ 000 for the previous year .
= = Production = =
= = = Background = = =
WWE 's Money in the Bank pay @-@ per @-@ view events feature their own variant of ladder matches , where multiple wrestlers use ladders to retrieve a briefcase hanging above the ring . Two briefcases were contested at the 2011 event , one each for members of the Raw and SmackDown brands . The respective winners were guaranteed a match for the WWE and World Heavyweight Championships at a time of their choosing within the next year . The 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2014 Money in the Bank events featured a main event involving John Cena , albeit in different storylines .
By November 2010 , WWE had announced that the 2011 Money in the Bank event would take place on July 17 , 2011 , at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont , Illinois . Tickets went on sale in May 2011 through Ticketmaster with prices ranging from $ 25 to $ 300 . The event , sponsored by confectionery brand Skittles , was the second annual Money in the Bank pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event and the seventh of thirteen in the 2011 WWE PPV schedule . The theme song , " Money in the Bank " , was composed by Jim Johnston .
= = = Storylines = = =
The professional wrestling matches at Money in the Bank featured professional wrestlers performing as characters in scripted events pre @-@ determined by the hosting promotion , WWE . Storylines between the characters were produced on WWE 's weekly television shows Raw and SmackDown with the Raw and SmackDown brands — storyline divisions in which WWE assigned its employees to different programs . These storylines provided the background to the 2011 event , which continued the storylines from the previous event in WWE 's 2011 pay @-@ per @-@ view schedule , Capitol Punishment .
The main event featured John Cena defending the WWE Championship against CM Punk . Punk pinned Cena in a non @-@ title match on the June 13 , 2011 episode of Raw , and then became the number one contender by winning a Triple Threat Falls Count Anywhere match against Alberto Del Rio and Rey Mysterio on the June 20 episode of Raw . After the match , Punk said his WWE contract would expire at midnight on July 17 , immediately after the Money in the Bank PPV ended ; Punk vowed to win the championship and leave the company with it . On the next episode of Raw , Punk delivered a worked shoot promo and said that he , rather than Cena , was " the best in the world " ; he also berated WWE for not promoting him properly . Punk called Cena an " ass @-@ kisser " and insulted WWE management — including chairman Vince McMahon and executive John Laurinaitis . In addition to saying that he was breaking the fourth wall by talking to the camera , Punk proposed that he could defend the WWE Championship by wrestling in other companies such as Ring of Honor and New Japan Pro Wrestling after leaving the company with the title . As a result , Punk was given a storyline suspension and stripped of his championship match . Cena confronted McMahon and threatened to walk out on him and return the WWE Championship if Punk were not reinstated . McMahon relented on the condition that if Cena lost the title , he would be fired . On the following episode of Raw , McMahon tried to sign Punk to a new contract to ensure the WWE Championship would stay in WWE ; McMahon agreed to Punk 's demands and apologized to Punk before Cena interrupted the proceedings . The segment resulted in Cena punching Punk , so Punk tore up the agreed contract .
At Money in the Bank 2011 , Randy Orton defended the World Heavyweight Championship against Christian . The storyline started on the May 6 episode of SmackDown when Orton defeated Christian to become the champion less than a week after Christian had won the title . At Capitol Punishment on June 19 , Orton defeated Christian to retain the title despite illegally pinning Christian . On the June 24 episode of SmackDown , Christian demanded another attempt at the title from SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long ; his demand was granted with the proviso that he could defeat Kane . Christian lost the match against Kane by disqualification after interference from Mark Henry . Long then made a tag team match for later that same episode , pitting the team of Christian and Henry against Kane and Orton with a similar stipulation ; Henry pinned Orton in the bout . Afterward , Long offered Henry an attempt at the title if Henry could defeat Orton again . Henry lost the match after Christian engineered a distraction . This set up a match between Orton and Christian for the title at Money in the Bank . On the July 8 episode of SmackDown , Christian 's lawyers in the storyline added a stipulation to the match that if Orton was disqualified or there were poor officiating , he would lose the title to Christian .
The Raw Money in the Bank competitors were announced on the June 27 episode of Raw with no qualifying matches ; these were Alberto Del Rio , Alex Riley , Evan Bourne , Jack Swagger , Kofi Kingston , Rey Mysterio , R @-@ Truth , and The Miz . The SmackDown Money in the Bank competitors were announced on the July 1 SmackDown as Cody Rhodes , Daniel Bryan , Heath Slater , Justin Gabriel , Kane , Sheamus , Sin Cara , and Wade Barrett .
The feud between Big Show and Mark Henry started on the June 17 episode of SmackDown , when Big Show was forced to face Henry in a match . Big Show knocked out Henry before the bout began , creating a rivalry between the two . Henry interfered in Big Show 's match with Alberto Del Rio at Capitol Punishment and on the June 27 episode of Raw in a cage match . Henry versus Big Show was later announced for Money in the Bank . When Brie Bella lost her Divas Championship to Kelly Kelly on the June 20 Raw , a title rematch was announced for Money in the Bank . Kelly had been feuding with the Bella Twins since May 2011 .
= = Event = =
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The event , featuring commentary by Michael Cole , Jerry Lawler and Booker T , began with the SmackDown Money in the Bank ladder match . During the bout , Sheamus slammed Sin Cara through a ladder propped between the ring apron and the announcers ' table with a powerbomb throw . The ladder was bent in half and Cara was stretchered away from ringside . Near the end of the match , Barrett , Rhodes and Bryan were the only three in the ring . Bryan put Rhodes in a guillotine choke submission hold on top of the ladder in the middle of the ring while Barrett sneaked up the other side of the ladder . After Bryan knocked Rhodes off the ladder , Barrett got Bryan onto his shoulders and tried to throw him off . Bryan countered with repeated elbow strikes to Barrett 's head . Bryan then kicked Barrett in the head and unhooked the briefcase to win the contest .
In the show 's second match , Kelly Kelly defeated Brie Bella to retain the Divas Championship . Kelly won the bout after slamming Brie 's face into the mat with her K2 maneuver .
In the show 's third match , Mark Henry defeated Big Show . Henry gained a two @-@ count after slamming Big Show back against the mat with his World 's Strongest Slam move . Henry then performed the move again and two running splashes for the pinfall victory . After the match , Henry jumped on a chair wrapped around Big Show 's ankle , causing an injury to Big Show .
The next match was the Raw Money in the Bank match , where all the wrestlers brought ladders . During the match , Evan Bourne performed his signature Air Bourne aerial maneuver , diving from a ladder and landing on the other wrestlers at ringside . Bourne and Miz went for the briefcase but Del Rio toppled their ladder , and Miz was taken backstage with a knee injury . The seven remaining wrestlers simultaneously climbed four ladders in the ring , but fell off one by one . With nobody left in the ring , Miz hopped down to the ring and climbed the ladder with one leg , but Mysterio stopped him by slamming him off the ladder with a sunset flip powerbomb . As Mysterio and Del Rio battled on top of the ladders for the briefcase , Del Rio distracted Mysterio by unmasking him and then pushing him onto another ladder , which tipped over and sent both wrestlers to the mat . Del Rio regrouped and unhooked the briefcase to win the match .
In the show 's fifth match , Randy Orton defended his World Heavyweight Championship against Christian , with the condition that Christian would win the title if Orton were disqualified or if there were poor officiating . Christian opened the bout by bringing a steel chair into the ring and trying to goad Orton into getting disqualified . Orton balked and threw the chair to the floor . Christian performed his signature Killswitch , forcing Orton 's face to the mat , but Orton kicked out of the pin at the two count . As Orton was prepared to perform his signature RKO move , Christian spat in his face . An enraged Orton kicked Christian in the groin and was disqualified , so Christian became the new champion . Afterwards , Orton twice slammed Christian 's face into the announcers ' table with his RKO maneuver .
= = = Main event match = = =
The final match was for the WWE Championship between Champion John Cena and CM Punk . WWE Chairman Vince McMahon had threatened to have Cena fired if Punk won . During the match , two separate signature Attitude Adjustment moves by Cena failed to score the victory . More than 30 minutes into the match , Punk performed his Go to Sleep maneuver , hitting Cena 's ribs and causing Cena to fall out of the ring . As Punk rolled Cena back into the ring , McMahon and John Laurinaitis emerged from backstage and distracted Punk , resulting in Cena placing Punk in the STF submission hold . Punk did not submit , but McMahon signaled the referee to award Cena the match and sent Laurinaitis to ring the bell . This was reminiscent of the Montreal Screwjob in 1997 , where a conspiracy orchestrated by McMahon led to Bret Hart losing his WWF Championship to Shawn Michaels by submission despite Hart never submitting .
Not wanting a tainted victory , Cena broke the hold and attacked Laurinaitis . As Cena returned to the ring , Punk hit him in the face with the Go to Sleep maneuver and pinned him to win the WWE Championship . McMahon ordered the winner of the Raw Money in the Bank match , Alberto Del Rio , to cash in his contract on Punk . When Del Rio ran out and tried to cash in his contract for an immediate WWE Championship match , Punk kicked him in the head before he could do so . After blowing a kiss to a distraught McMahon , Punk fled the arena and left as WWE Champion .
= = Reception = =
During the event , WWE announced that its attendance was 14 @,@ 815 . It was later reported that 12 @,@ 000 attendees had paid , earning WWE $ 750 @,@ 000 . The event drew 195 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view purchases , which was an increase of 18 @.@ 2 % from the 165 @,@ 000 of the previous year 's event . This contributed to WWE 's PPV revenue of $ 15 @.@ 8 million for the third quarter of 2011 compared with $ 13 @.@ 6 million for the third quarter of 2010 . The 2012 Money in the Bank event received 188 @,@ 000 purchases , a drop of 3 @.@ 6 % .
Money in the Bank has received critical acclaim . Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter awarded the Cena – Punk main event five stars out of five , the first WWE match since 1997 to receive such a rating . The Wrestling Observer Newsletter later awarded the event the Best Major Show of 2011 , over other professional wrestling events by companies including Pro Wrestling Guerrilla and New Japan Pro Wrestling , as well as over a kickboxing event by K @-@ 1 and mixed martial arts events by Ultimate Fighting Championship . The main event won the Observer award for Match of the Year .
Alex Roberts of the Professional Wrestling Torch Newsletter attended the event . He criticized the ladder matches as " dangerous spectacles " where many wrestlers " took plenty of painful @-@ looking bumps " but often failed to score " a corresponding crowd reaction " . He also stated that the apparent injuries suffered by Sin Cara and the Miz in those matches had unnerved the audience . In contrast , Roberts felt that the two world title matches , which focused on " in @-@ ring psychology and storytelling " , were much more " memorable " or even " legendary " . Regarding the main event , Roberts said , " even a match @-@ ending run @-@ in bypassed the expected convoluted machinations and played perfectly to the narrative at hand " . At the end of 2011 , Nathan Kyght of the Professional Wrestling Torch Newsletter ranked Money in the Bank the best of 34 pay @-@ per @-@ views in 2011 , including those from WWE , Total Nonstop Action Wrestling , Ring of Honor , and Dragon Gate USA .
Wade Keller , also from the Professional Wrestling Torch Newsletter , awarded the Cena – Punk bout five stars out of five , and said the " athleticism wasn 't at the A + level , but everything else that equals magic in pro wrestling happened in the last 40 minutes " . Keller awarded the SmackDown Money in the Bank ladder match four stars and said there were " lots of good workers taking a lot of big bumps , but also selling them , during the course of the match " . For the Orton – Christian match , Keller said that it was " paced well , executed well , and the finish played into the personalities and storyline of this feud " . Regarding the outcome of the Henry – Big Show match , Keller commented that it was " interesting to see WWE really truly get behind Henry for the first time after all of this time " .
Dave Hillhouse at the Canadian Online Explorer 's said Money in the Bank featured " exactly what a main event is supposed to be . A match that overshadows every other bout on the card , that has you , no matter how good each other contest is , looking forward to an ending just to be one step closer to the final contest . " Hillhouse rated the main event eight out of ten and the overall event six out of ten . When the Canadian Online Explorer polled its readers on the event , 26 % did not watch the event , 5 % thought it was disappointing , 6 % thought it was okay and 63 % thought it was great .
Rob McNichol at the United Kingdom 's The Sun rated the event nine and a half out of ten , describing it as a " flawless exercise in the booking , promotion and performance of a wrestling show ... full of excitement , emotion and great wrestling " . McNichol described Bryan 's win in the " very good " opener as memorable and " a great way to inspire the crowd , who would become so important during the night " . He said of the Orton – Christian match , " Christian ’ s character development was excellent " and that while the audience were initially " pro @-@ Christian , who was supposed to be playing the heel " ( a villainous character ) , they eventually cheered Orton 's post @-@ match beatdown of Christian . McNichol described the main event as " professional wrestling at [ its ] finest " and " probably the most gripping angle in wrestling this century " . He said the audience 's " astonishing " reception to the main event was as good as " any major match you have ever seen or cared about in history " , and the match itself " was methodical , played to both wrestlers ' strengths , and was beautifully paced " .
In 2013 , WWE released a list of their " 15 best pay @-@ per @-@ views ever " , with 2011 's Money in the Bank ranked the second best . WWE also released " the 50 greatest WWE Championship Matches ever " in 2013 , with the Cena – Punk match from the event ranked fourth .
Money in the Bank 2011 was released on DVD by WWE Home Video on August 16 , 2011 ; it included Matt Striker interviewing Daniel Bryan as extra content . Eric Cohen of About.com awarded the DVD five stars out of five , and said the event was one of the greatest PPV events of all time and warranted his highest possible recommendation . DVD Talk gave a " Highly Recommended " rating to the DVD , despite " an average technical presentation ( no Blu @-@ ray option , either ) and no real bonus features " .
= = Aftermath = =
After CM Punk left the Allstate Arena with the WWE Championship belt , celebrity website TMZ pictured him showing off his newly won title belt on the streets of Chicago with Colt Cabana and Ace Steel .
To crown a new WWE Champion , WWE Chairman Vince McMahon started an eight @-@ man tournament on the July 18 episode of Raw , which included all the participants of the Raw Money in the Bank ladder match except Evan Bourne , whose place was filled by Dolph Ziggler . The Miz and Rey Mysterio made it to the tournament finals , which McMahon postponed so he could fire John Cena as a result of the conditions imposed on the Money in the Bank match . Triple H interrupted and announced that the WWE Board of Directors had removed McMahon from power in a vote of no confidence , and that Triple H was to take over the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of WWE . Triple H refused to fire Cena .
On July 21 , Punk gatecrashed the joint WWE – Mattel panel at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International with title belt in hand . He confronted Triple H and took exception to WWE attempting to crown a new WWE Champion . Two days later , Punk made a surprise appearance at a show hosted by the All American Wrestling company without his title belt to endorse Gregory Iron , a wrestler with cerebral palsy , as an inspiration for overcoming his impediment .
On the July 25 episode of Raw , Mysterio won the tournament to become the new WWE Champion , and immediately had to fend off Alberto Del Rio to prevent him from cashing in his Money in the Bank . Triple H , now Chief Operating Officer , decreed that Mysterio was to face ex @-@ champion Cena later that night for the title ; Cena won and again became WWE Champion . After the match , Punk made an unannounced return to WWE with the old WWE Championship belt to confront Cena . Cena and Punk later fought in a match at SummerSlam on August 14 to crown the undisputed WWE Champion , which Punk won . As Punk celebrated , Kevin Nash made his WWE return and assaulted him . Del Rio then cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and pinned Punk to become the new champion after kicking Punk in the head . Punk regained the WWE Championship from Del Rio at Survivor Series in November 2011 ; starting a 434 @-@ day reign until The Rock beat him at the 2013 Royal Rumble event .
After losing the World Heavyweight Championship to Christian , Randy Orton was granted a rematch at SummerSlam , where he won a No Holds Barred match to win the title . Meanwhile , in the storyline , Mark Henry went on to crush Kane and Vladimir Kozlov 's ankles with steel chairs . He defeated Orton at Night of Champions in September to become World Heavyweight Champion for the first time . Big Show returned from injury in October 2011 to feud with Henry over his title . Daniel Bryan initially declared that he would only cash in his Money in the Bank contract for a World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania XXVIII . However , on the November 25 episode of SmackDown , Bryan cashed in the briefcase after Henry had been knocked out by Big Show to become the World Heavyweight Champion . The match was voided by General Manager Theodore Long as Henry was not medically cleared to compete , and the briefcase was returned to Bryan . At WWE 's TLC : Tables , Ladders , and Chairs PPV in December 2011 , Henry lost the World Heavyweight Championship to Big Show . After the match , Henry assaulted Big Show which allowed Bryan to cash in his contract and pin Big Show to win the title . Bryan held on to his title long enough to have a World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania XXVIII in April 2012 , where he lost his championship to Sheamus .
Kelly Kelly 's next contender for the Divas Championship was Beth Phoenix ; Kelly defeated Phoenix to retain her title at SummerSlam , but Phoenix ultimately beat Kelly for the title at Hell in a Cell in October 2011 .
John Laurinaitis continued to appear on television after Money in the Bank . In October 2011 , he was appointed Raw General Manager , replacing Triple H as the on @-@ screen authority figure . During Laurinaitis ' rule , he feuded with CM Punk and later with John Cena , until he was fired in the storyline at No Way Out in June 2012 .
In later Money in the Bank events , John Cena , Randy Orton and Sheamus won Money in the Bank ladder matches in 2012 , 2013 and 2015 respectively . Cena cashed in on CM Punk and won via disqualification ; thus Punk retained the WWE Championship . Orton cashed in on Daniel Bryan and captured the WWE Championship . Sheamus cashed in on Roman Reigns and captured the WWE World Heavyweight Championship .
In WWE 's documentary CM Punk : Best in the World released in 2012 , it was documented from the out @-@ of @-@ universe perspective that a disenchanted Punk rejected signing a new contract with WWE for more than a year leading up to Money in the Bank . After being persuaded by Joey Mercury and Lars Frederiksen that he could only help wrestlers underappreciated by WWE ( like himself ) if he stayed , Punk signed a new contract with WWE about an hour before capturing the WWE Championship from Cena , while the pay @-@ per @-@ view event was ongoing .
= = Results = =
= Genetic drift =
Genetic drift ( also known as allelic drift or the Sewall Wright effect after biologist Sewall Wright ) is the change in the frequency of a gene variant ( allele ) in a population due to random sampling of organisms . The alleles in the offspring are a sample of those in the parents , and chance has a role in determining whether a given individual survives and reproduces . A population 's allele frequency is the fraction of the copies of one gene that share a particular form . Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation .
When there are few copies of an allele , the effect of genetic drift is larger , and when there are many copies the effect is smaller . In the early 20th century , vigorous debates occurred over the relative importance of natural selection versus neutral processes , including genetic drift . Ronald Fisher , who explained natural selection using Mendelian genetics , held the view that genetic drift plays at the most a minor role in evolution , and this remained the dominant view for several decades . In 1968 , population geneticist Motoo Kimura rekindled the debate with his neutral theory of molecular evolution , which claims that most instances where a genetic change spreads across a population ( although not necessarily changes in phenotypes ) are caused by genetic drift acting on neutral mutations . There is currently a scientific debate about how much of unguided evolution has been caused by natural selection , and how much by genetic drift .
= = Analogy with marbles in a jar = =
The process of genetic drift can be illustrated using 20 marbles in a jar to represent 20 organisms in a population . Consider this jar of marbles as the starting population . Half of the marbles in the jar are red and half blue , and both colours correspond to two different alleles of one gene in the population . In each new generation the organisms reproduce at random . To represent this reproduction , randomly select a marble from the original jar and deposit a new marble with the same colour as its " offspring " into a new jar . ( The selected marble remains in the original jar . ) Repeat this process until there are 20 new marbles in the second jar . The second jar then contains a second generation of " offspring , " consisting of 20 marbles of various colours . Unless the second jar contains exactly 10 red marbles and 10 blue marbles , a random shift occurred in the allele frequencies .
Repeat this process a number of times , randomly reproducing each generation of marbles to form the next . The numbers of red and blue marbles picked each generation fluctuates ; sometimes more red and sometimes more blue . This fluctuation is analogous to genetic drift – a change in the population 's allele frequency resulting from a random variation in the distribution of alleles from one generation to the next .
It is even possible that in any one generation no marbles of a particular colour are chosen , meaning they have no offspring . In this example , if no red marbles are selected , the jar representing the new generation contains only blue offspring . If this happens , the red allele has been lost permanently in the population , while the remaining blue allele has become fixed : all future generations are entirely blue . In small populations , fixation can occur in just a few generations .
= = Probability and allele frequency = =
The mechanisms of genetic drift can be illustrated with a simplified example . Consider a very large colony of bacteria isolated in a drop of solution . The bacteria are genetically identical except for a single gene with two alleles labeled A and B. A and B are neutral alleles meaning that they do not affect the bacteria 's ability to survive and reproduce ; all bacteria in this colony are equally likely to survive and reproduce . Suppose that half the bacteria have allele A and the other half have allele B. Thus A and B each have allele frequency 1 / 2 .
The drop of solution then shrinks until it has only enough food to sustain four bacteria . All other bacteria die without reproducing . Among the four who survive , there are sixteen possible combinations for the A and B alleles :
( A @-@ A @-@ A @-@ A ) , ( B @-@ A @-@ A @-@ A ) , ( A @-@ B @-@ A @-@ A ) , ( B @-@ B @-@ A @-@ A ) ,
( A @-@ A @-@ B @-@ A ) , ( B @-@ A @-@ B @-@ A ) , ( A @-@ B @-@ B @-@ A ) , ( B @-@ B @-@ B @-@ A ) ,
( A @-@ A @-@ A @-@ B ) , ( B @-@ A @-@ A @-@ B ) , ( A @-@ B @-@ A @-@ B ) , ( B @-@ B @-@ A @-@ B ) ,
( A @-@ A @-@ B @-@ B ) , ( B @-@ A @-@ B @-@ B ) , ( A @-@ B @-@ B @-@ B ) , ( B @-@ B @-@ B @-@ B ) .
Since all bacteria in the original solution are equally likely to survive when the solution shrinks , the four survivors are a random sample from the original colony . The probability that each of the four survivors has a given allele is 1 / 2 , and so the probability that any particular allele combination occurs when the solution shrinks is
<formula>
( The original population size is so large that the sampling effectively happens without replacement ) . In other words , each of the sixteen possible allele combinations is equally likely to occur , with probability 1 / 16 .
Counting the combinations with the same number of A and B , we get the following table .
As shown in the table , the total number of possible combinations to have an equal ( conserved ) number of A and B alleles is six , and its probability is 6 / 16 . The total number of possible alternative combinations is ten , and the probability of unequal number of A and B alleles is 10 / 16 . Thus , although the original colony began with an equal number of A and B alleles , chances are that the number of alleles in the remaining population of four members will not be equal . In the latter case , genetic drift has occurred because the population 's allele frequencies have changed due to random sampling . In this example the population contracted to just four random survivors , a phenomenon known as population bottleneck .
The probabilities for the number of copies of allele A ( or B ) that survive ( given in the last column of the above table ) can be calculated directly from the binomial distribution where the " success " probability ( probability of a given allele being present ) is 1 / 2 ( i.e. , the probability that there are k copies of A ( or B ) alleles in the combination ) is given by
<formula>
where n = 4 is the number of surviving bacteria .
= = Mathematical models of genetic drift = =
Mathematical models of genetic drift can be designed using either branching processes or a diffusion equation describing changes in allele frequency in an idealised population .
= = = Wright – Fisher model = = =
Think of a gene with two alleles , A or B. In diploid populations consisting of N individuals there are 2N copies of each gene . An individual can have two copies of the same allele or two different alleles . We can call the frequency of one allele p and the frequency of the other q . The Wright – Fisher model ( named after Sewall Wright and Ronald Fisher ) assumes that generations do not overlap ( for example , annual plants have exactly one generation per year ) and that each copy of the gene found in the new generation is drawn independently at random from all copies of the gene in the old generation . The formula to calculate the probability of obtaining k copies of an allele that had frequency p in the last generation is then
<formula>
where the symbol " ! " signifies the factorial function . This expression can also be formulated using the binomial coefficient ,
<formula>
= = = Moran model = = =
The Moran model assumes overlapping generations . At each time step , one individual is chosen to reproduce and one individual is chosen to die . So in each timestep , the number of copies of a given allele can go up by one , go down by one , or can stay the same . This means that the transition matrix is tridiagonal , which means that mathematical solutions are easier for the Moran model than for the Wright – Fisher model . On the other hand , computer simulations are usually easier to perform using the Wright – Fisher model , because fewer time steps need to be calculated . In the Moran model , it takes N timesteps to get through one generation , where N is the effective population size . In the Wright – Fisher model , it takes just one .
In practice , the Moran model and Wright – Fisher model give qualitatively similar results , but genetic drift runs twice as fast in the Moran model .
= = = Other models of drift = = =
If the variance in the number of offspring is much greater than that given by the binomial distribution assumed by the Wright – Fisher model , then given the same overall speed of genetic drift ( the variance effective population size ) , genetic drift is a less powerful force compared to selection . Even for the same variance , if higher moments of the offspring number distribution exceed those of the binomial distribution then again the force of genetic drift is substantially weakened .
= = = Random effects other than sampling error = = =
Random changes in allele frequencies can also be caused by effects other than sampling error , for example random changes in selection pressure .
One important alternative source of stochasticity , perhaps more important than genetic drift , is genetic draft . Genetic draft is the effect on a locus by selection on linked loci . The mathematical properties of genetic draft are different from those of genetic drift . The direction of the random change in allele frequency is autocorrelated across generations .
= = Drift and fixation = =
The Hardy – Weinberg principle states that within sufficiently large populations , the allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next unless the equilibrium is disturbed by migration , genetic mutations , or selection .
However , in finite populations , no new alleles are gained from the random sampling of alleles passed to the next generation , but the sampling can cause an existing allele to disappear . Because random sampling can remove , but not replace , an allele , and because random declines or increases in allele frequency influence expected allele distributions for the next generation , genetic drift drives a population towards genetic uniformity over time . When an allele reaches a frequency of 1 ( 100 % ) it is said to be " fixed " in the population and when an allele reaches a frequency of 0 ( 0 % ) it is lost . Smaller populations achieve fixation faster , whereas in the limit of an infinite population , fixation is not achieved . Once an allele becomes fixed , genetic drift comes to a halt , and the allele frequency cannot change unless a new allele is introduced in the population via mutation or gene flow . Thus even while genetic drift is a random , directionless process , it acts to eliminate genetic variation over time .
= = = Rate of allele frequency change due to drift = = =
Assuming genetic drift is the only evolutionary force acting on an allele , after t generations in many replicated populations , starting with allele frequencies of p and q , the variance in allele frequency across those populations is
<formula>
= = = Time to fixation or loss = = =
Assuming genetic drift is the only evolutionary force acting on an allele , at any given time the probability that an allele will eventually become fixed in the population is simply its frequency in the population at that time . For example , if the frequency p for allele A is 75 % and the frequency q for allele B is 25 % , then given unlimited time the probability A will ultimately become fixed in the population is 75 % and the probability that B will become fixed is 25 % .
The expected number of generations for fixation to occur is proportional to the population size , such that fixation is predicted to occur much more rapidly in smaller populations . Normally the effective population size , which is smaller than the total population , is used to determine these probabilities . The effective population ( Ne ) takes into account factors such as the level of inbreeding , the stage of the lifecycle in which the population is the smallest , and the fact that some neutral genes are genetically linked to others that are under selection . The effective population size may not be the same for every gene in the same population .
One forward @-@ looking formula used for approximating the expected time before a neutral allele becomes fixed through genetic drift , according to the Wright – Fisher model , is
<formula>
where T is the number of generations , Ne is the effective population size , and p is the initial frequency for the given allele . The result is the number of generations expected to pass before fixation occurs for a given allele in a population with given size ( Ne ) and allele frequency ( p ) .
The expected time for the neutral allele to be lost through genetic drift can be calculated as
<formula>
When a mutation appears only once in a population large enough for the initial frequency to be negligible , the formulas can be simplified to
<formula>
for average number of generations expected before fixation of a neutral mutation , and
<formula>
for the average number of generations expected before the loss of a neutral mutation .
= = = Time to loss with both drift and mutation = = =
The formulae above apply to an allele that is already present in a population , and which is subject to neither mutation nor natural selection . If an allele is lost by mutation much more often than it is gained by mutation , then mutation , as well as drift , may influence the time to loss . If the allele prone to mutational loss begins as fixed in the population , and is lost by mutation at rate m per replication , then the expected time in generations until its loss in a haploid population is given by
<formula>
where <formula> is equal to Euler 's constant . The first approximation represents the waiting time until the first mutant destined for loss , with loss then occurring relatively rapidly by genetic drift , taking time Ne < < 1 / m . The second approximation represents the time needed for deterministic loss by mutation accumulation . In both cases , the time to fixation is dominated by mutation via the term 1 / m , and is less affected by the effective population size .
= = Genetic drift versus natural selection = =
The law of large numbers predicts that when the population is large , the effect of genetic drift is much milder . When the reproductive population is small , however , the effects of sampling error can alter the allele frequencies significantly . Genetic drift is therefore considered to be a consequential mechanism of evolutionary change primarily within small , isolated populations .
Although both processes affect evolution , genetic drift operates randomly while natural selection functions non @-@ randomly . While natural selection has a direction , guiding evolution towards heritable adaptations to the current environment , genetic drift has no direction and is guided only by the mathematics of chance . As a result , drift acts upon the genotypic frequencies within a population without regard to their phenotypic effects . In contrast , selection favors the spread of alleles whose phenotypic effects increase survival and / or reproduction of their carriers , lowers the frequencies of alleles that cause unfavorable traits , and ignores those that are neutral .
In natural populations , genetic drift and natural selection do not act in isolation ; both forces are always at play , together with mutation and migration . However , the magnitude of drift on allele frequencies per generation is larger when the absolute number of copies of the allele is small ( e.g. , in small populations ) . The magnitude of drift is large enough to overwhelm selection when the selection coefficient is less than 1 divided by the effective population size .
The mathematics of genetic drift depend on the effective population size , but it is not clear how this is related to the actual number of individuals in a population . Genetic linkage to other genes that are under selection can reduce the effective population size experienced by a neutral allele . With a higher recombination rate , linkage decreases and with it this local effect on effective population size . This effect is visible in molecular data as a correlation between local recombination rate and genetic diversity , and negative correlation between gene density and diversity at noncoding DNA regions . Stochasticity associated with linkage to other genes that are under selection is not the same as sampling error , and is sometimes known as genetic draft in order to distinguish it from genetic drift .
When the allele frequency is very small , drift can also overpower selection even in large populations . For example , while disadvantageous mutations are usually eliminated quickly in large populations , new advantageous mutations are almost as vulnerable to loss through genetic drift as are neutral mutations . Not until the allele frequency for the advantageous mutation reaches a certain threshold will genetic drift have no effect .
In general , " global " solutions to many adaptive challenges at once can evolve at a smaller effective population size than " local " solutions that must evolve separately to each adaptive challenge .
= = Population bottleneck = =
A population bottleneck is when a population contracts to a significantly smaller size over a short period of time due to some random environmental event . In a true population bottleneck , the odds for survival of any member of the population are purely random , and are not improved by any particular inherent genetic advantage . The bottleneck can result in radical changes in allele frequencies , completely independent of selection .
The impact of a population bottleneck can be sustained , even when the bottleneck is caused by a one @-@ time event such as a natural catastrophe . An interesting example of a bottleneck causing unusual genetic distribution is the relatively high proportion of individuals with total rod cell color blindness ( achromatopsia ) on Pingelap atoll in Micronesia . After a bottleneck , inbreeding increases . This increases the damage done by recessive deleterious mutations , in a process known as inbreeding depression . The worst of these mutations are selected against , leading to the loss of other alleles that are genetically linked to them , in a process of background selection . For recessive harmful mutations , this selection can be enhanced as a consequence of the bottleneck , due to genetic purging.This leads to a further loss of genetic diversity . In addition , a sustained reduction in population size increases the likelihood of further allele fluctuations from drift in generations to come .
A population 's genetic variation can be greatly reduced by a bottleneck , and even beneficial adaptations may be permanently eliminated . The loss of variation leaves the surviving population vulnerable to any new selection pressures such as disease , climate change or shift in the available food source , because adapting in response to environmental changes requires sufficient genetic variation in the population for natural selection to take place .
There have been many known cases of population bottleneck in the recent past . Prior to the arrival of Europeans , North American prairies were habitat for millions of greater prairie chickens . In Illinois alone , their numbers plummeted from about 100 million birds in 1900 to about 50 birds in the 1990s . The declines in population resulted from hunting and habitat destruction , but the random consequence has been a loss of most of the species ' genetic diversity . DNA analysis comparing birds from the mid century to birds in the 1990s documents a steep decline in the genetic variation in just in the latter few decades . Currently the greater prairie chicken is experiencing low reproductive success . However , bottleneck and genetic drift can lead to a genetic loss that increases fitness as seen in Ehrlichia .
Over @-@ hunting also caused a severe population bottleneck in the northern elephant seal in the 19th century . Their resulting decline in genetic variation can be deduced by comparing it to that of the southern elephant seal , which were not so aggressively hunted .
= = = Founder effect = = =
The founder effect is a special case of a population bottleneck , occurring when a small group in a population splinters off from the original population and forms a new one . The random sample of alleles in the just formed new colony is expected to grossly misrepresent the original population in at least some respects . It is even possible that the number of alleles for some genes in the original population is larger than the number of gene copies in the founders , making complete representation impossible . When a newly formed colony is small , its founders can strongly affect the population 's genetic make @-@ up far into the future .
A well @-@ documented example is found in the Amish migration to Pennsylvania in 1744 . Two members of the new colony shared the recessive allele for Ellis – van Creveld syndrome . Members of the colony and their descendants tend to be religious isolates and remain relatively insular . As a result of many generations of inbreeding , Ellis @-@ van Creveld syndrome is now much more prevalent among the Amish than in the general population .
The difference in gene frequencies between the original population and colony may also trigger the two groups to diverge significantly over the course of many generations . As the difference , or genetic distance , increases , the two separated populations may become distinct , both genetically and phenetically , although not only genetic drift but also natural selection , gene flow , and mutation contribute to this divergence . This potential for relatively rapid changes in the colony 's gene frequency led most scientists to consider the founder effect ( and by extension , genetic drift ) a significant driving force in the evolution of new species . Sewall Wright was the first to attach this significance to random drift and small , newly isolated populations with his shifting balance theory of speciation . Following after Wright , Ernst Mayr created many persuasive models to show that the decline in genetic variation and small population size following the founder effect were critically important for new species to develop . However , there is much less support for this view today since the hypothesis has been tested repeatedly through experimental research and the results have been equivocal at best .
Founder effect was first well @-@ investigated in the USSR by Soviet scientists Lisovskiy V.V. , Kuznetsov M.A. and Nikolay Dubinin .
= = History of the concept = =
The concept of genetic drift was first introduced by one of the founders in the field of population genetics , Sewall Wright . His first use of the term " drift " was in 1929 , though at the time he was using it in the sense of a directed process of change , or natural selection . Random drift by means of sampling error came to be known as the " Sewall – Wright effect , " though he was never entirely comfortable to see his name given to it . Wright referred to all changes in allele frequency as either " steady drift " ( e.g. , selection ) or " random drift " ( e.g. , sampling error ) . " Drift " came to be adopted as a technical term in the stochastic sense exclusively . Today it is usually defined still more narrowly , in terms of sampling error , although this narrow definition is not universal . Wright wrote that the " restriction of " random drift " or even " drift " to only one component , the effects of accidents of sampling , tends to lead to confusion . " Sewall Wright considered the process of random genetic drift by means of sampling error equivalent to that by means of inbreeding , but later work has shown them to be distinct .
In the early days of the modern evolutionary synthesis , scientists were just beginning to blend the new science of population genetics with Charles Darwin 's theory of natural selection . Working within this new framework , Wright focused on the effects of inbreeding on small relatively isolated populations . He introduced the concept of an adaptive landscape in which phenomena such as cross breeding and genetic drift in small populations could push them away from adaptive peaks , which in turn allow natural selection to push them towards new adaptive peaks . Wright thought smaller populations were more suited for natural selection because " inbreeding was sufficiently intense to create new interaction systems through random drift but not intense enough to cause random nonadaptive fixation of genes . "
Wright 's views on the role of genetic drift in the evolutionary scheme were controversial almost from the very beginning . One of the most vociferous and influential critics was colleague Ronald Fisher . Fisher conceded genetic drift played some role in evolution , but an insignificant one . Fisher has been accused of misunderstanding Wright 's views because in his criticisms Fisher seemed to argue Wright had rejected selection almost entirely . To Fisher , viewing the process of evolution as a long , steady , adaptive progression was the only way to explain the ever @-@ increasing complexity from simpler forms . But the debates have continued between the " gradualists " and those who lean more toward the Wright model of evolution where selection and drift together play an important role .
In 1968 , Motoo Kimura rekindled the debate with his neutral theory of molecular evolution , which claims that most of the genetic changes are caused by genetic drift acting on neutral mutations .
The role of genetic drift by means of sampling error in evolution has been criticized by John H. Gillespie and William B. Provine , who argue that selection on linked sites is a more important stochastic force .
= The Demands of Liberal Education =
The Demands of Liberal Education is a 1999 political philosophy book by Meira Levinson that establishes a liberal political theory of children 's education that fits the mutual needs of the state and its diverse citizenry . She writes that the intent of a liberal education — an education that follows from a liberal society 's values — is to maximize the autonomy of individual children through increasing their capacity for liberty . Levinson argues autonomy as a right to children . The book , published by Oxford University Press , aims to address a lacuna between educational policy and liberal political theory .
Levinson advocates for a weak perfectionist state that can promote thick autonomy while accepting citizens who do not agree . She argues for public schools " common " to all citizens and " detached " from individual citizen or community values , and argues for a constitutional mandate to this end .
Reviewers recommended the book for public educators as an important contribution to liberal theory . Their common criticism was based around practical applications and the imposition of autonomy as a value , e.g. , her contemporary examples of national civics education , how citizens who disagreed with the focus on autonomy could be accommodated , and how a weak perfectionist state could defend marginalized group interests in a public school setting .
= = Overview = =
In The Demands of Liberal Education , Meira Levinson sets out to write a " coherent liberal political theory of children 's education " that establishes how education can mutually satisfy the conflicting interests of the state and its diverse citizenry . " Liberal education " is defined as the type of education that follows from a liberal society 's values . Levinson writes that the intent of liberal education is to maximize individual autonomy in successive generations , particularly by " cultivating the ' capacity ' to exercise liberty " . Autonomy and its cultivation is the primary moral aim of liberal education . Levinson argues from a liberal political philosophy rather than from a philosophy of education , and contends that a broad liberal education best equips for individual autonomy and thus creates the best republic .
Meira Levinson published The Demands of Liberal Education in 1999 with Oxford University Press . She was a secondary schoolteacher at the time , having completed her D. Phil at the University of Oxford in 1997 . Her thesis is titled " Autonomy , Schooling , and the Reconstruction of the Liberal Educational Ideal " . The book was published in paperback in April 2002 . The work aimed to address a lack of literature between educational policy and liberal political theory , with the intent to serve both constituencies .
= = Summary = =
The first chapter assumes the importance of liberalism . Levinson writes about the foundations of liberalism and asserts that the political liberalism of John Rawls is untenable for its lack of interest in values of autonomy . She concludes that liberal states must adopt a " weakly perfectionist stance towards autonomy " , or a stance that promotes thick autonomy while accepting citizens who do not share that value . Levinson acknowledges the influence of non @-@ formal education but focuses on public schools as the ideal institution for training citizens . She advocates for public schools that are " common " to all members of a community and " detached " from the internal values of the community ( or parents ) .
Levinson proposes that citizenship education can provide the " cultural coherence " that may be missing from a " detached " school — which would be a diverse community that prioritizes " critical thinking , tolerance , and reflectiveness " . She argues for a constitutional mandate to establish the " autonomy @-@ promoting aim of education " regardless of public support , and asks for a " culture change " . Levinson distinguishes between parental and child rights , as laws exist for parents who do not act in their children 's best interests . She adds that children are limited by the restricted scope of their parents ' knowledge , and that the state should intervene to combat this small @-@ mindedness in the interests of children . Specifically , she cites Christian criticism of curricular neutrality as a tactic to justify the imposition of their own " limited and restrictive " worldview , and that external knowledge increases the odds of their children not adopting their worldview . Her argument is that the limited worldviews resulting from " excessive paternalism " consequently stunt children 's ability to develop adult autonomy or make rational decisions . Thus , state and parental paternalism should be limited where it will hurt individual " capacity for autonomy " .
Towards her " weak perfectionist " liberalism , Levinson requires three traits of a liberal society : ( 1 ) an agreeable , transparent , and equally accessible " legitimation process " for government , ( 2 ) pluralism , and ( 3 ) " substantive liberal institutions " such as " individual liberties and ... governmental duties " . She pairs this view of liberalism with thick autonomy as " the only defensible interpretation of liberalism " . Levinson develops an idea of autonomy that would be agreeable to most citizens while sufficient to guarantee liberalism 's " substantive liberal institutions " , and defines it as " higher @-@ order preference formation " that minds one 's personal values while allowing for openness to criticism and a developed personality . She argues that capacity for autonomy is a right to children , that the state is obligated to facilitate it , and that children are obligated to receive it . In this way , Levinson 's stance is that the state must make education compulsory . Children require paternalistic decisions of some sort , and the state is best suited to promote consent and operate in the best interests of children . The state has a right to override lack of child and parental interest in such an autonomy @-@ promoting education , since such an override lets children decide their values later in life , as adults , as opposed to never having that opportunity . Levinson contends that parents , on the other hand , must provide for the well @-@ being , identity development , and " cultural coherence " sense of their children .
Another chapter compares how the American , English , and French educational systems foster private and public identities . She writes that the French public school system is best for its neutral secularity and disregard of " parentally inspired discriminations " , which are not allowed to influence the common nature of the school . This is contrasted with the American public school system 's trends of increased privatization and non @-@ neutrality . American school voucher programs use public school money towards private schools , departing from the mission of the common public school and further compounding school inequality and ethnic segregation . Levinson concludes that parental choice limits capacity for autonomy and , consequently , individual liberty .
= = Reception = =
In his Philosophical Books review , Graham Haydon wrote that the book was part of a trend of political philosopher interest in how education works within liberal @-@ democratic societies . He noted issues of compatibility between a society 's self @-@ described " liberal " values and the values of their educational practice , or between a society 's educational practice and the wishes of its citizens . Haydon wrote critics of the common and detached public school would ask how the students would be raised without " some cultural coherence " . Writing in 2001 , he said that her criticism of England 's civics education already appeared outdated in view of England 's then @-@ new National Curriculum citizenship curriculum , which he felt Levinson would find the " best model ... consistent with her own argument " . He added that the " radical pluralist " societies used as examples do not accommodate citizens that hold other values over " autonomy " , and do not answer how citizens can be convinced to believe in " autonomy @-@ promoting " schools . Haydon considered her book " an important contribution " to liberal theory and wrote that " it would be a loss to political philosophy " if she continued her work as a schoolteacher in lieu of an academic career .
Kern Alexander of the Journal of Education Finance compared Levinson 's view of parental and child rights to Michael Walzer 's 1984 Spheres of Justice , where he writes that children confined to parental teachings alone when without compulsory public schools . Alexander linked Walzer and Levinson 's views on parental school choice as more about " choosing ' schoolmates than schoolbooks ' " , to the detriment of " cultural cohesion " and for reasons unrelated to educational quality . Alexander recommended the book for " all public educators " for its thoughts on the role of school privatization , homeschooling , and voucher programs .
Writing for Studies in Philosophy and Education , Doret de Ruyter approved of Levinson 's emphasis on autonomy and concurred that Levinson 's definition of autonomy would be agreeable to citizens of Western liberal countries . De Ruyter was unsure about edge cases of autonomy , such as whether being closed @-@ minded to the prospect of a pierced belly button would make her a less autonomous person in Levinson 's view . She also disagreed with Levinson 's position of parental " privilege " ( rather than right ) over their children , and invoked Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld to argue that parents instead have the opposite of a privilege , a " duty " , to their children 's interests and require the liberty to fulfill it , including through education . To defend this parental duty to children and freedom from society in fulfillment of the duty , de Ruyter cited John Eekelaar 's parental duty @-@ right to educate children : a positive right to educate as they see fit and a negative right that prevents others from impeding . She concluded that the state 's duty conflicts with the duty of parents and thus the state 's duty is " primarily ... against children " .
De Ruyter also disagreed that " detached " schools were the only means of inculcating capacity for autonomy , and argued for " autonomy enhancing education " over " autonomy imposing education " . In her criticism , de Ruyter wrote that Levinson lacked critical distance from her idea of a " detached " school , which were presented in " utopian character " , with no concrete examples of such a school in existence , and as inexplicably immune from " capitalist @-@ dominated education " . She added that " detachment " was vague in definition , that more important was detachment from absolutist or divisive stances of " the good life " , and that curriculum and school management were better correlative factors towards liberal schools . De Ruyter concluded that " autonomy imposing schools " would be more harmful than respectful and " autonomy @-@ friendly ... reduced plural environments " , as a child would be better off in an imperfect pluralist than a homogenous fundamentalist classroom . Levinson responded to de Ruyter 's points in a later issue of the journal .
In Educational Researcher , Luis Mirón and Pradeep Dhillon wrote that theorists of education and liberal political philosophy could not " afford to ignore " the book . They wrote that the state would have to be " benign " and " hermetically sealed " from external influence for her theory to hold — that such a state would be weak against the interests of illiberal parties . They added that her evaluation of public education across several countries did not account for supranational influence and that she did not engage the potential issues endemic to integrating heteronymous illiberals . Additionally , they felt that the book lacked in its practical proposals for public school civics education , particularly in how a weak perfectionist , " activist " state can intervene on behalf of marginalized group interests in a public school setting .
The book was discussed in a group session at the American Philosophical Association 's 2002 annual meeting . The panel , led by James Dwyer , included William Galston , Fran Schrag , Yuli Tamir , and a response from the author .
= Marjorie Cameron =
Marjorie Cameron Parsons Kimmel ( April 23 , 1922 – June 24 , 1995 ) , who professionally used the mononym Cameron , was an American artist , poet , actress , and occultist . A follower of Thelema , the new religious movement established by the English occultist Aleister Crowley , she was also the wife of rocket pioneer and fellow Thelemite Jack Parsons .
Born in Belle Plaine , Iowa , Cameron volunteered for services in the United States ' Navy during the Second World War , after which she settled in Pasadena , California , where she met Parsons , who believed her to be the " Elemental woman " that he had invoked in the early stages of a series of sex magic rituals called the Babalon Working . They entered a relationship and were married in 1946 . Their relationship was often strained , although Parsons sparked her involvement in Thelema and occultism . After Parsons ' death in an explosion at their home in 1952 , Cameron came to suspect that her husband had been assassinated and began rituals to communicate with his spirit . Moving to Beaumont , she established a multi @-@ racial occult group called The Children , which dedicated itself to sex magical rituals with the intent of producing mixed @-@ race " moon children " who would be devoted to the god Horus . The group soon dissolved , with many of its members concerned by Cameron 's increasingly apocalyptic predictions .
Returning to Los Angeles , Cameron befriended the socialite Samson De Brier and established herself as a figure within the city 's avant @-@ garde artistic community . Among her friends were the filmmakers Curtis Harrington and Kenneth Anger . She appeared in two of Harrington 's films , The Wormwood Star and Night Tide , as well as in Anger 's film Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome , and in later years she would also make appearances in art @-@ house films created by John Chamberlain and Chick Strand . Rarely remaining in one place for long , during the 1950s and 1960s she lived for periods in Joshua Tree , San Francisco , and Santa Fe . Over the course of this period she had relationships with various men , bearing one of them a daughter . Although health problems at times prevented her from working , she produced enough art and poetry to result in several exhibitions . From the late 1970s through to her death from cancer in 1995 , Cameron lived in a bungalow in West Hollywood , there raising her daughter and grandchildren , continuing to pursue her interests in esotericism , and producing further artworks and poetry .
Cameron 's recognition as an artist increased after her death , when her paintings made appearances in exhibitions across the U.S. As a result of increased attention on Parsons , Cameron 's life also gained greater coverage in the early 2000s , while in 2011 a biography of Cameron authored by Spencer Kansa was published .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life : 1922 – 1945 = = =
Cameron was born in Belle Plaine , Iowa , on April 23 , 1922 . Her father , the railway worker Hill Leslie Cameron , was the adopted child of a Scots @-@ Irish family , while her mother , Carrie Cameron ( née Ridenour ) was of Dutch ancestry . She was their first child , followed by three further siblings : James ( b . 1923 ) , Mary ( b . 1927 ) , and Robert ( b . 1929 ) . They lived on the wealthier north side of town , although life was nevertheless hard due to the Great Depression . Attending Whittier Elementary School and then Belle Plaine High School , where she did well at art , English , and drama but failed algebra , Latin , and civic lessons , she also joined the athletics , glee club , and chorus . Relating that one of her childhood friends had committed suicide , she characterized herself as a rebellious child , claiming that " I became the town pariah ... Nobody would let their kid near me " . She enjoyed going to the cinema , and had sexual relationships with various men ; falling pregnant , her mother performed an illegal home abortion . In 1940 , the Cameron family relocated to Davenport in order for Hill to work at the Rock Islands Arsenal munitions factory . Cameron completed her final year of high school education at Davenport High School , there having romantic relations with both a man and a woman . Leaving school , she worked as a display artist in a local department store .
Following the entry of the United States into the Second World War , in February 1943 she signed up for the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service , a part of the U.S. Navy . Initially sent to a training camp at Iowa State Teachers College in Cedar Falls , she was then posted to Washington D.C. , where she served as a cartographer for the Joint Chief of Staff , in the course of his duties meeting U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill in May 1943 . She was reassigned to the Naval Photographic Unit in Anacostia , where she worked as wardrobe mistress for propaganda documentaries , in the course of which she met various Hollywood stars . When her brother James returned to the U.S. injured from service overseas , she went AWOL and returned to Iowa to see him , as a result of which she was court martialed and confined to barracks for the rest of the war . For reasons unknown to her , she received an honorable discharge from the military in 1945 , traveling to Pasadena , California , where her family had relocated , with both her father and brothers securing work at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) there .
= = = Jack Parsons : 1946 – 1952 = = =
In Pasadena , Cameron ran into a former colleague , who invited her to visit the large American Craftsman @-@ style house where he was currently lodging , 1003 Orange Grove Avenue , also known as " The Parsonage . " The house was so @-@ called because its lease was owned by Jack Parsons , a rocket scientist who had been a founding member of the JPL and who was also a devout follower of the new religious movement founded by English occultist Aleister Crowley in 1904 , Thelema . Parsons was the head of the Agape Lodge , a branch of the Thelemite Ordo Templi Orientis ( OTO ) . Unbeknownst to Cameron , Parsons had just finished a series of rituals utilizing Enochian magic with his friend and lodger L. Ron Hubbard , all with the intent of attracting an " Elemental " woman to be his lover . Upon encountering Cameron , with her distinctive red hair and blue eyes , he considered her to be the individual whom he had invoked . After they met at the Parsonage on 18 January 1946 , they were instantly attracted to each other , and spent the next two weeks in Parsons ' bedroom together . Although Cameron was unaware of it , Parsons saw this as a form of sex magic that constituted part of the Babalon Working , a rite to invoke the birth of Thelemite goddess Babalon onto Earth in human form .
Cameron briefly traveled to New York City to see a friend , there discovering that she was pregnant , and again decided to terminate the pregnancy . Parsons meanwhile had founded a company with Hubbard and his girlfriend Sara Northrup , Allied Enterprises , into which he invested his life savings . It nevertheless became apparent that Hubbard was a confidence trickster , who tried to flee with Parsons ' money , resulting in the termination of their friendship . Returning to Pasadena , Cameron consoled Parsons , painting a picture of Sara with her legs severed below the knee . Parsons decided to sell 1003 , which was then demolished , and the couple instead moved to Manhattan Beach . It was there , on 19 October 1946 , that he and Cameron married at San Juan Capistrano courthouse in Orange County , in a service witnessed by his best friend Edward Forman . Having an aversion to all religion , Cameron initially took no interest in Parsons ' Thelemite beliefs and occult practices , although he maintained that she had an important destiny , giving her the magical name of " Candida " , often shortened to " Candy " , which became her nickname .
Cameron decided to travel to Paris , France , with the intention of studying art at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière , hoping that they would admit her with a letter of recommendation from Pasadena 's Art Centre School . She also hoped to use the trip to visit England and meet with Crowley , to explain to him Parsons ' Babalon Working . Traveling via New York aboard the SS America , upon arrival she learned that Crowley had died , and that she was unable to join the college . She found post @-@ war Paris " extreme and bleak " , although befriended Juliette Greco before spending three weeks in Switzerland and then returning home . When Cameron developed catalepsy , Parsons suggested that she read Sylvan Muldoon 's books on astral projection , also encouraging her to read James Frazer 's The Golden Bough , Heinrich Zimmer 's The King and the Corpse , and Joseph Campbell 's The Hero with a Thousand Faces . Although she still did not accept Thelema , she began to be increasingly interested in the occult , and in particular the use of the tarot .
Parsons and Cameron 's relationship was deteriorating and they contemplated divorce . While Cameron visited the artistic commune at San Miguel de Allende in Mexico , there befriending the artist Renate Druks , Parsons moved into a house on Redondo Beach , having a brief relationship with an Irishwoman named Gladis Gohan before Cameron returned . Parsons and Cameron then moved to the coach house at 1071 South Orange Grove , while he began work at the Bermite Powder Company constructing explosives for the film industry . They began holding parties once more that were attended largely by bohemians and members of the beat generation , with Cameron attending the jazz clubs of Central Avenue with her friend , the sculptor Julie Macdonald . Earning some of her own money , Cameron produced illustrations for fashion magazines and sold some of her paintings , with a number being purchased by her friend , the artist Jirayr Zorthian . Parsons and Cameron had decided to travel to Mexico for a few months . On the day before they planned to leave , June 17 , 1952 , he received a rush order of explosives for a film set , and began work on the order at his house . In the midst of this project , an explosion destroyed the building , fatally wounding Parsons ; he was rushed to hospital , but there declared dead . Cameron did not want to see the body , instead retreating to San Miguel , asking her friend George Frey to oversee the cremation .
= = = The Children , Kenneth Anger , and Curtis Harrington : 1952 – 68 = = =
In the hope of communicating with Parsons ' spirit , while in Mexico Cameron began performing blood rituals in which she cut her own wrist . As part of these rituals , she claimed to have received a new magical identity , Hilarion . When she learned that an unidentified flying object had been seen over Washington D.C. ' s Capitol Building she considered it a response to Parsons ' death . After two months , she returned to California , there attempting suicide . Increasingly interested in occultism , she read through her husband 's papers , coming to understand the purpose of his Babalon Working and furthermore believing that the spirit of Babalon had been incarnated into herself . She came to believe that Parsons had been murdered by the police or anti @-@ zionists , and continued her attempts at astral projection to commune with his spirit . Her mental stability was deteriorating , and she became convinced that a nuclear test on Eniwetok Atoll would result in the destruction of the California coast . Though unproven , there is evidence that she was institutionalized in a psychiatric ward during this period , before having a brief affair with African @-@ American jazz player Leroy Booth , a relationship that would have been illegal at the time . At some point in this period she stayed with the Thelemite Wilfred Talbot Smith and his wife , although he thought that she had " bats in the belfry " and ignored what he described as her " Mad Mental Meanderings " .
In December 1952 Cameron moved to a derelict ranch in Beaumont . With the aid of Druks and Paul Mathison , she gathered a loose clique of magical practitioners around herself which she called " The Children " . Intentionally comprising members from various different races , she oversaw a range of sex magic rituals with the intent of creating a breed of mixed @-@ race " moonchildren " who would be devoted to Horus . She fell pregnant as a result of these rites , terming her forthcoming child " the Wormwood Star " , although the pregnancy ended in miscarriage . Over time , many of Cameron 's associates within The Children distanced themselves from her , in particular because of her increasingly apocalyptic pronouncements ; she claimed that Mexico was about to conquer the U.S. , that a race war was about to break out in the Old World , and that a comet would hit the Earth , with she and her followers being rescued by a flying saucer that would take them to Mars . During her magical rituals she was using a range of drugs , including marijuana , peyote , and magic mushrooms , and in June 1953 visited Los Angeles to attend a Gerald Heard lecture on the mind @-@ expanding usages of hallucinogens . Perhaps related to her drug use , Cameron was suffering from auditory hallucinations , frequent bouts of depression , and dramatic mood swings . During this period , she was in correspondence with the Thelemite Jane Wolfe , although other Thelemites and Crowley associates such as Karl Germer and Gerald Yorke deemed her insane .
At the advice of the I Ching , Cameron returned to Los Angeles , moving in with Booth until the duo were arrested for illegal drug possession . Released on bail , she moved into Druks ' Malibu home , and through her joined the avant @-@ garde artistic circle surrounding the socialite Samson De Brier . It was through this circle that Cameron met the Thelemite film maker Kenneth Anger , and after a party titled " Come As Your Madness " which was organised by Mathison and Druks , he decided to produce a film featuring Cameron and others in the group . The resulting film was Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome . After seeing the film , the English Thelemite Kenneth Grant wrote to Cameron hoping that she might move to England and join his New Isis Lodge , however Cameron never responded .
Through common friends Cameron met Sheridan " Sherry " Kimmel , and the two entered a relationship . A veteran of the Second World War from Florida , Kimmel suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder , often causing him severe mood swings . He developed an interest in occultism and became intensely jealous of Parsons ' continuing influence over Cameron , destroying Parsons ' notes on the Babalon Working that she had kept . Cameron again became pregnant , although was unsure who the father was ; she gave birth to a daughter , Crystal Eve Kimmel , on Christmas Eve 1955 . She allowed her daughter to behave how she pleased , believing that that was the best way for to learn . With her friend , the film @-@ maker Curtis Harrington , Cameron then produced a short film , The Wormwood Star , which was filmed at the home of multi @-@ millionaire art collector Edward James ; the film features images of Cameron 's paintings , and recitations of her own poems . In autumn 1956 Cameron 's first exhibition was held , at Walter Hopp 's studio in Brentwood , however a number of paintings were destroyed when the gallery caught fire . Around this time , Cameron was introduced to the actor Dean Stockwell at a public recital of her poetry ; he then introduced her to his friend and fellow actor Dennis Hopper .
In late 1957 , Cameron moved to San Francisco with her friends Norman Rose and David Metzer . There she mingled within the same bohemian social circles as many of the Beat Generation of artists and writers , and was a regular at avant @-@ garde poetry readings . She began a relationship with the artist Burt Shonberg , and with him moved into a ranch outside of Joshua Tree . Together they began exploring the subject of Ufology , and became friends with the ufologist George Van Tassel . However , after Kimmel was released from a psychiatric ward , Cameron re @-@ established her relationship with him , and in 1959 they were married in a civil ceremony at Santa Monica City Hall ; their relationship was strained and they separated soon after .
In 1960 , she then appeared alongside Hopper in Harrington 's first full @-@ length film , Night Tide . The film was a critical success and , despite not receiving a wide distribution , it became a cult classic . She was also invited to appear in Harrington 's next film , Games , although ultimately never did so . Having based herself in the Los Angeles area of Venice , it was here that an exhibit of her artwork was held at a local arts shop in August 1961 . On his return to the U.S. from Europe , Anger moved in with Cameron for a time , although in early 1964 she then left Venice and moved in with Anger in his flat in Silverlake Boulevard until he departed for New York City . According to Anger biographer Bill Landis , Cameron had become " a rather formidable maternal figure " in Anger 's life . In October 1964 , the Cinema Theatre in Los Angeles held an event known as The Transcendental Art of Cameron , which displayed her art and poetry and screened some of her films ; however , Anger arrived and disrupted the event by objecting to the screening of Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome without his permission . He proceeded to launch a poster campaign against his former friend , The Cameron File , in which he labelled Cameron " Typhoid Mary of the Occult World " . She later reconciled with Anger , visiting him in San Francisco , where he introduced her to Anton LaVey , the founder of the Church of Satan . LaVey was delighted to meet her , having been a fan of Night Tide .
= = = Later life : 1969 – 1995 = = =
In the latter part of the 1960s , Cameron and her daughter moved to the pueblos of Santa Fe , New Mexico , where she developed a friendship with the sculptor John Chamberlain and appeared in his art movie , Thumb Suck , which was never released . It was also while in New Mexico that she suffered a collapsed lung and required hospitalization . Her wider health was poor , as she suffered from chronic bronchitis and emphysema – which were exacerbated by her chain smoking – while hand tremors resulted in her being unable to paint for four years . Returning to California , by 1969 she was living in the Pioneertown sector of Joshua Tree . From there she and her daughter moved to a small bungalow on North Genesse Avenue in the West Hollywood area of Los Angeles , which at the time had become impoverished and associated with crime , sex stores , and adult movie theatres ; she remained there for the rest of her life .
By the mid @-@ 1980s Cameron was focusing to a greater extent on her family life , particularly in looking after her grandchildren , who were known to go joyriding in her jeep . Neighbors recall her playing a Celtic harp in her garden and slowly walking her dog around the block while smoking a joint of marijuana . At one point she was arrested for cultivating cannabis in her home . During that decade , Cameron became a regular practitioner of Tai chi , taking part in group sessions in Bronson Park under the tutelage of Marshall Ho 'o and gaining a teaching certificate in the subject . She also came to be very interested in Jose Arguelles ' The Mayan Factor and Charles Musès ' The Lion Path , undertaking the Neo @-@ shamanic practices endorsed in the latter . The claims regarding a prehistoric matriarchal society devoted to a Goddess which were made in the writings of archaeologist Marija Gimbutas also interested and influenced her . Cameron was also very interested in A. S. Raleigh 's Woman and Superwoman , taping her own reading of it and sending copies to her friends and getting it played on local public radio . Throughout all of these disparate spiritual interests , she nevertheless retained faith in the Thelemic ideas of Crowley .
As well as entertaining old friends who came to visit her in her home , Cameron also met with younger occultists , such as the Thelemite William Breeze and the industrial musician Genesis P @-@ Orridge . Cameron aided Breeze in co @-@ editing a collection of Parsons ' occult and libertarian writings , which were published as Freedom is a Two @-@ Edged Sword in 1989 . Cameron was also acquainted with the experimental film @-@ maker Chick Strand and appeared in the latter 's 1979 project Loose Ends , during which she narrated the story of an exorcism . In 1989 an exhibition of her work , titled The Pearl of Reprisal , was held at the Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery . It included a selection of her paintings and a screening of Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome and The Wormwood Star , while Cameron attended to provide a candle @-@ it reading of her poetry . In the mid @-@ 1990s , Cameron was diagnosed with a brain tumor and underwent radiotherapy treatment , which she supplemented with alternative medicines . However , the tumor was cancerous and metastasized to her lungs . She died at the age of 73 in the VA Medical Centre on July 24 , 1995 , having undergone the Thelemic last rites , carried out by a high priestess of the Ordo Templi Orientis . Her body was cremated and its ashes scattered in the Mojave Desert . A memorial event was then held at the Venice 's Beyond Baroque Literary Arts Center in August .
= = Personality = =
According to historian of Thelema Martin P. Starr , Cameron 's " very dominating personality could not brook rivals of any kind " . Stockwell described Cameron as " a very , very intense personality , but very fascinating " . Considering her to be " an out and out witch " , Hopper described her as having an " infectious personality " through her presence ; she was someone " that you knew [ was ] different and [ she ] had a magnetic quality that you wanted to be closer to . " Charles Brittin , who knew Cameron on Los Angeles ' artistic circuit , called her " a sweet person with a great personality , not the way some of her friends wanted to picture her to be " . Her friend Shirley Berman described her as having " many different crowds of friends , and I think she was a different personality with each crowd ... She wasn 't an even personality at all , but she was always a very gracious person . "
= = Artistic style = =
Cameron 's occult beliefs closely impacted her artworks . According to The Huffington Post , Cameron 's artwork merges " Crowley 's occult with the surrealism and symbolism of French poets , yielding dark yet whimsical depictions buzzing with otherworldly power " . The art curator Philippe Vergne described her work as being situated on " the edge of surrealism and psychedelia " , embodying " an aspect of modernity that deeply doubts and defies cartesian logic at a moment in history when these values have shown their own limitations " .
Cameron 's biographer Spencer Kansa was of the opinion that Cameron exhibited parallels with the Australian artist and occultist Rosaleen Norton , both in terms of her physical appearance and the similarities between their artistic styles . Harrington also saw similarities in the work of Cameron and the artists Leonora Carrington and Leonor Fini . On the website of the Cameron Parsons Foundation , Michael Duncan expressed the view that Cameron 's work rivals that of " fellow surrealists " like Carrington , Fini , Remedios Varo , and Ithell Colquhoun , while also appearing " fascinatingly prescient " of the works by later artists Kiki Smith , Amy Cutler , Karen Kilimmck , and Hernan Bas . In later years , Cameron would often be erroneously labelled a Beat artist because she inhabited many of the same social circles as prominent Beat poets and writers . Rejecting this label , Kansa instead described Cameron as " a pre @-@ Beat bohemian , whose heart lay in Romanticism " .
= = Legacy = =
Cameron 's reputation as an artist grew posthumously . In 2006 her friend Scott Hobbs established the Cameron @-@ Parsons Foundation to serve as an archive storing and promoting her work . In 1995 , her painting Peyote Vision was included as part of an exhibition on " Beat Culture and the New American " which was held at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City . A number of her artworks were then exhibited alongside those of Crowley and other Thelemites for the 2001 exhibition " Reflections of a New Aeon " , held at the Eleven Seven Gallery in California 's Long Beach . In 2007 a retrospective of Cameron 's work was held at the Nicole Klagsbrun Gallery in New York City 's Chelsea district , while that same year some of her works appeared in the traveling exhibition " Semina Culture " , which was devoted to all of the artists who contributed to Wallace Berman 's journal . In 2014 , a retrospective of her word , titled " Cameron : Songs for the Witch Woman , " was held at the Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles . That year , the U.K.-based publisher Fulgur Esoterica released a book featuring images of Cameron 's artworks and Parsons ' poems . In 2015 , a retrospective of her work titled " Cameron : Cinderella of the Wastelands " was held at the Deitch Projects gallery in Soho , New York City , which included an evening in which friends of Cameron 's assembled to publicly discuss her legacy .
Cameron 's life was brought to wider attention through the publication of two biographies about Parsons , John Carter 's Sex and Rockets and then George Pendle 's Strange Angel . On the basis of this , a dramatization of Parsons ' life appeared as the play Moonchild , performed at The Access Theatre on Broadway in 2004 ; for the show , Cameron was portrayed by Heather Tom . In 2011 , Wormwood Star , a biography of Cameron authored by the Briton Spencer Kansa , was published , a work that was not authorized by the Cameron @-@ Parsons Foundation . He had spent almost three years in the U.S. researching the book , interviewing many of those who knew her , a number of whom died shortly after . Kansa stated that most of those whom he interviewed " were immensely generous with their time and recollections " but that " one of Cameron 's kookier friends " had begun making claims that Kansa was not a biographer but was really an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation . Writing in the Los Angeles Review of Books , Steffie Nelson noted that Kansa did " his due diligence tracking down [ Cameron 's ] childhood acquaintances and friends " but at the same time was critical of the lack of sources of footnotes .
= SPARS =
For the various meanings of " spar " , see Spar ( disambiguation ) .
The United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) Women 's Reserve , better known by the acronym SPARS , was the World War II women 's branch of the USCG Reserve . It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by the President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 23 November 1942 . This authorized the acceptance of women into the reserve as commissioned officers and at the enlisted level , effective for the duration of the war plus six months . The purpose of the law was to release officers and men for sea duty and to replace them with women at shore stations . Dorothy C. Stratton was appointed director of the Women 's Reserve ( SPARS ) , with the rank of lieutenant commander and was later promoted to captain . She had been the Dean of Women on leave from Purdue University , and an officer in The United States Naval Reserve ( Women 's Reserve ) , better known under the acronym WAVES for Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service . Stratton is credited with creating the nautical name of SPARS .
The age for officer candidates was between 20 and 50 ; they had to have a college degree , or two years of college and two years of professional or business experience . The enlisted age requirements were between 20 and 36 ; candidates had to have completed at least two years of high school . For the most part , SPARS were white , but five African @-@ Americans did eventually serve . The agreement between the U.S. Navy and the USCG required that officer candidates receive their indoctrination training at Smith College , Northampton , Massachusetts . But in June 1943 , the USCG withdrew from the agreement , and the indoctrination of SPAR officer candidates was transferred to the USCG Academy at New London , Connecticut . Most SPAR officers were general duty officers , but some officers received specialized training .
At first , according to agreement , the SPARS enlisted personnel received their indoctrination training on college campuses operated for such by the U.S. Navy . In March 1943 , the USCG decided to establish its own training center for the indoctrination of enlisted recruits . The site selected was the Palm Beach Biltmore Hotel , Palm Beach , Florida . Beginning in late June , all enlisted personnel received their indoctrination and specialized training there . Some 70 percent of the enlisted women who received recruit training also received some specialized training . Yeoman and storekeepers represented the largest share , but many SPARS were given the opportunity to train in other fields . In January 1945 , the training of enlisted personnel was transferred from Palm Beach to Manhattan Beach , Brooklyn , New York .
The SPARS were assigned to every USCG district except Puerto Rico , and served in Hawaii and Alaska as well . Most officers held general duty billets , which included administrative and supervisory assignments . Others served as communication officers , supply officers , barracks , and recruiting officers . The bulk of the enlisted women performed clerical and stenographic duties . In smaller numbers , the enlisted personnel were found in practically every other billet , from baking pies to rigging parachutes and driving jeeps . A select group of SPAR officers and enlisted personnel were also assigned to work with the Long Range Aid to Navigation at monitoring stations in the Continental United States . Better known under the acronym LORAN , it was a top @-@ secret radio navigation system developed for ships at sea and long @-@ range aircraft . The first monitoring station staffed by SPARS was at Chatham , Massachusetts . Chatham is believed to have been ( at the time ) the only all female @-@ staffed station of its kind in the world . The SPARS peak strength was approximately 11 @,@ 000 officers and enlisted personnel.Commodore J. A. Hirschfield , USCG , said the SPARS volunteered for duty when their country needed them , and they did their jobs with enthusiasm , efficiency , and with a minimum of fanfare . To honor the SPARS , two USCG cutters were given their name .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
The U.S. Coast Guard ( USCG ) Women 's Reserve act was passed by the 77th Congress as Public Law 773 , and signed into law by the president on 23 November 1942 . It amended the USCG Auxiliary and Reserve Act of 1941 , providing for the releasing of officers and enlisted men for duty at sea to be replaced by women at shore stations . It was established as a branch of the USCG Reserve , with authority to enlist and appoint women to serve during World War II and for six months thereafter . The reservists were to be trained and qualified for duty at the continental shore stations of the USCG . They were not to be used to replace civil service personnel . The act was similar to that of the Navy 's Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service or WAVES . Initially , the SPARS were only stationed in the United States , but in 1944 they were allowed to deploy to Hawaii and Alaska . The USCG was the smallest of the military branches and was under the wing of the United States Department of the Navy , although , just prior to World War II , it had been under the supervision of the United States Department of the Treasury .
Dorothy C. Stratton was appointed director of the Women 's Reserve ( SPARS ) with the rank of lieutenant commander and was later promoted to captain . She had been the Dean of Women on leave from Purdue University and a lieutenant in the WAVES . Stratton is credited with creating the nautical name of SPARS . The name was fashioned by taking the first letters of the USCG 's Latin motto , Semper Paratus , and the first letters of its English translation , " Always Ready " . Stratton held a master 's degree from the University of Chicago and a doctorate from Columbia University . ( She died in 2006 at age 107 . )
= = = Recruiting = = =
At the outset , the U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and USCG agreed to recruit and to train the members of their respective women 's reserves together , using existing Navy facilities . For recruiting purposes , the SPARS would utilize the Offices of the Naval Officer Procurement . Their first recruiting efforts got underway in December 1942 , but they were hampered somewhat by the absence of SPAR recruiting personnel . Their absence resulted from the agreement between the Navy and the USCG , whereby the SPARS would receive its first personnel by transfer from the WAVES . A total of 15 WAVE officers and 153 WAVE enlisted women requested and were discharged from the WAVES to become the first SPARS . Eventually , SPAR officers were assigned to most of the Naval Officer Procurement offices . The recruiting information about SPARS was disseminated with WAVES publicity materials and it was also done separately . But it became apparent that the job of selling the SPARS included selling the USCG as well .
By June 1943 , it was clear to the USCG that the recruiting process in place did not favor the SPARS , so it withdrew from the joint agreement effective 1 July 1943 . Hence , all women applicants for SPARS would be interviewed and enlisted at USCG district recruiting stations . The change was met with increased enthusiasm by the recruiters and it proved positive overall . Still , the competition remained keen with the other , better known , women services . Some recruiters referred to themselves as peddlers of patriotism , but their lot was not an easy one . In their book , Three Years Behind the Mast , the authors Mary Lyne and Kay Arthur , both officers in SPARS , described the realities of recruiting in this way :
During the day , we made speeches distributed posters , decorated windows , led parades , manned information booths , interviewed applicants , appeared on radio programs , and gave aptitude tests . By night , we made more speeches ; prayed women would be drafted , and went to bed dreaming about our quotas .
The main recruiting effort had ended . During the 25 @-@ month recruitment period , about 11 @,@ 000 women signed enlistment contracts to serve in the SPARS . Yeoman Third Class Dorothy Tuttle was the first woman to enlist in the SPARS at a recruiting station on 7 December 1942 .
In late 1942 , recruiting requirements were such that both enlisted and officer candidates had to be American citizens ; have no children under 18 years of age ; present three character references ; pass a physical examination ; and submit a record of occupation after leaving school . Enlisted applicants were also required to have completed at least two years of high school and be between the ages of 20 and 36 years . Officer candidates were expected to be college graduates , or to have completed two years of college , and have at least two years of acceptable business or professional experience , and be between the ages of 20 and 50 years . Certain regulations with respect to marriage applied to both enlisted and officer candidates . Married women could enlist provided their husbands were not in the USCG . Unmarried women had to agree not to marry until they had finished their training period . After training , they could marry a civilian or service man who was not in the USCG .
In August 1943 , recruiting policies were changed to permit SPARS to marry men of the USCG without having to resign . The USCG would continue to accept applicants who were married to men in the Army , Navy , or Marine Corps , but would not accept a woman who was already married to an enlisted man or an officer serving in the USCG . However , women could join the SPARS if their husbands were enrolled as temporary members of the reserve . In November 1943 , the marriage policy with respect to recruits was changed further to permit women who were wives of cadets , warrant officers , or enlisted men of the USCG to enlist or be commissioned in the SPARs . The ban remained on women whose husbands were commissioned officers in the USCG with the rank of ensign or above .
Although the USCG officially opened its doors to African @-@ American women in October 1944 , it was not until March 1945 that the first five women were accepted ; they were the only African @-@ American women to serve in the SPARS . Although the Women 's Army Corps ( WAC ) accepted African @-@ American women from its inception , the U.S. Navy 's Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ( WAVES ) only began accepting African @-@ American women in October 1944 , with fewer than 100 of them serving in the WAVES , and the U.S. Marine Corps Women 's Reserve never opened its ranks to African @-@ American women . The five African @-@ American women who served in the SPARS were : Olivia Hooker , D. Winifred Byrd , Julia Mosley , Yvonne Cumberbatch , and Aileen Cooke .
= = = Officer training = = =
The agreement between the Navy and the USCG ( noted earlier ) , required the initial classes of SPAR officer candidates to receive their indoctrination training at Smith College , Northampton , Massachusetts ; officially known as the United States Naval Reserve ( WR ) Midshipmen 's School . But in June 1943 , the USCG withdrew from the agreement , and the indoctrination of SPAR officer candidates was transferred to the USCG Academy at New London , Connecticut . It was the only U.S. military service that trained women officer candidates at its own academy .
Initially , the training period was for six weeks ; later it was changed to eight weeks . General in scope , the program was designed to give cadets an overall view of the USCG . Academic study included : administration , correspondence , communications , history , organization , personnel , public speaking , ships , and special lectures and visual aids . The regimental part of the training was designed to help cadets adjust to military life , and to acquaint them with their responsibilities as officers . The cadets ranged in age from 20 to 40 , with diverse civilian backgrounds from teachers and journalists to lawyers and technicians .
During the two @-@ year life of the officer indoctrination program , about 930 women completed the training and were commissioned as SPAR officers . In late 1944 , the USCG determined that this complement was sufficient for its needs and discontinued the program . However , to replace the officers who had gone overseas , and those separated from the SPARS , the officer candidate school was later reopened for one last class . The candidates were all former enlisted personnel , who received their indoctrination at the USCG training station , Manhattan Beach , Brooklyn , New York . The USCG strived to recruit officer candidates who already had some civilian training or work experience of the type that could be used without further training . As result , only about one third of the officers received any specialized training . However , the specialized training programs produced 203 communications officers , and 106 pay and supply officers , prior to its discontinuance in November and December 1944 .
= = = Enlisted training = = =
At first , the SPARS enlisted personnel received their indoctrination training on college campuses operated for such by the U.S. Navy . A few SPARS received their recruit training at Oklahoma A & M University , Stillwater , Oklahoma , another 150 of them received their training at Iowa State Teachers College , Cedar Falls , Iowa , and about 1 @,@ 900 SPARS received their recruit training at Hunter College in the Bronx , New York . In March 1943 , the USCG decided that there was a need to establish its own training center for the indoctrination of recruits and to provide specialized training programs . The site selected was the Palm Beach Biltmore Hotel , Palm Beach , Florida ; it was leased , and then commissioned as a training station , on 23 May 1943 . Beginning in late June , all enlisted personnel received their indoctrination and specialized training at this station .
The recruits ' indoctrination period at Palm Beach was six weeks . It covered instruction on subjects such as : activities , organization , personnel , current events , and social hygiene . The physical education aspects consisted of : body mechanics , swimming , games , and drill . Another important part of recruit training was the testing , classification , and selection process . This was designed to make the most of the recruit 's abilities , background and interests . The results of the testing were usually the basis for general assignments or the opportunity for specialized training .
From the first class of 14 June 1943 , until the final class of 16 December 1944 , more than 7 @,@ 000 recruits were indoctrinated at the Palm Beach station . Approximately , 70 percent of the enlisted women who received recruit training also received some specialized training . Yeoman and storekeepers represented the largest share , but many SPARS were given the opportunity for training in other fields . Some attended other Navy schools and were trained as motion picture sound technicians , link trainer operators , parachute riggers , and air control operators . Others attended USCG schools and learned to be : cooks , bakers , radioman , pharmacist mates , radio technicians , and motor vehicle drivers . In January 1945 , the training of enlisted personnel was transferred from Palm Beach to Manhattan Beach , Brooklyn , New York , the largest USCG training station for men .
= = = Assignments = = =
The SPARS were assigned to every USCG district except Puerto Rico . In some districts , they worked in the district offices and in the small field units as well . Most officers held general duty billets , which included administrative and supervisory assignments . Others served as communication officers , supply officers , and barracks and recruiting officers . The bulk of the enlisted women had clerical and stenographic civilian backgrounds and the USCG wanted them for this reason . Exciting jobs were few and far between , yet not all assigned to paperwork found it boring . Some saw how their contribution fit into the big picture . In smaller numbers , the enlisted personnel were found in practically every other billet , from baking pies , to rigging parachutes , and driving jeeps .
Initially , SPARS were prohibited from serving in USCG districts outside the country . But in late 1944 , Congress amended the law allowing SPARS to serve overseas . For the SPARS , this meant Hawaii and Alaska . However , only those with good records , good physical health , a year 's service , and training and experience in the types of duty requested were selected . About 200 women served in Hawaii , doing roughly the same kind of work , and holding the same ratings , that they would have held in the United States . About an equal number of women served in Alaska as well . A select group of SPAR officers and enlisted personnel were assigned to work with the Long Range Aid to Navigation at monitoring stations in the Continental United States . Better known under the acronym LORAN , it was a top @-@ secret radio navigation system developed for ships at sea , and long @-@ range aircraft . The first monitoring station staffed by SPARS was at Chatham , Massachusetts , after they had received two months of instructions at M.I.T. on the operation and maintenance of LORAN . The unit at Chatham is believed to have been ( at the time ) the only all @-@ female staffed one of its kind in the world .
The SPARS enjoyed success in the work place , but they also suffered a degree of intolerance at times . On more than one occasion , male guardsmen would make the point that the USCG had struggled along without women for over 150 years . Attitudes toward them ranged from enthusiasm and amusement to open hostility . But not all the objections were personal or petty . Many of the men simply failed to see the need for women in the service , while others felt it was an unnecessary expense . However , if the women were equal to the job the men were willing to give them their due . Many men , regulars and reservists , supported them , taught them the ropes , and gave them encouragement .
= = = Women of the SPARS = = =
The average SPAR officer was 29 years old , single , a college graduate , and had worked seven years in a professional or managerial position ( in education or government ) before entering the service . The average enlisted SPAR was 24 years old , single , a high school graduate , and had worked for over three years in a clerical or sales job before joining the service . The likelihood was that she came from the state of Massachusetts , New York , Pennsylvania , Illinois , Ohio , or California . The reasons for becoming a SPAR differed , but most likely it was patriotism , self @-@ advancement , desire for travel and adventure , or the loss of a loved one in the war .
In their off @-@ duty hours , SPARS contributed time and effort to many community and wartime causes . Some became active nurse 's aides , some rolled bandages for the Red Cross , others donated blood to blood banks , some visited service men in convalescent hospitals , and others collected gifts for the men overseas . Many of them were also involved in the March of Dimes campaigns , and war chest and war bond drives . Both officers and enlisted were awarded ribbons and medals based on their service , and some were acknowledged for their outstanding contributions to the SPARS and the country . In general , SPARS looked upon their service favorably , and many of them found a form of kinship in having been a part of the nation 's military forces during wartime . With the surrender of Japan in August 1945 , the USCG demobilization effort began , and the SPARS were gradually discharged . They were separated from the service on a point system , and on the basis of their jobs . However , many SPARS were reassigned to the personnel separation centers to help with demobilization ( women and men reservists ) and they were not separated until it was completed . The Women 's Reserve of the USCG ( SPARS ) was inactivated on 25 July 1947 .
= = = Legacy = = =
In his foreword to Three Years Behind the Mast , Commodore J. A. Hirschfield , USCG , observed that the SPARS asked no favors and no privileges . They did their jobs with enthusiasm , with efficiency , and a minimum of fanfare . The USCG was fortunate in having the help of the SPARS who volunteered for duty when their country needed them , and carried the job through to a successful finish . The USCG named two cutters in honor of the SPARS : USCGC Spar ( WLB @-@ 403 ) was a 180 @-@ foot ( 55 m ) sea going buoy tender commissioned in June 1944 and decommissioned in 1997 , and USCGC Spar ( WLB @-@ 206 ) , a 225 @-@ foot ( 69 m ) seagoing buoy tender that was commissioned in 2001 .
Although the SPARS no longer exist as a separate organization , the term is sometimes informally used for a female Coast Guardsman ; however , it is not an officially sanctioned term .
= = Uniforms = =
The uniforms worn by the SPARS were the same design and style as those worn by the WAVES , except for the service insignias ; created for them by the New York fashion house of Mainbocher . The decision made regarding the type and style of the uniforms was largely that of the U.S. Navy Uniform Board . The standard uniform was a navy blue suit , consisting of a jacket and a six @-@ gored skirt . Included were black oxfords and plain black pumps ; a brimmed hat ; black gloves ; black leather purse , and rain and winter coats . The summer uniform was of the same design as the standard uniform , worn in white Palm Beach cloth , tropical worsted , or other light fabrics . Shoes were oxfords or pumps of white leather . The summer work wear was a grey and white striped seersucker dress with jacket .
= Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment =
The Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment from New Zealand , raised for service during the First World War . It was assigned to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , part of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force .
The regiment , with an establishment of twenty @-@ six officers , 523 other ranks and 600 horses , was formed from three squadrons belonging to pre war Territorial Force regiments ; the Queen Alexandra 's 2nd ( Wellington West Coast ) Mounted Rifles , the 6th ( Manawatu ) Mounted Rifles and the 9th ( Wellington East Coast ) Mounted Rifles . It also included a small headquarters and , until 1916 , a Maxim machine @-@ gun section . The Maxim guns were withdrawn but the regiment 's fire @-@ power increased during the war , by the end of which each squadron had four Hotchkiss machine @-@ guns , one per troop .
As mounted infantry , the regiment rode into battle on their horses , but were expected to dismount for battle , and then fight on foot . The regiment fought predominantly against the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire . In the Gallipoli Campaign between May and December 1915 , they participated in the largest battle of that theatre at Chunuk Bair , and also in the fighting for Hill 60 . Evacuated to Egypt , they then took part in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from 1916 to 1918 . The early battles there included those at Romani , Gaza and Beersheba . Later in the war they were part of the force that occupied the Jordan Valley , and took part in the raid on Amman and the raid on Es Salt . Their final war time operation was in connection with the capture of the Turkish Fourth Army . During the four years of war the regiment had 369 dead and 453 wounded , several of those wounded more than once . After the war , the regiment played a minor role in the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 , before being disbanded in June 1919 .
= = History = =
= = = Formation = = =
Raised on 8 August 1914 at the start of the First World War , the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment came from the region around Wellington on the North Island of New Zealand . It was commanded by Lieutenant @-@ Colonel William Meldrum , and comprised a headquarters , a machine @-@ gun section , and three squadrons formed from Territorial Force regiments . The New Zealand Territorial Force included a compulsory training system , and the four Military Districts were each required to supply a mounted regiment for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force . To meet that obligation the Territorial Force regiments each provided a squadron , which kept their own regimental badges and traditions . The regiment 's squadrons came from the Queen Alexandra 's 2nd ( Wellington West Coast ) Mounted Rifles ( 2nd Squadron ) , the 6th ( Manawatu ) Mounted Rifles ( 6th Squadron ) and the 9th ( Wellington East Coast ) Mounted Rifles ( 9th Squadron ) . The establishment was fixed at twenty @-@ six officers and 523 other ranks , who used 528 riding horses
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Jesus .
The prevalent opinion is that the church was constructed and painted in the early 14th century , which coincides with the lifetimes of the individuals most widely accepted as represented by the figures depicted in the church 's frescoes . At the time , the village of Donja Kamenica , along with much of the Timočka Krajina region , belonged to the Vidin appanage of the Second Bulgarian Empire . However , alternative theories place the construction of the church in the mid @-@ 14th century , the mid @-@ 15th century or even the 16th century . The church and its frescoes were restored in 1958 . The church was declared a Monument of Culture of Great Importance in 1982 , and it is protected by the Republic of Serbia .
In terms of architecture , the church features a round dome and a single apse . The naos or cella has the shape of a cross , in line with the popular Byzantine cross @-@ in @-@ square design . Of particular interest is the formerly two @-@ storey narthex , which is notable for its unusual verticality and the towers on either side of the entrance . Judging by the models depicted in the donor 's portraits inside the church , it is clear that the towers were originally further apart and the west facade with the narthex included much woodwork . The towers are topped off by sharp @-@ pointed pyramidal elements , with additional sharp @-@ pointed details in each of the pyramids ' four corners . The towers and their design are entirely unusual and unprecedented in medieval Bulgarian church architecture . Art historian Nikola Mavrodinov believes these resemble Gothic architecture , though a more modern researcher , Bistra Nikolova , dismisses his assessment and considers these an influence from Hungary or Transylvania .
Despite its monumental appearance , the church is rather small in size . It measures 7 @.@ 80 by 6 @.@ 50 metres ( 25 @.@ 6 ft × 21 @.@ 3 ft ) ( according to Nikolova ) or 7 @.@ 70 by 6 @.@ 20 metres ( 25 @.@ 3 ft × 20 @.@ 3 ft ) ( per Mavrodinova ) . The materials employed in the church 's construction were chiefly chiseled stones welded together using mortar masonry . Several rows of bricks were added in order to even out the structure and to serve as decoration , particularly in the dome , which features more elaborate brickwork .
= = Decoration = =
The frescoes inside the church are commonly dated to the 14th – 15th century , though they follow a standard compositional model which had been established in Bulgarian church decoration since the 13th century . Unusually , most of the captions which accompany the images are in Byzantine Greek , though a few are in Old Church Slavonic . In terms of style , the murals have much in common with churches from the southwestern Bulgarian lands .
Biblical scenes and figures depicted in the Church of the Holy Mother of God include the worshiping of the Christ child as the eucharistic victim ( the Melismos ) in the lower part of the apse , the raising of Lazarus , the Annunciation , Jesus ' triumphal entry into Jerusalem , Judas Iscariot 's betrayal of Jesus , the Passion of the Christ in the upper part of the cella , the Descent from the Cross , the mourning of Jesus , and the Dormition of the Theotokos on the west wall . The north and south walls of the cella , as well as the wall piers , bear frescoes of saints , including rare images of military saints on horseback . Murals of Saint Petka and Saint Nicholas were painted in the upper reaches of the narthex , in the south and the north tower respectively .
Besides religious imagery , the frescoes of the Donja Kamenica church also include eleven portraits of contemporary historical figures , separated into four compositions . Three of the compositions are uncaptioned , making the identification of the people practically impossible . The first composition is located in the cella and depicts two men preserved from the waist up , of which one holds a model of the church , and a child , of which only the head is visible today . The second composition was painted on the upper west wall of the narthex and portrays a man , a woman , a boy and a girl , with the man also holding a model of the church , a common symbol of donorship . Art historian Dragana Frfulanović believes that the images of men holding models in both compositions depict the same person , the main donor . The third composition is in the cella and depicts two men : a monk and a priest .
= = = Despot and despotissa 's portraits = = =
Of greatest interest is the fourth composition of historical figures , a young man and a woman , which was painted on the lowest west wall of the narthex and includes inscriptions in Old Church Slavonic . The figures are painted facing the viewer . The man 's red clothing is covered in pearls and double @-@ headed eagles , and he wears an archaic @-@ looking despot 's crown on his head . In his right hand , the man holds a sceptre with a cross . He extends his hand to a woman , clad in a despotissa 's attire and wearing a fitting crown .
The inscription next to the figure of the man has been deciphered either as “ Michael despot , in Christ [ our ] God ... faithful ” or “ Michael despot , in Christ [ our ] God faithful , son of Tsar Michael ” . Either reading presents significant challenges as to the proper identification of the portrayed person , who was clearly a despot , bore the name Michael , and , if the latter reading is correct , was the son of an eponymous tsar . As a result , various theories have been proposed by Bulgarian and Serbian researchers alike .
Early Bulgarian historian Petar Nikov suggested that despot Michael of the Donja Kamenica church is identical with Bulgarian tsar Michael Shishman ( r . 1323 – 1330 ) who , before his accession to the throne , was despot of Vidin . However , Michael Shishman 's father was named Shishman , not Michael , and was usually titled despot rather than tsar . In turn , Mavrodinov proposed the theory that despot Michael is an otherwise unknown son of Michael Shishman , who was installed as despot of Vidin by his father after his coronation in 1323 . In any case , this unknown son of Michael Shishman was probably dead by 1331 because Belaur is mentioned as the ruler of Vidin shortly thereafter . The latter theory is the most established identification of despot Michael in Bulgarian historiography .
A third theory , supported by both Serbian and Bulgarian researchers , is that despot Michael is an unknown son of Michael Asen IV , the first @-@ born son of Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander ( r . 1331 – 1371 ) , who was proclaimed co @-@ tsar shortly after his father 's accession and died in a battle against the Ottomans before 1354 – 1355 . Against this identification is the account of Nikephoros Gregoras , who mentions that Michael Asen 's widow returned childless to Constantinople after his death . Another issue with this theory is that no source mentions Michael Asen as a despot .
Another theory , which was put forward by early Serbian historians and has subsequently lost support in Serbian scholarship , is that despot Michael is to be identified with mid @-@ 15th @-@ century Serbian noble Mihailo Anđelović , a brother of Ottoman statesman Mahmud Pasha Angelović . However , in @-@ depth research of the frecoes has concluded that they cannot be ascribed to the 1450s , as the artistic style , the clothing and hairstyles in the portraits are uncommon for this period . Furthermore , the church seems to bear little architectural similarity to churches of the Morava school , which dominated 15th @-@ century Serbian architecture . It has also been revealed that in 1454 – 1455 , Donja Kamenica was controlled by the Ottomans and in possession of a certain Yusuf , rather than part of the Serbian Despotate , and Mihailo Anđelović was never titled despot .
The identity of the woman has also been a matter of debate . The inscription which accompanies her image clearly includes her title , despotissa , as well as the word “ daughter ” . Based on a possible reading of her name as Anna , she has been identified as Anna Neda , the Serbian wife of Michael Shishman , which is in line with the first identification of the despot . Nikolova believes that it is possible that the woman is Anna Neda even if the despot is her son rather than her husband . She theorises that Anna Neda settled in Vidin after Michael Shishman 's second marriage and owned a personal domain which included Donja Kamenica . Another reading of the inscription deciphers the name of the despotissa as Elena .
= Ice hockey at the Olympic Games =
Ice hockey tournaments have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1920 . The men 's tournament was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics and was transferred permanently to the Winter Olympic Games program in 1924 , in France . The women 's tournament was first held at the 1998 Winter Olympics . The Olympic Games were originally intended for amateur athletes until 1988 , and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) did not allow its players to compete until 1998 . From 1924 to 1988 , the tournament started with a round @-@ robin series of games and ended with the medal round . Medals were awarded based on points accumulated during that round . The games of the tournament follow the rules of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) , which differ slightly from the rules used in the NHL . The tournament follows the World Anti @-@ Doping Agency 's ( WADA ) rules on performance @-@ enhancing drugs and the IIHF maintains a Registered Testing Pool , a list of top players who are subjected to random in @-@ competition and out @-@ of @-@ competition drug tests . Several players have tested positive for banned substances since the 1972 Winter Olympics .
In the men 's tournament , Canada was the most successful team of the first three decades , winning six of seven gold medals . Czechoslovakia , Sweden and the United States were also competitive during this period and won multiple medals . Between 1920 and 1968 , the Olympic hockey tournament was also counted as the Ice Hockey World Championship for that year . The Soviet Union first participated in 1956 and overtook Canada as the dominant international team , winning seven of the nine tournaments in which they participated . The United States won gold medals in 1960 and in 1980 , which included their " Miracle on Ice " upset of the Soviet Union . Canada went 50 years without a gold medal , before winning one in 2002 , and following it with back @-@ to @-@ back wins in 2010 and 2014 . Other nations to win gold include Great Britain in 1936 , the Unified Team in 1992 , Sweden in 1994 and 2006 and the Czech Republic in 1998 . Other medal @-@ winning nations include Switzerland , Germany , Finland and Russia .
In 1986 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) voted to allow all athletes to compete in Olympic Games starting in 1988 . The NHL was initially reluctant to allow its players to compete because the Olympics are held in the middle of the NHL season , and the league would have to halt play if many of its players participated . However , NHL players were allowed to compete starting in 1998 . The format of the tournament was adjusted to accommodate the NHL schedule ; a preliminary round was played without NHL players or the top six teams — Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia , Sweden and the United States — followed by a final round which included them . The tournament format was changed again in 2006 ; every team played five preliminary games with the full use of NHL players .
In July 1992 , the IOC voted to approve women 's hockey as an Olympic event ; it was first held at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . The Nagano Organizing Committee was hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament , but an agreement was reached that limited the field to six teams , and ensured that no additional facilities would be built . The Canadian and American teams have dominated the event , typically losing only to each other . The United States won the first tournament in 1998 , while Canada won in 2002 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 .
= = Inception as an Olympic sport = =
The first Olympic ice hockey tournament took place at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp , Belgium . At the time , organised international ice hockey was still relatively new . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) , the sport 's governing body , was created on May 15 , 1908 , under the name Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace . At the 1914 Olympic Congress in Paris , ice hockey was added to the list of optional sports that Olympics organisers could include . The decision to include ice hockey for the 1920 Summer Olympics was made in January , three months before the start of the Games . Several occurrences led to the sport 's inclusion in the programme . Five European nations had committed to participating in the tournament and the managers of Antwerp 's Palais de Glace stadium refused to allow the building to be used for figure skating unless ice hockey was included . The IIHF considers the 1920 tournament to be the first Ice Hockey World Championship . From then on , the two events occurred concurrently , and every Olympic tournament until 1968 is counted as the World Championship . The Olympic Games were originally intended for amateur athletes , so the players of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and other professional leagues were not allowed to play .
The first Winter Olympic Games were held in 1924 in Chamonix , France . Chapter 1 , article 6 , of the 2007 edition of the Olympic Charter defines winter sports as " sports which are practised on snow or ice " . Ice hockey and figure skating were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics programme . The IOC made the Winter Games a permanent fixture and they were held the same year as the Summer Games until 1992 . Following that , further Winter Games have been held on the third year of each Olympiad .
= = Events = =
= = = Men 's tournament = = =
= = = = 1920 Summer Olympics = = = =
The men 's tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics was organised by a committee that included future IIHF president Paul Loicq . The tournament used the Bergvall System , in which three rounds were played . The first round was an elimination tournament that determined the gold medal winner . The second round consisted of the teams that were defeated by the gold medal winner ; the winner of that round was awarded the silver medal . The final round was played between teams that had lost to the gold or silver medal winners ; the winner of that round received the bronze medal .
The tournament was played from April 23 to April 29 and seven teams participated : Canada , Czechoslovakia , the United States , Switzerland , Sweden , France and Belgium . Canada chose to send the Allan Cup @-@ winning Winnipeg Falcons . The Americans began a tournament to determine their representative team but abandoned it , deciding instead to send an all @-@ star team that included four Canadian @-@ born players . The Swedish team consisted of mostly bandy players , many of whom had only started playing hockey in preparation for the tournament . Canada won all three of the team 's games in the first round and won the gold medal , defeating Sweden in the final and outscoring opponents 27 – 1 . In the two subsequent rounds , the United States and Czechoslovakia won the silver and bronze medals respectively . The Bergvall System was criticised , especially in Sweden , because the Swedish team had to play six games ( winning three ) while the bronze medal winning Czech team only had to play three ( winning one ) . Erik Bergvall , the creator of the system , stated that it was used incorrectly and that a tournament of all of the losing teams from the first round should have been played for the silver medal . Because of these criticisms , the Bergvall System was not used again for ice hockey .
= = = = 1924 – 1952 = = = =
In 1924 , the tournament was played in a round @-@ robin format , consisting of a preliminary round and a medal round . The medals were awarded based on win – loss records during the medal round . This format was used until 1988 , although the number of teams and games played varied slightly . The Toronto Granites , representing Canada , became one of the dominant hockey teams in Olympic history , outscoring opponents 110 – 3 , led by Harry Watson , who scored 36 goals . The United States won silver and Great Britain won bronze . Watson 's 36 goals remains the tournament record for career goals . He also set the record for career points with 36 ( assists were not counted at the time ) , which stood until 2010 .
Eleven teams participated in the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland . The Canadian team was given a bye to the medal round and won all of its games by a combined score of 38 – 0 . The Swedish and Swiss teams won their first medals — silver and bronze respectively — and a German team participated for the first time , finishing ninth . At the 1932 Winter Olympics , Canada won gold in a tournament that consisted of four teams that played each other twice . Germany won bronze , the nation 's first medal in the sport .
Two days before the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch @-@ Partenkirchen , Germany , Canadian officials protested that two players on the British team — James Foster and Alex Archer — had played in Canada but transferred without permission to play for clubs in the English National League . The IIHF agreed with Canada , but Great Britain threatened to withdraw the team if the two were barred from competing . To avoid a conflict , Canada withdrew the protest shortly before the Games began . The tournament consisted of four groups and fifteen teams . Great Britain became the first non @-@ Canadian team to win gold ; Canada won silver and the United States bronze . World War II forced the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Winter Olympics .
During the run @-@ up to the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland , a conflict broke out between two American ice hockey bodies , the American Hockey Association ( AHA ) and the Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) . The AAU , which had run amateur hockey in the United States since 1930 , was expelled by the IIHF in 1947 when it refused to support a team composed of players from the AHA . The AAU stated that the AHA players were " openly paid salaries " ; at the time , the Olympics were strictly for amateur players . The Swiss Olympic Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) had accepted the AHA 's application , but Avery Brundage of the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) threatened to withdraw the entire American team if the AHA participated in the Olympics . The IIHF countered by threatening to withdraw hockey from the Games if the AHA were banned . The IOC suggested that both American teams be banned but the SOOC rejected this proposal . The IOC decided to switch hockey to an unofficial event but relented when a compromise was reached . The AHA team was allowed to compete but would not be considered an official participant or allowed to win a medal . The AHA team finished fourth in the standings . Both Czechoslovakia and Canada won seven games and tied when they played each other . The gold medal winner was determined by goal difference : Canada won the gold because it had an average of 13 @.@ 8 goals per game compared to Czechoslovakia 's average of 4 @.@ 3 . Czechoslovakia 's team was quickly improving ; it won the 1947 and 1949 World Championships .
At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , Norway , the gold medal was won by Canada 's team for the second consecutive Games . It would be the last time that a Canadian team would win a gold medal in hockey for 50 years . The United States won silver and Sweden won bronze . A team from Finland competed for the first time .
= = = = 1956 – 1976 = = = =
The Soviet Union competed in its first World Championship in 1954 , defeating Canada and winning the gold medal . At the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d 'Ampezzo , Italy , the Soviet team went undefeated and won its first gold medal . Canada 's team lost to the Soviets and the United States in the medal round , winning the bronze . The 1960 Winter Olympics , in Squaw Valley , United States , saw the first , and to date only , team from Australia compete in the tournament . Canada , the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia and Sweden were the top four teams heading into the Games , but were all defeated by the American team , which won all seven games en route to its first Olympic gold medal . Canada won the silver medal and the Soviet Union won the bronze .
At the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria , the Soviet team won all seven of its games , earning the gold medal . Canada finished the tournament with five wins and two losses , putting the team in a three @-@ way tie for second place with Sweden and Czechoslovakia . Before 1964 , the tie @-@ breaking procedure was based on goal difference in games against teams in the medal round ; under that system , Canada would have placed third ahead of the Czechoslovakian team . During the tournament the procedure was changed to take all games into consideration , which meant that the Canadians finished fourth . At the time , the Olympics counted as the World Championships ; under their ( unchanged ) rules , Canada should have received bronze for the World Championships .
Soviet domination continued at the 1968 Winter Olympics held in Grenoble , France , as the team won its third gold medal . Czechoslovakia and Canada won the silver and bronze medals . It was the last time that the Olympics were counted as the World Championships . In 1970 , Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition following a dispute over the use of professional players , and the team did not participate in the 1972 or 1976 Winter Olympics . Led by goaltender Vladislav Tretiak and forwards Valeri Kharlamov , Alexander Yakushev , Vladimir Petrov and Boris Mikhailov , the Soviet team won gold at both the 1972 Games in Sapporo , Japan and 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria . In 1971 , the United States finished last at the World Championships and was relegated to Pool B. The team qualified for the 1972 Olympics and won silver , making it the first Pool B team to win an Olympic medal . Czechoslovakia won the bronze medal in 1972 . In 1976 , Czechoslovakia won the silver and West Germany won bronze . Along with Canada , the Swedish team did not participate in the 1976 tournament in protest at their inability to use professional players .
= = = = 1980 : The " Miracle on Ice " = = = =
The Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid , New York in 1980 . Twelve teams participated in the tournament , including Canada for the first time since 1968 . The Soviet Union entered the tournament as favourites and were considered natural rivals with the American team due to the Cold War . The Americans , coached by Herb Brooks and consisting mainly of college students , tied Sweden and scored an upset win over Czechoslovakia in the preliminary round . They advanced to the medal round along with Sweden , Finland and the Soviet Union .
The February 22 medal @-@ round game between the Soviet Union and the United States became famously known as the " Miracle on Ice . " The Soviets took a 2 – 1 lead , but the Americans tied the game with one second left in the first period . In the second period , Soviet goaltender Vladislav Tretiak was replaced by Vladimir Myshkin . The Soviets regained the lead early in the second period . However , the Americans kept the game close due to the goaltending of Jim Craig . In the third period , the Americans scored two goals , including the game winner by captain Mike Eruzione with exactly 10 minutes left to give the Americans a 4 – 3 lead . Craig withstood another series of Soviet shots to preserve the win . In the final seconds of the game , American Broadcasting Company sportscaster Al Michaels delivered his famous line : " Do you believe in miracles ? Yes ! "
The final rankings were based on points accumulated in matches against the other teams in the medal round . Despite the common misconception that the Americans won gold the night they beat the Soviets , this did not occur until February 24 when they defeated Finland 4 – 2 and finished the tournament undefeated . The Soviets finished with silver ; Sweden won the bronze . In 2008 , the IIHF picked the Miracle on Ice as the top international hockey story of the past 100 years .
= = = = 1984 – 1994 = = = =
At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , the Soviet Union won its sixth gold medal . Czechoslovakia and Sweden won the silver and bronze medals . The 1988 Winter Olympics were held in Calgary , Alberta , Canada , where the Soviet team captured its seventh and final gold medal . The Soviets ' last Olympic game was a loss to Finland . The Finnish team was not considered a serious medal contender — it had competed in the World Championships since 1939 and had not won a single medal . However , Finland upset the Soviets 2 – 1 and won silver . The IIHF decided to change the tournament format because in several cases , the gold medal winner had been decided before the final day of play . During a congress in 1990 , the IIHF introduced a playoff system . The new system was used at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France . Preliminary round @-@ robin games were held and followed by an eight @-@ team cup @-@ system style medal round that culminated in a gold medal game .
Before 1989 , players who lived in the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , and other nations behind the Iron Curtain were not allowed to leave and play in the NHL . Soviet officials agreed to allow players to leave following the 1989 World Championships . Many of the Soviet Union 's top players left to play in the NHL , including the entire " Green Unit " — Igor Larionov , Viacheslav Fetisov , Vladimir Krutov , Sergei Makarov and Alexei Kasatonov . The Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991 . Nine former Soviet states became part of the IIHF and started competing internationally , including Belarus , Kazakhstan , Latvia and Ukraine . At the 1992 Olympics , Armenia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Ukraine and Uzbekistan competed as one entity , known as the Unified Team . In the final , the Unified Team defeated Canada to win gold while Czechoslovakia won the bronze .
Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in January 1993 . The IIHF recognized the Czech Republic as the successor to Czechoslovakia , allowing the team to retain its position in the top World Championship division , while Slovakia started in the lowest division ( Pool C ) in 1994 and was forced to work its way up . Both nations competed in the tournament at the 1994 Winter Olympics , as did Russia . Slovakia and Finland both finished the preliminary round undefeated . Slovakia lost their medal round quarter @-@ final game to Russia , who later lost to Finland in the bronze medal game . In the gold medal game between Sweden and Canada , both teams finished regulation and overtime play with a 2 – 2 tie . In the resulting shootout , the first in Olympic competition , both nations scored two goals , which resulted in a sudden death shootout . Peter Forsberg of Sweden scored one of the most famous goals in Olympic history by faking a forehand shot , then sliding a one @-@ handed backhand shot past goaltender Corey Hirsch . Canada 's final shooter Paul Kariya 's shot was saved by Tommy Salo and Sweden won the game and its first gold medal .
= = = = 1998 – 2014 = = = =
In 1995 , an agreement to allow NHL players to participate in Olympics was reached between the IOC , IIHF , NHL , and National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) . The format of the 1998 tournament was adjusted to accommodate the NHL 's schedule . On February 7 , a preliminary round without NHL players or the " Big Six " teams ( Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia , Sweden and the United States ) began . The NHL had games on that day , but then halted play for the next 17 days to allow participating players to fly to Japan and recover from fatigue . The tournament format drew criticism for not allowing all teams the full use of their NHL players during the entire event . The top six teams were given a bye to the final round and began play on February 13 . Canada , considered a pre @-@ tournament favourite , was upset in the semi @-@ final round by the Czech Republic and then lost the bronze medal game to Finland . Led by goaltender Dominik Hašek , the Czech team defeated Russia , who defeated them previously in the round robin , winning its first gold medal in the sport . During the tournament , Pavel Bure set an Olympic Record for Goals in a Game with 5 against Finland in the Semifinals . Swedish player Ulf Samuelsson was discovered to have applied for American citizenship . Under Swedish law at the time , when one acquires a foreign passport , their citizenship is annulled . Samuelsson was ejected after having played the first game against Belarus , although Sweden kept their points from the win . The Czech National Olympic Committee felt that Sweden should lose the points and filed a protest with the Court of Arbitration for Sport , which was rejected . Following the tournament , NHL commissioner Gary Bettman commented that it " was what we had predicted and hoped for from a pure hockey perspective , [ it was ] a wonderful tournament " .
The same tournament format was used at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . The NHL 's Olympic break did not start until the second week of the Games . Because the Olympics were in the United States , where the majority of NHL teams are located , teams participating in the preliminary tournament were allowed to use NHL players who were not obligated to play with their NHL club . Slovakia was particularly affected by the inability to use all of its NHL players , and the team failed to advance to the final round . Three months later , Slovakia won gold at the 2002 World Championships . Finnish centre Raimo Helminen became the first ice hockey player to compete in six tournaments . In the quarter @-@ finals , Belarus defeated Sweden in one of the biggest upsets since the Miracle on Ice . The team advanced to the bronze medal game , but lost to Russia . The Canadian team rebounded from a disappointing first round and defeated the American team in the gold medal game , winning their first gold medal in 50 years .
The tournament format was adjusted for 2006 . The NHL went on hiatus for the duration of the games , allowing all players to compete . The number of teams was lowered to 12 ; the top six teams did not get a bye and played five preliminary round games . Sweden won the gold medal over Finland and the Czech Republic won the bronze medal . Three months later , Sweden won the 2006 World Championships and became the first team to win the Olympic and World Championship gold in the same year .
The 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver , Canada , the first time since NHL players were allowed to compete that the Olympics were held in a city with an NHL team . For the first time , Olympic games were played on a narrower NHL @-@ sized ice rink , measuring 61 metres × 26 metres ( 200 ft × 85 ft ) , instead of the international size of 61 m × 30 @.@ 5 m ( 200 ft × 100 ft ) . This change saved an expected $ 10 million ( CAD ) in construction costs and allowed more spectators to attend games . Games were played at the UBC Winter Sports Centre and Rogers Arena ( then GM Place at the time ) , which was renamed Canada Hockey Place during the event because corporate sponsorship is not allowed for an Olympic venue . Twelve teams qualified for the men 's event and were split into three groups of four teams . At the NHL 's request , the number of preliminary games was lowered to three . Following the completion of the preliminary round , all teams were ranked 1 through 12 based on points . The top four ranked teams received byes to the quarter @-@ finals , and the other eight teams played for the remaining four positions . Following that , the final eight teams competed in a playoff .
Teemu Selänne of Finland scored his 37th point , breaking the record of 36 first set by Canadian Harry Watson in 1924 and later tied by Vlastimil Bubník of Czechoslovakia , and Valeri Kharlamov of the Soviet Union . Slovakia made the final four for the first time , but lost the bronze medal game to Finland . In the gold medal game , Canada and the United States ended regulation play with a 2 – 2 tie , making it only the second Olympic gold medal match to go into overtime . Canadian player Sidney Crosby scored the winning goal 7 : 40 into overtime play to give Canada its eighth gold medal in men 's hockey .
The 2014 Winter Olympics were held in Sochi , Russia , and retained the same game format used in Vancouver 2010 , while returning to the larger international @-@ sized ice rinks . Slovenia participated for the first time , upsetting Slovakia in the round robin before losing to Sweden in the quarterfinals , for its best finish in any international tournament . Latvia upset Switzerland in the qualification playoffs , also making it to the Olympic quarterfinals for the first time , where they were narrowly defeated by Canada . Host nation Russia , considered a pre @-@ tournament favourite , lost 3 – 1 in the quarterfinals to Finland and finished 5th . Entering the semi @-@ finals undefeated after outscoring opponents 20 – 6 , the United States lost to Canada 1 – 0 , then lost the bronze medal game against Finland 5 – 0 . Teemu Selänne scored six more points in the tournament , was named tournament MVP and boosted his modern @-@ era Olympic career record for points to 43 ( 24 goals , 19 assists ) . At the age of 43 , he also set records as both the oldest Olympic goal @-@ scorer and oldest Olympic ice hockey medal winner . Canada defeated Sweden 3 – 0 to win its ninth Olympic gold medal . The team did not trail at any point over the course of the tournament , and became the first back @-@ to @-@ back gold medal winner since the start of NHL participation in 1998 , as well as the first team to go undefeated since 1984 .
= = = Women 's tournament = = =
= = = = Addition to the programme = = = =
At the 99th IOC Session in July 1992 , the IOC voted to approve women 's hockey as an Olympic event beginning with the 1998 Winter Olympics as part of their effort to increase the number of female athletes at the Olympics . Women 's hockey had not been in the programme when Nagano , Japan had won the right to host the Olympics , and the decision required approval by the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee ( NAOOC ) . The NAOOC was initially hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament and because they felt their team , which had failed to qualify for that year 's World Championships , could not be competitive . According to Glynis Peters , the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association 's ( CAHA ) head of female hockey , " the Japanese would have to finance an entirely new sports operation to bring their team up to Olympic standards in six years , which they were also really reluctant to do . " In November 1992 , the NWOOC and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include a women 's ice hockey tournament in the programme . Part of the agreement was that the tournament would be limited to six teams , and no additional facilities would be built . The CAHA also agreed to help build and train the Japanese team so that it could be more competitive . The IOC had agreed that if the NAOOC had not approved the event , it would be held at the 2002 Winter Olympics . The format of the first tournament was similar to the men 's : preliminary round @-@ robin games followed by a medal round playoff .
= = = = 1998 – 2014 = = = =
Before 1998 , women 's hockey had been dominated by Canada . Canadian teams had won every World Championship up to that point ; however , by 1997 , the American team had improved and was evenly matched with Canada . In thirteen games played between the two teams in 1997 , Canada won seven and the United States won six . The 1998 Olympic tournament also included teams from Finland , Sweden , China and host Japan . Canada and the United States dominated the round @-@ robin portion . In their head @-@ to @-@ head match , the United States overcame a 4 – 1 deficit to win 7 – 4 . The two teams met in the final , which the United States won 3 – 1 to become the third ice hockey team to win Olympic gold .
For the 2002 Winter Olympics , the number of teams was increased to eight and Russia , Germany and Kazakhstan qualified for the first time . The Canadian and American teams went undefeated in the first round and semi @-@ finals , setting up a gold medal rematch that the Canadian team won 3 – 2 . Following the game , members of the Canadian team accused the Americans of stomping on a Canadian flag in their dressing room , although an investigation later proved the rumour false . The Swedish team won the bronze medal over Finland , the nation 's first in women 's ice hockey .
In 2006 , Italy and Switzerland participated for the first time . The Italian team , at the time ranked 17th in the world , had qualified because Italy was the host nation . They were outscored 32 – 1 in three games and IIHF president René Fasel declared his intention to make future tournaments more competitive and not allow host nations to automatically qualify . The Canadian team started the tournament by outscoring opponents 36 – 1 over three games . American defenceman Angela Ruggiero accused the team of running up the score and warned that the event 's Olympic status could be called into question due to a perceived lack of competitive teams . In response , René Fasel stated that other women 's teams were improving and that there was similar dominance in the early years of the men 's tournament but the sport continued to grow . He added , " I promise you that it won 't take the [ Swedish ] women 64 years to win " — in reference to the Swedish men 's team inability to defeat Canada in Olympic play until 1984 ( the Swedish women 's team defeated Canada for the first time at the 2008 4 Nations Cup ) .
In its semi @-@ final game , the American team was upset by Sweden , marking the first time that it had lost to an opponent other than Canada . The upset drew comparisons to the Miracle on Ice from 1980 . In the medal games , Canada defeated Sweden to claim its second consecutive gold medal , while the Americans beat Finland to win the bronze .
In 2010 , eight teams participated , including Slovakia for the first time . The Canadian and American teams outscored opponents in the preliminary round by 41 – 2 and 31 – 1 margins , respectively . This brought on more criticism about uneven competition . IOC president Jacques Rogge said , " There is a discrepancy there , everyone agrees with that . This is maybe the investment period in women 's ice hockey . I would personally give them more time to grow but there must be a period of improvement . We cannot continue without improvement . " Swedish team coach Peter Elander said it is hard for other nations to compete because of a lack of funding and a smaller pool of players to choose from . He said , " The finances for all teams have to be the same . ... If you want to have a close tournament in Sochi ( for the 2014 Olympics ) , have ( comparable ) national programs in all countries . " Some critics suggested that a mercy rule be implemented to prevent such lopsided scores . René Fasel said the IIHF would consider adding one . Chinese team coach Hannu Saintula , whose team was defeated 12 – 1 by the Americans , and American coach Mark Johnson , did not favor the idea .
In the gold medal game , Canada defeated the United States 2 – 0 to win their third consecutive gold . The Finnish team won the bronze medal , their first since 1998 .
At the 2014 Winter Olympics , Canada defeated the United States 3 @-@ 2 , as Marie @-@ Philip Poulin scored at 8 : 10 of overtime to win their fourth consecutive gold , rebounding from a two @-@ goal deficit . With the win , Canadians Hayley Wickenheiser , Jayna Hefford and Caroline Ouellette became the first athletes to win four ice hockey gold medals . They also joined Soviet biathlete Alexander Tikhonov and German speedskater Claudia Pechstein as the only athletes to win gold medals in four straight Winter Olympics . In the bronze medal game Switzerland beat Sweden 4 – 3 to win their first women 's medal .
= = Rules = =
= = = Qualification = = =
Since 1976 , 12 teams have participated in the men 's tournament , except in 1998 and 2002 , when the number was raised to 14 . The number of teams has ranged from 4 ( in 1932 ) to 16 ( in 1964 ) . After the NHL allowed its players to compete at the 1998 Winter Olympics , the " Big Six " teams ( Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia , Sweden and the United States ) were given automatic qualification and byes to the final round . The number of teams was increased to 14 so that a preliminary round @-@ robin tournament consisting of eight teams could be held . The top two teams from the preliminary round ( Belarus and Kazakhstan ) joined the " Big Six " in the finals . A similar system was used in 2002 . For the following tournament , the number of teams was lowered to 12 so that all teams played fewer games . Qualification for the men 's tournament at the 2010 Winter Olympics was structured around the 2008 IIHF World Ranking . Twelve spots were made available for teams . The top nine teams in the World Ranking after the 2008 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships received automatic berths . Teams ranked 19th through 30th played in a first qualification round in November 2008 . The top three teams from the round advanced to the second qualification round , joined by teams ranked 10th through 18th . The top three teams from this round advanced to the Olympic tournament .
The women 's tournament uses a similar qualification format . The top six teams in the IIHF Women 's World Ranking after the 2008 Women 's World Ice Hockey Championships received automatic berths . Teams ranked 13th and below were divided into two groups for a first qualification round in September 2008 . The two group winners advanced to the second qualification round , where the teams ranked seventh through twelfth joined them .
= = = Players = = =
= = = = Eligibility = = = =
The IIHF lists the following requirements for a player to be eligible to play in international tournaments :
" Each player must be under the jurisdiction of an IIHF member national association . "
" Each player must be a citizen of the country he / she represents . "
If a player who has never played in an IIHF competition changes their citizenship , they must participate in national competitions in their new country for at least two consecutive years and have an international transfer card ( ITC ) . If a player who has previously played in an IIHF tournament wishes to change their national team , they must have played in their new country for four years . A player can only do this once . The original IOC rules stated that an athlete that had already played for one nation could not later change nations under any circumstances .
= = = = Use of professional players = = = =
Pierre de Coubertin , founder of the IOC , was influenced by the ethos of the aristocracy as exemplified in the English public schools . The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education and there was a prevailing concept of fairness in which practicing or training was considered cheating . As class structure evolved through the 20th century , the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated . The advent of the state @-@ sponsored " full @-@ time amateur athlete " of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self @-@ financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full @-@ time basis . Nevertheless , the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism .
Near the end of the 1960s , the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association ( CAHA ) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team 's full @-@ time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams . They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the IIHF and IOC . Avery Brundage , president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972 , was opposed to the idea of amateur and professional players competing together . At the IIHF Congress in 1969 , the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non @-@ NHL professional hockey players at the 1970 World Championships in Montreal and Winnipeg , Canada . The decision was reversed in January 1970 after Brundage said that ice hockey 's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made . In response , Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until " open competition " was instituted . Günther Sabetzki became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA . In 1976 , the IIHF agreed to allow " open competition " between all players in the World Championships . However , NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics , because of the unwillingness of the NHL to take a break mid @-@ season and the IOC 's amateur @-@ only policy .
Before the 1984 Winter Olympics , a dispute formed over what made a player a professional . The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible . However , the United States Olympic Committee maintained that any player contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play . The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL @-@ contracted players were eligible , as long as they had not played in any NHL games . This made five players on Olympic rosters — one Austrian , two Italians and two Canadians — ineligible . Players who had played in other professional leagues — such as the World Hockey Association — were allowed to play . Canadian hockey official Alan Eagleson stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateurs . Murray Costello of the CAHA suggested that a Canadian withdrawal was possible . In 1986 , the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in Olympic Games starting in 1988 , but let the individual sport federations decide if they wanted to allow professionals .
= = = = NHL participation = = = =
The NHL decided not to allow all players to participate in 1988 , 1992 or 1994 because the Winter Olympics typically occur in February , during the league 's regular season . To allow participation , the NHL would have been forced to take a break in its schedule .
In 1992 , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) players participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics . The American " Dream Team " dominated the tournament , and NHL commissioner Gary Bettman ( an NBA executive in 1992 ) commented that the " [ NBA ] ' s worldwide awareness grew dramatically " . He hoped that NHL participation would " get exposure like the world has never seen for hockey " . The typical NBA season is held in the winter and spring , so the Summer Olympics do not conflict with the regular season schedule . Bettman " floated a concept of moving hockey to the Summer Games " , but this was rejected because of the Olympic Charter . In March 1995 , Bettman , René Fasel , IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch and NHLPA executive director Bob Goodenow met in Geneva , Switzerland . They reached an agreement that allowed NHL players to participate in the Olympics , starting with the 1998 Games in Nagano , Japan . The deal was officially announced by the NHL on October 2 , 1995 . Bettman said : " We 're doing this to build the game of hockey , pure and simple , we think whatever benefits are recouped , it will end up making this game bigger , stronger and healthier . "
The 2004 – 05 NHL season was locked out and eventually cancelled because of a labour dispute between the league and its players . In January 2005 , Bettman commented that he was hesitant to allow league participation in the Olympics because he did not like the idea of stopping play mid @-@ season after the cancellation of the previous season . The lockout was resolved in July 2005 and the newly negotiated NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement allowed league participation in the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics . Some NHL team owners were against their players participating in the tournament because of concerns about injury or exhaustion . Philadelphia Flyers owner Ed Snider commented that " I 'm a believer in the Olympics and I think it 's good for the NHL to participate , having said that , the people who participate should be the ones who are absolutely healthy . " Some NHL players used the break as an opportunity to rest and did not participate in the tournament , and several players were injured during the Olympics and were forced to miss NHL games . Bettman said that several format changes were being discussed so that the tournament would be " a little easier for everybody " .
It was originally thought that for NHL participating in the 2014 Winter Olympics a deal would have to be negotiated between the NHL and NHLPA in the Collective Bargaining Agreement . In January 2013 , the NHL and NHLPA agreed on a new Collective Bargaining Agreement . However , the decision on NHL participation at the Olympics was later announced on 19 July 2013 . As part of the deal , the NHL will go on break for 17 days during the Olympics and will send 13 on @-@ ice officials to help with the Games . NHL management was hesitant to commit to the tournament ; Bettman argued the Olympic break is a " strain on the players , on the schedule and on fans " , adding that " the benefits we get tend to be greater when the Olympics are in North America than when they 're in distant time zones . " According to Bettman , most of the NHL team owners agree with his position , and feel that the league does not receive enough benefits to justify the schedule break and risk of player injuries . René Fasel wants NHL participation and vowed that he would " work day and night to have NHL players in Sochi " . At an October 2008 press conference , then @-@ NHLPA executive director Paul Kelly stated that the players want to return to the Olympics and would try to include the ability in the next agreement . Russian NHL players Alexander Ovechkin and Evgeni Malkin stated that they want to participate in the tournament and would do so without the permission of the NHL , if necessary . Paul Kelly also believes that the NHL 's strained relationship with the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia and the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) could affect participation . In a 2009 interview , KHL president Alexander Medvedev claimed that the unwillingness of NHL officials to immediately commit to the Sochi Games was " an instrument of pressure " to force a transfer agreement between the two leagues . As part of the agreement for the 2014 Games , the International Olympic Committee had to pay around $ 8 million to insure NHLers playing in Sochi , a price tag that was a major sticking point during negotiations with the NHL , NHLPA , and IIHF , making this a one @-@ time deal that may make participating in the 2018 Games unlikely .
= = = Game rules = = =
At the first tournament in 1920 , there were many differences from the modern game : games were played outdoors on natural ice , forward passes were not allowed , the rink ( which had been intended to be used only for figure skating ) was 56 m × 18 m ( 165 ft × 58 @.@ 5 ft ) and two 20 @-@ minute periods were played . Each team had seven players on the ice , the extra position being the rover . Following the tournament , the IIHF held a congress and decided to adopt the Canadian rules — six men per side and three periods of play .
The tournaments follow the rules used by the IIHF . At the 1969 IIHF Congress , officials voted to allow body @-@ checking in all three zones in a rink similar to the NHL . Before that , body @-@ checking was only allowed in the defending zone in international hockey . Several other rule changes were implemented in the early 1970s : players were required to wear helmets starting in 1970 , and goaltender masks became mandatory in 1972 . In 1992 , the IIHF switched to using a playoff system to determine medalists and decided that tie games in the medal round would be decided in a shootout . In 1998 , the IIHF passed a rule that allowed two @-@ line passes . Before then , the neutral zone trap had slowed the game down and reduced scoring .
The current IIHF rules differ slightly from the rules used in the NHL . One difference between NHL and IIHF rules is standard rink dimensions : the NHL rink is narrower , measuring 61 m × 26 m ( 200 ft × 85 ft ) , instead of the international size of 61 m × 30 @.@ 5 m ( 200 ft × 100 ft ) The larger international size allows for a faster and less physical style of play . Another rule difference between the NHL and the IIHF rules concerns how icing is called . In the NHL , a linesman stops play due to icing if a defending player ( other than the goaltender ) is not behind an attacking player in the race to the end @-@ zone faceoff dots in his defensive zone , in contrast to the IIHF rules in which play is stopped the moment the puck crosses the goal line . The NHL and IIHF also differ in penalty rules . The NHL calls five @-@ minute major penalties for more dangerous infractions of the rules , such as fighting , in addition to the minor and double minor penalties called in IIHF games . This is in contrast to the IIHF rule , by which players who fight are ejected from the game . Beginning with the 2005 – 06 season , the NHL instituted several new rules . Some were already used by the IIHF , such as the shootout and the two @-@ line pass . Others were not picked up by the IIHF , such as those requiring smaller goaltender equipment and the addition of the goaltender trapezoid to the rink . However , the IIHF did agree to follow the NHL 's zero @-@ tolerance policy on obstruction and required referees to call more hooking , holding , and interference penalties .
Each team is allowed to have between 15 and 20 skaters ( forwards and defencemen ) and two or three goaltenders , all of whom must be citizens of the nation they play for .
One of the conditions of the NHL 's participation in the Olympics is to include regular NHL referees and linesmen in the tournament , despite the fact that they are American or Canadian , and thus gives the perception of American or Canadian bias in the officiating .
= = = Banned substances = = =
The IIHF follows the World Anti @-@ Doping Agency 's ( WADA ) regulations on performance @-@ enhancing drugs . The IIHF maintains a Registered Testing Pool , a list of top players who are subjected to random in @-@ competition and out @-@ of @-@ competition drug tests . According to the WADA , a positive in @-@ competition test results in disqualification of the player and a suspension that varies based on the number of offences . When a player tests positive , the rest of their team is subjected to testing ; another positive test can result in a disqualification of the entire team . In 2001 , the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) pushed for American NHL players who were potential Olympians to be subject to random drug tests . The USOC requires all Olympic @-@ bound athletes to be randomly tested by the United States Anti @-@ Doping Agency , but had exempted NHL players in 1998 . The NHL preferred a more uniform method , in which all players would undergo the same number of tests from the WADA . An agreement was reached that the WADA would start testing players after the NHL playoffs were finished .
In late 2005 , two NHL players who had been listed as potential Olympians failed drug tests administered by the WADA . American Bryan Berard , who had competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics , tested positive for 19 @-@ Norandrosterone . Canadian José Théodore failed a drug test because he was taking Propecia , a hair loss medication that contains the non @-@ performance @-@ enhancing drug Finasteride . Both players received two @-@ year bans from international competition , although neither had made their team 's final roster .
= = Statistics = =
= = = Participating nations = = =
Key
Men
Women
= = = Medal winners = = =
Men
Women
= = = Medal table = = =
= Mellor hill fort =
Mellor hill fort is a prehistoric site in North West England , that dates from the British Iron Age — about 800 BC to 100 AD . Situated on a hill in Mellor , Greater Manchester , on the western edge of the Peak District , the hill fort overlooks the Cheshire Plain . Although the settlement was founded during the Iron Age , evidence exists of activity on the site as far back as 8 @,@ 000 BC ; during the Bronze Age the hill may have been an area where funerary practices were performed . Artefacts such as a Bronze Age amber necklace indicate the site was high status and that its residents took part in long @-@ distance trade . The settlement was occupied into the Roman period . After the site was abandoned , probably in the 4th century , it was forgotten until its rediscovery in the 1990s .
= = Location = =
Mellor lies on the western edge of the Peak District in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport . At grid reference SJ9820088929 , the known site of the Iron Age settlement in Mellor is partially under St Thomas Church and extends into the gardens of several nearby houses . It is on a spur about 220 metres ( 720 ft ) above sea level , between two valleys which drop steeply away and run west where the two small streams in the valleys meet the River Goyt , approximately 100 metres ( 330 ft ) above sea level . The site commands views of the Cheshire Plain and Alderley Edge to the south and the range of hills to the north . Although there are higher points locally , the site has access to a water supply and the river valleys , and there is flat land to the west which could have been used agriculturally .
= = Background = =
Until the 19th century little was known about hill forts ; none had been excavated and their original purpose had long been forgotten . In the medieval period their origin was ascribed to various iconic figures such as Julius Caesar , King Arthur , King Alfred , the Danes , and even giants . By the 18th century it was thought that hill forts were Roman in origin . Opinion changed again in the 19th century following a large scale investigation by Augustus Pitt @-@ Rivers , who concluded that hill forts were built during the Iron Age .
The study of hill forts was popular in the 19th century , with a revival in the 20th century due to excavations at Danebury . However it was not until the 1990s that the settlement at Mellor was discovered ; the site had a lack of tell @-@ tale earthworks , such as a circular ditch ( which would indicate ancient activity ) . Excavations began in 1998 where unusual marks had been noted in 1995 during a drought . Instead of the medieval ditch the marks were thought to denote , the ditch of an Iron Age hill fort was revealed . As of 2009 the excavations are ongoing . Before these excavations began , relatively little was known about the prehistory of the Stockport area before about 1 @,@ 200 BC . It was generally thought that the areas of Marple and Mellor had been mostly untouched by prehistoric human activity , including during the Romano @-@ British period . Little is known about Iron Age activity in North West England as pottery is rare on the sites excavated in the region , and there is a dearth of settlement sites . Of the more than 1 @,@ 300 hill forts found in England relatively few are in the northwest . The paucity of known sites led archaeologist Colin Haselgrove to describe the region as a " black hole " for the Iron Age . Mellor is the only hill fort in Greater Manchester , and one of four known Iron Age settlement sites in the county .
= = History = =
There is evidence of human activity on the site pre @-@ dating the Iron Age , as far back as 8 @,@ 000 – 6 @,@ 000 BC . During this period Mellor may have been a knap site where flint tools were produced , and also may have been a seasonal camp . Over 200 lithics have been recovered and range from the early to the late Mesolithic . A high proportion of the flints are bladed tools , indicating that the people who produced them were hunter gatherers . Bronze Age artefacts are rare on the site , and there is no definitive indication of habitation in this period . Despite this , it is likely that the long @-@ term habitation of the site had its roots in the late Bronze Age .
A flint dagger was discovered on the site . This type of artefact is rare in Greater Manchester ; the nearest comparable site is in Saddleworth . Its presence has been taken as an indication that during the Bronze Age the site was used for funerary practices . Many of the hills near Mellor are surmounted by Bronze Age funerary monuments such as Brown Low , Shaw Cairn , and Werneth Low , supporting the possibility that Mellor was also a funerary site . Also dating from the Bronze Age and found on the site was a rare high @-@ status amber necklace . Amber does not occur naturally in Britain – the nearest source is the Baltic . It would have been traded over long distances . The necklace was discovered as part of a 4 @,@ 000 ‑ year ‑ old burial .
The hill fort was built in and used throughout the Iron Age , as demonstrated by finds from the site which span the period . Occupants lived in roundhouses , and habitation of the site was spread over a long period . In common with many other hill forts , the site was probably divided into separate areas for habitation , industry , and agricultural activities such as storage , although the layout of these areas changed over time . Excavations indicate that the area enclosed by the inner ditch was used mainly for habitation , while the area between the inner and outer ditches was agricultural . The separation was not necessarily fixed as some of the outer area shows signs that it was used as a living space . The Roman fort of Melandra is nearby .
Fragments of glass , possibly Roman in origin , and shards of pottery which date to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD , indicate the site was used in the Romano @-@ British period . However no Roman structures have been discovered , and the nature of Roman activity at the site is a source of speculation . The position of the hilltop indicate that it was easily defended ; however , local finds indicate it was a high @-@ status settlement rather than a military outpost unless a similar feature was located nearby . One reason that Roman structures have not been identified is that the Romano @-@ British inhabitants may have used roundhouses rather than buildings of a typically rectilinear Roman style . This would make them more difficult to differentiate from Iron Age roundhouses and would imply a continuation of local culture rather than an imposition of Roman style . It is also possible that Romans simply influenced the area , rather than actively occupying the site . The site was later abandoned and forgotten until its rediscovery in the 1990s .
= = Investigation = =
With sites such as Danebury where there is no modern habitation or built environment , extensive excavations can be undertaken to establish the general layout . The modern settlement of Mellor extends over the Iron Age hill fort , which restricts archaeological investigation . A geophysical survey was performed to establish the extent of the settlement ; methods such as magnetometry and ground @-@ penetrating radar were successful in identifying the eastern and northern sections of the ditch encircling the site . Excavations have been concentrated around the Old Vicarage . By 2004 there were 43 trenches , 14 trial trenches , and 17 test pits . The investigation of the site has revealed two ditches . While the external ditch encloses a larger area , it has smaller dimensions than the internal ditch .
The chronological relation between the two ditches is uncertain . The internal ditch has been cut into the sandstone bedrock and is 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 2 @.@ 1 m ( 6 ft 11 in ) deep ; there was a palisade 3 @.@ 25 m ( 11 ft ) beyond the inner edge of the ditch . At some point , part of the ditch was refilled and a posthole inserted into it , possibly relating to a gateway . Artefacts recovered from the ditch indicate that the inhabitants of the site had links with salt @-@ producing communities in lowland Cheshire . The Very Coarse Pottery ( VCP ) which was used to contain the salt at Mellor is similar to fragments recovered from the Iron Age site at Beeston Castle . A layer of charcoal has been radiocarbon dated to 830 – 190 BC . The latest deposits in the ditch include hundreds of fragments of Roman pottery dating from the 1st to 4th centuries , bronze Roman brooches , and Roman nails .
The outer ditch is 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) wide and 1 @.@ 4 m ( 4 ft 7 in ) deep , and like the inner ditch was cut in the local bedrock . A rare Iron Age pot was recovered from the outer ditch , with 125 shards found . The material used to make the pot originated about 15 to 20 km ( 9 to 12 mi ) away in Castleton , Derbyshire . The pot was found in one of the earliest contexts in the ditch , and dates to the Iron Age . It was probably deliberately placed at the bottom of the ditch as part of a ritual after a significant event such as digging the ditch . While the inner ditch did have a palisade , neither ditch had a bank associated with it .
The archaeological excavations that have been undertaken since 1998 are funded by Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council and grants from the Heritage Lottery Fund , and have received news coverage . The site is used as a training excavation for students and a community dig to introduce people to ancient history , with the participation of Mellor Archaeological Trust . In 2002 , students from Ridge Danyers Sixth Form College built a replica roundhouse that is still standing on the site . Many of the artefacts discovered at Mellor during the excavations are on permanent display at Stockport Museum . The site is open to the public annually , in the first week of September , so that people can view the work done over the past season of digging .
= Alan Pastrana =
Charles Alan Pastrana ( born November 20 , 1944 ) is a former American football quarterback . He played college football for the University of Maryland from 1965 to 1968 . In 1966 , he set the Atlantic Coast Conference record for single @-@ season passing touchdowns with 17 . At Maryland , Pastrana also played on the lacrosse team and was named a first @-@ team All @-@ American defenseman in 1966 . The Denver Broncos of the National Football League selected Pastrana in the 11th round of the 1969 NFL Draft . He played for Denver for two seasons , including three games as the starting quarterback . After his playing career , Pastrana coached football and lacrosse at Anne Arundel Community College , where he taught as an associate professor , and coached football at the Severn School .
= = Early life = =
Pastrana was born on November 20 , 1944 , in Annapolis , Maryland , to a family of Puerto Rican descent . He attended Annapolis High School , where he served as the captain of the football , lacrosse , and wrestling teams . After he graduated from Annapolis High in 1964 , Pastrana attended the college preparatory Severn School .
= = College career = =
Pastrana enrolled at the University of Maryland , where he earned three letters on the football team in 1965 , 1966 , and 1968 , and two on the lacrosse team in 1966 and 1967 . He played lacrosse as a defenseman under head coach John Howard . After the 1966 season , the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association named him a first @-@ team All @-@ American .
In 1965 , he played football on defense as a linebacker . The following season , Lou Saban took over as head coach from Tom Nugent , and held open quarterback try @-@ outs , which included everyone who had played the position in high school . Early in the season , Saban dismissed several players " not good enough to play for Maryland " , including former starting quarterback Phil Petry , and the job went to Pastrana . Saban employed a pro @-@ style offense .
After losses to Penn State and Syracuse , Pastrana led the underdog Maryland team to a surprising three @-@ game winning streak over Duke , West Virginia , and South Carolina , which improbably placed the Terrapins atop the Atlantic Coast Conference and into the bowl game picture . Maryland , however , lost its final four games of the season to finish 4 – 6 and 3 – 3 in the ACC . In the penultimate game against Virginia , Pastrana broke the ACC record with his 13th and 14th touchdown passes of the season . Florida State routed Maryland in the season finale , 45 – 21 , where Pastrana 's passing accounted for all three Terrapin scores in a failed second @-@ half comeback bid . He finished the year with 102 completions on 195 attempts for 1 @,@ 499 yards and 17 touchdowns . After the season , Saban left to become head coach for the Denver Broncos and he was replaced by former Maryland All @-@ American guard Bob Ward .
In April 1967 , Pastrana suffered a serious injury when he tore his medial collateral ligament and cartilage in his knee during a spring football practice . The injury required surgery , and he was lost for the 1967 season . Pastrana returned for his final year of eligibility in 1968 , but had " only a mediocre season " , although he " kept the team spirits high with his never @-@ say @-@ die attitude . " Maryland finished with a 2 – 8 record . Pastrana recorded 81 completions on 172 attempts for 1 @,@ 053 yards and six touchdowns .
During his collegiate career , Pastrana set the school record for season efficiency rating at 131 @.@ 29 in 1966 , which was broken by Bob Avellini in 1974 . Pastrana also set school records with 23 career passing touchdowns and 17 single @-@ season passing touchdowns , both of which were later broken by Boomer Esiason .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Denver Broncos = = =
The Denver Broncos selected Pastrana in the eleventh round of the 1969 NFL Draft with the 270th overall pick . In 1969 , he saw action in two games and did not attempt a pass , but did have one reception for 15 yards . The following season , he played in five games , including three as starter in relief of Steve Tensi , who had suffered a shoulder injury . Against the San Diego Chargers , Pastrana drove the team to the opposing 35 @-@ yard line and within field goal range , but he was knocked unconscious and could not call a crucial timeout . As the offensive captain , he was the only person authorized to do so under the rules at the time , and the clock expired to result in a 17 – 17 stalemate . The rules regarding timeouts were changed after the season . In 1970 , Pastrana completed 29 of 75 pass attempts for 420 yards and one touchdown , rushed 14 times for 89 yards and one touchdown , threw nine interceptions , and was sacked eight times . Five of his interceptions came against the Kansas City Chiefs . Pastrana suffered a severe concussion that effectively ended his career near the end of the 1970 season and also heavily altered his personality . In the 1971 offseason , head coach Lou Saban held try @-@ outs with seven quarterbacks . By the end of August , Pastrana made the cut to the final three , alongside Don Horn and Steve Ramsey , and was the only quarterback remaining on the team from the prior season . Pastrana , however , was cut in early September .
= = = After the NFL = = =
Pastrana became an assistant football coach at Anne Arundel Community College in 1973 . From 1980 to 1989 , he served as the head coach and directed a multiple @-@ I and pro @-@ set offense until the school discontinued the program . He also served as a co @-@ head coach of the Anne Arundel Community College men 's lacrosse team alongside former Maryland coach Bud Beardmore .
In 1993 , the Severn School hired Pastrana as its football coach , but he resigned after just three games amid complaints from parents and players over his laid @-@ back coaching style . Some were concerned that Pastrana visited with friends in the stands during the halftime of two losses . In 2001 , Pastrana was an associate professor of health and education at Anne Arundel Community College , where he was still teaching as of 2006 . Pastrana has been inducted into the Anne Arundel County Sports Hall of Fame .
= = Personal life = =
Pastrana and his wife have an adult daughter . He is the uncle of stuntman and motorsports competitor Travis Pastrana . Another nephew , Greg Powell , played football at Maryland as a walk @-@ on in 2005 and 2006 . His nephew , Darren Pastrana , entered the United States Naval Academy in 2008 , where he played on the lacrosse team . His niece , Kim Pastrana , played women 's lacrosse at Duke University from 2005 to 2007 .
= The Computer Wore Menace Shoes =
“ The Computer Wore Menace Shoes ” is the sixth episode of The Simpsons ' twelfth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 3 , 2000 . In the episode , Homer buys a computer and creates his own website to spread gossip . However , when Homer starts writing conspiracy theories about flu shots , he gets sent to an island where people who know too much are imprisoned .
" The Computer Wore Menace Shoes " was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Mark Kirkland . The current title of the episode is a reference to the 1969 film The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes , but the episode is not related to the film in any other way . The episode 's third
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the middle ) , two in the middle points of each quadrant of the curved base ( rotated 45 degrees ) , and two more on each side of the bordure , over the flag 's horizontal middle line . Each castle is composed by a base building , showing a closed ( yellow ) gate , on top of which stand three battlemented towers . In heraldic terminology , the shield 's blazon is described as Argent , five escutcheons in cross azure each charged with five plates in saltire , on a bordure gules seven towers triple @-@ turreted Or , three in chief.a
The colour tones of the flag are not accurately specified in any legal document . Approximate tones are listed below :
= = = Background = = =
The Republican revolution of October 5 , 1910 , brought a need to replace the symbols of the overthrown monarchy , represented in the first instance by the old national flag and anthem . The choice of the new flag was not one without conflict , especially over the colours , as partisans of the republican red @-@ and @-@ green faced opposition from supporters of the traditional royal blue @-@ and @-@ white . Blue also carried a strong religious meaning as it was the colour of Our Lady of the Conception ( Portuguese : Nossa Senhora da Conceição ) , who was crowned Queen and Patroness of Portugal by King John IV , so its removal or replacement from the future flag was justified by Republicans as one of the many measures needed to secularize the state .
After the presentation and discussion of the many proposals , a governmental commission was set up on October 15 , 1910 . It included Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro ( painter ) , João Chagas ( journalist ) , Abel Botelho ( writer ) and two military leaders of 1910 : Ladislau Pereira and Afonso Palla . This commission ultimately chose the red @-@ and @-@ green of the Portuguese Republican Party , delivering an explanation based on patriotic reasons , which disguised the political significance behind the choice , as these had been the colours present on the banners of the rebellious during the republican insurrection of January 31 , 1891 , in Porto , and during the monarchy @-@ overthrowing revolution , in Lisbon .
The commission considered that red should " ( ... ) be present as one of the main colours , because it is the battling , warm , virile colour , par excellence . It is the colour of conquest and laughter . A singing , burning , joyful colour ( ... ) Recalls the idea of blood and urges to achieve victory " . An explanation for the inclusion of the green was harder to come up with , given that it was not a traditional colour of the Portuguese flag 's history . Eventually , it was justified on the grounds that , during the 1891 insurrection , this was the colour present on the revolutionary flag that " sparked the redeeming lightning " of republicanism . Finally , white ( on the shield ) represented " a beautiful and fraternal colour , into which all other colours merge themselves , colour of simplicity , of harmony and peace " , adding that " ( ... ) it is this same colour that , charged with enthusiasm and faith by the red cross of Christ , marks the Discoveries epic cycle " .
The Manueline armillary sphere , which had been present on the national flag under the reign of John VI , was revived because it consecrated the " Portuguese epic maritime history ( ... ) the ultimate challenge , essential to our collective life . " . The Portuguese shield was kept , being positioned over the armillary sphere . Its presence would immortalize the " human miracle of positive bravery , tenacity , diplomacy , and audacity , that managed to bind the first links of the Portuguese nation 's social and political affirmation " , since it is one of the " most vigorous symbols of the national identity and integrity " .
The new flag was produced in large numbers at the Cordoaria Nacional ( English : National Rope House ) and was officially presented nationwide on December 1 , 1910 , on occasion of the 270 years of the Restoration of Independence . This day had already been declared by the government as the " Flag Day " ( currently not celebrated ) . In the capital , it was paraded from the city hall to the Restauradores ( English : Restorers ) Monument , where it was hoisted . This festive presentation did not mask , however , the turmoil caused by a design chosen single @-@ handedly without prior popular consultation , and that represented more of a political regime than a whole nation . To encourage a greater acceptance of the new flag , the government issued all teaching establishments with one exemplar , whose symbols were to be explained to the students ; textbooks were changed to intensively display these symbols . Also , December 1 ( " Flag Day " ) , January 31 and October 5 were declared national holidays .
= = Symbolism = =
The Portuguese flag displays three important symbols : the field colours , and the armillary sphere and national shield , which make up the coat of arms .
= = = Colours = = =
The explanation for the green and red colours that make up the background field arose during the Estado Novo period , the nationalist authoritarian regime that held power from 1933 to 1974 . It claims that the green represented the hope of the Portuguese people , while the red represented the blood of those who died serving the nation . Sources believe these noble meanings are far from the truth and are nothing more than propaganda , to provide an honourable justification to their choice .
Despite the fact that these colours never constituted a major part of the national flag until 1910 , they were present in several historical banners during important periods . King John I included a green Aviz cross on the red bordure of his banner . The red cross of the Order of Christ was used over a white field as a naval pennon during the Discoveries and frequently on ship sails . A green background version was a popular standard of the rebellious during the 1640 revolution that restored Portugal 's independence from Spain . There are no registered sources to confirm that this was the origin of the republican colours . Another explanation gives full credit to the flag that was hoisted on the balcony of Porto 's city hall during the 1891 insurrection . It consisted of a red field bearing a green disc and the inscription Centro Democrático Federal « 15 de Novembro » ( English : Federal Democratic Centre « 15 of November » ) , representing one of many masonry @-@ inspired republican clubs . Over the following 20 years , the red @-@ and @-@ green was present on every republican item in Portugal . The 1891 flag @-@ inherited red stands for the colour of the republican @-@ inspired masonry @-@ backed revolutionaries , whereas green was the colour Auguste Comte had destined to be present in the flags of positivist nations , an ideal incorporated into the republican political matrix .
= = = Armillary sphere = = =
The armillary sphere was an important astronomical and navigational instrument for the Portuguese sailors who ventured into unknown seas during the Age of Discoveries . It was introduced by the Knights Templar , whose knowledge was essential to the Portuguese Discoveries — Henry , the Navigator , the person mainly responsible for the development of Age of Discovery was actually the Grand Master of the Order of Christ . It thus became the symbol of the most important period of the nation — the Portuguese discoveries . In light of this , King Manuel I , who ruled during this period , incorporated the armillary sphere into his personal banner . It was simultaneously used as the ensign of ships plying the route between the metropolis and Brazil , thus becoming a colonial symbol and a fulcral element of the flags of the future Brazilian kingdom and empire .
Adding to the sphere 's significance was its common use on every Manueline @-@ influenced architectural work , where it is one of the major stylistic elements , as seen on the Jerónimos Monastery and Belém Tower .
= = = Portuguese shield = = =
The Portuguese shield rests over the armillary sphere . Except during the reign of Afonso I , it is present in every single historical flag , in one form or another . It is the prime Portuguese symbol as well as one of the oldest , with the first elements of today 's shield appearing during the reign of Sancho I. The evolution of the Portuguese flag is inherently associated with the evolution of the shield .
Within the white inescutcheon , the five small blue shields with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ ( Portuguese : Cinco Chagas ) when crucified and are popularly associated with the " Miracle of Ourique " . The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique ( July 25 , 1139 ) , an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques ( future Afonso I ) as a divine messenger . He foretold Afonso 's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers . The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp , alone , if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling , in the following night . In doing so , he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross . Ecstatic , Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles , as well as God 's wish to act through Afonso , and his descendants , in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands , thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks .
Boosted by this spiritual experience , Afonso won the battle against an outnumbering enemy . Legend has it that Afonso killed the five Moorish kings of the Seville , Badajoz , Elvas , Évora and Beja taifas , before decimating the enemy troops . Hence , in gratitude to Jesus , he incorporated five shields arranged in a cross — representing his divine @-@ led victory over the five enemy kings — with each one carrying Christ 's five wounds in the form of silver bezants . The sum of all bezants ( doubling the ones in the central shield ) would give thirty , symbolizing Judas Iscariot 's thirty pieces of silver .
However , evidence pointing out that the number of bezants on each shield was greater than five during long periods following Afonso I 's reign , as well as the fact that only in the 15th century was this legend registered on a chronicle by Fernão Lopes ( 1419 ) , support this explanation as one of pure myth and highly charged with patriotic feeling in the sense that Portugal was created by divine intervention and was destined for great things .
The seven castles are traditionally considered a symbol of the Portuguese victories over their Moorish enemies , under Afonso III , who supposedly captured seven enemy fortresses in the course of his conquest of the Algarve , concluded in 1249 . However , this explanation is weakly founded since this king did not have seven castles on his banner , but an unspecified number . Some reconstructions display about sixteen castles ; this number changed to twelve , in 1385 , and was only fixed at seven in 1485 . An hypothesis about the origin of the castles on a red bordure lies in the family ties of Afonso III with Castile ( both his mother and second wife were Castilian ) , whose arms consisted of a golden castle on a red field .
= = Evolution = =
Since the foundation of Portugal , the national flag was always linked to the royal arms and , up until 1640 , there was no official distinction between both . It evolved in a way that gradually incorporated most of the symbols present on the current coat of arms .
= = = 1095 – 1248 = = =
The first heraldic symbol that can be associated with what would become the Portuguese nation was on the shield used by Henry of Burgundy , Count of Portugal since 1095 , during his battles with the Moors . This shield consisted of a blue cross over a white field . Nevertheless , this design has no reliable sources since it is a reconstruction that became popular and widely accepted thanks to the nationalistic purposes of the Estado Novo regime .
Henry 's son Afonso Henriques succeeded him in the county and took on the same shield . In 1139 , despite being outnumbered , he defeated an army of Almoravid Moors at the Battle of Ourique and proclaimed himself Afonso I , King of Portugal , in front of his troops . Following the official recognition by the neighbouring León , Afonso changed his shield in order to reflect his new political status . Sources state he charged the cross with five sets of an unspecified number of silver bezants ( most likely large @-@ headed silver nails ) , one set on the centre and one on each arm , symbolizing Afonso 's newly gained right to issue currency .
During the time of Afonso I , it was typical not to repair battle damage inflicted on the shield , so changes such as the breaking off of pieces , colour shifting or stains were very common . When Sancho I succeeded his father Afonso I , in 1185 , he inherited a very worn off shield : the blue @-@ stained leather that made the cross had been lost except where the bezants ( nails ) held it in place . This involuntary degradation was the basis for the next step on the evolution of the national coat of arms , where a plain blue cross transformed into a compound cross of five blue bezant @-@ charged escutcheons — the quina ( Portuguese word meaning “ group of five ” ) were thus born . Sancho 's personal shield ( called " Portugal ancien " ) consisted of a white field with a compound cross of five shields ( each one charged with eleven silver bezants ) with the bottom edges of the lateral ones facing towards the centre . Both Sancho 's son Afonso II and grandson Sancho II used these arms , as it was usual with direct succession lines ( cadency system ) . A new modification of the royal arms was made when Sancho II 's younger brother became king , in 1248 .
= = = 1248 – 1495 = = =
Afonso III of Portugal was not the eldest son , therefore heraldic practices stated he should not take his father 's arms without adding a personal variation . Before becoming king , Afonso was married to Matilda II of Boulogne but her inability to provide him with a royal heir led Afonso to divorce her , in 1253 . He then married Beatrice of Castile , an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X of Castile . It is more likely that it was this family connection with Castile ( his mother was also Castilian ) that justified the new heraldic addition to the royal arms — a red bordure charged with an undetermined number of yellow castles — rather than the definitive conquest of the Algarve and its Moorish fortresses , considering that the number of castles was only fixed in the late 16th century .
The inner portion contained the arms of Sancho I , although the number of bezants varied between seven , eleven and sixteen ( the latter number was used on Afonso 's personal standard while he was still Count of Boulogne ) . This same design was used by the Portuguese kings until the end of the first dynasty , in 1383 ; a succession crisis put the country at war with Castile and left it without a ruler for two years .
In 1385 , in the wake of the Battle of Aljubarrota , a second dynasty was founded when John , Master of the Order of Aviz and illegitimate son of King Peter I , acceded to the throne as John I. To his personal banner , John I added his Order 's fleur @-@ de @-@ lys cross , displayed as green flowery points on the red bordure ; this inclusion reduced the number of castles to twelve ( three around each corner ) . The number of bezants in each escutcheon was reduced from eleven to seven . This banner lasted a hundred years until John I 's great @-@ grandson John II restyled it , in 1485 , introducing important changes : the removal of the Aviz cross , a downward arrangement and edge @-@ smoothing of the shields , and the definitive fixing of five saltire @-@ arranged bezants in each shield ( summing up six quinas , i.e. , six “ groups of five ” : one quina of shields and five quinas of bezants ) and seven castles on the bordure ( as it is currently ) . John II 's banner was the last armorial square banner used as the " national " flag or standard . Following his death , in 1495 , radical changes were made by his successor .
= = = 1495 – 1667 = = =
John II was succeeded by his first cousin Manuel I , in 1495 . This king was the first to convert the traditional square armorial banner into a rectangular ( 2 : 3 ) field with the coat of arms on its centre . Specifically , the flag was now a white rectangle centrally charged with the coat of arms ( bearing eleven castles ) on an ogival or heater @-@ shaped shield and surmounted by an open royal crown . This flag was used exclusively as the kingdom 's banner since Manuel I possessed a personal standard which included the armillary sphere for the first time .
In 1578 , during the reign of Sebastian and on the eve of the fatal Battle of Alcácer Quibir , the flag was again modified . The number of castles was permanently fixed at seven and the royal crown was converted into a closed three @-@ arched crown , which symbolized a stronger royal authority . With Sebastião 's death and the short @-@ lived reign of his great @-@ uncle Cardinal Henry , in 1580 , a dynastic crisis was solved with the Spanish king Philip II acceding to the Portuguese throne as Philip I , installing a Spanish dynasty . The accession was made on the condition that Portugal was ruled as a separate , autonomous state , not as a province . This was fulfilled as Portugal and Spain formed a personal union under Philip I and his successors . A consequence of this administrative situation was the maintenance of the flag created under Sebastian 's reign as the Portuguese national flag , while Spain had its own . As the ruling house in Portugal , the Habsburg banner also included the Portuguese arms .
The country regained its independence from Spain , in 1640 , in a coup d 'état that placed on the throne John , Duke of Bragança , as King John IV . Under his rule , the national flag was slightly changed as the ogival shield became rounded . It was from this reign forward that the royal arms and the kingdom 's arms became separate banners .
= = = 1667 – 1830 = = =
When Afonso VI 's younger brother Peter II replaced him on the throne , in 1667 , he adapted the flag 's crown to fit the contemporary trends by transforming it into a five @-@ arched crown . The new flag did not remain unchanged for too long , as it was refurbished by Peter 's son John V , after he took the throne , in 1707 . Heavily influenced by the luxurious and ostentatious court of the French king Louis XIV , and by France 's political and cultural impact in Europe , John V wanted to transpose such style into the country 's coat of arms . A red beret was then added under the crown . Besides the change of the crown , the shields started to be represented , on the flags , not only in the traditional round bottom shape ( " Iberian type " ) , but also in other formats like the samnitic ( " French type " ) , the horsehead ( " Italian type " ) or the oval ( " cartouche " ) shapes . Instated by an absolute monarch like John V , this flag endured through almost the entire absolutist period in Portugal — John V ( 1707 – 1750 ) , Joseph I ( 1750 – 1777 ) and Maria I ( 1777 – 1816 ) .
During the second half of the 17th century , the maritime use of the white flag with the Royal coat of arms of Portugal was increasingly restricted to the war ships . An ordinance of 1692 expressly banned the use of this flag by the Portuguese merchant ships , restricting its use to ships with 20 or more cannons and with a complement of 40 or more men . The Portuguese merchant ships flew instead green and white striped flags , which were the national colours of Portugal at that time . The colours green and white were also used in other Portuguese flags , like the naval commissioning pennants .
With the invasion of Portugal by Napoleon 's imperial army in 1807 , the Portuguese Royal Court fled to Brazil , establishing the capital of the Portuguese Monarchy and Empire in Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the Portuguese state of Brazil was elevated to a kingdom , thus receiving the same status as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves . The whole of the Portuguese Monarchy became then the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . To reflect the change of the status of the Portuguese Monarchy , the Prince Regent John ( future King John VI , at that time still reigning in name of his mother , Queen Mary I ) established a new Royal coat of arms , where the Portuguese shield ( representing Portugal and the Algarves ) charged a blue @-@ filled yellow armillary sphere ( representing Brazil ) surmounted by the same beret @-@ bearing five @-@ arched crown . The new coat of arms replaced the previous one in the Portuguese flags .
Despite the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ceased to exist in 1822 , when Brazil became independent , its coat of arms continued to be used , inclusive in flags , until the death of John VI in 1826 . From then on , the previous coat of arms , without the armillary sphere , became in use again .
= = = 1830 – 1910 = = =
John VI died in Lisbon in 1826 . His elder son Peter , who had declared the independence of Brazil in 1822 , becoming Emperor Peter I , succeeded to the Portuguese throne as Peter IV . Because the new Brazilian constitution did not allow further personal unions of Portugal and Brazil , Peter abdicated the Portuguese crown in favour of his elder daughter Maria da Glória , who became Maria II of Portugal . She was only seven years old , so Peter stated she would marry his brother Miguel who would act as regent . However , in 1828 , Miguel deposed Maria and proclaimed himself king , abolishing the 1822 liberal constitution and ruling as an absolute monarch . This started the period of the Liberal Wars .
The liberals formed a separate government exiled on the Azorean island of Terceira . This government issued two decrees establishing modifications to the national flag . While supporters of usurper King Miguel I still upheld the flag established by John VI , the liberal supporters imposed important changes on it . The background was equally divided along its length into blue ( hoist ) and white ( fly ) ; the armillary sphere ( associated with Brazil ) was removed and the coat of arms was centred over the colour boundary ; and the shield reverted to the " French type " shape of John V. This new flag configuration was decreed solely for terrestrial use , but a variation of it was used as the national ensign . This ensign differed in the way the colours occupied the background ( blue 1 ⁄ 3 , white 2 ⁄ 3 ) with a consequent positional shift of the arms .
With the defeat and exile of Miguel in 1834 , Queen Maria II returned to the throne and the standard of the victorious side was hoisted in Lisbon as the new national flag . It would survive for 80 years , witnessing the last period of the Portuguese monarchy until its abolition , in 1910 . Currently this flag is used by Portuguese monarchists .
= = Flag protocol = =
= = = Use = = =
The Portuguese legislation concerning the use of the National Flag is mostly limited to the Decree @-@ law 150 / 87 , issued in 30 March 1987 , which replaced the previous scarce legislation dated back to the beginning of the 20th century .
The Decree @-@ law 150 / 87 states that the flag is to be hoisted from 9 : 00 a.m. to sunset ( during the night , it must be properly lit ) , on Sundays and national holidays , throughout the entire national territory . It can also be displayed on days where official ceremonies or other solemn public sessions are held ; in this case , the flag is hoisted on @-@ site . The flag can be hoisted in other days if it is considered appropriate by the central government , or by other regional or local governing bodies , or by heads of private institutions . It must follow the official design standard and be preserved in good condition .
On the headquarters buildings of the bodies of sovereignty , the flag can stay hoisted on a daily basis . It can also be hoisted on civilian and military national monuments ; on public buildings associated with the central , regional or local administration ; and on headquarters of public corporations and institutions . Citizens and private institutions can also display it , on the condition that they respect the relevant legal procedures . In the facilities of nationally @-@ based international organizations or in the case of international meetings , the flag is hoisted according to the protocol used on those situations .
If national mourning is declared , the flag will be flown at half @-@ staff during the fixed amount of days ; any flag hoisted along with it will be flown in the same manner .
When unfurled in the presence of other flags , the national flag must not have smaller dimensions and must be situated in a prominent , honourable place , according to the relevant protocol .
If there are more than one flagpole , the National Flag should be flown :
Two flagpoles – in the right pole viewed by a person facing the exterior ;
Three flagpoles – in the central pole ;
More than three flagpoles :
Within a building – if odd number of poles , in the central pole ; if even number , in the first pole on the right of the central point ;
Outside a building – always in the rightmost pole ;
If the flagpoles have not the same height , the flag must be flown in the highest pole . The poles should be placed in honourable locations of the ground , building façades and roofs . On public acts where the flag is not hoisted , it can be suspended from a distinct spot , but never used as decoration , covering or for any purpose that can diminish its dignity .
= = = Penalties = = =
An early decree , from December 28 , 1910 , established that " any person who , through speech , published writings or any other public act , shows lack of respect to the national flag , which is the motherland 's symbol , will be sentenced to a three to twelve @-@ month prison term with corresponding fine and , in case of relapse , will be sentenced to exile , as stated in the 62nd article of the Penal Code " . In its 332nd article , the current penal code punishes infractions with a prison sentence of up to two years . If the sentence is shorter than 240 days , there is a formula for converting it into a fine . If the offense is directed towards regional symbols , the penalties are halved .
= = = Folding = = =
During formal occasions , four people are required to properly fold the flag , where each person holds one of the sides . A correctly folded flag must be a square limiting the national shield . However , the order by which the different folding steps are performed to achieve this result is not legislated .
The procedure begins with the flag fully extended and held in a horizontal plane with the obverse facing down . One of the possible folding sequences is demonstrated below :
= = Military flags = =
The National Flag of Portugal also serves as war flag and ensign , so being flown on military facilities and naval ships . There are however specific national military flags for specific uses , namely the military colors , the naval jack and the naval pennant . The military colors are occasionally referred as war flag , however they are not to be flown on military facilities but are only to be carried by the military units on parades .
= = = National colours = = =
The national colours constitute the variants of the National Flag for use on parades by the military units . Originally , the colours were referred as " regimental flags " or " military units flags " , but now they are referred as " national standards " ( estandartes nacionais ) . The colours are always carried in parade by a junior officer , escorted by a colour guard .
The standard model of the colours - also adopted in 1911 - is a rectangular flag measuring 1 @.@ 20 metres ( 3 @.@ 94 ft ) in width and 1 @.@ 30 metres ( 4 @.@ 26 ft ) in length ( ratio 12 : 13 ) . Green and red are positioned at the hoist and fly , respectively , but occupy the field in an equal manner ( 1 – 1 ) . Centred over the colour boundary lie the armillary sphere and Portuguese shield , surrounded by two yellow laurel branches intersecting at their stems . These are bound by a white stripe bearing the verse by Luís de Camões " Esta é a ditosa pátria minha amada " ( English : " This is my beloved fortunate motherland " ) as the motto . This differs from the version of coat of arms employed as emblem , where the laurel shoots are tied by a green and red stripe without the verse . The sphere 's outer diameter is ⅓ of the width and lies 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) from the upper edge and 45 centimetres ( 18 in ) from the lower edge .
Although the 1911 regulation is , theoretically , still in force , the various branches of the Armed Forces made specific changes to it and so , several types of colours are used by the different military units . For example , the colours adopted by the Portuguese Army , in 1979 , measures just 0 @.@ 80 m ( 4 @.@ 26 ft ) by 0 @.@ 80 m .
= = = Naval jack = = =
The Portuguese naval jack ( jaco or jaque ) is only hoisted at the prow of docked or anchored Navy ships , from sunrise to sunset . The national flag is permanently hoisted at the stern , when sailing , and from sunrise to sunset , when docked . It is a square flag ( ratio 1 : 1 ) bearing a green @-@ bordered red field with the minor coat of arms on the centre . The width of the green border and the diameter of the armillary sphere are equal to 1 / 8 and 3 / 7 of the side 's dimension , respectively .
= = = Commissioning pennant = = =
The Portuguese commissioning pennant ( flâmula ) is a long triangular flag , green on the hoist and red on the fly . It is to be flown on the main mast of the naval ships commanded by officers .
= = Government flags = =
Highly ranked state and governmental offices are also represented by their own flag . The President of the Republic ( Portuguese : Presidente da República ) uses a flag largely similar to the national flag , except for having dark green as the only background colour . It is usually hoisted at the President 's official residence , the Palace of Belém , as well as on the presidential car , as small @-@ sized flags . The flag of the Prime @-@ Minister is a white rectangle ( ratio 2 : 3 ) with a dark green saltire , holding the lesser coat of arms on its centre , and a red bordure charged with a pattern of yellow laurel leaves . Other ministerial flags do not possess the red bordure . The flag of the Assembly of the Republic ( Portuguese : Assembleia da República ) , the national parliament , is also a white rectangle ( ratio 2 : 3 ) with the lesser coat of arms in the centre and a dark green bordure .
= Family structure in the United States =
The traditional family structure in the United States is considered a family support system involving two married individuals providing care and stability for their biological offspring . However , this two @-@ parent , nuclear family has become less prevalent , and alternative family forms have become more common . The family is created at birth and establishes ties across generations . Those generations , the extended family of aunts , uncles , grandparents , and cousins , can hold significant emotional and economic roles for the nuclear family .
Over time , the traditional structure has had to adapt to very influential changes , including divorce and the introduction of single @-@ parent families , teenage pregnancy and unwed mothers , and same @-@ sex marriage , and increased interest in adoption . Social movements such as the feminist movement and the stay @-@ at @-@ home dad have contributed to the creation of alternative family forms , generating new versions of the American family .
= = At a glance = =
= = = Nuclear family = = =
The nuclear family has been considered the " traditional " family since the communist scare in the cold war of the 1950s . The nuclear family consists of a mother , father , and the children . The two @-@ parent nuclear family has become less prevalent , and pre @-@ American and European family forms have become more common .
These include same @-@ sex relationships , single @-@ parent households , adopting individuals , and extended family systems living together . The nuclear family is also choosing to have fewer children than in the past . The percentage of married @-@ couple households with children under 18 has declined to 23 @.@ 5 % of all households in 2000 from 25 @.@ 6 % in 1990 , and from 45 % in 1960 .
= = = Single parent = = =
A single parent ( also termed lone parent or sole parent ) is a parent who cares for one or more children without the assistance of the other biological parent . Historically , single @-@ parent families often resulted from death of a spouse , for instance in childbirth . Single @-@ parent homes are increasing as married couples divorce , or as unmarried couples have children . Although widely believed to be detrimental to the mental and physical well being of a child , this type of household is tolerated .
The percentage of single @-@ parent households has doubled in the last three decades , but that percentage tripled between 1900 and 1950 . The sense of marriage as a " permanent " institution has been weakened , allowing individuals to consider leaving marriages more readily than they may have in the past . Increasingly single parent families are due to out of wedlock births , especially those due to unintended pregnancy .
= = = Stepfamilies = = =
Stepfamilies are becoming more familiar in America . Divorce rates are rising and the remarriage rate is rising as well , therefore , bringing two families together making step families . Statistics show that there are 1 @,@ 300 new stepfamilies forming every day . Over half of American families are remarried , that is 75 % of marriages ending in divorce , remarry .
= = = Extended family = = =
The extended family consists of grandparents , aunts , uncles , and cousins . In some circumstances , the extended family comes to live either with or in place of a member of the nuclear family . An example includes elderly parents who move in with their children due to old age . This places large demands on the caregivers , particularly the female relatives who choose to perform these duties for their extended family .
Historically , among certain Asian and Native American cultures the family structure consisted of a grandmother and her children , especially daughters , who raised their own children together and shared child care responsibilities . Uncles , brothers , and other male relatives sometimes helped out . Romantic relationships between men and women were formed and dissolved with little impact on the children who remained in the mother 's extended family .
= = Roles and relationships = =
= = = Married partners = = =
A married couple was defined as a " husband and wife enumerated as members of the same household " by the U.S. Census Bureau , but they will be categorizing same @-@ sex couples as married couples if they are married . Same @-@ sex couples who were married were previously recognized by the Census Bureau as unmarried partners . Same @-@ sex marriage is legally permitted across the country since June 26 , 2015 , when the Supreme Court issued its decision in Obergefell v. Hodges . Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S.
Although Cousin marriages are illegal in most states , they are legal in many states , the District of Columbia and some territories . Some states have some restrictions or exceptions for cousin marriages and / or recognize such marriages performed out @-@ of @-@ state . Since the 1940s , the United States marriage rate has decreased , whereas rates of divorce have increased .
= = = Unwed partners = = =
Living as unwed partners is also known as cohabitation . The number of heterosexual unmarried couples in the United States has increased tenfold , from about 400 @,@ 000 in 1960 to more than five million in 2005 . This number would increase by at least another 594 @,@ 000 if same @-@ sex partners were included . Of all unmarried couples , about 1 in 9 ( 11 @.@ 1 % of all unmarried @-@ partner households ) are homosexual .
The cohabitation lifestyle is becoming more popular in today 's generation . It is more convenient for couples not to get married because it can be cheaper and simpler . As divorce rates rise in society , the desire to get married is less attractive for couples uncertain of their long @-@ term plans .
= = = Parents = = =
Parents can be either the biological mother or biological father , or the legal guardian for adopted children . Traditionally , mothers were responsible for raising the kids while the father was out providing financially for the family . The age group for parents ranges from teenage parents to grandparents who have decided to raise their grandchildren , with teenage pregnancies fluctuating based on race and culture . Older parents are financially established and generally have fewer problems raising children compared to their teenage counterparts .
= = = Housewives = = =
A housewife is a married woman who does not work outside of the home for income but stays and takes care of the home and children . This includes doing the cooking , washing , cleaning , etc . The roles of women working within the house has changed drastically as more women start to pursue careers . The amount of time women spend doing housework declined from 27 hours per week in 1965 to less than 16 hours in 1995 , but it is still substantially more housework than their male partners .
= = = " Breadwinners " = = =
A breadwinner is the main financial provider in the family . Historically the husband has been the breadwinner ; that trend is changing as wives start to take advantage of the women 's movement to gain financial independence for themselves . According to the New York Times , " In 2001 , wives earned more than their spouses in almost a third of married households where the wife worked . " Yet , even within nuclear families in which both spouses are employed outside of the home , many men are still responsible for a substantially smaller share of household duties .
= = = Stay @-@ at @-@ home dads = = =
Stay @-@ at @-@ home dads are fathers that do not participate in the labor market and raise their children — the male equivalent to housewives . Stay @-@ at @-@ home dads are not as popular in American society . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , " There are an estimated 105 @,@ 000 ' stay @-@ at @-@ home ' dads . These are married fathers with children under 15 who are not in the labor force primarily so they can care for family members while their wives work outside the home . Stay @-@ at @-@ home dads care for 189 @,@ 000 children . "
= = Children = =
= = = Only child families = = =
An only child ( single child ) is one without any biological or adopted brothers or sisters . Single children are stereotypically portrayed as spoiled , self @-@ centered , and selfish . Single children often excel more in school and in their careers than children with siblings .
= = = Childfree and Childlessness = = =
Childfree couples chose to not have children . These include young couples , who intend to have children later , as well as those who do not plan to have any children .
Involuntary childlessness may be caused by infertility , medical problems , death of a child , or other factors .
= = = Adopted children = = =
Adopted children are children that were given up at birth , abandoned or were unable to be cared for by their biological parents . They may have been put into foster care before finding their permanent residence . It is particularly hard for adopted children to get adopted from foster care : only 50 @,@ 000 children were adopted in 2001 . The average age of these children was 7 years old , which shows that fewer older children were adopted .
= = Modern family models = =
= = = Same @-@ sex marriage , adoption , and child rearing = = =
Same @-@ sex parents are gay or lesbian couples that choose to raise children . Nationally , 66 % of female same @-@ sex couples and 44 % of male same @-@ sex couples live with children under 18 years old . In the 2000 census , there were 594 @,@ 000 households that claimed to be headed by same @-@ sex couples , with 72 % of those having children . In July 2004 , the American Psychological Association concluded that " Overall results of research suggests that the development , adjustment , and well @-@ being of children with lesbian and gay parents do not differ markedly from that of children with heterosexual parents . "
= = = Single @-@ parent households = = =
Single @-@ parent homes in America are starting to become more common in today 's society . With more children being born to unmarried couples and to couples whose marriages subsequently dissolve , children increasingly live with only one parent . The proportion of children living with a never @-@ married parent has also grown , from 4 % in 1960 to 42 % in 2001 . Of all one parent families , 83 % are mother – child families .
= = = Adoption requirements = = =
The adoption requirements and policies for adopting children have made it harder for foster families and potential adoptive families to adopt kids . Before a family can adopt they must go through state , county , and agency criteria . Adoption agencies ' criteria express the importance of age of the adoptive parents , as well as the agency 's desire for married couples over single adopters . Adoptive parents also have to deal with criteria that are given by the birth parents of the adoptive child . The different criteria for adopting children makes it harder for couples to adopt children in need , but the strict requirements can help protect the foster children from unqualified couples .
Currently 1 @.@ 5 million ( 2 % ) of all U.S children are adopted . There are different types of adoption ; embryo adoption when a couple is having trouble conceiving a child and instead choose to have their sperm and egg conjoined outside the womb , international adoption where couples adopt children that come from foreign countries , and private adoption which is the most common form of adoption . In private adoption , families can adopt children via licensed agencies or with by directly contacting the child 's biological parents .
= = = Male / female role pressures = = =
The traditional " father " and " mother " roles of the nuclear family have become blurred over time . Because of the women 's movement 's push for women to engage in traditionally masculine pursuits in society , as women choose to sacrifice their child @-@ bearing years to establish their careers , and as fathers feel increasing pressure to be involved with tending to children , the traditional roles of fathers as the " breadwinners " and mothers as the " caretakers " have come into question .
= = African @-@ American family structure = =
The family structure of African @-@ Americans has long been a matter of national public policy interest . The 1965 report by Daniel Patrick Moynihan , known as The Moynihan Report , examined the link between black poverty and family structure . It hypothesized that the destruction of the black nuclear family structure would hinder further progress toward economic and political equality .
When Moynihan wrote in 1965 on the coming destruction of the black family , the out @-@ of @-@ wedlock birthrate was 25 percent among blacks . In 1991 , 68 percent of black children were born outside of marriage . In 2011 , 72 % of black babies were born to unwed mothers .
= = Television portrayals = =
The television industry initially helped create a stereotype of the American nuclear family . During the era of the baby boomers , families became a popular social topic , especially on television . Family shows such as Roseanne , All in the Family , Leave It to Beaver , The Cosby Show , Married ... with Children , The Jeffersons , and Good Times , Everybody Loves Raymond have portrayed different social classes of families growing up in America . Those " perfect " nuclear families have changed as the years passed and have become more inclusive , showing single @-@ parent and divorced families , as well as older singles . Television shows that show single @-@ parent families include Half & Half , One on One , Murphy Brown , and Gilmore Girls .
While it did not become a common occurrence the iconic image of the American family was started in the early 1930s . It was not until WWII that families generally had the economical income in which to successfully propagate this lifestyle .
= Arabian horse =
The Arabian or Arab horse ( Arabic : الحصان العربي [ ħisˤaːn ʕarabiː ] , DMG ḥiṣān ʿarabī ) is a breed of horse that originated on the Arabian Peninsula . With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage , the Arabian is one of the most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world . It is also one of the oldest breeds , with archaeological evidence of horses in the Middle East that resemble modern Arabians dating back 4 @,@ 500 years . Throughout history , Arabian horses have spread around the world by both war and trade , used to improve other breeds by adding speed , refinement , endurance , and strong bone . Today , Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every modern breed of riding horse .
The Arabian developed in a desert climate and was prized by the nomadic Bedouin people , often being brought inside the family tent for shelter and protection from theft . Selective breeding for traits including an ability to form a cooperative relationship with humans created a horse breed that is good @-@ natured , quick to learn , and willing to please . The Arabian also developed the high spirit and alertness needed in a horse used for raiding and war . This combination of willingness and sensitivity requires modern Arabian horse owners to handle their horses with competence and respect .
The Arabian is a versatile breed . Arabians dominate the discipline of endurance riding , and compete today in many other fields of equestrian sport . They are one of the top ten most popular horse breeds in the world . They are now found worldwide , including the United States and Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , continental Europe , South America ( especially Brazil ) , and their land of origin , the Middle East .
= = Breed characteristics = =
Arabian horses have refined , wedge @-@ shaped heads , a broad forehead , large eyes , large nostrils , and small muzzles . Most display a distinctive concave , or " dished " profile . Many Arabians also have a slight forehead bulge between their eyes , called the jibbah by the Bedouin , that adds additional sinus capacity , believed to have helped the Arabian horse in its native dry desert climate . Another breed characteristic is an arched neck with a large , well @-@ set windpipe set on a refined , clean throatlatch . This structure of the poll and throatlatch was called the mitbah or mitbeh by the Bedouin . In the ideal Arabian it is long , allowing flexibility in the bridle and room for the windpipe .
Other distinctive features are a relatively long , level croup , or top of the hindquarters , and naturally high tail carriage . The USEF breed standard requires Arabians have solid bone and standard correct equine conformation . Well @-@ bred Arabians have a deep , well @-@ angled hip and well laid @-@ back shoulder . Within the breed , there are variations . Some individuals have wider , more powerfully muscled hindquarters suitable for intense bursts of activity in events such as reining , while others have longer , leaner muscling better suited for long stretches of flat work such as endurance riding or horse racing . Most have a compact body with a short back . Arabians usually have dense , strong bone , and good hoof walls . They are especially noted for their endurance , and the superiority of the breed in Endurance riding competition demonstrates that well @-@ bred Arabians are strong , sound horses with superior stamina . At international FEI @-@ sponsored endurance events , Arabians and half @-@ Arabians are the dominant performers in distance competition .
= = = Skeletal analysis = = =
Some Arabians , though not all , have 5 lumbar vertebrae instead of the usual 6 , and 17 pairs of ribs rather than 18 . A quality Arabian has both a relatively horizontal croup and a properly angled pelvis as well as good croup length and depth to the hip ( determined by the length of the pelvis ) , that allows agility and impulsion . A misconception confuses the topline of the croup with the angle of the " hip " ( the pelvis or ilium ) , leading some to assert that Arabians have a flat pelvis angle and cannot use their hindquarters properly . However , the croup is formed by the sacral vertebrae . The hip angle is determined by the attachment of the ilium to the spine , the structure and length of the femur , and other aspects of hindquarter anatomy , which is not correlated to the topline of the sacrum . Thus , the Arabian has conformation typical of other horse breeds built for speed and distance , such as the Thoroughbred , where the angle of the ilium is more oblique than that of the croup . Thus , the hip angle is not necessarily correlated to the topline of the croup . Horses bred to gallop need a good length of croup and good length of hip for proper attachment of muscles , and so unlike angle , length of hip and croup do go together as a rule .
= = = Size = = =
The breed standard stated by the United States Equestrian Federation , describes Arabians as standing between 14 @.@ 1 to 15 @.@ 1 hands ( 57 to 61 inches , 145 to 155 cm ) tall , " with the occasional individual over or under . " Thus , all Arabians , regardless of height , are classified as " horses " , even though 14 @.@ 2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) is the traditional cutoff height between a horse and a pony . A common myth is that Arabians are not strong because they are relatively small and refined . However , the Arabian horse is noted for a greater density of bone than other breeds , short cannons , sound feet , and a broad , short back , all of which give the breed physical strength comparable to many taller animals . Thus , even a smaller Arabian can carry a heavy rider . For tasks where the sheer weight of the horse matters , such as farm work done by a draft horse , any lighter @-@ weight horse is at a disadvantage . However , for most purposes , the Arabian is a strong and hardy light horse breed able to carry any type of rider in most equestrian pursuits .
= = = Temperament = = =
For centuries , Arabian horses lived in the desert in close association with humans . For shelter and protection from theft , prized war mares were sometimes kept in their owner 's tent , close to children and everyday family life . Only horses with a naturally good disposition were allowed to reproduce , with the result that Arabians today have a good temperament that , among other examples , makes them one of the few breeds where the United States Equestrian Federation rules allow children to exhibit stallions in nearly all show ring classes , including those limited to riders under 18 .
On the other hand , the Arabian is also classified as a " hot @-@ blooded " breed , a category that includes other refined , spirited horses bred for speed , such as the Akhal @-@ Teke , the Barb and the Thoroughbred . Like other hot @-@ bloods , Arabians ' sensitivity and intelligence enable quick learning and greater communication with their riders ; however , their intelligence also allows them to learn bad habits as quickly as good ones , and they do not tolerate inept or abusive training practices . Some sources claim that it is more difficult to train a " hot @-@ blooded " horse . Though most Arabians have a natural tendency to cooperate with humans , when treated badly , like any horse , they can become excessively nervous or anxious , but seldom become vicious unless seriously spoiled or subjected to extreme abuse . At the other end of the spectrum , romantic myths are sometimes told about Arabian horses that give them near @-@ divine characteristics .
= = = Colors = = =
The Arabian Horse Association registers purebred horses with the coat colors bay , gray , chestnut , black , and roan . Bay , gray and chestnut are the most common ; black is less common . The classic roan gene does not appear to exist in Arabians ; rather , Arabians registered by breeders as " roan " are usually expressing rabicano or , sometimes , sabino patterns with roan features . All Arabians , no matter their coat color , have black skin , except under white markings . Black skin provided protection from the intense desert sun .
= = = = Gray and white = = = =
Although many Arabians appear to have a " white " hair coat , they are not genetically " white " . This color is usually created by the natural action of the gray gene , and virtually all white @-@ looking Arabians are actually grays . A specialized colorization seen in some older gray Arabians is the so @-@ called " bloody @-@ shoulder " , which is a particular type of " flea @-@ bitten " gray with localized aggregations of pigment on the shoulder .
There are a very few Arabians registered as " white " having a white coat , pink skin and dark eyes from birth . These animals are believed to manifest a new form of dominant white , a result of a nonsense mutation in DNA tracing to a single stallion foaled in 1996 . This horse was originally thought to be a sabino , but actually was found to have a new form of dominant white mutation , now labeled W3 . It is possible that white mutations have occurred in Arabians in the past or that mutations other than W3 exist but have not been verified by genetic testing .
= = = = Sabino = = = =
One spotting pattern , sabino , does exist in purebred Arabians . Sabino coloring is characterized by white markings such as " high white " above the knees and hocks , irregular spotting on the legs , belly and face , white markings that extend beyond the eyes or under the chin and jaw , and sometimes lacy or roaned edges .
The genetic mechanism that produces sabino patterning in Arabians is undetermined , and more than one gene may be involved . Studies at the University of California , Davis indicate that Arabians do not appear to carry the autosomal dominant gene " SB1 " or sabino 1 , that often produces bold spotting and some completely white horses in other breeds . The inheritance patterns observed in sabino @-@ like Arabians also do not follow the same mode of inheritance as sabino 1 .
= = = = Rabicano or roan ? = = = =
There are very few Arabians registered as roan , and according to researcher D. Phillip Sponenberg , roaning in purebred Arabians is actually the action of rabicano genetics . Unlike a genetic roan , rabicano is a partial roan @-@ like pattern ; the horse does not have intermingled white and solid hairs over the entire body , only on the midsection and flanks , the head and legs are solid @-@ colored . Some people also confuse a young gray horse with a roan because of the intermixed hair colors common to both . However , a roan does not consistently lighten with age , while a gray does .
= = = = Colors that do not exist in purebreds = = = =
Purebred Arabians never carry dilution genes . Therefore , purebreds cannot be colors such as dun , cremello , palomino or buckskin . However , there is pictorial evidence from pottery and tombs in Ancient Egypt suggesting that spotting patterns may have existed on ancestral Arabian @-@ type horses in antiquity . Nonetheless , purebred Arabians today do not carry genes for pinto or Leopard complex ( " Appaloosa " ) spotting patterns , except for sabino .
Spotting or excess white was believed by many breeders to be a mark of impurity until DNA testing for verification of parentage became standard . For a time , horses with belly spots and other white markings deemed excessive were discouraged from registration and excess white was sometimes penalized in the show ring .
To produce horses with some Arabian characteristics but coat colors not found in purebreds , they have to be crossbred with other breeds . Though the purebred Arabian produces a limited range of potential colors , they do not appear to carry any color @-@ based lethal disorders such as the frame overo gene ( " O " ) that can produce lethal white syndrome ( LWS ) . Because purebred Arabians cannot produce LWS foals , Arabian mares were used as a non @-@ affected population in some of the studies seeking the gene that caused the condition in other breeds . Nonetheless , partbred Arabian offspring can , in some cases , carry these genes if the non @-@ Arabian parent was a carrier .
= = = Genetic disorders = = =
There are six known genetic disorders in Arabian horses . Two are inevitably fatal , two are not inherently fatal but are disabling and usually result in euthanasia of the affected animal ; the remaining conditions can usually be treated . Three are thought to be autosomal recessive conditions , which means that the flawed gene is not sex @-@ linked and has to come from both parents for an affected foal to be born ; the others currently lack sufficient research data to determine the precise mode of inheritance . Arabians are not the only breed of horse to have problems with inherited diseases ; fatal or disabling genetic conditions also exist in many other breeds , including the American Quarter Horse , American Paint Horse , American Saddlebred , Appaloosa , Miniature horse , and Belgian .
Genetic diseases that can occur in purebred Arabians , or in partbreds with Arabian ancestry in both parents , are the following :
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency ( SCID ) . Recessive disorder , fatal when homozygous , carriers ( heterozygotes ) show no signs . Similar to the " bubble boy " condition in humans , an affected foal is born with a complete lack of an immune system , and thus generally dies of an opportunistic infection , usually before the age of three months . There is a DNA test that can detect healthy horses who are carriers of the gene causing SCID , thus testing and careful , planned matings can now eliminate the possibility of an affected foal ever being born .
Lavender Foal Syndrome ( LFS ) , also called Coat Color Dilution Lethal ( CCDL ) . Recessive disorder , fatal when homozygous , carriers show no signs . The condition has its name because most affected foals are born with a coat color dilution that lightens the tips of the coat hairs , or even the entire hair shaft . Foals with LFS are unable to stand at birth , often have seizures , and are usually euthanized within a few days of birth . In November 2009 , Cornell University announced that a DNA test has been developed to detect carriers of LFS . Simultaneously , the University of Pretoria also announced that they had also developed a DNA test .
Cerebellar abiotrophy ( CA or CCA ) . Recessive disorder , homozygous horses are affected , carriers show no signs . An affected foal is usually born without clinical signs , but at some stage , usually after six weeks of age , develops severe incoordination , a head tremor , wide @-@ legged stance and other symptoms related to the death of the purkinje cells in the cerebellum . Such foals are frequently diagnosed only after they have crashed into a fence or fallen over backwards , and often are misdiagnosed as suffering from a head injury caused by an accident . Severity varies , with some foals having fast onset of severe coordination problems , others showing milder signs . Mildly affected horses can live a full lifespan , but most are euthanized before adulthood because they are so accident @-@ prone as to be dangerous . As of 2008 , there is a genetic test that uses DNA markers associated with CA to detect both carriers and affected animals . Clinical signs are distinguishable from other neurological conditions , and a diagnosis of CA can be verified by examining the brain after euthanasia .
Occipital Atlanto @-@ Axial Malformation ( OAAM ) . This is a condition where the occiput , atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck and at the base of the skull are fused or malformed . Symptoms range from mild incoordination to the paralysis of both front and rear legs . Some affected foals cannot stand to nurse , in others the symptoms may not be seen for several weeks . This is the only cervical spinal cord disease seen in horses less than 1 month of age , and a radiograph can diagnose the condition . There is no genetic test for OAAM , and the hereditary component of this condition is not well researched at present .
Equine juvenile epilepsy , or Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy , sometimes referred to as " benign " epilepsy , is not usually fatal . Foals appear normal between epileptic seizures , and seizures usually stop occurring between 12 and 18 months . Affected foals may show signs of epilepsy anywhere from two days to six months from birth . Seizures can be treated with traditional anti @-@ seizure medications , which may reduce their severity . Though the condition has been studied since 1985 at the University of California , Davis , the genetic mode of inheritance is unclear , though the cases studied were all of one general bloodline group . Recent research updates suggest that a dominant mode of inheritance is involved in transmission of this trait . One researcher hypothesized that epilepsy may be linked in some fashion to Lavender Foal Syndrome due to the fact that it occurs in similar bloodlines and some horses have produced foals with both conditions .
Guttural Pouch Tympany ( GPT ) occurs in horses ranging from birth to 1 year of age and is more common in fillies than in colts . It is thought to be genetic in Arabians , possibly polygenic in inheritance , but more study is needed . Foals are born with a defect that causes the pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube to act like a one @-@ way valve – air can get in , but it cannot get out . The affected guttural pouch is distended with air and forms a characteristic nonpainful swelling . Breathing is noisy in severely affected animals . Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and radiographic examination of the skull . Medical management with NSAID and antimicrobial therapy can treat upper respiratory tract inflammation . Surgical intervention is needed to correct the malformation of the guttural pouch opening , to provide a route for air in the abnormal guttural pouch to pass to the normal side and be expelled into the pharynx . Foals that are successfully treated may grow up to have fully useful lives .
The Arabian Horse Association in the United States has created a foundation that supports research efforts to uncover the roots of genetic diseases . The organization F.O.A.L. ( Fight Off Arabian Lethals ) is a clearinghouse for information on these conditions . Additional information is available from the World Arabian Horse Association ( WAHO ) .
= = Legends = =
Arabian horses are the topic of many myths and legends . One origin story tells how Muhammad chose his foundation mares by a test of their courage and loyalty . While there are several variants on the tale , a common version states that after a long journey through the desert , Muhammad turned his herd of horses loose to race to an oasis for a desperately needed drink of water . Before the herd reached the water , Muhammad called for the horses to return to him . Only five mares responded . Because they faithfully returned to their master , though desperate with thirst , these mares became his favorites and were called Al Khamsa , meaning , the five . These mares became the legendary founders of the five " strains " of the Arabian horse . Although the Al Khamsa are generally considered fictional horses of legend , some breeders today claim the modern Bedouin Arabian actually descended from these mares .
Another origin tale claims that King Solomon was given a pure Arabian @-@ type mare named Safanad ( " the pure " ) by the Queen of Sheba . A different version says that Solomon gave a stallion , Zad el @-@ Raheb or Zad @-@ el @-@ Rakib ( " Gift to the Rider " ) , to the Banu Azd people when they came to pay tribute to the king . This legendary stallion was said to be faster than the zebra and the gazelle , and every hunt with him was successful , thus when he was put to stud , he became a founding sire of legend .
Yet another creation myth puts the origin of the Arabian in the time of Ishmael , the son of Abraham . In this story , the Angel Jibril ( also known as Gabriel ) descended from Heaven and awakened Ishmael with a " wind @-@ spout " that whirled toward him . The Angel then commanded the thundercloud to stop scattering dust and rain , and so it gathered itself into a prancing , handsome creature - a horse - that seemed to swallow up the ground . Hence , the Bedouins bestowed the title " Drinker of the Wind " to the first Arabian horse .
Finally , a Bedouin story states that Allah created the Arabian horse from the south wind and exclaimed , " I create thee , Oh Arabian . To thy forelock , I bind Victory in battle . On thy back , I set a rich spoil and a Treasure in thy loins . I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth ... I give thee flight without wings . " Other versions of the story claim Allah said to the South Wind : " I want to make a creature out of you . Condense . " Then from the material condensed from the wind , he made a kamayt @-@ colored animal ( a bay or burnt chestnut ) and said : " I call you Horse ; I make you Arabian and I give you the chestnut color of the ant ; I have hung happiness from the forelock which hangs between your eyes ; you shall be the Lord of the other animals . Men shall follow you wherever you go ; you shall be as good for flight as for pursuit ; you shall fly without wings ; riches shall be on your back and fortune shall come through your meditation . "
= = Origins = =
Arabians are one of the oldest human @-@ developed horse breeds in the world . The progenitor stock , the Oriental subtype or " Proto @-@ Arabian " was a horse with oriental characteristics similar to the modern Arabian . Horses with these features appeared in rock paintings and inscriptions in the Arabian Peninsula dating back 3500 years . In ancient history throughout the Ancient Near East , horses with refined heads and high @-@ carried tails were depicted in artwork , particularly that of Ancient Egypt in the 16th century BC .
Some scholars of the Arabian horse once theorized that the Arabian came from a separate subspecies of horse , known as equus caballus pumpelli . Other scholars , including Gladys Brown Edwards , a noted Arabian researcher , believe that the " dry " oriental horses of the desert , from which the modern Arabian developed , were more likely Equus ferus caballus with specific landrace characteristics based on the environments in which they lived , rather than being a separate subspecies . Horses with similar , though not identical , physical characteristics include the Marwari horse of India , the Barb of North Africa , the Akhal @-@ Teke of western Asia and the now @-@ extinct Turkoman Horse .
= = = Desert roots = = =
There are different theories about where the ancestors of the Arabian originally lived . Most evidence suggests the proto @-@ Arabian came from the area along the northern edge of the Fertile Crescent . Another hypothesis suggests the southwestern corner of the Arabian peninsula , in modern @-@ day Yemen , where three now @-@ dry riverbeds indicate good natural pastures existed long ago , perhaps as far back as the Ice Age . This hypothesis has gained renewed attention following a 2010 discovery of artifacts dated between 6590 and 7250 BCE in Al @-@ Magar , in southwestern Saudi Arabia , that appeared to portray horses .
The proto @-@ Arabian horse may have been domesticated by the people of the Arabian peninsula known today as the Bedouin , some time after they learned to use the camel , approximately 4 @,@ 000 – 5 @,@ 000 years ago . One theory is that this development occurred in the Nejd plateau in central Arabia . Other scholars , noting that horses were common in the Fertile Crescent but rare in the Arabian peninsula prior to the rise of Islam , theorize that the breed as it is known today only developed in large numbers when the conversion of the Persians to Islam in the 7th century brought knowledge of horse breeding and horsemanship to the Bedouin . The oldest depictions in the Arabian Peninsula of horses that are clearly domesticated date no earlier than 1800 @-@ 2000 BCE .
Regardless of origin , climate and culture ultimately created the Arabian . The desert environment required a domesticated horse to cooperate with humans to survive ; humans were the only providers of food and water in certain areas , and even hardy Arabian horses needed far more water than camels in order to survive ( most horses can only live about 72 hours without water ) . Where there was no pasture or water , the Bedouin fed their horses dates and camel 's milk . The desert horse needed the ability to thrive on very little food , and to have anatomical traits to compensate for life in a dry climate with wide temperature extremes from day to night . Weak individuals were weeded out of the breeding pool , and the animals that remained were also honed by centuries of human warfare .
The Bedouin way of life depended on camels and horses : Arabians were bred to be war horses with speed , endurance , soundness , and intelligence . Because many raids required stealth , mares were preferred over stallions as they were quieter , and therefore would not give away the position of the fighters . A good disposition was also critical ; prized war mares were often brought inside family tents to prevent theft and for protection from weather and predators . Though appearance was not necessarily a survival factor , the Bedouin bred for refinement and beauty in their horses as well as for more practical features .
= = = Strains and pedigrees = = =
For centuries , the Bedouin tracked the ancestry of each horse through an oral tradition . Horses of the purest blood were known as Asil and crossbreeding with non @-@ Asil horses was forbidden . Mares were the most valued , both for riding and breeding , and pedigree families were traced through the female line . The Bedouin did not believe in gelding male horses , and considered stallions too intractable to be good war horses , thus they kept very few colts , selling most , and culling those of poor quality .
Over time , the Bedouin developed several sub @-@ types or strains of Arabian horse , each with unique characteristics , and traced through the maternal line only . According to the Arabian Horse Association , the five primary strains were known as the Keheilan , Seglawi , Abeyan , Hamdani and Hadban . Carl Raswan , a promoter and writer about Arabian horses from the middle of the 20th century , held the belief that there were only three strains , Kehilan , Seglawi and Muniqi . Raswan felt that these strains represented body " types " of the breed , with the Kehilan being " masculine " , the Seglawi being " feminine " and the Muniqi being " speedy " . There were also lesser strains , sub @-@ strains , and regional variations in strain names . Therefore , many Arabian horses were not only Asil , of pure blood , but also bred to be pure in strain , with crossbreeding between strains discouraged , though not forbidden , by some tribes . Purity of bloodline was very important to the Bedouin , and they also believed in telegony , believing if a mare was ever bred to a stallion of " impure " blood , the mare herself and all future offspring would be " contaminated " by the stallion and hence no longer Asil .
This complex web of bloodline and strain was an integral part of Bedouin culture ; they not only knew the pedigrees and history of their best war mares in detail , but also carefully tracked the breeding of their camels , Saluki dogs , and their own family or tribal history . Eventually , written records began to be kept ; the first written pedigrees in the Middle East that specifically used the term " Arabian " date to 1330 AD . As important as strain was to the Bedouin , modern studies of mitochondrial DNA suggest that Arabian horses alive today with records stating descent from a given strain may not actually share a common maternal ancestry .
= = Historic development = =
= = = Role in the ancient world = = =
Fiery war horses with dished faces and high @-@ carried tails were popular artistic subjects in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia , often depicted pulling chariots in war or for hunting . Horses with oriental characteristics appear in later artwork as far north as that of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire . While this type of horse was not called an " Arabian " in the Ancient Near East until later , ( the word " Arabia " or " Arabaya " first appeared in writing in Ancient Persia , c . 500 BC ) these proto @-@ Arabians shared many characteristics with the modern Arabian , including speed , endurance , and refinement . For example , a horse skeleton unearthed in the Sinai peninsula , dated to 1700 BC and probably brought by the Hyksos invaders , is considered the earliest physical evidence of the horse in Ancient Egypt . This horse had a wedge @-@ shaped head , large eye sockets and small muzzle , all characteristics of the Arabian horse .
= = = In Islamic history = = =
Following the Hijra in AD 622 ( also sometimes spelled Hegira ) , the Arabian horse spread across the known world of the time , and became recognized as a distinct , named breed . It played a significant role in the History of the Middle East and of Islam . By 630 , Muslim influence expanded across the Middle East and North Africa , by 711 Muslim warriors had reached Spain , and they controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula by 720 . Their war horses were of various oriental types , including both Arabians and the Barb horse of North Africa .
Arabian horses also spread to the rest of the world via the Ottoman Empire , which rose in 1299 . Though it never fully dominated the heart of the Arabian Peninsula , this Turkish empire obtained many Arabian horses through trade , diplomacy and war . The Ottomans encouraged formation of private stud farms in order to ensure a supply of cavalry horses , and Ottoman nobles , such as Muhammad Ali of Egypt also collected pure , desert @-@ bred Arabian horses .
El Naseri , or Al @-@ Nasir Muhammad , Sultan of Egypt ( 1290 – 1342 ) imported and bred numerous Arabians in Egypt . A stud farm record was made of his purchases describing many of the horses as well as their abilities , and was deposited in his library , becoming a source for later study . Through the Ottomans , Arabian horses were often sold , traded , or given as diplomatic gifts to Europeans and , later , to Americans .
= = = Egypt = = =
Historically , Egyptian breeders imported horses bred in the deserts of Palestine and the Arabian peninsula as the source of their foundation bloodstock . By the time that the Ottoman Empire dominated Egypt , the political elites of the region still recognized the need for quality bloodstock for both war and for horse racing , and some continued to return to the deserts to obtain pure @-@ blooded Arabians . One of the most famous was Muhammad Ali of Egypt , also known as Muhammad Ali Pasha , who established an extensive stud farm in the 19th century . After his death , some of his stock was bred on by Abbas I of Egypt , also known as Abbas Pasha . However , after Abbas Pasha was assassinated in 1854 , his heir , El Hami Pasha , sold most of his horses , often for crossbreeding , and gave away many others as diplomatic gifts . A remnant of the herd was obtained by Ali Pasha Sherif , who then went back to the desert to bring in new bloodstock . At its peak , the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif had over 400 purebred Arabians . Unfortunately , an epidemic of African horse sickness in the 1870s that killed thousands of horses throughout Egypt decimated much of his herd , wiping out several irreplaceable bloodlines . Late in his life , he sold several horses to Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt , who exported them to Crabbet Park Stud in England . After his death , Lady Anne was also able to gather many remaining horses at her Sheykh Obeyd stud .
Meanwhile , the passion brought by the Blunts to saving the pure horse of the desert helped Egyptian horse breeders to convince their government of the need to preserve the best of their own remaining pure Arabian bloodstock that descended from the horses collected over the previous century by Muhammad Ali Pasha , Abbas Pasha and Ali Pasha Sherif . The government of Egypt formed the Royal Agricultural Society ( RAS ) in 1908 , which is known today as the Egyptian Agricultural Organization ( EAO ) . RAS representatives traveled to England during the 1920s and purchased eighteen descendants of the original Blunt exports from Lady Wentworth at Crabbet Park , and returned these bloodlines to Egypt in order to restore bloodlines had been lost . Other than several horses purchased by Henry Babson for importation to the United States in the 1930s , and one other small group exported to the USA in 1947 , relatively few Egyptian @-@ bred Arabian horses were exported until the overthrow of King Farouk I in 1952 . Many of the private stud farms of the princes were then confiscated and the animals taken over by the EAO . In the 1960s and 1970s , as oil development brought more foreign investors to Egypt , some of whom were horse fanciers , Arabians were exported to Germany and to the United States , as well as to the former Soviet Union . Today , the designation " Straight Egyptian " or " Egyptian Arabian " is popular with some Arabian breeders , and the modern Egyptian @-@ bred Arabian is an outcross used to add refinement in some breeding programs .
= = Arrival in Europe = =
Probably the earliest horses with Arabian bloodlines to enter Europe came indirectly , through Spain and France . Others would have arrived with returning Crusaders — beginning in 1095 , European armies invaded Palestine and many knights returned home with Arabian horses as spoils of war . Later , as knights and the heavy , armored war horses who carried them became obsolete , Arabian horses and their descendants were used to develop faster , agile light cavalry horses that were used in warfare into the 20th century .
Another major infusion of Arabian horses into Europe occurred when the Ottoman Turks sent 300 @,@ 000 horsemen into Hungary in 1522 , many of whom were mounted on pure @-@ blooded Arabians , captured during raids into Arabia . By 1529 , the Ottomans reached Vienna , where they were stopped by the Polish and Hungarian armies , who captured these horses from the defeated Ottoman cavalry . Some of these animals provided foundation bloodstock for the major studs of eastern Europe .
= = = Polish and Russian breeding programs = = =
With the rise of light cavalry , the stamina and agility of horses with Arabian blood gave an enormous military advantage to any army who possessed them . As a result , many European monarchs began to support large breeding establishments that crossed Arabians on local stock , one example being Knyszyna , the royal stud of Polish king Zygmunt II August , and another the Imperial Russian Stud of Peter the Great .
European horse breeders also obtained Arabian stock directly from the desert or via trade with the Ottomans . In Russia , Count Alexey Orlov obtained many Arabians , including Smetanka , an Arabian stallion who became a foundation sire of the Orlov trotter . Orlov then provided Arabian horses to Catherine the Great , who in 1772 owned 12 pure Arabian stallions and 10 mares . By 1889 two members of the Russian nobility , Count Stroganov and Prince Shcherbatov , established Arabian stud farms to meet the continued need to breed Arabians as a source of pure bloodstock .
In Poland , notable imports from Arabia included those of Prince Hieronymous Sanguszko ( 1743 – 1812 ) , who founded the Slawuta stud . Poland 's first state @-@ run Arabian stud farm , Janów Podlaski , was established by the decree of Alexander I of Russia in 1817 , and by 1850 , the great stud farms of Poland were well @-@ established , including Antoniny , owned by the Polish Count Potocki ( who had married into the Sanguszko family ) ; later notable as the farm that produced the stallion Skowronek .
= = = Central and western Europe = = =
The 18th century marked the establishment of most of the great Arabian studs of Europe , dedicated to preserving " pure " Arabian bloodstock . The Prussians set up a royal stud in 1732 , originally intended to provide horses for the royal stables , and other studs were established to breed animals for other uses , including mounts for the Prussian army . The foundation of these breeding programs was the crossing of Arabians on native horses ; by 1873 some English observers felt that the Prussian calvalry mounts were superior in endurance to those of the British , and credited Arabian bloodlines for this superiority .
Other state studs included the Babolna Stud of Hungary , set up in 1789 , and the Weil stud in Germany ( now Weil @-@ Marbach or the Marbach stud ) , founded in 1817 by King William I of Württemberg . King James I of England imported the first Arabian stallion , the Markham Arabian , to England in 1616 . Arabians were also introduced into European race horse breeding , especially in England via the Darley Arabian , Byerly Turk , and Godolphin Arabian , the three foundation stallions of the modern Thoroughbred breed , who were each brought to England during the 18th century . Other monarchs obtained Arabian horses , often as personal mounts . One of the most famous Arabian stallions in Europe was Marengo , the war horse ridden by Napoleon Bonaparte .
During the mid @-@ 19th century , the need for Arabian blood to improve the breeding stock for light cavalry horses in Europe resulted in more excursions to the Middle East . Queen Isabel II of Spain sent representatives to the desert to purchase Arabian horses and by 1847 had established a stud book ; her successor , King Alfonso XII imported additional bloodstock from other European nations . By 1893 , the state military stud farm , Yeguada Militar was established in Córdoba , Spain for breeding both Arabian and Iberian horses . The military remained heavily involved in the importation and breeding of Arabians in Spain well into the early 20th century , and the Yeguada Militar is still in existence today .
This period also marked a phase of considerable travel to the Middle East by European civilians and minor nobility , and in the process , some travelers noticed that the Arabian horse as a pure breed of horse was under threat due to modern forms of warfare , inbreeding and other problems that were reducing the horse population of the Bedouin tribes at a rapid rate . By the late 19th century , the most farsighted began in earnest to collect the finest Arabian horses they could find in order to preserve the blood of the pure desert horse for future generations . The most famous example was Lady Anne Blunt , the daughter of Ada Lovelace and granddaughter of Lord Byron .
= = = Rise of the Crabbet Park Stud = = =
Perhaps the most famous of all Arabian breeding operations founded in Europe was the Crabbet Park Stud of England , founded 1878 . Starting in 1877 , Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and Lady Anne Blunt made repeated journeys to the Middle East , including visits to the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif in Egypt and to Bedouin tribes in the Nejd , bringing the best Arabians they could find to England . Lady Anne also purchased and maintained the Sheykh Obeyd stud farm in Egypt , near Cairo . Upon Lady Anne 's death in 1917 , the Blunts ' daughter , Judith , Lady Wentworth , inherited the Wentworth title and Lady Anne 's portion of the estate , and obtained the remainder of the Crabbet Stud following a protracted legal battle with her father . Lady Wentworth expanded the stud , added new bloodstock , and exported Arabian horses worldwide . Upon her death in 1957 , the stud passed to her manager , Cecil Covey , who ran Crabbet until 1971 , when a motorway was cut through the property , forcing the sale of the land and dispersal of the horses . Along with Crabbet , the Hanstead Stud of Lady Yule also produced horses of worldwide significance .
= = = Early 20th @-@ century Europe = = =
In the early 20th century , the military was involved in the breeding of Arabian horses throughout Europe , particularly in Poland , Spain , Germany , and Russia ; private breeders also developed a number of breeding programs . Significant among the private breeders in continental Europe was Spain 's Cristóbal Colón de Aguilera , XV Duque de Veragua , a direct descendant of Christopher Columbus , who founded the Veragua Stud in the 1920s .
= = = Modern warfare and its impact on European studs = = =
Between World War I , the Russian Revolution , and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire , many historic European stud farms were lost ; in Poland , the Antoniny and Slawuta Studs were wiped out except for five mares . Notable among the survivors was the Janów Podlaski Stud . The Russian Revolution , combined with the effects of World War I , destroyed most of the breeding programs in Russia , but by 1921 , the Soviet government reestablished an Arabian program , the Tersk Stud , on the site of the former Stroganov estate , which included Polish bloodstock as well as some importations from the Crabbet Stud in England . The programs that survived the war re @-@ established their breeding operations and some added to their studs with new imports of desert @-@ bred Arabian horses from the Middle East . Not all European studs recovered . The Weil stud of Germany , founded by King Wilhelm I , went into considerable decline ; by the time the Weil herd was transferred to the Marbach State Stud in 1932 , only 17 purebred Arabians remained .
The Spanish Civil War and World War II also had a devastating impact on horse breeding throughout Europe . The Veragua stud was destroyed , and its records lost , with the only survivors being the broodmares and the younger horses , who were rescued by Francisco Franco . Crabbet Park , Tersk , and Janów Podlaski survived . Both the Soviet Union and the United States obtained valuable Arabian bloodlines as spoils of war , which they used to strengthen their breeding programs . The Soviets had taken steps to protect their breeding stock at Tersk Stud , and by utilizing horses captured in Poland they were able to re @-@ establish their breeding program soon after the end of World War II . The Americans brought Arabian horses captured in Europe to the United States , mostly to the Pomona U.S. Army Remount station , the former W.K. Kellogg Ranch in California .
In the postwar era , Poland , Spain , and Germany developed or re @-@ established many well @-@ respected Arabian stud farms . The studs of Poland in particular were decimated by both the Nazis and the Soviets , but were able to reclaim some of their breeding stock and became particularly world @-@ renowned for their quality Arabian horses , tested rigorously by racing and other performance standards . During the 1950s , the Russians also obtained additional horses from Egypt to augment their breeding programs .
= = = After the Cold War = = =
While only a few Arabians were exported from behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War , those who did come to the west caught the eye of breeders worldwide . Improved international relations between eastern Europe and the west led to major imports of Polish and Russian @-@ bred Arabian horses to western Europe and the United States in the 1970s and 1980s . The collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991 , greater political stability in Egypt , and the rise of the European Union all increased international trade in Arabian horses . Organizations such as the World Arabian Horse Association ( WAHO ) created consistent standards for transferring the registration of Arabian horses between different nations . Today , Arabian horses are traded all over the world .
= = In America = =
The first horses on the American mainland since the end of the Ice Age arrived with the Spanish Conquistadors . Hernán Cortés brought 16 horses of Andalusian , Barb , and Arabian ancestry to Mexico in 1519 . Others followed , such as Francisco Vásquez de Coronado , who brought 250 horses of similar breeding to America in 1540 . More horses followed with each new arrival of Conquistadors , missionaries , and settlers . Many horses escaped or were stolen , becoming the foundation stock of the American Mustang .
= = = Early imports = = =
Colonists from England also brought horses of Arabian breeding to the eastern seaboard . One example was Nathaniel Harrison , who imported a horse of Arabian , Barb and Turkish ancestry to America in 1747 .
One of George Washington 's primary mounts during the American Revolutionary War was a gray half @-@ Arabian horse named Blueskin , sired by the stallion " Ranger " , also known as " Lindsay 's Arabian " , said to have been obtained from the Sultan of Morocco . Other Presidents are linked to ownership of Arabian horses ; in 1840 , President Martin Van Buren received two Arabians from the Sultan of Oman , and in 1877 , President Ulysses S. Grant obtained an Arabian stallion , Leopard , and a Barb , Linden Tree , as gifts from Abdul Hamid II , the " Sultan of Turkey . "
A. Keene Richard was the first American known to have specifically bred Arabian horses . He traveled to the desert in 1853 and 1856 to obtain breeding stock , which he crossed on Thoroughbreds , and also bred purebred Arabians . Unfortunately , his horses were lost during the Civil War and have no known purebred Arabian descendants today . Another major U.S. political figure , William H. Seward purchased four Arabians in Beirut in 1859 , prior to becoming Secretary of State to Abraham Lincoln .
Leopard is the only stallion imported prior to 1888 who left known purebred descendants in America . In 1888 Randolph Huntington imported the desert @-@ bred Arabian mare * Naomi , and bred her to Leopard , producing Leopard 's only purebred Arabian son , Anazeh , who sired eight purebred Arabian foals , four of whom still appear in pedigrees today .
= = = Development of purebred breeding in America = = =
In 1908 , the Arabian Horse Registry of America was established , recording 71 animals , and by 1994 , the number had reached half a million . Today there are more Arabians registered in North America than in the rest of the world put together .
The origins of the registry date to 1893 , when the Hamidie Society sponsored an exhibit of Arabian horses from what today is Syria at the World Fair in Chicago . This exhibition raised considerable interest in Arabian horses . Records are unclear if 40 or 45 horses were imported for the exposition , but seven died in a fire shortly after arrival . The 28 horses that remained at the end of the exhibition stayed in America and were sold at auction when the Hamidie Society went bankrupt . These horses caught the interest of American breeders , including Peter Bradley of the Hingham Stock Farm , who purchased some Hamidie horses at the auction , and Homer Davenport , another admirer of the Hamidie imports .
Major Arabian importations to the United States included those of Davenport and Bradley , who teamed up to purchase several stallions and mares directly from the Bedouin in 1906 . Spencer Borden of the Interlachen Stud made several importations between 1898 and 1911 ; and W.R. Brown of the Maynesboro Stud , interested in the Arabian as a cavalry mount , imported many Arabians over a period of years , starting in 1918 . Another wave of imports came in the 1920s and 30s when breeders such as W.K. Kellogg , Henry Babson , Roger Selby , James Draper , and others imported Arabian bloodstock from Crabbet Park Stud in England , as well as from Poland , Spain and Egypt . The breeding of Arabians was fostered by the U. S. Army Remount Service , which stood purebred stallions at public stud for a reduced rate .
Several Arabians , mostly of Polish breeding , were captured from Nazi Germany and imported to the U.S.A. following World War II . In 1957 , two deaths in England led to more sales to the United States : first from Crabbet Stud on the demise of Lady Wentworth , and then from Hanstead with the passing of Gladys Yule . As the tensions of the Cold War eased , more Arabians were imported to America from Poland and Egypt , and in the late 1970s , as political issues surrounding import regulations and the recognition of stud books were resolved , many Arabian horses were imported from Spain and Russia .
= = = Modern trends = = =
In the 1980s , Arabians became a popular status symbol and were marketed similarly to fine art . Some individuals also used horses as a tax shelter . Prices skyrocketed , especially in the United States , with a record @-@ setting public auction price for a mare named NH Love Potion , who sold for $ 2 @.@ 55 million in 1984 , and the largest syndication in history for an Arabian stallion , Padron , at $ 11 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . The potential for profit led to over @-@ breeding of the Arabian . When the Tax Reform Act of 1986 closed the tax @-@ sheltering " passive investment " loophole , limiting the use of horse farms as tax shelters , the Arabian market was particularly vulnerable due to over @-@ saturation and artificially inflated prices , and it collapsed , forcing many breeders into bankruptcy and sending many purebred Arabians to slaughter . Prices recovered slowly , with many breeders moving away from producing " living art " and towards a horse more suitable for amateur owners and many riding disciplines . By 2003 , a survey found that 67 % of purebred Arabian horses in America are owned for recreational riding purposes . As of 2013 , there are more than 660 @,@ 000 Arabians that have been registered in the United States , and the US has the largest number of Arabians of any nation in the world .
= = In Australia = =
= = = Early imports = = =
Arabian horses were introduced to Australia in the earliest days of European Settlement . Early imports included both purebred Arabians and light Spanish " jennets " from Andalusia , many Arabians also came from India . Based on records describing stallions " of Arabic and Persian blood " , the first Arabian horses were probably imported to Australia in several groups between 1788 and 1802 . About 1803 , a merchant named Robert Campbell imported a bay Arabian stallion , Hector , from India ; Hector was said to have been owned by Arthur Wellesley , who later became known as the Duke of Wellington . In 1804 two additional Arabians , also from India , arrived in Tasmania one of whom , White William , sired the first purebred Arabian foal born in Australia , a stallion named Derwent .
Throughout the 19th century , many more Arabians came to Australia , though most were used to produce crossbred horses and left no recorded purebred descendants . The first significant imports to be permanently recorded with offspring still appearing in modern purebred Arabian pedigrees were those of James Boucaut , who in 1891 imported several Arabians from Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt 's Crabbet Arabian Stud in England . Purebred Arabians were used to improve racehorses and some of them became quite famous as such ; about 100 Arabian sires are included in the Australian Stud Book ( for Thoroughbred racehorses ) . The military was also involved in the promotion of breeding calvalry horses , especially around World War I. They were part of the foundation of several breeds considered uniquely Australian , including the Australian Pony , the Waler and the Australian Stock Horse .
= = = In the 20th and 21st centuries = = =
In the early 20th century , more Arabian horses , mostly of Crabbet bloodlines , arrived in Australia . The first Arabians of Polish breeding arrived in 1966 , and Egyptian lines were first imported in 1970 . Arabian horses from the rest of the world followed , and today the Australian Arabian horse registry is the second largest in the world , next to that of the United States .
= = Modern breeding = =
Arabian horses today are found all over the world . They are no longer classified by Bedouin strain , but are informally classified by the nation of origin of famed horses in a given pedigree . Popular types of Arabians are labeled " Polish " , " Spanish " , " Crabbet " , " Russian " , " Egyptian " , and " Domestic " ( describing horses whose ancestors were imported to the United States prior to 1944 , including those from programs such as Kellogg , Davenport , Maynesboro , Babson , Dickenson and Selby ) . In the USA , a specific mixture of Crabbet , Maynesboro and Kellogg bloodlines has acquired the copyrighted designation " CMK . "
Each set of bloodlines has its own devoted followers , with the virtues of each hotly debated . Most debates are between those who value the Arabian most for its refined beauty and those who value the horse for its stamina and athleticism ; there are also a number of breeders who specialize in preservation breeding of various bloodlines . Controversies exist over the relative " purity " of certain animals ; breeders argue about the genetic " purity " of various pedigrees , discussing whether some horses descend from " impure " animals that cannot be traced to the desert Bedouin . The major factions are as follows :
The Arabian Horse Association ( AHA ) states , " The origin of the purebred Arabian horse was the Arabian desert , and all Arabians ultimately trace their lineage to this source . " In essence , all horses accepted for registration in the United States are deemed to be " purebred " Arabians by AHA .
The World Arabian Horse Association ( WAHO ) has the broadest definition of a purebred Arabian . WAHO states , " A Purebred Arabian horse is one which appears in any purebred Arabian Stud Book or Register listed by WAHO as acceptable . " By this definition , over 95 % of the known purebred Arabian horses in the world are registered in stud books acceptable to WAHO . WAHO also researched the purity question in general , and its findings are on its web site , describing both the research and the political issues surrounding Arabian horse bloodlines , particularly in America .
At the other end of the spectrum , organizations focused on bloodlines that are the most meticulously documented to desert sources have the most restrictive definitions . For example , The Asil Club in Europe only accepts " a horse whose pedigree is exclusively based on Bedouin breeding of the Arabian peninsula , without any crossbreeding with non @-@ Arabian horses at any time . " Likewise , the Al Khamsa organization takes the position that " The horse ... which are called " Al Khamsa Arabian Horses , " are those horses in North America that can reasonably be assumed to descend entirely from bedouin Arabian horses bred by horse @-@ breeding bedouin tribes of the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula without admixture from sources unacceptable to Al Khamsa . " Most restrictive of all are horses identified as " straight Egyptian " by the Pyramid Society , which must trace in all lines to the desert and also to horses owned or bred by specific Egyptian breeding programs . By this definition , straight Egyptian Arabians constitute only 2 % of all Arabian horses in America .
Ironically , some pure @-@ blooded desert @-@ bred Arabians in Syria had enormous difficulties being accepted as registrable purebred Arabians because many of the Bedouin who owned them saw no need to obtain a piece of paper to verify the purity of their horses . However , eventually the Syrians developed a stud book for their animals that was accepted by the World Arabian Horse Association ( WAHO ) in 2007 .
= = Influence on other horse breeds = =
Because of the genetic strength of the desert @-@ bred Arabian horse , Arabian bloodlines have played a part in the development of nearly every modern light horse breed , including the Thoroughbred , Orlov Trotter , Morgan , American Saddlebred , American Quarter Horse , and Warmblood breeds such as the Trakehner . Arabian bloodlines have also influenced the development of the Welsh Pony , the Australian Stock Horse , Percheron draft horse , Appaloosa , and the Colorado Ranger Horse .
Today , people cross Arabians with other breeds to add refinement , endurance , agility and beauty . In the USA , Half @-@ Arabians have their own registry within the Arabian Horse Association , which includes a special section for Anglo @-@ Arabians ( Arabian @-@ Thoroughbred crosses ) . Some crosses originally registered only as Half @-@ Arabians became popular enough to have their own breed registry , including the National Show Horse ( an Arabian @-@ Saddlebred cross ) , the Quarab ( Arabian @-@ Quarter Horse ) , the Pintabian the Welara ( Arabian @-@ Welsh Pony ) , and the Morab ( Arabian @-@ Morgan ) . In addition , some Arabians and Half Arabians have been approved for breeding by some Warmblood registries , particularly the Trakehner registry .
There is intense debate over the role the Arabian played in the development of other light horse breeds . Before DNA @-@ based research developed , one hypothesis , based on body types and conformation , suggested the light , " dry " , oriental horse adapted to the desert climate had developed prior to domestication ; DNA studies of multiple horse breeds now suggest that while domesticated horses arose from multiple mare lines , there is very little variability in the Y @-@ chromosome between breeds . Following domestication of the horse , due to the location of the Middle East as a crossroads of the ancient world , and relatively near the earliest locations of domestication , oriental horses spread throughout Europe and Asia both in ancient and modern times . There is little doubt that humans crossed " oriental " blood on that of other types to create light riding horses ; the only actual questions are at what point the " oriental " prototype could be called an " Arabian " , how much Arabian blood was mixed with local animals , and at what point in history .
For some breeds , such as the Thoroughbred , Arabian influence of specific animals is documented in written stud books . For older breeds , dating the influx of Arabian ancestry is more difficult . For example , while outside cultures , and the horses they brought with them , influenced the predecessor to the Iberian horse in both the time of Ancient Rome and again with the Islamic invasions of the 8th century , it is difficult to trace precise details of the journeys taken by waves of conquerors and their horses as they traveled from the Middle East to North Africa and across Gibraltar to southern Europe . Mitochondrial DNA studies of modern Andalusian horses of the Iberian peninsula and Barb horses of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and influenced one another . Though these studies did not compare Andalusian and Barb mtDNA to that of Arabian horses , there is evidence that horses resembling Arabians , whether before or after the breed was called an " Arabian " , were part of this genetic mix . Arabians and Barbs , though probably related to one another , are quite different in appearance , and horses of both Arabian and Barb type were present in the Muslim armies that occupied Europe . There is also historical documentation that Islamic invaders raised Arabian horses in Spain prior to the Reconquista ; the Spanish also documented imports of Arabian horses in 1847 , 1884 and 1885 that were used to improve existing Spanish stock and revive declining equine populations .
= = Uses = =
Arabians are versatile horses that compete in many equestrian fields , including horse racing , the horse show disciplines of saddle seat , Western pleasure , and hunt seat , as well as dressage , cutting , reining , endurance riding , show jumping , eventing , youth events such as equitation , and others . They are used as pleasure riding , trail riding , and working ranch horses for those who are not interested in competition .
= = = Competition = = =
Arabians dominate the sport of endurance riding because of their stamina . They are the leading breed in competitions such as the Tevis Cup that can cover up to 100 miles ( 160 km ) in a day , and they participate in FEI @-@ sanctioned endurance events worldwide , including the World Equestrian Games .
There is an extensive series of horse shows in the United States and Canada for Arabian , Half @-@ Arabian , and Anglo @-@ Arabian horses , sanctioned by the USEF in conjunction with the Arabian Horse Association . Classes offered include Western pleasure , reining , hunter type and saddle seat English pleasure , and halter , plus the very popular " Native " costume class . " Sport horse " events for Arabian horses have become popular in North America , particularly after the Arabian Horse Association began hosting a separate Arabian and Half Arabian Sport Horse National Championship in 2003 that by 2004 grew to draw 2000 entries . This competition draws Arabian and part @-@ Arabian horses that perform in hunter , jumper , sport horse under saddle , sport horse in hand , dressage , and combined driving competition .
Other nations also sponsor major shows strictly for purebred and partbred Arabians , including Great Britain France , Spain , Poland , and the United Arab Emirates .
Purebred Arabians have excelled in open events against other breeds . One of the most famous examples in the field of western riding competition was the Arabian mare Ronteza , who defeated 50 horses of all breeds to win the 1961 Reined Cow Horse championship at the Cow Palace in San Francisco , California . Another Arabian competitive against all breeds was the stallion Aaraf who won an all @-@ breed cutting horse competition at the Quarter Horse Congress in the 1950s . In show jumping and show hunter competition , a number of Arabians have competed successfully against other breeds in open competition , including the purebred gelding Russian Roulette , who has won multiple jumping classes against horses of all breeds on the open circuit , and in eventing , a purebred Arabian competed on the Brazilian team at the 2004 Athens Olympics .
Part @-@ Arabians have also appeared at open sport horse events and even Olympic level competition . The Anglo @-@ Arabian Linon was ridden to an Olympic silver medal for France in Dressage in 1928 and 1932 , as well as a team gold in 1932 , and another French Anglo @-@ Arabian , Harpagon , was ridden to a team gold medal and an individual silver in dressage at the 1948 Olympics . At the 1952 Olympics , the French rider Pierre d 'Oriola won the Gold individual medal in show jumping on the Anglo @-@ Arabian Ali Baba . Another Anglo @-@ Arabian , Tamarillo , ridden by William Fox @-@ Pitt , represents the United Kingdom in FEI and Olympic competition , winning many awards , including first place at the 2004 Badminton Horse Trials . More recently a gelding named Theodore O 'Connor , nicknamed " Teddy " , a 14 @.@ 1 ( or 14 @.@ 2 , sources vary ) hand pony of Thoroughbred , Arabian , and Shetland pony breeding , won two gold medals at the 2007 Pan American Games and was finished in the top six at the 2007 and 2008 Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI competition .
= = = Other activities = = =
Arabians are involved in a wide variety of activities , including fairs , movies , parades , circuses and other places where horses are showcased . They have been popular in movies , dating back to the silent film era when Rudolph Valentino rode the Kellogg Arabian stallion Jadaan in 1926 's Son of the Sheik , and have been seen in many other films , including The Black Stallion featuring the stallion Cass Ole , The Young Black Stallion , which used over 40 Arabians during filming , as well as Hidalgo and the 1959 version of Ben @-@ Hur .
Arabians are mascots for football teams , performing crowd @-@ pleasing activities on the field and sidelines . One of the horses who serves as " Traveler " , the mascot for the University of Southern California Trojans , has been a purebred Arabian . " Thunder " , a stage name for the purebred Arabian stallion J B Kobask , was mascot for the Denver Broncos from 1993 until his retirement in 2004 , when the Arabian gelding Winter Solstyce took over as " Thunder II " . Cal Poly Pomona 's W.K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center Equestrian Unit has made Arabian horses a regular sight at the annual Tournament of Roses Parade held each New Year 's Day in Pasadena , California .
Arabians also are used on search and rescue teams and occasionally for police work . Some Arabians are used in polo in the USA and Europe , in the Turkish equestrian sport of Cirit ( pronounced [ dʒiˈɾit ] ) , as well as in circuses , therapeutic horseback riding programs , and on guest ranches .
= ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde =
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " is a song recorded by American rapper Jay @-@ Z featuring American R & B singer Beyoncé . It was composed by Shawn Carter , Kanye West , Prince , Tupac Shakur , Darryl Harper , Ricky Rouse and Tyrone Wrice for Jay @-@ Z 's seventh studio album The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse ( 2002 ) . The song was released as the album 's lead single on October 10 , 2002 . A East Coast hip hop and R & B song , " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " sampled its beat from American rapper Tupac Shakur 's 1996 song " Me and My Girlfriend " , and was inspired by the crime film Bonnie and Clyde . The instrumentation is based on programmed drums , bass instruments , and a flamenco guitar .
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was generally received with favorable reviews by music critics , who complimented the combination of Jay @-@ Z 's and Beyoncé 's musical styles , their collaboration and the song 's production . The single reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Jay @-@ Z 's second top ten single and Beyoncé 's first as a solo artist . It charted at number two in the United Kingdom and peaked in the top twenty in other European territories . " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) .
The accompanying music video was directed by Chris Robinson , and features Jay @-@ Z and Beyoncé playing a modern @-@ day version of the 1920s bank robbers Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker . It was nominated for Best Hip @-@ Hop Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards . " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " spawned a feud with American recording artist Toni Braxton , who had also sampled " Me and My Girlfriend " in her 2002 song " Me & My Boyfriend " . She accused West and Jay @-@ Z of stealing the idea of using the song as a sample , which was later denied by both of them . " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was performed by Jay @-@ Z and Beyoncé on several television shows and was later included on the set list of their concert performances and tours , most notably on their co @-@ headlining On the Run Tour ( 2014 ) .
= = Production and release = =
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " marked the first collaboration between rapper Jay @-@ Z and R & B singer Beyoncé . While listening to Shakur 's The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory , producer Kanye West suggested that American rapper Tupac Shakur 's song " Me and My Girlfriend " would make a good sample to use on Jay @-@ Z 's duet with Beyoncé . West told MTV News that Jay @-@ Z had asked him on the telephone for a duet for him and Beyoncé : " We got this joint , it has to be the best beat you ever made . " He continued :
So I went home and called my dog , E Base , who plays a lot of instruments up at Baseline [ studio ] for me and [ producer ] Just Blaze . [ E ] came through . I programmed the drums in 10 minutes , and then he played all the different parts . This version is all live bass , live guitars , [ live ] chords on it . I brought it to Hov that night , he heard it , he thought of the video treatment before he thought of the rap . He just knew it was gonna be the one .
Tensions arose during the conception of " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " over the sampling of " Me and My Girlfriend . Senior Vice President of A & R Tina Davis commented on the issue , " We only had one day to clear the [ Tupac Shakur ] sample [ from ' Me and my Girlfriend ' ] that was used on ' '03 Bonnie and Clyde ' last year with Jay @-@ Z and Beyoncé [ Beyoncé ] . We were back and forth with Afeni Shakur all day until we got the clearance . And then it 's a hit . "
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was released on October 10 , 2002 , as the lead single from Jay @-@ Z 's album The Blueprint ² : The Gift & the Curse . Beyoncé later included the song as a bonus track on international editions of her 2003 debut solo album Dangerously in Love . In 2003 , Now That 's What I Call Music ! included " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " as the opening track of the 12th volume of the US release and the fifteenth track of the 54th volume of the UK release . The song 's release was the first indication of Jay @-@ Z 's and Beyoncé 's romantic status , spawning rumors about a burgeoning relationship . Their relationship was not made public until Jay @-@ Z featured on Beyoncé 's songs " Crazy In Love " ( 2003 ) and " Déjà Vu " ( 2006 ) . It was later announced that they had been dating since recording " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " . The latter 's release also marked the debut of the solo career of Beyoncé , leaving Destiny 's Child on hiatus .
= = Composition = =
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " features drums and live instrumentation such as bass instruments and guitar chords . It also consists of a beat sampled from " Me and My Girlfriend " . The song was inspired by the 1967 American crime film Bonnie and Clyde as Jay @-@ Z and Beyoncé proclaim themselves as the current version of the criminal duo . Ethan Brown of New York magazine noted that its patina of flamenco guitar was reminiscent of that in Jay @-@ Z 's 2001 collaboration with R. Kelly on " Fiesta . " Beyoncé mimics the hook of " Me and My Girlfriend " on the chorus as she sings , " Down to ride to the very end , me and my boyfriend " .
Some lyrics sung by Beyoncé were sampled from " If I Was Your Girlfriend " by American recording artist Prince . On the second verse , Jay @-@ Z references the relationship between Bobby Brown and Whitney Houston , and the American television comedy @-@ drama series Sex and the City as he raps : " She riiides wit ' me / The new Bobby and Whitney / Only time we don 't speak is during ' Sex and the City ' / Put us together , how they gon ' stop both of us ? / When I 'm off track , Mommy is keeping us focused " . The verse then continues : " Let 's lock this down like it 's supposed to be / The ' 03 Bonnie and Clyde , Hov and B " .
= = Critical reception = =
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was received favorably by critics , who commended the use of different samples , and commented on the relationship between Jay @-@ Z and Beyoncé . Chris Ryan of Spin magazine described " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " as a highlight on The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & the Curse , stating that it consists of " a house party in a crib as big as the Georgia Dome . " John Bush from Allmusic included the song as a highlight on the album , further describing it as " a slick R & B crossover with Beyoncé Knowles " . Marc L. Hill of PopMatters viewed it as the " obligatory radio song " of the album . Awarding the song a rating of eight out of ten possible points , Dele Fadele of NME complimented it as " a cool duet " between Jay @-@ Z and Beyoncé . John Robinson of the same publication wrote that as the couple describe their life , it 's not all " Lexus and sipping Cris " . He added , " A similarly relaxed production makes for a behind @-@ the @-@ diamante @-@ net @-@ curtains classic " .
Ethan Brown of New York magazine named " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " as a follow @-@ up to the previous " Bonnie & Clyde Part II " by Jay @-@ Z featuring rapper Foxy Brown . Erik Parker , music editor of Vibe magazine , was divided on the song 's sample , writing that it was " tasteless but well @-@ executed " , and complimented West 's production as " impeccable " . Margena A. Christian of Jet magazine praised Jay @-@ Z 's and Beyoncé 's collaboration , favoring the former 's " dropping lyrics " and the latter 's " cooing silky vocals " . Chuck Taylor of Billboard magazine wrote that though it was unclear at the time whether the couple were together or not , but they created good music together . Taylor praised the song 's ability to showcase what each artist does best : Jay @-@ Z " spitting " verses of praise , and Beyoncé 's sweets coos and hooks . Taylor noted that the sampled acoustic guitar " added spice to the track , setting it up for future success " . In a more negative review , Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club described the song as " terrible " and different from the other songs on The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse .
Rap @-@ Up credited " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " for giving Beyoncé a " little street @-@ credit " . The staff members of Vibe magazine placed the song at number two on a list of the best Bonnie and Clyde inspired songs . On a list of the 10 Best Jay @-@ Z Songs , Dean Silfenv of AOL placed " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " at number six . Popjustice listed " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " at number 66 on its list of the best singles of 2003 . It was nominated for the Best Collaboration at the 2003 BET Awards , but lost to Snoop Dogg 's song " Beautiful " . In a 2013 list of Jay @-@ Z 's 20 Biggest Billboard Hits , " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was ranked at number 6 . Elijah Watson and Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine noted that the song proved the couple was " unstoppable from jump " .
= = Chart performance = =
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " reached the top ten on music charts in six European countries . It peaked at number six on the Norway Singles Chart and on the Danish Singles Chart , number eight on the Italian Singles Chart , and topped the Swiss Singles Charts . In Canada , the song peaked at number four and became Jay @-@ Z 's highest charting single until it was surpassed by his 2009 Alicia Keys @-@ assisted song " Empire State of Mind " , which peaked at number three . In the United Kingdom , " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart . At the time , it became his highest charting single in Britain since " Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) " achieved the same feat in November 1998 . It peaked at number four on the New Zealand Singles Chart , becoming his highest charting single in that territory . The song also became Jay @-@ Z 's highest charting single in Australia , where it peaked at number two . " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipment of 70 @,@ 000 copies .
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " broke into the top five of the Billboard Hot 100 at number four ; it became the highest @-@ charting single that references the famous bank robbers Bonnie and Clyde . The record was previously held by Georgie Fame 's 1986 single " The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde . " Following the performance of " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " on Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) on November 2 , 2002 , its radio audience increased by 12 % , allowing the song to advance into the top ten of the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , at number seven . This gave Jay @-@ Z his 12th top 10 single , tying him with rapper P. Diddy , who had the same number of top 10 singles on that chart . " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was his first top 10 since his 2001 single " Girls , Girls , Girls " . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting sales of 500 @,@ 000 copies.The song sold over 1 million copies in US .
= = Music video = =
Chris Robinson directed the song 's accompanying music video and filmed in Mexico , during November 2002 . June Ambrose was hired as the personal stylist , and Lance Reddick appears in the video as the main police officer on their tail . Jay @-@ Z and Beyoncé play a modern @-@ day version of the 1920s bank robbers Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker . The video is loosely based on the American 1993 romance crime film True Romance , which stars Christian Slater and Patricia Arquette as two lovers on the run from cocaine dealers . The choreography used in the clip suggests a relationship beyond screen , as Jay @-@ Z wraps his arm around Beyoncé while singing his part of the chorus . The video also marked a departure for the " clean @-@ cut Beyoncé " and created a symbiotic relationship between her and Jay @-@ Z , allowing them to exchange audiences .
The music video begins as police officers and Reddick discuss the criminal duo and ways to catch them . As the song begins , Jay @-@ Z is seen driving a gunmetal grey Aston Martin while Beyoncé sits in the passenger seat . As they drive through the sepia sands of Mexico , clips of the police from the beginning of the video are cut into the scene . As Jay @-@ Z and Beyoncé pull over to a hotel , they cover the car to avoid notice from the police . As Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z count money in the bedroom , the police discover their hiding place and go upstairs only to find that the two have fled the scene in their car . Scenes of Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z at a Mexican bar are inter @-@ cut with scenes of an intimate time in a phone @-@ booth ; behind the phone booth , spray @-@ painted onto a wall is a tribute to Tupac Shakur . The duo again elude the police who are following one step behind . After Beyoncé performs her verse in an empty pool , the police form a blockade on the highway in an attempt to catch her and Jay @-@ Z , only to be stumped again as two gas station attendant decoys are found driving the car . The video ends as Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z light a bonfire on the beach and drive away in a different car .
Corey Moss of MTV News noted that the end of the video does not reveal how the " real " Bonnie and Clyde met their end . The story continues in the 2004 video for Jay @-@ Z 's song " 99 Problems " . The music video for " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was nominated for Best Hip @-@ Hop Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards . In the official top 20 countdown of Jay @-@ Z music videos , MTV UK listed the clip at number 10 .
= = Toni Braxton feud = =
On October 8 , 2003 , Toni Braxton and her team released a statement claiming that Jay @-@ Z 's song " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " had stolen Braxton 's idea to sample the 1996 Tupac Shakur song " Me and My Girlfriend " . Braxton sampled Shakur 's song on the track " Me & My Boyfriend " , included on Braxton 's album , More Than a Woman ( 2002 ) . In a call to a New York radio station , Braxton stated that " Jay @-@ Z and Beyoncé are messing with my money . They 're trying to steal my mojo " . Braxton said her song was recorded over the summer of 2002 , and alleged that Jay @-@ Z only decided to do " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " after she played her version of the song for Def Jam Recordings .
Kanye West responded to Braxton 's claim in an interview for MTV News , " I had no idea about Toni Braxton 's [ song ] . She can 't act like ain 't nobody ever heard ' Me and My Girlfriend ' before . People hear the song all the time . I can [ understand her complaint ] if it [ was ] an original song . " West defended the song 's sample , stating that the idea came to him after listening to a friend 's Makaveli album one night . Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records ' Co @-@ CEO responded to Braxton 's claims :
Jay is a talented dude . I don 't think he would steal anything intentionally . It 's an ill coincidence , and things happen for a reason . We 'll see what happens behind it ... I read it in the paper , and Jay and I were talking about it this morning and it was a little funny . I know he didn 't intentionally make the same record she made . I don 't think he even heard it . [ My ] reaction is , ' Sorry , it wasn 't intentional . ' Jay makes records and puts them out . This [ sh-- ] is music . It 's just music . We don 't sit around and have a blueprint to [ f--- ] anybody 's life up . The music business has been good to us . I 'm not getting into any beef or nothing over music .
Speaking for MTV News , Jay @-@ Z responded to Braxton 's claims : " I wouldn 't want to take it from her . I don 't even think like that . My first thought would be , ' Maybe I could call her up , maybe I could get on that record . ' The most obvious [ explanation ] is it 's neither one of our records . It 's not like you made an original idea . She 's not in hip @-@ hop , but it happens in hip @-@ hop often . We go to sample the same thing and my record came out first . I 'm sorry . What can I do ? " He went on saying that if he had known they were both planning to sample the same Tupac song , he would have arranged a duet with her .
= = Live performances = =
On November 2 , 2002 , Jay @-@ Z and Beyoncé performed the song together at Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) . Later , on November 21 , 2002 they appeared on MTV 's TRL for Spankin ' New Music Week where they also performed the song . In 2009 , Beyoncé performed an abbreviated version of " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " during her I Am ... Yours revue , held at the Encore Las Vegas Theatre in July and August . The song was later included on the 2009 live album I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas which was chronicling the revue . In August 2011 , Beyoncé performed " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " again during her revue 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and included the song on the DVD Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 released in November 2011 . During the concerts , Beyoncé announced the song by saying , " It 's 2002 … I started to feel a little lonely till one day … " . " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was included on Jay @-@ Z 's live album Live in Brooklyn released on October 11 , 2012 after he performed the song during eight shows in Brooklyn . In 2013 , Jay @-@ Z included the song on the set list of his Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour .
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " was part of the set list of Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z 's co @-@ headlining On the Run Tour ( 2014 ) where the shows were opened with the performance of the song . A black @-@ and @-@ white video was shown on the screen accompanied by sirens as the duo appeared onstage surrounded by smoke . They started performing the song with Beyoncé wearing a see @-@ through fishnet mask and Jay @-@ Z wearing black sunglasses , a star @-@ speckled shirt , black jacket and gold chains . The song was in line with the show 's overall criminalistic theme .
= = Formats and track listings = =
Digital EP
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " ( Radio Edit ) – 3 : 27
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " ( Explicit ) – 3 : 26
" U Don 't Know ( Remix ) ( Jay @-@ Z & M.O.P. ) – 4 : 28
CD single
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " ( Radio Edit ) – 3 : 28
" U Don 't Know ( Remix ) – 4 : 27
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " ( Instrumental ) – 3 : 27
= = Credits and personnel = =
Adapted from the The Blueprint ² : The Gift & the Curse 's liner notes .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= Tony King ( EastEnders ) =
Tony King is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Chris Coghill . He was the partner of established character Bianca Jackson ( Patsy Palmer ) , and a father @-@ figure to her four children . Tony sexually abused Bianca 's stepdaughter , Whitney Dean ( Shona McGarty ) , and began grooming her school @-@ friend Lauren Branning ( Madeline
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Duggan ) , before his predatory nature was uncovered and he was arrested for his crimes . Tony appeared between 12 September and 12 December 2008 and returned in December 2009 to stand trial .
The child sexual abuse storyline marked the first time the subject matter had been broached in a UK soap opera , and was researched and developed with advice and approval from the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children . The abusive nature of Tony and Whitney 's relationship resulted in over 200 complaints being made to the BBC and television regulatory body Ofcom by members of the public , with the storyline deemed " horrifying " by the Daily Mail 's Lizzie Smith , and " one of the darkest and most disturbing storylines EastEnders has ever attempted " by The Mirror 's Beth Neil . The NSPCC however praised the storyline for " helping to raise awareness of the hidden nature of sexual abuse " . The storyline also gained EastEnders a Royal Television Society Programme Award in March 2009 in the Soap and Continuing Drama category .
= = Storylines = =
After being released from prison for assaulting a teenage boy who propositioned Whitney Dean ( Shona McGarty ) , Tony joins his partner Bianca Butcher ( Patsy Palmer ) and her family in Walford , including her son Morgan Jackson @-@ King , whom he has adopted . It is revealed that he is a paedophile who has been grooming and sexually abusing Whitney , Bianca 's adopted daughter , since she was 12 . He immediately resumes his sexual relationship with Whitney , despite his displeasure at her more adult appearance , insisting she remove her make @-@ up and jewellery . When Whitney gets a role in the school play , Romeo and Julie , Tony is angry about having less time with her , becoming jealous of her co @-@ star Peter Beale ( Thomas Law ) . Tony deceives Whitney into believing they will run away and start a new life together when she turns sixteen . Whitney gives him money she has been keeping for his return , which he gives Bianca as a deposit for a flat . Tony assaults Peter as a result of his growing jealousy , and is nearly reported to the police by Peter 's sister Lucy Beale ( Melissa Suffield ) . Whitney convinces Lucy not to go to the police , but not before Lucy tells Bianca what happened . When Bianca angrily tells Tony that she is not a child anymore , he realizes he is no longer attracted to her .
Tony begins grooming fourteen @-@ year @-@ old Lauren Branning , supporting her when her mother Tanya Branning ( Jo Joyner ) is arrested for the attempted murder of her father . He plans to take her to a concert , but Lauren 's father Max Branning ( Jake Wood ) uncovers her hidden clothes and refuses her permission to attend . When Whitney 's sixteenth birthday arrives , she books flights so they can run away together . Attempting to foil her plan , Tony steals her passport but it is found and returned . On her birthday , Whitney tells Bianca about her relationship with Tony , believing that they are going to leave together . Horrified , Bianca calls the police , and Tony is arrested . He is later released on bail and visits their home in an attempt to convince Whitney not to give a statement to the police . He is attacked by Bianca 's ex @-@ husband Ricky ( Sid Owen ) and re @-@ arrested for breaking his bail conditions .
Before his trial , Tony attempts suicide . Whitney tries to visit but is refused , and Bianca sees it as a form of manipulation . Tony repeatedly attempts to contact Whitney by phone , but after the first day of the trial , he flushes the SIM card down the toilet in his cell . When Whitney 's brother Ryan Malloy ( Neil McDermott ) tries to attack Tony in court , Whitney says she will refuse to testify , claiming her witness statement was a lie and she was forced to say it . Bianca explains to Whitney that Tony will be set free and that he will target other children . Tony 's barrister , Mrs Taylor ( Jacqueline Defferary ) , cross @-@ examines Whitney , trying to imply that she pursued him for several years , saying she refused to take ' no ' for an answer and lied about the accusations . Tony shouts out that he is innocent but Whitney says she trusted him and he abused her , revealing the truth about the relationship . After leaving the courtroom , Whitney gives her barrister , Vivien Easley QC ( Geraldine Alexander ) , a mobile phone with messages from Tony on it . A week later Tony is found guilty of all charges and sentenced to 13 years in custody . He smirks as the verdict is being read out but is taken away with his head in his hands .
Over three years later , Whitney receives a note from Tony via one of his former prison friends , saying that he always loved her . Whitney attempts to visit Tony in prison , but she is told that he killed himself in his cell .
= = Creation = =
Tony was first mentioned in EastEnders in April 2008 , when Palmer returned as Bianca Jackson following a nine @-@ year absence from the show . It was established that although Tony was currently in prison , he and Bianca were in a relationship , and that he acted as a father @-@ figure to her children Whitney Dean , Liam Butcher ( James Forde ) and Tiffany Dean ( Maisie Smith ) . It was originally stated that Tony was the biological father of Bianca 's youngest son , mixed @-@ race Morgan Jackson @-@ King ( Devon Higgs ) , which raised confusion with viewers when it was later announced that Coghill , who is white , had been cast in the role . The show 's producers explained that Tony was not really Morgan 's father , and that the reason behind this deception would be revealed soon after his arrival .
Although Tony did not appear in the show until September 2008 , his arrival was anticipated from April of that year , when EastEnders executive producer Diederick Santer commented that the series was building a picture of his character , and that it would be interesting to see him on @-@ screen . It was reported on 2 July 2008 that Tony would be arriving in the serial as part of a child sexual abuse storyline involving Whitney . BBC News described the plot as an ongoing " predatory paedophile storyline " , noting that this was the first time this subject matter had been tackled by a UK soap opera .
An EastEnders spokesperson stated that programme @-@ makers were working in close conjunction with the NSPCC in order to portray the subject matter accurately and sensitively , commenting that the show aims to raise awareness of real @-@ life issues , and has in the past similarly drawn attention to issues such as domestic violence , rape and HIV . John Grounds , the NSPCC 's director of communications , praised the soap for raising awareness of the issue . Sara Nathan of The Sun reported that the story had been planned since the previous year , and would begin with Whitney worrying about Tony 's release from prison and the effect it would have on her family .
The storyline was first conceived when EastEnders series consultant Simon Ashdown viewed a documentary about homelessness , featuring a mother and child at a bus stop with nowhere to go . Ashdown questioned what might happen if a child sex offender were to befriend the mother in order to grow closer to the child , and related the scenario to Bianca 's return to the soap . BBC Head of Drama John Yorke explained that the idea when presented " drew a sharp intake of breath . Most EastEnders stories that have been good and successful have been the ones that caused the sharp intake of breath , so they 're always the kind of stories you look for . " Final approval for the storyline was sought from BBC Head of Fiction Jane Tranter on 2 June 2008 . Tranter explained that : " I thought it was a fantastically good idea . The big moments in EastEnders , those iconic pieces of television history , tend to be the things that are incredibly near the knuckle , and are actually quite difficult subjects to raise in the context of a family sitting room . [ ... ] Soaps are meant to hold up a mirror to our lives , and sometimes that mirror will show ugly bits , difficult bits , taboo bits . But if a soap doesn 't hold up that mirror , then actually , what is it ? It will have no depth . "
= = Development = =
Coghill was cast as Tony on 20 June 2008 . He deemed the role the most challenging he had ever played , but hoped that it would help to raise public awareness of child abuse . Of his off @-@ screen relationship with McGarty , Coghill explained that it helped that she does not look or act like a young child , deeming her " fantastic to work with " , as well as " very natural , very instinctive and a natural actress " , commenting : " There isn 't any uncomfortable feeling at all . " Having undergone a thorough characterisation session , Coghill began shooting on 30 June 2008 , and first appeared on @-@ screen on 12 September 2008 .
Coghill has explained that Tony began grooming Whitney as soon as he met Bianca , ingratiating himself so as to become the family 's " hero figure " and " saviour " . Coghill elucidated : " The lie that Tony has spun to Whitney is that as soon as she 's 16 they 'll run away together and start a new life . But Tony 's the type of paedophile who preys on younger children . Whitney is beginning to pass her sell @-@ by date with him . [ ... ] He feels like he 's losing his little girl but needs to keep Whitney under his control and not speak out . " As Tony began to lose interest in Whitney , he started grooming her 14 @-@ year @-@ old school @-@ friend Lauren Branning . A show @-@ insider commented that Tony had been getting away with abusing Whitney for years , but was escalating as one young girl was no longer enough to satisfy him .
Tony left the soap on 12 December 2008 , after his true nature was exposed . It was announced on 7 September 2009 that he would return to EastEnders to be put on trial . Coghill was pleased to return , believing it right that Tony 's story arc should conclude realistically , giving closure to the storyline and continuing to raise awareness of the issue . Santer commented : " One of the unique things about EastEnders is its ability to play stories over months and years . Chris agreeing to come back for these episodes will enable us to continue showing the long @-@ term consequences of Tony 's abuse of Whitney and – I hope – continue to do justice to the issue of child sex abuse . " Grounds praised Tony 's trial , stating that it demonstrated the importance for children of having their abusers brought to justice . Palmer felt that : " If one person out there who 's been abused saw that [ the legal system ] go out of their way to make it easier on the victim – Whitney 's evidence is given by video link – it will be worth it . "
= = Reception = =
The BBC and television regulatory body Ofcom received 70 complaints after Whitney 's first scenes with Tony aired . A BBC spokesman responded : " This is a difficult and challenging storyline , but one which keeps with the tradition of the show for tackling difficult social issues such as domestic abuse and mental health in the past . All the content on screen adheres to the BBC 's editorial guidelines . " The Guardian 's Aida Edemariam said of the beginning of the storyline : " what is most disturbing , watching [ Tony and Whitney 's ] first scenes together , is not the sexuality of the situation per se , though that is uncomfortable - it 's the subtle blackmail with which he keeps her in line . As it 's combined with the emotional manipulation native to soaps , the viewer starts to feel a bit bullied , too " . Numbers of viewer complaints rose within days to over 200 . New Statesman journalist Jeremy Sare commented on the public outrage and defended EastEnders decision to air the storyline , writing :
Sare quoted a BBC spokeswoman as saying : " we appreciate that for some viewers this storyline will have particular resonance and significance . In running it , it 's certainly not our intention to cause distress or upset , either to those who 've suffered from sexual abuse or their families . Our aim is instead to raise awareness of this very sensitive issue " , concluding his article with the summation : " The producers ’ dilemma is instructive to children ’ s charities and Ministers alike on how to confront the issue in a digestible manner which can stimulate an objective debate . "
The Mirror 's Beth Neil branded the plot strand " one of the darkest and most disturbing storylines EastEnders has ever attempted " , with critic Jim Shelley deeming it to be a " new low " for EastEnders . Shelley wrote of Whitney 's abuse : " You 've really got to hand it to EastEnders . Just when you thought the show couldn 't get any more miserable , the writers come up trumps and produce a new way of making us depressed - a paedophile storyline . Thanks for that ! I realise now this is what the family meal has been missing three nights a week : gathering the telly to watch a grubby , greasyhaired thug drooling over a 15 @-@ year @-@ old girl who ( as luck would have it ) spends her entire life in her school uniform even when she 's not at school . And they say family entertainment 's dead . " Shelley refuted the BBC 's claims that the storyline had educational value as " totally bogus " , observing that " At 7 @.@ 30 or 8pm , the " action " has to be so coded as to be pointless " . Deborah Orr , writing for The Independent , similarly disagreed with the BBC 's statement that the storyline was part of EastEnders ' " rich heritage of tackling difficult social issues " , writing that :
The Daily Mail 's Lizzie Smith deemed the storyline " horrifying " , while The Guardian 's Julie Raeside has questioned : " Is this latest sexual abuse storyline a good thing to position in a pre @-@ watershed soap opera , or should the EastEnders storyliners stick to a less controversial brand of misery ? " However , in contrast to public and media dissent , the NSPCC 's director of communications , John Grounds , has praised the storyline for " helping to raise awareness of the hidden nature of sexual abuse " , deeming it to be " vital in persuading people to take action to stop it and encouraging children to speak out . " Episodes from the storyline were submitted to the Royal Television Society Programme Awards 2008 for a panel to judge in the category Soap and Continuing Drama . EastEnders was presented with the award in March 2009 , beating Coronation Street and The Bill . Members of the judging panel described the submitted episodes as " the culmination of a particularly challenging and controversial storyline which the production team , writers and cast pulled off triumphantly . " In addition , the storyline was nominated for Best Storyline at the 2009 Inside Soap Awards and the character was nominated for the Villain of the Year award at the 2009 British Soap Awards .
= The One Where Rachel Smokes =
" The One Where Rachel Smokes " is the eighteenth episode of the fifth season of Friends and 115th overall . It first aired on NBC in the United States on April 8 , 1999 . In the episode , Rachel ( Jennifer Aniston ) starts her new job at Ralph Lauren and soon feels left out because all the decision making takes place on smoking breaks and she does not smoke . Rachel attempts to solve the problem by taking up the habit , which proves difficult . Meanwhile , Ben auditions for a soup commercial and Joey ( Matt LeBlanc ) decides to come along to try for a part as well . When both are paired with different actors , the auditions become competitive . Elsewhere , Monica ( Courteney Cox ) and Phoebe ( Lisa Kudrow ) plan a surprise party for Rachel .
The episode was directed by Todd Holland and written by Michael Curtis . Although Aniston 's character Rachel was not a smoker , the actress at the time of filming was , who often said she planned to quit . In its original broadcast , " The One Where Rachel Smokes " acquired a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 8 , finishing the week ranked third .
= = Plot = =
Ross ( David Schwimmer ) and Carol ( Jane Sibbett ) inform the others that their son Ben ( Jack and Charlie Allen ) has an audition for a soup commercial , which Joey ( Matt LeBlanc ) finds hard to accept . When he learns that the TV commercial also has a part for the father , he volunteers himself for the audition . Both Joey and Ben are chosen for the callback but a lack of similarity in looks makes the director cast them with different individuals , therefore ensuring only one of them can be chosen for the commercial . Joey is paired up with a famous child actor . He talks to Ross about the callback in an attempt to make Ben back out of the audition which Ross finds unreasonable as it was Ben 's audition in the first place , and Joey just invited himself along . Both end up fighting over it , which drags on until the callback is held . Joey messes up his two @-@ word line : " mmm soup " , ultimately losing him the part . Ross consoles him , informing him later that Ben also didn 't get the part .
On her first day working at Ralph Lauren , Rachel ( Jennifer Aniston ) tries to get along with her new colleague and boss , Nancy and Kim . The latter two are smokers , and go on a cigarette break , which Rachel can 't join as she doesn 't smoke and she is angered to find that Nancy and Kim are busy making company decisions without her during the smoking break . Rachel fears for her position , as Kim and Nancy spend more time together during smoking breaks and have a better chance to bond , and thus Nancy is most probably going to get promotions . To make an effort and bond with her co @-@ workers , Rachel goes with them and smokes a cigarette . She 's not enthusiastic to fall into the bad habit and tries to talk Kim and Nancy into quitting which comes to no avail , later catching them smoking behind her back . Kim warns Rachel that she would fire her if she catches her with a cigarette as she doesn 't want to " drag her down with them " . She forces Rachel to leave ... just as she invites Nancy to go on a business trip to Paris with her .
Phoebe ( Lisa Kudrow ) and Monica ( Courteney Cox ) organize a surprise party for Rachel one month ahead of her birthday , but Monica 's insistence to take responsibility over everything leaves Phoebe with cup and ice duties . However Phoebe vows to get back at Monica . At the party , the apartment is overflowing with decorations and made of cups , and everyone is enjoying the snow cones Phoebe has made with the ice , meaning all of Monica 's food is ignored . Rachel arrives home and is very surprised to find the party , given that Chandler 's ( Matthew Perry ) birthday is before hers .
= = Production = =
" The One Where Rachel Smokes " was written by Michael Curtis , making it his third writing credit of the season . It was the only episode directed by Todd Holland . Holland worked previously as a director on Tales from the Crypt , Felicity and most notably The Larry Sanders Show , where he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series at the 50th Primetime Emmy Awards . Despite her character 's refusal to smoke , Jennifer Aniston at the time of filming was a frequent smoker . She publicly asserted her intention to quit in the past and even turned to hypnosis , with the help from co @-@ star Lisa Kudrow . Joanna Gleason made her first appearance as Rachel 's boss Kim Clozzi . She would later appear in the sixth season episode " The One With Ross 's Teeth " . " The One Where Rachel Smokes " marked the final appearance of Charlie and Jack Allen as Ben Geller @-@ Willick @-@ Bunch , who were replaced with Cole Sprouse .
= = Cultural references = =
The songs " Never There " by Cake and " Jamming " by Bob Marley can be heard playing at Rachel 's birthday party . At Ben 's audition , a copy of Variety magazine is seen being read by a child , whom Carol recognises .
= = Reception = =
In its original airing , " The One Where Rachel Smokes " finished third in ratings for the week of April 5 – 11 , 1999 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 8 , equivalent to approximately 14 @.@ 4 million viewing households . It was the third highest @-@ rated show on NBC that week , after ER and Frasier . The episode premiered in the United Kingdom on Sky1 on May 6 , 1999 and attained 1 @.@ 76 million viewers , making it the most watched program on the network that week .
Entertainment Weekly rated the episode " C " , in its review of the fifth season . It cited Chandler 's line " You 've got to push past this , okay ? Because it 's about to get sooo good " as the best of the episode . The review criticized the manner in which an employee can feel pressured into smoking , adding it is " not exactly the stuff that laughs are made of " . Moreover , it argued the same over the competitive vibe between Joey and Ross . Colin Jacobson at DVD Movie Guide added in a review of the fifth season DVD : " Although I don 't like the cutesy kid who plays Ben , the audition bits become funny due to Joey ’ s screw @-@ ups . His inability to correctly read the line " mmm – soup ! " becomes very amusing and offers the show 's highlights . "
The episode was released as part of Friends : The Complete Fifth Season in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . There are two extra scenes included in the DVD : one with Carol at the audition and Chandler at the party attempting to sneak a cigarette .
= Boniface of Savoy ( bishop ) =
Boniface of Savoy ( c . 1217 – 18 July 1270 ) was a medieval Bishop of Belley in France and Archbishop of Canterbury in England . He was the son of Thomas , Count of Savoy , and owed his initial ecclesiastical posts to his father . Other members of his family were also clergymen , and a brother succeeded his father as count . One niece was married to King Henry III of England and another was married to King Louis IX of France . It was Henry who secured Boniface 's election as Archbishop , and throughout his tenure of that office he spent much time on the continent . He clashed with his bishops , with his nephew @-@ by @-@ marriage , and with the papacy , but managed to eliminate the archiepiscopal debt which he had inherited on taking office . During Simon de Montfort 's struggle with King Henry , Boniface initially helped Montfort 's cause , but later supported the king . After his death in Savoy , his tomb became the object of a cult , and he was eventually beatified in 1839 .
= = Early life = =
Boniface and his elder brother Amadeus IV , Count of Savoy , were sons of Thomas I , Count of Savoy , and Margaret of Geneva . He is thus not to be confused with his nephew , and fellow member of the House of Savoy , Count Boniface of Savoy , the son of Amadeus IV . The elder Boniface was born about 1207 in Savoy . He was the eleventh child of his parents . Some sources state that at a young age he joined the Carthusian Order . However , there is no evidence of this , and it would have been very unusual for a nobleman to enter that order with its very strict discipline . He also had a brother Peter of Savoy who was named Earl of Richmond in 1240 and yet another brother William of Savoy , who was Bishop of Valence and a candidate to be Bishop of Winchester in England .
= = Ecclesiastical career = =
Boniface was the Prior of Nantua in 1232 along with the bishopric of Belley in Burgundy . When his father died , he received the castle of Ugine as his inheritance , and he surrendered any entitlement to any other inheritance in 1238 . After the marriage of his niece , Eleanor of Provence to King Henry III of England , Henry attempted to have Boniface elected Bishop of Winchester , but was unable to get the cathedral chapter to elect Boniface . On 1 February 1241 he was nominated to the see of Canterbury . Pope Innocent IV confirmed the appointment on 16 September 1243 , as an attempt to placate Henry . Boniface did not , however , come to England until 1244 and was present , in the following year 1245 , at the First Council of Lyon . There , he was consecrated by Innocent IV on 15 January at Lyons , but it was only in 1249 that he returned to England and was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 1 November 1249 . Before he returned in 1249 , he helped arrange the marriage another of his nieces , Beatrice of Provence , the sister of Queen Eleanor , to Charles of Anjou , the brother of King Louis IX of France .
The medieval chronicler Matthew Paris said that Boniface was " noted more for his birth than for his brains . " He showed little concern for the spiritual duties of his office . His exactions and his overbearing behaviour , combined with the fact that he was a foreigner , offended the English . He was heavily involved in advancing the fortunes of his family on the continent , and spent fourteen of the twenty @-@ nine years he was archbishop outside England . He made strenuous efforts to free his office from debt , as he had inherited a see that was in debt over 22 @,@ 000 marks , but managed to clear the debt before his death . He did this by securing the right to tax his clergy , for seven years , from the papacy . When a number of bishops refused to pay , they were suspended from office . He also worked for the canonisation of Edmund Rich while he was at the papal court @-@ in @-@ exile at Lyon from 1244 to 1249 .
In 1244 , Boniface rejected Robert Passelewe , who had been selected as Bishop of Chichester , on the grounds that Passelewe was illiterate . Boniface then nominated his own candidate , Richard of Chichester , and although the king objected , Pope Innocent IV confirmed Richard 's election . In 1258 , Boniface objected to the selection of Hugh de Balsham as Bishop of Ely , and tried to elevate Adam Marsh instead , but Hugh appealed to Rome , which upheld Hugh 's election . Boniface held church councils to reform the clergy , in 1257 at London , in 1258 at Merton , and in 1261 at Lambeth .
During his archiepiscopate , a provincial court was established in the archdiocese of Canterbury , with a presiding Officialis appointed by Boniface .
= = Controversies = =
Boniface was energetic in defending the liberties of his see , and clashed with King Henry over the election of Henry 's clerk Robert Passelewe to the see of Chichester . Robert Grosseteste , the Bishop of Lincoln , had examined Passelewe , and found him unfit for episcopal office , and Boniface then quashed the election in 1244 . He was also involved in disputes with the king 's half @-@ brothers , especially Aymer de Valence , who was Bishop of Winchester . He also quarrelled with his suffragan bishops , who resented his attempts to supervise their affairs closely . In 1250 Boniface attempted a visitation of his province , and this disturbed his suffragan bishops , who protested that Boniface was taking exorbitant amounts of money during his visits . They appealed to the pope , who reaffirmed the right of Boniface to conduct his visitation , but set a limit on the amount that could be taken from any monastery or church . After the visitation , Boniface left England again , and only returned in 1252 , after the pope had decided the bishops ' appeal in Boniface 's favour . After his return , he continued to assert his rights and settled a number of disputes with his bishops . He secured professions of obedience from all but three of the 37 bishops consecrated during his time as archbishop . He also set up a court at Canterbury that heard appeals from the ecclesiastical courts of his suffragan bishops .
Boniface clashed with Henry 's half @-@ brothers , the Lusignans , who arrived in England in 1247 and competed for lands and promotions with the queens ' Savoy relatives . Boniface 's quarrel with Aymer de Valence over the a hospital in Southwark led to the archbishop 's palace at Lambeth being plundered and one of Boniface 's functionaries being kidnapped . The dispute with Aymer was only settled in early 1253 . Boniface was once more absent from England from October 1254 to November 1256 , and spent most of that time in Savoy where he attempted to help his brothers rescue their eldest brother Thomas who was being held captive at Turin .
In 1258 and 1259 , Boniface was a member of the Council of Fifteen , which conducted business for Henry III under the Provisions of Oxford . This Council consisted of the earls of Leicester , Gloucester , Norfolk , Warwick , Hereford , the Count of Aumale , Peter of Savoy , John fitzGeoffrey , Peter de Montfort , Richard Grey , Roger Mortimer , James Audley , John Maunsell , Walter de Cantilupe , Bishop of Worcester as well as Boniface . One of the actions of this council was to send the Lusignans into exile . In April 1260 , Boniface worked with Richard of Cornwall to broker a peace between King Henry and Prince Edward .
He accompanied the queen and Prince Edward to Burgos for the marriage of Edward to Eleanor of Castile and Edward 's knighting . But in 1261 Boniface held a church council at Lambeth , where a series of ecclesiastical laws were published which denounced any royal limitations on ecclesiastical courts . These decrees were done without royal consent and thus was tantamount to an ecclesiastical revolt against royal authority similar to the baronial opposition movement that had begun in 1258 .
During the Second Barons ' War , Boniface seems to have sided first with the English bishops against King Henry , but later he sided with Henry . In 1262 , he went to France , where he excommunicated the barons opposing the king . He was not summoned to the Parliament at London in January 1265 because he was abroad . On the triumph of the king 's party in 1265 , he returned to England , arriving there in May 1266 .
= = Death and aftermath = =
The Early English Gothic chapel of Lambeth Palace dates from work carried out while Boniface was archbishop . Boniface left England in November 1268 , and never returned . He died 18 July 1270 , in Savoy . He was buried with his family in the Cistercian abbey of Hautecombe in Savoy . In his will , he left legacies to all the houses of the Franciscans and Dominicans in the diocese of Canterbury . His will had differing provisions for his burial depending on whether he died in England , France , or near the Alps . Oddly enough , his official seal included a head of the pagan god Jupiter Serapis along with the usual depiction of the archbishop in full vestments .
After his death , his tomb was the center of a cult , and when the tomb was opened in 1580 , his body was found to be perfectly preserved . The tomb and effigy was destroyed in the French Revolution , his remains were reburied and a new tomb built in 1839 . He was beatified by Pope Gregory XVI in 1839 , and his feast day is 14 July .
Although Matthew Paris disapproved of him , modern historians have seen him as a responsible archbishop . The historian D. A. Carpenter says that Boniface " became a respected and reforming archbishop " . His episcopal registers do not survive .
= I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) =
" I Can Only Imagine " ( sometimes shortened to " Imagine " ) is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written and composed by Bart Millard , the song , based around a main piano track , was inspired by the death of Millard 's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe 's 1999 album The Worship Project , which was released on an independent record label . The song was re @-@ recorded and included on their 2001 major @-@ label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album .
" I Can Only Imagine " was released in 2001 as the album 's lead single . It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004 ; to aid in promotion to these markets , a double A @-@ side physical single ( combined with " Word of God Speak " ) was released in 2003 . It charted on several formats , including the Billboard Adult Contemporary ( where it peaked at No. 5 ) and the Hot 100 ( where it peaked at No. 71 ) . In 2002 , " I Can Only Imagine " earned the Dove Awards for ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' ; Millard earned the Dove Award ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . The song has been certified 2x platinum RIAA for sales of over two million digital downloads , and is the first ( and so far only ) Christian single to reach that milestone .
= = Background = =
" I Can Only Imagine " was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe . The father of Bart Millard , the band 's vocalist , died in 1991 . Millard was 18 at the time . Millard began writing the words " I can only imagine " on items when he was thinking about his father . During the recording of the band 's 1999 independent album The Worship Project , MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album . Millard , alone on a bus in the middle of the night , finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven . Millard attests that " [ ' I Can Only Imagine ' ] is one of the only songs I have ever written where there wasn 't any mistakes , it was just written the way it is and left at that " , and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics .
In writing the music for the song , however , the band faced more difficulty ; Millard noted that " at first it was a fast song ... it was all these random ideas " . Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that " we were literally tearing down the stuff ... [ Millard ] and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version , so we just tried out a piano intro ... it was literally the first thing I played . It wasn 't anything to do with me , I think it was just a God thing . [ Millard ] said ' here it is , this is what 's going to happen ' , and we laid the song down in about five minutes . " At that time , the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion , Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar . This line @-@ up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project . In 2006 , it was included in the ' Platinum Edition ' of Almost There .
= = Composition = =
" I Can Only Imagine " is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds . The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B3 – G ♯ 5 . The song opens up with only a piano , and builds up to include guitar and drums . Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song . The song was produced by Pete Kipley , who had worked with MercyMe previously as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James , Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster .
The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . Regarding this theme , Millard explained to Fox News that " I was always told that if he could choose , he would rather be in Heaven than here with me . As a Christian I believed that , but as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old it was a little hard to swallow . So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there . "
= = Release and promotion = =
" I Can Only Imagine " was re @-@ recorded for their major @-@ label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001 . The album was recorded in various locations : Ivy Park , The Indigo Room , Paradise Sound and IBC Studios . The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats ; by November , it peaked at number @-@ one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart .
In 2003 , a Dallas mainstream radio station , 100 @.@ 3 Wild @-@ FM , first played the song on its morning show , The Fitz Radio Program . They had responded to a caller 's repeated requests and the urgings of the program 's producer , Todd Sheppard . The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station . After hearing the song played on the station , Millard called @-@ in and spoke with the crew ; MercyMe then came in and played the song live .
As other stations around the country caught on , MercyMe 's label , INO Records , partnered with Curb Records . They marketed the single to wider audiences , such as Top 40 radio . In September , INO and Curb also released a double A @-@ side physical single , " I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak " . The latter track was co @-@ written by Millard with the band 's producer , Kipley . Eventually , the song cracked into secular charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts .
= = Impact = =
MercyMe did not expect " I Can Only Imagine " to gain mainstream success , in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven . Millard noted that the band joked around about " the top five songs never to cross over , and they had included " I Can Only Imagine " on that list . Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio . The song had a significant effect on the band 's musical image ; in an interview , Millard commented that " We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago . But we kind of became the ' adult contemporary poster child ' when ' I Can Only Imagine ' took off " .
= = Music video = =
A music video was released for " I Can Only Imagine " . Millard recalled the video 's inspiration : " I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames [ at MercyMe concerts ] that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way . I 've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they 've lost . These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that " . The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait , Tammy Trent , Bob Herdman , and Jesse Katina , each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one ; as the video progresses , they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father 's photograph .
The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair , shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs . The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy , now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames . The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people , each holding an empty picture frame . As the other instruments join in , the camera comes back to the band , focusing on them before returning to shots of the people , whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives . At the end of the video , the camera returns to the boy , now running down a street with an empty frame , climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Critical reception for " I Can Only Imagine " was positive . Steve Losey of Allmusic commented that " [ the song ] is a passionate piano @-@ driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling " . Jesus Freak Hideout 's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt " The lyrics for the song are amazing . If you haven 't listened to the lyrics , because you 're afraid of hearing pop music , get over it and listen to it . " Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that " The definite highlight on [ Almost There ] is the worship / ballad ' I Can Only Imagine ' ... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar . But what makes the song are the lyrics , penned by Bart Millard himself . The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus ... It 's a song that can 't be listened to with eyes open " .
= = = Chart performance = = =
" I Can Only Imagine " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76 . The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non @-@ consecutive weeks on the Hot 100 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , " I Can Only Imagine " debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003 , with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003 ; in all , " I Can Only Imagine " spent 30 weeks on the chart .
On the Adult Top 40 chart , " I Can Only Imagine " debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27 , holding that spot for three consecutive weeks ; in all , the song spent 26 weeks on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 33 . On the Country Songs chart , the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 52 , which it held for two weeks . According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website , " I Can Only Imagine " also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks , No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks , and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart .
In April 2010 , " I Can Only Imagine " was certified platinum by the RIAA , signifying sales of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 digital downloads . It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum . The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014 .
= = = Awards and accolades = = =
" I Can Only Imagine " earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002 ; ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' . Millard also won ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . In November 2009 , the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake @-@ up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS @-@ 129 .
= = Other versions = =
The original version of " I Can Only Imagine " was a track on MercyMe 's 1999 independent release The Worship Project . In August 2006 , both an acoustic and live form ( as well as the original 1999 version ) were included in the ' Platinum edition ' of Almost There . MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album . In 2009 , two further variants were included on their compilation album 10 ; a ' symphony version ' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra , and a live version .
" I Can Only Imagine " has also been covered by several artists . In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song ( titled " Imagine " and paired with " Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus " ) on her album , Legacy ... Hymns and Faith . In 2003 , Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song ; Carson 's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart . In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song ; while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs . The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann .
The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins , a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva , a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man 's syndrome , in which the body 's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone , causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place . Dobbins , who died in 2004 , sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening , accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips , Craig and Dean . Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary " Suffer the Children . " There is also a German version " Ich kann nur davon träumen " .
= = Track listing = =
CD release
" I Can Only Imagine " – 4 : 08 ( Bart Millard )
" Word of God Speak " – 3 : 07 ( Peter Kipley , Millard )
= = Release history = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= Iravan =
Iravan ( Sanskrit : इरावान ् , Irāvān ) , also known as Iravat ( इरावत ् , Irāvat ) and Iravant , is a minor character from the Hindu epic of Mahabharata . The son of Pandava prince Arjuna ( one of the main heroes of the Mahabharata ) and the Naga princess Ulupi , Iravan is the central deity of the cult of Kuttantavar ( Tamil : கூத ் தாண ் டவர ் ) — which is also the name commonly given to him in that cult — and plays a major role in the cult of Draupadi . Both these cults are of South Indian origin , from a region of the country where he is worshipped as a village deity and is known as Aravan ( அரவான ் , Aravāṇ ) . He is also a patron god of well @-@ known transgender communities called Ali ( also Aravani in South India , and Hijra throughout South Asia ) .
The Mahabharata portrays Iravan as dying a heroic death in the 18 @-@ day Kurukshetra War ( Mahabharata war ) , the epic 's main subject . However , the South Indian cults have a supplementary tradition of honouring Aravan 's self @-@ sacrifice to the goddess Kali to ensure her favour and the victory of the Pandavas in the war . The Kuttantavar cult focuses on one of the three boons granted to Aravan by the god Krishna in honour of this self @-@ sacrifice . Aravan requested that he be married before his death . Krishna satisfied this boon in his female form , Mohini . In Koovagam ( கூவாகம ் ) , Tamil Nadu , this incident is re @-@ enacted in an 18 @-@ day festival , first by a ceremonial marriage of Aravan to Alis and male villagers ( who have taken vows to Aravan ) and then by their widowhood after ritual re @-@ enactment of Aravan 's sacrifice .
The Draupadi cult emphasizes another boon : Krishna allows Aravan to witness the entire duration of the Mahabharata war through the eyes of his severed head . In another 18 @-@ day festival , the ceremonial head of Aravan is hoisted on a post to witness the ritual re @-@ enactment of the Mahabharata war . The head of Aravan is a common motif in Draupadi temples . Often it is a portable wooden head ; sometimes it even has its own shrine in the temple complex or is placed on the corners of temple roofs as a guardian against spirits . Aravan is worshipped in the form of his severed head and is believed to cure disease and induce pregnancy in childless women .
Iravan is also known in Indonesia ( where his name is spelled Irawan ) . An independent set of traditions have developed around Irawan on the main island of Java where , for example , he loses his association with the Naga . Separate Javanese traditions present a dramatic marriage of Irawan to Titisari , daughter of Krishna , and a death resulting from a case of mistaken identity . These stories are told through the medium of traditional Javanese theatre ( Wayang ) , especially in shadow @-@ puppet plays known as Wayang Kulit .
= = Etymology and other names = =
According to the Monier Williams Sanskrit – English Dictionary ( 1899 ) , the name Iravan , also spelt Irawan , is formed from the root Iravat ( इरावत ् , Irāvat ) , also spelt Irawat . In turn , the root Iravat is derived from Irā ( इरा ) — closely linked with Iḍā ( इडा ) — meaning " possessing food " , " endowed with provisions " or , by extension , " comfortable " ( as used in the Mahabharata and the Rig and Atharva vedic scriptures ) . Alf Hiltebeitel , George Washington University professor of religion , suggests that the Sanskrit name Iravan or Iravant is derived from Iḍā @-@ vant , " one who possessed Iḍā " . The French Indologist Madeleine Biardeau describes religious use of the word Iḍā as reference to an " oblatory substance consumed by the participants from which comes all fecundity of the sacrifice " . Based on this definition , Biardeau concludes that Iravant means sacrificial victim in the Mahabharata . Iḍā is also used elsewhere to denote a substance that Devas ( demi @-@ gods ) and Asuras ( demons ) vie for .
Iravan is generally known as Aravan , also spelt as Aravaan in South India . He is revered as a deity in two southern Indian Hindu cults : the Kuttantavar cult ( dedicated solely to Aravan ) , and the cult of Draupadi ( Aravan 's stepmother and Arjuna 's wife ) . In his own cult , Aravan is also known as Kuttantavar ( கூத ் தாண ் டவர ் ) , originating from the legend of Kuttantavar killing the demon Kuttacuran . This name is sometimes spelled as Kuttandar , Khoothandavar or Koothandavar .
The South Indian , Tamil name , Aravan , is popularly believed to be derived from the word aravam ( அரவம ் ) ( snake ) . Aravan 's association with snakes is also apparent in his iconography .
= = Iconography = =
Aravan is always worshipped in temples in the form of his severed head . He is usually depicted with a moustache , pronounced eyes and large ears . Typically , he also wears a conical crown , a Vaishnava tilak mark on his forehead and earrings . Aravan is often depicted with a cobra hood over his crown , cobra heads sprouting through the crown , or a snake emerging from behind the crown . Even the chief Koovagam icon features a serpent on Aravan 's crown .
Another distinctive feature of Aravan 's iconography is the presence of demonic canine teeth . Although the central Koovagam icon does not feature such demonic teeth , they are a regular feature of most Draupadi cult images , where Aravan 's demonic features are emphasized .
Aravan @-@ head icons are either painted or unpainted portable ones for processions ; they are housed together in the temples of his shrines . Koovagam , Kothadai , Kothattai and Pillaiyarkuppam have icons painted with a red face and multi @-@ coloured ornamentation . Unpainted black stone images of the Aravan @-@ head are seen in Kothattai , Madhukarai and Pillaiyarkuppam .
Some paintings also depict the sacrifice of Aravan . In these scenes , he is often depicted bowing to Kali , while his head is about to be severed ; or , as in one Sowcarpet painting , a self @-@ decapitated Aravan holds both a sword and his own severed head , offering the latter to the goddess .
= = Historical development = =
Iravan first appears as a minor character in the Mahabharata as the son of Arjuna , the chief hero of the epic . The background to the Mahabharata infers a date that is " after the very early Vedic period " and before " the first Indian ' empire ' was to rise in the third century B.C. " , so " somewhere in the eighth or ninth century . " It is generally agreed , however , that " Unlike the Vedas , which have to be preserved letter @-@ perfect , the epic was a popular work whose reciters would inevitably conform to changes in language and style . " The earliest surviving components of this dynamic text are believed to be no older than the earliest external references to the epic , which may include an allusion in Panini 's 4th @-@ century grammar manual Ashtadhyayi ( 4 : 2 : 56 ) . It is estimated that the Sanskrit text probably reached something of a " final form " by the early Gupta period ( about the 4th century CE ) . The editor of the first great critical edition of the Mahabharata commented : " It is useless to think of reconstructing a fluid text in a literally original shape , on the basis of an archetype and a stemma codicum . What then is possible ? Our objective can only be to reconstruct the oldest form of the text which it is possible to reach on the basis of the manuscript material available . "
Iravan is also mentioned , as the son of Arjuna and Ulupi , in passing references in two Puranas ( " sacred texts " ) known as the Vishnu Purana ( 4 : 20 : 12 ) — also with a text history from the late Vedic through the Gupta periods — and the Bhagavata Purana ( 9 : 22 : 32 ) — traditionally dated to the Vedic period but dated by modern scholars to the 9th or 10th century CE .
Although the original Sanskrit version of the Mahabharata records Iravan 's ( Sanskrit name ) death during the 18 @-@ day Mahabharata war , the Tamil versions discuss Aravan 's ( Tamil name ) ritual self @-@ sacrifice to Kali before the war . Hiltebeitel relates this to the South Indian glorification of " heroic " self @-@ mutilation and self @-@ decapitation before a goddess . He takes particular note of a scene towards the end of a puranic text , Devi Mahatmyam , in interpreting old Tamil sculptures depicting a warrior king spilling his own blood , as in the Purana , in adoration of a goddess of victory . In the Tamil sculptures , the goddess is Korravai , who became associated with Durga and hence Kali . He also finds parallels in the Telugu legend of the sacrifice of Barbarika — another Mahabharata character — and its variants in Rajasthan ( see also : Khatushyamji ) , Himachal Pradesh , Garhwal , Kurukshetra , Bundelkhand and Orissa . Most notable among the similarities between Aravan and Barbarika is the boon to witness the entire duration of the Mahabharata war — through the eyes of the severed head , despite the sacrifice .
The first account of Aravan 's sacrifice is found in Parata Venpa — the earliest surviving Tamil version of the Mahabharata — by Peruntevanar ( 9th century ) . The tale is later retold by Villiputuralvar in his 14th @-@ century Makaparatam and by Nallapillai in the 18th century . The legend is also mentioned in the text Khoothanvar Sthala Purana , associated with the shrine of Kuttantavar .
Another source of Aravan traditions is the folk @-@ theatre of Tamil Nadu , called koothu . Aravan Kalappali ( or Aravan Kalabali ) , " Aravan 's Battlefield Sacrifice " , is a popular theme of the traditional Terukuttu ( " street theatre " ) . Aravan Kalappali tells the story of Aravan 's pre @-@ battle self @-@ sacrifice to the goddess Kali to win her support , guaranteeing victory for the Pandavas ( Arjuna and his brothers ) in the Mahabharata war . Aravan Kalappali is staged annually in the villages of Melattur , Kodukizhi and Yervadi , according to various forms of the koothu folk @-@ theatre . In Karambai , Aravan Kalappali is performed as part of the cult of Draupadi , on the 18th day of an annual festival ( April – May ) , to please the goddess .
In modern interpretations , Aravan 's head symbolizes not only self @-@ sacrifice but also regeneration and continuity , because of his ability to see the war after his sacrifice . For example , Iramacamippulavar 's Merkolvilakka Kkatai Akaravaricai ( 1963 ) — which narrates the tale of Aravan — ends with the conclusion that Aravan continues to live on as a folk hero in Tamil Nadu , because he embodies " the ideal of self @-@ sacrifice . " Aravan is considered to be a representation of the cost of war ; he evokes the " countless innocent " reluctantly sent by their mothers " to be consumed by the insatiable Goddess of War . " Indologist David Shulman , on the other hand , considers Aravan 's sacrifice to be a reworking of the serpent sacrifice in the Tamil epic tradition .
= = Mahabharata = =
While the marriage of Iravan 's parents is mentioned in the first book of the Mahabharata , Adi Parva ( the Book of Beginnings ) , both the birth and death of Iravan are mentioned later , in the sixth book , Bhishma Parva ( the Book of Bhishma ) . In this sixth book of the epic , Arjuna , the third Pandava brother , is exiled from Indraprastha ( the capital city of the Pandava kingdom ) to go on a one @-@ year pilgrimage as a penance for violating the terms of his marriage to Draupadi , the Pandava brothers ' common wife . Arjuna reaches the north @-@ east region of present @-@ day India and falls in love with Ulupi , a widowed Naga princess . The two get married and have a son named Iravan ; later , Arjuna proceeds with his pilgrimage , leaving Iravan and Ulupi behind in Nagaloka , the abode of the Nagas . Iravan is described as being born parakshetre , literally " in a region belonging to another person " , interpreted by Hiltebeitel as " upon the wife of another " . Iravan grew up in Nagaloka , protected by his mother , but was rejected by his maternal uncle because of the latter 's hatred of Arjuna . After reaching maturity , Iravan , hoping to be reunited with his father , departs for Indraloka , the abode of the god Indra , who is also Arjuna 's father . Upon meeting his adult son , Arjuna requests his assistance in the Kurukshetra War .
Thus Iravan finally reaches the battlefield of Kurukshetra to assist his father and Pandavas against their cousins and opponents , the Kauravas . On the first day of war , Iravan fights a duel with Srutayush , a Kshatriya king who had been a daitya ( demon ) called Krodhavasa in a prior incarnation . Srutayush is later killed by Arjuna . On the seventh day of war , Iravan also defeats Vinda and Anuvinda , the princes of Avanti , who are later killed by Arjuna .
On the eighth day of the war , Iravan combats the princes of Gandhara , sons of king Suvala , and the younger brothers of Shakuni , the treacherous maternal uncle of the Kauravas . The brothers Gaya , Gavaksha , Vrishava , Charmavat , Arjava , and Suka attack Iravan , supported by the whole Kaurava army , but Iravan 's army of Nagas slays all but one of their opponents . Iravan , the " chastiser of foes " — versed in maya ( illusion ) — slays five of the Gandhara princes in a sword fight ; Vrishava alone escapes death .
Agitated by this reversal , the eldest Kaurava , Duryodhana , orders the rakshasa ( giant ) Alamvusha ( or Alambusha ) , son of Rishyasringa , to kill Iravan . This time Alambusha , as well as Iravan , uses illusion in combat . Alambusha attacks Iravan with a bow , but Iravan counters , breaking Alambusha 's bow and slicing the giant into several pieces . Alambusha 's body , however , reconstitutes itself . Then Iravan assumes the form of the serpent Shesha ( Ananta ) , and his serpent army surrounds him to protect him . Alambusha counters this by assuming the form of Garuda ( the eagle @-@ man ) , the eternal foe of the serpents , and devours the serpent army . Ultimately , Alambusha kills Iravan by cutting off his head , though Iravan is later avenged when Ghatotkacha , his cousin , finally kills Alambusha .
= = Tamil traditions = =
= = = Selection as sacrificial victim = = =
The earliest source of Tamil traditions regarding Aravan is found in Peruntevanar 's Parata Venpa , a 9th @-@ century Tamil version of the Mahabharata . One of the features of this work is its reference to a rite it calls kalappali ( " sacrifice to the battlefield " ) , a term found only in Tamil versions of the Mahabharata . This is a ritual performed before battle to ensure victory . In Peruntevanar 's narrative , just before the Mahabharata war , Duryodhana — the leader of the Kauravas and opponent of the Pandavas — learns from the Pandava 's expert astrologer , Sahadeva , that the day of the new moon , indeed the very next day , would be the most auspicious time for a kalappali . Consequently , Duryodhana approaches and convinces Aravan to be the sacrificial victim for the kalappali .
The god Krishna , who is a close friend of and advisor to the Pandavas , hears of Duryodhana 's plan , and devises one of his own , to ensure that Aravan will give himself as a sacrifice on behalf of the Pandavas rather than the Kauravas . Krishna first discusses the issue with Yudhishthira ( Dharma or Dharmaraja ) , the eldest of the Pandavas , recommending the sacrifice to Kali as a part of an ayudha @-@ puja ( " worship of the weapons " ) . Krishna establishes that there are four candidates most suited to being offered as the victim : Shalya , who is on the side of Kauravas ; Arjuna , the commander of the Pandavas ; Aravan ; and Krishna himself . From this shortlist , Krishna finally narrows the best choice down to Aravan . Aravan agrees to undergo the kalappali on behalf of the Pandavas but mentions his prior commitment to Duryodhana .
Later Tamil sources provide variants to Peruntevanar 's version . In Villiputuralvar 's 14th @-@ century version , Krishna first offers himself as the sacrificial victim , but Aravan volunteers to replace him . There is no mention of Duryodhana in this version of the legend . In other accounts , Aravan is sacrificed in order to counteract the Kauravas ' sacrifice of a white elephant . In the traditions of the village of Neppattur , in the Thanjavur district , Aravan is described as being so strong that he could slay all the Duryodhanas at once , thus preventing any war from happening . So Krishna prescribes the human sacrifice of Aravan in order that " the greater sacrifice of the war can take place " .
In terukkuttu performances , at the time of Aravan 's sacrifice , he is often compared to Puru and Bhishma , characters in the Mahabharata who gave up their youth and sexual fulfilment for the sake of their respective fathers , Yayati and Santanu . In the drama , after acquiring Aravan 's approval , Krishna approaches Aravan 's mother , Ulupi — Nagakanni or Nakakanni ( " Serpent maiden " ) in Tamil , for her consent . At first she strongly opposes her son 's proposed sacrifice but finally relents when Aravan appeals to her , explaining that he belongs to Kali alone .
Finally , in all versions of the tale , Krishna tricks the gods Surya ( the Sun ) and Chandra ( the Moon ) to co @-@ ordinate their movements so that the day of the new moon will fall one day earlier — the current day . This allows Aravan to make the initial sacrifice of flesh on behalf of the Pandavas , only making the rest @-@ offering on behalf of Duryodhana the following day , yet fulfilling his promise to Duryodhana by doing so .
= = = Three boons = = =
In Parata Venpa , Aravan asks Krishna to grant him the boon of a heroic death on the battlefield at the hands of a great hero . Although Parata Venpa mentions only one boon , the overall Tamil tradition preserves a total of three distinct boons associated with Aravan . The single boon of Parata Venpa , according to Hiltebeitel , indicates an early ( 9th @-@ century ) effort to harmonize the Tamil tradition of Aravan 's pre @-@ battle sacrifice with the original Sanskrit account of his death during the battle at the hands of Alambusha ( Alampucan in Tamil ) .
In both the Kuttantavar and Draupadi cults , Aravan is believed to have been granted a second boon — to see the entire 18 @-@ day war . A second boon is indeed found in Villiputuralvar 's 14th @-@ century version of the Mahabharata . In this version , Aravan is granted boons of watching the battle for a " few days " and of dying gloriously after killing many enemies , though Villiputuralvar does not actually specify whether Aravan 's head survives to see the complete battle after his bodily death on the eighth day .
The third boon is found only in the folk rituals . This third boon provides for Aravan to be married before the sacrifice , entitling him to the right of cremation and funerary offerings ( bachelors were buried ) . However , no woman wanted to marry Aravan , fearing the inevitable doom of widowhood ( see also sati ) . In the Kuttantavar cult version , Krishna solves this dilemma by taking on his female form , Mohini the enchantress , marrying Aravan , and spending that night with him . The Koovagam version additionally relates Krishna 's mourning as a widow after Aravan 's sacrifice the next day , after which he returns to his original masculine form for the duration of the war . The terukuttu performance presents a stylised wedding ceremony followed by Mohini 's abrupt departure , which is taken to signify that the marriage is unconsummated . Another version , popular with transsexuals , cites the reason behind Aravan 's wish to be " coital bliss " and tells explicitly about consummation of the marriage . This third marriage boon is not , however , uniform across all the folk traditions . In other legends , Krishna arranges some other pre @-@ war marriages . In Thanjavur , the marriage of Aravan and Mohini is unknown ; instead it depicts Aravan as married to Paravanacciyal , the daughter of Krishna 's younger cousin @-@ brother Satyaki .
Hiltebeitel theorizes that both the first ( heroic @-@ death ) and third ( marriage ) boons originated with the Kuttantavar cult , while the second boon originated with the Draupadi cult . The Kuttantavar cult ritualizes both the heroic death and the marriage ceremony — enacted by ali ( officially , " eunuchs " in Tamil Nadu ) . Whereas , in the Draupadi cult it is the clay head of Aravan , fixed on a posta and witnessing the re @-@ enactment of the 18 @-@ day war , that is prominently ritualized . Additionally , Draupadi @-@ cult texts from Thajavur concentrate only on this second boon , omitting the other two .
The pre @-@ battle sacrifice is incompatible with the first and second boons , but the cults have their own explanations . The self @-@ sacrifice prior to the war is incompatible with dying a heroic death during the war and both are incompatible with living to see the full duration of the war . The Kuttantavar cult resolves the first dilemma , holding that Aravan 's body reconfigured itself after the sacrifice and that Aravan went on to die a heroic death on the eighth day of the war . The Kuttantavar cult are not overly concerned about the second boon of Aravan 's continued observation of the war . On the other hand , the Draupadi cult are not overly concerned about the first boon of the heroic death ; they resolve the second dilemma , regarding Aravan 's continued observation of the war , holding that Aravan was able to watch the entire war through the eyes of his severed head . A third view harmonizes all the boons , holding that Aravan 's body reconstituted after the sacrifice ; he then fought heroically until being decapitated on the eighth day , observing the remainder of the war through the eyes of his severed head .
In any case , the pre @-@ battle sacrifice is the common element in the Tamil traditions . After Aravan requested and was granted his boons , he was ready for the sacrifice . He proceeds to the Kurukshetra battlefield . While Yudhishthira is worshipping Kali in his " hall of weapons " , Aravan removes his epaulettes and chest plate . He then cuts his body into 32 pieces — one cut for each of his 32 bodily perfections — which are offered by Yudhishthira to Kali . In a terukuttu performance , this is depicted by covering the actor playing Aravan with a white cloth from the neck down . It is also believed that Aravan 's spirit may possess the actor at this point . Sometimes a chicken is sacrificed on stage in a terukuttu performance to signify the sacrifice . In Villiputuralvar 's retelling , an elephant is sacrificed to the goddess , complementing Aravan 's own self @-@ sacrifice .
Aravan , after being stripped of his flesh , has only his head and skeleton remaining . Krishna advises him to pray to the Naga , Adi @-@ Shesha , his grandfather , and father of Ulupi . Adi @-@ Shesha coils himself around Aravan , becomes his flesh and restores his body . To fulfil the second boon , Krishna orchestrates the heroic death by making one of the enemy strong enough to defeat the mighty Aravan . Krishna selects Alambusha . Then , depending on the version of the story , Krishna either advises Alambusha to assume the form of Garuda via a heavenly voice , or he sends the true Garuda to assist Alambusha . At the sight of Garuda — his perennial " eagle " adversary — Shesha uncoils in fear , leaving Aravan unprotected and leading ultimately to Alambusha beheading the weakened Aravan .
= = = Aravan to Kuttantavar = = =
A traditional story local to Koovagam describes how Aravan came to be known as Kuttantavar . After the war , while the Pandavas are boasting about vanquishing the Kauravas , Krishna asks Aravan — the sole witness of the entire war , " who was truly responsible for winning this war ? " Aravan replies that he saw two things : Krishna 's discus decapitating the enemy , and his conch shell collecting their blood . This reply is understood to give all the credit for the victory to Krishna .
Aravan 's opinion enrages the proud and quick @-@ tempered Bhima , whose influence in deciding the outcome of the battle is covered at great length in the Mahabharata . However , before Bhima can wound Aravan , Krishna orders Aravan 's head to be dropped in the river Caraparika , where he assumes the form of a child , and is eventually found by the king of Chandragiri , a city on the river bank . The child cries " Kuva Kuva " , when picked up by the king , who therefore names the location Kuvakkam ( Koovagam ) . The king also names the child Carapalan ( " reed @-@ child " ) .
The tradition goes on to relate that Carapalan grew up , going on to kill the demon Kuttacuran , who had wounded his adopted father in battle . Draupadi — identified in this tradition with the Supreme Goddess — blesses Carapalan with the new name Kuttantavar — the slayer of Kuttacuran — and grants him a temple in Koovagam .
There are variants within this tradition . Some versions give the credit for finding the child to Queen Kirupanci of Chandragiri . Others omit mention of the king of Chandragiri altogether , and omit reference to the Koovagam temple . Instead they focus on the demon Kuttacuran and an apparently impossible boon granted to him that he will be killed by a person having only a head and who was born from water . Vishnu , incarnated as Krishna , informs the gods that Aravan will kill this demon . With this in mind , the head of Aravan is consigned to the river and is transformed into a child called Kuttan ( " born from water " ) , who kills the demon .
= = Worship = =
= = = Following and temples = = =
Hiltebeitel argues that the Kuttantavar cult might represent the original Tamil tradition regarding Aravan , however it is no longer the only tradition that venerates Aravan . The Draupadi cult has developed traditions and rituals of its own .
Most Kuttantavar devotees reside in the Tamil Nadu districts of Cuddalore , Thiruvannamalai , Vellore and Villupuram . Draupadi 's devotees have also spread across these districts , as well as into the Kanchipuram ( former Chingleput ) district . Her temples can also be seen in the Thanjavur district and beyond , to the southern districts of the states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka . The temples of Kuttantavar are fewer than the Draupadi temples and are restricted to a belt running from the Cuddalore and Villupuram districts through to Coimbatore . Thirty @-@ two of these temples are particularly prominent ; Koovagam is the foremost . The 32 temples are :
The severed head of Aravan is a common motif in Draupadi 's temples . Often it is a portable wooden head ; sometimes this even has its own shrine in the temple complex . Icons of Aravan 's head are also often placed on the corners and edges of Draupadi temple roofs . As a pey or bhuta ( spirit ) , Aravan acts as a guardian against other spirits , for the temple itself , and also for the Patukalam ceremony . Patukalam , in the Draupadi cult , is the symbolic ground on which the Mahabharata war is ritually re @-@ enacted . In the taluks of Thajavur , Kumbhakonam and Pattukkotai , Aravan 's head is enshrined permanently in a mandapa or within a temple niche . The largest known Aravan head is found at the Hajiyar Teru temple in Kumbhakonam .
= = = Kuttantavar cult rituals = = =
Aravan is known as Kuttantavar in the cult which bears his name , and in which he is the chief deity . His main temple is in Koovagam , Tamil Nadu . Here , the marriage of Aravan and Mohini , Krishna 's female form , and her widowhood and mourning , after Aravan 's sacrifice , forms the central theme of an 18 @-@ day annual festival either side of the night of the full moon in the Tamil month of Cittirai ( April – May ) . The day of the full moon is the central day of the festival , when Aravan 's sacrifice is ritually re @-@ enacted .
Alis , who call themselves Aravanis or Thirunangais ( திருநங ் கை ) in this geographic area , take part in the Koovagam festival by re @-@ enacting the marriage of Aravan and Mohini . The Alis participate in similar Kuttantavar festivals , of smaller scale , in other villages like Tevanampattanam , Tiruvetkalam , Adivarahanattum — 5 miles ( 8 km ) north @-@ west of Chidambaram — and Kotthatai ( all in Tamil Nadu ) and also in Pillaiyarkuppam , in Puducherry . Although local Alis have been part of this festival for many years , since the 1960s , a large number of Alis have come to the festival from further afield : from throughout Tamil Nadu , from the whole of India , and even from as far away as Singapore . About 25 @,@ 000 transvestites , including the Alis , visit the festival . Francis 's account of 1906 records men dressed as women , from Vanniyar and other Shudra castes , becoming part of the festival — a " popular feast of Shudras " , but there is no explicit mention of Alis . It also records that the ritual marriage of the men to Kuttantavar and their widowhood occurred on the last day of the festival , unlike the present form of the festival , which has the marriage ceremony on the 14th day , and the widowhood ceremony on the 16th day .
During the first six days of the Kuttantavar festival , Aravan 's head ( cami ) is " danced " around the streets of Kuvagam , with music and fireworks accompanying it . Each household offers a puja ( a kind of devotional ceremony ) to Aravan , with lamp @-@ waving , coconut @-@ offerings and other rituals . Traditionally , goats and chickens are sacrificed . On the 13th day , Aravan 's " soul " is ritually transferred from his head to a pot , and the head is repainted . On the evening of the 14th day , a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high post is erected on a processional chariot . The post will support Aravan 's head and body later in the festival . After the post @-@ setting ceremony ( kampam niruttatal ) , young and middle @-@ aged men ( farmers and traders from Koovagam and surrounding villages ) who have vowed to marry Aravan purchase thalis — the traditional mark of a married woman , in this case a pendant with a piece of turmeric at its centre . The priest , representing Aravan , ties the thalis around their necks in the inner sanctum of the temple . Even married men and men afflicted with diseases , all dressed as women , are described as ritually " marrying " Aravan in the festival , to please the deity .
The Alis arrive in increasing numbers from the 14th through the 16th day . Late on the 15th night , they dance with the flower @-@ crown ( karakam ) of Aravan , which is believed to possess his power . After this dance , the priest marries the Alis to Aravan through the traditional thali @-@ tying ceremony . The Alis then conduct sex work , symbolic of consummating their ritual marriage . A " night of wild revelry and sexual promiscuity " follows for the Alis . However , the villagers who married Aravan are not described as having sex in any of the accounts . While Alis wear women 's clothes and jewellery , villagers marrying Aravan on account of wish @-@ fulfilment vows made to him retain their ordinary men 's clothes .
Early on the 16th day , the " soul " of Aravan is transferred back to his repainted head and the cuvami tirukkan tirattal ( " opening of the god 's holy eyes " ) ceremony is performed with painting of the pupils . The head is then paraded around the village on a portable platform called a ketayam . The ketayam is accompanied by two other platform @-@ chariots , one holding the chest plate and epaulettes of Aravan — without which the festival is considered incomplete ; the other carries his flower @-@ crown . The ceremony ends with a sacrificial offering of roosters . Aravan 's head is fixed on the post , with his large epaulettes and chest plate fixed to his body , which is made of straw and surrounded by a garland . The image is then paraded across the village in preparation for his kalappali and ritual re @-@ enactment of his death on the eighth day of the war . At noon his chariot turns north , a symbolic gesture representing his kalappali and then he is turned to face the ceremonial Kurukshetra battlefield , symbolizing his entry onto the battlefield to die at the hands of Alambusha . On arrival in Kurukshetra , the garlands are removed , indicating the removal of his flesh and his defeat on the eighth day of war .
Returning from the battlefield , the chariot turns towards the location prepared for the ceremonial mourning rituals , the " weeping ground " ( alukalam ) . The " widowed " Alis , with their hair dishevelled , lament the death of their " husband " as he performs the kalappali . The garlands from Aravan 's image are thrown at devotees one by one , symbolizing his gradual loss of vitality . At this " weeping ground " , the Alis mourn Aravan 's death by breaking their bangles , beating their breasts and discarding their bridal finery , like the legendary Mohini @-@ Krishna . They cut their thalis , which are flung at a post erected for the ceremony ( vellikkal ) . After bathing , they put on white saris as a mark of their widowhood . The Alis bear these signs of widowhood for a month before re @-@ adorning themselves with bangles and coloured saris again .
At mid @-@ afternoon , as the chariot reaches alukalam , Aravan is stripped to his skeletal straw body . Most Alis have left and men wedded to Aravan also break their thalis and bangles and perform all the rites of widowhood ( the vellikkal rites ) before the image of Aravan . Meanwhile , a paratiyar ( Mahabharata @-@ reciter ) tells the story of the culmination of the war , symbolic of Aravan fulfilling his wish of seeing the war . Hiltebeitel suggests that while the Alis weep for Aravan 's kalappali , the villagers weep for the death of an ancestor , as life leaves Aravan 's head at the end of the war .
Also at the alukalam , a symbolic sacrifice of cooked " blood rice " is distributed in honour of the deceased Aravan . This rice is believed to make childless women conceive . After the death rites at dusk , the chariot is now considered a " house of death " , and the lifeless head is removed from the frame of its skeletal body , then covered by a cloth , and finally paraded around the village as though at a funeral . The head is taken to the temple of Kali , where is it " revived " . In a ceremony called vitaiyatti ( " the return dance " ) , the head is once more danced around the village , right up until early morning on the 17th day . On the 18th and final day , the head is decorated and paraded around the village a final time . In the evening , the pujari ( " priest " ) as Yudhishthira ( Dharmaraja ) crowns Aravan 's head in a coronation ceremony held in the inner sanctum of his temple .
= = = Draupadi cult rituals = = =
Devotees of Draupadi commemorate the Mahabharata war by conducting an annual festival known as patukalam . This festival usually begins with a kuttu ( " drama " ) re @-@ enacting Draupadi 's wedding . During the festival , the actor playing the part of Draupadi ( and other women participating in the public ceremonies ) lament the death of Aravan and the other heroes of the war . There is some variation in the length of the patukalam festival and in the day allocated to performing the kuttu of " Aravan 's sacrifice " ( kalappali ) , but wherever the ritual kalappali is performed , that place is declared to be , symbolically , the battlefield of Kurukshetra .
In Irunkal , Tamil Nadu , this kuttu is usually performed 16 days before " patukalam day " , the last day of an 18 @-@ day festival . In Singapore , however , the kuttu is performed on the day of the new moon in the Tamil month of Purattaci ( September – October ) . In shorter 10 @-@ to @-@ 12 day festivals , the kuttu and ritualisation of Aravan 's kalappali are performed on the concluding night of the festival , as can be observed in Bangalore and in and around Chennai — at Sowcarpet , Alantur and Punamalli .
There is also variation in how Aravan is represented in the festivities . While permanent wooden Aravan heads are used in temples in Chennai and Puducherry , in rural areas the head and body of Aravan are made of clay ; both are destroyed at the end of the festival . At Tindivanam , a headless clay and bamboo body of Aravan is modelled , showing him in a heroic position , kneeling on his left knee and holding a bow . A clay head is then ceremoniously fixed , making the effigy about 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) tall . The officiating priest first takes a sword , striking pieces from the head . Then , a pumpkin is sliced into 32 pieces , symbolizing 32 pieces of Aravan 's sacrificed body . Next , Aravan is fed his own " blood " , represented by the blood of goat , sacrificed to Aravan beforehand . Aravan 's body from the neck downwards is then covered with a bloodstained white cloth . Finally , blood @-@ soaked rice is sprinkled on Aravan 's face . Devotees , as in the Kuttantavar cult , believe eating this rice from Aravan 's face , recovered after the ceremony , can induce pregnancy .
In Cattiram Karuppur , near Kumbhakonam , a 25 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) statue of Aravan is constructed horizontally and placed on the ground . Aravan 's story is then re @-@ enacted ; one of the actors , believed to be possessed by Kali , kills a rooster over the statue 's neck , symbolizing the sacrifice . Again , blood @-@ soaked rice is distributed to devotees , especially childless women . Similar rituals associated with a symbolic sacrifice and blood @-@ soaked rice are performed in Melaccari , Alantur , Punamalli and Villupuram . At Alantur and Punamalli , a goat is sacrificed , in Cuddalore , Patirikkuppam and Villupuram , a cock is sacrificed . In the districts of Cuddalore , Thanjavur and Villupuram , Aravan 's head is hoisted to an elevated position to watch over the patukalam and the symbolic re @-@ enactment of the Mahabharata war .
= = Javanese traditions = =
The Indonesian island of Java , run by the Srivijaya dynasty of Sumatra from the 7th century , partly practised Hinduism . This included transmission and adoption of the Mahabharata traditions . " The earliest evidence of the penetration of the Sanskrit epics into rural areas is found in the Sangsang copper plate inscription issued in the name of King Balitung in AD 907 . " A " rendering of the Mahābhārata ( IAST original ) into Javanese was undertaken under the patronage of King Dharmawangśa Tĕguh ( AD 990 – 1016 ) " , culminating in " a recital of the Wirāṭaparwa for ' one month minus one evening ' — commencing on 14 October and ending on 12 November 996 . " This first translation into Javanese was " abbreviated " and in " prose " . However , East Javanese poets later started producing native metered kakawin , expanding on themes from the parvas ( " books " or " chapters " ) of the Mahabharata , and freely importing these into Javanese settings . Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder commented : " These men and women with their Indian names are essentially Javanese , acting like Javanese , thinking like Javanese and living in a Javanese environment . "
The stories of Iravan , usually spelled Irawan in Java , along with others from the Javanese version of the Mahabharata , are told in traditional Javanese theatre ( wayang ) , as well as shadow @-@ puppet plays known as wayang kulit . As in India , Irawan is described as a son of Ardjuna ( Arjuna ) and Ulupi . While in India , Irawan 's mother Ulupi is a Naga ( serpent ) , in Javanese legends she is the daughter of the sage Kanwa ( Jayawilapa in puppetry ) of the Yasarata hermitage . Irawan is born and brought up in the hermitage under the care of his mother and grandfather , away from his father . Irawan and his stepbrother Abhimanju ( Abhimanyu ) or Angkawijaya are the protagonists of more than 40 lakons ( " scenes " , " dramas " or " plays " ) set in the Amarta Period , the era of the Pandawas ( Pandavas ) . In these lakons , Irawan is depicted as a lijepan character — " a small , extremely refined , controlled character , whose manner is modest " . In the wayang kulit , he is referred to as a bambang ( " refined knight " ) , depicted with a white face and dubbed with a light , floating voice . Irawan is also described as determined and calm .
Irawan Rabi
A popular lakon named Irawan Rabi ( " Irawan 's wedding " ) tells about the love of Irawan and Titisari , a daughter of Kresna ( Krishna ) . While Titisari is engaged to Irawan , Baladewa ( Baladeva ) , Kresna 's brother and an ally of the Kurawas ( Kauravas ) , wants her to marry Lesmana Mandrakumara , the son of Durjudana ( Duryodhana ) , initiating a dramatic conflict . The conflict that ensues ends up being three @-@ sided , among the Pandawas , Kurawas and the ogre @-@ kingdom , whose evil ogre @-@ king Barandjana plans to kidnap Titisari . The confusion that follows results in the outwitting and humiliation of the Kurawas . Siti Sendari , the eldest daughter of Kresna and the estranged wife of Abhimanju , takes advantage of the situation and schemes to bring Irawan and Titisari together , while also mending her relationships with her husband . Though officially Irawan and Titisari are the hero and heroine of the lakon , in reality they are mere spectators , not the movers , in the play . Brandon describes Irawan as a minor character . Irawan is also depicted as unassertive and manipulated by others , which is common in South Asian theatre . Another lakon called Serat Lampahan Pregiwa Pregiwati also relates a tale about the love of Irawan and Titisari .
Serat Gambiranom
In a lakon called Serat Gambiranom , written in macapat verse by Mangkunegara IV 's court poet R. M. Ng . Wiryakusuma in 1883 , and embellished by anonymous later poets , Irawan becomes the king of Ngrancang Kencana and earns the title Prabu Gambiranom . Yet another lakon , Irawan Maling , discusses a duel between Irawan and Angkawijaya .
Irawan ( an ) taka
The kakawin text Irawan ( an ) taka ( " Death of Irawan " ) , also known as Parthawijaya ( " Arjuna 's Victory " ) , describes Irawan 's death in the Bharatayuddha ( Mahabharata war ) . At the beginning of the Bharatayuddha , Irawan advances to the battlefield along with his brothers . Together , they kill many Kurawas . Later , the demon ( ditya ) Kalasrenggi encounters Irawan . Kalasrenggi , whose father was killed by Ardjuna , mistakes Irawan for Ardjuna because of the similarity of their appearance and kills him . Arjuna then kills Kalasrenggi to avenge Irawan 's death . The death of Irawan is placed at the very beginning of the war in the Javanese version of the Mahabharata . The puppetry version of the story places this encounter between Irawan and Kalasrenggi even before Irawan 's meeting with his father , ahead of the Bharatayuddha .
= Shangani Patrol =
The Shangani Patrol ( or Wilson 's Patrol ) , comprising 34 soldiers in the service of the British South Africa Company , was ambushed and annihilated by more than 3 @,@ 000 Matabele warriors during the First Matabele War in 1893 . Headed by Major Allan Wilson , the patrol was attacked just north of the Shangani River in Matabeleland in Rhodesia ( today Zimbabwe ) . Its dramatic last stand , sometimes called " Wilson 's Last Stand " , achieved a prominent place in the British public imagination and , subsequently , in Rhodesian history , mirroring events such as the Battle of Shiroyama in Japan , the Alamo massacre in Texas and the ancient Greeks ' last stand at Thermopylae .
The patrol comprised elements of the Mashonaland Mounted Police and the Bechuanaland Border Police . Scouting ahead of Major Patrick Forbes 's column attempting the capture of the Matabele King Lobengula ( following his flight from his capital Bulawayo a month before ) , it crossed the Shangani late on 3 December 1893 . It moved on Lobengula the next morning , but was ambushed by a host of Matabele riflemen and warriors near the king 's wagon . Surrounded and outnumbered about a hundred @-@ fold , the patrol made a last stand as three of its number broke out and rode back to the river to muster reinforcements from Forbes . However , the Shangani had risen significantly in flood , and Forbes was himself involved in a skirmish near the southern bank ; Wilson and his men therefore remained isolated to the north . After fighting to the last cartridge , and killing over ten times their own number , they were annihilated .
The patrol 's members , particularly Wilson and Captain Henry Borrow , were elevated in death to the status of national heroes , representing endeavour in the face of insurmountable odds . The anniversary of the battle on 4 December 1893 became an annual public holiday in Rhodesia two years later , and was an official non @-@ work day until 1920 . A historical war film depicting the episode , Shangani Patrol , was produced and released in 1970 .
Controversy surrounds the breakout before the last stand — which various writers have posited might have actually been desertion — and a box of gold sovereigns , which a Matabele inDuna ( leader ) later claimed had been given to two unidentified men from Forbes 's rear guard on 2 December , along with a message that Lobengula admitted defeat and wanted the column to stop pursuing him . Two batmen were initially found guilty of accepting the gold , keeping it for themselves and not passing on the message , but the evidence against them was inconclusive and largely circumstantial ; the convictions were ultimately overturned .
= = Background = =
Amid the Scramble for Africa during the 1880s , the South African @-@ based businessman and politician Cecil Rhodes envisioned the annexation to the British Empire of a swathe of territory connecting the Cape of Good Hope and Cairo — respectively at the southern and northern tips of Africa — and the concurrent construction of a line of rail linking the two . On geopolitical maps , British territories were generally marked in red or pink , so this concept became known as the " Cape to Cairo red line " . In the immediate vicinity of the Cape , this ambition was challenged by the presence of independent states to the north @-@ east of Britain 's Cape Colony : the Boer republics , and to the north of these the Kingdom of Matabeleland under Lobengula . Having secured the Rudd Concession on mining rights from King Lobengula on 30 October 1888 , Rhodes and his British South Africa Company were granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in October 1889 . The Company was empowered under this charter to trade with local rulers , form banks , own and manage land , and raise and run a police force : the British South Africa Company 's Police , renamed the Mashonaland Mounted Police in 1892 .
In return for these rights , the Company would govern and develop any territory it acquired , while respecting laws enacted by extant African rulers , and upholding free trade within its borders . The first settlers referred to their new home as " Rhodesia " , after Rhodes . Though the Company made good on most of its pledges , the assent of Lobengula and other native leaders , particularly regarding mining rights , was often evaded , misrepresented or simply ignored . It also offended Lobengula by demanding that he stop the customary Matabele raids on the Mashona people who inhabited the white @-@ governed areas . Angered by the Company 's attitude towards his authority , Lobengula made war on the new arrivals and the Mashonas in 1893 . Matabele warriors began the wholesale slaughter of Mashonas in the vicinity of Fort Victoria in July that year , and an indaba ( tribal conference ) organised by Company official Leander Starr Jameson to end the conflict ended with violence , and dispersion by force . The First Matabele War had started .
Company columns rode from Fort Salisbury and Fort Victoria , and combined at Iron Mine Hill , around the centre point of the country , on 16 October 1893 . Together the force totalled about 700 men , commanded by Major Patrick Forbes , and equipped with five Maxim machine guns . Forbes 's combined column moved on the Matabele king 's capital at Bulawayo , to the south @-@ west . The Matabele army mobilised to prevent Forbes from reaching the city , and twice engaged the column as it approached : on 25 October , 3 @,@ 500 warriors assaulted the column near the Shangani River . Lobengula 's troops were well @-@ drilled and formidable by pre @-@ colonial African standards , but the Company 's Maxim guns , which had never before been used in battle , far exceeded expectations , according to an eyewitness " mow [ ing ] them down literally like grass " . By the time the Matabele withdrew , they had suffered around 1 @,@ 500 fatalities ; the Company , on
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the other hand , had lost only four men . A week later , on 1 November , 2 @,@ 000 Matabele riflemen and 4 @,@ 000 warriors attacked Forbes at Bembezi , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) north @-@ east of Bulawayo , but again they were no match for the crushing firepower of the major 's Maxims : about 2 @,@ 500 more Matabele were killed .
Lobengula fled Bulawayo as soon as he heard the news from Bembezi . On 3 November 1893 , with the column on the outskirts of the city , he and his subjects left , torching the royal town as they went . In the resultant conflagration , the city 's large store of ivory , gold and other treasure was destroyed , as was its ammunition magazine , which exploded . The flames were still rising when the whites entered the settlement the next day ; basing themselves in the " White Man 's Camp " already present , they set about extinguishing the fire which engulfed the town . Using a tree to improvise a flagstaff , they hoisted first the Company flag , then the Union Jack . The reconstruction of Bulawayo began almost as soon as the blaze was out , with a new white @-@ run city rising atop the ruins of Lobengula 's former residence . Jameson , who now based himself in Bulawayo , wrote the following letter to the Matabele king on 7 November 1893 , in English , Dutch and Zulu :
This letter , carried by John Grootboom , a coloured man from the Cape , reached Lobengula near Shiloh Mission , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Bulawayo . The king replied in English :
Jameson did not regard this ambiguity as a proper answer , and impatiently waited for further word from the king . After standing by for the specified two days and receiving nothing , he correctly concluded that Lobengula was stalling him , and using the extra time to distance himself from his former capital . Jameson therefore made good on his pledge , and called for volunteers ; he assembled a host of about 470 men , mixed together from the Mashonaland Mounted Police , the Bechuanaland Border Police , and Raaff 's Rangers , an independent unit led by the eponymous Commandant Piet Raaff . This force was placed under Forbes 's command , with three Maxim guns attached . Jameson told the major to scout the area between Shiloh and Inyati for spoor , with the ultimate objective of capturing Lobengula , and sent him out just before sunset on 14 November 1893 .
= = Prelude : Forbes 's pursuit of Lobengula = =
The column left Bulawayo heading north , and , in an attempt to expedite its progress , reorganised itself into a more compact 290 @-@ man force at Shiloh . Lobengula , meanwhile , rode north towards the Shangani in his wagon , which left obvious tracks in its wake . Following the wagon tracks , Forbes 's men were soon hot on the trail , routinely finding recently abandoned Matabele camps , provisions and stragglers . Heavy rain slowed both the king and his pursuers , and led Forbes to split his force again ; moving on with a flying column of 160 men , he sent the rest back with the wagons . He pushed on , and on 3 December 1893 reached the southern bank of the Shangani , from where he could clearly see Matabele hastily driving cattle behind an impi ( regiment ) of warriors . The presence of smouldering fires beside the native column betrayed the fact that they had just crossed . Wishing to know whether the king had crossed here or at another point on the river , Forbes sent Major Allan Wilson across to scout ahead with 12 men and eight officers , and told him to return by nightfall .
Meanwhile , Forbes formed a laager ( improvised fort ) about 200 yards ( 180 m ) from the southern bank . There , he interrogated a captive Matabele , the son of an inDuna ( tribal leader ) , who said that the king was indeed where Wilson had gone , and was ill ( the exact ailment was not known for sure , the prisoner said , but was suspected to be gout ) . The inDuna 's son said that Lobengula had with him a force of about 3 @,@ 000 warriors , about half of whom were armed with Martini @-@ Henry rifles . They were mixed together from various regiments of the previously routed Matabele army , and largely demoralised , but still fiercely determined to prevent Lobengula 's capture . Most prominent were the Imbezu , Ingubo and Insukameni Regiments ; the Imbezu , Lobengula 's favourite , was generally considered the strongest . After three weeks in pursuit of the king , Forbes 's rations were running perilously short . He therefore resolved to attack the next day ( 4 December ) , hoping to be able to turn back for Bulawayo with Lobengula in custody before nightfall .
Wilson 's men remained north of the river far longer than expected , and had still not returned when darkness fell . Forbes , meanwhile , received a report that most of Lobengula 's force , commanded by inDuna Mjaan , had separated from the king and was moving to attack the laager the same night ( this was actually an exaggeration ; only about 300 riflemen had split from the main Matabele force , though they were indeed south of the river , undetected by Forbes ) . Visibility was poor by now , and rain periodically fell . The laager received no word from Wilson until about 21 : 00 , when Sergeant @-@ Major Judge and Corporal Ebbage arrived from across the river to tell Forbes that Wilson had found Lobengula 's tracks , and followed him for 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) . Wilson regarded the chances of taking the king alive as so good that he was going to remain north of the river overnight . He asked Forbes to send more men and a Maxim gun in the morning , but did not explain what he planned to do with them .
The Shangani Patrol continued its approach during the late evening , and scouted close to the bush enclosure housing Lobengula . Captain William Napier repeatedly called to the king in the Matabele language , Sindebele , but received no reply from the Matabele leaders , who remained silent and hid themselves . The patrol 's actions confused the Matabele , who could not understand why there appeared to be so few Company soldiers , nor why they would reveal their position like this . They concluded that it must be a trap , and were only satisfied that it was not when Wilson 's men had stopped during their approach to call to Lobengula five times . Following the fifth call from Napier , Mjaan ordered his riflemen to gather around the patrol , intending to pocket it . Noticing this , Wilson ordered a retreat , and took up a well @-@ covered position in the bush where he could hide until daybreak . When Lieutenant Hofmeyer and Troopers Bradburn and Colquhoun were lost amid the increasingly stormy night , Wilson briefly backtracked to recover them .
On returning to his bush camp , Wilson sent a further message to the laager , which reached its destination at around 23 : 00 : Napier , Scout Bain and Trooper Robertson were the men acting as runners . Wilson repeated that he was going to stay north of the river overnight , close to the king , and asked Forbes to bring the whole column across by 04 : 00 in the morning . Forbes thought it unwise to attempt a full river crossing at night , which he reasoned might lead to his force being surrounded in the darkness and massacred , but also felt he could not recall Wilson , as to do so would be to lose Lobengula for sure .
As a compromise , Forbes sent Captain Henry Borrow across with 21 men at 01 : 00 on 4 December , and told Borrow to relay to Wilson that the laager was surrounded , and " expected to be attacked any moment " . Forbes apparently intended for Borrow 's reinforcements to secure Wilson 's position , but historian W D Gale writes that this was a serious tactical error on Forbes 's part : the addition of Borrow 's men made Wilson 's patrol too large to be a mere reconnoitring force , but still too small to overpower the Matabele and capture the king . Indeed , Wilson and his officers looked on gloomily when Borrow 's men arrived soon after dawn , fewer in number than expected and without the requested Maxim gun . Only 20 of the reinforcements ( including Borrow himself ) reached Wilson — Troopers Landsberg and Nesbitt became separated from the main group along the way , and eventually rejoined Forbes during the morning . Trooper Robertson returned to Wilson with Borrow , giving the patrol a total of 37 men , including its officers .
= = Engagement = =
= = = Matabele ambushes on both sides of the river = = =
Wilson conferred with his officers , none of whom was particularly optimistic about their prospects : " This is the end " said one . British soldier and historian Roger Marston postulates that the patrol might still have been safe had it not now pursued the king , but Wilson decided to proceed : " Let 's ride on Lobengula , " he said . Several analysts comment that this was perhaps excessively rash . Marston says that Wilson 's actions " had a flavour of doomed resignation about them " , and suggests that the major believed no other path was open , and was therefore going for broke . The Matabele hovered around the vicinity , waiting to see what Wilson would do next . On the southern side of the river , the 300 Matabele riflemen took up a well @-@ covered position near the riverbank , about 300 yards ( 270 m ) to the left of Forbes 's position . Hidden by a patch of scrub , they remained undetected by the Company troops .
Wilson , Borrow and the 35 others made for Lobengula 's enclosure . The king 's wagon was still there , but when Wilson called to him , there was no answer . The king had moved on during the night . At that moment , the troopers heard the sound of rifles being cocked in the wood surrounding them . A Matabele inDuna stepped out from behind a tree and announced that the enclosure was surrounded by thousands of Matabele who wanted to " see if the white men were afraid to die . " He then fired his rifle to signal the start of the attack to his men . A volley from the Matabele riflemen followed , but most of the shots went too high ; no Company trooper was hit . The only casualties of this opening volley were two of the patrol 's horses . Wilson immediately ordered his men to fall back , first to an antheap , then to a thick wood . Three of them were wounded during this retreat , but none fatally so .
Hearing the shots from the northern side of the river , Forbes uneasily moved towards the southern bank , intending to cross and help Wilson . However , Forbes 's fears of an ambush proved to be well @-@ founded ; at an opportune moment , the Matabele in the scrub opened fire , catching the column in the open . The ambushers ' shots were initially wild and inaccurate , but they soon began to focus their fire on the exposed Maxim guns and horses , forcing the troopers to retreat to cover . Five Company soldiers were injured . The resulting skirmish lasted about an hour , by which time the Shangani had been severely swollen by heavy rains upstream , causing it to flood .
Meanwhile , Wilson marched his officers and men back towards the river , hoping to reunite with Forbes . They moved on for about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , but soon noticed that a line of Matabele warriors was blocking their way to the river . Wilson refused to sacrifice his wounded by attempting to break through . In an act of desperation , he instead sent three of his men — American scouts Frederick Russell Burnham and Pearl " Pete " Ingram , and Australian Trooper William Gooding — to charge through the Matabele line , cross the river and bring reinforcements back to help , while he , Borrow and the rest made a last stand . Burnham , Ingram and Gooding broke through while the Matabele closed in on the pocketed patrol from a distance , and began to fire on it from cover , killing several of its men . After a while , Mjaan ordered his men to charge forward and finish them off , but the Matabele soon fell back , having taken about 40 fatalities .
Burnham , Ingram and Gooding reached the Shangani about 08 : 00 , but quickly saw that the water had risen far too high for Forbes to provide any assistance . Realising the futility of turning back to Wilson without help , they decided to rejoin Forbes anyway , and to that end traversed the swollen river with considerable difficulty . They then rode to where the battle on the southern side was still ongoing . On reaching the main column shaken and out of breath , Burnham leapt from his horse and ran to Forbes : " I think I may say that we are the sole survivors of that party , " he quietly confided , before loading his rifle and joining the skirmish .
= = = Matabele victory north of the river ; Wilson 's last stand = = =
What happened to the Shangani Patrol after this point is known only from Matabele sources . According to these accounts , the warriors offered the remaining whites their lives if they surrendered , but Wilson 's men refused to give up . They used their dead horses for cover , and killed more than ten times their own number ( about 500 , Mjaan estimated ) , but were steadily whittled down as the overwhelming Matabele force closed in from all sides . The Company soldiers continued fighting even when grievously wounded , to the astonishment of the Matabele , who thought the whites must be bewitched : " These are not men but magicians , " said one Matabele inDuna .
Late in the afternoon , after hours of fighting , Wilson 's men ran out of ammunition , and reacted to this by rising to their feet , shaking each other 's hands and singing a song , possibly " God Save the Queen " . The Matabele downed their own rifles and ended the battle charging with assegai spears ; some of the whites allegedly used their last bullets to commit suicide . According to an eyewitness , " the white inDuna " ( Wilson ) was the last to die , standing motionless before the Matabele with blood streaming from wounds all over his body . After a few moments of hesitation , a young warrior ran forward and killed him with his assegai . The Matabele usually mutilated the bodies of their foes after a victory , but on this occasion they did not : " The white men died so bravely we would not treat them as we do the cowardly Mashonas and others , " an inDuna explained . At Mjaan 's orders , the bodies of the patrol were left untouched , though the whites ' clothes and two of their facial skins were collected the next morning to serve as proof to Lobengula of the battle 's outcome . " I had two sons killed that day , " Ingubo warrior M 'Kotchwana later said , " and my brother was shot in the stomach . The amakiwa [ whites ] were brave men ; they were warriors . "
= = Men of the Shangani Patrol = =
Of the 43 men involved in Wilson 's patrol ( including the major himself ) , 37 were present when the battle began . This was reduced to 34 when Wilson ordered Burnham , Ingram and Gooding to break out . Those left behind were all killed in action . Though the men of the patrol came from several parts of the British Empire as well as other countries , most were born in Britain itself : Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Hugh Marshall Hole writes that of these " over a dozen were English Public School and University men " . Wilson himself was originally Scottish , while Borrow was born in Cornwall . Also represented in the patrol were South Africa ( several members , most prominently Captain William Judd ) , the United States ( Burnham and Ingram ) , India ( Troopers Dillon and Money ) , Canada ( Scout Robert Bain ) , Australia ( Gooding ) and New Zealand ( Trooper Frank Vogel ) . No member of the patrol was born in Rhodesia .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Forbes 's retreat , Lobengula 's death and the end of the war = = =
After the battle on the southern side of the Shangani was over , Forbes and his column conducted a cursory search for survivors from Wilson 's party , but , unable to cross the river , could see nothing to tell them what had happened . Guessing ( correctly ) that all Company men beyond the river had been killed , they turned and trekked back to Bulawayo in miserable fashion , their supplies all but gone and the Matabele impeding their progress at every turn .
Matabele raiding parties attacked the retreating column six times during its two @-@ week journey back to Bulawayo . In pouring rain , the dishevelled men were soon mostly on foot , existing off horse meat and wearing makeshift shoes made from ammunition wallets . Forbes felt so humiliated by the events that he retreated from command in all but name , surrendering de facto control to Commandant Raaff . In leading the column back to Bulawayo , Raaff repeatedly drew on his experience from the Anglo @-@ Zulu War to ensure the survival of the haggard men : he avoided several Matabele ambushes , and at one point set up a convincing decoy camp that the Matabele fired on for half a day , wasting much of their ammunition .
On the column 's inglorious return to Bulawayo on 18 December 1893 , Forbes was received in muted disgrace . The officers and men stood on parade for Cecil Rhodes , and the Company chief passed the major without a word . Raaff , on the other hand , was publicly commended by Rhodes , and thanked for ensuring the column 's safe return .
Meanwhile , Lobengula moved to the north @-@ east , now well out of the Company 's reach for the foreseeable future . However , his sickness , which turned out to be smallpox , sharply intensified and eventually killed him on 22 or 23 January 1894 . With the king dead , Mjaan , the most senior of the izinDuna , took command of the Matabele . Mjaan was an old man , and his only son had been killed in the war . He wished to make peace . In late February 1894 , he convened an indaba at which he and his contemporaries met with James Dawson , a trader known to them for many years , who offered the olive branch on behalf of the Company . The izinDuna unanimously accepted . They also told the trader what had happened to the Shangani Patrol , and led him to the battle site to survey it , as well as to examine and identify the largely skeletonised bodies of the soldiers , which still lay where they had fallen . Dawson was the first non @-@ Matabele to learn of the last stand .
= = = Cultural impact , burial and memorial = = =
News of the patrol 's fate was quickly relayed from Rhodesia to South Africa , and then on to the rest of the British Empire and the world . In England , a patriotic play overtly influenced by the incident , Cheer , Boys , Cheer ! , was written by Augustus Harris , Cecil Raleigh and Henry Hamilton , and staged at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane , starting in September 1895 . The show tells the story of a young colonial army officer in South Africa and Rhodesia , culminating in the third act with a fictionalised account of the First Matabele War . This itself climaxes with a scene strongly reminiscent of Wilson 's last stand . The production ran for nearly six months in London , and then toured the British provinces for more than two years , reportedly drawing large crowds . According to historian Neil Parsons , it contributed to the patrol " fast gain [ ing ] mythological status " .
In historical terms , the Shangani Patrol subsequently became an integral part of Rhodesian identity , with Wilson and Borrow in particular woven into the national tapestry as heroic figures symbolising duty in the face of insuperable odds . Their last stand together became a kind of national myth , as Lewis Gann writes , " a glorious memory , [ Rhodesia 's ] own equivalent of the bloody Alamo massacre and Custer 's Last Stand in the American West " . In 1895 , 4 December was declared " Shangani Day " , an annual Rhodesian public holiday which endured until 1920 , when it was folded into Occupation Day , a national non @-@ work day which commemorated several early colonial events together . Shangani Day remained part of the national calendar , however , and was still marked each year .
The remains of the patrol 's members were buried on 14 August 1894 , in the ruined city of Great Zimbabwe . Rhodes later wrote into his will that he wished to have the patrol re @-@ interred alongside him at World 's View , in the Matopos Hills , when he died ; this was done in 1904 , two years after Rhodes 's death . Also according to Rhodes 's wishes , a memorial to the Shangani Patrol was erected at World 's View in July 1904 , and dedicated by Bishop Gaul of Mashonaland . The monument , called the Shangani Memorial , is an oblong , flat @-@ topped structure , about 33 feet ( 10 m ) tall and made from granite from a nearby kopje . It was designed by Herbert Baker , and based on the Pedestal of Agrippa at the Athens Acropolis . Each of the memorial 's four sides bears a bronze panel by John Tweed , depicting members of the patrol in relief . The main inscription reads , " To Brave Men " , with a smaller dedication given beneath : " Erected to the enduring memory of Allan Wilson and his Men who fell in fight against the Matabele on the Shangani River December 4th , 1893 . There was no survivor " .
= = Controversy = =
= = = Lobengula 's box of sovereigns = = =
Soon following the end of the war , one of Lobengula 's izinDuna told Dawson that just before Forbes 's column had reached the Shangani , two Matabele messengers , Petchan and Sehuloholu , had been given a box of gold sovereigns by Lobengula , and instructed to intercept the column before it reached the river . They were to tell the whites that the king admitted defeat and offered this tribute , totalling about £ 1 @,@ 000 , on the condition that the column immediately turn back and cease harassing him . " Gold is the only thing that will stop the white men , " Lobengula reportedly concluded . According to the inDuna , Petchan and Sehuloholu reached the column on 2 December 1893 , the day before it reached the Shangani , and hid in the bush as it went by . They then caught up with it and gave the money and the message to two men in the rear guard .
Dawson relayed this story to Bulawayo , where Company authorities made enquiries . No man who had been attached to the column corroborated the account . The Company thought it unlikely that a Matabele inDuna would simply invent a story such as this , however , and angrily speculated that if it were true , then negotiations with Lobengula might have been opened and the war ended before Wilson crossed the river , and the entire episode of the Shangani Patrol avoided ( though , as historian Robert Cary writes , this surmision ignores the fact that Forbes had been ordered to capture Lobengula , not end the war ) . Lawyers appointed by the Company launched a formal investigation early in 1894 .
Two officers ' batmen , William Charles Daniel and James Wilson ( no relation to Allan Wilson ) , soon became prime suspects , with Daniel arraigned as the senior instigator . They were accused of accepting the gold from Petchan and Sehuloholu , then keeping it for themselves and not passing on the message . Both men denied all charges . Neither Daniel nor Wilson had been members of the rear guard on 2 December , though either or both could have been there at some point during the day . No Matabele witness recognised either of them at the court in Bulawayo , where the case was heard by the Resident Magistrate and four assessors .
The evidence against the batmen was largely circumstantial : both had been seen to possess unusually large amounts of gold soon after the column 's return , and both had since bought farming rights , paying cash . Daniel said he had won the money in his possession playing cards , while Wilson claimed to have brought his with him when he came to Rhodesia . Witnesses confirmed that there had been heavy gambling at Inyati camp , in which Daniel and Wilson had actively taken part , both possessing noticeable reserves in gold sovereigns . Sehuloholu claimed in his statement that both of the men he had met in the rear guard had fluently and perfectly spoken to him in Sindebele , but neither of the accused men knew the language , and the only member of the column who did at a fluent level was a medical orderly who had never been near the rear guard . The prosecutor proposed that Sehuloholu could be exaggerating the standard of Sindebele spoken by the men he had met , pointing out that most of the phrases quoted were actually relatively basic , and did not imply a profound understanding of the language .
Unable to definitely prove to the court where their money had come from , Daniel and Wilson were eventually found guilty , and sentenced to 14 years ' hard labour . However , the maximum term the Magistrate could legally impose was three months , and in 1896 they were released at the order of the High Commissioner for Southern Africa , Sir Henry Brougham Loch . The High Commissioner 's legal team subsequently quashed the convictions altogether , saying that the evidence against Daniel and Wilson was not sufficiently conclusive . The existence of Lobengula 's box of sovereigns was never proven either way , and the incident never explained beyond doubt .
= = = Burnham , Ingram and Gooding = = =
The version of events recorded by history is based on the accounts of Burnham , Ingram and Gooding , the Matabele present at the battle ( particularly inDuna Mjaan ) , and the men of Forbes 's column . Burnham , Ingram and Gooding 's stories closely corroborate each other ; their version of events was accepted as true by the Court of Inquiry at Bulawayo in December 1893 . First @-@ hand Matabele accounts such as Mjaan 's , which were first recorded during 1894 , appear to confirm the character of the break @-@ out , saying that three of the white men they were fighting — including Burnham , whom several of them recognised — left during a lull in the battle , just after Wilson withdrew to his final position .
While all of the direct evidence given by eyewitnesses supports the findings of the Court of Inquiry , some historians and writers debate whether or not Burnham , Ingram and Gooding really were sent back by Wilson to fetch help , and suggest that they might have simply deserted when the battle got rough . Proponents of this desertion theory frequently portray Burnham as a man who embellished facts and coerced eyewitnesses into falsifying statements . The earliest recording of this claim of desertion is in a letter written in 1935 by John Coghlan , a cousin of Southern Rhodesia 's first Prime Minister , Charles Coghlan . John Coghlan wrote to a friend , John Carruthers , on 14 December that year that " a very reliable man informed me that Wools @-@ Sampson told him " that Gooding had confessed on his deathbed ( in 1899 ) that he and the two Americans had not actually been despatched by Wilson , and had simply left on their own accord . This double hearsay confession , coming from an anonymous source , is not mentioned in Gooding 's 1899 obituary , which instead recounts the events as generally recorded .
Peter Emmerson , a historian and supporter of the desertion theory , asks why Wilson would have sent three of his men away at such a precarious moment . J P Lott , another historian , comments that Wilson had sent runners to Forbes twice the previous night , when he was already at very close quarters with the Matabele and with far fewer men ; he surmises that it would not be out of the ordinary for the major to do so again . In his evaluation John O 'Reilly asks why Wilson sent Gooding back with the two Americans ; surely Burnham and Ingram , both seasoned scouts , were enough ? Gooding writes in his account that Wilson originally only asked Burnham to ride to Forbes , and that Captain Judd suggested to Wilson that Burnham should take two men with him . The Chief of Scouts requested Ingram , and Borrow asked Gooding to go too . Burnham also says that Borrow sent Gooding .
Burnham , Ingram and Gooding each received the British South Africa Company Medal for their service in the First Matabele War , and all three subsequently served in the Second Matabele War of 1896 – 97 . All of the officers and troopers of Forbes ' column reported high praise for Burnham 's actions and none reported any doubts about his conduct even decades later . One member of the column , Trooper M E Weale , told the Rhodesia Herald on 22 December 1944 that once Commandant Raaff took over command it was greatly due to Burnham 's good scouting that the column managed to get away : " I have always felt that the honours were equally divided between these two men , to whom we owed our lives on that occasion . " Burnham proceeded to become a key figure for a number of commanding officers , including Frederick Carrington , Robert Baden @-@ Powell , and Frederick Roberts . Carrington called him " the finest scout who ever scouted in Africa . He was my Chief of Scouts in ' 96 in Matabeleland and he was the eyes and ears of my force " . The US President Theodore Roosevelt described him in 1901 as " a scout and a hunter of courage and ability , a man totally without fear , a sure shot , and a fighter ... the ideal scout . " While fighting with the British Army in the Second Boer War , Burnham was adjudged to have shown exceptional heroism and was decorated with the Distinguished Service Order , then Britain 's second highest military honour .
= = Legacy = =
The last stand of the patrol was re @-@ enacted once more at the 1899 Greater Britain Exhibition in London , during which scenes from the Matabele wars were re @-@ created as part of a play called Savage South Africa : A Vivid , Realistic and Picturesque Representation of Life in the Wilds of Africa , culminating in " Major Wilson 's Last Stand " . The show featured Lobengula 's son , Peter Lobengula — described as " Prince Lobengula , the redoubtable warrior chieftain " . A short war film based the show 's version of the final engagement , Major Wilson 's Last Stand , was released by Levi , Jones & Company studios in 1899 . A song about the events , " Shangani Patrol " , was written by the Rhodesian singer @-@ songwriter John Edmond , and first recorded by the South African singer Nick Taylor in 1966 as the B @-@ side for another Edmond composition , " The UDI Song " , about Rhodesia 's 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence . The patriotic record topped the Rhodesian hit parade for four weeks . A historical war film , also called Shangani Patrol , was filmed on location and released in 1970 . The author Alexander Fullerton wrote a novel about the patrol 's last stand , entitled The White Men Sang ( 1958 ) .
Though much of the mythology surrounding the patrol and the site has dissipated in the national consciousness since the country 's reconstitution as Zimbabwe in 1980 , World 's View endures as a tourist attraction to this day . A campaign in the 1990s to dismantle the monument and remove the graves met with strong opposition from both local residents and the Department of National Museums and Monuments , partly because of the income it brings from visitors , and partly out of respect for the site and the history surrounding it .
= 1975 – 76 Buffalo Braves season =
The 1975 – 76 Buffalo Braves season was the sixth season for the expansion Buffalo Braves franchise in the National Basketball Association and its Atlantic Division . It was the team 's fourth season under head coach Jack Ramsay . The team 's official home arena was Buffalo Memorial Auditorium .
Bob McAdoo led the league in scoring for the third consecutive year with 31 @.@ 1 points per game . It was the third year in a row that the Braves made the playoffs . The Braves had a record of 46 @-@ 36 . In the playoffs the Braves wound up against the Philadelphia 76ers . The series went the full three games but the Braves found themselves on the road for Game 3 . The Braves emerged victorious in overtime with a hard @-@ fought 124 – 123 victory . It was the first playoff series win for the franchise . In the second round of the playoffs , the Braves and Boston Celtics would once again battle . After four games , the series was even at two wins each . Once again the Celtics would take the series in six games .
The season was marked in controversy . Ernie DiGregorio was benched and McAdoo was suspended . Following the season the Braves allowed coach Jack Ramsay to depart for the head coaching job with the Portland Trail Blazers . The team did not resign its auditorium lease and went through the season without a contract . Subsequently the team was sold , the city sued and the sale was not consummated .
= = Offseason = =
= = = NBA Draft = = =
The Braves had no selections during the first two rounds of the 1975 NBA Draft and no players drafted by the team that year played for the 1975 – 76 Buffalo . 1974 NBA Draft pick Tom McMillen played for a year in Europe before joining the 1975 – 76 Buffalo Braves . McMillen played in the Italian League for a team in Bologna , Italy and completed the first year of his Rhodes Scholarship at Oxford University . However , he reached an agreement with Oxford to complete his second year during the summer in order to begin his National Basketball Association career . McMillen only played basketball in Italy on the weekends .
= = = Exhibition games = = =
On October 4 , 1975 , the Braves opened their preseason exhibition schedule against the Indiana Pacers of the American Basketball Association . Bob McAdoo had 29 points in the contest in Indianapolis but the Pacers won , 106 @-@ 105 . On October 11 , 15 @,@ 000 fans attended the Braves ' home game against the ABA 's New York Nets . The Braves held New York 's star Julius Erving to 16 points but the Nets prevailed 109 @-@ 83 . On October 14 the Braves traveled to Louisville , Kentucky to face the ABA 's Kentucky Colonels . The Colonels won , 120 @-@ 116 . Two nights later on October 16 , 1975 the Braves hit the road to face the ABA 's San Antonio Spurs . Bob McAdoo had 22 points and 16 rebounds but the Spurs won 101 @-@ 90 behind 22 points each for James Silas and George Gervin . The very next night the Braves again faced the New York Nets , this time at Seton Hall University in New Jersey . Bob McAdoo scored 31 points but the Nets won 117 @-@ 97 . The Braves closed out their preseason exhibition schedule with a record of 0 @-@ 5 against ABA teams .
= = Transactions = =
On October 14 , 1975 , the Braves lost Lee Winfield on waivers to the Kansas City Kings . Paul Ruffner did not return to play for the 1975 – 76 Buffalo Braves and never again played in the NBA . On November 20 , 1975 , Steve Kuberski was waived . On November 27 , 1975 , Jack Marin was traded to the Chicago Bulls for a 1977 NBA Draft 1st round pick . On February 1 , 1976 , Gar Heard was dealt with a 1976 NBA Draft 2nd round pick to the Phoenix Suns for John Shumate . After the season , the Braves sent Ken Charles and Dick Gibbs and cash to the Atlanta Hawks for Tom Van Arsdale . Van Arsdale never played for the Braves who traded him in August to the Phoenix Suns for a 1977 NBA Draft 2nd round pick .
= = Roster = =
= = Regular season = =
The Braves went the entire season without a winning streak or losing streak exceeding six games . The Braves attendance decreased by nearly 50 @,@ 000 to 418 @,@ 696 in their 41 home games , and the team fell to 11th of 18 teams .
Shumate , who played 43 games for Phoenix and 32 for Buffalo led the NBA in field goal percentage ( 56 @.@ 1 ) and earned first team All @-@ rookie honors . DiGregorio , who played 67 games posted a 91 @.@ 5 % ( 86 / 94 ) free throw percentage , which would have been second to Rick Barry 's 92 @.@ 3 if he had posted a qualifying number of attempts . Marin , who played 12 games for the Braves before being traded , finished 9th in the NBA in free throw percentage ( 85 @.@ 6 % ) . McMillian ranked 3rd in field goal percentage ( 53 @.@ 6 % ) and 8th in free throw percentage ( 85 @.@ 8 ) . Randy Smith , who played all 82 games for the fourth consecutive season , represented Buffalo in the 1976 NBA All @-@ Star Game and earned 2nd team All @-@ NBA honors . Smith ranked third in steals per game ( 2 @.@ 5 ) , fourth in assists per game ( 6 @.@ 5 ) , seventh in points per game ( 21 @.@ 8 ) and ninth in minutes per game ( 38 @.@ 6 ) . Smith 's speed was a difference maker on the Braves ' fast breaks . McAdoo appeared in the third of five consecutive NBA All @-@ Star games and placed second in the MVP voting despite not making the All @-@ NBA team that included centers Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar and Dave Cowens . McAdoo led the winning east team in scoring with 22 points in the All @-@ Star game , but Dave Bing was selected as MVP . Over the course of the season he made both the most field goals and most free throws in the NBA . He led the league in minutes played ( 42 @.@ 7 ) and points per game ( 31 @.@ 1 ) while ranking seventh in rebound average ( 12 @.@ 4 ) and sixth in blocks per game ( 2 @.@ 1 ) .
October – December
As the season began , the Braves refused to sign the lease terms for Memorial Auditorium because Braves owner Paul Snyder felt it was unfair for the Braves to be held to different terms than their co @-@ tenant , the Buffalo Sabres . Although the Buffalo Common Council had approved a lease in July , the Braves entered the season without an agreement .
During the November 14 game at Milwaukee a bench @-@ clearing brawl erupted as a result of an incident between Bucks Gary Brokaw and Bob Dandridge and Brave Dick Gibbs . The following week McAdoo broke the Cleveland Coliseum single @-@ game scoring record by posting 50 points in a 23 @-@ point deficit come @-@ from @-@ behind overtime victory . He surpassed his own 49 point performance the prior year at the Coliseum ; both games were against his friend Jim Chones . On December 2 , 1974 NBA Rookie of the Year DiGregorio was benched in favor of Charles for the sake of team defense . In Charles ' first start , he led the team in scoring with a career @-@ high 24 on the way to the franchise record 37 @-@ point December 5 victory over the Cleveland Cavaliers . In late December , McAdoo was suspended by the team for failing to make a doctor 's appointment as the Braves claimed his self @-@ diagnosed back injury was dubious .
January – February
The Braves began the new year by playing in three consecutive one @-@ point contests , first splitting with the New York Knicks on January 2 and January 3 , and then defeating the Los Angeles Lakers on January 6 . All games were won by the home team . The Braves established an all @-@ sport all @-@ time attendance record for Memorial Auditorium of 19 @,@ 226 on January 31 when they hosted the Boston Celtics . That night , John Havlicek became the NBAs fourth leading scorer , surpassing Elgin Baylor . The day before the game the Braves had reached an agreement on sharing playing dates with the Sabres and decided not to attempt to leave town . On February 1 during the All @-@ star break , the Braves dealt Heard for Shumate . At the time the Braves had a 30 – 20 record and they would go 16 – 16 for the rest of the season . During the February 3 , 1976 NBA All @-@ Star Game , Smith scored 8 points , while McAdoo had a game @-@ high 22 . McAdoo contributed to a key fourth quarter spurt that propelled the East to victory .
March – April
As the season wound down , the Braves were battling with the Philadelphia 76ers for home court advantage in the opening round series . The Braves defeated the Celtics twice in the final two weeks to even their season series at three games a piece while winning five of their last seven games . The Braves were scheduled to host the New York Knicks on April 6 , but when the Buffalo Sabres qualified for the 1976 Stanley Cup playoffs , the National Hockey League scheduled the Sabres to be the home team on the same date . When the Braves set a $ 25 @,@ 000 price tag on the date , the Sabres swapped home game dates with the St. Louis Blues and lost on St. Louis in a best of three series on that date .
= = = Season standings = = =
The following were the season standing in the Atlantic Division .
= = = Record vs. opponents = = =
= = = Season schedule = = =
Source : www.basketball @-@ reference.com
= = Playoffs = =
In the 1976 NBA Playoffs , McMillian boosted his 15 @.@ 8 points per game to 17 @.@ 2 , and Smith also boosted his production to 8 @.@ 6 assists per game , which led the league , while contributing 22 @.@ 6 points . For the second year in a row , McAdoo led the league in minutes per game in the playoffs ( 45 @.@ 1 ) , while posting 28 @.@ 0 points per game .
First round
The Braves concluded the regular season tied with the Philadelphia 76ers for fourth place in the Eastern Conference with a 46 – 36 record . The Braves lost the regular season series with the 76ers 4 games to 3 giving Philadelphia home court advantage for the three @-@ game Eastern Conference First Round series between the conference 's fourth and fifth place teams . During the series , the road team won each of the three games including the final game , which Buffalo won 124 – 123 in overtime .
In the first round , the Braves won the first game 95 – 89 on 36 points from McAdoo and 6 points from McMillian in the final 1 : 23 . Although the Braves led most of the way , it took a three @-@ point play by McAdoo with 4 : 37 left to give them the lead for good at 87 – 85 . George McGinnis posted 34 points as the 76ers evened the series with a 131 – 106 victory in game 2 . The Braved clinched game 3 in overtime as McAdoo scored two free throws to tie the game in regulation and two more with 17 seconds left in overtime as Buffalo won 124 – 123 . The game included clutch shots by Shumate and a strong shooting performance by Smith . Philadelphia took the lead in the first quarter and did not relinquish it until the McMillian gave the Braves a 95 – 94 lead with 8 : 11 remaining in regulation . McGinnis had fouled out with 8 : 50 remaining . The Braves held the lead until Doug Collins scored with 41 seconds left to tie the score at 109 and Fred Carter gave Philadelphia a 111 – 109 lead with 6 seconds remaining . After a couple of offensive rebounds on their final possession Clyde Lee fouled McAdoo who tied the score from the line . Shumate had 11 fourth quarter points and a pair of early overtime baskets . Smith gave the Braves the lead for good with 51 seconds left in overtime .
Second round
In the second round , the Braves opposed the Eastern Conference regular season champion Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . The first five games of the series went to the home team and then Boston won game six in Buffalo to clinch the series .
Dave Cowens accumulated 30 points , 19 rebounds , 7 assists and 5 steals in leading the Celtics past the Braves by a 107 – 98 margin in game 1 . Although McAdoo scored 40 points in game 2 and the Celtics played without John Havlicek , his replacements Don Nelson and Steve Kuberski stepped up to enable the Celtics to take a 2 – 0 lead in the series on a with a 101 – 96 victory . In game 3 , the Braves won 98 – 93 , as Smith scored 29 and McAdoo added 24 , including 10 in the fourth quarter . Buffalo had fallen behind by 12 points after one quarter . Starter @-@ turned @-@ reserve DiGregorio entered the game in the second quarter with the Braves behind 32 – 22 , but he posted 8 points and 5 assists in the quarter to spark a 21 – 4 surge that gave the team a 43 – 36 lead . He finished with 10 assists . In game 4 , Smith made a 25 @-@ foot jump shot with three seconds remaining to give the Braves a 124 – 122 victory and tie the series 2 – 2 . Havlicek , who missed games 2 through 4 with a foot injury , returned to help the Celtics win game 5 as Paul Silas had 15 points and 22 rebounds and Cowens amassed 30 points and 16 rebounds . After a 32 – 32 tie , Cowens , who had 14 second quarter points , led the Celtics to a 46 – 36 halftime lead . The Braves closed to within 50 – 46 , but the Celtics pulled away and took a 76 – 65 lead after three quarters . Although Charlie Scott fouled out in the fourth quarter , so did McAdoo . In game 6 , the Celtics led 30 – 27 after one quarter , but trailed 55 – 50 at the half and 78 – 77 after three quarters . At one point , 9 third quarter points by McMillian helped push Buffalo to a 9 @-@ point lead . Scott scored 13 of his game @-@ high 31 points in the final quarter . Jo Jo White had 23 points and Cowens had 10 points and 16 rebounds in the final game as the Celtics clinched the series 4 – 2 with a 104 – 100 victory .
= = = Playoff schedule = = =
Source : www.basketball @-@ reference.com
= = = Postseason news = = =
Coach Ramsay had been hired in 1972 to a three @-@ year contract . He served the 1975 – 76 season on a one @-@ year extension . His contract was not renewed . Ramsay had guided the Braves to the playoffs three years in a row after enduring a 21 – 61 season , accumulating a 158 – 170 overall record . Local reports noted a personality conflict with owner Snyder . The Braves promoted assistant coach Tates Locke and signed him to a two @-@ year contract .
Snyder threatened to sell the Braves if they did not sell 5 @,@ 000 season tickets by June 12 , 1976 . However the season ticket drive by the Chamber of Commerce and other civic groups only resulted in 2 @,@ 552 sales by the deadline date . In June 1976 , Diplomat Hotel owner Irving Cowan obtained an option to purchase the Braves for $ 6 @.@ 1 million , and planned to bring them to South Florida and the Hollywood Sportatorium . Pledges of more than 8 @,@ 000 season tickets were received in Florida . On June 15 , Snyder announced the planned sale . The Wall Street Journal estimated the sale price to be in the $ 7 – 8 million range . However , the next day the city of Buffalo sued the Braves for breach of contract and sought a restraining order preventing the move . The suit was filed in New York Supreme Court for seeking $ 10 million from the Braves and the NBA for breaking a promise to sign a new 15 @-@ year lease . Another suit was filed as an anti @-@ trust case in United States district court against the rest of the NBA seeking $ 48 million in damages in the event of a move . The anti @-@ trust case alleged that the move was an attempt to eliminate competition against a future Toronto NBA franchise and to discourage expansion of the American Basketball Association to southern Florida . The damages arose as treble damages related to a March 1 promise to sign a lease . Although Cowan claimed the move would still take place , the effort collapsed under the weight of the lawsuit and the Braves ended up signing a new lease with the city of Buffalo . In July , the Braves signed a new lease with the city for the Memorial Auditorium with the understanding that there was an ongoing effort to sell the team to local interests . The signing of the lease settled the lawsuits .
= = Player stats = =
= = Awards and honors = =
Bob McAdoo , NBA Scoring Champion
Bob McAdoo , 1976 NBA All @-@ Star Game
Randy Smith , 1976 NBA All @-@ Star Game
Randy Smith , 1976 All @-@ NBA ( 2nd team )
John Shumate , NBA All @-@ Rookie Team ( Note : Shumate started the season with the Phoenix Suns but ended the season as a member of the Buffalo Braves )
John Shumate , NBA Field goal percentage champion
= Germany women 's national football team =
The Germany women 's national football team ( German : Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft der Frauen ) represents Germany in international women 's association football and is governed by the German Football Association ( DFB ) .
The German national team is one of the most successful in women 's football . They are two @-@ time world champions , having won the 2003 and 2007 tournaments . They are also the only nation to have won both the men 's and women 's tournament . The team has won eight of the eleven UEFA European Championships , claiming the last six consecutive titles . Again , being the only nation to win both the men 's and women 's European tournament . Germany has won three bronze medals at the Women 's Olympic Football Tournament , finishing third in 2000 , 2004 and 2008 . Birgit Prinz holds the record for most appearances and is the team 's all @-@ time leading goalscorer . Prinz has also set international records ; she has received the FIFA World Player of the Year award three times and is the joint second overall top goalscorer at the Women 's World Cup .
Women 's football was long met with skepticism in Germany , and official matches were banned by the DFB until 1970 . However , the women 's national team has grown in popularity since winning the World Cup in 2003 , as it was chosen as Germany 's Sports Team of the Year . Silvia Neid has been the team 's head coach since 2005 , succeeding Tina Theune after nine years as her assistant . As of July 2015 , Germany is ranked No. 2 in the FIFA Women 's World Rankings .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
In 1955 , the DFB decided to forbid women 's football in all its clubs in West Germany . In its explanation , the DFB cited that " this combative sport is fundamentally foreign to the nature of women " and that " body and soul would inevitably suffer damage " . Further , the " display of the body violates etiquette and decency " . In spite of this ban , more than 150 unofficial international matches were played in the 1950s and 1960s . On 30 October 1970 , the ban on women 's football was lifted at the DFB annual convention .
Other football associations had already formed official women 's national teams in the 1970s , the DFB long remained uninvolved in women 's football . In 1981 , DFB official Horst R. Schmidt was invited to send a team to the unofficial women 's football world championship . Schmidt accepted the invitation but hid the fact that West Germany had no women 's national team at the time . To avoid humiliation , the DFB sent the German club champions Bergisch Gladbach 09 , who went on to win the tournament . Seeing a need , the DFB established the women 's national team in 1982 . DFB president Hermann Neuberger appointed Gero Bisanz , an instructor at the Cologne Sports College , to set up the team .
= = = 1982 – 1994 : Difficult beginnings and first European titles = = =
In September 1982 , Bisanz organised two scouting training courses from which he selected a squad of 16 players . The team 's first international match took place on 10 November 1982 in Koblenz . Following the tradition of the men ’ s team , Switzerland was chosen as West Germany 's first opponent . Doris Kresimon scored the first international goal in the 25th minute . In the second half , 18 @-@ year @-@ old Silvia Neid contributed two goals to the 5 – 1 victory ; Neid later became the assistant coach in 1996 and the head coach in 2005 .
With five draws and one defeat , West Germany failed to qualify for the inaugural 1984 European Championship , finishing third in the qualifying group . In the beginning , Bisanz 's primary objective was to close the gap to the Scandinavian countries and Italy – then the strongest teams in Europe . He emphasized training in basic skills and the need for an effective youth programme . Starting in 1985 , Bisanz increasingly called @-@ up younger players , but at first had little success with this concept , as West Germany again failed to qualify for the 1987 European Championship finals .
Undefeated and without conceding a goal , the German team qualified for the European Championship for the first time in 1989 ; the tournament was played on home soil in West Germany . The semi @-@ final against Italy was the first international women 's football match shown live on German television . The game was decided by a penalty shootout , in which goalkeeper Marion Isbert saved three penalty kicks and scored the winning penalty herself . On 2 July 1989 in Osnabrück , West Germany played Norway in the final . Before a crowd of 22 @,@ 000 , they beat favourites Norway and won 4 – 1 with goals from Ursula Lohn , Heidi Mohr and Angelika Fehrmann . This victory marked the team 's first international title .
After the German reunification , the East German football association joined the DFB . The East German women 's national football team had played only one official international match , losing 0 – 3 to Czechoslovakia in a friendly match on 9 May 1990 . The unified German team defended their title successfully at the 1991 European Championship . After winning all games in the qualifying group , Germany again met Italy in the semi @-@ final , this time winning 3 – 0 . On 14 July 1991 , the German team once more faced Norway in the final . The game went to extra time , during which Heidi Mohr and Silvia Neid scored for Germany and secured the 3 – 1 victory .
In November 1991 , Germany participated in the first Women 's World Cup in China . Following victories over Nigeria , Taiwan and Italy , the German team reached the quarter @-@ final without conceding a single goal . Silvia Neid scored the first German World Cup goal on 17 November 1991 against Nigeria . Germany won the quarter @-@ final against Denmark 2 – 1 after extra time , but lost 2 – 5 in the semi @-@ final to the United States , who went on to win the tournament . Following a 0 – 4 defeat in the third @-@ place match against Sweden , Germany finished fourth in the tournament .
The German team failed to defend their title at the 1993 European Championship , suffering a semi @-@ final defeat to Italy in a penalty shootout , and later losing 1 – 3 against Denmark in the third @-@ place playoff . Despite the disappointing result , new talents such as Steffi Jones , Maren Meinert and Silke Rottenberg made their tournament debut and later became key players for the German team .
= = = 1995 – 2002 : Olympic and World Cup disappointments = = =
Birgit Prinz scored in a major tournament for the first time in 1995 . In 1995 , Germany won its third European Championship . After winning all qualification matches , scoring 55 goals , the German team defeated England 6 – 2 over two legs in the semi @-@ final . Germany met Sweden in the final , which was played at the Fritz Walter Stadion in Kaiserslautern , Germany , on 26 March 1995 . The Swedish team managed to score early , but Germany came back to win 3 – 2 with goals from Maren Meinert , Birgit Prinz and Bettina Wiegmann .
At the 1995 Women 's World Cup in Sweden , the German team lost against the Scandinavian hosts , but still succeeded in winning their group by beating Japan and Brazil . Germany won the quarter @-@ final against England 3 – 0 , and defeated China 1 – 0 with a late goal by Bettina Wiegmann in the semi @-@ final . On 18 June 1995 in Stockholm , the German team appeared in their first Women 's World Cup final . Facing Norway , they lost the match 0 – 2 , but as runners @-@ up achieved their best World Cup result until then .
Women ’ s football was first played as an Olympic sport at the 1996 Summer Olympics . Bettina Wiegmann scored the first Olympic goal in the opening match against Japan , which Germany won 3 – 2 . After losing their second group game against Norway 2 – 3 , and drawing with Brazil 1 – 1 , Germany was eliminated , finishing third in the group with four points from three matches . Head coach Gero Bisanz resigned after the tournament and his assistant since 1983 , Tina Theune , took over as the new national coach . Silvia Neid ended her playing career and was appointed the new assistant coach .
The 1997 European Championship was the first test for new coach Theune . Following a defeat against Norway , Germany finished second in the qualifying group and only secured qualification by beating Iceland in a relegation play @-@ off . After drawing with Italy and Norway , a victory over Denmark in the last group game saw the German team go through to the knockout stage . They beat Sweden 1 – 0 in the semi @-@ final , and on 12 July 1997 , claimed their fourth European championship with a 2 – 0 win over Italy , with goals from Sandra Minnert and Birgit Prinz .
At the 1999 Women 's World Cup in the United States , the German team also failed to qualify directly , but managed to beat the Ukraine in a qualifying play @-@ off . Germany started their World Cup campaign by drawing with Italy and winning 6 – 0 over Mexico . In the last group game , Germany drew 3 – 3 against Brazil ; by conceding a last minute equalizer , Germany failed to win the group and subsequently had to face the hosts in the quarter @-@ final . With 54 @,@ 642 people in attendance , among them U.S. President Bill Clinton , the crowd at the Jack Kent Cooke Stadium was the biggest the German team had ever played in front of . Despite leading twice , they lost 2 – 3 to the eventual World Cup winners .
Germany competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics , winning all three group games against Australia , Brazil and Sweden . The German team dominated the semi @-@ final against Norway , but lost the game 0 – 1 after an own goal by Tina Wunderlich in the 80th minute . They beat Brazil 2 – 0 in the third place match with goals from Birgit Prinz and Renate Lingor , and won the bronze medal . It was the first Olympic medal for the German Football Associations since 1988 when the men 's team also won bronze .
In 2001 , Germany hosted the European Championship . Following victories over Sweden , Russia and England in the group stage , the German team beat Norway 1 – 0 in the semi @-@ final courtesy of a diving header by Sandra Smisek . On 7 July 2001 in Ulm , they met Sweden in the final , which was played in heavy rain . The game was scoreless after 90 minutes and went to extra time , where Claudia Müller scored a golden goal and secured the fifth European title for Germany .
= = = 2003 – present : Two consecutive World Cup titles = = =
At the 2003 Women 's World Cup in the United States , Germany was drawn in a group with Canada , Japan and Argentina . After winning all three group games , the German team defeated Russia 7 – 1 in the quarter @-@ final , which set up another clash with the United States . Germany 's Kerstin Garefrekes scored after 15 minutes and goalkeeper Silke Rottenberg made several key saves . In the dying minutes of the semi @-@ final , Maren Meinert and Birgit Prinz sealed the 3 – 0 win . On 12 October 2003 , Germany met Sweden in the World Cup final in Los Angeles . The Scandinavians went ahead before half time , but Maren Meinert equalized shortly after the break . The game went to extra time , where Nia Künzer headed the winning golden goal in the 98th minute to claim Germany 's first Women 's World Cup title . Birgit Prinz was honoured as the tournament 's best player and top goalscorer .
With wins over China and Mexico , the German team finished first in their group at the 2004 Summer Olympics . They beat Nigeria 2 – 1 in the quarter @-@ final , but suffered a 1 – 2 semi @-@ final loss to the United States after extra time . In the third place match , Germany defeated Sweden 1 – 0 with a goal by Renate Lingor , winning the teams 's second Olympic bronze medal .
The 2005 European Championship was held in England . With wins over Norway , Italy and France in Round 1 , the German team advanced to the semi @-@ final , where they defeated Finland 4 – 1 . On 19 June 2005 , they met Norway for the third time in the European championship final . Germany won 3 – 1 with goals from Inka Grings , Renate Lingor and Birgit Prinz and added a sixth European title . Head coach Tina Theune stepped down after the tournament and her assistant Silvia Neid took over as national coach . In 2006 , Germany won the annual Algarve Cup for the first time .
As reigning world champion , Germany played the opening game at the 2007 Women 's World Cup in China , outclassing Argentina 11 – 0 . After a goalless draw against England and a 2 – 0 win over Japan , the German team defeated North Korea 3 – 0 in the quarter @-@ final . They beat Norway by the same result in the semi @-@ final , with goals from Kerstin Stegemann , Martina Müller and a Norwegian own goal . On 30 September 2007 , Germany faced Brazil in the World Cup final in Shanghai . Birgit Prinz put Germany in front after half time and goalkeeper Nadine Angerer saved a penalty by Brazilian Marta . Simone Laudehr scored a second goal after 86 minutes , which sealed the German 2 – 0 victory . Germany was the first team ( men 's and women 's game ) to win the World Cup without conceding a goal and the first to successfully defend the Women 's World Cup title . With 14 goals , Prinz became the tournament 's overall top goalscorer .
In a replay of the 2007 World Cup final , the German team drew 0 – 0 with Brazil in the opening game at the 2008 Summer Olympics . They then beat both Nigeria and North Korea to advance to the quarter @-@ final , where they defeated Sweden 2 – 0 after extra time . In the semi @-@ final , Germany again met Brazil . Birgit Prinz scored in the 10th minute , but the German team lost 1 – 4 after conceding three goals to Brazilian counter @-@ attacks in the second half . They beat Japan 2 – 0 for the bronze medal , with Fatmire Bajramaj scoring both goals . The third consecutive semi @-@ final loss at the Olympics was seen as a disappointment by both the players and the German press . The team 's overall performance and head coach Silvia Neid were harshly criticised in the media .
Germany qualified for the 2009 European Championship in Finland winning all eight games and scoring 34 goals . They beat Norway , France and Iceland in the group stage to advance to the quarter @-@ final , where they won 2 – 1 against Italy . After trailing Norway at half @-@ time in the semi @-@ final , the German team fought back to a 3 – 1 victory . On 10 September 2009 , they defeated England 6 – 2 for their seventh European trophy . Birgit Prinz and Inka Grings scored twice , with Melanie Behringer and Kim Kulig also scoring . Grings retained her award as the tournament 's top scorer from 2005 , while Germany extended their winning streak at the European Championship finals to a 19 @-@ match run dating back to 1997 .
In 2011 , Germany was host of the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup . The German team won the three games on the group stage , over Canada , France and Nigeria . On the quarterfinals , the team suffered an upset by Japan , who won on overtime with a goal by Karina Maruyama . The defeat broke the Germans ' streak of sixteen undefeated games at the World Cup . By failing to finish among the top two UEFA teams , Germany was unable to qualify for the 2012 Summer Olympics .
At the 2013 European Championship in Sweden , the Germans won their sixth straight continental title , with the decisive game being a 1 @-@ 0 victory over Norway . Goalkeeper Nadine Angerer , who stopped two penalties during the final , was chosen as the tournament 's best player . The 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup had Germany again reaching the top four . In the semifinal against the United States , Celia Sasic , who wound up as the tournament 's top scorer , missed a penalty , and afterwards goals by Carli Lloyd and Kelley O 'Hara lead to an American victory . The third place match saw the Germans lose their first ever match to England after 21 contests , due to a penalty kick by Fara Williams during extra time .
= = Tournament record = =
= = = World Cup = = =
Germany is one of the most successful nations at the FIFA Women 's World Cup , having won the tournament twice and finishing runner @-@ up once . The German team won the World Cup in 2003 and 2007 . At the first World Cup in 1991 , they finished in fourth place . In 1995 , Germany reached the World Cup final , but were defeated by Norway . The team 's worst results were quarter @-@ final losses to the United States in 1999 , and Japan in 2011 . Overall , the German team has appeared in three Women 's World Cup finals , and is a five @-@ time semi @-@ finalist . They have participated in every Women 's World Cup and have a 26 – 5 – 8 win – draw – loss record .
* Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks .
* * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won .
* * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil .
= = = Olympic Games = = =
The Olympic gold medal is the only major international title Germany has not won . Women 's football debuted at the 1996 Summer Olympics and Bettina Wiegmann scored the first Olympic goal in the opening game of the tournament . However , Germany failed to progress to the knockout stage and was eliminated after Round 1 . Four years later the German team won the bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics . They again finished third at both the 2004 and the 2008 Summer Olympics .
The German team has qualified for all Women 's Olympic Football Tournaments until 2008 . However , they failed to qualify for the 2012 tournament as UEFA used the 2011 World Cup for qualification , and Germany ended below France and Sweden .
= = = European Championship = = =
Germany failed to qualify for the first two UEFA European Championships in 1984 and 1987 . Since 1989 , the German team has participated in every tournament and is the record European champion with eight titles . Germany has won the last six consecutive championships and has an overall 32 – 5 – 2 win – draw – loss record . The worst German result at the European championship finals was finishing fourth in 1993 .
* Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks .
* * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won .
* * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil .
* * * * Missing flag indicates no host country ; tournament was played in two @-@ leg knockout rounds ( with the exception of the 1995 final ) .
= = Coaches = =
Former German international Silvia Neid is the current head coach of the German women 's national football team . As a player , she won 111 caps and scored 48 goals . The coach 's official title is DFB @-@ Trainer and he or she is employed by the German Football Association .
Gero Bisanz was the first coach of the women 's national team . He selected his first squad in September 1982 . At the same time , he also worked as the chief instructor for DFB coaching training from 1971 to 2000 . Bisanz led the German team to three European Championships in 1989 , 1991 and 1995 . Under Bisanz , Germany also was runner @-@ up at the 1995 Women 's World Cup . He resigned after the German team was eliminated in Round 1 at the 1996 Summer Olympics . With his assistant since 1983 , Tina Theune , he built a scouting system and was responsible for a new DFB youth programme .
Tina Theune took over as head coach after the 1996 Summer Olympics . She was the first woman to acquire the highest German football coaching license . Theune was responsible for three European Championship titles in 1997 , 2001 and 2005 . During her time as head coach , Germany won the bronze medal at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics . Her biggest success was the 2003 Women 's World Cup title . Theune is the most successful national coach to date . She benefited from an effective youth programme and integrated several Under @-@ 19 players into the nation team . Theune stepped down after winning the European Championship in 2005 .
Silvia Neid was the team 's assistant coach from 1996 to 2005 and the head coach of the German Under @-@ 19 team , who won the 2004 U @-@ 19 Women 's World Championship . In July 2005 , she became the team 's head coach and the 2006 Algarve Cup marked her first tournament win . By winning the 2007 Women ’ s World Cup , Neid became the first German national coach ( men 's and women ’ s team ) to win the World Cup at the first attempt . At her first Summer Olympics as a coach in 2008 , Germany won the bronze medal for a third time . Neid was also responsible for Germany 's seventh European Championship in 2009 . She is signed until 2016 and her assistant is Ulrike Ballweg .
On 30 March 2015 it was announced
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ban took its toll on Chambers , but he had no intention to retire and set an appearance in the 2012 London Olympics as his main goal , aiming to prove he could perform without the use of drugs . Lord Moynihan objected to this , saying it would sully the reputation of both the Great Britain athletics team and the London Olympics . In late 2008 Chambers signed a book deal , covering his athletics career and drug usage , and stated his desire to become a sprint coach when his track career was finished . He had his second child , a boy named Rocco , that November .
Charles van Commenee 's appointment as head coach of UK Athletics brought a change of approach towards Chambers as both the new coach and Niels De Vos welcomed him back to compete internationally . The pair judged that he had served his sentence – van Commenee was especially complimentary , stating : " He is a likeable guy and a damned fine athlete " . That month Chambers appeared at a " Tackling Doping in Sport " conference and told of the damage drugs had caused to his career , health , and finances . The Olympic ban remained in place , however , and London 2012 chairman Sebastian Coe said : " I am clear cut on the Chambers case – I don 't think there is room for drugs cheats in sport " .
= = = Race Against Me = = =
Chambers ceased legal action to overturn his Olympic ban and instead aimed to finish his career on a high . He intensively studied the technique of Usain Bolt to improve his own times , seeing Bolt as the new generation 's Maurice Greene . Though he was still banned from Euromeetings @-@ organised events , he set a new personal best of 6 @.@ 52 s in the 60 m at the Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix , then became the UK Indoor Champion , equalling Mike Rodgers ' world leading time of 6 @.@ 51 s . At the 2009 European Indoor Championships he broke Ronald Pognon 's European 60 m record with a 6 @.@ 42 s run in the semi @-@ finals , then won the gold medal with a time of 6 @.@ 46 s in the final . British head coach van Commenee stated that Chambers had undergone vigorous testing and that his performance sent " a message that you can win and break European records in the proper way . "
The record @-@ breaking performance brought him an invite from the Berlin IAAF Golden League meet , although organising group Euromeetings condemned the move . Revelations in Chambers ' autobiography Race Against Me brought further controversy as the book had in @-@ depth accounts of his past drug abuse and claimed drug use remained rife in athletics , estimating that half the American Olympic athletes in Beijing had used illegal substances . Chambers signed a statement with UK Sport , verifying that he believed the information to be true , which brought a close to the organisation 's inquiries into his drug use . An IAAF investigation concluded that the book demanded no further action on their part . Olympic gold medallist and anti @-@ drugs campaigner Ed Moses gave his support , saying that Chambers admissions provided a useful insight , but that athletes and administrators remained in denial about the high levels of doping in athletics .
Invites to Golden League meets never materialised , but he continued to run at smaller events . He ran a European leading time of 10 @.@ 06 seconds at Papaflessia in Greece , and won the 100 m and 200 m races at the 2009 European Team Championships . He was the fastest entrant at the national championships but 2008 runner @-@ up Simeon Williamson won the final by some distance . The result took Chambers by surprise and he said that limited opportunities to race had made him complacent . He later withdrew from the 200 m race citing exhaustion .
At the World Championships Chambers finished sixth in 100 m final with a season 's best of 10 @.@ 00 seconds . He was the only sprinter from outside the Americas in the final and was some distance behind Bolt who ran a world record of 9 @.@ 58 seconds . However , he was very pleased with his performance and said he was happy just to be involved in the fastest 100 m race ever . He pulled out of the 200 m with a calf injury and called an end to his season .
= = = World indoor champion = = =
The following year he began by focusing on the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships , and he won the 60 m at the UK trials in 6 @.@ 50 seconds ( a time only he had bettered in the previous two seasons ) . His closest competitor , Ivory Williams , received a ban for marijuana usage , leaving Chambers as a strong favourite . He was the fastest in all rounds of World 60 m competition and surged ahead of Mike Rodgers in the final to win his first world title with a time of 6 @.@ 48 seconds . Banned from the 2010 Commonwealth Games , he set his sights on making the team for the 2010 European Athletics Championships .
At the start of the outdoor season he had wins in Maringá in Brazil and at the Cezmi Or Memorial . He beat Christophe Lemaitre to win the 100 m at the 2010 European Team Championships , helping Great Britain to second place in the tournament and recording 9 @.@ 99 seconds – the first sub @-@ 10 time by a European athlete in almost four years . Lemaitre and Chambers were seen as the only gold medal contenders for the 100 m final at the European Athletics Championships , but the event defied expectations in terms of times and placings . The Frenchman won in 10 @.@ 11 seconds into a headwind while a tight finish between the four following athletes ( all 10 @.@ 18 ) saw Chambers finish fifth .
= = = 2011 – 2012 : World and Olympic semi @-@ finalist = = =
The start of his 2011 season saw him take a fourth consecutive national title over 60 m with a European @-@ leading time . At the 2011 European Athletics Indoor Championships the following month he was beaten to the line by Obikwelu , although he was pleased with the silver medal as he had changed his training to focus towards the 100 m for that season . Four straight wins on the Brazilian Athletics Tour came at the beginning of his outdoor season in May , including a season 's best of 10 @.@ 01 seconds , and he took his fifth national title at the British trials . At the 2011 World Championships he reached the 100 m semi @-@ finals but fell foul of the IAAF 's new false start rule : he twitched in his blocks and was immediately disqualified .
He won his fifth national title in the 60 m in 2012 with a season 's best of 6 @.@ 58 m . A third consecutive podium finish came at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships , where he pipped Trell Kimmons to the bronze medal . Chambers was given the chance to return to the Olympic stage after the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) decided in favour of the World Anti @-@ Doping Agency over the validity of British Olympic Association 's ( BOA ) Olympic ban by @-@ law . CAS agreed that the law was non @-@ compliant with the World Anti @-@ Doping Code , to which the BOA was signatory due to its connection with the International Olympic Committee . Chambers ran a 150 m @-@ straight best of 15 @.@ 27 seconds at the Great City Games in May then won the 100 m Olympic trial race , holding off emerging teenager Adam Gemili . His absence from the major track circuit came to an end with a run at the Diamond League London Grand Prix , although he did not achieve the Olympic " A " standard time there .
Chambers was named in the British squad for the 2012 London Olympics after the selectors took into account his trials win and his times from the previous year . Given the abrupt turnaround in his fortunes , he said : " For me representing my country in an Olympics is a privilege that should never be taken for granted . To be given the opportunity to do so in my home town has been a dream that at times has seemed very distant and is now a reality . " He returned to the British relay team at the 2012 European Athletics Championships after a six @-@ year absence but a botched baton change saw the team disqualified . At the Olympics he won his 100 metres heat in a season 's best of 10 @.@ 02 seconds , with a legal 2 @.@ 0 m / s following wind , in his first Olympic race in twelve years . He was drawn in the same semi @-@ final as Usain Bolt but Chambers ' run of 10 @.@ 05 seconds for fourth meant he did not make the final . His Olympics came to an end in the 4 × 100 metres relay heats as the British team made an illegal baton exchange .
= = = 2013 – present = = =
Chambers began his 2013 season with a 60 m win in Glasgow with a run of 6 @.@ 58 seconds . A back injury affected his preparations for the 2013 European Indoor Championships , where he was eliminated in the heats . Outdoors , he won his fourth consecutive British Championship title , running 10 @.@ 04 . A month later at the World Championships in Moscow , he ran 10 @.@ 14 in his heat to reach the semi @-@ finals , where he was eliminated running 10 @.@ 15 .
Chambers began 2014 by finishing second in the 60 m at the British Indoor Championships , before going on to finish sixth in the 60 m final at the World Indoor Championships in a time of 6.52s. This was the fastest time he had run the 60m in since 2010 . In his first three 100 m races of the outdoor season he failed to break 10 @.@ 20 , before hitting form during the British Championships . Going into the event , he was only ranked 10th in the UK , but he won the 100 m final , defeating Chijindu Ujah , who had broken 10 seconds three weeks earlier . Chambers ' victory guaranteed him selection for the European Championships as his winning time was 10 @.@ 12 secs , inside the European qualifying mark of 10 @.@ 20 . This was his fifth consecutive win at the British Championships .
= = Statistics = =
Chambers ' performances at tournaments in the 100 metres event make him one of the fastest European sprinters in the history of recorded athletics . His personal best of 9 @.@ 97 s set at the 1999 Seville World Championships places him as the seventh fastest European in the 100 m and the fourth fastest Briton behind Linford Christie ( 9 @.@ 87 s ) , James Dasaolu ( 9 @.@ 91 s ) and Chijindu Ujah ( 9 @.@ 96 s ) . Chambers ' annulled 9 @.@ 87 s finish at the Paris Grand Prix in 2002 would have made him the joint fastest British 100 m sprinter with Christie and the joint second fastest European in the event .
Amongst his British contemporaries Chambers ranks top with two 9 @.@ 97 s finishes ; the first in 1999 in Seville , Spain and the second in 2001 in Edmonton , Canada . Compatriot Mark Lewis Francis also scored a personal best of 9 @.@ 97 s at the Edmonton World Championships . Great Britain team @-@ mate Jason Gardener 's personal best of 9 @.@ 98 s falls just short of Chambers ' . None of his British contemporaries have broken the ten second barrier on more than one occasion ; Chambers has done so five times .
Chambers is the current European record holder in the 60 m with 6 @.@ 42 s and is the third fastest sprinter in the history of the event after Andre Cason and Maurice Greene . Chambers shares the British and European records for the 4 × 100 metres relay with Gardener , Darren Campbell and Marlon Devonish with their 37 @.@ 73 s finish at the 1999 Seville World Championships . It is also the fastest time recorded by a team outside of the IAAF 's North , Central American and Caribbean region .
= = = Personal bests = = =
Excludes times nullified due to Chambers ' positive drugs tests and subsequent ban – All information taken from IAAF profile .
= = = International competition record = = =
† Amended from fifth after Tim Montgomery tested positive for banned substances
Excludes results nullified due to Chambers ' positive drugs tests and subsequent ban .
= Liliaceae =
The lily family , Liliaceae ( US English / ˌlɪliˈeɪsiˌi / ) , consists of fifteen genera and about 705 known species ( Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ) of flowering plants within the order Liliales . They are monocotyledonous , perennial , herbaceous , often bulbous geophytes . Plants in this family have evolved with a fair amount of morphological diversity despite genetic similarity . Common characteristics include large flowers with parts arranged in threes : with six colored or patterned petaloid tepals ( undifferentiated petals and sepals ) arranged in two whorls , six stamens and a superior ovary . The leaves are linear in shape , with their veins usually arranged parallel to the edges , single and arranged alternating on the stem , or in a rosette at the base . Most species are grown from bulbs , although some have rhizomes . First described in 1789 , the lily family became a paraphyletic " catch @-@ all " group of petaloid monocots that did not fit into other families and included a great number of genera now included in other families and in some cases in other orders . Consequently , many sources and descriptions labelled " Liliaceae " deal with the broader sense of the family .
The family evolved approximately 52 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene eras . Liliaceae are widely distributed , mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the flowers are insect pollinated . Many Liliaceae are important ornamental plants , widely grown for their attractive flowers and involved in a major floriculture of cut flowers and dry bulbs . Some species are poisonous if eaten and can have adverse health effects in humans and household pets .
A number of Liliaceae genera are popular cultivated plants in private and public spaces . Lilies and tulips in particular have had considerable symbolic and decorative value , and appear frequently in paintings and the decorative arts . They are also an economically important product .
= = Description = =
The diversity of characteristics complicates any description of the Liliaceae morphology , and confused taxonomic classification for centuries . The diversity is also of considerable evolutionary significance , as some members emerged from shaded areas and adapted to a more open environment ( see Evolution ) .
= = = General = = =
The Liliaceae family are characterised as monocotyledonous , perennial , herbaceous , bulbous ( or rhizomatous in the case of Medeoleae ) flowering plants with simple trichomes ( root hairs ) and contractile roots . The flowers may be arranged ( inflorescence ) along the stem , developing from the base , or as a single flower at the tip of the stem , or as a cluster of flowers . They contain both male ( androecium ) and female ( gynoecium ) characteristics and are symmetric radially , but sometimes as a mirror image . Most flowers are large and colourful , except for Medeoleae . Both the petals and sepals are usually similar and appear as two concentric groups ( whorls ) of ' petals ' , that are often striped or multi @-@ coloured , and produce nectar at their bases . The stamens are usually in two groups of three ( trimerous ) and the pollen has a single groove ( monosulcate ) . The ovary is placed above the attachment of the other parts ( superior ) . There are three fused carpels ( syncarpus ) with one to three chambers ( locules ) , a single style and a three @-@ lobed stigma . The embryo sac is of the Fritillaria type . The fruit is generally a wind dispersed capsule , but occasionally a berry ( Medeoleae ) which is dispersed by animals . The leaves are generally simple and elongated with veins parallel to the edges , arranged singly and alternating on the stem , but may form a rosette at the base of the stem .
= = = Specific = = =
Inflorescence
Usually indeterminate ( lacking terminal flower ) as a raceme ( Lilium ) ; sometimes reduced to a single terminal flower ( Tulipa ) . When pluriflor ( multiple blooms ) , the flowers are arranged in a cluster or rarely are subumbellate ( Gagea ) or a thyrse ( spike ) .
Flowers
Hermaphroditic , actinomorphic ( radially symmetric ) or slightly zygomorphic ( bilaterally symmetric ) , pedicellate ( on a short secondary stem ) , generally large and showy but may be inconspicuous : ( Medeoleae ) . Bracts may ( bracteate ) or may not ( ebracteate ) be present . The perianth is undifferentiated ( perigonium ) and biseriate ( two whorled ) , formed from six tepals arranged into two separate whorls of three parts ( trimerous ) each , although Scoliopus has only three petals , free from the other parts , but overlapping . The tepals are usually petaloid ( apotepalous ) with lines ( striate ) or marks in other colors or shades . The perianth is either homochlamydeous ( all tepals equal , e.g. Fritillaria ) or dichlamydeous ( two separate and different whorls , e.g. Calochortus ) and may be united into a tube . Nectar is produced in perigonal nectaries at the base of the tepals .
Androecium
Six stamens in two trimerous whorls , with free filaments , usually epiphyllous ( fused to tepals ) and diplostemonous ( outer whorl of stamens opposite outer tepals and the inner whorl opposite inner tepals ) , although Scoliopus has three stamens opposite the outer tepals . The attachment of the anthers to the filaments may be either peltate ( to the surface ) or pseudo @-@ basifixed ( surrounding the filament tip , but not adnate , that is not fused ) and dehisce longitudinally and are extrorse ( dehiscing away from center ) . The pollen is usually monosulcate ( single groove ) , but may be inaperturate ( lacking aperture : Clintonia , some Tulipa spp . ) or operculate ( lidded : Fritillaria , some Tulipa spp . ) , and reticulate ( net patterned : Erythronium , Fritillaria , Gagea , Lilium , Tulipa ) .
Gynoecium
Superior ovary ( hypogynous ) , syncarpous ( with fused carpels ) , with three connate ( fused ) carpels and is trilocular ( three locules , or chambers ) or unilocular ( single locule , as in Scoliopus and Medeola ) . There is a single style and a three lobed stigma or three stigmata more or less elongated along the style . There are numerous anatropous ( curved ) ovules which display axile placentation ( parietal in Scoliopus and Medeola ) , usually with an integument and thinner megasporangium . The embryo sac ( megagametophyte ) varies by genera , but is mainly tetrasporic ( e.g. Fritillaria ) . Embryo sacs in which three of the four megaspores fuse to form a triploid nucleus , are referred to as Fritillaria @-@ type , a characteristic shared by all the core Liliales .
Fruit
A capsule that is usually loculicidal ( splitting along the locules ) as in the Lilioideae , but occasionally septicidal ( splitting between them , along the separating septa ) in the Calachortoideae and wind dispersed , although the Medeoleae form berries ( baccate ) . The seeds may be flat , oblong , angular , discoid , ellipsoid or globose ( spherical ) , or compressed with a well developed epidermis . The exterior may be smooth or roughened , with a wing or raphe ( ridge ) , aril or one to two tails , rarely hairy , but may be dull or shiny and the lack of a black integument distinguishes them from related taxa such as Allioideae that were previously included in this family , and striate ( parallel longitudinally ridged ) in the Steptopoideae . The hilum ( scar ) is generally inconspicuous . The bitegmic ( separate testa and tegmen ) seed coat itself may be thin , suberose ( like cork ) , or crustaceous ( hard or brittle ) . The endosperm is abundant , cartilaginous ( fleshy ) or horny and contains oils and aleurone but not starch ( non @-@ farinaceous ) . Its cells are polyploid ( triploid or pentaploid , depending on the embryo sac type ) . The embryo is small ( usually less than one quarter of seed volume ) , axile ( radially sectioned ) , linear ( longer than broad ) or rarely rudimentary ( tiny relative to endosperm ) depending on placentation type , and straight , bent , curved or curled at the upper end .
Leaves
Simple , entire ( smooth and even ) , linear , oval to filiform ( thread @-@ like ) , mostly with parallel veins , but occasionally net @-@ veined . They are alternate ( single and alternating direction ) and spiral , but may be whorled ( three or more attached at one node , e.g. Lilium , Fritillaria ) , cauline ( arranged along the aerial stem ) or sheathed in a basal rosette . They are rarely petiolate ( stem attached before apex ) , and lack stipules . The aerial stem is unbranched .
Genome
The Liliaceae include the species with the largest genome size within the angiosperms , Fritillaria assyriaca ( 1C = 127 @.@ 4 pg ) , while Tricyrtis macropoda is as small as 4 @.@ 25 pg . Chromosome numbers vary by genus . Some genera like Calochortus ( x = 6 @-@ 10 ) , Prosartes ( 6 @,@ 8 @,@ 9 @,@ 11 ) , Scoliopus ( 7 @,@ 8 ) , Streptopus ( 8 , 27 ) and Tricyrtis ( 12 @-@ 13 ) have a small and variable number of chromosomes while subfamily Lilioideae have a larger and more stable chromosome number ( 12 ) as have the Medeoleae ( 7 ) .
Phytochemistry
The seeds contain saponins but no calcium oxalate raphide crystals , chelidonic acid ( unlike Asparagales ) or cysteine derived sulphur compounds ( allyl sulphides ) , another distinguishing feature from the characteristic alliaceous odour of the Allioideae . Fritillaria in particular contains steroidal alkaloids of the cevanine and solanum type . Solanidine and solanthrene alkaloids have been isolated from some Fritillaria species . Tulipa contains Tulipanin , an anthrocyanin . ( see also : Toxicology )
Characteristics often vary by habitat , between shade @-@ dwelling genera ( such as Prosartes , Tricyrtis , Cardiocrinum , Clintonia , Medeola , Prosartes , and Scoliopus ) and sun loving genera . Shade @-@ dwelling genera usually have broader leaves with smooth edges and net venation , and fleshy fruits ( berries ) with animal @-@ dispersed seeds , rhizomes , and small , inconspicuous flowers while genera native to sunny habitats usually have narrow , parallel @-@ veined leaves , capsular fruits with wind @-@ dispersed seeds , bulbs , and large , visually conspicuous flowers . ( See also Evolution ) .
= = Taxonomy = =
The taxonomy of the Liliaceae has a very complex history . The family was first described in the eighteenth century , and over time many other genera were added until it became one of the largest of the monocotyledon families , and also extremely diverse . Modern taxonomic systems , such as the APG which is based on phylogenetic principles using molecular biology , have redistributed many of these genera resulting in the relatively small family that is currently recognised . Consequently , there are many different accounts of the Liliaceae in the literature and older uses of the term occur commonly . To distinguish between them , the Latin terms sensu lato and sensu stricto are frequently used ( together with their abbreviations , s.l. and s.s. ) to denote the broader or stricter sense of the circumscription respectively , e.g. Liliaceae s.s ..
= = = History = = =
The Liliaceae family was described by Michel Adanson in 1763 and formally named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 . Jussieu defined this grouping as having a calyx of six equal colored parts , six stamens , a superior ovary , single style , and a trilocular ( three @-@ chambered ) capsule . By 1845 , John Lindley , the first English systematist unhappily acknowledged the great diversity in the circumscription of the family , and that it had expanded vastly , with many subdivisions . As he saw it , the Liliaceae were already paraphyletic ( " catch @-@ all " ) , being all Liliales not included in the other orders , but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better . He recognized 133 genera and 1200 species . By the time of the next major British classification – that of Bentham and Hooker in 1883 ( published in Latin ) – several of Lindley 's other families had already been absorbed into the Liliaceae . Over time the Liliaceae became increasingly broadly , and somewhat arbitrarily defined as all species of plants with six tepals and a superior ovary , eventually coming to encompass about 300 genera and 4 @,@ 500 species , within the order Liliales in the Cronquist system ( 1981 ) . Cronquist merged the Liliaceae with the Amaryllidaceae , making this one of the largest monocotyledon families .
Many other botanists echoed Lindley 's earlier concerns about the phylogeny of the Liliaceae , but various schemes to divide the family gained little traction . Dahlgren ( 1985 ) suggested there were in fact forty – not one – families distributed over three orders ( predominantly Liliales and Asparagales ) . In the context of a general review of the classification of angiosperms , the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny . Considerable progress in plant phylogeny and phylogenetic theory enabled a phylogenetic tree to be constructed for all of the flowering plants , as elaborated by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ( 1998 ) .
= = = Modern APG classification and phylogeny = = =
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ( APG ) made rapid progress in establishing a modern monophyletic classification of the flowering plants by 2009 . Despite establishing this relative degree of monophyly ( genetic homogeneity ) for the Liliaceae family , their morphology remains diverse and there exists within the Liliaceae clade or grouping , a number of subclades ( subgroups ) . Particularly enigmatic were Clintonia , Medeola , Scoliopus , and Tricyrtis .
Of the fifteen genera within the Liliaceae , the ten genera of the Lilioideae subfamily form one morphological group that is characterised by contractile bulbs and roots , and a Fritillaria @-@ type embryo @-@ sac ( megagametophyte with four megaspores ) . Within the Lilioideae , Clintonia and the closely related Medeola form a subclade , and are now considered a separate tribe ( Medeoleae ) . The other major grouping consists of the five genera constituting the Streptopoideae ( including Scoliopus ) and Calochortoideae ( including Tricyrtis ) subfamilies characterised by creeping rhizomes , styles which are divided at their apices , and by megagametophyte development of the Polygonum @-@ type ( a simple megaspore and triploid endosperm ) embryo @-@ sac .
= = = Evolution and biogeography = = =
The development of a phylogenetic approach to taxonomy suggested the Liliales formed some of the earliest monocots . Molecular analysis indicates that divergence amongst the Liliales probably occurred around 82 million years ago . The closest sister family to the Liliaceae are the Smilacaceae with the Liliaceae separating 52 million years ago . Liliaceae thus arose during the late ( Maastrichtian ) Cretaceous to early ( Paleocene ) Paleogene periods . Major evolutionary clades include the Lilieae ( Lilium , Fritillaria , Nomocharis , Cardiocrinum , Notholirion ) from the Himalayas about 12 mya and the Tulipeae ( Erythronium , Tulipa , Gagea ) from East Asia at about the same time . The Medeoleae ( Clintonia and Medeola ) may have appeared in North America but were subsequently dispersed , as may have the Streptopoideae and Calochortoideae . Liliaceae fossils have been dated to the Paleogene and Cretaceous eras in the Antarctic .
The Liliaceae probably arose as shade plants , with subsequent evolution to open areas including deciduous forest in the more open autumnal period , but then a return of some species ( e.g. Cardiocrinum ) . This was accompanied by a shift from rhizomes to bulbs , to more showy flowers , the production of capsular fruit and narrower parallel @-@ veined leaves . Again , some reversal to the broader reticulate @-@ veined leaves occurred ( e.g. Cardiocrinum )
= = = Subdivisions and genera = = =
= = = = Suprageneric subdivisions = = = =
Due to the diversity of the originally broadly defined Liliaceae s.l. , many attempts have been made to form suprageneric classifications , e.g. subfamilies and tribes . Classifications published since the use of molecular methods in phylogenetics have taken a narrower view of the Liliaceae ( Liliaceae s.s. ) . The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website ( APweb ) recognizes three subfamilies , one of which is divided into two tribes .
= = = = Genera = = = =
Various authorities ( e.g. ITIS 16 , GRIN 27 , WCSP , NCBI , DELTA ) differ on the exact number of genera included in Liliaceae s.s. , but generally there are about fifteen to sixteen genera , depending on whether or not Amana is included in Tulipa and Lloydia in Gagea . For instance Amana is still listed separately in WCSP .
Currently the APWeb lists fifteen genera , arranged as shown in this table :
The largest genera are Gagea ( 200 ) , Fritillaria ( 130 ) , Lilium ( 110 ) , and Tulipa ( 75 species ) , all within the Lilieae tribe .
= = = Etymology = = =
The family is named after Lilium , the type genus , which is Latin for ‘ lily ’ and which in turn came from the Greek leírion ( λείριον ) .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The Liliaceae are widely distributed , but mainly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere . The centre of diversity is from southwest Asia to China . Their distribution is diverse , mainly in plains , steppes , and alpine meadows , but also in deciduous forests , Mediterranean scrub and arctic tundra . Tulipa and Gagea provide examples of ornamental geophyte biomorphological types representing continental thermoperiodic zones ( Irano @-@ Turanian region ) , characterised by cessation of underground growth at high temperatures in early summer and requiring low winter temperatures for spring flowering . While some genera are shade @-@ dwelling , such as the Medeoleae , and Streptopoideae , Tricyrtis , and Cardiocrinum , others prefer a more open habitat .
= = Ecology = =
The Liliaceae are ecologically diverse . Species of Liliaceae bloom at various times from spring to late summer . The colorful flowers produce large amounts of nectar and pollen that attract insects which pollinate them ( entomophily ) , particularly bees and wasps ( hymenopterophily ) , butterflies ( psychophily ) and moths ( phalaenophily ) . The seeds are dispersed by wind and water . Some species ( e.g. Scoliopus , Erythronium and Gagea ) have seeds with an aril structure that are dispersed by ants ( myrmecochory ) .
= = = Pests and predators = = =
Liliaceae are subject to a wide variety of diseases and pests , including insects , such as thrips , aphids , beetles and flies . Also fungi , viruses and vertebrate animals such as mice and deer . An important horticultural and garden pest is the scarlet lily beetle ( Japanese red lily beetle , Lilioceris lilii ) and other Lilioceris species which attack Fritillaria and Lilium . Lilium species may be food plants for the Cosmia trapezina moth . A major pest of Tulips is the fungus , Botrytis tulipae .
Both Lilium and Tulipa are susceptible to a group of five viruses of the Potyviridae family , specifically the potyvirus ( named for Potato virus Y ) group , which includes the Tulip @-@ breaking Virus TBV and the Lily streak virus ( Lily mottle virus , LMoV ) resulting in ' breaking ' of the color of the flowers . The viruses are transmitted by aphids . This breaking effect was of economic importance during the tulip mania of the seventeenth century , because it appeared to be producing new varieties . In modern times tulip breeders have produced varieties that mimic the effect of the virus , without being infected . One of these varieties is known as ' Rembrandt ' , after the Dutch artist of that name . Contemporary tulip owners commonly had Rembrandt and other artists paint their flowers to preserve them for posterity , hence the ' broken ' tulips were known as Rembrandt tulips at that time . Another modern variety is ' Princess Irene ' . One of the tulip breaking viruses is also named the Rembrandt tulip @-@ breaking virus ( ReTBV ) .
= = Cultivation = =
= = = Floriculture = = =
Many species of Lilieae ( in genera Tulipa , Fritillaria , Lilium , and Erythronium ) and Calochortoideae ( Calochortus and Tricyrtis ) are grown as ornamental plants worldwide . Within these genera a wide range of cultivars have been developed by breeding and hybridisation . They are generally used in outdoor gardens and other displays , although in common with many bulbous flowering plants they are often induced to bloom indoors , particularly during the winter months . They also form a significant part of the cut flower market , in particular Tulipa and Lilium .
= = = = Tulips = = = =
Tulips have been cultivated since at least the tenth century in Persia . Tulip production has two main markets : cut flowers and bulb . The latter are used , in turn , to meet the demand for bulbs for parks , gardens and home use and , secondly , to provide the necessary bulbs for cut flower production . International trade in cut flowers has an approximate total value of 11 billion euros , which provides an indication of the economic importance of this activity . The main producer of tulip bulbs is the Netherlands , a country that accounts for 87 % of the global cultivated area , with approximately 12 @,@ 000 hectares . Other leading producers include Japan , France and Poland . Approximately ten other countries produce commercial tulips , largely for the domestic market . By contrast , the Netherlands is the leading international producer , to the extent of 4 billion bulbs per annum . Of these , 53 % are used for the cut flower market and the remainder for the dry bulb market . Of the cut flowers , 57 % are used for the domestic market in the Netherlands and the remainder exported .
Original Tulipa species can be obtained for ornamental purposes , such as Tulipa tarda and Tulipa turkestanica . These are referred to as species , or botanical , tulips , and tend to be smaller plants but better at naturalising than the cultivated forms . Breeding programs have produced a wide range of tulip types , enabling blooming through a much longer season by creating early , mid- and late spring varieties . Fourteen distinct types are available in addition to botanical tulips , including Lily @-@ flowered , Fringed , Viridiflora and Rembrandt . In addition to blooming season , tulip varieties differ in shape , and height , and exhibit a wide range of colours , both pure and in combination .
= = = = Lilies = = = =
The largest area of production is also the Netherland , with 76 % of the global cultivated area , followed by France , Chile , Japan , the United States , New Zealand and Australia . Approximately ten countries produce lilies commercially altogether . About half of the commercial production is for cut flowers . Many of these countries export bulbs as well as supplying the domestic market . The Netherland produces about 2 @,@ 200 million lily bulbs annually , of which 96 % is used domestically and the remainder exported , principally within the European Union . One particularly important crop is the production of Lilium longiflorum , whose white flowers are associated with purity and Easter .
Although many Lilium species such as Lilium martagon and Lilium candidum can be obtained commercially , the majority of commercially available lilies represent the products of a very diverse hybridisation program , which has resulted in a separate horticultural classification , including such groupings as Asian , Oriental and Orienpet . In addition to a very wide variety of heights , lilies can be obtained in many colours and combinations of colours , and if properly selected can produce an extensive blooming season from early summer to autumn . Because of the history of Liliaceae , many species such as Watsonia ( bugle lily ) that were previously classified in this family bear the name ' lily ' but are neither part of the genus Lilium , or the Liliaceae family .
= = = = Other = = = =
A variety of Fritillaria species are used as early spring ornamental flowers . These vary from the large Fritillaria imperialis ( crown imperial ) available in a number of colours such as yellow or orange , to the relatively tiny species such as Fritillaria meleagris or Fritillaria uva @-@ vulpis with their chequered patterns . Erythronium is less common but a popular cultivar is ' Pagoda ' with its sulphur yellow flowers . Calochortus ( mariposa lily ) may be sold as a mixture or as cultivars .
= = = Propagation = = =
Methods of propagation include both sexual and asexual reproduction . Commercial cultivars are usually sterile .
= = = = Sexual reproduction = = = =
Seeds can be used for propagation of the plant or to create hybrids and can take five to eight years to produce flowering plants . Since interspecific cross @-@ pollination occurs , overlapping wild populations can create natural hybrids .
= = = = Asexual reproduction = = = =
Bulb offsets : Daughter bulbs that form on the mother bulb and can be detached .
Micropropagation techniques including tissue culture .
Bulbils , which are adventitious bulbs formed on the parent plant 's stem .
Scaling and twin @-@ scaling , used to increase production in slower @-@ growing varieties , in which multiple whole scales are detached from a single bulb .
Bulb offsets and tissue culture produce genetic clones of the parent plant and thus maintaining genetic integrity of the cultivars . Bulb offsets usually require at least a year before flowering . Commercially , plants may be propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell .
= = Toxicology = =
While members of the Liliaceae s.s. have been used as food sources in humans , the bulbs of some species are poisonous to household pets ( bulb toxicosis ) if eaten and may cause serious complications , such as renal failure in cats from Lilies , particularly Lilium longiflorum ( Easter Lily ) . Dogs may develop less serious effects such as gastrointestinal problems and central nervous system depression . Most Fritillaria ( e.g. Fritillaria imperialis , Fritillaria meleagris ) bulbs contain poisonous neurotoxic alkaloids such as imperialin ( peiminine ) , which may be deadly if ingested in quantity , while other species such as Fritillaria camschatcensis and Fritillaria affinis are edible . Tulips can cause skin irritation due to the presence of tuliposides and tulipalins , which are also found in the flowers , leaves and stems of Fritillaria . These are also toxic to a variety of animals .
= = Uses = =
Fritillaria extracts are used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name chuan bei mu , and in Latin , bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae . The bulbs of Fritillaria roylei have been used as antipyretics and expectorants . Lilium bulbs , particularly Lanzhou lily ( Lilium davidii ) are used as food in China and other parts of Asia . During World War II , starvation conditions in the Netherlands ( Hongerwinter , hunger winter 1944 ) led to using Tulipa bulbs as food . Calochortus bulbs were eaten by Native Americans and by the Mormon settlers in Utah during starvation . Other members of the family used for food include Clintonia ( leaves ) , Medeola ( roots ) , Erythronium ( corms ) , and Fritillaria ( bulbs ) .
= = Culture = =
= = = Lilies = = =
The type genus , Lily ( Lilium ) , has a long history in literature and art , and a tradition of symbolism as well as becoming a popular female name , and a floral emblem , particularly of France ( fleur @-@ de @-@ lis ) . The cultivation of lilies has been described since at least the ninth century , when Charlemagne ordered it to be grown at his imperial palaces . However , the name ' lily ' has historically been applied to a wide variety of plants other than the Lilium genus .
The lily appears in ancient literature associated with both sovereignty and virginal innocence , and is mentioned on a number of occasions in the Bible , such as the description in Solomon 's Song of Songs ( 2 , 1 – 2 ) " I am a rose of Sharon , a lily of the valleys . Like a lily among thorns is my darling among the young women " or the Gospel of Mathew ( 6 , 28 ) " Consider the lilies of the field , how they grow ; they toil not , neither do they spin " to represent beauty . Artistic representations can be found as far back as frescos from the second century BC , at Amnisos and Knossos . Early Christian churches , such as that of the Basilica of Sant ' Apollinare in Classe were sometimes decorated with lilies . While predominantly depicted as white , those seen at Akrotiri are red lilies . The white lily has long been seen as a symbol of purity , coming to be associated with the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages , from which came the name ‘ Madonna lily ’ ( Lilium candidum ) . A well @-@ known example is Leonardo da Vinci 's Annunciation ( 1472 – 1475 ) in which the archangel Gabriel bears a Madonna lily . Other symbolic meanings include glory , love and birth .
= = = = Fleur @-@ de @-@ lis = = = =
The stylised lily , or fleur @-@ de @-@ lis ( lily flower ) has long been associated with royalty , although it may originally have been derived from the form of an iris . It has also been associated with the head of a spear . Its three parts have been associated with the three classes of mediaeval society , or alternatively faith , wisdom and chivalry . Whatever its exact derivation , it has come to be associated with France and the French monarchy since the earliest Frankish kings . Consequently , it became incorporated into not only French heraldry but also that of many heraldic devices in jurisdictions where there had been historic French influence , such as Quebec and New Orleans . In modern times it appears in many forms , symbolic and decorative , and can be used on compasses to indicate the direction north , as well as the Scouting movement .
= = = Tulips = = =
Tulips ( Tulipa ) also have a long cultural tradition , particularly in the Islamic world . The Persian word for tulips , lâleh ( لاله ) , was borrowed into Turkish and Arabic as lale . In Arabic letters , lale is written with the same letters as Allah , and is used to denote God symbolically . Tulips became widely used in decorative motifs on tiles , fabrics , and ceramics in Islamic art and the Ottoman Empire in particular , and were revered in poetry , such as that of Omar Khayan in the twelfth century .
Tulips were an essential part of the gardens of Persia , having been cultivated from the Steppes . As the Seljuks – Oghuz @-@ Turkic leaders originated from the steppes – moved to Persia , and then west , they took tulips with them to Turkey , where many escaped cultivation and became naturalised . Today there are a number of places in Turkey called Laleli ( ‘ with tulips ’ ) . Tulips first appeared in the decorative arts in Turkey in the thirteenth century and flourished under the Ottomans , in particular in the royal palaces , and was adopted by the Osmans as their symbol . Further species were collected from Persia and the spreading Ottoman Empire saw to it that tulip culture also spread . By the sixteenth century it was a national symbol , hence the designation " Tulip era " , by which time they were becoming of economic importance .
By 1562 the tulip trade had reached Europe with the first shipment to Antwerp , where they were mistaken for vegetables , although they had been cultivated in Portugal since 1530 , and first appeared in illustration in 1559 , and the first tulip flowers were seen in the Netherlands in 1625 . Tulips spread rapidly across Europe in the seventeenth century , and became an important trading item , initially in France before concentrating in the Netherlands . Eventually speculative trading in tulips became so intense as to cause a financial bubble which eventually collapsed , a period known as tulip mania ( tulipomania ) , from 1634 to 1637 , similar to the Ottoman Empire 's Tulip era .
Nevertheless , since then the tulip has become indelibly associated with the Netherlands and all things Dutch. it was during this period that the tulipiere , a ceramic vase for growing tulips indoors was devised , and the Golden Age of Dutch Painting was replete with images of tulips . Although tulip festivals are held around the world in the spring , the most famous of these is the display at Keukenhof . One of the better @-@ known novels on tulips is The Black Tulip by Alexandre Dumas , père in 1850 , dealing with a contest to grow a black tulip in late seventeenth @-@ century Haarlem .
= = = Other = = =
Fritillaria are also often used as floral emblems , for instance as the county flower of Oxfordshire , UK . Calochortus nuttallii , the sego lily , is the official state flower of Utah .
= M @-@ 77 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 77 is a state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan . It starts in US 2 near Blaney Park north of Lake Michigan . The highway borders the eastern edge of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge and passes through the community of Germfask . At Seney , it overlaps M @-@ 28 to cross the Fox River before returning northward . The northern half has been designated as a Scenic Spur of the Lake Superior Circle Tour . M @-@ 77 runs along the eastern end of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore and terminates in Grand Marais north of H @-@ 58 near Lake Superior . Originally designated by 1919 , the highway has not been changed much in its history . By the late 1950s , the highway was paved , completing the modern M @-@ 77 highway .
= = Route description = =
From US 2 near Blaney Park going north , M @-@ 77 runs past the former Blaney Park Resort and out of town by a small private airport next to Lake Ann Louise . The highway continues through rural woodlands past Chip Lake . The road crosses the Manistique River as it runs through Germfask . From just south of Germfask to just south of Seney , the road forms the eastern boundary of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge .
The refuge is a managed wetland in Schoolcraft County in Michigan . Established in 1935 , it has an area of 95 @,@ 212 acres ( 38 @,@ 531 ha ) bordered by M @-@ 28 and M @-@ 77 that is the remains of the Great Manistique Swamp , a perched sand wetland located in the central UP . The refuge contains the Strangmoor Bog National Natural Landmark within its boundaries . During the 1930s , work crews employed by the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) rebuilt , restored , and expanded the wetland drains , this time for active wetlands management purposes . These CCC ponds and drains are still used by the wetlands managers that staff the current National Wildlife Refuge .
At Seney , M @-@ 77 crosses a line of the Canadian National Railway and turns east along M @-@ 28 . Both run concurrently for less than half a mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) over a crossing of the Fox River before M @-@ 77 turns back northward . About 11 miles ( 18 km ) north of Seney , the road turns sharply to the west , near Snyder Lake . The trunkline continues along several other lakes before turning northeasterly and then northward . The road marks the easternmost extent of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore around 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) south of Grand Marais . Within Grand Marais , the highway follows Lake Avenue through downtown . M @-@ 77 intersects H @-@ 58 in town and the two designations run concurrently for two blocks . The trunkline continues one block farther north and ends at an intersection with Braziel Street by the Grand Marais harbor ; the roadway continues northward as Lake Avenue at that point .
Grand Marais is situated on the shores of Lake Superior some 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of the mainline of the Lake Superior Circle Tour . Since the Tour runs only along state trunklines in Michigan , a Scenic Spur of the tour was created to route traffic north from Seney to Grand Marais . The scenic spur also terminates in Grand Marais with M @-@ 77 north of the junction with H @-@ 58 .
M @-@ 77 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2009 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 77 were the 1 @,@ 924 vehicles daily between Floodwood and Ten Curves roads in Schoolcraft county ; the lowest counts were the 799 vehicles per day north of M @-@ 28 in Seney . No section of M @-@ 77 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
The route was first designated by July 1 , 1919 , with a route very close to its present course . A pair of sharp turns were straightened 11 miles ( 18 km ) north of Seney at Lavender Corner around 1950 . The last segments of gravel road were paved in 1958 – 59 .
= = Major intersections = =
= Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land =
" Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " is the twenty @-@ first episode of the fourth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 79th overall episode of the series . It was written by supervising producer Matt Hubbard and directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on May 13 , 2010 . Guest stars in this episode include John Anderson , Elizabeth Banks , Jon Hamm , Kristin McGee , Julianne Moore , Michael Sheen , Jason Sudeikis , and Dean Winters .
In the episode , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) becomes even more entangled in his love triangle between Avery Jessup ( Banks ) and Nancy Donovan ( Moore ) , and he turns for advice to Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) , who is focusing on her own romantic problems . When Liz cannot find a date to her ex @-@ boyfriend 's ( Sudeikis ) wedding , she revisits her old boyfriends ( Hamm and Winters ) in hope that a spark will reignite . Meanwhile , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) continues his journey to earn his EGOT .
" Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " received generally positive reviews from television critics . According to the Nielsen Media Research , the episode was watched by 4 @.@ 996 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2 @.@ 5 rating / 7 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . For his performance in this episode , Jon Hamm received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series .
= = Plot = =
Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) is dateless for ex @-@ boyfriend Floyd DeBarber 's ( Jason Sudeikis ) wedding , and does not want to be alone . She revisits her old boyfriends — Drew Baird ( Jon Hamm ) and Dennis Duffy ( Dean Winters ) — but the visits do not go well . Later , at a party , Liz learns from Cerie Xerox ( Katrina Bowden ) , her office assistant , that she will be seated next to Wesley Snipes ( Michael Sheen ) — a man whom Liz despises — at Cerie 's wedding . As a result of this , Liz invites Wesley as her date to Floyd 's wedding . At the wedding , Wesley reveals that he has lost his job , and needs Liz to get him U.S. residency , and proposes marriage to her . After an unsuccessful conversation with Mike ( John Anderson ) , a friend of Floyd 's , Liz agrees to marry Wesley .
Meanwhile , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) is still in a dilemma in who to choose from between CNBC host Avery Jessup ( Elizabeth Banks ) and his high school sweetheart Nancy Donovan ( Julianne Moore ) . Avery decides not to be Jack 's date to Cerie 's wedding , and that while she is gone , Jack should think about whether or not he wants to be with her . As soon as Avery leaves , Nancy shows up at the 30 Rock building unannounced , and decides to spend the weekend with Jack . Liz tries to talk him out of going on a date with Nancy , after he asked her for advice . He decides to keep things platonic with Nancy , so that no problem ensues in his decision to choose between them , but Jack ends up sleeping with Nancy . The next morning , Nancy admits that the two spending the night together was a big deal , as Jack was the first man she slept with after her divorce . At Floyd 's wedding , Jack tells Nancy about Avery , and as a result , Nancy threatens to leave him forever once the ceremony is over . While Liz gives a reading , Jack texts her to stall , resulting in Liz reading inappropriate scripture recitations at the wedding .
Finally , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) informs " Dot Com " Slattery ( Kevin Brown ) and NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) that he wishes to be part of the film Garfield 3 : Feline Groovy . Dot Com and Kenneth tell Tracy that he should instead focus on his chances of getting an Oscar , as part of his EGOT quest . The two encourage him to audition for Hard To Watch , a story of an inner @-@ city boy living in the ghetto , something that Tracy can directly relate to . Tracy decides to audition for Hard To Watch , but realizes that playing the role may bring up too many repressed memories . Dot Com and Kenneth , along with Tracy , visit all the places from Tracy 's childhood in order to prepare him for the role , but this backfires when Tracy is brought to tears because of his past .
= = Production = =
" Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " was written by series supervising producer Matt Hubbard , making it his tenth writing credit after " The Rural Juror " , " Hard Ball " , " The Collection " , " MILF Island " , " Reunion " , " Larry King " , " Cutbacks " , " Audition Day " , and " Anna Howard Shaw Day " . The episode was directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , making it her twelfth for the series . " Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " originally aired in the United States on May 13 , 2010 , on NBC as the twenty @-@ first episode of the show 's fourth season and the 79th overall episode of the series .
This episode was filmed on March 10 , 2010 . Saint Cecilia 's Catholic Church in Greenpoint , Brooklyn served as the church for Floyd and Kaitlin 's ( Kristin McGee ) wedding . This episode of 30 Rock was actress Julianne Moore 's fourth appearance as Nancy Donovan on the show , and was actress Elizabeth Banks ' sixth guest spot . Comedian actor Jason Sudeikis , who played Floyd DeBarber in this episode , has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) , a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States . Tina Fey , the series creator of 30 Rock , was the head writer on SNL from 1999 until 2006 . This was Sudeikis 's eleventh appearance on the show . Actor Michael Sheen made his third appearance as Wesley Snipes . In addition , actors Jon Hamm and Dean Winters reprised their roles as Drew Baird and Dennis Duffy , respectively , as former boyfriends of Liz Lemon .
This was the third time the show referenced Tracy Jordan trying to get his EGOT . This plot first began in the December 3 , 2009 , episode " Dealbreakers Talk Show " in which Tracy finds a diamond encrusted " EGOT " necklace and sets a new life goal to achieve EGOT status by winning four major awards : an Emmy , a Grammy , an Oscar , and a Tony . In " Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " , Tracy decides to do the movie Hard To Watch , in hopes that he can get an Oscar for his performance .
= = Cultural references = =
Tracy decides to play the Garfield character — an orange tabby cat — in an upcoming film Garfield 3 : Feline Groovy . When Liz visits Drew , in hopes that he can be her date to Floyd 's wedding , Drew is surprised to see Liz , but tells her that he was thinking about her when he saw " this gorgeous woman ... putting glasses on her daughter 's Mr. Potato Head . " Later , at a park , Liz visits Dennis , in which she sees that he is building a strange contraption . Dennis tells her that he is trying to recreate and improve on the Balloon boy incident , a reference to the October 2009 hoax in which two parents claimed their son was on board a helium balloon that had floated away , but later turned out to be a publicity stunt . At Floyd 's wedding , Wesley , who is English , tells Liz that he does not want to go back to England , as he does not want to witness the 2012 Summer Olympics , which is scheduled to take place in London , explaining " Did you see the Beijing opening ceremonies ? We don 't have control over our people like that . " The episode 's title is a reference to the Emmanuelle series of erotic films .
= = Reception = =
According to the Nielsen Media Research , " Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " was watched by 4 @.@ 996 million households in its original American broadcast . It earned a 2 @.@ 5 rating / 7 share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 5 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 7 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was a decrease from the previous episode , " The Moms " , which was watched by 5 @.@ 420 million American viewers . During its original broadcast , " Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " ranked fourth in its 9 : 30 p.m. slot , behind ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy , CBS ' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , and Fox 's Fringe . Jon Hamm received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for his work in this episode , but lost it to actor Neil Patrick Harris for his guest appearance on Glee . " Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " received generally positive reviews from television critics .
Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad liked the episode because of its " non @-@ stop one liners and great guest cameos . " Sassone 's only complaint was that the Jack , Nancy , and Avery love triangle be over , pointing out that he was sick of seeing Jack running around trying to keep Avery and Nancy from seeing each other . IGN contributor Robert Canning said that " we got one of the best episode titles of any show this year " , and was favorable to the guest spots from Jon Hamm , Dean Winters , and Michael Sheen , observing " [ t ] he episode joyfully gave us three great pairings for Liz to deal with , each presenting their own unique set of laughs . " In conclusion , Canning gave the episode a 9 out of 10 rating . Linda Holmes for National Public Radio said that " Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " was " very funny " , and commented that her favorite scene was when Liz visited Drew in hopes that the two can get back together .
The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin commented that this episode might have been the " best Tracy [ Jordan ] episode of the season " explaining that Tracy Morgan " delivered one genius non sequitur after another describing the comically over @-@ the @-@ top horrors of his childhood . [ ... ] The insane , eminently quotable one @-@ liners were flying so fast and so furious that I could barely keep up with them . " In regards to Jack 's love triangle , Rabin opined that this arc " could easily have worn out its welcome long ago " but that Alec Baldwin , Julianne Moore , and Elizabeth Banks " have kept lively and vibrant . " In conclusion , he gave it an A − grade rating . Meredith Blake , writing for the Los Angeles Times , was positive about Liz getting engaged , noting that she has become a woman , and concluded that " it will no doubt be one of television 's most memorable weddings " if Liz and Wesley get married . Nick Catucci of New York magazine said that " Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land " was good , " [ m ] aybe the best episode ever . " TV Guide 's Adam Mersel said that Banks played her role " perfectly " , but that he was still not convinced that Sheen 's Wesley is the right man for Liz .
= Bill Ponsford =
William Harold " Bill " Ponsford MBE ( 19 October 1900 – 6 April 1991 ) was an Australian cricketer . Usually playing as an opening batsman , he formed a successful and long @-@ lived partnership opening the batting for Victoria and Australia with Bill Woodfull , his friend and state and national captain . Ponsford is the only player to twice break the world record for the highest individual score in first @-@ class cricket ; Ponsford and Brian Lara are the only cricketers to twice score 400 runs in an innings . Ponsford holds the Australian record for a partnership in Test cricket , set in 1934 in combination with Donald Bradman — the man who broke many of Ponsford 's other individual records .
Despite being heavily built , Ponsford was quick on his feet and renowned as one of the finest ever players of spin bowling . His bat , much heavier than the norm and nicknamed " Big Bertha " , allowed him to drive powerfully and he possessed a strong cut shot . However , critics questioned his ability against fast bowling , and the hostile short @-@ pitched English bowling in the Bodyline series of 1932 – 33 was a contributing factor in his early retirement from cricket a year and a half later . Ponsford also represented his state and country in baseball , and credited the sport with improving his cricketing skills .
Ponsford was a shy and taciturn man . After retiring from cricket , he went to some lengths to avoid interaction with the public . He spent over three decades working for the Melbourne Cricket Club , where he had some responsibility for the operations of the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the scene of many of his great performances with the bat . In 1981 the Western Stand at the MCG was renamed the WH Ponsford Stand in his honour . This stand was demolished in 2003 as part of the redevelopment of the ground for the 2006 Commonwealth Games , but its replacement was also named the WH Ponsford Stand . At the completion of the stadium redevelopment in 2005 , a statue of Ponsford was installed outside the pavilion gates . In recognition of his contributions as a player , Ponsford was one of the ten initial inductees into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame .
= = Early life = =
The son of William and Elizabeth ( née Best ) Ponsford , Bill Ponsford was born in the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy North on 19 October 1900 . His father was a postman whose family had emigrated from Devon to Bendigo , Victoria , to work in the mines during the 1850s gold rush . His mother was also born in the goldfields , at Guildford , before moving to Melbourne with her father , a Crown Lands bailiff . Ponsford grew up on Newry St in Fitzroy North , and attended the nearby Alfred Crescent School , which stood beside the Edinburgh Gardens .
Ponsford learnt the rudiments of cricket from his uncle Cuthbert Best — a former club player for Fitzroy . He had the best batting and bowling averages for his school team in 1913 , 1914 and 1915 and eventually rose to the captaincy . His local grade club , Fitzroy , awarded Ponsford a medallion — presented by the local mayor — for being his school 's outstanding cricketer in the 1913 – 14 and 1914 – 15 seasons . The medallion was awarded along with an honorary membership of the club , and Ponsford trained enthusiastically , running from school to the nearby Brunswick Street Oval in the Edinburgh Gardens to practise in the nets . Les Cody , the general secretary of Fitzroy Cricket Club and a first @-@ class cricketer with New South Wales and Victoria , was Ponsford 's first cricketing role model .
In December 1914 , Ponsford completed his schooling and earned a qualifying certificate , which allowed him to continue his education at a high school should he wish . He instead chose to attend a private training college , Hassett 's , to study for the Bank Clerk 's exam . Ponsford passed the exam and commenced employment with the State Savings Bank at the Elizabeth Street head office in early 1916 . In May 1916 , the Ponsford family moved to Orrong Rd in Elsternwick , a wealthier part of Melbourne . Ponsford played with Fitzroy in a minor league for the remainder of the 1915 – 16 season , but under the geographical " zoning " rules in place for club cricket , he was required to transfer to St Kilda Cricket Club in the following season .
= = Cricket career = =
= = = Early record breaking = = =
The First World War and the creation of the First Australian Imperial Force led to a significant shortage of players available for cricket . As a result , Ponsford was called up to make his first @-@ grade debut for St Kilda during the 1916 – 17 season , just one week before his sixteenth birthday . This match was against his old club Fitzroy , and was played at the familiar Brunswick Street Oval . The young Ponsford 's shot @-@ making lacked power , and after making twelve singles , he was bowled . He played ten matches in his first season with the St Kilda First XI and averaged 9 @.@ 30 runs per innings . By the 1918 – 19 season , Ponsford topped the club batting averages with an average of 33 . He also topped the bowling averages , taking 10 wickets at an average of 16 @.@ 50 runs per wicket with his leg spin .
Despite failing to score a century for his club side ( something he did not rectify until the 1923 – 24 season ) , Ponsford was called up to represent Victoria against the visiting England team in February 1921 — his first @-@ class cricket debut . His selection was controversial ; the leading personality in Victorian cricket and national captain , " The Big Ship " Warwick Armstrong , had been dropped . Armstrong 's omission sparked a series of angry public meetings protesting against the perceived persecution of Armstrong by administrators . While making his way to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) for the match , Ponsford had to walk through demonstrators carrying placards that denounced his selection at the expense of Armstrong . Without Armstrong , the Victorians were comfortably beaten by Johnny Douglas 's English team by seven wickets . Batting down the order , Ponsford made six in the first innings and 19 in the second innings . Later that month , Ponsford made his maiden first @-@ class century , scoring 162 against Tasmania at the NTCA Ground in Launceston , despite batting low in the order , at number eight .
Ponsford was named captain of a Victorian side made of up of promising youngsters , to play against Tasmania at the MCG on 2 – 5 February 1923 . In this , only his third first @-@ class match , Ponsford broke the world record for the highest individual innings score at that level on the final day of the match , scoring 429 runs and batting for nearly eight hours . Along the way , he broke Armstrong 's record for the highest score for Victoria ( 250 ) , before surpassing former England captain Archie MacLaren 's world record individual score of 424 . The team score of 1 @,@ 059 was also a new record for a first @-@ class innings — an impromptu paint job was needed to show the score on a board that was not designed to display a four @-@ figure total .
The Governor General of Australia , Lord Forster , visited the dressing rooms after the day 's play to congratulate Ponsford personally . Cables from around the world applauded the new record @-@ holder , including one from Frank Woolley , whose 305 * was the previous highest score against Tasmania . The former world record holder MacLaren was not so forthcoming . MacLaren thought that the two teams were both short of first @-@ class standard and therefore the record should not be recognised . However , an agreement made in 1908 confirmed that matches against Tasmania should be categorised as first @-@ class matches . An exchange of letters between MacLaren and the Victorian Cricket Association , and speculation over possible political motives followed in the popular press , but the famous Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack recognised and published Ponsford 's score as the record .
Selected for his first Sheffield Shield match , against South Australia three weeks after his record breaking innings , Ponsford — still batting down the order , at number five — made 108 . The South Australian ( and former Australian ) captain Clem Hill watched Ponsford bat and commented , " [ Ponsford ] is young and full of promise ; in fact , since Jim Mackay , the brilliant New South Welshman , I think he is the best . " In 1923 – 24 Ponsford continued to score at a heavy rate . Against Queensland in December , he made 248 and shared in a partnership of 456 runs with Edgar Mayne — the highest first wicket partnership by an Australian pair to this day . Later that season , he scored a pair of centuries against arch @-@ rivals New South Wales , accumulating 110 in each innings .
= = = Test debut and more records = = =
Ponsford broke into international cricket in the 1924 – 25 season . After scoring 166 for Victoria against South Australia , and 81 for an Australian XI against the touring English team , he was selected for the first Test against England at the Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) . Batting at number three , Ponsford joined his captain Herbie Collins at the wicket after the dismissal of opening batsman Warren Bardsley . Although Ponsford initially struggled against the " baffling " swing bowling of Maurice Tate , the experienced Collins was confident enough to farm the strike during Tate 's initial spell and Ponsford went on to make a century ( 110 ) on his Test debut . Ponsford later said " I was most grateful for Herbie taking [ Tate 's bowling ] until I was settled in . I doubt I would have scored a century but for his selfless approach . " He scored 128 in the second Test at Melbourne ; thereby becoming the first batsman to score centuries in his first two Tests . Ponsford played in all five Tests of the series , scoring 468 runs at an average of 46 @.@ 80 .
There were no international visitors to Australia in the 1925 – 26 season , so Ponsford was able to play a full season for Victoria . He scored 701 runs at an average of 63 @.@ 72 , including three centuries , making him the fourth highest runscorer for the season . At the end of the season , Ponsford was chosen for the Australian team to tour England in 1926 . He was one of the younger players in the squad ; 9 of the 15 players were over the age of 36 . He made a good start to the tour , scoring a century ( 110 * ) in his first innings at Lord 's against the Marylebone Cricket Club in May . Unfortunately for Ponsford , tonsillitis caused him to miss three weeks of cricket in June and he was not chosen for the first three Tests of the English summer . He returned for the fourth and fifth Tests . The fifth Test was the only match that saw a result — an English victory — which meant that the hosts won the series and the Ashes one Test to nil . For the tour , Ponsford made 901 runs at an average of 40 @.@ 95 , including three centuries . Wisden described Ponsford 's performances for the season as " something of a disappointment " but noted that " he batted well enough on occasion to demonstrate his undoubted abilities " .
In the season following his return to Australia , Ponsford continued to make large scores . He started the season by hitting 214 runs ( out of a Victoria team total of 315 ) against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval and followed this with 151 at the MCG against Queensland . In his next match , against New South Wales , Ponsford again rewrote the record books . Ponsford scored 352 runs , 334 of them in a single day , and helped Victoria to an innings total of 1 @,@ 107 , which remains the highest team total in first @-@ class cricket , breaking Victoria 's own record set four years earlier . After Ponsford played the ball back on to his stumps to be dismissed bowled , he then turned to look at his broken wicket and famously said , " Cripes , I am unlucky . " For the season , Ponsford went on to score 1 @,@ 229 runs at an average of 122 @.@ 90 , including six centuries and two half @-@ centuries from only ten innings .
In the 1927 – 28 season , Ponsford continued where he had left off at the end of the previous summer . Ponsford topped the aggregate and the averages for the season , scoring 1 @,@ 217 runs at an average of 152 @.@ 12 . In December 1927 , he improved on his own first @-@ class world record score , hitting 437 against Queensland ; later that month he scored 202 and 38 against New South Wales and he then added another 336 against South Australia over the New Year . He had scored 1 @,@ 013 runs in the space of four innings . This feat was part of a sequence in which he scored a century in a record ten consecutive first @-@ class matches from December 1926 to December 1927 . In January 1928 the Daily News in London described Ponsford as " the most remarkable and the most heart @-@ breaking scoring @-@ machine ever invented " . Ponsford toured New Zealand with an Australian squad in 1928 . In the six first @-@ class matches scheduled , he scored 452 at an average of 56 @.@ 50 , second only to his opening partner Bill Woodfull in both average and aggregate . In the 1929 – 30 domestic season , Ponsford scored 729 runs at an average of 45 @.@ 56 , including three centuries , to finish fourth in the season aggregates .
= = = Struggles and success = = =
A strong England team — captained by Percy Chapman and including Jack Hobbs , Herbert Sutcliffe , Wally Hammond and Harold Larwood — toured Australia in 1928 – 29 . Ponsford 's form was good in the lead up to the Tests ; he scored 60 not out for Victoria against the tourists , and added 275 * against South Australia . Before the Test series started , Ponsford had declared in a column in the Herald that Harold Larwood 's " pace through the air is not all that fast for a fast bowler " , with the qualification that " he makes great pace off the pitch " . Larwood dismissed him for scores of two and six in the first Test , and fractured a bone in Ponsford 's hand in the second . The injury sidelined Ponsford for the remainder of the Test series .
Ponsford travelled to England for a second time , with the 1930 Australian team . In a wet summer , Australia won the series two Tests to one , recovering The Ashes . For the second time in as many trips to England , Ponsford fell ill — gastritis caused him to miss the third Test at Headingley Stadium . Despite this setback , Ponsford scored 330 runs in the Tests at an average of 55 @.@ 00 . Wisden wrote , " Ponsford had a much better season — especially in the Test matches — than four years previously . ... In helping his captain to wear down England 's bowling he accomplished great work and , even if he was seldom really attractive to watch , there could be no question about his skill and how difficult he was to get out . " The outstanding performer of the tour was the young Don Bradman , who scored 974 runs in the Test matches — this remains a world record for the most runs scored in a Test series . Ponsford played a part in Bradman 's success ; Wisden stated that " it is only fair to say that on more than one occasion [ Bradman 's ] task was rendered the easier by the skilful manner in which Woodfull and Ponsford , by batting of different description , had taken the sting out of the England bowling . "
In 1930 – 31 , the West Indies sent their first @-@ ever touring team to Australia for a five Test series . Ponsford was paired with a new partner , Archie Jackson ; Woodfull chose to bat down the order to allow the young New South Welshman to open the batting . The change had little effect on Ponsford , who scored 467 runs at an average of 77 @.@ 83 against the Caribbean tourists . Ponsford and Jackson started the Test series well , their 172 run partnership in the second innings taking Australia to a 10 @-@ wicket victory in the first Test . Ponsford finished just short of his century , unbeaten on 92 . Before walking out to bat , Jackson had said to Ponsford , " I see the skipper padded up . We won 't give him a hit ! " Jackson failed in the second Test at the SCG , but Ponsford went on to score his highest Test score to date , 183 , before being bowled by Tommy Scott . Another century ( 109 ) in the third Test was part of a 229 run partnership with Bradman , who went on to score 223 . Ponsford was reunited with Woodfull as his opening partner for the remaining Tests after Jackson , ill and struggling for form , was omitted . The West Indies had a famous victory in the fifth Test , but lost the series 4 – 1 .
Ponsford had less success against the South Africans during their tour of Australia in 1931 – 32 . While the Australians took a clean sweep of the Test 5 – 0 , Ponsford 's highest score in the four Tests he played was 34 ; he totalled 97 runs at an average of 19 @.@ 40 . It was Bradman who dominated with the bat for Australia , scoring four centuries and 806 runs overall .
= = = Bodyline = = =
In a response to the record @-@ breaking feats of Don Bradman , the English team that toured Australia in 1932 – 33 — led by Douglas Jardine — adopted a tactic of fast , short pitched bowling directed at the body , later known as Bodyline . While Bodyline sought to curb Bradman , it was used against all the Australian batsmen , including Ponsford . After being bowled twice behind his legs — by Larwood for 32 in the first innings and for two in the second innings by Bill Voce — in the first Test at Sydney , Ponsford was omitted from the team for the second Test at Melbourne . Ponsford returned for the third Test in Adelaide , batting down the order . The Test was controversial and highly acrimonious ; several Australian batsmen — including Woodfull and Bert Oldfield — were hit on the body and head from the English fast bowling . Ponsford was hit on several occasions during his innings of 85 ; he chose to turn his torso and take the rising balls on his body — especially on his left shoulder blade and backside — rather than risk a catch to the leg side fielders . When Ponsford returned to the dressing room after his dismissal , his team mates were amazed by the mass of bruises that covered his back and shoulders . Ponsford remarked to Bill O 'Reilly , " I wouldn 't mind having a couple more if I could get a hundred . "
After failing in the fourth Test , Ponsford was again dropped . The hostile barrage of short @-@ pitched bowling had a major impact on Ponsford 's technique and career . In the three Tests that Ponsford played during the Bodyline series , he estimated he was hit around fifty times . During the series Ponsford developed a habit of turning his back on the rising ball and , if hit , glowering at the affected bowler . While the manager of the England team , Pelham Warner , thought that Ponsford " met the fast @-@ leg theory in plucky and able style " , this behaviour was criticised by the British cricket writer , R. C. Robertson @-@ Glasgow . Bradman thought that the Bodyline tactics hastened Ponsford 's eventual retirement .
= = = Triumph and retirement = = =
After the disappointments of the Bodyline series , Ponsford returned to domestic cricket in 1933 – 34 , scoring 606 runs at an average of 50 @.@ 50 . At the end of the domestic season , he was selected for his third tour of England with the Australian team in 1934 . Illness again interrupted Ponsford 's English summer , causing him to miss the second Test at Lord 's . In the final two Tests of the series , the two record breakers — Ponsford and Bradman — combined in two remarkable partnerships .
In the fourth Test at Headingley , Bradman joined Ponsford at the fall of the third wicket when the Australians had scored only 39 runs ( 39 / 3 ) . By the time Ponsford was dismissed hit wicket for 181 , Australia were 427 / 4 ; the partnership had yielded 388 runs . Bradman went on to make 304 . The partnership was the highest ever in Test cricket at the
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
time and as of 2009 is still the highest fourth wicket partnership for Australia . Wisden said of Ponsford 's innings " ... he hit the ball hard and placed it well when scoring in front of the wicket . Moreover , his defence was rock @-@ like in its steadiness and accuracy . "
With the series locked at 1 – 1 , the fifth and deciding Test at The Oval saw an even larger partnership between Bradman and Ponsford . The pair added 451 runs for the second wicket in an Australian total of 701 runs . Bradman scored 244 and Ponsford — again dismissed hit wicket — his highest Test score , 266 . This partnership remained the highest in Tests until 1991 and the highest for the second wicket until 1997 . As of 2009 , it remains the highest ever in Australian Test history . Again Wisden was complimentary , saying " It would be hard to speak in too high terms of praise of the magnificent displays of batting given by Ponsford and Bradman " but noted that " Before Bradman joined him Ponsford had shown an inclination to draw away from the bowling of Bowes . "
In the four Tests that Ponsford for the English summer , he made 569 runs at an average of 94 @.@ 83 . His performance saw him named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1935 .
It is , perhaps , scarcely too much to say that English bowlers last summer thought he was every bit as difficult to get rid of as Bradman . Never a graceful or elegant batsman , Ponsford could with greater emphasis be called sound and workmanlike . He seemed in 1934 to hit the ball much harder than when he was here in 1926 and 1930 , while his placing improved out of all knowledge . A delivery overpitched to any degree , he almost invariably punished to the full , while he could cut and turn the ball to leg with great certainty .
Upon their return to Australia , a testimonial match was arranged on behalf of the two Victorian opening batsmen , Woodfull and Ponsford . Woodfull — the senior member of the partnership — had announced his retirement from first @-@ class cricket before returning from England and the press had speculated that Ponsford would succeed him as captain of Victoria . Walking out to bat in the match , the pair were cheered by the crowd to the strains of " For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow " . Together , the two Bills made another century partnership , before Ponsford was dismissed for 83 ; Woodfull went on to make a century .
During the match , to the surprise of the public , the press and his team mates , Ponsford announced his retirement from first @-@ class cricket at the relatively young age of 34 . His announcement remarked upon the changing atmosphere in high level cricket and touched on the effects of Bodyline .
I am feeling the strain of the last tour . I am thirty four and when you get to that age you start to lose your keenness . ... Test cricket has become too serious . It is not a game anymore but a battle ... I can remember when it was all quite different to what it is now . I do not want to refer to that " bodyline " business — I am out of all that . Cricket was a different game before bodyline . Naturally I have a tinge of regret ... but it is better to go out of cricket before being dropped .
Woodfull remarked that Ponsford 's retirement was premature , while team mate and journalist Jack Fingleton believed that the task of maintaining such high standards had affected Ponsford 's nervous energy : " At the age of 34 he felt that he never wanted to see a bat or a cricket game again . " Arthur Mailey suspected that Ponsford 's sensitivity to criticism , especially from the media , was a key factor behind the early retirement . The memory of being omitted from the Australian side twice during the Bodyline series also stung Ponsford sorely . Ponsford continued playing for the Melbourne Cricket Club until 1939 , but never represented his state or country again .
= = Off the field = =
= = = Personal life = = =
Ponsford began his working life at the State Savings Bank . On his return from England in 1926 , the bank advised him that they might not tolerate so much leave for cricket in the future . Ponsford received a lucrative offer to play for Blackpool Cricket Club , which he was inclined to accept . This news was received with dismay by Australian fans , who had earlier seen players such as Ted McDonald leave Australia and accept contracts in the professional English leagues . To keep Ponsford in Melbourne , The Herald — a local newspaper — employed him on the basis that he would remain available for all representative cricket . The new role included writing articles for the paper .
In 1932 , at the end of his five @-@ year contract with the newspaper , Ponsford successfully applied for a position on the staff of the Melbourne Cricket Club . He was appointed to an unspecified office job working for the club secretary Hugh Trumble , which required him to transfer his cricket and baseball allegiances from St Kilda to Melbourne . The Herald unsuccessfully tried to retain his services , and Keith Murdoch — the Editor @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Herald , and later , the father of Rupert Murdoch — visited the Ponsford home to lobby against the move . Ponsford 's new role included managing the staffing arrangements and crowd control at the Melbourne Cricket Ground for Australian rules football and cricket matches . In 1956 , following the retirement of Vernon Ransford , Ponsford unsuccessfully applied for the position of club secretary , effectively its chief executive officer and one of the most prestigious positions in Australian cricket . However , in the event recently retired Test cricketer Ian Johnson was appointed to the position . Ponsford remained with the club until his retirement in June 1969 .
Ponsford met Vera Neill at his local Methodist church ; the pair married in 1924 and settled in the Melbourne suburb of Caulfield South . They had two sons , Bill Jr. and Geoff . Ponsford became a Freemason in 1922 and continued in the movement until 1985 , retiring with the rank of Master Mason . During the Second World War , Ponsford attempted to volunteer with the Royal Australian Air Force , but was rejected on account of his colour blindness . In 1978 , four years after the death of his wife , Ponsford moved in with his son , Geoff , at Woodend in rural Victoria , and was an active lawn bowler . An infection after an operation in 1988 saw Ponsford admitted to a nursing home in nearby Kyneton . He died there on 6 April 1991 ; at the time he was Australia 's oldest living Test cricketer .
= = = Baseball = = =
Baseball was a reasonably popular sport in Australia in the early 20th century and Ponsford alternated between cricket and baseball throughout his sporting life . At the time , baseball was generally played in Australia during the winter months , as many of the leading players were enthusiastic cricketers who viewed the sport as a means of improving their fielding skills . As with cricket , Ponsford started his baseball career at Alfred Crescent School , where his coach was the former Victorian player Charles Landsdown . As a junior Ponsford played shortstop , later as a senior for the Fitzroy Baseball Club he converted to catching .
Ponsford improved rapidly and by 1913 he was included in the Victorian schoolboys side for a tournament in Adelaide . He was again selected in the following year — now as a catcher — representing his state at the first national schoolboys championship in Sydney . The tournament coincided with a visit to Australia by two professional major league teams from the United States — the Chicago White Sox and the New York Giants . The manager of the Giants , John " Mugsy " McGraw , watched part of the tournament ; the Ponsford family claim that McGraw was so impressed with Ponsford 's skills that he later spoke to Ponsford 's parents about the possibility of Bill playing in the United States .
In 1919 , Ponsford was selected for Victoria 's baseball team , alongside future Test cricket team mate Jack Ryder . In 1923 , The Sporting Globe claimed that Ponsford was " ... the best batter of the season . ... Indeed , as an all @-@ round man , it is doubtful if he has a superior in the state . " In 1925 , Ponsford captained the Victorian team and was selected as centre fielder in an Australian representative team that played three matches against an outfit from the United States Pacific Fleet , which had docked in Melbourne . Over the three matches , won by the Australians , Ponsford made five safe hits , gained eight bases and his batting average was .357 . Ponsford 's next match against American opposition was against a team from Stanford University that visited Australia in 1927 . Ponsford 's Victorian team defeated Stanford 5 – 3 ; it was the visitors ' only loss on the tour .
Ponsford simultaneously retired from baseball and cricket in 1934 . In his newspaper column , he said that he liked both sports equally . He felt that baseball gave a player more opportunities to perform : " In cricket you may have the bad luck to get out early ; which often means a blank afternoon . It is not so with baseball ; you are in the game all the time . " Joe Clark , the author of History of Australian Baseball , said " Ponsford is considered by many to be the best baseballer of his time in Australia . " The official program for the 1952 Claxton Shield — held in Perth — made a similar claim .
One name in Australian baseball stands pre @-@ eminent above all others and that is the name of Bill Ponsford ... During his long career he was a star outfielder , perhaps the finest third baseman to represent his state and certainly as a catcher the equal of anybody . ... But it was as a batter that Bill outshone anyone ... Ponsford could , and did , hit to any part of a baseball field at will , and would nominate innings by innings , where he would hit the ball ... Ponsford will always remain amongst the greatest sportsmen of all time .
= = Context = =
= = = Legacy and statistical analysis = = =
In first @-@ class cricket , Ponsford scored 13 @,@ 819 runs at an average of 65 @.@ 18 , as of 2009 the fifth highest complete career average of any player , worldwide . Ponsford was not satisfied with merely making centuries ; he strove to score 200 and more . Arriving in big cricket a few years before Bradman , for a time Ponsford was considered the heaviest scorer in cricket history . Jack Fingleton claimed that " The true perspective of Ponsford 's deeds had barely dawned on the game when Bradman ruthlessly thrust him from public thought ... "
Apart from Brian Lara , Ponsford is the only man to twice score 400 runs in a first @-@ class innings and along with Bradman and Wally Hammond , he remains one of only three men to have scored four triple @-@ centuries . His 437 against Queensland is , as at 2009 , still the fifth highest score in first @-@ class cricket .
Ponsford was known for batting in partnerships , sharing in five that amassed over 375 runs each . Ponsford and his long @-@ time partner , Woodfull , were known as " the two Bills " , " Willy Wo and Willy Po " and " Mutt and Jeff " amongst other names . Together , the pair made 23 century partnerships ; 12 of these exceeded 150 runs . Ponsford 's other prolific partnership was with Bradman . In two Tests in 1934 , the pair set records that still stand today :
The highest partnership for Australia in Test cricket and the highest for the second wicket : 451
The third highest partnership for Australia in Test cricket and the highest for Australia for the fourth wicket : 388
Cricket writer Ray Robinson said of the pair batting together , " [ Ponsford ] was the only one who could play in Bradman 's company and make it a duet . "
For services to cricket , Ponsford was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 1982 New Year Honours announced on 31 December 1981 . Ponsford was one of the ten inaugural inductees when the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame was launched in 1996 . In 2000 , Ponsford and Arthur Morris were chosen to open the batting for the Australian Cricket Board 's Team of the Century , a theoretical selection of the best team of Australian cricketers of the 20th century . In 2001 , Ponsford was selected in the Melbourne Cricket Club Team of the Century .
In 1986 the Western Stand of the Melbourne Cricket Ground was renamed the " Ponsford Stand " . Ponsford was described by his son as being " tickled pink " by the honour , but that he would only agree to the renaming if he was not required to participate in any public appearance or media interview . As part of the ongoing modernisation of the MCG the Ponsford Stand was torn down ; the new stand was completed in 2004 and again named in his honour . A statue of the cricketer was installed outside the Ponsford Stand in 1995 — one of a series in place around the stadium commemorating Australia 's sporting heroes .
= = = Style and personality = = =
Answering to the nickname of " Puddin ' " , Ponsford was a thickset man , weighing in at around 13 stone ( 83 kg ) during his playing career . Despite this , he was known for his quick footwork , and was regarded as an excellent player of spin bowling . Ponsford was noted for his ability to maintain intense levels of concentration for extended periods . He possessed a strong cut shot and he drove through mid off powerfully , although critics noted that his backlift was not completely straight . He had a tendency to shuffle too far to the off ; this exposed his leg stump and he was bowled behind his legs on six occasions in Tests against England . However , Ray Robinson felt that " no bowler could have got a marble , much less a [ cricket ] ball between his bat and his left leg . "
Fingleton wrote , " He crouched a little at the crease ... he tapped the ground impatiently with his bat while awaiting the ball , and his feet were so eager to be on the move that they began an impulsive move forward just before the ball was bowled . This was the shuffle that sometimes took him across the pitch against a fast bowler ; but , that aside , his footwork was perfection . I never saw a better forcer of the ball to the on @-@ side , and for this stroke his body moved beautifully into position . " However , Ponsford was not a stylish batsman . Bradman said " There were more beautiful players , but for absolute efficiency and results where can one turn to equal [ Ponsford ] ? " Robinson described Ponsford as the " founder of total batting , the first to make a habit of regarding 100 as merely the opening battle in a campaign for a larger triumph . " The New South Wales and Australian bowler Arthur Mailey later said that " I don 't think it was the rungetting Ponny enjoyed so much as the bowlers ' discomfort , especially when those bowlers came from New South Wales . "
Ponsford used a heavy bat — 2 pounds 10 ounces ( 1 @.@ 2 kg ) — nicknamed " Big Bertha " . Opposition players sometimes joked that Ponsford 's bat was larger than allowed under the laws of cricket and indeed in one match in Sydney , it was found to be slightly larger than permitted — the result of the bat spreading from his powerful hitting . Throughout his innings , Ponsford would pull his cap further to the left . Robinson claimed that " if you saw the peak at a rakish angle towards his left ear you could tell he was heading for his second hundred " . When volunteering for service with the Royal Australian Air Force , Ponsford discovered he possessed abnormal colour vision , unable to distinguish red from green . The examining doctor was astonished and asked Ponsford , " What colour did [ the ball ] look to you after it was worn ? " Ponsford replied , " I never noticed its colour , only its size . " A later study identified Ponsford 's specific colour vision as protanopia , a form of dichromacy in which red appears dark . Ponsford did not enjoy batting on rain @-@ affected wickets . When on tour his team mates did not ask if it had rained last night , merely " Did Ponny wake during the night ? " — legend had it that even the slightest trickle would wake him and have him anguishing over having to bat on the " sticky " in the morning .
Ponsford was a shy person , on the field and off . Robinson wrote that Ponsford " was so reserved that you had to know him for three years or the duration of a Test tour before his reticence relaxed . " Similarly , when photographed Ponsford would hang his head so his cap would cover most of his face . This shyness intensified after his retirement . He would often walk along laneways to his work at the MCC , rather than be recognised on the way to the train station . While on the train , he would cover his face with the newspaper . At work , he disliked interaction with the public and would direct staff to advise visitors that he was not in , despite often being clearly in view . Bill O 'Reilly said of Ponsford , " He spoke rarely and even then only if he could improve on silence . " Nonetheless he was popular with his team mates and was said to have a droll sense of humour .
= Military history of Asian Americans =
Asian Americans , who are Americans of Asian descent , have fought and served on behalf of the United States since the War of 1812 . During the American Civil War Asian Americans fought for both the Union and the Confederacy . Afterwards Asian Americans served primarily in the U.S. Navy until the Philippine – American War .
At the beginning of the 20th century , Asian Americans began to attend U.S. military academies , and the first Asian Americans were awarded the Medal of Honor . World War I saw Asian Americans serving as " non @-@ whites " in the National Army . After World War I , Asian American service fell into obscurity until World War II when significant contributions by Japanese , Chinese , Filipino , and Korean Americans were documented .
With the desegregation of the U.S. military in 1948 , segregated Asian American units ceased to exist , and Asian Americans served in integrated armed forces . Asian American combatants in the Korean and Vietnam conflicts were awarded the Medal of Honor , and Asian Americans have continued to serve into the present day .
= = History = =
= = = 19th century = = =
There are anecdotal accounts of Filipino American sailors serving as early as the Revolutionary War . However , the first official recorded history of Asian Americans fighting on behalf of the U.S. occurred in 1815 during the War of 1812 . General Andrew Jackson recorded that " Manilamen " had fought under his general command in defense of New Orleans , under the direct command of Jean Baptiste Lafitte . Following the war , at least one Filipino American , Augustin Feliciano , continued to serve in the U.S. Navy . After this Asian Americans were not recorded in the annals of U.S. military history until the American Civil War when , in 1861 , a Chinese American by the name of John Tomney joined the New York Infantry , eventually dying of wounds received at the Battle of Gettysburg .
Joseph Pierce ( his chosen name ) was brought to the U.S. from China by his adoptive father , Connecticut ship Captain Amos Peck . Pierce enlisted on 26 July 1862 and was mustered into the Fourteenth Regiment , Company F of the Connecticut Volunteer Infantry that became part of the Second Brigade of the Third Division , Second Army Corps of the Army of the Potomac . From 1862 to 1865 , Pierce fought in pivotal battles of the war , fighting in major campaigns from Antietam to Gettysburg to Lee 's surrender at Appomattox Court House . Pierce achieved the highest rank of any Chinese American to serve in the Union Army , reaching the rank of corporal . Pierce 's picture hangs in the Gettysburg Museum . In 2007 , the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution honoring the actions of Pierce and other Asian @-@ Pacific Islander soldiers of the Civil War .
William Ah Hang , a Chinese American , became one of the first Asian Americans to enlist in the U.S. Navy in 1863 . In total more than 50 Chinese Americans fought , on both sides , in the Civil War . Of those who served , only a handful received recognition of their service in the form of pension , benefits , or citizenship . An exception was Ching Lee , who took the alias Thomas Sylvanus and served in the 81st Pennsylvania Regiment .
There are accounts of Filipino Americans serving in Louisiana for the Confederacy during the Civil War ; one served aboard the C.S.S. Alabama , and some served in the Louisiana Zouaves . Another Filipino American , Felix Cornelius Balderry , served in the Union 's Michigan 11th Infantry .
During the Civil War the Bunker family , were supporters of the Confederacy . Christopher Wren Bunker and Stephen Bunker , the eldest sons of Chang and Eng Bunker , the original " Siamese Twins " , joined different Confederate cavalry units . In 1864 , Christopher Wren Bunker was captured , and was sent to Camp Chase .
Another lull in recordings of Asian American service followed the end of the Civil War until the Spanish American War . When the U.S.S. Maine sank in Havana Harbor , seven of the casualties were Japanese Americans and one was a Chinese American . Later in the war it was recorded that Japanese Americans served aboard U.S. warships in the Battle of Manila Bay ; the Philippine – American War , previously known as the Philippine Insurrection , followed .
= = = 20th century = = =
= = = = Philippine – American War = = = =
In 1901 the Philippine Constabulary and Philippine Scouts were initially founded to assist the U.S. against the forces of the First Philippine Republic and the insurgency that followed after its collapse . That same year President William McKinley signed an executive order to allow 500 Filipinos to enlist in the U.S. Navy . From these routes of enlistment came the first Asian American recipients of the Medal of Honor . Private Jose Nisperos , a Philippine Scout , protected his party from Moros ; for this action , he received the Medal of Honor in 1911 . In 1915 , Fireman Second Class Telesforo Trinidad , along with Ensign Robert Webster Cary , was awarded the Medal of Honor for saving fellow crewmembers when the boiler of the U.S.S. San Diego exploded . As of 2011 , Trinidad has been the only Asian American recipient of the naval version of the Medal of Honor .
= = = = Early Asian American military academy graduates = = = =
In the late 1860s Asians were accepted into the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis . Matsumura Junzo was the first to graduate , doing so as part of the class 1873 . Matsumura was a foreign national , though , and like the other Asian graduates who attended around this time who went on to serve their own nations ' militaries , upon graduation he served in the Imperial Japanese Navy , eventually reaching the rank of captain . Nearly forty years passed before the first Asian American U.S. nationals followed in the footsteps of these foreign nationals and were accepted into the various U.S. military academies . Vicente Lim , was one of the first to graduate . A U.S. national from the Philippines , Lim graduated from West Point in the class of 1914 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Philippine Scouts . He was the first of a handful of Filipinos accepted into West Point under a quota system that required one Filipino to be appointed in each class , with no more than four being enrolled at any one time . Beginning in 1916 , Filipinos Americans were also accepted into Annapolis ; the first batch would enroll in 1919 . These graduates lost their status as U.S. nationals in 1935 , and many went on to serve in the fledgling Armed Forces of the Philippines .
= = = = Mexican Expedition = = = =
In the early 20th century , while the rest of the world was engulfed in the depths of World War I , the U.S. was looking to its south . Mexico had been embroiled in a civil war since 1910 , and in 1916 the violence spilt north over the border when Pancho Villa raided Columbus , New Mexico , killing 16 Americans . This culminated with a U.S. response , officially known as the Mexican Expedition , led by Major General John Pershing . A large number Chinese Mexicans assisted U.S. forces in Mexico during the expedition and upon its completion in early 1917 , they were threatened with hanging by Villa . Despite the provisions of the Chinese Exclusion Act , Pershing sought permission for these people to be allowed to resettle in the U.S. A total of 527 eventually entered the country , settling mostly in San Antonio , and they later became known as " Pershing 's Chinese " .
= = = = World War I = = = =
In April 1917 , the U.S. entered World War I on the side of the Allies . The Philippine Islands created its own national guard units to join the effort , but did not see combat . The units were demobilized at Camp Thomas Claudio in 1918 . Within the United States , a draft was started , and alongside Hispanic and Native Americans , Asian Americans were drafted as " non @-@ whites " filling out the " white quota " in the National Army . Although , the majority of these did not see combat , several did , including : Private Tomas Mateo Claudio , who had studied at the University of Nevada and became the first , and only , Filipino American to die during the war , being killed at Château @-@ Thierry in 1918 ; Private Henry Chinn who was killed in action in the Argonne Forest while serving in the " Lost Battalion " ; Sergeant Sing Kee , another member of the Lost Battalion , who was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross ; and Sergeant Major Tokutaro Nishimura Slocum who served in the 328th Infantry Regiment , 82d Infantry Division . In the Navy , the number of enlisted Filipinos peaked at more than 5 @,@ 700 by the end of the war . Several thousand Chinese , Japanese , Korean , Vietnamese , and Filipinos eventually served in the U.S. military during World War I ; they were later allowed to become naturalized citizens , overcoming numerous legal obstacles .
= = = = Interwar period = = = =
During the interwar period U.S. forces were involved in several minor actions , including the Russian Civil War and multiple events in the Caribbean that have since become known as the Banana Wars ; also , the Yangtze Patrol was directly and indirectly affected by the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War and other events . Between 1918 and 1933 , at least 3 @,@ 900 Filipino Americans served in the U.S. Navy at any given time as mess stewards , having largely replaced African Americans in that rating . Up to World War I , Filipino sailors were able to serve in a range of occupations ; however , after World War I , a rule restricted Filipinos to the ratings of officer 's steward and mess attendant .
In 1934 , Gordon Pai 'ea Chung @-@ Hoon became the first Asian American U.S. citizen to graduate from the Naval Academy , and the first Asian American West Point graduate , Wing Fook Jung , graduated in 1940 . In 1940 , Japanese Americans were the largest ethnicity of Asian Americans , followed by ( in order of population ) Chinese Americans , Filipino Americans , Hindu Americans , and Korean Americans .
In 1937 , the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War began . A Chinese American , Arthur Chin , had gone to China in 1934 and joined the Republic of China Air Force , and flew as a fighter pilot . During the war Chin becoming the first American flying ace of World War II , with eight victories . He was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the Air Medal .
In September 1939 , war broke out in Europe following the German invasion of Poland . The U.S. officially remained neutral , but Americans became involved in combat while serving in other countries ' militaries in units such as the Flying Tigers in China and the Eagle Squadrons that served with the Royal Air Force shortly after the Battle of Britain ; U.S. forces also provided logistic support through the cash and carry program , and by undertaking convoy escort duties in the Atlantic . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the U.S. officially declared war , and from that point on Asian Americans were on the front lines as U.S. civilians . Asian Americans from Oahu , including Japanese Americans , assisted with aid efforts following the attack . On the other side of the Pacific Ocean , Philippine Commonwealth forces , under U.S. command since July 1941 , prepared for an attack that would come nine hours later .
= = = = World War II = = = =
= = = = = Japanese Americans = = = = =
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor , Japanese Americans in the Hawaii National Guard activated and began to guard the beaches , clear rubble , donate blood and aid the wounded but three days later , they were disarmed because of their ancestry . The next day , however , they were authorized to rearm , but an uneasy tension lasted until 5 June 1942 . At the same time , Japanese Americans who had been undertaking the ROTC program at the University of Hawaii , and who had been activated in the Hawaii Territorial Guard , were discharged on 19 January 1942 . Many of these discharged soldiers formed a Corps of Engineers auxiliary , known as the " Varsity Victory Volunteers " , in February 1942 . On 5 June 1942 , 1 @,@ 400 Nisei of the Hawaii National Guard shipped out from Hawaii bound for Oakland and on 12 June , after docking , they were formed into the 100th Infantry Battalion . Afterwards , all Japanese American men , not already in the military , were classified as enemy aliens ; this policy was reversed in 1943 .
Eight months later the decision was made to raise an all @-@ Nisei regiment , known as the 442nd Regimental Combat Team . Progress was slow at first , and another four months passed before the 442nd began training ; two months after that , though , the 100th shipped out to Europe . Initially , the notion of employing Japanese American soldiers was rejected by General Dwight D. Eisenhower 's staff at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force , but they were eventually accepted by Lieutenant General Mark Clark 's Fifth Army . While the 442nd was training in the U.S. , the 100th sustained heavy losses , eventually earning the title the " Purple Heart Battalion . " On 26 June 1944 , two weeks after the 442nd arrived in Europe , the two Nisei units combined to form one single unit , but those who had been a part of the 100th wanted to keep their numerical designation , so they replaced the regiment 's 1st Battalion . Keeping with the policy at the time , the unit was segregated , and large number of the other members of the 442nd RCT were previously interned Japanese Americans from the continental United States , commanded by mostly white officers . The combat chronicle of the regiment became a highly storied one , resulting in it becoming one of the most decorated units in the European Theater , taking part in numerous actions in Italy , France and Germany , including the liberation of Dachau concentration camp .
The 442nd Regiment was the most decorated unit for its size and length of service in the history of American warfare . The 4 @,@ 000 men who initially made up the unit in April 1943 had to be replaced nearly 2 @.@ 5 times . In total , about 14 @,@ 000 men served , earning 9 @,@ 486 Purple Hearts . The unit was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations ( five earned in one month ) .
Additionally , Japanese Americans also contributed to the war effort in the Pacific Front serving in the Military Intelligence Service , helping with the decoding of Japanese intelligence and the rebuilding of occupied Japan ; the first Asian American women to enter the U.S. military served within this unit through the Women 's Army Corps . More than a dozen volunteers from the 442nd were selected to join the Office of Strategic Services and were selected for service in India and Burma , where they conducted covert operations , translation , interrogation , and signal intelligence . Over 33 @,@ 000 Japanese Americans served in the military during World War II . Upon returning home , Japanese American service members found old prejudices remained .
In 1946 , one of the 442nd 's soldiers , PFC Sadao Munemori , was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the regiment 's service in Italy . His award was one of two made to Asian Americans during , or in the immediate aftermath of , the war , and the only one made to a Japanese American . However , in 2000 , after a review of other medals awarded to the 442nd , 21 were elevated to Medals of Honor . One of those 21 was presented to Hawaiʻi Senator , and former Captain , Daniel K. Inouye . On 5 October 2010 , Congress created the Congressional Gold Medal recognizing the 442nd Regimental Combat Team and the 100th Infantry Battalion , as well as the 6 @,@ 000 Japanese Americans who served in the Military Intelligence Service during the war .
= = = = = Chinese Americans = = = = =
It has been estimated that between 12 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 Chinese American men , representing up to 22 percent of the men in their portion of the U.S. population , served during World War II . Of those serving about 40 percent were not citizens , and unlike Japanese and Filipino Americans , 75 percent served in non @-@ segregated units . Chinese Americans distinguished themselves from Japanese Americans , and suffered less discrimination . A quarter of those would serve in the U.S. Army Air Forces , some of were sent to the Chinese @-@ Burma @-@ India theater for service with the 14th Air Service Group and the Chinese @-@ American Composite Wing . Another 70 percent would go on to serve in the U.S. Army in various units , including the 3rd , 4th , 6th , 32nd and 77th Infantry Divisions . Prior to the war , the U.S. Navy had recruited Chinese Americans but they had been restricted to serve only as stewards ; this continued until May 1942 , when restrictions ceased and they were allowed to serve in other ratings . In 1943 , Chinese American women were accepted into the Women 's Army Corps in the Military Intelligence Service . They were also recruited for service in the Army Air Force , with a few later becoming civilian Women Airforce Service Pilots .
Captain Francis Wai of the 34th Infantry was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for actions on the island of Leyte in late 1944 ; this awarding was later elevated to a Medal of Honor in the 2000 review . Wilbur Carl Sze became the first Chinese American officer commissioned in the Marine Corps .
= = = = = Filipino Americans = = = = =
From the beginning , the Philippines was on the front lines of the new war , as it was attacked shortly after Pearl Harbor . Under the command of General Douglas MacArthur , initially plans were made to defend all of the islands , but following the Japanese landings on Luzon , the US reinstated War Plan Orange and a hasty withdrawal to the Bataan Peninsula followed , denying Japan the use of Manila Bay . In March 1942 , under orders from President Franklin D. Roosevelt , MacArthur departed the Philippines . In April 1942 , Major General Edward P. King surrendered his force as they could no longer keep up a sustainable defense . Of the 75 @,@ 000 that surrendered , about 63 @,@ 000 were Filipinos , and a thousand were Chinese Filipinos . Forced to march to San Fernando , Pampanga , in what later came to be called the Bataan Death March , between 5 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 Filipinos died along the way . A smaller force held out at Fort Mills ; however , after an assault , Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright surrendered the USAFFE forces that remained in the Philippines in May 1942 . Of those who surrendered , 23 were Filipino officers who had graduated from West Point ; Japanese forces executed six of these Filipino prisoners of war , including Vicente Lim , who had by then reached the rank of brigadier general .
In the U.S. , Filipinos were initially blocked from enlisting , until the laws were revised a day before Japan had begun its invasion back in the Philippines . Of the Filipinos who lived in California , two @-@ fifths , or sixteen thousand Filipinos , attempted to enlist into the U.S. Army . Some would serve in non @-@ segregated units , yet a segregated infantry battalion was established , which continued to grow and at its peak was split into two units known as the 1st and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments . These soldiers were subjected to discrimination during their time training at Camp Beale and Fort Ord , sometimes being mistaken for Japanese Americans when off base . Nevertheless , these units would serve with distinction similar to that of the 442d Infantry Regiment , although their deeds were not as well documented or widely known . By the end of the war , a total of 50 @,@ 000 decorations , awards , medals , ribbons , certificates , commendations and citations had been awarded to personnel assigned to these two regiments for their service in the New Guinea and Philippines campaigns .
Back in the Philippines , some individual service members and units refused to heed orders to surrender . They began a guerilla campaign to resist the Japanese occupation and were later joined by paroled Filipino USAFFE soldiers , as well as Filipino civilians , and other Allied forces that had been inserted into the islands . Allied forces returned to the Philippines in significant numbers during the Battle of Leyte . These included the Filipino infantry units which had been reduced in size from their peak . Later that year the Philippine Division was reconstituted , and in 1945 those members who elected to remain in the Philippines at the end of the war were transferred to the PCAUS . In all approximately 142 @,@ 000 Filipinos served during World War II . When recognized guerrillas are taken into account , the number of Filipinos who served increases to over 250 @,@ 000 , and possibly up to over 400 @,@ 000 . This number though is smaller than that recognized for serving in World War II by the Philippines .
Sergeant Jose Calugas became the third Asian American ever and first Asian American during World War II , to receive the Medal of Honor ; he would not receive the medal until after the occupation had ended . Later , in the 2000 review of medals awarded to Asian Americans , First Lieutenant Rudolph Davila 's Distinguished Service Cross was elevated to a Medal of Honor . While in New Guinea , Lieutenant Colonel Leon Punsalang became the first Asian American to command white troops in combat . For their actions in aiding Allied prisoners of war during the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines , Josefina Guerrero and Florence Finch were both awarded the Medal of Freedom ; Finch later enlisted in the Coast Guard Women 's Reserve after being liberated from the Philippines and taken to New York .
= = = = = Korean Americans = = = = =
After a treaty was signed in 1882 , Koreans had begun migrating to the U.S. This came to an end when Japan annexed Korea in 1910 . When the war began , Korean Americans were treated as enemy aliens , although this changed in 1943 , when they were exempted from enemy alien status . About 100 enlisted in the U.S. Army over the course of the war , some of whom served as translators . Over a hundred joined the California National Guard in Los Angeles alone and formed a unit that became known as the " Tiger Brigade " . Young @-@ Oak Kim , who had initially been rejected by the Army before being drafted , served as an enlisted soldier in the engineers until he was selected for commissioning in 1943 . He went on to serve in the mainly Japanese American 442nd Infantry Regiment , and he was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions at the Battle of Anzio . The only Korean American to be awarded that medal during the war , he also received a Silver Star and Purple Heart for actions earlier in the campaign . Fred Ohr , who initially enlisted as a trooper in the 116th Cavalry in 1938 , became the only Korean American fighter ace of World War II , shooting down a total of six enemy aircraft and eventually rising to command the 52nd Fighter Group 's 2d Fighter Squadron in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations . As of 8 March 2012 , he is the only Korean American to achieve the status of ace , and for his actions , Ohr received several medals including the Silver Star with one bronze oak leaf cluster .
= = = = Cold War = = = =
= = = = = Post World War II = = = = =
After the surrender of Japan , World War II came to an end , and the U.S. military began to demobilize . Millions of service @-@ members were transported home , including the 442nd Regimental Combat Team . In 1946 , the regiment was reviewed by President Truman who awarded them their seventh Distinguished Unit Citation . They were subsequently deactivated , but they were reorganized a year later as part of the U.S. Army Reserve . That same year , Truman signed the Rescission Act of 1946 , which denied Filipinos who served during World War II in the Commonwealth military and guerrillas , benefits that were afforded to other veterans . With the consent of the Philippine government , 50 @,@ 000 Philippine Scouts were authorized by Congress , retained , and recruited . As part of the Philippine Division , this force undertook occupation duty on Okinawa until 1947 , when the Philippine Scouts were disbanded by presidential order after Truman came to view them as a mercenary organization . In 1947 , the signing of the U.S.-Philippine Military Bases Agreement formalized Filipino enlistment in the U.S. Navy without immigrant credentials . In 1948 , Truman ordered the desegregation of the U.S. military .
= = = = = Korean War = = = = =
Following Truman 's order for the integration of the U.S. military , the majority of segregated Asian American units were disbanded by 1951 . Many individuals continued to serve in integrated units following desegregation , although the exact number of Asian Americans who served during the Korean War has not been determined . Despite the official acceptance of the desegregation policy , some units , including the 100th Battalion , 442nd Infantry Regiment , and the 5th Regimental Combat Team , retained strong racial ties , with a predominant number of Asian Americans serving in these units . Of the 36 @,@ 572 who died during the Korean War , 241 were Asian Americans .
One Asian American received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean War . This went to Japanese American Corporal Hiroshi Miyamura of the 7th Infantry Regiment ; the awarding of the medal was initially made in secret , as at the time Miyamura was being held by North Koreans as a prisoner of war . Three brothers , Kurt Chew @-@ Een Lee ( the first Chinese American Marine officer ) , Chew @-@ Mon Lee ( an army infantry officer ) , and Chew @-@ Fan Lee ( an army medical service officer ) , all served in different units during the conflict and were awarded the Navy Cross , Distinguished Service Cross , and Bronze Star Medal respectively . Young @-@ Oak Kim , having reenlisted and promoted to major , became the first ethnic minority to command a regular combat battalion , the 1st of the 31st Infantry . Walter Tsukamoto , who was first commissioned in 1927 and entered active duty in 1943 , was sent from occupation duty in Japan to Korea in 1950 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel , the first Asian American to achieve that rank in the Army Judge Advocate General 's Corps , served as the senior ranking judge advocate for X Corps and was awarded two Bronze Star Medals for his service in Korea .
= = = = = Vietnam War = = = = =
During the Vietnam War 35 @,@ 000 Asian Americans served as part of the more than eight million U.S. service personnel that were deployed to South Vietnam , in fully integrated units . Three of them were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor , including Corporal Terry Kawamura who was , as of March 2014 , the last Asian American to receive that medal . During the conflict , in addition to the Asian American personnel that served in conventional units , the Army also formed a special forces team of Chinese , Filipino , Japanese , and Native American Rangers called Team Hawaii , as they could pass for Vietnamese and conduct long range reconnaissance . Discrimination and racism continued to be experience by Asian Americans who served during the conflict . Their loyalty was questioned , and during basic training they were sometimes described as being similar to the Viet Cong . In country , some were fired upon when mistaken for the Viet Cong , and some had medical care delayed after being mistaken for North Vietnamese . Additionally , the Viet Cong especially targeted Asian American service members , sometimes putting a price on their heads . Proportionally , Asian Americans suffered less casualties compared to other ethnic groups in Vietnam , with a total of 139 Asian American servicemen dying during the conflict .
Many other then @-@ future Asian Americans serve the military out of its normal ranks during the conflict . These included groups such as the Hmong and Laotians who fought alongside American service members in the Laotian Civil War , Vietnamese Americans who fought as members of the South Vietnam 's armed forces , and Montagnard ( also known as Degar ) who assisted American forces .
Throughout the war , Filipino American sailors remained restricted to the rating of steward , with 80 % of the almost seventeen thousand Filipino American sailors being stewards . In 1970 , there were more Filipinos serving in the U.S. Navy than there were in the Philippine Navy . The restriction ended in 1973 , after the U.S. Senate investigated civil rights issues in the U.S. Navy and opened all ratings to Filipino Americans . In the White House , Filipinos Navy stewards , continued to serve as valets after the restriction was lifted , as late as into the 1990s . By 1989 , Asian Americans made up approximately 2 @.@ 3 percent of the total armed services , slightly greater than their proportion of the total U.S. population at that time ( 1 @.@ 6 percent ) .
= = = = Gulf War = = = =
During the Gulf War many Asian Americans served in the U.S. military , with some filling senior officer positions , including Major General John Fugh who was promoted to the position of Army Judge Advocate General during the conflict . One Asian American service member died during the conflict .
In 1992 , the U.S. Navy stopped recruiting Filipino nationals due to the end of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement .
= = = 21st century = = =
Recent trends show that Asian Americans , particularly those from California , are enlisting at rates greater than their proportion of population ; they are more likely to take up non @-@ combat jobs . In 2009 , the Army had Asian Americans serving as 4 @.@ 4 percent of its commissioned officers , and 3 @.@ 5 percent of its enlisted personnel . In 2010 , Asian Americans made up 3 @.@ 7 percent of active duty service members , mostly in the Army and Navy , and 3 @.@ 9 percent of the officers . In 2012 , there were about 65 @,@ 000 immigrants serving in the U.S. armed forces ; of those , about 23 percent were from the Philippines .
= = = = War on Terrorism = = = =
As of 24 January 2013 , out of the 2 @,@ 165 deaths that have occurred in Operation Enduring Freedom , 58 have been Asian Americans ( 44 Soldiers , 8 Marines , and 6 Sailors ) . An additional 352 Asian American service @-@ members have been wounded ( 274 Soldiers , 56 Marines , 17 Sailors , and 5 Airmen ) .
= = = = = Afghanistan = = = = =
Asian American Marines were part of the first conventional units to enter into Afghanistan in late 2001 ; including Pakistani American marine Lieutenant Colonel Asad A. Khan . Khan would return to Afghanistan in command of 1st Battalion 6th Marines in 2004 ; only to be later relieved of command . During Operation Red Wings in 2005 , Petty Officer 2nd Class James Suh , a Navy SEAL , was killed in action when the MH @-@ 47 he was on crashed after being hit by a rocket propelled grenade . In 2011 , Private Danny Chen and Lance Corporal Harry Lew both committed suicide in Afghanistan following hazing ; prosecution of several of their unit members followed . Also in 2011 , Petty Officer , third class Jonathan Kong , as a corpsman risked his life to save Corporal Michael Dawers who had been shot in a battle near the village of Kotozay ; in 2014 , Kong was awarded a Silver Star for his actions in 2011
= = = = Iraq War = = = =
Hundreds of Asian Americans have deployed to Iraq out of the 59 @,@ 000 plus that are serving in active duty as of May 2009 , with one study stating that 2 @.@ 6 percent have been Asian American . The 100th Infantry Battalion ( USAR ) was activated in 2004 for its first deployment in Iraq , their first activation since the Vietnam War . At the end of that deployment the unit was authorized to wear the 442nd 's shoulder sleeve insignia as a combat patch , the first time this had occurred since World War II . The 100th Infantry Battalion was activated , and deployed to Iraq , for second time from 2008 to 2009 . With Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn having ended , 78 Asian American service members died during the conflict .
= = Leadership = =
The first Asian American general was Brigadier General Albert Lyman , who was part Chinese and Hawaiian American . He was followed by Rear Admiral Gordon Chung @-@ Hoon , the first Asian American flag officer . The highest ranked is former Secretary of Veteran Affairs Eric Shinseki , who was a four @-@ star general , and Army Chief of Staff .
In recent years , Asian Americans have been significantly overrepresented at the military academies compared to their share of the national population . Although Asian / Pacific Islander Americans are 3 @.@ 49 % of the national population aged 18 – 24 , they are about 9 – 10 % of the classes of 2014 at West Point , the Naval Academy , and the Air Force Academy .
= = In popular culture = =
The following television shows , movies , and songs have depicted events that relate to this article :
American Pastime
Apocalypse Meow
Bataan
Captain America : The First Avenger
Go for Broke !
Only The Brave
The Great Raid
The Karate Kid
The Lost Battalion
The Next Karate Kid
The War
We Were Soldiers
= = = Minority military history = = =
Military history of African Americans
Military history of Hispanic and Latino Americans
Military history of Jewish Americans
Military history of Pakistani Americans
Military history of Sikh Americans
Native Americans in the American Civil War
Native Americans and World War II
= = = Asian American military units = = =
U.S.S. Lanikai
U.S.S. Rizal
= Great Moments in Aviation =
Great Moments in Aviation is a 1994 British romantic drama film set on a 1950s passenger liner . The film follows Gabriel Angel ( Rakie Ayola ) , a young Caribbean aviator who falls in love with the forger Duncan Stewart ( Jonathan Pryce ) on her journey to England . Stewart is pursued by his nemesis Rex Goodyear ( John Hurt ) , and the group are supported by Dr Angela Bead ( Vanessa Redgrave ) and Miss Gwendolyn Quim ( Dorothy Tutin ) , retired missionaries who become lovers during the voyage .
The film was written by Jeanette Winterson , directed by Beeban Kidron and produced by Phillippa Gregory , the same creative team that collaborated on Winterson 's Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit in 1990 . Winterson intended the screenplay to be reminiscent of a fairytale , and was unhappy at being asked to write a new ending for its American release .
The film was shown at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival and broadcast on British television in 1995 . Although originally intended for theatrical release , it failed to find a theatrical distributor , and was released straight to video in the United States in 1997 under the title Shades of Fear . The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics , and while the lesbian sub @-@ plot in particular was generally well received , Winterson 's scripting was a focal point of criticism .
= = Plot = =
Set in 1957 , Great Moments in Aviation follows Gabriel Angel ( Rakie Ayola ) , a young Caribbean woman from Grenada who embarks on a cruise to England with the intention of becoming an aviator . Upon boarding the ship , Gabriel finds herself assigned shared sleeping quarters with fellow passenger Duncan Stewart ( Jonathan Pryce ) . The rest of the ship 's passengers , including missionaries Angela Bead ( Vanessa Redgrave ) and Gwendolyne Quim ( Dorothy Tutin ) assume the two are married , and when Professor Rex Goodyear ( John Hurt ) appears to recognise Duncan as his old acquaintance Alasdair Birch , Duncan fosters the assumption to maintain his cover . It transpires that Duncan is a forger , who many years ago stole a Titian painting from Goodyear and had an affair with his wife . Goodyear believes that his painting is on board the ship , and leads Gabriel to believe that Duncan was responsible for his wife 's death . She is furious with Duncan for lying to her , but the two go on to reconcile and later make love . Their romance is complicated by the fact Gabriel professes to have a husband waiting for her in England . She explains that he has been there for two years working , and she is joining him so that she can fulfil her lifelong dream of becoming a pilot — inspired by her grandfather Thomas ( Oliver Samuels ) who flew off into a storm and never came home . They begin a relationship nonetheless , supported by Angela and Gwendolyne , who also come to realise that they have feelings for one another . They each confess to having secretly been in love with the other for years , and become lovers , vowing to live together in their retirement . It comes to light that the death of Goodyear 's wife was an accident , caused as he and Duncan fought over her . Duncan returns his painting , and goes on to burn all his forged documents and papers in front of Gabriel . She confesses that her marriage to Michael is over , and she and Duncan resolve to begin a life together . The film ends with Gabriel 's grandmother Vesuvia ( Carmen Munroe ) reading her family a letter from England , informing them that Gabriel and Duncan are happy together , and are expecting a child . As the family express their delight , Gabriel flies overhead , having finally attained her pilot licence and become an aviator .
= = Cast = =
Rakie Ayola as Gabriel Angel
Jonathan Pryce as Duncan Stewart
John Hurt as Professor Rex Goodyear
Vanessa Redgrave as Doctor Angela Bead
Dorothy Tutin as Miss Gwendolyne Quim
Carmen Munroe as Vesuvia
Oliver Samuels as Thomas
David Harewood as Steward
= = Production = =
Great Moments in Aviation was written by Jeanette Winterson , directed by Beeban Kidron and produced by Phillippa Giles , the same creative team who , in 1990 , adapted Winterson 's novel Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit for television . Giles , for whom Great Moments was her first feature film , believes that it was the success of Oranges which lead the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) to approve the film so easily . The screenplay is inspired by the emigration story of the mother of actress Vicky Licorish , a close friend of Winterson . It is adapted from a short story Winterson wrote entitled " Atlantic Crossing " , published in 1999 in her anthology The World and Other Places . The central themes of the story are " race , Hemingway , colonialism , love , lust , the [ and the ] ' 50s " , adapted into the screenplay in a manner Winterson intended to be reminiscent of a fairytale . She ascribes the roles of hero and heroine to Duncan and Gabriel , fairy godmothers to Miss Quim and Dr Bead , and non @-@ archetypal villain to Rex Goodyear . Setting the film on a passenger liner , with brief scenes in Gabriel 's native Grenada were intended to contribute towards this fairytale atmosphere , with Winterson explaining that the opening sequence in the Caribbean is " designed to draw the audience out of the world of their own concerns and into a world whose customs are strange . In the new world , objects are unfamiliar and events do not follow the usual rules . The coincidence of colour and language , each more vivid than normal , pull the viewer forward with fairytale immediacy . " Of the passenger liner aspect , she explains that it provides the film with : " a sealed and contained world with its own identity and rituals , at once both recognisable and odd . Fairytale never leaves the reader in a familiar spot , we are whisked away to a wood or a lake or a castle or an island , each a law unto itself made all the more uncomfortable because it isn 't as weird as , say , planet Mars . We think we will be able to cope just by using out usual tool kit , how disconcerting it is when we can 't . "
The film originally had a different ending to the one later released in America under the title Shades of Fear . Miramax co @-@ founder Harvey Weinstein requested that the ending be reworked prior to distribution , and Winterson was highly unhappy at being asked to write an additional conclusionary scene . Winterson 's preferred ending sees Rex Goodyear burn the painting he believes to be fraudulent , only to discover he actually had the genuine item in his possession all along , and has now destroyed it . This ties in with the major theme of the film in Winterson 's eyes , whereby " Duncan , Gabriel , Miss Bead and Miss Quim all find something valuable where they least expected it , Rex Goodyear finds that the things we value are very often worthless . " Winterson has called Weinstein " a bully who knows the gentle touch " , referring to the new ending as " the most expensive words I will ever write " . While she believes that the new ending is satisfying , she feels the film has lost some dimensions which were important to her and concludes : " It is a good movie but it is not the movie I thought we could make . [ ... ] I do like Great Moments but there is another film in there somewhere that has got lost . "
Of the starring cast , Pryce , Hurt , Redgrave and Tutin were already established screen actors , while Ayola had previously only acted theatrically . She appraised of her screen debut : " it was a wonderful experience for me to be appearing alongside so many established names . It was very exciting although I must admit at first I was a bit daunted by the prospect . " The film featured several minor black characters , either as members of Gabriel 's family , or as workers aboard the ship . When these roles were cast , complaints were made by black members of the British actors ' union to the BBC and the Department of Employment at having been " passed over " in favour of overseas artists . The film was shot from 23 September to 6 November 1992 . It was funded in the most part by the BBC , though a quarter of the budget came from the American Miramax . While Kidron had previously come to dislike directing for major studios when filming My Cousin Vinny for Fox , she found the low budget of Great Moments in Aviation " just as horrendous a compromise " . Though originally intended for theatrical release , the film failed to find theatrical distribution . It was first screened at the Cannes Film Festival in 1994 , then broadcast in Britain on BBC Two on 11 November 1995 . It was released on video in the United States under the alternate title Shades of Fear two years later , on 11 November 1997 .
= = Reception = =
The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics . Thomas Sutcliffe for The Independent writes that : " while flight is the sustaining theme , the film never soars . The characterisation is Cluedo with pretensions , and the dialogue suspends the actors in that ungainly , undignified dangle which you associate with stage flying , the wires robbing them of all powers of independent movement . " While he describes the scene which culminates the lesbian storyline as " radiant " and " beautifully acted by Vanessa Redgrave and Dorothy Tutin " , he opines of the acting in general that " for the most part , these people are simply Winterson 's puppets , jerked around by the symbolic demands of the plot . " He deems Kidron 's directing " a kind of surrender , dutifully supplying visual equivalents for Winterson 's sterile symmetries but despairing of any greater vivacity " , and is particularly critical of Winterson 's screenplay , noting that : " everything unrolls at the same stately pace , a religious procession bearing the reliquaries of Winterson 's prose . It 's as though the author thinks every word is infinitely precious . She 's right , though perhaps not in the way she imagines . " Variety ′ s David Rooney agrees the film 's coming @-@ out scene is a " potential jewel " and " captivatingly played " , however , in line with Sutcliffe 's criticisms , opines that the film 's pacing means that " the scene is lobbed in and robbed of its impact " . He summarises the film as " a willfully theatrical , sporadically magical romantic comedy embracing three barely compatible narrative strands , not one of which ever gets full flight clearance " . Rooney deems the film " Damaged beyond repair by a mannered scripting style and evident recutting " , and opines that " Jeanette Winterson 's preposterous dialogue and comic mistiming serves up more misses than hits " . Of the film 's major themes , he writes that : " Questions about the line between truth and falsehood , genuine and fake , are too flimsily voiced to mean much . Likewise , the intro of race issues in the closing voiceover only makes the haphazard mix even more lumpy " .
More positively , Rooney praise Remi Adefarasin 's cinematography and Rachel Portman 's soundtrack , as well as Ayola 's acting , writing : " In the film 's most naturalistic turn , Ayola is a constant pleasure to watch . Unforced and appealing , she often succeeds in pulling the fanciful fireworks momentarily back down to Earth . " The Boston Herald 's Paul Sherman agrees that Ayola gives " a winning performance " , and deems the film " generally charming " , though is critical of Miramax 's decision to hold the film 's release back until 1997 , change its title , and market it as a mystery rather than a romantic comedy @-@ drama . Lorien Haynes , writing for the Radio Times , also praises the acting in the film , however is critical of the cross @-@ genre approach , opining : " Unfortunately , the mixture of romance and mystery doesn 't work and even the combined acting talents of Vanessa Redgrave , Jonathan Pryce , John Hurt and Dorothy Tutin can 't save it . " She deems the film " disappointing " , and writes that it fails to match the success of Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit . Gilbert Gerard for The Independent selected the film as recommended viewing upon its BBC Two television debut , giving the mixed review : " So much acting talent , so little substance to play with - but the 1950s are authentically enough evoked . "
David Bleiler is more positive about the film , writing in his TLA Video & DVD Guide that it " isn 't some third @-@ rate , quick @-@ paycheck hack job mystery which the advertising suggests . " He calls it " an unusual , rewarding drama [ ... ] Well @-@ written by Jeanette Winterson and directed with just the right amount of sensitivity and humor by Kidron " . Bleiler states that the cast are " stellar " , Ayola is " radiant " , and the revelatory scene between Angela and Gwendolyne is " wonderful " , asserting : " Although slight , this is a perfect film for a nice , quiet evening at home " . Alison Darren in her Lesbian Film Guide is also positive , asserting that : " Great Moments in Aviation is a little gem of a British film " . She describes the resolution of the lesbian storyline as " a golden scene , beautifully photographed and exceptionally well paced " , and asserts that " For women of a certain age , this may be the most heart @-@ rending ( not to say , inspirational ) depiction of a coming @-@ out moment ever seen on screen . Whimsical , comic , dramatic and gentle . "
= = Soundtrack = =
While the soundtrack to Great Moments in Aviation was not released independently , nine tracks from the film appear on the album " A Pyromaniac 's Love Story " , which also features music from the film of the same name and Ethan Frome . Variety magazine 's David Rooney praised Rachel Portman 's composition as " stirring " .
All music composed by Rachel Portman .
= Anti @-@ nuclear movement in Australia =
Nuclear weapons testing , uranium mining and export , and nuclear power have often been the subject of public debate in Australia , and the anti @-@ nuclear movement in Australia has a long history . Its origins date back to the 1972 – 73 debate over French nuclear testing in the Pacific and the 1976 – 77 debate about uranium mining in Australia .
Several groups specifically concerned with nuclear issues were established in the mid @-@ 1970s , including the Movement Against Uranium Mining and Campaign Against Nuclear Energy ( CANE ) , cooperating with other environmental groups such as Friends of the Earth and the Australian Conservation Foundation . The movement suffered a setback in 1983 when the newly elected Labor Government failed to implement its stated policy of stopping uranium mining . But by the late 1980s , the price of uranium had fallen , the costs of nuclear power had risen , and the anti @-@ nuclear movement seemed to have won its case ; CANE was disbanded in 1988 .
About 2003 , proponents of nuclear power advocated it as a solution to global warming and the Australian government began taking an interest . Anti @-@ nuclear campaigners and some scientists in Australia argued that nuclear power could not significantly substitute for other power sources , and that uranium mining itself could become a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions .
As of 2014 , Australia has no nuclear power stations but Ex @-@ Prime Minister Tony Abbott supports nuclear power for Australia . As of 2015 , Australia has five uranium mines , four of which are located in South Australia . Olympic Dam ( Roxby Downs ) is a large underground mine , Beverley , Four Mile and Honeymoon are in @-@ situ leach mines and Ranger in an open pit mine in the Northern Territory . Uranium mined in Australia is mainly for export . Australia has no nuclear weapons or nuclear @-@ powered vessels .
= = History = =
= = = 1950s and 1960s = = =
In 1952 the Australian Government established the Rum Jungle Uranium Mine 85 kilometres south of Darwin . Local aboriginal communities were not consulted and the mine site became an environmental disaster .
Also in 1952 , the Liberal Government passed legislation , the Defence ( Special Undertakings ) Act 1952 , which allowed the British Government access to remote parts of Australia to undertake atmospheric nuclear weapons tests . The general public were largely unaware of the risks from the testing program , stemming from official secrecy about the testing program and the remote locations of the test sites . But as the " Ban the Bomb " movement gathered momentum in Western societies throughout the 1950s , so too did opposition to the British tests in Australia . An opinion poll taken in 1957 showed 49 per cent of the Australian public were opposed to the tests and only 39 per cent in favour . In 1964 , Peace Marches which featured " Ban the bomb " placards , were held in several Australian capital cities .
In 1969 , a 500 MW nuclear power plant was proposed for the Jervis Bay Territory , 200 km south of Sydney . A local opposition campaign began , and the South Coast Trades and Labour Council ( covering workers in the region ) announced that it would refuse to build the reactor . Some environmental studies and site works were completed , and two rounds of tenders were called and evaluated , but in 1971 the Australian government decided not to proceed with the project , citing economic reasons .
= = = 1970s = = =
The 1972 – 73 debate over French nuclear testing in the Pacific mobilised several groups , including some trade unions . In 1972 the International Court of Justice in a case launched by Australia and New Zealand , and advocated by Dr Helen Caldicott , ordered that the French cease atmospheric nuclear testing at Mururoa atoll . In 1974 and 1975 this concern came to focus on uranium mining in Australia and several Friends of the Earth groups were formed . The Australian Conservation Foundation also began voicing concern about uranium mining and supporting the activities of the grass @-@ roots organisations . Concern about the environmental effects of uranium mining was a significant factor and poor management of waste at an early uranium mine , Rum Jungle , led it to become a significant pollution problem in the 1970s . The Australian anti @-@ nuclear movement also acquired initial impetus from notable individuals who publicly voiced nuclear concerns , such as nuclear scientists Richard Temple and Rob Robotham , and poets Dorothy Green and Judith Wright .
In 1975 , Moss Cass , Minister for the Environment and Conservation , led parliamentarians and ALP branch members in expressing concerns about the effects of uranium mining . A key concern was the adverse effect that uranium mining would have on the northern Aboriginal people . Cass said : " nuclear energy creates the most dangerous , insidious and persistent waste products , ever experienced on the planet " .
The years 1976 and 1977 saw uranium mining become a major political issue , with the Ranger Inquiry ( Fox ) report opening up a public debate about uranium mining . Several groups specifically concerned with nuclear issues were established , including the Movement Against Uranium Mining ( founded in 1976 ) and Campaign Against Nuclear Energy ( formed in South Australia in 1976 ) , cooperating with other environmental groups such as Friends of the Earth ( which came to Australia in 1975 ) and the Australian Conservation Foundation ( formed in 1975 ) .
In November and December 1976 , 7 @,@ 000 people marched through the streets of Australian cities , protesting against uranium mining . The Uranium Moratorium group was formed and it called for a five @-@ year moritorium on uranium mining . In April 1977 the first national demonstration co @-@ ordinated by the Uranium Moratorium brought around 15 @,@ 000 demonstrators into the streets of Melbourne , 5 @,@ 000 in Sydney , and smaller numbers elsewhere . A National signature campaign attracted over 250 @,@ 000 signatures calling for a five @-@ year moratorium . In August , another demonstration brought 50 @,@ 000 people out nationally and the opposition to uranium mining looked like a potential political force .
In 1977 , the National Conference of the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) passed a motion in favour of an indefinite moratorium on uranium mining , and the anti @-@ nuclear movement acted to support the Labor Party and help it regain office . However , a setback for the movement occurred in 1982 when another ALP conference overturned its anti @-@ uranium policy in favour of a " one mine policy " . After the ALP won power in 1983 , its 1984 National Conference voted in favour of a " Three mine policy " . This referred to the then three existing uranium mines in Australia , Nabarlek , Ranger and Roxby Downs / Olympic Dam , and articulated ALP support for pre @-@ existing mines and contracts , but opposition to any new mining .
In 1977 @-@ 78 , the West Australian Government , under the leadership of Charles Court , announced plans for a nuclear power reactor near Perth . 1977 was seen as the year of mass mobilization in WA , with 300 at the first anti @-@ nuclear demonstration to 9 @,@ 000 at the third protest in the inner city of Perth . Despite public protest , the WA Government selected a first site for a nuclear reactor in 1979 at Wilbinga , 70 kilometres north of Perth . Court predicted that at least another 20 nuclear power plants would be needed by the end of the century to meet rapidly growing power demand , but all of this never eventuated .
= = = 1980s and 1990s = = =
Between 1979 and 1984 , the majority of what is now Kakadu National Park was created , surrounding but not including the Ranger uranium mine . Tension between mining and conservation values led to long running controversy around mining in the Park region .
The two themes for the 1980 Hiroshima Day march and rally in Sydney , sponsored by the Movement Against Uranium Mining ( MAUM ) , were : " Keep uranium in the ground " and " No to nuclear war . " Later that year , the Sydney city council officially proclaimed Sydney nuclear @-@ free , in an action similar to that taken by many other local councils throughout Australia .
In the 1980s , academic critics ( such as Jim Falk ) discussed the " deadly connection " between uranium mining , nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons , linking Australia 's nuclear policy to nuclear proliferation and the " plutonium economy " .
In the 1980s , Australia experienced a significant growth of nuclear disarmament activism :
On Palm Sunday 1982 , an estimated 100 @,@ 000 Australians participated in anti @-@ nuclear rallies in the nation 's biggest cities . Growing year by year , the rallies drew 350 @,@ 000 participants in 1985 . The movement focused on halting Australia 's uranium mining and exports , abolishing nuclear weapons , removing foreign military bases from Australia 's soil , and creating a nuclear @-@ free Pacific . Public opinion surveys found that about half of Australians opposed uranium mining and export , as well as the visits of U.S. nuclear warships , that 72 percent thought the use of nuclear weapons could never be justified , and that 80 percent favoured building a nuclear @-@ free world .
The Nuclear Disarmament Party won a Senate seat in 1984 , but soon faded from the political scene . The years of the Hawke @-@ Keating ALP governments ( 1983 – 1996 ) were characterised by an " uneasy standoff in the uranium debate " . The ALP acknowledged community feeling against uranium mining but was reluctant to move against the industry .
The 1986 Palm Sunday anti @-@ nuclear rallies drew 250 @,@ 000 people . In Melbourne , the seamen 's union boycotted the arrival of foreign nuclear warships .
Australia 's only nuclear energy education facility , the former School of Nuclear Engineering at the University of New South Wales , closed in 1986 .
By the late 1980s , the price of uranium had fallen , and the costs of nuclear power had risen , and the anti @-@ nuclear movement seemed to have won its case . The Campaign Against Nuclear Energy disbanded itself in 1988 , two years after the Chernobyl Disaster .
The government policy preventing new uranium mines continued into the 1990s , despite occasional reviews and debate . Following protest marches in Sydney , Melbourne and Brisbane during 1998 , a proposed mine at Jabiluka was blocked .
Also in 1998 , there was a proposal from an international consortium , Pangea Resources , to establish a nuclear waste dump in Western Australia . The plan , to store 20 per cent of the world 's spent nuclear fuel and weapons material , was " publicly condemned and abandoned " .
= = = 2000s = = =
In 2000 , the Ranger Uranium Mine in the Northern Territory and the Roxby Downs / Olympic Dam mine in South Australia continued to operate , but Nabarlek Uranium Mine had closed . A third uranium mine , Beverley Uranium Mine in SA , was also operating . Several advanced projects , such as Honeymoon in SA , Jabiluka in the Northern Territory and Yeelirrie in WA were on hold because of political and indigenous opposition .
In May 2000 there was an anti @-@ nuclear demonstration at the Beverley Uranium Mine , which involved about 100 protesters . Ten of the protesters were mistreated by police and were later awarded more than $ 700 @,@ 000 in damages from the South Australian government .
Following the McClelland Royal Commission , a large clean @-@ up was completed in outback South Australia in 2000 , after nuclear testing at Maralinga during the 1950s contaminated the region . The cleanup lasted three years , and cost over A $ 100 million , but there was controversy over the methods used and success of the operation .
As uranium prices began rising from about 2003 , proponents of nuclear power advocated it as a solution to global warming and the Australian government began taking an interest . However , in June 2005 , the Senate passed a motion opposing nuclear power for Australia . Then , in November 2006 , the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry and Resources released a pro @-@ nuclear report into Australia 's uranium . In late 2006 and early 2007 , then Prime Minister John Howard made widely reported statements in favour of nuclear power , on environmental grounds .
Faced with these proposals to examine nuclear power as a possible response to climate change , anti @-@ nuclear campaigners and scientists in Australia emphasised claims that nuclear power could not significantly substitute for other power sources , and that uranium mining itself could become a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions . Anti @-@ nuclear campaigns were given added impetus by public concern about the sites for possible reactors : fears exploited by anti @-@ nuclear power political parties in the lead @-@ up to a national election in 2007 .
The Rudd Labor government elected in 2007 opposed nuclear power for Australia . The anti @-@ nuclear movement continues to be active in Australia , opposing expansion of existing uranium mines , lobbying against the development of nuclear power in Australia , and criticising proposals for nuclear waste disposal sites , the main candidate being Muckaty station in the Northern Territory .
By April 2009 , construction had begun on South Australia 's third uranium mine — the Honeymoon Uranium Mine . In October 2009 , the Australian government was continuing to plan for a nuclear waste dump in the Northern Territory . However , there was opposition from indigenous people , the NT government , and wider NT community . In November 2009 , about 100 anti @-@ nuclear protesters assembled outside the Alice Springs parliamentary sittings , urging the Northern Territory Government not to approve a nearby uranium mine site .
= = = 2010s = = =
.
As of 2010 , Australia has no nuclear power stations and the Gillard Labor government was opposed to nuclear power for Australia . Australia has three operating uranium mines at Olympic Dam ( Roxby ) and Beverley – both in South Australia 's north – and at Ranger in the Northern Territory . Australia has no nuclear weapons . Australia operates a research reactor which produces medical radioisotopes at OPAL .
As of early April 2010 , more than 200 environmentalists and indigenous people gathered in Tennant Creek to oppose a radioactive waste dump being built on Muckaty Station in the Northern Territory .
Western Australia has a significant share of the Australia 's uranium reserves , but between 2002 and 2008 , a statewide ban on uranium mining was in force . The ban was lifted when the Liberal Party was voted into power in the state and , as of 2010 , many companies are exploring for uranium in Western Australia . One of the industry 's major players , the mining company BHP Billiton , planned to develop the Yeelirrie uranium project in a 17 billion dollar project . Two other projects in Western Australia are further advanced then BHP 's Yeelirrie , these being the Lake Way uranium project , which is pursued by Toro Energy , and the Lake Maitland uranium project , pursued by Mega Uranium . But it is unlikely that any new projects will enter active development until the market improves . As of 2013 uranium prices are very low .
As of late 2010 , there are calls for Australians to debate whether the nation should adopt nuclear power as part of its energy mix . Nuclear power is seen to be " a divisive issue that can arouse deep passions among those for and against " .
Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear emergency in Japan , where three nuclear reactors were damaged by explosions , Ian Lowe sees the nuclear power option as being risky and unworkable for Australia . Lowe says nuclear power is too expensive , with insurmountable problems associated with waste disposal and weapons proliferation . It is also not a fast enough response to address climate change . Lowe advocates renewable energy which is " quicker , less expensive and less dangerous than nuclear " .
Nuclear reactors are banned in Queensland and Tasmania . Uranium mining was previously prohibited in New South Wales under the Uranium Prohibition Act of 1986 , however in 2012 Premier Barry O 'Farrell amended the legislation to allow prospecting and mining of uranium in that State .
In December 2011 , the sale of uranium to India was a contentious issue . MPs clashed over the issue and protesters were marched from Sydney 's convention centre before Prime Minister Julia Gillard 's motion to remove a party ban on uranium sales to India was narrowly supported 206 votes to 185 . Long @-@ time anti @-@ nuclear campaigner Peter Garrett MP spoke against the motion .
In March 2012 , hundreds of anti @-@ nuclear demonstrators converged on the Australian headquarters of global mining giants BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto . The 500 @-@ strong march through southern Melbourne called for an end to uranium mining in Australia , and included speeches and performances by representatives of the expatriate Japanese community as well as Australia 's Indigenous communities , who are concerned about the effects of uranium mining near tribal lands . There were also events in Sydney .
A site within Muckaty Station is being considered for Australia 's low @-@ level and intermediate @-@ level radioactive waste storage and disposal facility . However , the plan is subject to a Federal Court challenge due to be heard early in 2013 .
More than 400 people joined a " Lizard 's Revenge march " to the Olympic Dam site in July 2012 . The anti @-@ nuclear activists , including Elder Kevin Buzzacott , protested against the mine expansion and the uranium industry . They say the company and the government have put short @-@ term economic gain ahead of environmental and health concerns . Organiser Nectaria Calan said police harassed protesters , demanding identification and controlling access to and from their campsite . In August 2012 , BHP Billiton announced that the expansion was being postponed indefinitely pending investigation of a " new and cheaper design " .
Historically , many prospective Australian uranium mines have been constrained by active antinuclear opposition , but state governments have now approved mine development in Western Australia and Queensland . But it is unlikely that any new projects will enter active development until the market improves . As of 2013 uranium prices are very low . Cameco placed the Kintyre project on hold until market prices improve and Paladin has stated that its project proposals ( Bigrlyi , Angela / Pamela , Manyingee , Oobagooma , and Valhalla / Skal ) need higher uranium market prices before they can proceed . Toro wants to take the Wiluna proposal to the development phase , but has not been successful in attracting equity investors . When market prices go up again , so that mine development is justified , most projects would need at least five years to proceed to production .
As of 2013 , Prime Minister Abbott is a supporter of nuclear power , saying : " nuclear power is the only proven way of generating the base load power Australia needed without producing carbon pollution " . Abbott 's Coalition ’ s Resources and Energy policy says " the Coalition will formalise the agreement to sell uranium to India " .
In 2015 , South Australian Premier Jay Weatherill announced that a Royal Commission would be held to investigate the state 's role in the nuclear fuel cycle . South Australia is currently home to four of Australia 's five uranium mines , and the possibility of the state developing nuclear power generation , enrichment and waste storage facilities have previously proven to be contentious issues . The Royal Commission comes at a time of economic contraction for South Australia , which is suffering from job losses in mining and manufacturing sectors . Immediately following the announcement of the Royal Commission , emeritus Prof. Ian Lowe suggested that the current inquiry risks retreading old ground already covered by several previous public inquiries and proposals for nuclear industrialisation . Lowe referred to the 2006 UMPNER review 's finding that substantial government subsidies would be required to support nuclear industrial development in Australia , and the 1976 @-@ 78 Ranger Uranium Environmental Inquiry ( Fox Report ) , which drew attention to the problems of nuclear weapons proliferation and nuclear waste . On 17 April 2015 , Lowe was selected as one of five members of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission Expert Advisory Committee .
= = Issues = =
The case against nuclear power and uranium mining in Australia has been concerned with the environmental , political , economic , social and cultural impacts of nuclear energy ; with the shortcomings of nuclear power as an energy source ; and with presenting a sustainable energy strategy . The most prominent adverse impact of nuclear power is seen to be its potential contribution towards proliferation of nuclear weapons . For example , the 1976 Ranger Inquiry report stated that " The nuclear power industry is unintentionally contributing to an increased risk of nuclear war . This is the most serious hazard associated with the industry " .
The health risks associated with nuclear materials have also featured prominently in Australian anti @-@ nuclear campaigns . This has been the case worldwide because of accidents like the Chernobyl disaster , but Australian concerns have also involved specific local factors such as controversy over the health effects of nuclear testing in Australia and the South Pacific , and the emergence of prominent anti @-@ nuclear campaigners Helen Caldicott and Tilman Ruff , who are medical practitioners .
The economics of nuclear power has been a factor in anti @-@ nuclear campaigns , with critics arguing that such power is uneconomical in Australia , particularly given the country 's abundance of coal resources .
According to the anti @-@ nuclear movement , most of the problems with nuclear power today are much the same as in the 1970s . Nuclear reactor accidents still occur and there is no convincing solution to the problem of long @-@ lived radioactive waste . Nuclear weapons proliferation continues to occur , notably in Pakistan and North Korea , building on facilities and expertise from civilian nuclear operations . The alternatives to nuclear power , efficient energy use and renewable energy ( especially wind power ) , have been further developed and commercialised .
= = Public opinion = =
A 2009 poll conducted by the Uranium Information Centre found that Australians in the 40 to 55 years age group are the " most trenchantly opposed to nuclear power " . This generation was raised during the Cold War , experienced the anti @-@ nuclear movement of the 1970s , witnessed the 1979 partial meltdown of the Three Mile Island reactor in the USA , and the 1986 Chernobyl disaster . It was the generation which was also subject to cultural influences including feature films such as the " nuclear industry conspiracies " The China Syndrome and Silkwood and the apocalyptic Dr Strangelove . Younger people are " less resistant " to the idea of nuclear power in Australia . Analysis of opinion polls from 2012 shows a " significant decrease in favourable views of nuclear power " following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster .
Indigenous land owners have consistently opposed uranium mining and have spoken out about the adverse impact it has on their communities . The British nuclear tests at Maralinga were found to have left significant radiation hazards in land given back to the Maralinga Tjarutja people , and the issue continues to cause indigenous opposition .
= = Active groups = =
= = Individuals = =
There are several prominent Australians who have publicly expressed anti @-@ nuclear views :
= Bye Bye Baby ( Madonna song ) =
" Bye Bye Baby " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Madonna , for her fifth studio album Erotica ( 1992 ) . It was released on November 15 , 1993 , as the sixth and final single from the album . " Bye Bye Baby " was written by Madonna , Shep Pettibone , and Anthony Shimkin and was produced by Madonna and Pettibone . The song is inspired by Madonna 's emotions of that time and her S & M thoughts . Musically , it is a hip hop song , sampling a hook from LL Cool J 's track " Jingling Baby " , released in 1990 . Madonna 's vocals were filtered to make them appear as sound coming out from an antique radio . " Bye Bye Baby " features instrumentation from keyboard and lyrically finds Madonna asking questions to a lover she is about to abandon .
" Bye Bye Baby " received mixed reviews from music critics , who complimented the composition and lyrics , but were disappointed with Madonna 's vocal delivery . The song received limited release worldwide , peaking at number seven in Italy , and also charting in Australia , New Zealand and Switzerland . Madonna performed " Bye Bye Baby " on the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards and on her Girlie Show World Tour the same year . For both performances , she was dressed as a Victorian gentleman in tailcoat and top hat . She and her backup singers danced with three scantily clad women in a brothel @-@ style setting , while singing the song . Critics and authors noted the gender bending and role play in the performance , and found it to be a response to misogyny .
= = Background and remixes = =
After the completion of filming A League of Their Own , Madonna began working on her fifth studio album Erotica with Shep Pettibone . The singer was feeling miserable after a string of failed relationships , and she vented out the frustration and depression in her music . According to Lucy O 'Brien , author of Madonna : Like an Icon , there were no " sugar @-@ coated " songs on the album , most of which dealt with Madonna 's emotions . She appropriated a dominatrix persona called Dita , and the songwriting for the album , as well as the imagery in the coffee table book Sex , reflected her S & M thoughts . " Bye Bye Baby " was one such song written , dealing with strong emotions .
The release of " Bye Bye Baby " in Australia on November 15 , 1993 , coincided with Madonna 's Australian leg of her Girlie Show World Tour . The single release of the song was accompanied by remixes , which did not vary much from the album version . Some of them have additional beats and horn sounds thrown into the original mix . In his review of the single , Jose F. Promis from AllMusic expressed that the album version was the best , and the " Madonna 's Night on the Club " remix featured " swirling organs and guitar effects " set against an early @-@ 1990s house beat , making it the most interesting of the bunch .
= = Recording and composition = =
" Bye Bye Baby " was written by Madonna , Shep Pettibone and Anthony Shimkin and was produced by Madonna and Pettibone . The song was recorded at Sound Works Studios in Astoria , New York , and samples a hook from LL Cool J 's single , " Jingling Baby " ( 1990 ) . Pettibone also did the sequencing , the keyboard arrangement and the programming for the track with Shimkin . Dennis Mitchell and Robin Hancock were the recording engineers for the track while George Karras was the mixing engineer . Ted Jensen did the mastering for the song with Mark Goodman as assistant engineer . Background vocals were provided by Niki Haris and Donna DeLory . For " Bye Bye Baby " , Madonna and Pettibone wanted a 1940s theme , which would make the vocals sound as if they were coming out of an antique radio . In order to achieve that , they used a Pultec HLF filter . Shimkin recalled that the vocals for " Bye Bye Baby " were from the first take . He added that the filtered vocal effect were applied during recording and played with while Madonna was in front of the microphone singing .
" Bye Bye Baby " is a hip hop and dance song which begins with the declaration , " This is not a love song " . A low bass is heard against a high @-@ pitched 1960s keyboard sound . Madonna 's vocals were attenuated to sound much thinner with more treble . Guitar sounds are spread throughout occasionally with shouting voices being heard in the background . The song ends with the sound of an explosion . Madonna 's filtered voice sounds like an answering machine ; the final line , " You fucked it up " , is bleeped out like the machine 's end @-@ of @-@ message tone . According to the sheet music published by Alfred Publishing Inc . , the song is set in the time signature of common time with a fast tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of F minor , with Madonna 's voice in a high register , spanning between F3 to A4 . The song has a basic sequence of G – B ♭ – G – D – G – Dm as its chord progression .
In the song , lyrically Madonna asks questions for a lover she is about to abandon : " Does it make you feel good to see me cry ? I think it does " , she affirms . The lyric " I 'd like to hurt you " was compared to that of Madonna 's previous single " Erotica " , where she said : " I only hurt the ones I love " . Richard Harrington from The Washington Post noted that Madonna used a " sonically filtered , detached and slightly taunting voice to talk about taking control rather than exacting revenge on a domineering , mind @-@ game @-@ playing partner " in the song . Regarding the lyrics , Chris Willman from Los Angeles Times called " Bye Bye Baby " a " brushoff song " .
= = Critical response = =
" Bye Bye Baby " received mostly mixed reviews from critics . Stephen Holden of The New York Times described it as " sly , spunky " . J. D. Considine from The Baltimore Sun praised " Bye Bye Baby " by saying : " It 's when [ Madonna ] and her co @-@ producers push beyond the expected – as with the dense , gimmicky groove of " Bye Bye Baby " [ ... ] the album really heats up , providing a sound that is body @-@ conscious in the best sense of the term . " David Browne from Entertainment Weekly wrote that Madonna was " honest " in the song . Louis Virtel of The Backlot included the song on his list of " The 100 Greatest Madonna Songs " , describing its composition as " a hip @-@ hop kiss @-@ off with cabaret flair . " Michael R. Smith from The Daily Vault found the track to be " defiant " and " in @-@ your @-@ face " . He realized that Madonna directed the lyrics to her past relationships with actor Warren Beatty and comedian Sandra Bernhard .
Arion Berger from Rolling Stone noticed the story line of Madonna " dumping " her lover in the song , but felt that her vocals were " infantile " and her delivery was " flat " . He added that her singing did not sound " assertive " and that " [ Madonna ] could be a drag queen toying with a pop hit of the past . " Rikky Rooksby , author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , felt that the " aggressive " lyrics and the profanity at the end of the song , did not suit the erotic vibe of the album , " and strengthens the air of narcissism and calculation " . O 'Brien noticed Madonna 's vocals as cool and minimal , but sounding " flat " . She criticized the dance beat of the song for being " barely discernible " adding that Madonna sounds " like she is either not fully concentrating , or doesn 't have many resources to draw on – what alternative healers would call ' scattered chi ' , a depleted life force . "
= = Chart performance = =
" Bye Bye Baby " received limited release , being officially released in Australasia , Germany and Japan . However , it peaked at number seven on the Italian Singles Chart despite not being officially released as a single in that country . It became the fifth single from the Erotica album to place within the top 10 there . On November 25 , 1993 , " Bye Bye Baby " debuted at number 39 on the Swiss Hitparade chart , and after three weeks it rose to its peak of number 28 , before dropping off the chart . On December 5 , 1993 , the song debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at number 31 . The next week it peaked at number 15 on the chart . On February 6 , 1994 , after eight weeks , it fell off the chart . " Bye Bye Baby " entered the New Zealand charts at number 49 the chart week of November 25 , 1993 , but fell off the chart the following week . It re @-@ entered the chart week of January 23 , 1994 , ultimately peaking at number 43 .
= = Live performances = =
On September 2 , 1993 , Madonna opened the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards performing " Bye Bye Baby " . She cavorted on stage with three scantily clad women in a brothel @-@ style setting , dressed in tuxedos and top hats , in a choreographed , highly sexual routine . According to choreographer Alex Magno , he wanted to do " Justify My Love " or " The Beast Within " on MTV , but Madonna decided that they might be too controversial for live television and abandoned the idea . Nevertheless , " Bye Bye Baby " was chosen and performed with the choreography they had been practicing for The Girlie Show World Tour , since it represented the whole idea behind the tour . Louis Virtel from The Backlot ranked the performance at number eight on a list for " Madonna 's 11 Greatest VMA Moments " . He praised Madonna 's rendition of the song at the Video Music Awards , calling it " a hell of a VMA performance " and a " killer cinematic throwback " .
The performance of the song on the Girlie Show tour featured Madonna and her backup singers , DeLory and Haris , dressed as Victorian gentlemen in masculine outfits , including top hats and tailcoat . The whole ensemble was an homage to actress Marlene Dietrich in the 1930 American romance drama film Morocco , with the singer carrying a cane in her hands . The main inspiration behind this segment was 1900s showgirls and Japanese all @-@ female cross dressing dance company , Takarazuka Revue . Madonna transformed her voice into that of a circus ringmaster , introducing the arrival of three female strip @-@ club dancers . A voice @-@ alteration similar to the single was used in the performance . The dance routine revolved around three chairs . The female strippers seduced Madonna and the backup singers , by rubbing against them , holding sexual poses and dominated them , before they took control again . The performance on the November 19 , 1993 show at Sydney Cricket Ground was recorded and released on VHS and Laserdisc on April 26 , 1994 , as The Girlie Show : Live Down Under .
Brett Beemyn noted in his book Queer Studies that Madonna was expanding on the characteristic butch and femme portrayal with the performance . He added that on a mere glance the performance might appear to be a " typical provoking one " from the singer , but underlying it was a " more complex queer perspective " . The butch roles are played by white and African @-@ American women , while the strippers were played by Asian @-@ American women . There are simulations of masturbation and sexual penetration in the performance , while the butch females control the femmes . Beemyn concluded by saying that " the fact that Madonna chose Asian @-@ American women as the femmes reinforces stereotypes of Asian women as the passive , exotic , and feminine ' other ' . It also mocks the fact Asian women have been exploited as ' comfort girls ' for American servicemen , therefore , Madonna made a statement against male chauvinism , in her queer way . " For Gerry Bloustien , author of Girl Making , the performances of both " Bye Bye Baby " and " Like a Virgin " on the tour emphasized the " blurring of gender and representation " .
= = Track listings and formats = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Management
Recorded at Sound Works Studios , Astoria , New York , New York City
Warner Bros. Music Corporation / Bleu Disque Music Company , Webo Girl Publishing , Inc . ( ASCAP ) , Administration by Warner Bros. Music Corporation , Shep Songs by MCA Music Publishing ( ASCAP )
Personnel
Madonna – lead vocals , songwriter , producer
Shep Pettibone – songwriter , producer , sequencing , keyboards , programming
Anthony Shimkin – songwriter , sequencing , keyboards , programming
Dennis Mitchell – recording engineer
Robin Hancock – recording engineer
George Karras – mixing engineer
Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound Studios , New York
Mark Goodman – assistant engineer
Donna DeLory – background vocals
Niki Haris – background vocals
Credits adapted from Erotica album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= Megalodon =
Megalodon ( / ˈmɛɡələˌdɒn , -loʊ- / MEG @-@ ə @-@ lə @-@ don or / ˈmeɪɡələˌdɒn , -loʊ- / MAY @-@ ghə @-@ lə @-@ don , meaning " big tooth " , from Ancient Greek : μέγας ( megas ) " big , mighty " and ὀδoύς ( odoús ) , " tooth " — whose stem is odont- , as seen in the genitive case form ὀδόντος , odóntos ) is an extinct species of shark that lived approximately 23 to 2 @.@ 6 million years ago , during the Cenozoic Era ( early Miocene to end of Pliocene ) .
The taxonomic assignment of C. megalodon has been debated for nearly a century , and is still under dispute . The two major interpretations are Carcharodon megalodon ( under family Lamnidae ) or Carcharocles megalodon ( under the family Otodontidae ) . Consequently , the scientific name of this species is commonly abbreviated C. megalodon in the literature .
Regarded as one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history , C. megalodon probably had a profound impact on the structure of marine communities . Fossil remains suggest that this giant shark reached a length of 18 metres ( 59 ft ) , and also indicate that it had a cosmopolitan distribution . Scientists suggest that C. megalodon looked like a stockier version of the great white shark , Carcharodon carcharias .
The tooth of C. megalodon is the state fossil of North Carolina .
= = Discovery = =
= = = Glossopetrae = = =
According to Renaissance accounts , gigantic , triangular fossil teeth often found embedded in rocky formations were once believed to be the petrified tongues , or glossopetrae , of dragons and snakes . This interpretation was corrected in 1667 by Danish naturalist Nicolaus Steno , who recognized them as shark teeth , and famously produced a depiction of a shark 's head bearing such teeth . He described his findings in the book The Head of a Shark Dissected , which also contained an illustration of a C. megalodon tooth .
= = = Identification = = =
Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz gave the shark its initial scientific name , Carcharodon megalodon , in 1835 , in his research work Recherches sur les poissons fossiles ( Research on fossil fish ) , which he completed in 1843 . C. megalodon teeth are morphologically similar to the teeth of the great white shark , and on the basis of this observation , Agassiz assigned C. megalodon to the genus Carcharodon . While the scientific name is C. megalodon , it is often informally dubbed the " megatooth shark " , " giant white shark " or " monster shark " .
= = Fossils = =
C. megalodon is represented in the fossil record primarily by teeth and vertebral centra . As with all sharks , C. megalodon 's skeleton was formed of cartilage rather than bone ; this means that most fossil specimens are poorly preserved . While the earliest C. megalodon remains were reported from late Oligocene strata , around 28 million years old , a more reliable date for the origin of the species is the early Miocene , about 23 million years ago . Although fossils are mostly absent in strata extending beyond the Tertiary boundary , they have been reported from subsequent Pleistocene strata . It is believed that C. megalodon became extinct around the end of the Pliocene , probably about 2 @.@ 6 million years ago ; reported post @-@ Pliocene C. megalodon teeth are thought to be reworked fossils . C. megalodon had a cosmopolitan distribution ; its fossils have been excavated from many parts of the world , including Europe , Africa and both North and South America , as well as Puerto Rico , Cuba , Jamaica , the Canary Islands , Australia , New Zealand , Japan , Malta , the Grenadines and India . C. megalodon teeth have been excavated from regions far away from continental lands , such as the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean .
The most common fossils of C. megalodon are its teeth . Diagnostic characteristics include : triangular shape , robust structure , large size , fine serrations , and visible V @-@ shaped neck . C. megalodon teeth can measure over 180 millimetres ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) in slant height or diagonal length , and are the largest of any known shark species .
Some fossil vertebrae have been found . The most notable example is a partially preserved vertebral column of a single specimen , excavated in the Antwerp basin , Belgium by M. Leriche in 1926 . It comprises 150 vertebral centra , with the centra ranging from 55 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) to 155 millimetres ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) in diameter . However , scientists have claimed that considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected . A partially preserved vertebral column of another C. megalodon specimen was excavated from Gram clay in Denmark by Bendix @-@ Almgeen in 1983 . This specimen comprises 20 vertebral centra , with the centra ranging from 100 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) to 230 millimetres ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) in diameter .
= = Taxonomy and evolution = =
Even after decades of research and scrutiny , controversy over C. megalodon phylogeny persists . Several shark researchers ( e.g. J. E. Randall , A. P. Klimley , D. G. Ainley , M. D. Gottfried , L. J. V. Compagno , S. C. Bowman , and R. W. Purdy ) insist that C. megalodon is a close relative of the great white shark . However , others ( e.g. D. S. Jordan , H. Hannibal , E. Casier , C. DeMuizon , T. J. DeVries , D. Ward , and H. Cappetta ) cite convergent evolution as the reason for the dental similarity . Such Carcharocles advocates have gained noticeable support . However , the original taxonomic assignment still has wide acceptance .
= = = C. megalodon within Carcharodon = = =
The traditional view is that C. megalodon should be classified within the genus Carcharodon along with the great white shark . The main reasons cited for this phylogeny are : ( 1 ) an ontogenetic gradation , whereby the teeth shift from coarse serrations as a juvenile to fine serrations as an adult , the latter resembling C. megalodon 's ; ( 2 ) morphological similarity of teeth of young C. megalodon to those of C. carcharias ; ( 3 ) a symmetrical second anterior tooth ; ( 4 ) a large intermediate tooth that is inclined mesially ; and ( 5 ) upper anterior teeth that have a chevron @-@ shaped neck area on the lingual surface . Carcharodon supporters suggest that C. megalodon and C. carcharias share a common ancestor , Palaeocarcharodon orientalis .
= = = C. megalodon within Carcharocles = = =
Around 1923 , the genus Carcharocles was proposed by D. S. Jordan and H. Hannibal , to classify the shark C. auriculatus . Later on , Carcharocles proponents assigned C. megalodon to Carcharocles . Carcharocles proponents also suggest that the direct ancestor of the sharks belonging to Carcharocles is an ancient giant shark called Otodus obliquus , which lived during the Paleocene and Eocene epochs . According to Carcharocles supporters , Otodus obliquus evolved into Otodus aksuaticus , which evolved into Carcharocles auriculatus , and then into Carcharocles angustidens , and then into Carcharocles chubutensis , and then into C. megalodon . Hence , the immediate ancestor of C. megalodon is C. chubutensis , because it serves as the missing link between C. augustidens and C. megalodon and it bridges the loss of the " lateral cusps " that characterize C. megalodon .
= = = = Reconsideration of megatooth lineage from Carcharocles to Otodus = = = =
Shark researchers are apparently reconsidering the genus of the entire Carcharocles lineage back to Otodus .
= = = = Megalodon as a chronospecies = = = =
Shark researcher David Ward elaborated on the evolution of Carcharocles by implying that this lineage , stretching from the Paleocene to the Pliocene , is of a single giant shark which gradually changed through time , suggesting a case of chronospecies . This assessment may be credible .
= = = = Mako sharks as closest relatives of great white sharks = = = =
Carcharocles proponents point out that the great white shark is closely related to the ancient shark Isurus hastalis , the " broad tooth mako " , rather than to C. megalodon . One reason cited by paleontologist Chuck Ciampaglio is that the dental morphometrics ( variations and changes in the physical form of objects ) of I. hastalis and C. carcharias are remarkably similar . Another reason cited is that C. megalodon teeth have much finer serrations than C. carcharias teeth . Further evidence linking the great white shark more closely to ancient mako sharks , rather than to C. megalodon , was provided in 2009 – the fossilized remains of a form of the great white shark about 4 million years old were excavated from southwestern Peru in 1988 . These remains demonstrate a likely shared ancestor of modern mako and great white sharks .
= = = Considerations = = =
Ciampaglio asserted that dental similarities between C. megalodon and the great white are superficial with noticeable morphometric differences between them , and that these findings are sufficient to warrant a separate genus . However , some Carcharodon proponents ( i.e. , M. D. Gottfried , and R. E. Fordyce ) provided more arguments for a close relationship between the megatooth and the great white . With respect to the recent controversy regarding fossil lamnid shark relationships , overall morphology – particularly the internal calcification patterns – of the great white shark vertebral centra have been compared to well @-@ preserved fossil centra from the megatooth , including C. megalodon and C. angustidens . The morphological similarity of these comparisons supports a close relationship of the giant fossil
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
2001 Playboy poll in the special edition Sexiest Playmates . In that issue , she was voted " Readers ' Choice No.2 Sexiest Playmate of the 1990s " , with Pamela Anderson taking the No.1 spot . In an online chat in 2002 , McDougal expressed interest in posing nude for Playboy again if offered .
= = = Fitness modeling = = =
In March 1999 , McDougal became the first woman to appear on the cover of Men 's Fitness magazine . Since then she expanded her career into fitness modeling by appearing in fitness and body building magazines such as Muscle & Fitness ( January 2000 ) , Physical ( June 2004 ) and Iron Man ( October 2005 , January 2006 , June 2007 and November 2009 ) . She appeared in a 10 @-@ page pictorial in the January 2006 issue of Iron Man as " Hardbody " of the month , and on the cover of its October 2005 and June 2007 issues . McDougal returned as " Hardbody " of the month in the November 2009 issue in a pictorial together with fellow Playmate Katie Lohmann . In interviews , she stated that her transition to fitness modeling was unintentional .
= = = Other appearances = = =
Playboy released a limited edition doll in 2002 based on the likeness of McDougal and emphasized that it was an accurate model of her statuesque physique . Her collectors ' figure was originally slated to be the first in the series to be released , however it was delayed due to redesigns . McDougal collaborated with fantasy sculptor Bill Toma in creating a limited edition bronze statuette titled Warrior Princess in 2003 . McDougal posed for Toma in the creative process and the pedestal of each statuette bears her signature .
In early 2004 , McDougal appeared in a photo spread in the Italian edition of Vogue with fellow Playmates , Pamela Anderson , Audra Lynn and Tishara Cousino . It was a tennis themed men 's fashion spread shot in Las Vegas by photographer David LaChapelle . The spread contained her first published nudes since her contract with Playboy expired years earlier . She traveled to Japan to be one of the eye candies for Scott Hall and Kevin Nash ( The Outsiders ) when they wrestled at Yokohama , Japan in May 2004 . McDougal also participated in the 50th Anniversary celebrations of Playboy throughout the year at Las Vegas , New York and Moscow with other Playmates past and present .
McDougal appeared in the 2005 Playmates at Play at the Playboy Mansion swimsuit calendar as the calendar girl of July . The calendar was the inaugural Playmates at Play calendar and it was shot on the grounds of Playboy Mansion in 2004 . It was Playboy 's first attempt at creating a non @-@ nude swimsuit calendar featuring Playmates similar in style with those from Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue . While all Playmates appeared in bikinis in the calendar , McDougal and Hiromi Oshima were the only two Playmates actually wearing only painted on bikinis .
In November 2006 , she was part of a trio of Playmates ( along with Tina Marie Jordan and Katie Lohmann ) that appeared in the " Celebrity Playmate Gift Guide " pictorial of Splat magazine , a paintball enthusiasts magazine . The pictorial showcased new paintball products for the 2006 holiday season . McDougal has also appeared in various pin @-@ up posters , calendars , magazine covers , advertising campaigns , promotional events , clothing , swimwear and lingerie catalogs following her success as Playmate of the Year .
= = Television and film = =
McDougal appeared in a series of sexy television commercials for XFL football league on NBC and UPN with the theme of " Cheerleaders " . These edgy XFL commercials with implied nudity backfired and caused a controversy as they were deemed too risqué by the media , they were quietly withdrawn before the launch of 2001 XFL inaugural ( and final ) season .
In 2001 , she co @-@ starred with Lisa Dergan in The Arena , a Roger Corman @-@ produced , direct @-@ to @-@ video movie directed by Timur Bekmambetov . The entire production was shot in Russia . In her feature film debut , McDougal 's character , Jessemina , is a slave girl who is forced into fighting as a female gladiator in an Ancient Roman colony by its corrupt governor . The role offered McDougal her first opportunity to act in a dramatic role and to demonstrate her physical abilities with the movie 's sword fighting sequences . The movie , initially titled Gladiatrix was deemed to be a knockoff of Gladiator . Although the movie was not well received , it has turned into a lesser known cult film .
McDougal was one of twelve contestants in the search for the new host succeeding Brooke Burke for Wild On ! in 2002 ( known as Wild Off ! ) . The contest took place at The Palms in Las Vegas . Each contestant was given a " wild " challenge to complete and McDougal 's challenge was to dress up as Cleopatra and roam the casino at Caesars Palace in the arms of an actor dressed up as Julius Caesar for a day . She completed her challenge and was considered an early favorite by fellow contestants , but did not advance to the final round of 5 contestants . Cindy Taylor was the eventual winner of Wild Off ! .
After winning the local try out in Los Angeles , McDougal advanced to the 2004 WWE Diva Search special held at the Beacon Theatre in New York as one of 28 finalists . The special was televised live on Spike TV with a live audience on July 15 , 2004 . McDougal , clad in a black bikini , survived 2 rounds of elimination during the 2 hour special , only to be eliminated by the judges in the last round at the end , just prior to the selection of the final 10 contestants eligible for online voting .
McDougal appeared as one of the interviewees in E ! True Hollywood Story of Hugh Hefner first broadcast on April 9 , 2006 . She briefly described her experience at the Playboy Mansion when she was Miss December 1997 . In summer of 2006 , McDougal appeared as a fitness model demonstrating all the exercises in a fitness training DVD with Hollywood celebrity fitness trainer Valerie Waters .
McDougal is interested in pursuing hosting duties of TV or sports shows . She has guest hosted TV programs ( Wild On ! on E ! , VIP Access on Showtime ) , appeared in other TV programs ( such as : Lovespring International , Anger Management , The O 'Reilly Factor , Playmate edition of Russian Roulette , etc . ) , movies ( cameos in Joe Dirt , Charlie 's Angels , Grind , The Girl Next Door and Raising Helen ) and music videos with singer David Lee Roth .
= = Business venture = =
In 2010 , McDougal became one of the owners of Pharmore Alternatives , a company selling various health and wellness supplements . She attended the 2011 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in January 2011 to promote its products .
= = Personal life = =
McDougal as she is an avid motorcycle rider and car collector . Her first modelling assignment was being a promotional model at a Harley @-@ Davidson bike show in Detroit . In 2004 , she bought a pink custom @-@ built motorcycle , and entered an Easyriders sponsored motorcycle competition in Pomona , where her motorcycle won the Best Radical Custom award . She also professes to be a chocoholic and junk food junkie even when she considers herself a " health nut " . In her spare time , she works out 5 days a week to stay in shape . When she was Playmate of the Year of 1998 , she had a healthy BMI of 19 . Although she is a swimsuit model , she is not a proficient swimmer because of her aquaphobia . She is an animal lover and owned two cats : Brittany and Brandy . McDougal has two tattoos , one is a tattoo of a cat on the second toe of her right foot to honor her cats , the other is that of a cross behind her right ear as a reminder of her spirituality .
McDougal 's family members initially did not support her decision to pose for Playboy . Eventually , they embraced the fact and her mother appeared in interview segments of her Playmate of the Year " Video Centerfold " as a sign of support . Her family has a history of breast cancer , and McDougal , who acknowledges having breast implants , is an advocate of breast cancer awareness . As of 2007 , McDougal is residing in Los Angeles and Phoenix , Arizona . In March 2008 , McDougal appeared in a topless pictorial and interview in Spanish magazine Interviu in which she discussed her relationship with Bruce Willis at the time .
= = Quotes = =
= Kalki Koechlin =
Kalki Koechlin ( / ˌkʌlkiˈkeɪklɑː / ; born 10 January 1984 ) is an Indian actress and screenwriter of French ethnicity , who predominantly works in Bollywood . Apart from acting in films , she is also a regular presence in theatre productions in India . Koechlin is the recipient of a National Film Award , a Filmfare Award and two Screen Awards .
Drawn to theatre at a young age , Koechlin studied drama and theatre at University of London , and worked simultaneously with a local theatre company . After returning to India , she made her screen debut in the romantic drama Dev.D in 2009 , and her performance as Chandramukhi earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress . She then starred in the comedy @-@ dramas Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2011 ) and Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) . These were top @-@ grossing Bollywood productions , and both earned her Best Supporting Actress nominations at the Filmfare Awards . Koechlin co @-@ wrote the screenplay for the crime thriller That Girl in Yellow Boots ( 2011 ) , in which she also played the lead role . She won the National Film Award – Special Jury Award , among other accolades , for her role as a young , disabled girl in Shonali Bose 's coming @-@ of @-@ age drama Margarita with a Straw ( 2014 ) .
Koechlin has also garnered critical acclaim for her performances in the crime thriller Shaitan ( 2011 ) , the political drama Shanghai ( 2012 ) , and the comedy @-@ drama Waiting ( 2015 ) . She appeared in Freedom Matters ( 2016 ) , a documentary aimed at spreading awareness on human trafficking , alongside Kailash Satyarthi . Koechlin has also used YouTube as a platform or forum for issues that she advocates for , appearing in videos including , AIB 's It 's Your Fault , Culture Machine 's Printing Machine and Y @-@ Films 's web @-@ series entitled Man 's World .
Along with her film career , Koechlin has written , produced , and acted in several stage plays in India . In 2009 she won The MetroPlus Playwright Award for the play Skeleton Woman . She co @-@ wrote Colour Blind ( 2014 ) , which was presented at the Sir Mutha Venkata Subba Rao Hall in Chennai , and made her directorial debut on stage with the tragicomedy Living Room ( 2015 ) . Koechlin is also an activist and promotes various causes ranging from health and education to women 's empowerment and gender equality . Koechlin was married to filmmaker Anurag Kashyap from 2011 to 2015 .
= = Early life and background = =
Kalki Koechlin was born in Pondicherry , India , on 10 January 1984 to French parents , Joel Koechlin and Françoise Armandie , who came to India from Angers , France . She is a descendant of Maurice Koechlin , a French structural engineer , who played an important role in the design and construction of the Eiffel Tower . Koechlin 's parents are devotees of Sri Aurobindo . The family later settled in Kallatty , a village near Ooty in Tamil Nadu , where Koechlin 's father established a business designing hang @-@ gliders and ultralight aircraft .
Koechlin was brought up in a strict environment in Ooty where she spoke English , Tamil , and French . Her parents divorced when she was fifteen ; her father moved to Bangalore and remarried , while Koechlin continued living with her mother . She has described the time that she spent at Kalatty , between the ages of 5 and 8 , before her parent 's divorce as her " happiest " . Koechlin has a maternal half @-@ brother from her mother 's preceding marriage , and a paternal half @-@ brother from her father 's subsequent marriage .
Koechlin studied at Hebron School , a boarding school in Ooty , where she was involved in acting and writing . She has admitted to being shy and quiet as a child . Koechlin aspired to study psychiatry and become a criminal psychologist . After completing her schooling at the age of 18 , she moved to London and studied drama and theatre at Goldsmiths , University of London . There , she worked for two years with the theatre company Theatre of Relativity , writing The Rise of the Wild Hunt and performing in plays such as David Hare 's The Blue Room and Marivaux 's The Dispute . She worked as a waitress on weekends .
After completing her studies , Koechlin moved back to India and lived with her maternal half @-@ brother in Bangalore . Unable to find work there , she moved to Mumbai , where she worked with theatre directors and with Atul Kumar and Ajay Krishnan , the founders of a Mumbai @-@ based theatre company called " The Company Theatre " . They were looking for actors for a theatrical festival , Contacting the World , to be held in Liverpool .
= = Film career = =
= = = Debut and further roles ( 2009 – 12 ) = = =
After moving to Mumbai , Koechlin auditioned for Anurag Kashyap 's Dev.D ( 2009 ) , a modern take on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 's 1917 Bengali novel Devdas . In the film , Koechlin plays the role of Leni , a young girl who turns to prostitution after a leaked sex tape scandal . Her character was based on Chandramukhi , a pivotal character in the novel , a prostitute who fell in love with the titular character . Kashyap initially rejected Koechlin as she was not Indian , and did not match his visualisation of the character . But he changed his mind , and offered her the role after seeing her audition tape . The film met with generally positive reviews and was a box office success . Raja Sen of Rediff.com called it a " fantastic visual ride " , placing it second on his list of the best movies of 2009 . Koechlin garnered praise for her performance . Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express described her as " astonishingly apt " and called her journey in the film " riveting " . Koechlin went on to win the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress .
In 2010 , Koechlin played a supporting role in the black comedy The Film Emotional Atyachar , co @-@ starring Ranvir Shorey , Mohit Ahlawat , Abhimanyu Singh , Vinay Pathak , and Ravi Kishan . Her performance in the film as Sophie , a manipulative woman who is abducted by two corrupt policemen , garnered mixed reviews from critics . Komal Nahta of Koimoi thought Koechlin 's performance in the film " average " , while Blessy Chettiar of Daily News and Analysis felt that she was " underused " .
Koechlin had four releases in 2011 . The first was Bejoy Nambiar 's Shaitan , a crime @-@ thriller with an ensemble cast that included Koechlin , Rajeev Khandelwal , Gulshan Devaiya , Shiv Pandit , Neil Bhoopalam , and Kirti Kulhari . The film received positive reviews from critics and Koechlin was nominated for the Best Actress Award at the Star Screen Awards . She then starred in Zoya Akhtar 's coming @-@ of @-@ age comedy Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara . In an interview with NDTV , Akhtar expressed her wish to work with Koechlin after seeing her in Dev.D and the then @-@ unreleased That Girl in Yellow Boots . Koechlin played the supporting role of Natasha , a South Bombay girl who works as an interior designer . In an interview with Hindustan Times Koechlin revealed that she was keen to do the film , because after working in films like Dev.D and Shaitan , she feared being typecast in dark roles such as prostitutes , troubled teenagers , and misfits . Koechlin took diction classes to improve her Hindi for the film . The film was a box @-@ office success and grossed ₹ 1 @.@ 53 billion ( US $ 23 million ) worldwide , becoming , at the time , the ninth highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film in history . Koechlin 's performance was well received by critics . Gaurav Malani of The Times of India deemed her " excellent " , and Raja Sen in his review for Rediff.com highlighted her and Roshan and called them " histrionically strong enough to manage varied roles " . She received her second Filmfare Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her role .
Later in 2011 , Koechlin made her debut as a screenwriter with Anurag Kashyap 's thriller That Girl in Yellow Boots , which she co @-@ wrote with Kashyap . Koechlin said that Kashyap was looking for a woman 's perspective for the story , and so he asked her to write the script . Co @-@ starring with Naseeruddin Shah , Koechlin played Ruth , a British woman , a role partially based on her own experience in India . Shot in thirteen days , the film was screened at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival and the 67th Venice International Film Festival . It opened to critical acclaim , and Koechlin was widely praised for her performance . Giving the film three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four , Roger Ebert wrote that Koechlin " creates a memorable woman who is sad and old beyond her years " . Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com described Koechlin as " unrestrained and uncorrupted " . Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV also lauded the film and deemed her performance as " absolute perfection " . Koechlin 's final release of the year was the Sanjay Leela Bhansali @-@ produced comedy My Friend Pinto . She played the role of a naïve , aspiring dancer in the film . Mrigank Dhaniwala of Koimoi criticised the film 's " scattered screenplay " , but praised Koechlin for her performance .
In 2012 , Koechlin was cast opposite Emraan Hashmi and Abhay Deol ( her second collaboration with Deol ) for the political @-@ thriller Shanghai . The film , directed by Dibakar Banerjee , was based on the Greek writer Vassilis Vassilikos 's 1967 novel Z , and was premiered at the 2012 Toronto Film Festival . Koechlin played a political activist . The film received positive reviews from critics , and had an average run at the box office . Koechlin garnered a mixed response for her performance in the film . While Russell Edwards noted the " biting edge " she brought to the role , Aniruddha Guha thought of her as the " weakest link " in the film .
= = = Critical acclaim ( 2013 – present ) = = =
In 2013 , Koechlin starred in the supernatural thriller Ek Thi Daayan . The film was based on Mobius Trips , a short story written by Mukul Sharma , the father of Konkona Sen Sharma , who also starred in the film . Koechlin 's role was that of Lisa Dutt , a Canada @-@ based music teacher who is suspected of practising witchcraft . For her role in the film , Koechlin learned to play the guitar , and lip synced the track " Yaaram " , a first . On its release , the film received mixed to positive reviews from critics and had average box @-@ office earnings . Koechlin received positive reviews for her performance in the film . In her review , Anupama Chopra remarked that Koechlin was , " an interesting actor but the film doesn 't know what to do with her " .
Koechlin then went on to star in Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani , a romantic comedy co @-@ starring Deepika Padukone and Ranbir Kapoor . She played the role of tomboy , Aditi Mehra . Koechlin described her time on the film sets as " fun " , and developed a close friendship with Padukone . The film emerged as one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films with earnings of ₹ 3 @.@ 02 billion ( US $ 45 million ) . Koechlin was lauded for her performance and comic timing . Rajeev Masand , writing for CNN @-@ News18 , deemed the cast terrific , saying that : " Koechlin invests heart and spunkiness to the part " . She earned her third Filmfare Best Supporting Actress nomination .
Later in 2013 , Koechlin appeared in a video entitled It 's Your Fault , along with VJ Juhi Pandey . Dealing with the issue of sexual assaults on women , the video mocks the mindset that blames women for provoking rapes . The video was created by All India Bakchod , and was released on their YouTube channel . The video went viral , with over 150 @,@ 000 views in two days . Koechlin 's sole release in 2014 was Saif Ali Khan 's Happy Ending , where she plays a comic role of a girl obsessed with Khan 's character . She credited her performance in Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani for landing her the role . She said that people noticed her comic timing in the film , and that worked in her favour . The film opened to mixed reviews and was a box @-@ office failure . Despite the film 's mixed reception Koechlin garnered praise for her performance . Saurabh Dwivedi of India Today wrote that " Koechlin steals the show with her perfect portrayal of a nagging girlfriend " , and Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times noted that , although her character in the film felt a bit forced , she delivered a " charming " performance .
Koechlin then starred in Shonali Bose 's drama Margarita with a Straw , playing Laila , a young woman with cerebral palsy who leaves her home in India to study in New York , unexpectedly falls in love , and embarks on a journey of self @-@ discovery . Her character was inspired by Malini Chib , Bose 's cousin . In an interview with the Times of India , Koechlin acknowledged that the role was the most challenging of her film career , and she took six months off her filming schedule to prepare for it . She underwent a six @-@ week training workshop with actor Adil Hussain . The workshop aimed at making her " body language seem natural " , while also focusing on the speech pattern of patients with cerebral palsy . She spent considerable time with Chib and her physiotherapist and speech therapist . She also attended a month @-@ long workshop in Delhi , where she worked on the movement of each body part separately . Although the film covers aspects of physical disability , Koechlin dubbed it " a romcom with some hurdles " . The film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival , and was also screened at Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival , BFI London Film Festival , 19th Busan International Film Festival , and the Santa Barbara International Film Festival . Margarita with a Straw received generally positive reviews . Koechlin garnered universal acclaim for her portrayal of a disabled person , with Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV calling her " absolutely brilliant " and her performance " virtuoso " , and Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Koechlin gave : " a bravura performance in both physical and emotional terms " . Deepanjana Pal , in her review for Firstpost , wrote : " [ Koechlin ] has done a good job of miming the physicality ... but what is truly remarkable is the lack of artifice in her expressions " . John Beifuss , writing for the The Commercial Appeal , gave Koechlin the highest praise and said that she : " delivers the type of performance that in a major movie garners Oscar notice like Eddie Redmayne as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything but she 's never a showoff " . Koechlin won The Best Actress Award at The Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival , Screen Award for Best Actress ( Jury ) , and garnered a nomination for the Best Actress Award at the Asian Film Awards . She then went on to win the Jury Award at the 63rd National Film Awards .
In 2015 , Koechlin appeared alongside Parineeti Chopra , Richa Chadda , and Bhumi Pednekar in Y @-@ Films 's mini web @-@ series Man 's World , a satire on gender roles . The series was released on YouTube . She then starred in Anu Menon 's Waiting , an independent film about the relationship between two people who befriend each other in a hospital , while nursing their respective comatose spouses . The film had its world premiere at the Dubai International Film Festival ( DIFF ) in December 2015 , and had its theatrical release in India on 27 May 2016 . The film and her performance received positive critical reviews . Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com called the film " absolutely riveting " , and also lauded Koechlin saying , " There ’ s something stunningly unhindered about Kalki and her aura . She uses this quality in the most mesmeric fashion to create a woman we sympathise with and wish well for " . Kunal Guha in his review for the Mumbai Mirror remarked " this film belongs to Kalki , who impresses by managing to wordlessly convey her character 's state of mind in every scene " .
In January 2016 , Koechlin appeared in a video called Printing Machine that talked about the approach of media and society towards crimes against women . The five @-@ minute video was released on YouTube and features a poem penned and recited by Koechlin . The video was well received by critics and viewers . She also received a letter of appreciation from Melinda Gates , co @-@ founder of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , for her contribution to bringing the attention to women issues .
= = = Upcoming projects = = =
As of March 2016 , Koechlin has several upcoming projects . She will feature , alongside Ali Fazal and Gulshan Devaiah , in Soni Razdan 's Love Affair , a fictionalised version of the 1959 Nanavati murder case . Koechlin also signed up for Konkona Sen Sharma 's directorial debut , A Death in the Gunj , in which she will play a Kolkata @-@ based Anglo @-@ Indian woman . She attended an acting workshop conducted by the casting director , Atul Mongia , and also learnt an Anglo @-@ Indian accent for her role . Filming for the production completed in March 2016 after a six @-@ week shoot . Koechlin will also feature in director Howard Rosemeyer 's Jia aur Jia , alongside Richa Chadda . Koechlin and Chadda play strangers of the name same who embark on a road trip together Koechlin is also filming for Pakistani director Sabiha Sumar on a documentary entitled Azmaish – Trials of Life , for which she visited Karachi , Lahore and Skardu to observe the Pakistani culture of the provinces Sindh , Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . She has also committed to star in the Shahnawaz NK 's bilingual film CandyFlip opposite Prakash Raj and Gulshan Devaiah .
= = Stage career = =
Koechlin has been associated with theatre from a young age . As a child , she attended theatre workshops in Pondicherry . Her mother was adamant that she complete her studies before venturing into an acting career , sending her to London to study drama and theatre . During her years in the film industry , Koechlin has continued to participate in theatrical productions . She has written , produced , and acted in several stage plays in India . In her interview she said , " Theater is really an actor 's playground " , and continued : " There 's nothing like performing for a live audience " . Koechlin opened her own theater company , Little Productions in June 2015 .
Koechlin won The Hindu 's 2009 The MetroPlus Playwright Award along with Prashant Prakash for the play Skeleton Woman which they co @-@ wrote , directed by Nayantara Kotian . The play is a modern adaptation of an Inuit folk tale about a writer ; Koechlin played the protagonist 's wife . It premiered at the Prithvi Theatre , Mumbai . Asmit Pathare of Mumbai Theatre Guide in his review wrote : " The actors being the playwrights themselves , seemed to know what they were doing " . She also co @-@ wrote Colour Blind , a play that attempts to rediscover different aspects of the personality of Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore through his life and writings . In dual roles , Koechlin plays the Argentine writer and intellectual Victoria Ocampo ( a close associate of Tagore ) , and a young woman who is writing a research paper on him . Aditi Sharma of Mumbai Theatre Guide calling Koechlin the " star or the play " noted that she " really put in an effort to build her character and it shows " .
Koechlin also worked in Rajat Kapoor 's What 's Done , Is Done , an adaptation of Shakespeare 's tragedy Macbeth . She played Lady Macbeth and doubled up as one of the witches for the play . The first show of the play was staged on 5 June 2016 in Mumbai . Koechlin 's other stage appearances include Atul Kumar 's Trivial Disasters , The Real Inspector Hound , Ajay Krishnan 's Hair , where she plays Rapunzel , and Kapoor 's Hamlet , The Clown Prince . In 2015 , she made her directorial debut on stage with a play entitled Living Room . Development of the play began in 2014 , when Koechlin wrote a four page conversation between Death and an old woman who is in a strange surreal space , about to die but unwilling to exit the world . She further worked on the script of the play in 2015 . In a 2016 interview with Mumbai Mirror she said , " Last year , when I was unemployed for six months , I started fleshing out the story . It turned into a comedy on life and death " . The play was staged at the Ranga Shankara Hall , Bangalore , on 24 July 2015 .
= = Personal life and off @-@ screen work = =
Koechlin married film @-@ maker Anurag Kashyap in April 2011 , at her maternal home in Ooty . The two met while filming her debut film Dev.D. On 13 November 2013 , both Koechlin and Kashyap issued a joint statement addressing their separation . On 19 May 2015 , Kashyap and Koechlin filed for divorce at a Mumbai family court . Amidst all the news and speculation surrounding the separation , Koechlin revealed that she regretted being so transparent about her personal life , stating in 2012 that : " It just takes centre stage instead of your work " . Since her divorce , Koechlin has rarely mentioned her personal life in interviews .
After the separation Koechlin said in an interview with Daily News and Analysis : " [ But ] everyone has doubts , we 're all human . Even as an actor , you have days when you haven 't slept enough , you don 't feel like you 're good enough or pretty enough ... But ultimately , it 's all about attitude . You must live with a little abandon and not be self @-@ conscious . You ought to stop staring at yourself in the mirror , and just smile a little ! "
Koechlin identifies herself as a feminist and is also involved with several humanitarian causes . She is vociferous on a variety of issues , including education for children in rural areas , women 's rights , gender equality , and gender pay inequality . She has also used YouTube as a platform or forum for issues that she advocates for . Koechlin actively participates in the P & G Shiksha campaign for educating children living in rural parts of India . Koechlin participated in the 2015 Mumbai Marathon , a charitable event that aimed to spread awareness about issues such as : education , health issues like cancer and AIDS , and senior citizen welfare . Koechlin was accompanied by Shonali Bose 's cousin Malini Chib . Koechlin spoke at a conference on child sexual abuse organised by actor Rahul Bose 's non @-@ governmental organisation HEAL . Koechlin also opened up about going through sexual abuse at the age of nine .
Koechlin wrote an article on gender pay inequality for the 22 August 2014 issue of Forbes India . She is vocal in her support for gender pay @-@ gap issue : " Equal pay won 't happen because there is a hero @-@ based industry . So we need to strive for scripts that empower women , make women our heroes , too . " She recited a monologue entitled An Intense Piece about the Truths of Womanhood on International Women 's Day at the India Today Conclave . Koechlin was appointed by Vogue India as the ambassador for their Vogue Empower initiative to spread awareness of women 's safety and empowerment .
= = Media image = =
Koechlin has been acknowledged in the media for her unconventional roles in films and her straightforward personality . Reviewing her work in Printing Machine , film critic and journalist Subhash K. Jha deemed her the : " free @-@ thinking actress this industry [ Bollywood ] needs " . Megha Shah of the GQ called her " someone who can speak her mind , sound intelligent and also look stunning in a bikini " . Members of the media have subsequently labelled her as a role model for women across the country . Bhavya Sadhwani , describing her as " a real life heroine " , lauded her for : " voicing her opinions without an iota of inhibition " . The Week stated that with her powerful performances , and by voicing her opinions , she : " has always stayed ahead of her contemporaries in the industry " .
Following her portrayal of such characters as those in Dev.D , Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara , Shaitan , and Margarita With a Straw , Koechlin gained wider recognition and earned the tag of a " nonconformist " . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent described her as : " a Bollywood pioneer thanks to her unconventional roles and outspoken public presence " . Don Groves of Forbes wrote that she has : " managed to subvert stereotypes by playing characters who are nothing like each other " . The columnist and film critic Vinayak Chakravorty cites Koechlin as one of the " new ' new wave ' actors " who has proved her easy screen presence in her short time in the film industry .
Koechlin is described as a style icon by the Indian media and has been dubbed as the " queen of experimental fashion " . Raedita Tandan of Filmfare deemed Koechlin 's fashion appeal as " effortless " and " un @-@ diva esque " . The slow @-@ process multimedia artist Riyas Komu felt that Koechlin 's persona was " inspiring " , and that she represented " a sense of eclecticism " . Koechlin has been a part of numerous fashion shows , including the Lakme Fashion Week , India International Jewellery Week , and Mijwan Fashion Show ( Shabana Azmi 's annual fund raiser ) . She also made a guest appearance at the Milan Fashion Week , one of the global " Big Four Fashion Weeks " .
Koechlin is particularly known in the Indian media and film industry for her dedication to her work . Atul Kumar , founder of The Company Theatre , and her co @-@ star in Hamlet , noted that : " [ h ] er commitment as an actor is relentless " . The director Shonali Bose , while filming Margarita With a Straw , said Koechlin was able to give perfect long takes for the film because of the : " intense hard work that she put into the preparation of her role " . Her former husband , Anurag Kashyap — who directed her in three films — believes that she : " has grown as an actor since Dev D. " . Rajat Kapoor , in whose Hamlet Koechlin performed as Ophelia , believes she is an actress who has the " sensitivity and understanding of filmmaking and theatre " .
Koechlin is a celebrity endorser and has been associated with several brands and services , including : Coca @-@ Cola , Olay , Vogue , Micromax , Titan , Grey Goose 's Style du jour , and AOC International . In an interview for Asian News International , Koechlin said that she : " believes that everyone , whether an actor or a model , should endorse a brand which matches their ideologies " . She was also the brand ambassador of the " Cinema For Care " section , aimed at creating awareness about disability issues at the All Lights India International Film Festival ( ALIIFF ) held in Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala in November 2015 .
= = Filmography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
= Matthew , Mark , Luke and John =
" Matthew , Mark , Luke and John " , also known as the " Black Paternoster " , is an English language prayer and nursery rhyme traditionally said by children as they go to bed . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 1704 . It may have origins in ancient Babylonian prayers and was being used in a Christian version in late Medieval Germany . The earliest extant version in English can be traced to the mid @-@ sixteenth century . It was mentioned by English Protestant writers as a " popish " or magical charm . It is related to other prayers , including a " Green " and " White Paternoster " , which can be traced to late Medieval England and with which it is often confused . It has been the inspiration for a number of literary works by figures including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and musical works by figures such as Gustav Holst . It has been the subject of alternative versions and satires .
= = Lyrics = =
The most common modern version of the verse is as follows :
Matthew , Mark , Luke and John ,
Bless the bed that I lie on .
Four corners to my bed ,
Four angels round my head ;
One to watch and one to pray
And two to bear my soul away .
The Roud Folk Song Index , which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number , classifies the song as 1704 .
= = Origins = =
The verse may be one of few English nursery rhymes to have ancient origins . The Babylonian prayer " Shamash before me , behind me Sin , Nergal at my right , Ninib at my left " , is echoed by the medieval Jewish prayer : " In the name of the Lord , the God of Israel , may Michael be at my right hand ; Gabriel at my left ; Uriel before me ; Raphael behind me and the Shekhinah of God be above my head " which is used as a prayer before sleep . A Christian version has been found for Germany at the end of the Medieval period . However , the first known record of the lyrics in English is from Thomas Ady 's witchcraft treatise A Candle in the Dark , or , a treatise concerning the nature of witches and witchcraft ( 1656 ) , which tells of a woman in Essex who claimed to have lived in the reign of Mary I ( r . 1553 @-@ 8 ) and who was alive in his time and blessed herself every night with the " popish charm " :
Matthew , Mark , Luke and John ,
The Bed be blest that I lye on .
George Sinclair , writing of Scotland in his Satan 's Invisible World Discovered in 1685 , repeated Ady 's story and told of a witch who used a " Black Paternoster " , at night , which seems very similar to Ady 's rhyme :
Four newks in this house , for haly Angels ,
A post in the midst , that 's Christ Jesus ,
Lucas , Marcus , Matthew , Joannes ,
God be into this house , and all that belangs us .
A year later it was quoted again by John Aubrey , but in the form :
Matthew , Mark , Luke , and John ,
Bless the bed that I lye on .
And blessed Guardian @-@ Angel keep
Me safe from danger whilst I sleep .
A version similar to that quoted at the beginning of this article was first recorded by Sabine Baring @-@ Gould in 1891 , and it survived as a popular children 's prayer in England into the twentieth century .
= = " White Paternoster " = =
Robert Grosseteste ( c . 1175 – 1253 ) , Bishop of Lincoln , condemned the use of a " Green Paternoster " by old women in a treatise on blasphemy , which contained reference to " Green Pater Noster , Peter 's dear sister " . In Chaucer 's " Miller 's Tale " ( c . 1387 ) he refers to a prayer known as the " White Paternoster " , elements of which , particularly the blessing of four parts of a house , can be seen in the later " Black Paternoster " :
Therwith the nyght @-@ spel seyde he anon @-@ rightes
On four halves of the hous aboute
And on the thresshfold of the dore withoute :
'Jesus Crist and Seint Benedight ,
Bless this hous from every wickked wight ,
For the nyghts nerye the white pater @-@ noster !
Where wentestow , Seinte Petres suster ? '
The reference to St. Peter 's sister may be a substitution for St. Peter 's daughter , St. Petronilla , known in England as St. Parnell . It has been suggested that the differing colours associated with these verses may have been determined by the colour of prayer beads , with different coloured beads used to prompt the recitation of aves and paternosters .
After the Reformation this " White Paternoster " was among a number of prayers and devotions that were converted into magical rhymes , becoming widely known charms . Lancashire minister John White ( 1570 – 1615 ) in his The Way to the True Church ( 1608 ) recorded among many " superstitions " of the inhabitants of Lancashire , a " White Paternoster " :
White Pater @-@ noster , St Peter ’ s brother ,
What hast i ’ th ' t ’ one hand ? White booke leaves .
What hast i ’ th ' t ’ other hand ? heaven yate keys .
Open heaven Yates , and steike shut hells Yates :
And let every chrisome child creep to its own mother .
White Pater @-@ noster , Amen .
Sinclair in 1685 contrasted the " Black Paternoster " to be used at night with a " White Paternoster " to be used in the day .
White paternoster ,
God was my Foster .
He fostered me Under the Book of Palm @-@ Tree ,
St Michael was my Dame ,
He was born at Bethelem .
He was made of flesh and blood .
God send me my right food ;
My right food , and dyne two ,
That I may to yon Kirk go
To read upon yon sweet Book ,
Which the mighty God of heaven shoop .
Open , open Heaven 's Yaits ,
Steik , Steik , Hell 's Yaits .
All the saints be better ,
That hear the white prayer Pater Noster .
Anthropologist Margaret Murray suggested in her controversial 1933 book The God of the Witches that the names of the two companion verses could be interpreted as " a confused version of a Christian prayer or hymn " :
= = Literary and musical references = =
The " White Paternoster " was used by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( 1807 – 82 ) as a mockery of the mass by Lucifer , described as the " Black Paternoster " in his narrative poem The Golden Legend ( 1851 ) . It was also the title of a short story by Theodore Francis Powys ( 1875 – 1953 ) published in 1930 . A four @-@ part choir setting of the Black Paternoster text was produced by Gustav Holst ( 1874 – 1934 ) in early 20th @-@ Century Britain , while contemporary countryman Henry Walford Davies ( 1869 – 1941 ) composed an equivalent setting of the White Paternoster .
= = Satires = =
The rhyme has often been the source of satire . One of the most common was recorded in Scotland in the 1840s as a hobby horse game among boys , with the lyrics :
Matthew , Mark , Luke and John ,
Hold the horse till I get on ;
When I got on I could not ride ,
I fell off and broke my side .
A version from the United States recorded in 1900 began :
Matthew , Mark , Luke and John ,
Saddle the horse till I get on ...
= M @-@ 205 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 205 was a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan . The route was turned back to local control in October 2002 by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) after the completion of M @-@ 217 ( Michiana Parkway ) . MDOT swapped roadways with the Cass County Road Commission ending the 67 @-@ year history of M @-@ 205 .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 205 ran through an agricultural landscape from a connection with State Road 19 ( SR 19 ) at the state line north of Elkhart , Indiana , northward for about one @-@ half mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) along Cassopolis Road before turning easterly through a sweeping curve . The roadway is bordered by houses in the area as it continues to an intersection with US Highway 12 ( US 12 , the former US 112 ) between Union and Adamsville . The highway went through no towns within Michigan , but did connect with some short local roads .
= = History = =
When the state highway system was initially signposted in 1919 , a highway numbered M @-@ 23 ran north from the state line near Union and turned east , eventually connecting all the way to Ypsilanti in Washtenaw County , east of Detroit . On the original approved US Highway plan , M @-@ 23 was replaced by US 112 , running over the border into Indiana . Michigan diverted that higwhay along a route entirely within Michigan , and the very short , but locally important segment of cut @-@ off highway became M @-@ 205 . The curve between Cassopolis and Redfield roads was realigned to give M @-@ 205 a more sweeping curve in 1950 . As part of the swap between MDOT and Cass County , M @-@ 217 was designated several miles to the east as a new connector to the toll road , and M @-@ 205 was transferred to local control on October 10 , 2002 , decommissioning the trunkline .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway was in Mason Township , Cass County .
= American Samoa at the 2008 Summer Olympics =
American Samoa sent a team to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . The U.S. territory selected four athletes to compete in three sports : swimming , athletics and judo . The dependency 's participation in Beijing marked its seventh participation in any Olympic game since its debut at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , and its sixth participation at any Summer Olympic games . Of the four American Samoan athletes who participated in Beijing , all four were first @-@ time Olympians and born outside of American Samoa and none of the four advanced past the qualification or preliminary rounds of their events . More women participated in the 2008 American Samoan Olympic delegation than in any one delegation in its Olympic history . Judoka Silulu A 'etonu was the territory 's flagbearer at the ceremonies .
= = Background = =
American Samoa is a territory of the United States that lies in the South Pacific Ocean to the far east of Australia . The dependency 's debut at the Olympics was at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . Between 1988 and 2008 , American Samoa sent a delegation to participate at seven Olympic games ( six Summer Olympics and one Winter Olympics ) , not missing a single Summer Olympics since its first time in the competition . In 2008 , American Samoa 's delegation was composed of four athletes , including two women , which is the greatest number of women to have competed for American Samoa at any one games .
Silulu A 'etonu , a first @-@ time Olympian and a judoka , was American Samoa 's flagbearer at the ceremonies .
= = Athletics = =
Nineteen @-@ year @-@ old Los Angeles area @-@ born athlete Shanahan Sanitoa participated on American Samoa 's behalf at the Beijing Olympics . He was the only American Samoan Olympian involved in any track and field event . Also , his appearance in Beijing marked the first time he appeared in an Olympic games . He participated in the fifth heat during the August 14 qualification round , completing the event in 12 @.@ 60 seconds and placing last in his heat of eight athletes . Danny D 'Souza of the Seychelles ranked just ahead of Sanitoa ( 11 @.@ 00 seconds ) . The leaders of Sanitoa 's heat included the United States ' Tyson Gay ( 10 @.@ 22 seconds ) and Nigeria 's Olusoji Fasuba ( 10 @.@ 29 seconds ) . Overall , the American Samoan runner ranked last out of the 80 athletes who participated in the qualification round . He did not progress to later rounds .
Key
Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only
Q
= Qualified for the next round
q =
Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR
= National record
N / A =
Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men
= = Judo = =
Guam @-@ born then 24 @-@ year @-@ old judoka Silulu A 'etonu was the only American Samoan participating in a judo event at the Beijing Olympics . She had not previously participated in any Olympic games . The judoka represented American Samoa in the women 's half @-@ middleweight weight class ( which includes competitors under 63 kilograms in weight ) . During the August 12 Round of 32 ( the first round ) , Aetonu faced Germany 's Anna von Harnier. von Harnier defeated A`etonu by a kuchiki taoshi , scoring ippon . She did not advance to later rounds .
Women
= = Swimming = =
Then 19 year @-@ old West Point student Stewart Glenister , who was born in Fort Knox , Kentucky , competed on American Samoa 's behalf at the Beijing Olympics in the men 's 50 meters freestyle . He was the only American Samoan in the event , and did not previously compete at any Olympic games . During the August 14 preliminary round , Glenister competed in the fourth heat , and finished the race in 25 @.@ 45 seconds . He placed first in his heat of eight people , displacing Palestine 's Hamza Abdo ( 25 @.@ 60 seconds ) . Overall , he ranked 71 out of the 97 participating athletes , and did not advance .
Also , then 32 year @-@ old San Luis Obispo @-@ born swimmer Virginia Farmer represented American Samoa at the Beijing Olympics . Farmer was the only American Samoan in her event . Additionally , prior to Beijing , she had not participated in any Olympic games or event . The preliminary round for the event took place on August 15 , and Virginia Farmer participated in the fourth heat . She finished the race in 28 @.@ 82 seconds , ranking third behind Swaziland 's Senele Dlamini ( 28 @.@ 70 seconds ) and ahead of Bolivia 's Katerine Moreno ( 29 @.@ 05 seconds ) . The leader of Virginia 's heat was Mozambique 's Ximene Gomes ( 28 @.@ 15 seconds ) . Out of the 92 participating athletes , Farmer ranked 62nd . She also did not progress to later rounds .
Men
Women
= Pennatomys =
Pennatomys nivalis is an extinct oryzomyine rodent from the islands of Sint Eustatius , Saint Kitts , and Nevis in the Lesser Antilles . The only species in the genus Pennatomys , it is known from skeletal remains found in Amerindian archeological sites on all three islands , with dates ranging from 790 – 520 BCE to 900 – 1200 CE . No live specimens are known , but there are several historical records of rodents from Saint Kitts and Nevis that could conceivably refer to Pennatomys . The animal apparently belongs to a group within the tribe Oryzomyini that includes many other island @-@ dwelling species .
Pennatomys nivalis was a medium @-@ sized species without many distinctive adaptations . The nasal bones were short and blunt @-@ ended . The zygomatic plate , a bony plate at the side of the skull , was broad . The bony palate was long and flat . The root of the lower incisor was housed in a bony protuberance , the capsular process . The molars were low @-@ crowned and possess accessory crests such as mesolophs . The upper molars all had three roots .
= = Taxonomy = =
Oryzomyini , also known as rice rats , is a diverse grouping of North , Central , and South American rodents within the family Cricetidae . Remains of extinct rice rats are known throughout the Lesser Antilles , but the systematic relationships among those animals are poorly understood , and many species remain unnamed . Rice rat fossils were first recorded from Saint Kitts in 1907 by archeologist C.W. Branch and were later found in abundance in Amerindian archeological sites on nearby Nevis and Sint Eustatius . The rice rat of these islands was formally described and named as Pennatomys nivalis in a 2010 article by zoologist Samuel Turvey and coworkers . The generic name , Pennatomys , combines the Latin pennatus " winged " with -mys " mouse " , a standard element in the names of rodent genera , and honors archeologist Elizabeth Wing . The specific name , nivalis , is Latin for " snowy " and refers to Nevis . This island 's name derives from the Spanish Nuestra Señora de las Nieves " Our Lady of the Snows " , a reference to the clouds ( mistaken for snow ) that surround the island 's central peak .
Cladistic analysis of morphological characters suggest that Pennatomys is most closely related to a clade , the Nectomys subclade , that includes members of Aegialomys , Amphinectomys , Nectomys , Sigmodontomys , Melanomys , Megalomys ( another Antillean rice rat ) , and possibly Nesoryzomys . However , the exact position of Pennatomys was poorly resolved because of missing data . Turvey and colleagues placed P. nivalis as the only member of its own genus because of its distinctive characters and the absence of evidence for close relationships with any other oryzomyine genus . Pennatomys probably belongs to a subgroup of Oryzomyini known as " clade D " . This clade contains a number of species only occurring on islands — including members of Aegialomys , Megalomys , Nesoryzomys , Noronhomys , Oryzomys , and Pennatomys . Turvey and colleagues suggested that this is related to the high proportion of semiaquatic species in clade D — most other oryzomyines are forest dwellers . As a whole , Oryzomyini includes over a hundred species in about thirty genera . It is one of several tribes within the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the family Cricetidae , which encompasses hundreds of other species of mainly small rodents , distributed chiefly in Eurasia and the Americas . However DNA analysis demonstrated a sister @-@ taxa relationship with Megalomys as an endemic Lesser Antillean radiation within clade D , and also showed that the different island populations showed a high degree of genetic differentiation from each other .
= = Description = =
A medium @-@ sized oryzomyine , Pennatomys is known from a number of skeletal remains , many of which are fragmentary . Both skull and postcranial bones are represented . Although there are no unusual adaptations in the known material , the animal possesses a combination of characteristics that distinguish it from all other known oryzomyines . The skull is known only from fragments . The nasal bones extend back to a point before or slightly behind the point where the maxillary , frontal , and lacrimal bones meet , and have a blunt back margin . The nasals extend slightly further back than the premaxillaries . The lacrimals articulate with both the frontals and the maxillaries , a trait that distinguishes Pennatomys from its closest relatives ( which have lacrimals articulating mainly with the frontals ) . The interorbital region of the skull bears weak crests at its sides . The zygomatic plate , a bony plate at the side of the skull , is broad and its back margin is located in front of the first upper molar ( M1 ) . The incisive foramina , openings in the bony palate , extend back to a point next to the front root of M1 . The palate itself is long and flat , extending beyond the third upper molars ( M3 ) . In the mandible ( lower jaw ) , there is a capsular process — a protuberance at the back of the jawbone that houses the root of the lower incisor . Below the molars , the upper and lower masseteric ridges ( crests which support some of the chewing muscles ) are sometimes conjoined towards the front , and they extend forward to a point below the first lower molar ( m1 ) . The conjoined crests are one of the synapomorphic ( shared @-@ derived ) characters of the Nectomys subclade .
The maxillary toothrows are parallel to each other . The molars are bunodont ( with the cusps higher than the connecting crests ) and brachyodont ( low @-@ crowned ) and have the inter @-@ cusp valleys on the labial ( outer ) sides closed by a cingulum ( shelf ) . The valleys on the labial and lingual ( inner ) sides of the molars meet at the midlines . Each of the upper molars has three roots — unlike in most of the closest relatives of Pennatomys , there is no additional labial root on M1 . The m1 has four roots — two large roots at the front and back and two smaller ones in the middle . There are three roots under m2 , two at the front and one at the back , and two under m3 , at the front and back . Upper toothrow length ranges from 5 @.@ 6 to 6 @.@ 7 mm and lower toothrow length is 5 @.@ 9 to 7 @.@ 4 mm .
On M1 , the anterocone ( the cusp at the front of the tooth ) is not divided into smaller cuspules . The connection between the protocone and the paracone , the major cusps immediately after the anterocone , is located relatively far toward the front . Behind the paracone , the mesoloph accessory crest is present . On M2 , there is no protoflexus ( an indentation in front of the protocone , which on this tooth is the frontmost cusp ) and the valley between the paracone and the mesoloph , the mesoflexus , is not divided into two pieces by a paracone – mesoloph connection . These traits are both characteristic of the Nectomys subclade . The mesoloph is present on M3 , but the posteroloph , a crest at the back of the tooth , is absent or vestigial , as is the hypoflexus ( the valley between the protocone and the cusp behind it , the hypocone ) . The absence or near @-@ absence of the posteroloph is a distinctive trait that differentiates Pennatomys from related oryzomyines .
The anteroconid on m1 ( the frontmost cusp , corresponding to the anterocone ) contains an internal hollow , an anteromedian fossettid . There is an ectolophid , an accessory crest in the valley between the protoconid ( the cusp on the labial side , behind the anteroconid ) and the hypoconid ( the cusp behind the protoconid , at the back labial corner of the tooth ) . On the other side of the tooth , the mesolophid ( another accessory crest ) is also present . On each of the lower molars , an anterolabial cingulum ( a shelf on the front labial corner ) is present . On m2 and m3 , an anterolophid is present — a crest in front of the metaconid ( the cusp on the front lingual corner of the tooth ) .
= = Range and history = =
Remains of Pennatomys nivalis come from several Amerindian archeological sites on each of the three islands where it has been found ; it was eaten by the native Amerindian population . The oldest site is Hichmans ' Shell Heap on Nevis , which is from the Archaic age and is dated to 790 to 520 BCE . The youngest , Sulphur Ghaut ( 900 – 1200 CE ) , is also on Nevis , and is from the post @-@ Saladoid period . Other sites on Nevis include Hichmans ( Saladoid , 100 BCE – 600 CE ) , Indian Castle ( post @-@ Saladoid , 650 – 880 CE ) , and Coconut Walk ( post @-@ Saladoid , no absolute dates known ) . The only site on Sint Eustatius is the Saladoid and post @-@ Saladoid site Golden Rock ( 80 BCE – 980 CE ) . Each of the three sites yielding Pennatomys on Saint Kitts is from the post @-@ Saladoid period : Sugar Factory ( 700 – 1000 CE ) , Bloody Point ( 660 – 1115 CE ) , and Cayon ( undated ) .
Unambiguous historical records of Pennatomys are lacking , but there are some references to Saint Kitts and Nevis rodents that may relate to it . George Percy reported on the presence of " great store of Conies " on Nevis around 1606 , probably a reference to the agoutis ( Dasyprocta ) that have been introduced throughout the Lesser Antilles . There are references from 1631 and 1720 to people eating rats on Saint Kitts and Nevis , respectively , but these may well have been introduced black rats ( Rattus rattus ) , not Pennatomys . There are anecdotal records of unusual rats on Nevis up to recent times ; these were reportedly eaten by the islanders until the 1930s . Surveys on Nevis in 2009 found no evidence for the survival of Pennatomys . The extinction of the Antillean rice rats , including Pennatomys , may have resulted from the introduction of exotic animals such as the black rat and the small Asian mongoose ( Herpestes auropunctatus ) to the Lesser Antilles .
There are no known morphological differences between the three island populations , but Turvey and colleagues found that animals from Nevis were slightly smaller than those from the two other islands . Such a difference in size might be related to the fact that Saint Kitts is larger than Nevis , in accordance with the trend that animals become larger on larger islands . However , Turvey and colleagues also observed that their Saint Kitts material consisted of older individuals than those from Nevis ; thus , the size difference may result from differences in the mode of exploitation by Amerindians .
= Hitachi Magic Wand =
The Hitachi Magic Wand ( renamed as Magic Wand Original and Original Magic Wand and referred to simply as Magic Wand ) is an electrical , mains @-@ powered vibrating massager , manufactured for relieving tension and relaxing sore muscles . Japanese company Hitachi listed the device for business in the United States in 1968 . Sex educator Betty Dodson popularized its use as a vibrator and masturbation aid for women during the sex @-@ positive movement in the late 1960s . It functions effectively as a clitoral vibrator and is able to bring women to orgasm . The wand is 12 inches ( 30 cm ) long and weighs 1 @.@ 2 pounds ( 540 g ) with stimulation provided by its rubberized 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) head .
Hitachi executives assisted financing the production of chocolates in the shape of the massager in 1992 , in honor of the 15 @-@ year anniversary of the sex shop Good Vibrations . Subsequently the company asserted in 1999 its sole intended use was for health care purposes . Hitachi had a conflict with its U.S. distributor in 2000 and briefly stopped selling the device until it reached a new deal with distributor Vibratex . The Magic Wand sold out after being featured in a 2002 episode of Sex and the City . Hitachi decided to cease production of the device in 2013 because of concerns about having the company name attached to a sex toy . Vibratex persuaded the company to continue manufacturing it under the name " Original Magic Wand " , omitting the Hitachi name . In 2014 , the company used the name " Magic Wand Original " .
Academics have researched its use for treatment of female sexual arousal disorder and chronic anorgasmia — a sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm . The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology published a 1979 study which found self @-@ administered treatment and use of the Magic Wand to be the best method to achieve orgasm . In 2008 , The Scientific World Journal published research finding over 93 % of a group of 500 chronic anorgasmic women could reach orgasm using the Magic Wand and the Betty Dodson Method . The device was used in studies in many applications , including articles published in Dermatology Online Journal , Journal of Applied Physiology , Experimental Brain Research , Neuroscience Letters , and Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing .
The Magic Wand has alternatively been referred to as the Cadillac of vibrators , the Rolls @-@ Royce of vibrators , and the mother of all vibrators . Counselors Bettina Arndt , Laura Berman , Gloria Brame , and Ruth Westheimer recommended the device to women , and Cosmopolitan magazine reported the Magic Wand was the vibrator most often suggested by sex therapists . Mobile Magazine readers in 2005 voted the Magic Wand " the No. 1 greatest gadget of all time " . Tanya Wexler 's film Hysteria featured the device while showing the evolution of the vibrator . Engadget called the Magic Wand " the most recognizable sex toy on Earth " .
= = Design and features = =
The device is 30 cm ( 12 in ) long and it weighs 540 g ( 1 @.@ 19 lb ) . Muscle and nerve stimulation is provided by the device 's rubberised , 6 @.@ 4 cm ( 2 @.@ 5 in ) head , which is attached to the main body of the massager via a flexible neck . A 1 @.@ 8 m ( 6 ft ) cord is attached to the device to provide power from mains electricity with alternating current , and requires 110 Volts . It does not take batteries . The massager provides two vibration rates — 5 @,@ 000 and 6 @,@ 000 rpm , which are equivalent to 83 Hz and 100 Hz — that are controlled by a switch on its body . Specifically , research published in the journal Sexual and Relationship Therapy determined that the Magic Wand operated on its low setting at a frequency of 89 Hz and at 101 Hz on its high setting . Its displacement was measured as 452 @.@ 9 µm ( 0 @.@ 01783 in ) , with an acceleration of 185 @.@ 7 µg ( 0 @.@ 002866 gr ) . Because the device was not originally designed as a vibrator , it exhibits some deficiencies when used for this purpose . Apart from its size , bulk , and its reliance on a mains power supply that limits its portability , it is not waterproof or water @-@ resistant , and it overheats when used for more than 25 minutes . It does not work well in electrical outlets in all countries internationally .
Because of the Magic Wand 's popularity , various aftermarket attachments with differences in colour , pattern of studs , and material , became available to purchase . Such attachments have been produced by many companies without ties to Hitachi . Without attachments , the device functions effectively as a clitoral vibrator , able to bring women to orgasm . Add @-@ ons that are fitted over the top of the device and are used to excite the clitoris are available . An attachment called the " Wonder Wand " allows women to feel vibrations deep into the vagina . According to an article in the Dermatology Online Journal , " The Wonder Wand " is created from a plastic material which is even in consistency and may be simply cleansed after use . Attachments made of silicone designed to aid with penetrative sensations or to modify texture of the device are available . An add @-@ on called the " G @-@ Spotter " fits over the device in the same fashion and turns the device into a G @-@ spot vibrator . The " Gee @-@ Whiz " ( also referred to as " G @-@ Whiz " ) is a similar type of attachment used to stimulate the G @-@ spot . The " Fluffer Tip Wand Attachment " may be placed over the device and can be used to mimic the sensation of cunnilingus . " Liberator Axis " is a booster pillow that stabilizes the Magic Wand so the user does not have to hold it with her hands during use . Attachments have been sold by Betty Dodson on her website , which provides pictorial instructions on their use with the Magic Wand . The massager may be used without attachments for men or with the " G @-@ Whiz " attachment ; when held on the penis it can stimulate pleasurable sensations to the prostate . An attachment made by an unaffiliated company provides a cap that fits over the top of the device so it can function as a male masturbation sleeve .
= = History = =
= = = Debut as massager = = =
Hitachi listed the Magic Wand for business use with the United States Patent and Trademark Office on 25 April 1968 . Kabushiki Kaisha Hitachi Seisakusho registered the trademark to the Magic Wand . It became available to the mass market in the U.S. during the 1970s and was advertised as a device to aid with massage techniques . It is effective at relieving pain associated with back aches , and is registered with the Food and Drug Administration as a physical medicine device under the classification therapeutic electric massager . The stated use of the Magic Wand is the soothing and relaxing of sore muscles and nerves , relieving tension , and rehabilitation after sports injuries .
= = = Women 's masturbation education = = =
The Magic Wand has found great commercial success as a vibrator , a masturbation aid for women . Its popularity for this purpose is associated with the American artist and sex educator Betty Dodson , who used it in demonstrations and instructional classes to instruct females regarding self @-@ pleasure techniques . Dodson became active in the sex @-@ positive movement in the late 1960s . She recommended women put a small towel over their sex organs in order to dull the sensation of the vibrator and prolong the pleasurable experience . Her technique became known as the Betty Dodson Method . Her sessions were known as Bodysex workshops and featured 15 naked women in supine position , each using a Magic Wand simultaneously to aid in masturbation . She provided a Magic Wand to each woman for these two @-@ hour masturbation sessions . Dodson taught thousands of women to achieve orgasm using this technique .
Dell Williams , founder of the first feminist sex toy business in the United States , Eve 's Garden , was inspired to launch her store after using a Magic Wand as a student in Dodson 's course in the early 1970s . Williams said the Magic Wand was her favorite sex toy because of its dependability and its power at delivering pleasure to the clitoris . In 1974 , Dodson recommended the device in her book Liberating Masturbation . In 1975 in her demonstrations , she replaced the Panasonic Panabrator with the Magic Wand . In 1977 , Dodson recommended the device to Dian Hanson , former editor of men 's magazines Leg Show and Juggs . Hanson recalled her initial experience after receiving the recommendation from Dodson . Hanson said she was instructed to purchase the Magic Wand but was advised to be cautious regarding its emotional and physical influence because it could have properties which could cause habit @-@ forming dependency . She observed that in comparison to her prior vibrator operated by two D batteries , the Magic Wand was significantly more effective .
The Magic Wand has been a bestseller at the sex shop Good Vibrations since it opened in 1977 . The shop marketed the magic wand to women as an effective means of stimulating the clitoris . The device became an enduring bestseller in adult sex toy shops in the United States . It has become known colloquially among women as " Big Buzzy " , and is also simply referred to as " The Hitachi " . During the 1980s , the device was advertised in the back pages of Mother Jones magazine . It became popular with women and was featured on the cover of the book Good Vibrations : The New Complete Guide to Vibrators ( 1976 ) by Joani Blank . The Magic Wand features on the covers of the 1989 and 1998 editions of the book . In 1992 for the 15th anniversary of the opening of Good Vibrations , the sex store managers arranged to have chocolates manufactured in the shape of the Magic Wand . Sales staff from the corporate headquarters of Hitachi company contributed finances towards the creation of the chocolates in the shape of their massager . The Hitachi executives additionally purchased 500 of the massager @-@ shaped chocolates which were given out at the company 's sales conference that year .
Good Vibes Gazette surveyed sex toy store customers in 1995 and asked them to rank their opinions of sex toys . The Magic Wand was identified as outstanding . The 1995 book about censorship Forbidden Passages : Writings Banned in Canada , which included works confiscated by Canadian authorities for being " obscene " , featured a contribution involving a woman who used a Magic Wand for pain relief . In 1997 , the Magic Wand was the most popular holiday gift item sold at the Good Vibrations store in Berkeley , California . According to Out magazine , the Magic Wand was the best @-@ selling sex toy of 1998 . Chatelaine received criticism from the Alberta Report in 1999 for reporting on the increasing popularity of the Magic Wand and other sex toys among women . In 1999 the Magic Wand was promoted to consumers as a " personal massager " device . The Village Voice reported in 1999 that the device was marketed by the company as the " Hitachi Magic Wand Household Electric Massager " . According to the The Village Voice article , the device had outlived competition from subsequent inventions by other companies and remained a bestseller . When contacted in 1999 by The Village Voice the public relations director of Hitachi , Gerry Corbett , emphasized the original intent of their product : " Clearly , [ the Magic Wand ] is a straightforward product . There are no implications of anything beyond standard health @-@ care use . "
= = = Vibratex distribution = = =
In 2000 , the Hitachi company had a conflict with Appliance Corporation of America , the American distributor of its products including the Magic Wand . The device ceased being sold briefly in the United States . In June 2000 , Hitachi reached a deal with the sex toy distributor company Vibratex located in California to sell the device in the U.S. Vibratex has continued to sell the device in the U.S. through 2014 . Urologist and specialist in sexual dysfunction Jed Kaminetsky told The New York Observer in 2000 that the Magic Wand had a renowned reputation . He stated he recommended the device to female patients with difficulty achieving orgasm to use in masturbation . Kaminetsky observed that the Magic Wand was an extremely successful manner in which to masturbate and was among the preeminent vibrators available .
The concept of using a neck massager for other than its stated purpose was popularized in 2002 in the fifth @-@ season episode of the television series Sex and the City , " Critical Condition " . The character Samantha Jones goes to Sharper Image to buy a vibrator , but the staff at the store tell her it is a neck massager . Shortly after being featured on Sex and the City , the Magic Wand sold out of stores . Journalist Naomi Wolf wrote in The Sunday Times that while researching for an article on the female @-@ oriented sex toys catalogue Good Vibrations , she was informed that the Magic Wand had sold out from their stock because of its appearance on Sex and the City . The Rabbit vibrator had previously seen an increase in sales , after it was similarly popularized on the program in 1998 . According to a contribution to Best Sex Writing 2013 by Andy Isaacson , these appearances of sex toys on Sex and the City revolutionized the way they were perceived culturally in the United States . The Times noted the Magic Wand was relatively new to the market in the United Kingdom , where it became available in 2004 . The Magic Wand was number seven of the top ten hand @-@ held massagers sold on Amazon.com. Faye Flam writing for Knight Ridder Newspapers reported in 2006 that the Magic Wand was exempt from anti @-@ vibrator laws in Alabama , Georgia , and Texas because it did not appear to be a phallic object . In 2006 the device was among the top @-@ selling masturbation aids in the market .
The closing credits of director Tanya Wexler 's 2011 film Hysteria featured the Magic Wand in a montage showing the evolution of the vibrator . In August 2012 , American filmmaker Clayton Cubitt used the Magic Wand in a video @-@ art exhibit titled Hysterical Literature . The film project featured women sitting on a chair narrating a piece of literature while being stimulated by the Magic Wand . Each video ends with the woman 's orgasm . Writing for The McClatchy Company , Chuck Shepherd called it " Great Art ! " .
= = = Rebranding = = =
Because of its concerns about having its name attached to a popular sex toy , Hitachi decided to cease production of the Magic Wand in 2013 . Vibratex director of operations Eddie Romero told Engadget that Hitachi is an extremely staid company and was uncomfortable being associated with the best @-@ selling masturbation aid . Vibratex persuaded Hitachi to continue manufacturing the device , to rename it the " Original Magic Wand " , to use lighter , more durable materials , and to omit any reference to Hitachi . The newly named device returned to the market on 25 June 2013 , with improved engineering and modified graphic design on its accompanying box . It was sold as the " Original Magic Wand Vibrator " by Good Vibrations .
In January 2014 the device 's name was " Magic Wand Original " according to Shape Magazine , with information provided at the associated website magicwandoriginal.com. Hitachi does not market the device for sexual purposes . Betty Dodson told Engadget in 2014 that the device was still her preferred vibrator . On 5 May 2014 , the device was featured in a comedy segment of the television program Louie on FX . In 2014 , 250 @,@ 000 Magic Wands were sold in the U.S. by Vibratex . In November 2014 , Stanford School of Medicine assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology Leah Millheiser recommended the Magic Wand . She commented to Yahoo ! Health that it was effective for helping women with orgasm after menopause , and improving sexual ability and self @-@ esteem .
= = Academic research = =
= = = Sexual uses = = =
Many academics have discussed use of the Magic Wand to treat chronic anorgasmia — a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm — and other sexual problems including female sexual arousal disorder . A study published in 1979 in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology analyzed the training of women in self @-@ masturbation techniques in a sample of individuals who previously had difficulty experiencing orgasm . The researchers gave women the Magic Wand to help excite the clitoris and increase the likelihood they would experience an orgasm . They found self @-@ administered treatment using the Magic Wand to be the most efficient option to address prior problems achieving orgasm .
In 2008 The Scientific World Journal published research in which women with long @-@ term problems achieving orgasm were instructed using documentation from Betty Dodson . They said the Magic Wand 's large head effectively created a vibrating sensation in the area of the clitoris and vulva without superficial discomfort . Their research showed that more than 93 % of a group of 500 chronically anorgasmic women could reach orgasm using Magic Wand and the Betty Dodson Method . The Scientific World Journal research was subsequently discussed in a literature review published in 2010 by The Journal of Sexual Medicine . Bat Sheva Marcus published a 2011 article in The Journal of Sexual Medicine after introducing women to the Magic Wand as a way to increase her subjects ' levels of sexual experience and assess changes in their sexual expectations .
In their work Pleasure Able : Sexual Device Manual for Persons with Disabilities , authors Kate Naphtali and Edith MacHattie of the Disabilities Health Research Network under the supervision of doctors Andrei Krassioukov and Stacy L Elliott recommended use of the Magic Wand in sexual activity for people with disabilities . The authors said the person holding the device would need to be capable of maintaining an active wide grasp throughout the process . They wrote that the Magic Wand was helpful for disabled people with either limited strength in their upper extremities or limited use of their hands . They also said it was well @-@ suited for individuals with decreased movement in their upper extremities .
In a 2011 paper for the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems , authors Anna Eaglin and Shaowen Bardzell discussed the Magic Wand within the context of devices used in sexual behavior that were not originally created for that purpose . A 2012 study published in the journal Sexual and Relationship Therapy evaluated seven vibrators for use with clinical therapy for sexual stimulation . They found that the Magic Wand displayed a high degree of movement and oscillation . The researchers suggested that their data could be used by therapists to select the optimum vibrator which could deliver both effectiveness and sensitivity for their clients .
= = = Vibration analgesia = = =
In their 2002 book Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia : Trigger Point Management authors orthopedic surgeon Edward S. Rachlin and physical therapist Isabel Rachlin recommended use of the Magic Wand for self @-@ treatment by patients with myalgia . They wrote that continued use of the Magic Wand on myofascial trigger points or tense areas of muscle could result in decreasing the amount of discomfort felt by patients . Rachlin and Rachlin suggested that such treatment could be done in one 's residence outside of a clinical setting .
In a 2004 article published in Dermatology Online Journal , authors reported on use of the Magic Wand to help alleviate pain before cosmetic and dermatologic techniques performed by clinicians . The authors described use of the device to decrease discomfort before procedures including supplementing anesthesia with the injection of triamcinolone acetonide into the proximal nail fold for psoriasis , decreasing discomfort during a Restylane injection of the nasolabial fold , making an Intense Pulsed Light ( IPL ) facial treatment easier by reducing pain during the procedure , and throughout axillary hyperhidrosis treatment with botulinum toxin . They recommended use of the device with the " Wonder Wand " attachment to provide vibration to a decreased surface area on the patient . Lead researcher Kevin C. Smith explained to Skin & Allergy News that the vibrations when delivered to the area of the patient 's mandible can give relief from discomfort by negating feelings of pain from being sent through the sensory system . Smith and Francisco Perez @-@ Atamoros further elaborated on use of the Magic Wand in Chapter 7 " Other Dermatologic Uses of Botulinum Toxin " of the 2006 compilation book Botulinum Toxin in Clinical Dermatology . They emphasized the beneficial uses of the Magic Wand with the " Wonder Wand " attachment and showed how its vibrations can reduce pain if given just before an injection of Restylane within 1 to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) from the injection site .
Authors Lisa R. Baba , Jacqueline M. McGrath , and Jiexin Liu examined use of vibration delivery to infants to mitigate pain while doing heel stick procedures in a 2010 article for the Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing . Their sample size included 20 babies of age 35 weeks or more , and they tracked their subjects ' levels of pain on the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale while giving mechanical vibration to alleviate discomfort for a heel stick procedure . Vibration was delivered using the Magic Wand , which they bought through Vibratex . They set the Magic Wand to the highest setting and placed it on the heel of the infant for five seconds before administering the heel stick procedure . Their results found that oscillation sensations delivered to newborns who had previously had discomfort from neonatal heel pricks were able to deliver some relief . They wrote that additional research was indicated in the form of a randomized clinical trial with a greater sample size of newborns .
= = = Proprioception and vertigo = = =
Ely Rabin and Andrew M. Gordon reported in 2004 in the Journal of Applied Physiology on their use of the Magic Wand to create vibrations in the left biceps brachia to study proprioception signals in humans related to fingertip contact on surfaces . Rabin and Gordon followed up their research in 2006 with a subsequent paper published in the journal Experimental Brain Research . They wrote that extension of muscles and sensory clues worked together to provide regional perception of the patient 's upper extremity in a localized area . Rabin and Gordon later co @-@ wrote a 2010 paper with additional authors in Neuroscience Letters and expanded on research incorporating use of the Magic Wand to stimulate the biceps brachia . They measured people suffering Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) for proprioceptive ability while their subjects ' biceps muscles were stimulated with the vibrator . In 2007 , researchers published a paper in the journal Gait & Posture about use of the Magic Wand to help measure balance and postural sway . While testing their subjects ' balance while having to deal with simultaneous vibration , the researchers attached one Magic Wand to each leg .
In a 2011 article for the International Journal of Otolaryngology , Jeremy Hornibrook discussed the inner ear disorder Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ( BPPV ) . BPPV is the most common cause of vertigo , a problem attributed to a detached otoconia in one of the semicircular canals . Hornibrook recommended a repositioning treatment for patients with BPPV from the posterior canal location . He wrote that the procedure most often performed for this purpose was a slightly transformed version of the Epley maneuver , and afterwards recommended carrying out a Dix – Hallpike test to assess the status of BPPV . If such a test was positive , Hornibrook recommended using a Magic Wand to deliver vibrations to the area of the mastoid process .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commentary = = =
The Magic Wand received the nickname " the Cadillac of vibrators " from the sex shop Good Vibrations . Boutique erotica store Babeland founders Rachel Venning and Claire Cavanah called the massager the Rolls @-@ Royce of vibrators in their 2003 book Sex Toys 101 ; this characterization was echoed by authors Anne Hooper and Philip Hodson , and physician Michael L. Krychman . Venning and Cavanah observed that the device alleviated discomfort from menstrual cramps . They recommended the Magic Wand to new users of vibrators who asked for a suggestion for a starter device . Cavanah observed that the Magic Wand was unique among vibrators for its success through word @-@ of @-@ mouth marketing .
Sex @-@ positive feminist writer Susie Bright called the Magic Wand one of her two favorite vibrators , and called it a miracle that the device was able to bring about a orgasm in under sixty seconds . Bright wrote about her experience using the Magic Wand to relieve discomfort during childbirth . Author Kathy Shaidle wrote that the massager is able to give females multiple orgasms . Shaidle wrote that its effectiveness was not hampered by its appearance which brought to mind objects featured in the Mütter Museum . Sociologist , sexologist and sex @-@ positive feminist Carol Queen critiqued the carbon footprint of the Magic Wand because it was imported from Japan , and praised its environmentally friendly qualities including its lack of batteries , and durability compared to other vibrators .
Sex therapist Ruth Westheimer said the device was most favored by those selecting from vibrators of the corded electrical variety . Therapist and sex educator Laura Berman recommended the device in many articles for the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , both for women who had never experienced an orgasm and those who had difficulty becoming aroused . Sexologist Gloria Brame wrote in her book The Truth about Sex , a Sex Primer for the 21st Century that the Magic Wand was one of the more successful masturbation aids marketed , and stated it was popular due to its non @-@ penetrative nature . Australian clinical psychologist and sex therapist Bettina Arndt reported that a couple she corresponded with had success using the Magic Wand while simultaneously engaging in sexual intercourse . Physician and sex columnist Hilda Hutcherson recommended the Magic Wand in her book Pleasure , and suggested women could place a soft cloth over their vulva if they felt it was needed to decrease delivered intensity from the device . Cosmopolitan magazine reported that the Magic Wand was the vibrator most often suggested by sex therapists .
Paula Kamen , author of Her Way : Young Women Remake the Sexual Revolution , placed the increasing popularity of the Magic Wand as an influential factor in the sexual revolution which took place towards the end of the 20th century . Cathy Winks and Anne Semans , coauthors of The Good Vibrations Guide to Sex , recommended the Magic Wand for use both during foreplay and intercourse and noted couples could feel pleasure through the device together at the same time . Wendy Caster wrote in the 2003 edition of The Lesbian Sex Book that lesbians have enjoyed using the Magic Wand due to its ability to concentrate powerful vibration on the clitoris .
Mobile Magazine announced in its July 2005 issue that readers had voted the Magic Wand " the No. 1 greatest gadget of all time " . The Magic Wand won despite being included in the category that included the iPod , the telephone , and the toothbrush . In 2006 , Melinda Gallagher and Emily Kramer , founders of women 's entertainment company CAKE , awarded the device the Best Vibrator Award in their book A Piece of Cake . Many publications have called the Magic Wand the mother of all vibrators including : The Hot Woman 's Handbook , Clean Sheets , the Valley Advocate , and Cosmopolitan Magazine . Gallagher and Kramer wrote that the device was effective at giving the clitoris and vulva intense oscillation sensations .
Writing for the Star Tribune , Alexis McKinnis recommended the device for a woman having difficulty achieving orgasm . She wrote that for thirty @-@ years a multitude of females had found it to be an assured way to reach orgasm . McKinnis recommended the Magic Wand again in a subsequent column as a Valentine 's Day gift , and wrote that it faced little competition due to its basic construction , efficiency , intensity , and reliability . Author Robert J. Rubel wrote that the device was among the highest @-@ demanded vibrators in the United States . Rubel stated that approximately ninety @-@ percent of females are able to achieve orgasm with the Magic Wand . A panel of users arranged by Good Housekeeping tried the Magic Wand for relief of lumbar discomfort and were unimpressed with the results . Self Magazine observed in 2010 that the device 's appreciation had become a cultural phenomenon .
Rachel Kramer Bussel praised the device in a 2011 article for SexIs Magazine titled : " 10 Reasons The Hitachi Magic Wand is My Favorite Vibrator " . She composed her article in the form of an ode to her favorite toy . Her rationale for selecting the device as her favorite included its power , speed it takes her to a state of increased arousal , its lack of need for batteries , its delivery of intense clitoral sensations , and its affordability . Yana Tallon @-@ Hicks described the device in a 2011 piece for the Valley Advocate , and wrote that it was quite effective at bringing women to orgasm . She compared its intensity to a Mack Truck . Valley Advocate recommended the Magic Wand in a 2012 article for overweight partners to use during sex because of its longer handle . Ashleigh Corbeil wrote in her book about achieving a simultaneous orgasm for two partners that due to its length the Magic Wand could be used during doggy style intercourse ; and Hilda Hutcherson similarly advised use of the massager in this sexual position .
Comic book artist Erika Moen devoted the first piece of her new comic strip series Oh Joy , Sex Toy to " The Hitachi Magic Wand " in April 2013 . Her work was syndicated by Bitch Media , and received praise in a review by The Daily Beast . In a 2013 article for Express Milwaukee , Laura Anne Stuart said it may be the only device for some women to help them reach orgasm , while additional women may choose to use it to find a simple and quick path to pleasure . She praised its well @-@ built construction and durability . The Magic Wand from Vibratex won the award for " Favorite Sex Toy for Women " in October 2013 at The Sex Awards in California . Valued by users for its durability and long @-@ lasting dependability , the device has garnered attributes such as " the most recognizable sex toy on Earth " from Engadget . In 2014 , the magazine Women 's Health featured the device in an article titled " The Ultimate Guide to Sex Toys " , where it was recommended for use with two partners .
= = = Awards = = =
= USS Jacob Jones ( DD @-@ 61 ) =
USS Jacob Jones ( Destroyer No. 61 / DD @-@ 61 ) was a Tucker @-@ class destroyer built for the United States Navy prior to the American entry into World War I. The ship was the first U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of Jacob Jones .
Jacob Jones was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding of Camden , New Jersey , in August 1914 and launched in May of the following year . The ship was a little more than 315 feet ( 96 m ) in length , just over 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) abeam , and had a standard displacement of 1 @,@ 090 long tons ( 1 @,@ 110 t ) . She was armed with four 4 @-@ inch ( 10 cm ) guns and had eight 21 @-@ inch ( 530 mm ) torpedo tubes . Jacob Jones was powered by a pair of steam turbines that propelled her at up to 30 knots ( 56 km / h ) .
After her February 1916 commissioning , Jacob Jones conducted patrols off the New England coast . After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Jacob Jones was sent overseas . Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown , Ireland , Jacob Jones rescued the survivors of several ships , notably picking up over 300 from the sunken Armed merchant cruiser Orama .
On 6 December , Jacob Jones was steaming independently from Brest , France , for Queenstown , when she was torpedoed and damaged by German submarine U @-@ 53 and was scuttled with the loss of 66 officers and men , becoming the first ever United States destroyer sunk by enemy action . Jacob Jones sank in eight minutes without issuing a distress call ; the German submarine commander , Kapitänleutnant Hans Rose , after taking two badly injured Jacob Jones crewmen aboard his submarine , radioed the American base at Queenstown with the coordinates for the survivors . The Veterans of Foreign Wars post in Dedham , Massachusetts is named for the ship .
= = Design and construction = =
Jacob Jones was authorized in 1913 as the fifth ship of the Tucker class which , like the related O 'Brien class , was an improved version of the Cassin @-@ class destroyers authorized in 1911 . Construction of the vessel was awarded to New York Shipbuilding of Camden , New Jersey , which laid down her keel on 3 August 1914 . Ten months later , on 29 May 1915 , Jacob Jones was launched by sponsor Mrs. Jerome Parker Crittenden ( née Paulina Cazenove Jones ) , a great @-@ granddaughter of the ship 's namesake , Commodore Jacob Jones ( 1768 – 1850 ) , a U.S. Navy officer during the War of 1812 . As built , Jacob Jones was 315 feet 3 inches ( 96 @.@ 09 m ) in length and 30 feet 6 inches ( 9 @.@ 30 m ) abeam and drew 9 feet 8 inches ( 2 @.@ 95 m ) . The ship had a standard displacement of 1 @,@ 060 long tons ( 1 @,@ 080 t ) and displaced 1 @,@ 205 long tons ( 1 @,@ 224 t ) when fully loaded .
Jacob Jones had two Curtis steam turbines that drove her two screw propellers , and an additional steam turbine geared to one of the propeller shafts for cruising purposes . The power plant could generate 17 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 13 @,@ 000 kW ) and move the ship at speeds up to 30 knots ( 56 km / h ) .
Jacob Jones ' main battery consisted of four 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) / 50 Mark 9 guns , with each gun weighing in excess of 6 @,@ 100 pounds ( 2 @,@ 800 kg ) . The guns fired 33 @-@ pound ( 15 kg ) armor @-@ piercing projectiles at 2 @,@ 900 feet per second ( 880 m / s ) . At an elevation of 20 ° , the guns had a range of 15 @,@ 920 yards ( 14 @,@ 560 m ) .
Jacob Jones was also equipped with eight 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes . The General Board of the United States Navy had called for two
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
refused to release the script and continued to make alterations , but never completed his copyediting : the book was finally published after his death .
By 1984 Terry @-@ Thomas was increasingly depressed by his condition and when he was interviewed that year , he admitted that " one doctor said I 've got about four more years to live . God forbid ! I shall probably blow my brains out first " . In 1987 the couple could no longer afford to live in Spain , so they moved back to London . They lived in a series of rented properties before ending up in a three @-@ room , unfurnished charity flat , where they lived with financial assistance from the Actors ' Benevolent Fund . Richard Briers was one of his first visitors at the flat , and was shocked by the change he saw : " [ S ] itting there , motionless , he was just a mere shadow . A crippled , crushed , shadow . It was really bloody awful . "
On 9 April 1989 the actor Jack Douglas and Richard Hope @-@ Hawkins organised a benefit concert for Terry @-@ Thomas , after discovering he was living in virtual obscurity , poverty and ill health . The gala , held at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane , ran for five hours , and featured 120 artists with Phil Collins topping the bill and Michael Caine as the gala chairman . The show raised over £ 75 @,@ 000 for Terry @-@ Thomas and Parkinson 's UK . The funds from the charity concert allowed Terry @-@ Thomas to move out of his charity flat and into Busbridge Hall nursing home in Godalming , Surrey . He died there on 8 January 1990 , at the age of 78 . The funeral service was held at St. John the Baptist Church , Busbridge , where the theme from Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines was played ; he was cremated at Guildford Crematorium .
= = Screen persona and technique = =
Although there were exceptions , Terry @-@ Thomas 's screen characters were generally similar ; Geoff Mayer wrote that " although there would be variations , he would remain the ' rotter ' , a pretentious , elitist , seedy , sometimes lecherous cad with an eye for quick money and the easy life " . Eric Sykes , with whom Terry @-@ Thomas shared a number of screen moments , stated that it was " always the same character and always funny " . Andrew Spicer , writing for the British Film Institute , called him " the definitive postwar cad or rotter " . Terry @-@ Thomas himself agreed with the view he presented , writing in the 1980s that " T @-@ T with his permanent air of caddish disdain ... bounder ... aristocratic rogue ... upper @-@ class English twit ... genuine English eccentric ... one of the last real gentlemen ... wet , genteel Englishman ... high @-@ bred idiot ... cheeky blighter ... camel @-@ haired cad ... amiable buffoon ... pompous Englishman ... twentieth @-@ century dandy ... stinker ... king of the cads ... All those descriptions added up to my image as Terry @-@ Thomas " .
Terry @-@ Thomas identified himself as a comedy actor , but regarded himself " first and foremost , as a comedian with a built @-@ in ability to inject humour into situations " . He worked hard at the humour element , especially during his days in cabaret and revue ; he wrote that he " spent an enormous amount of time studying how to write humour and reading books on the philosophical approach to it , but it didn 't get me very far . I decided that humour was like a good watch . It would go well if left to do its job but the moment one started poking around , it went wonky " . While working on his television series How do you View ? , he would change lines around to ensure the scene worked well , even if he gave the best lines to others ; it was a quality which was appreciated by a number of others , including Jack Lemmon , who appeared with Terry @-@ Thomas in How to Murder Your Wife . Lemmon commented that " like most really good professionals he was generous to fellow actors . He worked with you , not at you " .
Before starting filming or making an entrance on stage , Terry @-@ Thomas had a routine he would undertake : " my own technique to get myself going was ... to jump in the air and execute a few dance steps " . His approach for much of his film work was to underplay many of his reactions . Filming a scene in a cinema in Private 's Progress , a close @-@ up was needed showing his character " registering shock , fury , indignation and anything else I could stuff in " ; he " just looked into the camera and kept my mind blank . It 's a trick I 've used often since . In this way , the audience does the work " . Terry @-@ Thomas said " I like to do my own stunts " , which he did for films such as A Matter of WHO and Bachelor Flat . This included some dangerous work ; for example , during Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines , he ran along the roof of a moving train .
= = Legacy and reputation = =
Following Terry @-@ Thomas 's death , Lionel Jeffries called him " the last of the great gentlemen of the cinema " , while the director Michael Winner commented that " no matter what your position was in relation to his , as the star he was always terribly nice . He was the kindest man and he enjoyed life so much " . Reviewing his career in The Guardian , Adrian Turner considered that " we took him for granted and he was ideal for his time . Not to put too serious a point on it , his portrayal of crass stupidity and blatant deviousness struck a chord with British audiences during the fifties as they experienced the clumsy dismemberment of the Empire and the ' never had it so good ' ethos of the Macmillan era . During the sixties he became a glorious anachronism , much in demand in America , who saw in him the irrelevant pageantry of Britain " ; he also said that Terry @-@ Thomas was " a national treasure " . Gilbert Adair , writing in The Independent , considered that " for three decades , and in literally scores of films , he personified the Englishman as amiable bounder " ; Adair wrote that " the characterisation he was to assume represented the very essence of patrician , double @-@ barrelled caddishness " . Terry @-@ Thomas 's friend Jack Lemmon called him " a consummate professional ... he was a gentleman , a delight to be with personally , let alone professionally , and above all as an actor he had one of the qualities that I admire so much — he made it look simple " .
Terry @-@ Thomas 's image of an English cad was used by others . The personification started in the 1960s when the voice actor Ivan Owen , who had worked alongside Terry @-@ Thomas in " Stars in Battledress " , based the voice for Basil Brush on that of Terry @-@ Thomas , in a characterisation which also copied Terry @-@ Thomas 's " penchant for bad , self @-@ satisfied , golf @-@ club @-@ bore jokes " . The 1960s also witnessed the fictional cartoon character Dick Dastardly in two Hanna @-@ Barbera cartoon series ( Wacky Races and Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines ) , who was inspired by Terry @-@ Thomas .
Other actors have also used Terry @-@ Thomas 's persona as an inspiration for their characters : Dustin Hoffman acknowledged that he based his interpretation of the character Captain Hook in Hook on Terry @-@ Thomas ; Rupert Everett disclosed that when he provided the voice for Prince Charming in Shrek 2 Terry @-@ Thomas " was vocally my role model while I was doing it " ; and Paul Whitehouse 's character , the 13th Duke of Wybourne , from The Fast Show was also modelled on Terry @-@ Thomas 's on @-@ screen persona .
Terry @-@ Thomas 's popularity continued after his death . In February 1999 the National Film Theatre ran a season of Terry @-@ Thomas films ; an NFT spokesman described how attendees to the films turned up " in evening dress , with false moustaches and carrying cigarettes in long holders ... everyone has been trying to steal the cardboard cutouts of Terry ... We 've never had a response like it . To be honest , we are rather unprepared . Nobody expected Terry @-@ Thomas Fever " .
Some of the innovations Terry @-@ Thomas brought into his earlier television programmes were later copied by others ; How Do You View ? later provided the " prologue " format of Up Pompeii ! , and was the first to use regular BBC announcers as foils in comic sketches — a practice continued later , particularly with the shows of Morecambe and Wise . Terry @-@ Thomas 's anecdotes , stringing several stories together , later inspired Ronnie Corbett in his monologue spot in his series The Two Ronnies .
= = Filmography and other works = =
= SMS Comet =
SMS Comet was an aviso of the Imperial German Navy , the second and final member of the Meteor class . She had one sister ship , Meteor . Comet was laid down at the AG Vulcan shipyard in 1890 , launched in January 1892 , and commissioned in April 1893 . Like her sister , Comet was plagued by excessive vibration and poor handling , which limited her active duty career . She ended her career as a mine hulk in Emden . After the German defeat in World War I , she was sold for scrapping in 1921 .
= = Design = =
Comet was 79 @.@ 86 meters ( 262 @.@ 0 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 9 @.@ 58 m ( 31 @.@ 4 ft ) and a maximum draft of 3 @.@ 68 m ( 12 @.@ 1 ft ) forward . She displaced 1 @,@ 117 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 099 long tons ; 1 @,@ 231 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 19 @.@ 5 kn ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ; 22 @.@ 4 mph ) and a range of approximately 960 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 780 km ; 1 @,@ 100 mi ) at 9 kn ( 17 km / h ; 10 mph ) . Comet had a crew of 7 officers and 108 enlisted men .
As built , the ship was armed with four 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 30 guns placed in single pivot mounts , two side @-@ by @-@ side forward , and two side @-@ by @-@ side aft . The guns were supplied with between 462 and 680 rounds of ammunition . Comet also carried three 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes , one mounted submerged in the bow and the other two in deck @-@ mounted launchers on the broadside . She was protected with a 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) thick deck , along with 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) of steel armor plating for the conning tower .
= = Service history = =
Comet was built by the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin . She was laid down in 1890 and launched on 15 January 1892 . After the completion of fitting @-@ out work , she was transferred to Kiel , where she was commissioned for sea trials . Comet was commissioned into the German fleet on 29 April 1893 . That summer , she served in the newly formed III Division of the Maneuver Fleet for the annual maneuvers in August and September .
Comet served only briefly with the fleet , owing in large part to her poor handling and excessive vibration at high speed . She and her sister ship Meteor were quickly placed in reserve , though in 1899 they were reclassified as light cruisers . Starting on 3 May 1904 , Comet was employed as a harbor defense ship in Danzig . She was stricken from the naval register on 24 June 1911 and starting in 1913 was used as a mine hulk in Emden . She served in this capacity through World War I and was broken up in 1921 in Hamburg .
= Clathrus columnatus =
Clathrus columnatus , commonly known as the column stinkhorn , is a saprobic species of basidiomycete fungus in the family Phallaceae . It has a widespread distribution , and has been found in Africa , Australasia , and the Americas . It may have been introduced to North America with exotic plants . Similar to other stinkhorn fungi , the fruiting body , known as the receptaculum , starts out as a subterranean " egg " form . As the fungus develops , the receptaculum expands and erupts out of the protective volva , ultimately developing into mature structures characterized by two to five long vertical orange or red spongy columns , joined together at the apex . The fully grown receptaculum reaches heights of 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) tall . The inside surfaces of the columns are covered with a fetid olive @-@ brown spore @-@ containing slime , which attracts flies and other insects that help disseminate the spores . Although once considered undesirable , the fungus is listed as edible . It is found commonly in mulch .
= = Taxonomy and naming = =
The species was first named by the French botanist Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc in 1811 . Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck transferred it into Laternea in 1858 , a genus intended to accommodate those Clathrus @-@ like species with arms arranged in columns rather than a network ; in its current meaning , Laternea includes species that have gleba suspended below the arch of the receptaculum by trabeculae ( columns that extend from the peridium to the central core of the receptaculum ) . Other genera to which the species has been transferred include Linderia by Gordon Herriot Cunningham in 1932 , Colonnaria by Eduard Fischer in 1933 , and Linderiella by Cunningham in 1942 . Colonnaria , Linderia and Linderiella are now considered obsolete genera , as they have been subsumed into Clathrus .
The specific epithet columnatus is Latin , meaning " supported by pillars " . The mushroom is commonly known as the " column stinkhorn " . Curtis Gates Lloyd wrote in 1906 " in Florida , it is known to the natives as " Dead Men 's Fingers . "
= = Description = =
The fruit body , or receptaculum , of Clathrus columnatus consists of two to five ( usually four ) spongy vertical columns , which are separate where they arise from the volva , but joined together at the top in an arch . The columns are joined together in pairs ; the opposite pairs are joined by a short and broad arch similar in structure to the columns . The columns , which are narrower at the base than above , are reddish @-@ orange above and yellowish @-@ pink below . Young specimens have the fruit body compressed into the small interior space of an " egg " , which consists of a peridium that is surrounded by a gelatinous layer that encloses the compressed fruiting body . The egg , usually gray or grayish @-@ brown , typically reaches diameters of 3 to 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) before the columns grow . The volva remains at the base of the fruit body as a thick , loose , whitish sack . The mycelial cords found at the base of the volva are made of two types of tissues : a central bundle of fine hyphae that extend in a longitudinal direction , and an outer cortical layer of coarser hyphae that form a loose but highly interwoven structure . Full @-@ grown columns can extend to 5 to 8 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 1 in ) above the ground , a location that optimizes spore dispersal . The fetid @-@ smelling gleba , the spore @-@ bearing mass , is smeared on the upper inner surface of the columns .
The spores are elliptical , smooth , and have dimensions of 3 @.@ 5 – 5 by 2 – 2 @.@ 5 µm . They have thin walls , and are covered by a transparent envelope .
= = = Edibility = = =
The words of William Gilson Farlow , published in 1890 , serve as a warning to those who might be inclined to consume Clathrus columnatus : " The odor of fully grown specimens of the order Phalloidea is so repulsive that the question as to their poisonous character when eaten by men has not often been the subject of experiment . " Farlow described two cases of poisoning , one involving a young girl " who ate a small piece of the fungus , and was seized with violent convulsions followed by loss of speech and a deep sleep lasting 52 hours " ; the other case involved hogs that ate the fungus found in patches in oak woods , and died 12 – 15 hours later . Despite this early report of poisoning , Orson K. Miller , Jr. notes that the taste of the egg is mild , and lists the species as edible .
= = = Similar species = = =
Pseudocolus fusiformis , Clathrus bicolumnatus , and C. ruber have similarities to Clathrus columnatus . The lattice stinkhorn , C. ruber , has a larger , more globular , lattice @-@ like receptacle . The " stinky squid " , P. fusiformis , has arms that are attached at the bases , and free at the top . It grows on rotting logs and chip @-@ mulched soil , in contrast to C. columnatus , which grows on sandy soil . C. bicolumnatus has a smaller stature ( up to 9 cm tall ) , and only has two columns .
= = Development = =
The American botanist Edward Angus Burt published a detailed description of the development of C. columnatus in 1896 . He found that the egg consists of cortical and medullary systems continued upward from the mycelial strand in the earliest stage . The cortical layer gives rise to the outer layer of the volva , the cortical plates and the pseudoparenchyma ( thin @-@ walled , usually angular , randomly arranged cells that are tightly packed ) of the receptaculum . The medullary portion gives rise to the gelatinous masses of the gelatinous layer of the volva , to the gleba , and to the gelatinous tissue of the chambers of the receptaculum . The elongation of the receptacle begins at the base and after its elongation , the gleba hangs suspended from the arch of the receptaculum by medullary tissue constituting the chamber masses of the receptacle .
= = Ecology , habitat and distribution = =
Like all Phallaceae species , C. columnatus is saprobic , and uses extracellular digestion to acquire nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter , like wood . As a consequence of its predilection for dead wood , the fungus is often associated with disturbed habitats . It can often be found growing in and around gardens and residences where areas of cultivation or landscaping have resulted in accumulations of mulch , wood chips or other cellulose @-@ rich materials . The mycelial cords can be traced to buried roots , stumps , and other woody material . The species grows in sandy soil , near woody debris , in lawns , gardens , and cultivated soil . Fruit bodies appear singly , or scattered , and can arise in the summer , autumn , and early winter , especially after wet weather .
Like other member of the Phallaceae family , the mature fungus attracts insects with its smell to help disperse its spores . Psilopyga fasciata , a stinkhorn beetle of the sap beetle family , has been recorded feeding on the gleba of Mexican specimens .
In 1980 Donald Malcolm Dring summarized the known geographical distribution of C. columnatus ; the fungus has been collected in Australia , New Zealand , Oceania , New Guinea , Africa , and North and South America ; According to Australian mycologist Tom May , the Australian distribution is " presumably erroneous " , as it is based on only a single collection in 1948 . In Central America , it has been collected from Costa Rica . It is also found in China , in Jiangsu , Fujian , and Guangdong . The North American distribution extends south to Mexico , and north to New York ; it is also in Hawaii . The fungus is less common in the southeastern and southern United States . It is thought to have been introduced to North America , as it typically appear in landscaped areas or other locations where exotic plants have been established .
= The Boat Race 1895 =
The 52nd Boat Race took place on 30 March 1895 . The Boat Race is an annual side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race along the River Thames between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge . The 1895 race was umpired by former Oxford rower Frank Willan with one of the Oxford coaches , R. C. Lehmann being a former Cambridge alumnus . Although Cambridge made the quicker start , Oxford recovered , had the lead by Hammersmith Bridge , and won by two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths in a time of 20 minutes 50 seconds . It was their sixth victory in a row and took the overall record in the event to 29 – 22 in Oxford 's favour .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the boat clubs of University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; as of 2014 it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the 1895 race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in the previous year 's race , and held the overall lead , with 28 victories to Cambridge 's 22 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Oxford 's coaches were G. C. Bourne ( who rowed for Oxford in the 1882 and 1883 races ) , Douglas McLean ( an Oxford Blue five times from 1883 through 1887 ) , and R. C. Lehmann . Lehmann was a former president of the Cambridge Union Society and captain of the 1st Trinity Boat Club ; although he had rowed in the trial eights for Cambridge , he was never selected for the Blue boat . The Cambridge team was coached by Stanley Muttlebury ( who rowed for Cambridge five times between the 1886 and 1890 races ) .
Both crews suffered variously during the buildup to the race . A hard frost which persisted late into the season hindered training , forcing both crews to move to Bourne End and more open water . Both crews were then struck by influenza , Cambridge three weeks before the race and Oxford the week of the race itself . As such , Cambridge were in good form going into the race , Oxford less so .
James Brooks Close was the non @-@ rowing president of the Cambridge University Boat Club – he had rowed in the 1872 , 1873 and 1874 races . His election was considered by author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater as " a bold step " in an attempt to overcome dissension as a result of Cambridge 's heavy defeat the prior year . Close was called away during the crew 's practice , and Francis Cargill Begg took captaincy of the crew . The umpire for the race for the seventh year in a row was Frank Willan who won the event four consecutive times , rowing for Oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races .
= = Crews = =
The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 1 @.@ 875 lb ( 76 @.@ 9 kg ) , 1 @.@ 125 pounds ( 0 @.@ 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge 's cox Francis Cargill Begg was the only Light Blue participant with Boat Race experience , having steered the boat in the previous year 's race . Oxford 's crew contained six rowers who had previously rowed in the event , including Hugh Benjamin Cotton and Charles Murray Pitman , both of whom were taking part in their fourth consecutive race . Seven of the Oxford crew were educated at Eton College .
= = Race = =
Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . In a heavy wind and a strong tide , Willan started the race at 4 : 08 pm . Cambridge , outrating their opponents at the start , took an early lead , but Oxford 's steady rhythm drew them back level and then ahead . By Hammersmith Bridge , the Dark Blues held a lead of three @-@ quarters of a length and took advantage of Cambridge experiencing rough water . With a well @-@ timed spurt from Oxford 's boat club president and stroke Pitman , the Dark Blues went clear of Cambridge and held a two @-@ length lead by the time they reached Chiswick .
With a lead of three lengths by Barnes Bridge , Oxford slowed to a paddle and passed the finishing post with a lead of two and a quarter lengths , in a winning time of 20 minutes 50 seconds . It was the Dark Blues ' sixth consecutive victory and took the overall record to 29 – 22 in their favour .
= David Lewis ( politician ) =
David Lewis , CC QC ( born David Losz ; June 23 , or October 1909 – May 23 , 1981 ) was a Canadian labour lawyer and social democratic politician . He was national secretary of the Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) from 1936 to 1950 , and one of the key architects of the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) in 1961 . In 1962 , he was elected as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) , in the Canadian House of Commons , for the York South electoral district . While an MP , he was elected the NDP 's national leader , and served from 1971 until 1975 . After his defeat in the 1974 federal election , he stepped down as leader and retired from politics . He spent his last years as a university professor at Carleton University , and as a travel correspondent for the Toronto Star . In retirement , he was named to the Order of Canada for his political service . After suffering from cancer for a long time , he died in Ottawa in 1981 .
Lewis ' politics were heavily influenced by the Jewish Labour Bund , which contributed to his support of parliamentary democracy . He was an avowed anti @-@ communist , and while a Rhodes Scholar prevented communist domination of the Oxford University Labour Club . In Canada , he played a major role in removing communist influence from the labour movement .
In the CCF , he took the role of disciplinarian and dealt with internal organizational problems . He helped draft the Winnipeg Declaration , which moderated the CCF 's economic policies to include acceptance of capitalism , albeit subject to stringent government regulation . As the United Steelworkers of America ( USW ) ' s legal counsel in Canada , he helped them take over the International Union of Mine , Mill , and Smelter Workers ( Mine @-@ Mill ) . His involvement with the USW also led to a central role in the creation of the Canadian Labour Congress in 1956 .
The Lewis family has been active in socialist politics since the turn of the twentieth century , starting with David Lewis ' father 's involvement in the Bund in Russia , continuing with David , and followed by his eldest son , Stephen Lewis , who led the Ontario NDP from 1970 until 1978 . When David was elected the NDP 's national leader in 1971 , he and Stephen became one of the first father @-@ and @-@ son @-@ teams to simultaneously head Canadian political parties .
= = Early life = =
= = = The Bund and Jewish life in the Pale = = =
David Losz was born in Russia sometime after Svisloch 's first snowfall in October 1909 to Moishe Losz and his wife Rose ( née Lazarovitch ) . His official birth date of June 23 was the one he gave the immigration officer when he arrived in Canada . Lewis 's political activism began in the shtetl he lived in from 1909 until 1921 . Svisloch was located in the Pale of Settlement , the western @-@ most region of the Russian Empire , in what is now Belarus . After World War I it became a Polish border town , occasionally occupied by the Soviet Union during the Polish @-@ Soviet War of the early 1920s . Jewish people were in the majority , numbering 3 @,@ 500 out of Svisloch 's 4 @,@ 500 residents . Unlike many of the other shtetls in the Pale , it had an industrial economy based on tanning . Its semi @-@ urban industrial population was receptive to social democratic politics and the labour movement , as embodied by the Jewish Labour Bund .
Moishe ( or Moshe ) Losz was Svisloch 's Bund Chairman . The Bund was an outlawed socialist party that called for overthrowing the Tsar , equality for all , and national rights for the Jewish community ; it functioned as both political party and labour movement . Lewis spent his formative years immersed in its culture and philosophy . The Bund 's membership , although mostly ethnically Jewish , was secular humanist in practice .
Moishe and David were influenced by the Bund 's political pragmatism , embodied in its maxim that " It is better to go along with the masses in a not totally correct direction than to separate oneself from them and remain a purist . " David would bring this philosophy to the Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) and New Democratic Party ( NDP ) ; in clashes between the parties ' " ideological missionaries and the power pragmatists when internal debates raged about policy or action " , he was in the latter camp .
When the Russian Civil War and the Polish @-@ Soviet War were at their fiercest , in the summer of 1920 , Poland invaded , and the Red Russian Bolshevik army counter @-@ attacked . The Bolsheviks reached the Svisloch border in July 1920 . Moishe Losz openly opposed the Bolsheviks and would later be jailed by them for his opposition . When the Polish army recaptured Svisloch on August 25 , 1920 , they executed five Jewish citizens as " spies " . Unsafe under either regime and with his family 's future prospects bleak , Moishe left for Canada in May 1921 , to work in his brother @-@ in @-@ law 's Montreal clothing factory . By August , he saved enough money to send for his family , including David and his siblings , Charlie and Doris .
David Lewis was a secular Jew , as was Moishe . However , his maternal grandfather , Usher Lazarovitch , was religious and , in the brief period between May and August 1921 before David emigrated , gave his grandson the only real religious training he would ever receive . David did not actively take part in a religious service again until his granddaughter Ilana 's Bat Mitzvah in the late 1970s . In practice , the Lewis family , including David , his wife Sophie , and their children Janet , Nina , Stephen , and Michael , were atheists .
= = = Early life in Canada = = =
The family came to Canada by boat and landed in Halifax , Nova Scotia . They then went by rail to Montreal to meet Moishe Lewis . David Lewis was a native Yiddish speaker and understood very little English . He learned it by buying a copy of Charles Dickens ' novel The Old Curiosity Shop and a Yiddish @-@ English dictionary . A Welsh teacher at Fairmount Public School , where Lewis was a student , helped him learn English but also passed on his Welsh accent .
Lewis entered Baron Byng High School in September 1924 . He soon became friends with A.M. ( Abe ) Klein , who became one of Canada 's leading poets . He also met Irving Layton , another future prominent Canadian writer , to whom he acted as political mentor . Baron Byng High School was predominantly Jewish because it was in the heart of Montreal 's non @-@ affluent Jewish community , and was ghetto @-@ like because Jews were forbidden from attending many high schools .
Besides poets , at high school Lewis met Sophie Carson , who eventually became his wife . Klein , their mutual friend , introduced them . Carson was a first generation Jewish @-@ Canadian from a religious family . Her father did not approve of Lewis , because he was a recent immigrant to Canada , and in Carson 's father 's opinion had little to no possibility of success .
After high school , Lewis spent five years at McGill University in Montreal : four in arts , and one in law . While there , he helped found the Montreal branch of the Young People 's Socialist League . He gave lectures sponsored by this anti @-@ communist socialist club , and was its nominal leader . One of his favourite professors was Canadian humorist , and noted Conservative party proponent , Stephen Leacock , whom Lewis liked more for his personality than for his discipline , economics .
In his third year , Lewis founded The McGilliad campus magazine . It published many of his anti @-@ communist views , though the December 1930 issue included an article he wrote expressing his approval of the Russian Revolution and calling for a greater understanding of the Soviet Union ; throughout his career , he would attack communism , but would always have a sympathy for the 1917 revolutionaries . Also at McGill , Lewis met and worked with prominent Canadian socialists like F.R. Scott , Eugene Forsey , J. King Gordon , and Frank Underhill . He would work with all of them again in the 1940s and 50s in the CCF .
= = Rhodes Scholarship and Oxford = =
With Scott 's encouragement , Lewis applied for a Rhodes Scholarship during his first year at law school . The interviews for the Quebec representative were conducted in Montreal . The examining board included the then @-@ president of the Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) , Sir Edward Beatty . In response to a question about what he would do if he became prime minister , Lewis stated that he would nationalize the CPR . Despite this answer and his socialist views in general , his responses to the board 's cross @-@ examination satisfied them that he was not a communist , and they awarded him the scholarship .
= = = Political involvement = = =
When David Lewis entered Lincoln College , Oxford , in 1932 , he immediately took a leadership role in the university 's socialist @-@ labour circles . Michael Foot , the future leader of the British Labour Party , mentioned in an interview that Lewis was ,
the most powerful socialist debater in the place . I don 't think with any rival ... He had a very powerful influence indeed amongst students , partly because he had so much more experience than the rest of us but partly because he had brilliant debating powers . I mean one of the best I 've ever heard . If you talk of tough political debates , well , he was absolutely unbeatable ... I knew him [ at Oxford ] when I was a Liberal [ and ] he played a part in converting me to socialism .
When Lewis came to Oxford , the Labour Club was a tame organization adhering to Christian activism , or genteel socialist theories like those expressed by R.H. Tawney in his book The Acquisitive Society . Lewis ' modified Bundist interpretation of Marxism , which Smith labels " Parliamentary Marxism " , ignited renewed interest in the club after the disappointment of Ramsay MacDonald 's Labour government .
The Oxford newspaper Isis noted Lewis ' leadership ability at this early stage in his career . In its February 7 , 1934 , issue , while Lewis was president , they wrote of the club : " The energy of these University Socialists is almost unbelievable . If the Socialist movement as a whole is anything like as active as they are , then a socialist victory at the next election is inevitable . "
In February 1934 , British fascist William Joyce ( Lord Haw Haw ) visited Oxford . Lewis and future Ontario CCF leader Ted Jolliffe organized a noisy protest by planting Labour Club members in the dance hall where Joyce was speaking and having groups of two and three of them leave at a time , making much noise on the creaking wooden floors . They were successful in drowning out Joyce , and he did not complete his speech . Afterwards , a street fight erupted between Joyce 's Blackshirt supporters and members of the Labour Club , including Lewis .
Lewis prevented the communists from making inroads at Oxford . Ted Jolliffe stated " there was a difference between his speeches at the Union and his speeches at the Labour Club . His speeches at the Union had more humour in them ; the atmosphere was entirely different . But his speeches at the Labour Club were deadly serious ... His influence at the Labour Club , more than anyone else 's , I think , explains the failure of the Communists to make headway there . There were so many naive people around who could have been taken in . " He increased the Labour Club 's membership by three quarters by the time he left .
In accordance with Bundism , Lewis rejected violent revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat . The Bund insisted that the revolution should be through democratic means , as Marx had judged possible in the late 1860s , and that democracy should prevail afterwards . Influenced by Fabianism , Lewis became an incrementalist in his approach to replacing non @-@ socialist governments . As Lewis biographer Cameron Smith points out :
So what he ended up with was a modified Bundist interpretation of Marxism . Call it , if you will , Parliamentary Marxism . It was a Marxian analysis of economics and a parliamentary approach to politics . And if David were forced to choose , he would have chosen Parliamentary over Marxism .
Lewis was a prominent figure in the British Labour Party , which , in emphasizing parliamentary action and organizational prowess , took an approach similar to the Bund 's . Upon his 1935 graduation , the party offered him a candidacy in a safe seat in the British House of Commons . This left Lewis with a difficult decision : whether to stay in England or go home to Canada . If he had stayed in England , he likely would have been a partner in a prominent London law firm associated with Stafford Cripps and become a cabinet minister the next time Labour formed a government . Cripps , then a prominent barrister and Labour Party official , was grooming Lewis to be Prime Minister . Lewis ' other choice was to return to Montreal and help build the fledgling Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) , with no guarantee of success . A personal note from J. S. Woodsworth , dated June 19 , 1935 , asked Lewis to take this latter option ; in the end , he did .
= = = Oxford Union = = =
Besides his political involvement , Lewis was active with the Oxford Union , probably the most prestigious and important debating club in the English @-@ speaking world . His first debate , in January 1933 , was on the resolution " That the British Empire is a menace to International good will " ; Lewis was one of the participants for the " Aye " side . They lost .
The February 9 , 1933 , debate brought Lewis some level of early prominence . The resolution was " That this House will under no circumstances fight for its King or Country " and was so controversial that it was news around the British Empire and beyond . Lewis again spoke for the " Aye " side . They won overwhelmingly and caused a newspaper uproar throughout the Empire . The Times of London entered the fray by pooh @-@ poohing those who took the Union and their motion seriously .
Lewis became a member of the Union 's Library Committee on March 9 , 1933 , and its treasurer in March 1934 . After two failed attempts , he was narrowly elected president in late November 1934 . He was president during the Hilary term , from the beginning of January until the end of April 1935 . The Isis commented that " ... David Lewis ... will be , beyond question , the least Oxonian person ever to the lead the Society . In appearance , background , and intellectual outlook he is a grim antithesis to all the suave , slightly delicate young men who for generations have sat on the Union rostrum ... "
= = CCF National Secretary = =
= = = Return to Canada = = =
Sophie Carson had accompanied Lewis to Oxford , and they wed August 15 , 1935 , shortly after their return . The wedding took place in his parents ' home ; though a rabbi officiated , most traditional Jewish practices were not observed .
In 1935 David Lewis became the National Secretary of the CCF . As Smith puts it :
Into this political whirlwind stepped David . A centralist in a nation that was decentralizing . A socialist in a country that voted solidly capitalist . A campaigner for a party with no money , facing two parties each of which was big , powerful , and affluent . A professional , in a party of amateurs who mostly thought of themselves as a movement , not a party . An anti @-@ Communist at a time when Canadian Communists were about to enter their heyday . A publicist seeking a unified voice for a party riven with dissent . An organizer whose leader , J.S. Woodsworth , really didn 't believe in organization , thinking that the CCF should remain a loosely knit , co @-@ operative association and believed this so implicitly that when it came time to appoint Lewis full @-@ time to the job of national secretary [ in 1938 ] he resisted , fearing the CCF would lose its spontaneity .
That Lewis not only survived , but prevailed is a testament to his skill and perseverance .
Most of the founders of the CCF – including Woodsworth , Tommy Douglas , M. J. Coldwell , and Stanley Knowles , – were informed by the Social Gospel , to which Lewis , with his Marxist socialism balanced by the Bund 's democratic principles , felt an affinity . Both the Bund and the Social Gospel were focused on the material present rather than the afterlife . Both called on people to change their environment for the better rather than hoping that God might do it for them . Social justice , the brotherhood of man , and moral self @-@ improvement were common to both .
It became obvious after the October 1937 Ontario election that the CCF needed an image change ; it was seen by the electorate as too far left . F.R. Scott pointed this out to Lewis in a letter , recommended moderating some of the party 's policies , and advised that " ... in the political arena we must find our friends among the near right . "
In August 1938 , Lewis quit his job at the Ottawa law firm of Smart and Biggar to work full @-@ time as the CCF National Secretary . His starting salary was $ 1 @,@ 200 per year , a low sum of money , even at that time , for a job with so much responsibility .
= = = Trying to create an organization = = =
As National Secretary , Lewis emphasized organization over ideology and forging links to unions . He worked to moderate the party 's image and downplay the Regina Manifesto 's more radical language , which seemed to scare off moderate voters . The offending language included " No CCF government will rest content until it has eradicated capitalism and put into operation the full programme of socialized planning " . Lewis , federal leader M.J. Coldwell , and Clarie Gillis would spend the next 19 years trying to modify this declaration , finally succeeding with the 1956 Winnipeg Declaration .
At the 1944 CCF convention , Lewis won a concession " that even large business could have a place in the party – if they behave . " Rather than opposing all private enterprise , Lewis was concerned with preventing monopoly capitalism . He passed a resolution reading " The socialization of large @-@ scale enterprise , however , does not mean taking over every private business . Where private business shows no signs of becoming a monopoly , operates efficiently under decent working conditions , and does not operate to the detriment of the Canadian people , it will be given every opportunity to function , to provide a fair rate of return and to make its contribution to the nation 's wealth . " This resolution allowed for a mixed @-@ economy that left most jobs in the private sphere .
Lewis did not share the desire of some members to keep the CCF " ideologically pure " , and adhered to the Bundist belief that " it was better to go along with the masses in a not totally correct direction than to separate oneself from them and remain ' purist ' . " However , the CCF was as much a movement as it was a political party , and its own members frequently undermined it with radical proclamations . Lewis criticized the British Columbia CCF for such comments , saying " ... what we say and do must be measured by the effect which it will have on our purpose of mobilizing people for action . If what we say and do will blunt or harm our purpose ... then we are saying and doing a false thing even if , in the abstract , it is true ... When , in heaven 's name are we going to learn that working @-@ class politics and the struggle for power are not a Sunday @-@ school class where purity of godliness and the infallibility of the Bible must be held up without fear of consequences . "
David Lewis was the party 's " heavy " , which did not help his popularity among CCF members , but after witnessing what he considered to be the European left 's self @-@ destruction in the 1930s , he was quick to end self @-@ immolating tactics or policies . He would tolerate some criticism of the party by its members , but when he believed that it rose to self @-@ mutilation , he suppressed it ruthlessly . This was most apparent when Lewis attacked and discredited Frank Underhill and his handling of Woodsworth House . Early in Lewis ' career , Underhill was one of his mentors ; this did not matter when Woodsworth House was stricken with financial difficulties in the late 1940s . Lewis was quick to blame and then discharged Underhill and the rest of the Woodsworth executive of their responsibilities . It was an unfortunate event that cost the CCF in the academic and intelligentsia world . To sum up Lewis ' reign , discipline and solidarity were paramount . There had to be limits to discussion and tolerance of dissenting views .
= = = Make this your Canada = = =
In 1943 , Lewis co @-@ wrote Make this Your Canada with F.R. Scott , then the CCF 's National Chairman . The book 's main argument was that national economic planning had proven itself during wartime with the King government 's imposition of wage and price controls through the Wartime Prices and Trade Board . Lewis and Scott further argued that its wartime success could translate to peacetime , and that Canada should adopt a mixed economy . They also called for public ownership of key economic sectors , and for the burden to be placed on private companies to demonstrate that they could manage an industry more effectively in the private sector than the government could in the public sector . The book also outlined the history of the CCF up to that time and explained the party 's decision @-@ making process . By Canadian standards , the book was popular , and sold over 25 @,@ 000 copies in its first year of publication .
= = = 1943 Cartier by @-@ election = = =
Lewis first ran for the CCF in the 1940 federal election in York West . He placed a distant third , receiving 8 @,@ 330 fewer votes than the second @-@ place Liberal candidate , Chris J. Bennett . Despite his poor showing in his first election , the party asked Lewis to run in the 1943 by @-@ election in the Montreal , Quebec , federal riding of Cartier , made vacant by the death of Peter Bercovitch . Lewis ' opponents included Fred Rose of the communist Labor – Progressive Party . It was a vicious campaign , immortalized by A.M. Klein in an uncompleted novel called Come the Revolution . The novel was broadcast in the 1980s on Lister Sinclair 's Ideas programme on CBC Radio One . If the Communist rhetoric could be believed , " Lewis was a Fascist done up in brown . "
Rose won and became the only ( as of 2013 ) Communist to sit in the House of Commons . Lewis placed fourth . The sizable Jewish vote mostly went to Rose . The leftist " common front " punished Lewis by supporting Rose , who was seen to be of the community ; Lewis lived in Ottawa at the time . It took Lewis many years to recover from this campaign , and its reverberation coloured Lewis ' decision on where to run .
= = = 1945 elections : disappointment and defeat = = =
The Canadian federal and the Ontario elections of 1945 were possibly the most crucial to Canada in the 20th century . They took place at the beginning of the welfare state , and the elections would set the course of political thought to the end of the century and beyond . The year was a disaster for the CCF , both nationally and in Ontario . It never fully recovered , and in 1961 would dissolve and become the New Democratic Party . As NDP strategist and historian Gerald Caplan put it : " June 4 , and June 11 , 1945 , proved to be black days in CCF annals : socialism was effectively removed from the Canadian political agenda . "
The anti @-@ socialist crusade by the Ontario Conservative Party , mostly credited to the Ontario Provincial Police ( OPP ) special investigative branch 's agent D @-@ 208 ( Captain William J. Osborne @-@ Dempster ) and the Conservative propagandists Gladstone Murray and Montague A. Sanderson , diminished the CCF 's initially favourable position : the September 1943 Gallup poll showed the CCF leading nationally with 29 percent support , with the Liberals and Conservatives tied for second place at 28 percent . By April 1945 , the CCF was down to 20 percent nationally , and on election day it received only 16 percent .
Another factor in the CCF 's defeat was the unofficial coalition between the Liberal Party of Canada and the communist Labor @-@ Progressive Party . It guaranteed a split in the left @-@ of @-@ centre vote .
Lewis ran in Hamilton West instead of the CCF @-@ friendly Winnipeg North riding that had elected CCF and Labour Party candidates since the 1920s and had a substantial Jewish population . Historians and activists disagree on Lewis ' reasons for doing so , but Caplan suggests that the shock of the Cartier election probably made him reluctant to fight another intense campaign against a Jewish Communist candidate . Whatever his reasons , he was soundly defeated . In the 1949 federal election , Lewis ran again in the Hamilton area , in the riding of Wentworth . He lost again , placing a relatively distant third .
= = = Fighting Communist influence = = =
The 1945 defeats were partially the result of an alliance between the Liberals and the communist Labor – Progressive Party ( LPP ) . The LPP focused in on CCF @-@ held seats , deliberately splitting the vote , and declared a " Liberal – Labour " coalition on May 29 , 1944 . They declared open warfare on the CCF in 1944 , with spokesman John Weir stating in the LPP 's Canadian Tribune newspaper that " a resounding defeat of the CCF at the polls must be [ their ] main objective . "
The Canadian Congress of Labour ( CCL ) supported the CCF , but the Trades and Labour Congress ( TLC ) refused to officially endorse them . This lack of unity between the two main Canadian umbrella labour organizations hurt the CCF , and was part of the Liberal – Communist alliance : TLC president Percey Berough was a Liberal , and vice @-@ president Pat Sullivan was a Communist .
In the Ontario provincial election , the communists urged trade union members to vote for the right @-@ wing Conservative George Drew rather than the CCF .
Lewis and Charles Millard , of the Canadian Congress of Labour , decided to purge organized labour 's decision @-@ making bodies of communists . Their first target was the Sudbury , Ontario , CCF riding association and its affiliated International Union of Mine , Mill , and Smelter Workers ( Mine @-@ Mill ) Local 598 . However , Local 598 was not under Communist control : out of 11 @,@ 000 dues @-@ paying members , fewer than 100 were communists . Over the next twenty years , a fierce and ultimately successful battle was waged by Millard 's United Steel Workers of America ( USW ) to take over Local 598 .
The attacks on the Sudbury CCF were even more costly , at least in terms of voter support . Sudbury 's Bob Carlin was one of the few CCF Members of Provincial Parliament ( MPPs ) to survive the Drew government 's 1945 landslide victory . Carlin had been part of Ted Jolliffe 's team that had orchestrated the CCF 's 1943 breakthrough , but was first and foremost a union man . He was a long @-@ time labour organizer , going back to 1916 and the predecessor to the Mine @-@ MIll : the Western Federation of Miners . Carlin was loyal to his union , in whose service he had spent ten years , and to the men and woman who helped build it , regardless of their political affiliation ; this made him unpopular with the CCF establishment in both Toronto and Ottawa .
Millard , Jolliffe , and Lewis did not directly accuse Carlin of being a communist . Instead , they attacked him for not dealing with communists in Local 598 , which was built by both communists and CCFers ( with the latter firmly in control of the executive ) . Lewis and Jolliffe made the case to expel him from the Ontario CCF caucus at a Toronto special meeting of the CCF executive and the legislative caucus on April 13 , 1948 . In essence , Carlin became a casualty of Steel 's plans to raid Mine @-@ Mill . The CCF lost the seat in the 1948 Ontario election , placing fourth . The Conservatives won the seat and Carlin , as an independent , finished a close second . It was not until the CCF became the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) and the Mine @-@ Mill versus USW war was over , in 1967 , that another social democrat – Elie Martel in Sudbury East – was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from the city .
Lewis and Millard 's crusade to limit communist influence received an unexpected boost from the Soviet Union , in Nikita Khrushchev 's 1956 denunciation of Stalinism . In his " Secret Speech " , On the Personality Cult and its Consequences , delivered to a closed session of the 20th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , Khrushchev denounced Stalin for his cult of personality , and his regime for " violation of Leninist norms of legality " . When the excesses of Stalin 's regime were exposed , it caused a split in the communist movement in Canada and permanently weakened it . By the end of 1956 , the LPP 's influence in the trade union movement and politics was spent .
= = Private labour law practice = =
Lewis resigned as national secretary in 1950 and moved to Toronto to practise law in partnership with Ted Jolliffe . He became the chief legal advisor to the USW 's Canadian division , and assisted them in their organizing efforts and battles with the Mine @-@ Mill union . Lewis focused on his law practice for the next five years . In his first year , he paid more in income tax than he had earned annually as CCF National Secretary .
He bought his first house , in the Bathurst Street – St. Clair Avenue West area of Toronto , during this period . After his father Moishe died in 1951 , his mother Rose moved into the 95 Burnside Drive Lewis home from Montreal . This is the home where his son Stephen Lewis would spend his teenage years , and the other three children would grow up .
= = = Winnipeg Declaration and the New Party = = =
Although he gave @-@ up day @-@ to @-@ day running of the party 's organization , he stayed on the national executive as the English @-@ speaking vice @-@ president from 1950 to 1954 . After four years of comparatively limited involvement with CCF internal politics , Lewis became the party 's national chairman , by winning the election to replace Percy Wright . He , along with Lorne Ingle , the person that replaced him as national secretary in 1950 , became the main drafters of the 1956 Winnipeg Declaration , which replaced the Regina Manifesto . The lead @-@ up to the August 1956 CCF convention had Lewis working full @-@ time in his labour practice , including work on the merger of the Canadian Congress of Labour and the Trades and Labour Congress to form the Canadian Labour Congress ( CLC ) , and putting in long hours organizing the committee that wrote the Declaration . He collapsed in his office in May 1956 ; after administering several tests for a possible cardiac condition , the doctors concluded that Lewis collapsed of exhaustion . He stayed in bed for a week and recovered enough to help the Declaration pass ten weeks later . The Winnipeg convention was the CCF 's swan song . Even with the Declaration 's modified tone , which removed state planning and nationalization of industry as central tenets of the party 's platform , the CCF suffered a crippling defeat in the 1958 federal election , which became known as the " Diefenbaker sweep " . It was obvious to Lewis , Coldwell and the rest of the CCF executive that the CCF could not continue as it was , and , with the co @-@ operation of the CLC , they started exploring how to broaden its appeal .
= = = CCF President = = =
In 1958 , Lewis worked closely with the CLC 's president , Claude Jodoin , and the CLC 's executive vice @-@ president Stanley Knowles to merge the labour and social democratic movements into a new party . Coldwell did not want to continue as the party 's national leader , because he lost his parliamentary seat in the election . Lewis persuaded him to stay on until the new party was formed . Lewis was elected party president at the July 1958 convention in Montreal , which also endorsed a motion for the executive and National Council to " enter into discussions with Canadian Labour Congress " and other like @-@ minded groups to lay the groundwork for a new party .
= = = Leadership succession crisis = = =
By 1960 , progress was being made in creating a new party , but Lewis had to again act as disciplinarian . Since Coldwell lost his seat , he was constantly considering resignation , but was repeatedly dissuaded by the party . With Coldwell lacking a seat , the CCF caucus chose Hazen Argue as its leader in the House of Commons . During the lead @-@ up to the 1960 CCF convention , Argue was pressing Coldwell to step down . This leadership challenge jeopardized plans for an orderly transition to the new party . Lewis and the rest of the new party 's organizers opposed Argue 's manoeuvres , and wanted Saskatchewan premier Tommy Douglas to be the new party 's first leader . To prevent their plans from derailing , David Lewis attempted to persuade Argue not to force a vote at the convention on the question of the party 's leadership . He was unsuccessful . There was a split between the parliamentary caucus and the party executive on the convention floor . Coldwell quit and Argue replaced him as leader .
In July 1961 , the CCF became the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) . They elected Tommy Douglas as their leader by a convincing 1391 to 380 margin over Argue . Six months later , Argue quit the party and crossed the floor to join the Liberals .
In the mid @-@ 1970s , David Lewis reflected on this incident and he concluded that he had not handled the leadership transition well :
I , as president of the CCF , was very much in the wrong in trying to get a unanimous vote for Tommy . It arose out of a tradition we had had – no one opposed Woodsworth , no one had opposed Coldwell . They were chosen .
I met with Hazen and tried to dissuade him from being a candidate . It was wrong . This attitude produced bitterness around the Hazen @-@ Douglas contest .
= = 1962 – 1971 : Member of Parliament for York South = =
Two days after the end of the NDP 's 1961 founding convention , Tommy Douglas wrote a letter to Sophie Lewis , David 's wife , telling her that David must run in the next election . Lewis decided to run in his home riding of York South , which was concurrently held provincially , in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario , by the NDP 's Ontario leader , Donald C. MacDonald .
Diefenbaker 's government had to call an election sometime in 1962 , so there was time to plan Lewis ' campaign . He had two campaign managers : his son Stephen and Gerry Caplan . One of their main strategies was to gain votes in the riding 's affluent Jewish enclave in the Village of Forest Hill . Lewis , however , was perceived by the Jewish community as an outsider because he did not take part in community events or belong to a synagogue . His opposition to the creation of the state of Israel , a result of his Bundist politics , also did not sit well with the mostly Zionist community . It took extra effort on Stephen 's and Caplan 's parts to convince community members that David was a legitimate Jewish voice and that he would not harm their businesses . Besides resistance from the Jewish community , in his role as party national vice @-@ president David Lewis had to tackle the impending doctors ' strike in Saskatchewan , the result of the CCF government 's implementation of Medicare . He called the province 's doctors " blackmailers " for suggesting such a strike . Lewis also appeared on one of the NDP 's few national television spots . He appeared on the national CTV Television Network with Walter Pitman to present the NDP 's platform on a planned economy , in a conversation @-@ style election broadcast . On June 18 , 1962 , Lewis was elected in York South , and finally became an MP . Since Tommy Douglas lost in his seat , Lewis was considered the front @-@ runner to become house leader until Douglas entered the house in an October by @-@ election .
Lewis ' first term as MP was a short one , as Diefenbaker 's minority government was defeated in the April 8 , 1963 , general election . Lewis lost in Forest Hill , as his support among its Jewish community evaporated and returned to the Liberals , who were seen as best able to contain the Social Credit Party , which was perceived to be anti @-@ Semitic . This was only a temporary set @-@ back . With Diefenbaker in opposition ( and unlikely to resurrect the coalition in Quebec that gave him his majority in 1958 ) and Social Credit a diminished force , Lewis returned to the House of Commons in the 1965 general election . He was re @-@ elected in the 1968 election , and became the NDP leader in the House of Commons after Douglas lost his seat . At the 1969 Winnipeg National Convention , Douglas announced that he intended to step @-@ down as leader by 1971 , which meant that Lewis became the de facto leader in the interim .
The October 1970 Quebec FLQ Crisis put Lewis in the spotlight , as he was the only NDP MP with any roots in Quebec . He and Douglas were opposed to the October 16 implementation of the War Measures Act . The Act , enacted previously only for wartime purposes , imposed extreme limitations on civil liberties , and gave the police and military vastly expanded powers for arresting and detaining suspects , usually with little to no evidence required . Although it was only meant to be used in Quebec , since it was federal legislation , it was in @-@ force throughout Canada . Some police services , from outside of Quebec , took advantage of it for their own purposes , which mostly had nothing even remotely related to the Quebec situation , as Lewis and Douglas suspected . Sixteen of the 20 members of the NDP parliamentary caucus voted against the implementation of the War Measures Act in the House of Commons . They took much grief for being the only parliamentarians to vote against it . Lewis stated at a press scrum that day : " The information we do have , showed a situation of criminal acts and criminal conspiracy in Quebec . But , there is no information that there was unintended , or apprehended , or planned insurrection , which alone , would justify invoking the War Measures Act . " About five years later , many of the MPs who voted to implement it regretted doing so , and belatedly honoured Douglas and Lewis for their stand against it . Progressive Conservative leader Robert Stanfield went so far as to say that , " Quite frankly , I 've admired Tommy Douglas and David Lewis , and those fellows in the NDP for having the courage to vote against that , although they took a lot of abuse at the time .... I don 't brood about it . I 'm not proud of it . "
= = Leader of the NDP = =
Stephen Lewis was coming into his own during this period . In 1963 , at the age of 26 , he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario . Following the engineered 1970 resignation of Donald C. MacDonald , Stephen was elected leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party . During the early @-@ to @-@ mid @-@ 1970s , the father @-@ and @-@ son @-@ team led the two largest sections of the NDP .
In February 1968 , Stephen Lewis , as a supposed representative of the Ontario NDP legislative caucus , asked the 63 @-@ year @-@ old Tommy Douglas to step down as leader so that a younger person could take over . Donald C. MacDonald stated that Lewis was not representing the caucus , but acting on his own . Though Douglas was taken aback by the suggestion , his defeat in the ensuing election bolstered Stephen 's case and on October 28 , 1969 , Douglas announced that he would step down as leader before the NDP 's 1971 convention .
David Lewis ran to succeed Douglas as national leader . The 1971 leadership convention was a tumultuous affair . A new generation of NDP activists known as The Waffle proposed many controversial resolutions , including nationalization of all natural resource industries and support for Quebec Sovereignty . It took the combined efforts of the NDP establishment — and the sizable trade union delegation — to vote down these resolutions , which caused many bitter debates and sharply divided the convention . Lewis , as the leading establishment figure , won the party 's leadership on April 24 in a surprisingly close race that required four ballots before he could claim victory over the Waffle 's James Laxer . Laxer had been prominently featured in media coverage leading up to and during the convention . Lewis ' perceived heavy @-@ handedness in dealing with The Waffle at this and previous conventions made him many enemies , as had his involvement in most of the CCF and NDP 's internal conflicts during the previous 36 years . Many members who had felt his wrath as party disciplinarian plotted their revenge against him . At his first press conference after winning the leadership , Lewis stated that he was not beholden to the Waffle , as they were soundly defeated at the convention , and that he made no promises to them . He also warned the party 's Quebec wing that they could continue to theorize about possible self @-@ determination resolutions , but that come election time they must pledge themselves to the party 's newly confirmed federalist policy . He did not purge the Waffle from the NDP , but left it to his son Stephen to do in June 1972 , when the party 's Ontario wing resolved to disband the Waffle or kick its members out of the party if they did not comply with the disbanding order .
David Lewis led the NDP through the 1972 federal election , during which he uttered his best known quotation , calling Canadian corporations " corporate welfare bums " , a term also used in the title of his 1972 book Louder Voices : The Corporate Welfare Bums . This election campaign also employed the first dedicated plane for the NDP leader 's tour , dubbed " Bum Air " by reporters , because it was a slow , twin engine , turbo @-@ prop driven Handley Page Dart Herald . In previous campaigns , the party 's leader , Tommy Douglas , had to use commercial Air Canada flights to get around during the election , with few people in his entourage .
The 1972 election returned a Liberal minority government and elected the greatest number of NDP MPs until the 1988 " Free Trade " election , and left the NDP holding the balance of power until 1974 . The NDP propped up Pierre Trudeau 's Liberal government in exchange for the implementation of NDP proposals such as the creation of Petro @-@ Canada as a crown corporation . Lewis wanted to topple the government in a vote of no @-@ confidence as early as possible , because he saw no strategic advantage to supporting the Trudeau government : he believed that Trudeau would get the credit if a program was well @-@ received , and that the NDP would be vilified if it was unpopular .
In hindsight , Lewis ' no @-@ win evaluation of the situation appears correct : the party would not be rewarded for its efforts by the electorate . In the 1974 election , the NDP were reduced to 16 seats . Lewis lost his seat , leading him to resign as party leader in 1975 . It was revealed immediately after the election that he had been battling leukemia for about two years ; he had reportedly kept everyone , including his family , unaware of his condition .
= = Final years = =
Lewis became a professor at the Institute of Canadian Studies at Carleton University in Ottawa during this time . In 1978 , as a travel correspondent for The Toronto Star , Lewis visited Svisloch one last time , and noted that , " not one Jew now lives there . " The Holocaust wiped out the town 's Jewish community , and with it his extended family .
He completed the first volume , of a planned two , of his memoirs , The Good Fight : Political Memoirs 1909 – 1958 in 1981 . He died shortly thereafter , on May 23 , 1981 , in Ottawa . He is the father of Stephen Lewis , a former Ontario NDP leader who in the early and mid @-@ first decade of the 21st century was the United Nations Special Envoy for HIV / AIDS in Africa . His other son , Michael Lewis , was a former Ontario NDP Secretary and a leading organizer in the NDP . He is also the father of Janet Solberg , president of the Ontario NDP in the 1980s . His other twin daughter is Nina Libeskind , the wife and business partner of architect Daniel Libeskind . Stephen 's son , broadcaster Avram ( Avi ) Lewis , is his grandson . In 2010 , his granddaughter @-@ in @-@ law Naomi Klein , gave the inaugural David Lewis Lecture , sponsored by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives .
= = Awards and honours = =
In December 1976 , Lewis was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Canada , with his investiture held on April 20 , 1977 . He was appointed to the highest level of the Order of Canada in " recognition of the contributions he has made to Labour and social reform and the deep concern he has had over the years for his adopted country . " David Lewis Public School in Scarborough , Ontario is named in his honour .
= = Electoral record = =
Note : " National Government " vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election .
= = = York South = = =
= = = 1971 leadership convention results = = =
Held in Ottawa , Ontario on April 24 , 1971 .
= The Boat Race 1932 =
The 84th Boat Race took place on 19 March 1932 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race was umpired by former Oxford rower Harcourt Gilbey Gold on a shortened because of repairs to Putney Bridge . Cambridge won by five lengths , the largest winning margin for three years , in a time of 19 minutes 11 seconds , their ninth consecutive victory . The win equalled the record victorious streaks of Oxford between 1861 and 1869 , and 1890 and 1898 , and took the overall record to 43 – 40 in their favour .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1931 race by two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , and led overall with 42 victories to Oxford 's 40 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Oxford were coached by H. R. Barker ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1908 and 1909 races ) and John Houghton Gibbon ( who had participated in the 1899 and 1900 races , and umpired the previous year 's race ) . Cambridge 's coaches were F. E. Hellyer ( who had rowed for the Light Blues in the 1910 and 1911 races ) , J. A. MacNabb ( rowed in the 1924 race ) and Peter Haig @-@ Thomas ( four @-@ time Blue for Cambridge between 1902 and 1905 ) . The race was umpired by Harcourt Gilbey Gold , former Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four @-@ time Blue , rowing in each race between 1896 and 1899 .
The start of this year 's race was moved to the University of London Boat Club , approximately 400 yards ( 370 m ) further upstream . After discussion between the umpire , the two boat club presidents , the coaches Haig @-@ Thomas and Gibbons , and a representative of the Port of London Authority , the course was shortened to avoid potential eddies around temporary buttresses erected by Putney Bridge which was undergoing repair . As noted by former Oxford rower E. P. Evans , writing in The Manchester Guardian , " no comparisons of times with previous races can be made , because the points on the course will be different " . It was the first time since the 1863 race that the event was not conducted between the University Stone and Mortlake .
Cambridge were considered to be favourites to win the race : according to Evans , they had " a command of their boat " although Oxford had " acquired more ' drive ' from the coaching of Colonel J. H. Gibbon " . The rowing correspondent for The Times stated that the Cambridge crew were " the steadiest and best combined crew since that of 1924 " , while Oxford were " not remarkable for good form " and " not very well together in their blade nor very long nor very steady . "
= = Crews = =
The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 2 @.@ 75 lb ( 77 @.@ 3 kg ) , 3 @.@ 5 pounds ( 1 @.@ 6 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford saw four rowers return to the crew with Boat Race experience . Cambridge 's crew also contained four participants who had taken part in the event previously , including bow David Haig @-@ Thomas and number six Harold Rickett . Two participants in the race were registered as non @-@ British , both of whom rowed for Cambridge : Lewis Luxton and William Sambell were Australian .
= = Race = =
Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Weather conditions were favourable , with bright sunshine , little wind and calm water , and umpire Gold started the race at 10 : 30 a.m. Oxford made the quicker start , marginally out @-@ rating the Light Blues and led by a quarter @-@ length by the end of the Fulham Wall . They extended this lead to one third of a length by the time the crews passed the Mile Post . Cambrdige increased their stroke rate and drew level by the Crab Tree pub , and spurting at Harrods Furniture Depository they led by half a length .
As the crews passed below Hammersmith Bridge , Cambridge drew clear and held a two @-@ length lead by the Doves pub . In rough water along Chiswick Reach , Oxford struggled and at Chiswick Steps they were eleven seconds behind the Light Blues . Despite a spurt from the Dark Blues , Cambridge passed under Barnes Bridge five lengths ahead . They held that lead to pass the finishing post in a time of 19 minutes 11 seconds , the largest winning margin since the 1929 race . It was their ninth consecutive victory and the first time in the history of the race that Cambridge had equalled the successful winning streaks of Oxford between 1861 and 1869 , and 1890 and 1898 .
= USS Leary ( DD @-@ 158 ) =
USS Leary ( DD @-@ 158 ) was a Wickes @-@ class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II . She was named for Lieutenant Clarence F. Leary , posthumously awarded the Navy Cross in World War I.
Commissioned in 1919 , she saw a number of fleet exercises and training cruises , as well as a brief period of decommissioning from 1922 to 1930 . She was the first U.S. Navy ship to be equipped with sonar , and the first to detect a German ship with it . With the outbreak of World War II , she escorted a number of convoys to Iceland , the Caribbean , and west Africa to support the war effort , later being upgraded to serve as an antisubmarine warfare vessel . On 24 December 1943 , while escorting Card through rough seas in the North Atlantic , she was torpedoed three times by German submarine U @-@ 275 and sank with the loss of 98 men .
= = Design and construction = =
Leary was one of 111 Wickes @-@ class destroyers built by the United States Navy between 1917 and 1919 . She , along with nine of her sisters , were constructed at New York Shipbuilding Corporation shipyards in Camden , New Jersey using specifications and detail designs drawn up by Bethlehem Steel .
She had a standard displacement of 1 @,@ 090 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 070 long tons ; 1 @,@ 200 short tons ) an overall length of 314 feet ( 96 m ) , a beam of 30 feet 6 inches ( 9 @.@ 30 m ) and a draught of 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . On trials , Leary reached a speed of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) . She was armed with four 4 " / 50 caliber guns , two 3 " / 23 caliber guns , and twelve 21 @-@ inch torpedo tubes . She had a regular crew complement of 176 officers and enlisted men . She was driven by two Curtis steam turbines powered by four Yarrow boilers .
Specifics on Leary 's performance are not known , but she was one of the group of Wickes @-@ class destroyers known unofficially as the ' Liberty Type ' to differentiate them from the destroyers constructed from detail designs drawn up by Bath Iron Works , which used Parsons or Westinghouse turbines . The ' Liberty ' type destroyers deteriorated badly in service , and in 1929 all 60 of this group were retired by the Navy . Actual performance of these ships was far below intended specifications especially in fuel economy , with most only able to make 2 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 600 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) instead of the design standard of 3 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 700 km ; 3 @,@ 600 mi ) at 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . The class also suffered problems with turning and weight .
She was the first ship to be named for Clarence F. Leary . A subsequent USS Leary would be commissioned , this one a Gearing @-@ class destroyer completed in 1945 .
= = Service history = =
Leary was laid down on 6 March 1918 and launched on 18 December 1918 . She was sponsored by Mrs. Anne Leary , the mother of Clarence F. Leary . She was commissioned on 5 December 1919 under the command of Commander F. C. Martin .
She departed Boston on 28 January 1920 , underwent her shakedown cruise in the Caribbean and then conducted training operations along the East Coast of the United States . In January 1921 , she joined the Pacific Battle Fleet , and through February took part in a large @-@ scale battle exercise off the coast of Peru . In March , Leary transited the Panama Canal and reported to the commander of Naval Station Guantanamo Bay , Cuba . She then was on station during bombing tests conducted by the U.S. Army Air Forces against naval targets , overseen by Billy Mitchell . She resumed her training exercises off the Caribbean until June 1922 , when in accordance with the Washington Naval Conference , she was decommissioned at the Philadelphia Naval Yard .
Recommissioned on 1 May 1930 with a home port in Newport , Rhode Island , Leary alternated between the Pacific Fleet and the Atlantic Fleet , carrying out training maneuvers and taking part in several fleet problems . After 1935 , most of her time was taken up conducting training cruises for reserves and midshipmen . In April 1937 , she underwent a shipyard overhaul , including being equipped with a radar . Leary was the first U.S. navy vessel to be equipped with the device . In September 1939 , Leary and Hamilton established a continuous patrol off the coast of New England against German U @-@ Boats . On 9 September 1941 , she began escort missions to Iceland . She was also the first to make contact with a German U @-@ Boat , while escorting a British convoy in the North Atlantic on 9 November 1941 .
With the entry of the United States into World War II following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Leary undertook regular convoy escort duties . After 26 February 1942 , she spent a year escorting convoys from a mid @-@ ocean meeting point to Icelandic ports . On 7 February 1943 , she left for Boston and reassignment . During this time , she was given a shipyard overhaul at Boston Navy Yard and converted into an anti @-@ submarine warfare ship . On 1 March , she left Boston for Guantanamo Bay , and undertook anti @-@ submarine exercises with R @-@ 5 . She then resumed escort duty , and made several trips to Trinidad and several Caribbean ports . Returning to New York on 25 June , she began escoring transatlantic convoys , and successfully escorted two of them through Aruba and to Algiers and Casablanca . She later joined Task Group 21 @.@ 41 under the command of Captain Arnold J. Isbell and escorting Card .
On 24 December 1943 , the task group was caught in a storm in the North Atlantic when at 01 : 58 in the morning , Leary made a ping on a U @-@ Boat off her starboard bow . After her commander , James E. Kyes , ordered her to battle stations but before the destroyer could react , she was struck by a G7es torpedo fired by German submarine U @-@ 275 . The torpedo struck her starboard side and detonated in the after engine room , killing all of the men there and damaging both propeller shafts . She quickly developed a 20 degree list to starboard , and was unable to move in the heavy seas . Unbeknownst to the task group , a second German submarine , U @-@ 382 fired at Leary but missed . Soon after , Kyes ordered the crew to abandon ship . Two additional torpedoes from U @-@ 275 rocked the ship , and it rapidly sank , stern first . She took 98 men with her , including Kyes . Survivors were picked up by her sister ship , Schenck .
Three or four minutes after the second torpedo hit , the executive officer , Lt. R. B. Watson , concluded a quick inspection of the ship , during which he found a thick , gooey substance covering the deck . He was astonished to see two seamen sitting on a torpedo tube , calmly eating Boston cream pie . The cook had just baked a batch , the explosion spattering most of it on the deck .
Leary received one battle star for her service in World War II . For his actions in ensuring the safety of his crew , Kyes was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . The Gearing @-@ class destroyer James E. Kyes was later named for him .
= = Convoys escorted = =
= = Resources = =
= Koli Point action =
The Koli Point action , during 3 – 12 November 1942 , was an engagement between U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Army forces and Imperial Japanese Army forces around Koli Point on Guadalcanal during the Guadalcanal campaign . The U.S. forces were under the overall command of Major General Alexander Vandegrift , while the Japanese forces were under the overall command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake .
In the engagement , U.S. Marines from the 7th Marine Regiment and U.S. Army soldiers from the 164th Infantry Regiment under the tactical command of William H. Rupertus and Edmund B. Sebree , attacked a concentration of Japanese Army troops , most of whom belonged to the 230th Infantry Regiment , commanded by Toshinari Shōji . Shōji 's troops had marched to the Koli Point area after the failed Japanese assaults on U.S. defenses during the Battle for Henderson Field in late October 1942 .
In the engagement , the U.S. forces attempted to encircle and destroy Shōji 's forces . Although Shōji 's unit took heavy casualties , he and most of his men were able to evade the encirclement attempt and escape into the interior of Guadalcanal . As Shōji 's troops endeavored to reach Japanese positions in another part of the island , they were pursued and attacked by a battalion @-@ sized patrol of U.S. Marine Raiders .
= = Background = =
= = = Guadalcanal campaign = = =
On 7 August 1942 , Allied forces ( primarily U.S. ) landed on Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands . The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia , and to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign with the eventual goal of isolating the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign . The landings initiated the six @-@ month @-@ long Guadalcanal campaign .
Taking the Japanese by surprise , by nightfall on 8 August the 11 @,@ 000 Allied troops — under the command of Major General Alexander Vandegrift and mainly consisting of U.S. Marines — had secured Tulagi and nearby small islands as well as an airfield under construction at Lunga Point on Guadalcanal . The airfield was later named Henderson Field by Allied forces . The Allied aircraft that subsequently operated out of the airfield became known as the " Cactus Air Force " ( CAF ) after the Allied codename for Guadalcanal . To protect the airfield , the U.S. Marines established a perimeter defense around Lunga Point .
In response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal , the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army 's 17th Army — a corps @-@ sized command based at Rabaul and under the command of Lieutenant @-@ General Harukichi Hyakutake — with the task of retaking Guadalcanal from Allied forces . Beginning on 19 August , various units of the 17th Army began to arrive on Guadalcanal with the goal of driving Allied forces from the island .
Because of the threat by CAF aircraft based at Henderson Field , the Japanese were unable to use large , slow transport ships to deliver troops and supplies to the island . Instead , the Japanese used warships based at Rabaul and the Shortland Islands to carry their forces to Guadalcanal . The Japanese warships , mainly light cruisers or destroyers from the Eighth Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa , were usually able to make the round trip down " The Slot " to Guadalcanal and back in a single night , thereby minimizing their exposure to CAF air attack . Delivering the troops in this manner , however , prevented most of the soldiers ' heavy equipment and supplies , such as heavy artillery , vehicles , and much food and ammunition , from being carried to Guadalcanal with them . These high @-@ speed warship runs to Guadalcanal occurred throughout the campaign and were later called the " Tokyo Express " by Allied forces and " Rat Transportation " by the Japanese .
The first Japanese attempt to recapture Henderson Field failed when a 917 @-@ man force was defeated on 21 August in the Battle of the Tenaru . The next attempt took place from 12 – 14 September , with the 6 @,@ 000 soldiers under the command of Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi being defeated in the Battle of Edson 's Ridge . After their defeat at Edson 's Ridge , Kawaguchi and the surviving Japanese troops regrouped west of the Matanikau River on Guadalcanal .
As the Japanese regrouped , the U.S. forces concentrated on shoring up and strengthening their Lunga defenses . On 18 September , an Allied naval convoy delivered 4 @,@ 157 men from the U.S. 7th Marine Regiment to Guadalcanal . These reinforcements allowed Vandegrift — beginning on 19 September — to establish an unbroken line of defense completely around the Lunga perimeter .
General Vandegrift and his staff were aware that Kawaguchi 's troops had retreated to the area west of the Matanikau and that numerous groups of Japanese stragglers were scattered throughout the area between the Lunga Perimeter and the Matanikau River . Vandegrift , therefore , decided to conduct a series of small unit operations around the Matanikau Valley .
The first U.S. Marine operation against Japanese forces west of the Matanikau , conducted between 23 and 27 September 1942 by elements of three U.S. Marine battalions , was repulsed by Kawaguchi 's troops under Colonel Akinosuke Oka 's local command . In the second action , between 6 and 9 October , a larger force of U.S. Marines successfully crossed the Matanikau River , attacked newly landed Japanese forces from the 2nd ( Sendai ) Infantry Division under the command of generals Masao Maruyama and Yumio Nasu and inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese 4th Infantry Regiment . The second action forced the Japanese to retreat from their positions east of the Matanikau .
In the meantime , Major General Millard F. Harmon — commander of U.S. Army forces in the South Pacific — convinced Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley — commander of Allied forces in the South Pacific Area — that U.S. Marine forces on Guadalcanal needed to be reinforced immediately if the Allies were to successfully defend the island from the next expected Japanese offensive . Thus on 13 October , a naval convoy delivered the 2 @,@ 837 @-@ strong 164th U.S. Infantry Regiment , a North Dakota Army National Guard formation from the U.S. Army 's Americal Division , to Guadalcanal .
= = = Battle for Henderson Field = = =
Between 1 and 17 October , the Japanese delivered 15 @,@ 000 troops to Guadalcanal , giving Hyakutake 20 @,@ 000 total troops to employ for his planned offensive . Because of the loss of their positions on the east side of the Matanikau , the Japanese decided that an attack on the U.S. defenses along the coast would be prohibitively difficult . Thus , after observation of the American defenses around Lunga Point by his staff officers , Hyakutake decided that the main thrust of his planned attack would be from south of Henderson Field . His 2nd Division ( augmented by troops from the 38th Division ) — under Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama and comprising 7 @,@ 000 soldiers in three infantry regiments of three battalions each — was ordered to march through the jungle and attack the American defenses from the south near the east bank of the Lunga River . The 2nd Division was split into three units ; the Left Wing Unit under Major General Yumio Nasu containing the 29th Infantry Regiment , the Right Wing Unit under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi consisting of troops from the 230th Infantry Regiment ( from the 38th Infantry Division ) , and the division reserve led by Maruyama comprising the 16th Infantry Regiment .
On 23 October , Maruyama 's forces struggled through the jungle to reach the American lines . Kawaguchi — on his own initiative — began to shift his right wing unit to the east , believing that the American defenses were weaker in that area . Maruyama — through one of his staff officers — ordered Kawaguchi to keep to the original attack plan . When he refused , Kawaguchi was relieved of command and replaced by Colonel Toshinari Shōji , commander of the 230th Infantry Regiment . That evening , after learning that the left and right wing forces were still struggling to reach the American lines , Hyakutake postponed the attack to 19 : 00 on 24 October . The Americans remained completely unaware of the approach of Maruyama 's forces .
Finally , late on October 24 Maruyama 's forces reached the U.S. Lunga perimeter . Over two consecutive nights Maruyama 's forces conducted numerous , unsuccessful frontal assaults on positions defended by troops of the 1st Battalion , 7th Marines ( 1 / 7 ) under Lieutenant Colonel Chesty Puller and the U.S. Army 's 3rd Battalion , 164th Infantry Regiment , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Hall . U.S. Marine and Army rifle , machine gun , mortar , artillery and direct canister fire from 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 46 in ) anti @-@ tank guns " wrought terrible carnage " on the Japanese . More than 1 @,@ 500 of Maruyama 's troops were killed in the attacks while the Americans lost about 60 killed . Shōji 's right wing units did not participate in the attacks , choosing instead to remain in place to cover Nasu 's right flank against a possible attack in that area by U.S. forces that never materialized .
At 08 : 00 on 26 October , Hyakutake called off any further attacks and ordered his forces to retreat . Maruyama 's left wing and division reserve survivors were ordered to retreat back to the Matanikau River area while the right wing unit under Shōji was told to head for Koli Point , 13 mi ( 21 km ) east of the Lunga River .
To provide support for the right wing units ( now called the Shōji Detachment ) marching towards Koli , the Japanese dispatched a Tokyo Express run for the night of 2 November to land 300 fresh troops from a previously uncommitted company of the 230th Infantry Regiment , two 75 mm ( 2 @.@ 95 in ) mountain guns , provisions , and ammunition at Koli Point . American radio intelligence intercepted Japanese communications concerning this effort and the Marine command on Guadalcanal determined to try to intercept it . With many of the American units currently involved in an operation west of the Matanikau , Vandgrift could spare only one battalion . The 2nd Battalion , 7th Marine Regiment ( 2 / 7 ) — commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Herman H. Hanneken — marched east from Lunga Point at 06 : 50 on 2 November and reached Koli Point after dark the same day . After crossing the Metapona River at its mouth , Hanneken deployed his troops along 2 @,@ 000 yd ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) in the woods facing the beach to await the arrival of the Japanese ships .
= = Action = =
Early on the morning of 3 November , the five Japanese destroyers on the express run arrived at Koli Point and began to unload their cargoes and troops about 1 @,@ 000 yd ( 910 m ) east of Hanneken 's battalion . Hanneken 's force remained concealed and attempted in vain to contact their headquarters by radio to report the landing . At dawn , after a Japanese patrol discovered the Marines , both adversaries began to engage each other with mortar , machine gun , and small arms fire . Soon after , the Japanese unlimbered and began to fire the two mountain guns that they had landed during the night . Hanneken , still unable to contact his headquarters to request support and now taking casualties plus running low on ammunition , decided to retreat . Hanneken 's battalion withdrew by bounds , recrossing the Metapona and then the Nalimbiu River 5 @,@ 000 yd ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) further west , where Hanneken was finally able to establish contact with his superiors at 14 : 45 to report his situation .
In addition to Hanneken 's report of sizable Japanese forces at Koli Point , Vandegrift 's staff also possessed a captured Japanese document that outlined a plan to land the remainder of the 38th Infantry Division at Koli to attack the Marine Lunga defenses from the east . Unaware that the Japanese had abandoned the plan , Vandegrift decided that the threat from Koli Point needed to be dealt with immediately . Thus , he ordered most of the Marine units currently engaged west of the Matanikau to return to Lunga Point . Puller 's battalion ( 1 / 7 ) was ordered to prepare to move to Koli Point by boat . The 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 164th Infantry Regiment ( 2 / 164 and 3 / 164 ) prepared to march inland to the Nalimbiu River . The 3rd Battalion , 10th Marines began to move its 75 mm pack howitzers across the Ilu river to provide artillery support . Marine Brigadier General William Rupertus was placed in command of the operation .
At the same time that the U.S. forces were mobilizing , Shōji and his troops were beginning to reach Koli Point east of the Metapona River at Gavaga Creek . Late in the day , 31 CAF aircraft attacked Shōji 's forces , inflicting about 100 deaths and injuries on the Japanese . Some of the CAF aircraft also mistakenly attacked Hanneken 's men , causing several deaths and injuries to the Marines .
At 06 : 30 on 4 November , the 164th troops began their march towards Koli Point . Around the same time , Rupertus and Puller 's battalion landed at Koli Point near the mouth of the Nalimbiu River . Rupertus decided to wait for the army troops to arrive before attacking Shōji 's forces . Because of heat , humidity , and difficult terrain the 164th troops didn 't complete the 7 mi ( 11 km ) march to the Nalimbiu until nightfall . In the meantime , the U.S. Navy cruisers Helena , San Francisco , and destroyer Sterett bombarded Shōji 's positions with artillery fire , killing many officers and soldiers from the 9th and 10th Companies , 230th Infantry .
On the morning of 5 November , Rupertus ordered the 164th troops to cross to the east bank of the Nalimbiu and envelop the inland flank of any Japanese forces that might be facing Puller 's battalion . The two battalions crossed the river about 3 @,@ 500 yd ( 3 @,@ 200 m ) inland and pivoted north to advance along the east bank . The army troops encountered few Japanese but were greatly slowed by difficult terrain and stopped short of the coast for the night . That same day , the Japanese troops that had been landed by the warships on 3 November , made contact with and joined Shōji 's forces .
The next day , Puller 's battalion crossed the Nalimbiu as the 164th troops resumed their march towards the coast . On 7 November , the Marines and army units joined forces at the coast and pushed east to a point about 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of the Metapona , where they dug in near the beach because of sightings of a Japanese Express run heading for Guadalcanal that might land reinforcements at Koli that night . The Japanese , however , successfully landed the reinforcements elsewhere on Guadalcanal that night and these reinforcements were not a factor in the Koli Point action .
Meanwhile , Hyakutake ordered Shōji to abandon his positions at Koli and rejoin Japanese forces at Kokumbona in the Matanikau area . To cover the withdrawal , a sizable portion of Shōji 's forces dug @-@ in and prepared to defend positions along Gavaga Creek near the village of Tetere , about 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) east of the Metapona . The two mountain guns landed on 3 November — in combination with mortars — kept up a constant rate of fire on the advancing Americans . On 8 November , Puller 's and Hanneken 's battalions and the 164th soldiers attempted to surround Shōji 's forces by approaching Gavaga overland from the west and landing by boat near Tetere in the east . In action during the day , Puller was wounded several times and was evacuated . Rupertus , who was suffering from dengue fever , relinquished command of the operation to U.S. Army Brigadier General Edmund B. Sebree .
On 9 November , the U.S. troops continued with their attempt to encircle Shōji 's forces . On the west of Gavaga Creek , 1 / 7 and 2 / 164 extended their positions inland along the creek while 2 / 7 and other 164th troops took positions on the east side of Shōji 's positions . The Americans began to compress the pocket while subjecting it to constant bombardment by artillery , mortars , and aircraft . A gap , however , existed by way of a swampy creek in the southern side of the American lines , which 2 / 164 was supposed to have closed . Taking advantage of this route , Shōji 's men began to escape the pocket .
The Americans closed the gap in their lines on 11 November , but by then Shōji and between 2 @,@ 000 and 3 @,@ 000 of his men had escaped into the jungle to the south . On 12 November , Sebree 's forces completely overran and killed all the remaining Japanese soldiers left in the pocket . The Americans counted the bodies of 450 – 475 Japanese dead in the area and captured most of Shōji 's heavy weapons and provisions . The American forces suffered 40 killed and 120 wounded in the operation .
= = Aftermath = =
As Shōji 's forces began their march to rejoin the main body of Japanese forces west of the Matanikau River , the U.S. 2nd Marine Raider Battalion — under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson , which had been guarding an airfield construction effort underway at Aola Bay , 30 mi ( 48 km ) further east from Koli Point — set off in pursuit . Over the next month , with the aid of native scouts , Carlson 's raiders repeatedly attacked trailing elements and stragglers from Shōji 's forces , killing almost 500 of them . In addition , a lack of food and tropical diseases felled more of Shōji 's men . By the time the Japanese reached the Lunga River , about halfway to the Matanikau , only 1 @,@ 300 men remained with Shōji 's main body . Several days later , when Shōji reached the 17th Army positions west of the Matanikau , only 700 – 800 survivors were still with him . Survivors from Shōji 's force later participated in the Battle of Mount Austen , the Galloping Horse , and the Sea Horse in December 1942 and January 1943 .
Speaking of the Koli Point action , U.S. Sergeant ( later Brigadier General ) John E. Stannard , who participated as a member of the 164th Regiment , stated that the battle for Koli Point was " the most complex land operation , other than the original landing , that the Americans had conducted on Guadalcanal up to that time . " He added , " The Americans learned once again that offensive operations against the Japanese were much more complicated and difficult than was defeating banzai charges . " The Americans later abandoned the attempt to construct an airfield at Aola . Instead , the Aola construction units moved to Koli Point where they successfully built an auxiliary airfield beginning on 3 December 1942 .
The next major Japanese reinforcement effort failed during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal , undertaken as Shōji and his troops struggled to reach friendly lines near the Matanikau . Although most of Shōji 's troops had escaped from Koli Point , the inability of the Japanese to keep their forces on Guadalcanal adequately supplied or reinforced prevented them from contributing effectively to what turned out to be Japan 's ultimately unsuccessful effort to hold the island or retake Henderson Field from Allied forces .
= = = Books = = =
Dull , Paul S. ( 1978 ) . A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy , 1941 – 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 87021 @-@ 097 @-@ 1 .
Frank , Richard ( 1990 ) . Guadalcanal : The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 @-@ 394 @-@ 58875 @-@ 4 .
Griffith , Samuel B. ( 1963 ) . The Battle for Guadalcanal . Champaign , Illinois , USA : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 252 @-@ 06891 @-@ 2 .
Hammel , Eric ( 2007 ) . Guadalcanal : The U.S. Marines in World War II . St. Paul , Minnesota , USA : Zenith Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 7603 @-@ 3148 @-@ 0 .
Jersey , Stanley Coleman ( 2008 ) . Hell 's Islands : The Untold Story of Guadalcanal . College Station , Texas : Texas A & M University Press . ISBN 1 @-@ 58544 @-@ 616 @-@ 5 .
Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1958 ) . The Struggle for Guadalcanal , August 1942 – February 1943 , vol . 5 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 @-@ 316 @-@ 58305 @-@ 7 .
Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2005 ) . Japanese Army in World War II : The South Pacific and New Guinea , 1942 – 43 . Dr. Duncan Anderson ( consultant editor ) . Oxford and New York : Osprey . ISBN 1 @-@ 84176 @-@ 870 @-@ 7 .
Smith , Michael T. ( 2000 ) . Bloody Ridge : The Battle That Saved Guadalcanal . New York : Pocket . ISBN 0 @-@ 7434 @-@ 6321 @-@ 8 .
= = = Web = = =
Anderson , Charles R. ( 1993 ) . Guadalcanal . The U.S. Army Campaigns in World War II . United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 72 @-@ 8 . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 09 .
Hough , Frank O. ; Ludwig , Verle E. ; Shaw , Henry I. , Jr . " Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal " . History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 05 @-@ 16 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
Miller , John Jr . ( 1995 ) [ 1949 ] . Guadalcanal : The First Offensive . United States Army in World War II ( Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History ) . CMH Pub 5 @-@ 3 . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 04 .
Shaw , Henry I. ( 1992 ) . " First Offensive : The Marine Campaign For Guadalcanal " . Marines in World War II Commemorative Series . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 25 .
Zimmerman , John L. ( 1949 ) . " The Guadalcanal Campaign " . Marines in World War II Historical Monograph . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 04 .
= British Commandos =
The British Commandos were formed during the Second World War in June 1940 , following a request from the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Winston Churchill , for a force that could carry out raids against German @-@ occupied Europe . Initially drawn from within the British Army from soldiers who volunteered for the Special Service Brigade , the Commandos ' ranks would eventually be filled by members of all branches of the British Armed Forces and a number of foreign volunteers from German @-@ occupied countries .
Reaching a wartime strength of over 30 individual units and four assault brigades , the Commandos served in all theatres of war from the Arctic Circle to Europe and from the Mediterranean and Middle East to South @-@ East Asia . Their operations ranged from small groups of men landing from the sea or by parachute to a brigade of assault troops spearheading the Allied invasions of Europe and Asia .
After the war most Commando units were disbanded , leaving just the Royal Marines 3 Commando Brigade . However , the present day Royal Marine Commandos , Parachute Regiment , Special Air Service , and Special Boat Service can all trace their origins to the original Commandos . The Second World War Commando legacy also extends to mainland Europe and the United States : the French Naval commandos , Dutch Korps Commandotroepen , Belgian Paracommando Brigade and the United States Army Rangers were all influenced to some degree by the British Commandos .
= = Formation = =
The British Commandos were a formation of the British Armed Forces organized for special service in June 1940 . After the events leading to the British Expeditionary Force 's ( BEF ) evacuation from Dunkirk , after the disastrous Battle of France , Winston Churchill , the British Prime Minister , called for a force to be assembled and equipped to inflict casualties on the Germans and bolster British morale . Churchill told the joint chiefs of staff to propose measures for an offensive against German @-@ occupied Europe , and stated : " they must be prepared with specially trained troops of the hunter class who can develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast . " One staff officer , Lieutenant Colonel Dudley Clarke , had already submitted such a proposal to General Sir John Dill , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff . Dill , aware of Churchill 's intentions , approved Clarke 's proposal and on 23 June 1940 , the first Commando raid took place .
The request for volunteers for special service was initially restricted to serving Army soldiers within certain formations still in Britain , and from men of the disbanding divisional Independent Companies originally raised from Territorial Army divisions who had served in the Norwegian Campaign .
By the autumn of 1940 more than 2 @,@ 000 men had volunteered and in November 1940 these new units were organised into a Special Service Brigade consisting of four battalions under the command of Brigadier J. C. Haydon . The Special Service Brigade was quickly expanded to 12 units which became known as Commandos . Each Commando had a lieutenant colonel as the commanding officer and numbered around 450 men ( divided into 75 man troops that were further divided into 15 man sections ) . Technically these men were only on secondment to the Commandos ; they retained their own regimental cap badges and remained on the regimental roll for pay . The Commando force came under the operational control of the Combined Operations Headquarters . The man initially selected as the commander of Combined Operations was Admiral Roger Keyes , a veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign and the Zeebrugge Raid in the First World War . Keyes resigned in October 1941 and was replaced by Vice Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten . Major @-@ General Robert Laycock was the last Commander of Combined Operations ; he took over from Mountbatten in October 1943 .
= = Organisation = =
= = = Commando units = = =
The Commando units formed in the United Kingdom were : No. 1 , No. 2 , No. 3 , No. 4 , No. 5 , No. 6 , No. 7 , No. 8 ( Guards ) , No. 9 , No. 10 ( Inter @-@ Allied ) , No. 11 ( Scottish ) , No. 12 , No. 14 ( Arctic ) , No. 30 , and No. 62 Commando . At the same time there were four Commando units formed in the Middle East : No. 50 , No. 51 , No , 52 , and the Middle East Commando . The No. 10 ( Inter @-@ Allied ) Commando was formed from volunteers from the occupied territories and enemy aliens . It was the largest Commando unit formed , and contained troops from France , Belgium , Poland , Norway , the Netherlands , and No. 3 ( X ) Troop . The No. 3 ( X ) Troop consisted of enemy aliens ; it was also known as the English , Jewish , or British troop and was officially renamed the Miscellaneous Troop in 1944 . Most of the troop had German , Austrian , or Eastern European backgrounds , while others were political or religious refugees from Nazi Germany .
Some Commandos were designated for different tasks from the start . No. 2 Commando was always intended to be a parachute unit . In June 1940 they began parachute training and were re @-@ designated the 11th Special Air Service ( SAS ) Battalion , which eventually became the 1st Parachute Battalion . After their re @-@ designation a new No. 2 Commando was formed . Other Commandos were grouped together in a larger formation known as Layforce and sent to the Middle East . The Special Air Service and the Special Boat Squadron were formed from the survivors of Layforce . The men of No. 14 ( Arctic ) Commando were specially trained for operations in the Arctic Circle and specialised in using small boats and canoes to attack shipping . The joint service unit No. 30 Commando was formed for intelligence gathering . Its members were trained in the recognition of enemy documents , search techniques , safe cracking , prisoner handling , photography , and escape techniques . No. 62 Commando or the Small Scale Raiding Force was a small 55 – man unit under the operational control of the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) . They carried out raids planned by SOE such as Operation Postmaster on the Spanish island of Fernando Po off the coast of West Africa .
In February 1941 the Commandos were reorganized in accordance with a new war establishment . Each Commando unit now consisted of a Headquarters and six troops ( instead of the previous 10 ) . Each troop would comprise three officers and 62 other ranks ; this number was set so each troop would fit into two Assault Landing Craft . The new formation also meant that two complete Commando units could be carried in the ' Glen ' type landing ship and one unit in the ' Dutch ' type landing ship . The motor transport issued to each commando consisted of one car for the commanding officer , 12 motorcycles ( six with sidecars ) , two 15 hundredweight ( cwt ) trucks , and one 3 @-@ ton truck . These vehicles were only provided for administration and training and were not intended to accompany the men on operations .
In February 1942 the Royal Marines were tasked to organise Commando units of their own . In total nine Commando units were formed by the Royal Marines : No. 40 , No. 41 , No. 42 , No. 43 , No. 44 , No. 45 , No. 46 , No. 47 and the last , No. 48 , which was only formed in 1944 . In 1943 two other Commando units were formed . The first was the Royal Naval Commandos , who were established to carry out tasks associated with establishing , maintaining , and controlling beachheads during amphibious operations . The other was the Royal Air Force Commandos , who would accompany an invasion force either to make enemy airfields serviceable , or to make new airstrips operational and contribute to their defence .
= = = 1943 reorganization = = =
In 1943 , the formation of the Commando unit was changed . Each Commando now consisted of a small headquarters group , five fighting troops , a heavy weapons troop , and a signals platoon . The fighting troops consisted of 65 men of all ranks divided into two 30 – man sections which were subdivided into three 10 – man subsections . The heavy weapons troop was made up of 3 @-@ inch mortar and Vickers machine gun teams . The Commandos were provided with the motor transport needed to accompany them on operations . Their transport now consisted of the commanding officer 's car , 15 motorcycles ( six with side cars ) , ten 15 cwt trucks , and three 3 @-@ ton trucks . The heavy weapons troop had seven Jeeps and trailers and one Jeep for each of the fighting troops and the headquarters . This gave them enough vehicles of their own to accommodate two fighting troops , the heavy weapons troop , and the Commando Headquarters .
By now the Commandos started to move away from smaller raiding operations . They were formed into four brigades to spearhead future Allied landing operations . The previous Special Service Brigade Headquarters was replaced by Headquarters Special Services Group under command of Major General Robert Sturges . Of the remaining 20 Commando units , 17 were used in the formation of the four Special Service brigades . The three remaining Commandos ( Nos. 12 , 14 , and 62 ) were left out of the brigade structure to concentrate on smaller scale raids . The increased tempo of operations , together with a shortage of volunteers and the need to provide replacements for casualties , forced their disbandment by the end of 1943 . The small scale raiding role was then given to the two French troops of No. 10 ( Inter @-@ Allied ) Commando .
From 1944 the Operational Holding Commando Headquarters was formed . It was responsible for two sub – units : the Army and Royal Marines Holding Commando Wings . Both units had an establishment of five troops and a heavy weapons troop of fully trained commandos . The men in these troops were to provide individual or complete troop replacements for the Commando units in the field . In December 1944 , the four Special Service brigades were re @-@ designated as Commando brigades .
= = Training = =
When the Commando units were originally formed in 1940 , training was the responsibility of the unit commanding officers . Training was hampered by the general shortage of equipment throughout the British Army at this time , as most arms and equipment had been left behind at Dunkirk . In December 1940 a Middle East Commando depot was formed with the responsibility of training and supplying reinforcements for the Commando units in that theatre . In February 1942 the Commando training depot at Achnacarry in the Scottish Highlands was established by Brigadier Charles Haydon . Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Vaughan , the Commando depot was responsible for training complete units and individual replacements . The training regime was for the time innovative and physically demanding , and far in advance of normal British Army training . The depot staff were all hand picked , with the ability to outperform any of the volunteers . Training and assessment started immediately on arrival , with the volunteers having to complete an 8 @-@ mile ( 13 km ) march with all their equipment from the Spean Bridge railway station to the commando depot . When they arrived they were met by Vaughan , who stressed the physical demands of the course and that any man who failed to live up to the requirements would be ' returned to unit ' ( RTU ) .
Exercises were conducted using live ammunition and explosives to make training as realistic as possible . Physical fitness was a prerequisite , with cross country runs and boxing matches to improve fitness . Speed and endurance marches were conducted up and down the nearby mountain ranges and over assault courses that included a zip @-@ line over Loch Arkaig , all while carrying arms and full equipment . Training continued by day and night with river crossings , mountain climbing , weapons training , unarmed combat , map reading , and small boat operations on the syllabus . Living conditions were primitive in the camp , with trainees housed either under canvas in tents or in Nissen huts and they were responsible for cooking their own meals . Correct military protocols were enforced : Officers were saluted and uniforms had to be clean , with brasses and boots shining on parade . At the end of each course the final exercise was a simulated night beach landing using live ammunition .
Another smaller Commando depot , known as the Commando Mountain and Snow Warfare training camp , was established at Braemar . This camp was run by two famous mountaineers : the depot commander Squadron Leader Frank Smythe and chief instructor Major John Hunt . The depot provided training for operations in Arctic conditions , with instruction in climbing snow @-@ covered mountains , cliff climbing , and small boat and canoe handling . Training was conducted in how to live , fight , and move on foot or on skis in snowy conditions .
A major change in the training programme occurred in 1943 . From that point on training concentrated more on the assault infantry role and less on raiding operations . Training now included how to call for fire support from artillery and naval gunfire , and how to obtain tactical air support from the Allied air forces . More emphasis was put on joint training , with two or more Commando units working together in brigades . By the end of the war 25 @,@ 000 men had passed through the Commando course at Achnacarry . This total includes not only the British volunteers , but volunteers from Belgium , France , Netherlands , Norway , Poland , and the United States Army Rangers , which were modelled on the Commandos .
= = = Weapons and equipment = = =
As a raiding force , the Commandos were not issued the heavy weapons of a normal infantry battalion . The weapons used were the standard British Army small arms of the time ; most riflemen carried the Lee – Enfield rifle and section fire support was provided by the Bren light machine gun . The Thompson was the submachine gun of choice , but later in the war the Commandos also used the cheaper and lighter Sten gun . Commando sections were equipped with a higher number of Bren and Thompson guns than a normal British infantry section . The Webley Revolver was initially used as the standard sidearm , but it was eventually replaced by the Colt 45 pistol , which used the same ammunition as the Thompson submachine gun . One weapon specifically designed for the Commandos was the De Lisle carbine . Modelled on the Lee – Enfield rifle and fitted with a silencer , it used the same .45 cartridge as the Thompson and was designed to eliminate sentries during Commando raids . Some were used and proved successful on operations , but the nature of the Commando role had changed before they were put into full production and the order for their purchase was cancelled . The Fairbairn @-@ Sykes Fighting Knife was designed especially for Commandos ' use in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , although a whole range of clubs and knives were used in the field . Some of the heavier and crew – served weapons used included the Boys anti @-@ tank rifle and the 2
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ropical ridge , and on September 11 Erin decelerated as it turned to the east . A strengthening mid- to upper @-@ level trough over eastern Canada turned the hurricane to the northeast . It gradually accelerated its forward motion , and on September 15 , after weakening to a strong tropical storm , Erin passed just east of Cape Race , Newfoundland . Convection gradually diminished as it moved through the north Atlantic Ocean , and later on September 15 Erin became extratropical . The extratropical storm continued northeastward , and after crossing over southern Greenland Erin merged with a high @-@ latitude cyclonic flow to the east of Greenland on September 17 .
= = Impact and preparations = =
When the hurricane appeared to pose a threat to Bermuda , its government issued a hurricane watch . Around 24 hours before Erin made its closest approach , the watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning . Initial forecasts indicated Erin would pass within 15 miles ( 24 km ) of the island . As a result , ferry and bus transport was suspended . Officials prepared a school to be used as an emergency shelter , though few people used it . The threat of the hurricane cancelled several flights in and out of the Bermuda International Airport , stranding hundreds of travellers . Cruise ships and cargo ships also cancelled or delayed their arrivals . The strongest winds of Erin remained to the east of the island . As a result , the highest winds on the island peaked at 41 mph ( 66 km / h ) . Moderate winds downed several trees onto power lines , leaving dozens of homes without power for several hours . Prolonged durations of strong waves resulted in coastal beach erosion . Large waves broke a boat from its moorings , though two men swam through the rough seas to prevent the yacht from running aground . The storm produced rainfall on the island , yet no flooding was reported . Little structural damage occurred on Bermuda , and there were no reported injuries or casualties .
Swells from Erin produced rip currents along the North Carolina coastline . Waves were expected to reach over 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) in height . Officials at the National Hurricane Center cautioned authorities and residents to monitor the rough seas .
Erin produced moderate winds across Newfoundland , including a maximum sustained wind report of 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) with a gust of 67 mph ( 108 km / h ) at Cape Race . The storm also produced moderate amounts of precipitation , peaking at 5 @.@ 1 inches ( 131 mm ) at Sagona Island . Along the coast , the passage of the storm led to wave heights of up to 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 3 m ) , while offshore a buoy recorded a wave height of 47 feet ( 14 @.@ 2 m ) . No damage was reported in Canada .
= Stargate ( production team ) =
Stargate is a Norwegian record producing and songwriting team , composed of Tor Erik Hermansen ( born 14 October 1972 ) and Mikkel Storleer Eriksen ( born in 1972 ) , based in New York City . The team 's genres include R & B , pop , dance @-@ pop , Europop and hip hop . Stargate was established in Trondheim , Norway .
Stargate broke into the American recording industry in 2006 , with the release of the Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 single , " So Sick " , produced and co @-@ written by the team and performed by Ne @-@ Yo . They also produced and co @-@ wrote Beyoncé 's worldwide hit single " Irreplaceable " , which topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 10 consecutive weeks . Throughout their career they have been noted for their extensive work with Rihanna , writing and producing four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 singles with the Barbadian singer in 2010 and 2011 . They have together written 12 No. 1 singles in the U.S. and 11 in the UK .
= = Formation and early works = =
Stargate began in 1997 as a song @-@ writing trio in Trondheim , Norway , consisting of Tor Erik Hermansen , Mikkel Storleer Eriksen , and Hallgeir Rustan . When they first met , Hermansen was a talent scout for the Norwegian branch of the record label Warner Music Group , Eriksen owned a studio , and Rustan was a mechanical engineer before becoming involved in music . One of their first successful productions was with Norwegian R & B singer Noora Noor . Her first album " Curious " was produced in their Trondheim studio . Noora Noor was signed to the Norwegian branch of the record label Warner Music Group . Her main hit from this album " Need You " was released throughout Europe and gave Stargate attention from the UK music industry . While in Norway , they ventured into the British market , mostly writing songs for R & B @-@ pop performers . At this time they called the team Stargate , a name specifically established for their projects in the United Kingdom .
The team 's initial successes was in the British market . Stargate 's first international success came with British pop outfit S Club , whose 1999 single " S Club Party " reached No. 1 in Australia and New Zealand . This success was followed with another British pop group , Hear 'Say 's single " The Way To Your Love " , which peaked at No. 1 in the United Kingdom in 2001 . The team has also produced many Top 10 hits in the United Kingdom for acts such as Blue , Mis @-@ Teeq and Atomic Kitten , and worked with European acts Javine , Shola Ama , Five , and Samantha Mumba .
The team had been listening to American hits and " trying to measure up " . They remixed American hip @-@ hop and R & B songs , adding layers of melody to suit the European radio audience . In the wake of their early successes , the team had to choose whether to remain in Norway or move to pursue their goals : " We knew that to make the records we really wanted to make , we had to go to America . " Hermansen and Eriksen chose to produce records in the United States , while Rustan preferred to remain a producer in Norway because he did not want to leave his family behind .
In 2001 , Stargate produced and co @-@ wrote songs for American pop singer Mikaila 's self @-@ titled debut album . " So in Love With Two " , a track from the album , had reached No. 25 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming one of the team 's earliest co @-@ written singles that appeared on the US charts . It was followed three years later with Mis @-@ Teeq 's " Scandalous " , which peaked at No. 35 on the Hot 100 and No. two in the United Kingdom .
In the spring of 2005 , Eriksen and Hermansen settled in New York . Initially , their work was slow until they met singer @-@ songwriter Ne @-@ Yo in a hallway at Sony Music Studios in New York . Ne @-@ Yo , who had been working on his debut album , In My Own Words , decided to collaborate with the team , aware that Stargate produced R & B records . After listening to each other 's music , a songwriting session ensued and spawned in its second day the song " So Sick " , which later topped the Billboard Hot 100 and ushered Stargate into American pop songwriting .
= = Notable collaborations = =
Stargate and Ne @-@ Yo collaborated on the hit single " Unfaithful " for Barbadian singer Rihanna 's 2006 album A Girl Like Me . In the same year , Stargate again collaborated with Ne @-@ Yo for the single " Irreplaceable " , recorded by American singer Beyoncé Knowles . The single topped the Billboard Hot 100 for ten consecutive weeks in 2007 . Also in 2006 , Stargate and Taj Jackson gave American singer @-@ songwriter Lionel Richie his first R & B hit , " I Call It Love " , in 10 years .
With the team 's contributions to music , Stargate emerged as the No. 1 hot producer on the 2006 Billboard Year End Chart . In the following year , Stargate received a Spellemann ( Norwegian Grammy ) . The team received three awards at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards 2007 in Los Angeles , for the songs " So Sick " , " Sexy Love " and " Unfaithful " ; and two awards at the ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards 2007 for " So Sick " and " Sexy Love " . They were named Songwriters of the Year at the 2007 ASCAP / PRS in London , receiving nine awards including Song of the Year for " So Sick " .
In 2007 , " Beautiful Liar " , a duet between Knowles and Colombian singer Shakira , became another hit for Stargate , reaching No. 1 in more than 30 countries including the United Kingdom . The song earned Hermansen and Eriksen the Ivor Novello Award for Best @-@ Selling British song . Although " Beautiful Liar " is chiefly an American song , it includes British songwriters Amanda Ghost and Ian Dench , thus eligible for the award .
At the 2008 ASCAP Pop Music Awards , Hermansen and Eriksen received five awards for most performed songs , including " Irreplaceable " among the top five . Stargate was named Best Hitmakers in Rolling Stone magazine 's " Best of Rock 2008 " . Eriksen and Hermansen received Grammy nominations for five separate songs in six categories for the 2008 Grammy Awards , including Record of the Year for " Irreplaceable " , Best R & B Song for " Hate That I Love You " and Best Dance Record for " Don 't Stop The Music " .
On Ne @-@ Yo 's third solo @-@ album , Year of the Gentleman , Stargate have produced and co @-@ written four songs , among them the singles " Closer " and " Miss Independent " , the latter of which had reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . Stargate received nominations in more than 10 categories for the 2009 Grammy Awards . They won their first Grammy in 2009 in the Best R & B Song category for " Miss Independent " , performed by Ne @-@ Yo .
Stargate produced " Black and Yellow " for rapper Wiz Khalifa in 2010 , a song that reached No. 1 in the Billboard U.S Charts , and Sean Kingstons " Letting Go " . They produced four No. 1 singles for Barbadian recording artist Rihanna including " Rude Boy " , " Only Girl ( In The World ) " , " What 's My Name ? " and " S & M " . Stargate co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced Owl City 's single " Shooting Star " which was released on the Shooting Star EP on May 15 , 2012 .
In 2015 , Stargate produced together with Rik Simpson the Coldplay album A Head Full of Dreams .
= = Other ventures = =
Stargate teamed @-@ up with American hip hop mogul Jay @-@ Z to launch the record label StarRoc . The label , which is based at Jay @-@ Z 's Roc The Mic studio in Manhattan , will be a 50 / 50 partnership with the team and Jay @-@ Z 's entertainment company Roc Nation . Eriksen and Hermansen 's connection with Jay @-@ Z , who was then the CEO of the record label Def Jam , began with the release of " So Sick " . They met through Ty Ty Smith , A & R from record label Def Jam and a long @-@ time friend of Jay @-@ Z.
In addition to their new venture , Eriksen signed a global co @-@ publishing deal with EMI Music Publishing . According to Music Week , his relationship with EMI will further the publishing company 's involvement on Stargate 's future projects . Prior to the deal , EMI has been involved with Hermansen 's projects for nearly ten years since he signed a deal in 1999 . Hermansen and Eriksen will also continue their joint @-@ venture partnership , Stellar Songs , with EMI .
Mikkel Eriksen owns part of the Norwegian clothing firm JohnnyLove which they are trying to introduce to the American market . On the American launch party in New York on the 12th of October 2011 Jay @-@ Z came to show his support and stated to the reporter that he was " a little bit Norwegian , as I am sure you know " .
Tor Erik Hermansen owns one third of the award @-@ winning Norwegian St. Lars restaurant in Oslo together with international TV @-@ chef Andreas Viestad and Face2Face @-@ founder Per Meland . Queen Sonja of Norway and the former Norwegian prime minister Jens Stoltenberg are regular guests . The owners have tried to bring some of the ambience from the New York @-@ restaurant The Spotted Pig , owned by Stargate 's StarRoc @-@ partner Jay @-@ Z , to the restaurant .
= = Influences and style = =
Stargate chiefly produces songs in the genres ; R & B , pop , dance @-@ pop , Europop and hip hop music .
Hermansen and Eriksen grew up as R & B and hip hop fanatics in Norwegian suburbs , where most children listen to Europop and American rock . Their interest in music started in the 1980s with breakdance and rap . Eriksen and Hermansen were raised on pop music , growing up listening to music of 1970s pop group ABBA and Germany @-@ based pop outfit Boney M. In an article by The New York Times , Barry Weiss , president of Jive Records , who had hired Stargate to produce songs , " Those influences lend themselves to them making very melodic pop records , with great hooks and choruses . " According to the team , they have always loved American music , citing acts such as Prince , Michael Jackson , Usher , Destiny 's Child , and R. Kelly and the English band Depeche Mode as their inspiration . The team also cited producers Antonio " L.A. " Reid and Kenneth " Babyface " Edmonds of the 1980s R & B band The Deele , and R & B @-@ pop production team Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis as their early influences .
In their usual production style , Stargate first creates an instrumental backing track — also common in pop and hip hop productions — from which a collaborator would write lyrics and add vocal melody into . In an interview with About.com , the team explained their style :
We always start out with a musical idea . Great effort goes into creating a solid melodic core . We both play the keyboards and program , but in general Mikkel plays the instruments and controls Pro Tools , while Tor has the executive overlook as well as lyrical input . However , we both are hands on and have no rules or limitations . When we have some killer beats and musical starting points , we hook up with one of our favorite topline writers , who gets cracking on the lyrics and melody . We make sure there 's a lot of melody in the track , so it can inspire the writer . Together with the topline writer we work , often tweek and simplify the song , and never quit before we feel we 've got a killer hook .
Ben Sisario of The New York Times described Stargate 's music as " sugary , lilting R & B in the Michael Jackson vein leavened with the kind of melody @-@ rich European pop that paints everything in bright primary colors ... Their work carries on a tradition of Scandinavian bubble @-@ gum artistry that stretches from Abba to Max Martin " . Sisario added that , unlike other 's producers in the United States , " Stargate signature is more difficult to detect , because to some degree the duo 's style is an adaptable method , not a specific sound " . Steve Lunt , an A & R executive at Atlantic Records , pointed out , however , that " if you put a bunch of Stargate songs together you will see the thread running through them " .
= = Critical reception = =
Critics found some of Stargate 's succeeding works a replica of " Irreplaceable " ' s musical formula . Sheffield commented that , in the song " Tattoo " by Sparks , the team " have no shame about churning out ' Irreplaceable ' replicants forever " , reprising the acoustic guitar @-@ drum loop formula . The New York Times music critic Kelefa Sanneh deemed it " sounds like a cousin " of " Irreplaceable " . The release of R & B singer Chris Brown 's 2007 single " With You " produced similar impressions : Sheffield , in his review for Brown 's album , noted that " Stargate was just trying to roll out ' Irreplaceable ' one more time " . Hillary Crosley of Billboard magazine wrote that " With You " " leans a bit too heavily " toward " Irreplaceable " . Stylus Magazine also noted that Rihanna 's Stargate produced single , " Hate That I Love You " was a rehash of Ne @-@ Yo and Stargate 's previous works saying , " Here you 've got the ' Sexy Love ' drums , the ' Irreplaceable ' strum , and a bit of the synth and chorus melody from ' So Sick ' ... is hardly the new twist all these old bits need to sound fresh . "
= = Discography = =
For a complete list , see Stargate production discography
= = = Top ten singles = = =
The following singles peaked inside the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and / or the UK Singles Chart .
1999 : " S Club Party " ( S Club 7 )
1999 : " Always Come Back to Your Love " ( Samantha Mumba )
1999 : " Two in a Million " ( S Club 7 )
2000 : " Day & Night " ( Billie Piper )
2000 : " Mama - Who Da Man ? " ( Richard Blackwood )
2000 : " Sweet Love 2K " ( Fierce )
2000 : " The Way to Your Love " ( Hear 'Say )
2001 : " One Night Stand " ( Mis @-@ Teeq )
2001 : " All Rise " ( Blue )
2002 : " Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word " ( Blue featuring Elton John )
2002 : " The Last Goodbye " ( Atomic Kitten )
2003 : " Scandalous " ( Mis @-@ Teeq )
2003 : " Real Things " ( Javine )
2004 : " Love You Like Mad " ( VS )
2004 : " Eyes on You " ( Jay Sean )
2004 : " Stolen " ( Jay Sean )
2006 : " Sexy Love " ( Ne @-@ Yo )
2006 : " So Sick " ( Ne @-@ Yo )
2006 : " Unfaithful " ( Rihanna )
2006 : " Irreplaceable " ( Beyoncé )
2007 : " Beautiful Liar " ( Beyoncé & Shakira )
2007 : " Because of You " ( Ne @-@ Yo )
2007 : " Hate That I Love You " ( Rihanna featuring Ne @-@ Yo )
2007 : " Don 't Stop the Music " ( Rihanna )
2007 : " Tattoo " ( Jordin Sparks )
2007 : " With You " ( Chris Brown )
2008 : " Take a Bow " ( Rihanna )
2008 : " Closer " ( Ne @-@ Yo )
2008 : " Mad " ( Ne @-@ Yo )
2010 : " Rude Boy " ( Rihanna )
2010 : " Beautiful Monster " ( Ne @-@ Yo )
2010 : " Happiness " ( Alexis Jordan )
2010 : " Only Girl ( In the World ) " ( Rihanna )
2010 : " What 's My Name ? " ( Rihanna featuring Drake )
2010 : " Firework " ( Katy Perry )
2011 : " Black and Yellow " ( Wiz Khalifa )
2011 : " S & M " ( Rihanna )
2011 : " Good Girl " ( Alexis Jordan )
2011 : " I 'm Into You " ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Lil Wayne )
2012 : " R.I.P. " ( Rita Ora featuring Tinie Tempah )
2012 : " Let Me Love You ( Until You Learn to Love Yourself ) " ( Ne @-@ Yo )
2012 : " Diamonds " ( Rihanna )
2013 : " Come & Get It " ( Selena Gomez )
2013 : " The Fox " ( Ylvis )
2014 : " Black Widow " ( Iggy Azalea featuring Rita Ora )
2015 : " Worth It " ( Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink )
2015 : " Same Old Love " ( Selena Gomez )
2015 : " Adventure of a Lifetime " ( Coldplay )
2016 : " Hymn for the Weekend " ( Coldplay )
2016 : " Write On Me " ( Fifth Harmony )
= Elmo 's World =
" Elmo 's World " is a 18 @-@ minute @-@ long segment that was shown at the end of the children 's television program Sesame Street . It premiered on November 16 , 1998 as part of the show 's structural changes , designed to appeal to younger viewers and to increase ratings , which had fallen in the past decade . The segment was developed out of a series of workshops that studied the changes in the viewing habits of their audience , and the reasons for the show 's lower ratings . " Elmo 's World " used traditional elements of production , but had a more sustained narrative . It was presented from the perspective of a three @-@ year @-@ old child as represented by its host , the Muppet Elmo , who was performed by Kevin Clash . In 2002 , Sesame Street 's producers changed the rest of the show to reflect its younger demographic and the increase in their viewers ' sophistication .
Long @-@ time writer Judy Freudberg came up with the concept of " Elmo 's World " , and writer Tony Geiss and executive producer Arlene Sherman helped develop it . Instead of the realism of the rest of the show , the segment presented Elmo moving between and combining two worlds of live action and computer @-@ generated animation , which looked like " a child 's squiggly crayon drawing come to life " created by the host , and with " a stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness feel to it " . Elmo 's pet goldfish Dorothy and the members of the Noodle family were silent in order to allow Elmo to do all the talking , and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen .
" Elmo 's World " remained popular throughout its run . In 2009 , " Elmo 's World " temporarily ceased production and was replaced by " Elmo the Musical " in 2012 .
= = Background = =
By the early 1990s , Sesame Street had been on the air for over 20 years and was , as author Michael Davis put it , " the undisputed heavyweight champion of preschool television " . The show 's dominance began to be challenged throughout the decade by other television shows for preschoolers such as Barney & Friends , by the growth of the children 's home video industry , and by the increase of thirty @-@ minute children 's shows on cable . Sesame Street 's ratings declined , so the Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) , the organization responsible for putting the show on the air , responded by researching the reasons for their lower ratings .
For the first time since the show debuted , the producers and a team of researchers analyzed Sesame Street 's content and structure and studied how children 's viewing habits had changed . The analysis was conducted during a series of two @-@ week @-@ long workshops and was completed in time for the show 's 30th anniversary in 1999 . The CTW found that although the show was produced for children between the ages of three and five , their viewers had become more sophisticated since its debut and began to watch the show sooner , as early as ten months of age . The producers found that the show 's original format , which consisted of a series of short clips similar to the structure of a magazine , was not necessarily the most effective way to hold young viewers ' attention . They also found that their viewers , especially the younger ones , lost attention with Sesame Street after 40 to 45 minutes .
The first way the CTW addressed the issues brought up by their research was by lowering the target age for Sesame Street , from four years to three years . In late 1998 , they created a new 15 @-@ minute segment entitled " Elmo 's World " , hosted by the Muppet Elmo , that was shown at the end of each episode . The segment used traditional elements ( animation , Muppets , music , and live @-@ action film ) , but had a more sustained narrative . " Elmo 's World " followed the same structure each episode , and depended heavily on repetition . It focused on child @-@ centered topics such as balls and dancing , from the perspective of a three @-@ year @-@ old child , and was " designed to foster exploration , imagination , and curiosity " . Instead of an adult providing narration , Elmo led the child through the action .
In 2002 , Sesame Street 's producers went further in changing the show to reflect its younger demographic and increase in their viewers ' sophistication . They decided , after the show 's 33rd season , to expand upon the " Elmo 's World " concept by , as San Francisco Chronicle TV critic Tim Goodman called it , " deconstructing " the show . They changed the structure of the entire show to a more narrative format , making the show easier for young children to navigate . Arlene Sherman , a co @-@ executive producer for 25 years and one of the creators of " Elmo 's World " , called the show 's new look " startlingly different " .
= = Development and filming = =
Long @-@ time Sesame Street writer Judy Freudberg came up with the idea of creating a segment with " an entirely different format " from the rest of the show during the CTW 's workshops , and writer Tony Geiss further developed the idea with her . Freudberg stated that the concept " was radical because we had never veered from that magazine mosaic and had never given any character more than another character to do " .
Animator Mo Willems came up with the idea of creating a less @-@ realistic setting compared to the rest of the show . The segment presented Elmo moving between and combining two worlds of live action and computer @-@ generated animation , which looked like " a child 's squiggly crayon drawing come to life " created by the host , and with " a stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness feel to it " . The segment was filmed at a different time than the rest of the season , much of it in front of a blue screen , with animation and digital effects added later . Kevin Clash was Elmo 's principal puppeteer for " Elmo 's World " . For more complicated shots that showed Elmo 's entire body , a puppet called " Active Elmo " was operated with assistance from other puppeteers ; the puppet was also filmed in front of a blue screen and edited later .
In addition to Freudberg and Geiss , other writers of " Elmo 's World " included Emily Kingsley and Molly Boylan . The theme song was based upon a song Geiss wrote called " Elmo 's Song " , with lyrics changed to fit the segment . Writer Louise Gikow and The New York Times called it " a show within a show " . Clash called it " a playdate between the child and Elmo " , and felt that its intimacy provided an effective teaching tool . He also called it " an instant success " . Davis compared " Elmo 's World " with the long @-@ running children 's TV show Peewee 's Playhouse .
The CTW , as it has done throughout its existence and for all the shows it produced , conducted extensive studies on " Elmo 's World " . They found that the segment had high appeal for children , regardless of their age , sex , and socioeconomic background . Attention and participation such as hand @-@ clapping , moving along with the music , and counting along with the characters increased with repeated viewing .
= = Characters = =
The Muppet Elmo , who represented the three- to four @-@ year @-@ old child , was chosen as host of " Elmo 's World " because he had always tested well with Sesame Street 's younger viewers . Elmo was created in 1979 and was performed by various puppeteers , including Richard Hunt , but did not become what his eventual portrayer Kevin Clash called a " phenomenon " until Clash took over the role in 1983 . Elmo became , as writer Michael Davis reported , " the embodiment " of Sesame Street , and " the marketing wonder of our age " when five million " Tickle Me Elmo " dolls were sold in 1996 . Clash believed the " Tickle Me Elmo " phenomenon made Elmo a household name and led to the " Elmo 's World " segment . Clash called " Elmo 's World " " a colorful , lively celebration of creativity " and " one of the most imaginative endeavors I 've ever been involved in " . He stated that the segment provided him with new challenges and opportunities for " creative risk @-@ taking " .
According to Clash and Gikow , Elmo 's pet goldfish Dorothy and the members of the Noodle family were silent in order to allow Elmo to do all the talking , and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen . Dorothy 's silence allowed children to fill in the blanks , and her curiosity , which was created and enhanced by Elmo 's imagination , allowed the writers and researchers to insert the curriculum lessons they want to convey . Up to nine goldfish were used per episode , so they could be replaced when necessary . Several fish were needed each season , and the surviving Dorothys were given good homes afterwards .
Mr. Noodle was played by Broadway actor Bill Irwin , who had previously worked with Sherman in short films for Sesame Street . When he became unavailable , Sherman asked her friend Michael Jeter to replace Irwin as Mr. Noodle 's brother Mr. Noodle . Jeter was in the role beginning in 2000 , until his death in 2003 . Kristin Chenoweth played Mr. Noodle 's sister Ms. Noodle , and Sarah Jones played Mr. Noodle 's other sister Miss Noodle . According to Freudberg , " Mr. Noodle , who never speaks , is all about trial and error . When you throw him a hat , he acts like he 's never seen one before . Kids feel empowered watching him because they can do what he can 't " .
= = Muppet performers = =
Kevin Clash - Elmo
= = = Additional Muppet performers = = =
Pam Arciero
Fran Brill - Zoe
R. Bruce Connelly
Stephanie D 'Abruzzo
Rick Lyon
Jim Martin
Joey Mazzarino
Jerry Nelson - Count
Martin P. Robinson - Telly and Snuffy
David Rudman - Baby Bear
Caroll Spinney - Big Bird and Oscar
John Tartaglia
Alice Vernon
Steve Whitmire
Bryant Young
= = End of production = =
" Elmo 's World " remained popular throughout its run , especially for the younger viewers for which it was designed . In 2009 , when " Elmo 's World " temporarily ceased production , the producers of Sesame Street began taking steps to increase the age of their viewers and to increase their ratings . By the end of the show 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , 3 @-@ year @-@ old viewers had increased by 41 % , 4 @-@ year @-@ olds by 4 % , and 5 @-@ year @-@ olds by 21 % . According to The New York Times , executive producer Carol @-@ Lynn Parente " was itching to revamp the final segment " even before production of " Elmo 's World " ended , but was prevented by the apparent satisfaction of the viewers and by tight budgets . They were also reluctant to replace the segment ; as writer Joey Mazzarino explained , it was " an emotionally charged process " because Freudberg had become ill and was not present for the discussions about it .
Although " Elmo 's World " was replaced by " Elmo the Musical " in 2012 , it continued to appear on repeats of Sesame Street , on DVDs , and on the show 's website , which sold products related to the segment .
= Lisa 's Sax =
" Lisa 's Sax " is the third episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 19 , 1997 to overwhelmingly positive reviews . In the series ' sixth flashback episode , it is explained how Lisa got her saxophone . The episode was executive produced by Al Jean and Mike Reiss and was the first episode Jean wrote by himself as all of his previous writing credits had been shared with Reiss . It was directed by Dominic Polcino and guest starred Fyvush Finkel , who appeared as himself portraying Krusty in a film .
= = Plot = =
Homer and Bart are watching television when they are interrupted by Lisa playing her saxophone in her bedroom . Bart enters Lisa 's bedroom and tries to grab the saxophone from her , but he inadvertently tosses it out the window . It lands in the middle of the street and is run over by a car , a truck , and a man riding a tricycle , and stomped on by Nelson Muntz . In a period of mourning , Lisa reveals she cannot remember ever not having that saxophone , so Homer recounts the instrument 's origins .
In a flashback to 1990 , Bart goes to his first day of school , but things do not go so well for him and he becomes depressed . It is during discussions of Bart 's future that the school psychologist realizes the young Lisa is very intelligent , telling Homer and Marge that they need to nurture her gifted spirit . They try to send Lisa to a private school but the tuition fee costs $ 6 @,@ 000 . Meanwhile , a terrible heat wave hits Springfield and Homer saves $ 200 to buy an air conditioner . Marge , however , asks Homer not to buy one until they figure out how to help Lisa . At the school , Bart talks with his future friend Milhouse and makes a farting sound , which Milhouse finds amusing . Encouraged , Bart entertains a group of children and sets out on his path to become the school prankster .
On his way to purchase a new air conditioner , Homer discovers that a musical instrument is a way to encourage a gifted child , and subsequently sacrifices his air conditioner money to buy Lisa her first saxophone . In the present , Marge mentions that there is some money in the air conditioner account , so Homer decides to buy another saxophone for Lisa .
= = Production = =
" Lisa 's Sax " is the first episode that Al Jean had ever been credited as having written by himself . Before this episode , all of his writing credits had been shared with Mike Reiss . The episode was written with a small staff that consisted of Jean , Reiss and David Stern , among others . According to Reiss , the final episode contained 80 – 90 % of Jean 's original script . It is the sixth flashback episode done by the show . " The Way We Was " was the first flashback episode and in it , Homer graduated from high school in 1974 and that made it difficult to have a realistic timeframe as this episode is set in 1990 . Jean conceived the idea for the All in the Family style opening while waiting to get tickets to the O.J. Simpson murder trial . The episode was very short and the clip of Lisa playing the sax at the end was added to lengthen it .
The pastel drawing of Krusty was drawn entirely by Dominic Polcino , who revealed it was the only piece of original artwork created solely by him that was featured in an episode . He created the pastel drawing with this in mind . It was an easy episode for Polcino to direct due to the lack of crowds and being a " grounded episode " . This is the last episode in which Doris Grau has a speaking role as Lunchlady Doris , although this episode aired nearly two years after her death . It would also mark the final time the character would speak until Season 18 's " The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer " when she was voiced by Tress MacNeille .
= = Cultural references = =
While telling Bart and Lisa about 1990 , Homer says , " Tracey Ullman was entertaining America with [ ... ] crudely drawn filler material . " This is a reference to The Simpsons 's debut as " bumpers " airing before and after commercials on The Tracey Ullman Show . The song " Those Were the Days " parodies the opening credits of the television show All in the Family . One of the people who run over the saxophone is a man on a tricycle , who promptly falls over . This is a reference to the show Rowan & Martin 's Laugh @-@ In . At the beginning of the flashback , the song " Don 't Worry , Be Happy " by Bobby McFerrin can be heard . In the flashback , Dr. Hibbert fashioned his hair and attire like Mr. T in The A @-@ Team . Homer can be seen watching Twin Peaks and The Giant is then shown waltzing with the White Horse . In King Toot 's music store , when Homer buys Lisa her first saxophone , there is a guitar in the background that is similar to Eddie Van Halen 's " Frankenstrat " guitar . The photo beside Kent Brockman on the news has him modeled after the Coppertone Girl .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Lisa 's Sax " finished 51st in ratings for the week of October 13 – 19 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 2 , equivalent to approximately 8 @.@ 0 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following King of the Hill .
The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it " a terrific episode , full of amusing self @-@ referential wit and it is especially nice to finally discover what it was that caused Bart to go down the path to the dark side . " Robert Canning of IGN strongly praised the episode , saying it is " not only very funny , but it 's also loaded with Simpson heart . " A review of The Simpsons season 9 DVD release in The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune highlighted " Lisa 's Sax " along with " All Singing , All Dancing " and " Trash of the Titans " as some of the more memorable episodes of the series . Stephen Becker of The Dallas Morning News noted that season 9 " has a special affinity for Lisa " , and highlighted this episode along with " Das Bus " and " Lisa the Simpson " in his review of the DVD . A segment of the episode where two schoolgirls chant the digits of pi while playing patty @-@ cake is used by mathematicians Sarah J. Greenwald of Appalachian State University and Andrew Nestler of Santa Monica College in a website on the mathematics of The Simpsons .
= Hugh Trenchard , 1st Viscount Trenchard =
Marshal of the Royal Air Force Hugh Montague Trenchard , 1st Viscount Trenchard , GCB , OM , GCVO , DSO ( 3 February 1873 – 10 February 1956 ) was a British officer who was instrumental in establishing the Royal Air Force . He has been described as the Father of the Royal Air Force .
During his formative years Trenchard struggled academically , failing many examinations and only just succeeding in meeting the minimum standard for commissioned service in the British Army . As a young infantry officer , Trenchard served in India and with the outbreak of the Boer War , he volunteered for service in South Africa . While fighting the Boers , Trenchard was critically wounded and as a result of his injury , he lost a lung , was partially paralysed and returned to Great Britain . On medical advice Trenchard travelled to Switzerland to recuperate and boredom saw him taking up bobsleighing . After a heavy crash , Trenchard found that his paralysis was gone and that he could walk unaided . Following further recuperation , Trenchard returned to active service in South Africa .
After the end of the Boer War , Trenchard saw service in Nigeria where he was involved in efforts to bring the interior under settled British rule and quell intertribal violence . During his time in West Africa , Trenchard commanded the Southern Nigeria Regiment for several years .
In Summer 1912 , Trenchard learned to fly and gained his aviator 's certificate ( No. 270 ) on 31 July flying a Henry Farman biplane of the Sopwith School of Flying at Brooklands . He was subsequently appointed as second in command of the Central Flying School . He held several senior positions in the Royal Flying Corps during World War I , serving as the commander of the Royal Flying Corps in France from 1915 to 1917 . In 1918 , he briefly served as the first Chief of the Air Staff before taking up command of the Independent Air Force in France . Returning as Chief of the Air Staff under Winston Churchill in 1919 , Trenchard spent the following decade securing the future of the Royal Air Force . He was Metropolitan Police Commissioner in the 1930s and a defender of the RAF in his later years . Trenchard is recognized today as one of the early advocates of strategic bombing .
= = Early life = =
Hugh Montague Trenchard was born at Windsor Lodge on Haines Hill in Taunton , England on 3 February 1873 . He was the third child and second son of Henry Montague Trenchard and his wife Georgina Louisa Catherine Tower . Trenchard 's father was a captain in the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and his mother was the daughter of the Royal Navy captain John McDowall Skene . Although in the 1870s the Trenchards were living in an unremarkable fashion , their forebears had played notable roles in English history . The family claimed descent from Raoul de Trenchant , a knight and one of the close companions of William the Conqueror who fought alongside him at the Battle of Hastings . Other notable ancestors were Sir Thomas Trenchard , a High Sheriff of Dorset in the 16th century and Sir John Trenchard , the Secretary of State under William III .
When Hugh Trenchard was two , the family moved to Courtlands , a farm @-@ cum @-@ manor house less than three miles ( 4 km ) from the centre of Taunton . The country setting meant that the young Trenchard could enjoy an outdoor life , including spending time hunting rabbits and other small animals with the rifle he was given on his eighth birthday . It was during his junior years that Trenchard and his siblings were educated at home by a resident tutor , whom Trenchard did not respect . Unfortunately for Trenchard 's education , the tutor was neither strict enough nor skillful enough to overcome the children 's mischievous attempts to avoid receiving instruction . As a consequence , Trenchard did not excel academically ; however , his enthusiasm for games and riding was evident .
At the age of 10 , Trenchard was sent to board at Allens Preparatory School near Botley in Hampshire . Although he did well at arithmetic , he struggled with the rest of the curriculum . However , Trenchard 's parents were not greatly concerned by his educational difficulties , believing that it would be no impediment to him following a military career . Georgina Trenchard wanted her son to follow her father 's profession and enter the Royal Navy . In 1884 , Trenchard was moved to Dover where he attended Hammond 's , a cramming school for prospective entrants to HMS Britannia . Trenchard failed the Navy 's entrance papers , and at the age of 13 he was sent to the Reverend Albert Pritchard 's crammer , Hill Lands in Wargrave , Berkshire . Hill Lands prepared its pupils for Army commissions and although Trenchard excelled at rugby , as before he did not apply himself to his studies .
In 1889 , when Hugh Trenchard was 16 years old , his father , who had become a solicitor , was declared bankrupt . After initially being removed from Hill Lands , the young Trenchard was only able to return thanks to the charity of his relatives . Trenchard failed the Woolwich examinations twice and was then relegated to applying for the Militia which had lower entry standards . Even the Militia 's examinations proved difficult for Trenchard and he failed in 1891 and 1892 . During this time , Trenchard underwent a period of training as a probationary subaltern with the Forfar and Kincardine Artillery . Following his return to Pritchard 's , Trenchard finally achieved a bare pass in March 1893 . At the age of 20 , he was gazetted as a second @-@ lieutenant in the Second Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers and posted to India .
= = Early military career = =
= = = India = = =
Trenchard arrived in India in late 1893 , joining his regiment at Sialkot in the Punjab . Not long after his arrival , Trenchard was called upon to make a speech at a mess dinner night . It was common practice for the youngest subaltern to make such a speech and Trenchard was expected to cover several highlights of the Royal Scots Fusiliers ' history . Instead , he simply said " I am deeply proud to belong to this great regiment " , followed by " I hope one day I shall live to command it . " His ' speech ' was received with hoots of incredulous laughter , although some appreciated his nerve .
Young officers stationed in India in the 1890s enjoyed many social and sporting diversions and Trenchard did little militarily . While every regiment was required to undertake a period of duty beyond the Khyber Pass , for the most part conditions of peace and prosperity were evident and Trenchard was able to engage in various sporting activities . In early 1894 he won the All @-@ India Rifle Championship . After his success at shooting , Trenchard set about establishing a battalion polo team . Being of the infantry , his regiment had no history of playing polo and there were many obstacles for Trenchard to overcome . However , within six months the battalion polo team was competing and holding its own . It was during a polo match in 1896 that Trenchard first met Winston Churchill , with whom he clashed on the field of play . Trenchard 's sporting prowess saved his reputation among his fellow officers . In other respects he did not fit in ; lacking social graces and choosing to converse little , he was nicknamed " the camel " , as like the beast he neither drank nor spoke .
It was also during Trenchard 's time in India that he took up reading . His first choice was for biographies , particularly of British heroes . Trenchard kept the long hours he spent reading quiet , but in so doing succeeded in providing himself with an education where the service crammers had failed . However , in military terms Trenchard was dissatisfied . He failed to see any action during his time in India , missing out on his regiment 's turn at the frontier , as he was sent to England on sick leave for a hernia operation .
With the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899 , he applied several times to rejoin his old battalion which had been sent to the Cape as part of the expeditionary corps . Trenchard 's requests were rejected by his Colonel , and when the Viceroy Lord Curzon , who was concerned about the drain of leaders to South Africa , banned the dispatch of any further officers , Trenchard 's prospects for seeing action looked bleak . However , a year or two previously , it had so happened that Trenchard had been promised help or advice from Sir Edmond Elles , as a gesture of thanks after rescuing a poorly planned rifle @-@ shooting contest from disaster . By 1900 , Elles was Military Secretary to Lord Curzon and Trenchard ( recently promoted to captain ) sent a priority signal to Elles requesting that he be permitted to rejoin his unit overseas . This bold move worked , and Trenchard received his orders for South Africa several weeks later .
= = = South Africa = = =
On his arrival in South Africa , Trenchard rejoined the Royal Scots Fusiliers and in July 1900 he was ordered to raise and train a mounted company within the 2nd Battalion . The Boers were accomplished horsemen and the tactics of the day placed a heavy strain upon the British cavalry . Accordingly , the British sought to raise mounted infantry units and Trenchard 's polo playing experiences led to him being selected to raise a mounted unit for service west of Johannesburg . Part of Trenchard 's new company consisted of a group of volunteer Australian horsemen who , thus far being under @-@ employed , had largely been noticed for excessive drinking , gambling and debauchery .
Trenchard 's company came under the command of the 6th ( Fusilier ) Brigade which was headquartered at Krugersdorp . During September and early October 1900 Trenchard 's riders were involved in several skirmishes in the surrounding countryside . On 5 October the 6th Brigade , including Trenchard , departed Krugersdorp with the intention of drawing the Boers into battle on the plain where they might be defeated . However , before the Brigade could reach the plain it had to pass through undulating terrain which favoured the Boer guerrilla tactics .
The Brigade travelled by night and at dawn on 9 October the Ayrshire Yeomanry , who were in the vanguard , disturbed a Boer encampment . The Boers fled on horseback and Trenchard with his Australians pursued them for 10 miles ( 16 km ) . The Boers , finding themselves unable to shake off Trenchard 's unit , led them into a trap . The Boers rode up a steep slope and disappeared into the valley beyond . When Trenchard made the ridge he saw the Dwarsvlei farmhouse with smoke coming from the chimney . It appeared to Trenchard that the Boers thought they had got away and were eating breakfast unawares . Trenchard placed his troops on the heights around the building and after half an hour 's observation , he led a patrol of four men down towards the farmhouse . The remainder of Trenchard 's troops were to close in on his signal . However , when Trenchard and his patrol reached the valley floor and broke cover , the Boers opened fire from about a dozen points and bullets whistled past Trenchard and his men . He pressed forward reaching the sheltering wall of the farmhouse . As he headed for the door , Trenchard was hit by a Boer bullet to the chest . The Australians , seeing their leader fall , descended from the heights to engage the Boers at close quarters in and around the farmhouse . Many of the Boers were killed or wounded , a few fled and several were taken prisoner . Trenchard being critically wounded was medically evacuated to Krugersdorp .
= = Medical treatment and convalescence = =
After Trenchard was brought to the hospital in Krugersdorp , he slipped from semi @-@ consciousness into unconsciousness . The surgeons believed that he would die as the bullet had punctured his left lung and they had removed six and a half pints of blood from his pleural cavity through a tube . On the third day , Trenchard regained consciousness but spent most of that day sleeping . After three weeks , Trenchard had shown some improvement and was moved to Johannesburg where he made further progress . However , when he tried to rise from his bed , Trenchard discovered that he was unable to put weight on his feet , leading him to suspect that he was partially paralysed . He was next moved to Maraisburg for convalescing and there Trenchard confirmed that he was suffering from partial paralysis below the waist . The doctors surmised that after passing through his lung , the bullet had damaged his spine .
In December 1900 , Trenchard returned to England , arriving by hospital ship at Southampton . He hobbled with the aid of sticks down the gangplank where his concerned parents met him . As a disabled soldier without independent financial means , Trenchard was now at his lowest point . He spent the next fortnight at the Mayfair nursing home for disabled officers which was run by the Red Cross . Trenchard 's case came to the attention of Lady Dudley , by whose philanthropic efforts the Mayfair nursing home operated . Through her generosity she arranged for Trenchard to see a specialist who told Trenchard that he needed to spend several months in Switzerland where the air was likely to be of benefit to his lung . Trenchard and his family could not afford the expense and Trenchard was too embarrassed to explain the situation . However , without asking any questions , Lady Dudley presented Trenchard with a cheque to cover the costs .
On Sunday 30 December , Trenchard arrived in St Moritz to begin his Swiss convalescence . Boredom saw him take up bobsleighing as it did not require much use of his legs . Initially he was prone to leave the run and end up in the snow , but after some days of practice he usually managed to stay on track . It was during a heavy crash from the Cresta Run that his spine was somehow readjusted , enabling him to walk freely immediately after regaining consciousness . Around a week later , Trenchard won the St. Moritz Tobogganing Club 's Freshman and Novices ' Cups for 1901 ; a remarkable triumph for a man who had been unable to walk unaided only a few days before .
On arriving back in England , Trenchard visited Lady Dudley to thank her and then set about engineering his return to South Africa . His lung was not fully healed , causing him pain and leaving him breathless . Furthermore , the War Office were sceptical about Trenchard 's claim to be fully fit and were disinclined to allow him to forgo his remaining nine months of sick leave . Trenchard then took several months of tennis coaching in order to strengthen his remaining lung . Early in the summer of 1901 he entered two tennis competitions , reaching the semi @-@ finals both times and gaining favourable press coverage . He then sent the newspaper clippings to the doctors at the War Office , arguing that this tennis ability proved he was fit for active service . Not waiting for a reply , Trenchard boarded a troop ship in May 1901 , passing himself off as a volunteer for a second tour of duty .
= = Return to Africa = =
= = = Back in South Africa = = =
On Trenchard 's return to South Africa he made his way to Pretoria , arriving there in late July 1901 . He was assigned to a company of the 12th Mounted Infantry where patrolling duties required long days in the saddle . Trenchard 's wound still caused considerable pain ; the entry and exit scars frequently bled .
Later in the year , Trenchard was summoned to see Kitchener , who was by then the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief . He was tasked with reorganizing a demoralized mounted infantry company , which was completed in under a month . Kitchener then sent Trenchard to D 'Aar in the Cape Colony to expedite the training of a new corps of mounted infantry . Kitchener summoned Trenchard for the third time in October 1901 , this time sending Trenchard on a mission to capture the Boer Government who were in hiding . Kitchener had received intelligence on their location and he hoped to damage the morale of Boer commandos at large by sending a small group of men to capture the Boer Government . Trenchard was accompanied by a column of so @-@ called loyalist Boers whose motives he suspected . Also with Trenchard were several British NCOs and nine mixed race guides . After riding through the night , Trenchard 's party were ambushed the next morning . Trenchard and his men took cover and gave fight . After Trenchard 's column had suffered casualties , the ambush party withdrew . Although this last mission failed , Trenchard was praised for his efforts with a mention in dispatches .
Trenchard spent the remainder of 1901 on patrolling duties , and in early 1902 he was appointed acting commander of the 23rd Mounted Infantry Regiment . During the last few months of the War , Trenchard only once got to lead his Regiment into action . In response to Boer cattle rustling , Zulu raiders crossed the border into the Transvaal and the 23rd Mounted Infantry Regiment took action . After peace terms were agreed in May 1902 , Trenchard was involved in supervising the disarming of the Boers and later took leave . In July , the 23rd Mounted Infantry was recalled to Middleburg four hundred miles to the south and after the trek Trenchard occupied himself with polo and race meetings . Trenchard was promoted to brevet major in August 1902 .
= = = Nigeria = = =
Following the end of the Boer War , Trenchard decided to apply for service in the West African Frontier Force and was granted the position of Deputy Commandant of the Southern Nigeria Regiment with the promise that he was entitled to lead all regimental expeditions . On arrival in Nigeria in December 1903 , Trenchard initially had some difficulty in getting his Commanding Officer to allow him to lead the upcoming expedition and only replaced his superior by going over his head .
Once established , Trenchard spent the next six years on various expeditions to the interior patrolling , surveying and mapping an area of 10 @,@ 000 square miles which later came to be known as Biafra . In the occasional clashes with the Ibo tribesmen , Trenchard gained decisive victories . The many tribesmen who surrendered were given jobs as road builders and thereby began to develop the country as part of the British Empire . From summer 1904 to the late summer 1905 , Trenchard was acting Commandant of the Southern Nigeria Regiment . He was appointed to the Distinguished Service Order in 1906 and was Commandant with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel from 1908 onwards .
= = England and Ireland = =
In early 1910 , Trenchard became seriously ill and after several months he returned home , this time with a liver abscess . Back in England , Trenchard did not recover quickly and probably prolonged his convalescence by over @-@ exertion . However , by the late summer he was well enough to take his parents on holiday to the West Country .
October 1910 saw Trenchard posted to Londonderry where the Second Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers were garrisoned . Trenchard was reduced from a temporary lieutenant @-@ colonel to major and made a company commander . As before , he occupied himself with playing polo and he took up hunting . Finding peace @-@ time regimental life dull , Trenchard sought to expand his area of responsibility by attempting to re @-@ organize his fellow officers ' administrative procedures , which they resented . Trenchard also clashed with Colonel Stuart , his commanding officer , who told him that the town was too small for both of them and by February 1912 had resorted to applying for employment with various colonial defence forces without success .
= = Flying school = =
During his time in Ireland , Trenchard received a letter from Captain Eustace Loraine , urging him to take up flying . Trenchard and Loraine had been friends in Nigeria , and on his return to England , Loraine had learnt to fly . After some effort , Trenchard persuaded his Commanding Officer to grant him three months of paid leave so that he might train as a pilot . Trenchard arrived in London on 6 July 1912 , only to discover that Captain Loraine had been killed in a flying accident on the previous day . At the age of 39 , Trenchard was just short of 40 , the maximum age for military student pilots at the Central Flying School , and so he did not postpone his plan to become an aviator .
When Trenchard arrived at Thomas Sopwith 's flying school at Brooklands , he told Sopwith than he only had 10 days to gain his aviator 's certificate . Trenchard succeeded in going solo on 31 July , gaining his Royal Aero Club aviator 's certificate ( No. 270 ) on a Henry Farman biplane . The course had cost £ 75 , involved a meagre two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half weeks tuition and a grand total of 64 minutes in the air . Although Copland Perry , Trenchard 's instructor , noted that teaching him to fly had been " no easy performance " , Trenchard himself had been " a model pupil . " Trenchard 's difficulties were in some measure due to his partial blindness in one eye , a fact he kept secret .
Trenchard arrived at Upavon airfield , where the Central Flying School was based , and was assigned to Arthur Longmore 's flight . Bad weather delayed Longmore from assessing his new pupil , and before the weather improved , the School 's Commandant , Captain Godfrey Paine RN had co @-@ opted Trenchard to the permanent staff . Part of Trenchard 's new duties included those of School examiner , and so he set himself a paper , sat it , marked it and awarded himself his ' wings ' . Trenchard 's flying ability still left much to be desired , and Longmore soon discovered his pupil 's deficiencies . Over the following weeks Trenchard spent many hours improving his flying technique . After Trenchard had finished his flying course , he was officially appointed as an instructor . However , Trenchard was a poor pilot , and he did no instructing , instead becoming involved in administrative duties . As a member of the staff , Trenchard set to work organizing training and establishing procedures . He paid particular attention to ensuring that skills were acquired in practical topics such as map reading , signalling and engine mechanics . It was during his time at the Central Flying School that Trenchard earned the nickname " Boom " either for his stentorian utterances or for his low rumbling tones .
In September 1912 , Trenchard acted as an air observer during the Army Manoeuvres . His experiences and actions developed his understanding of the military utility of flying . The following September , Trenchard was appointed Assistant Commandant and promoted to temporary lieutenant @-@ colonel . Trenchard 's paths crossed once more with Winston Churchill , who was by then First Lord of the Admiralty , and learning to fly at Eastchurch and Upavon . Trenchard formed a distinctly unfavourable opinion of Churchill 's ability as a pilot .
= = World War I = =
= = = Officer Commanding the Military Wing = = =
With the outbreak of World War I , Trenchard was appointed Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps , replacing Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Sykes . This appointment put Trenchard in charge of the Royal Flying Corps in Great Britain , which retained one third of the Corps ' total strength . Trenchard 's headquarters were at Farnborough and being disappointed about remaining in England , he applied to rejoin his old regiment in France . However , the head of the RFC , General Sir David Henderson , refused to release him . Trenchard 's new duties included providing replacements and raising new squadrons for service on the continent . Trenchard initially set himself a target of 12 squadrons . However , Sefton Brancker , the Assistant Director of Military Aeronautics , suggested that this should be raised to 30 and Lord Kitchener later set the target at 60 . In order to begin the task of creating these squadrons , Trenchard commandeered his old civilian training school at Brooklands and then used its aircraft and equipment as a starting point for the establishment of new training schools elsewhere .
In early October 1914 , Kitchener sent for Trenchard and tasked him with providing a battle @-@ worthy squadron forthwith . The squadron was to be used to support land and naval forces seeking to prevent the German flanking manoeuvres during the Race to the Sea . On 7 October , only 36 hours later , No. 6 Squadron flew to Belgium , the first of many additional squadrons to be provided .
Later in October , detailed planning for a major reorganization of the Flying Corps ' command structure took place . Henderson offered Trenchard command of the soon @-@ to @-@ be created First Wing . Trenchard accepted the offer on the basis that he would not be subordinated to Sykes , whom he distrusted . The next month , the Military Wing was abolished and its units based in Great Britain were re @-@ grouped as the Administrative Wing . Command of the Administrative Wing was given to Lieutenant Colonel E B Ashmore .
= = = Commander of the First Wing = = =
Trenchard took up command of the First Wing in November 1914 and established his headquarters at Merville . On his arrival Trenchard discovered that Sykes was to replace Henderson as Commander of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field , making Sykes Trenchard 's immediate superior . Trenchard bore Sykes some animosity and their working relationship was troubled . Trenchard appealed to Kitchener , by then the Secretary of State for War , threatening to resign . Trenchard 's discomfort was relieved when in December 1914 Kitchener ordered that Henderson resume command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field . Trenchard 's First Wing consisted of Nos Two and Three Squadrons and flew in support of the IV Corps and the Indian Corps . After the First Army under General Haig came into being in December , the First Wing provided support to the First Army .
In early January 1915 , Haig summoned Trenchard to explain what might be achieved in the air . During the meeting Haig brought Trenchard into his confidence regarding his plans for a March attack in the Merville / Neuve Chapelle region . After aerial photographic reconnaissance had been gathered , the Allied plans were reworked in February . During the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March , the RFC and especially the First Wing supported the land offensive . This was the first time that aircraft were used as bombers with explosives strapped to the wings and fuselage as opposed to being released by hand which had happened earlier in the War . However , the bombing from the air had little effect and the artillery disregarded the information provided by the RFC 's airmen . Prior to Haig 's offensives at Ypres and Aubers Ridge in April and May , Trenchard 's camera crews flew reconnaissance sorties over the German lines . Despite the detailed information this provided and the improved air @-@ artillery cooperation during the battles , the offensives were inconclusive . At the end of this engagement Henderson offered Trenchard the position as his chief of staff . Trenchard declined the offer , citing his unsuitability for the role although his ambition for command may have been the real reason . In any case , this did not stop his promotion to full colonel in June 1915 .
= = = Commander of the Royal Flying Corps = = =
On Henderson 's return to the War Office in the summer of 1915 , Trenchard was promoted to brigadier @-@ general and appointed Officer Commanding the RFC in France . Trenchard was to serve as the head of the RFC in the field until the early days of 1918 . In late 1915 when Haig was appointed as commander of the British Expeditionary Force , Haig and Trenchard re @-@ established their partnership , this time at a higher level . In March the following year , with the RFC expanding , Trenchard was promoted to major @-@ general .
Trenchard 's time in command was characterized by three priorities . First was his emphasis on support to and co @-@ ordination with ground forces . This support started with reconnaissance and artillery co @-@ ordination and later encompassed tactical low @-@ level bombing of enemy ground forces . While Trenchard did not oppose the strategic bombing of Germany in principle , he rejected moves to divert his forces on to long @-@ range bombing missions as he believed the strategic role to be less important and his resource to be too limited . Secondly , he stressed the importance of morale , not only of his own airmen , but more generally the detrimental effect that the presence of an aircraft had upon the morale of opposing ground troops . Finally , Trenchard had an unswerving belief in the importance of offensive action . Although this belief was widely held by senior British commanders , the RFC 's offensive posture resulted in the loss of many men and machines and some doubted its effectiveness .
Following the Gotha raids on London in the summer of 1917 , the Government considered creating an air force by merging the RFC and the Royal Naval Air Service . Trenchard opposed this move believing that it would dilute the air support required by the ground forces in France . By October he realized that the creation of an air force was inevitable and , seeing that he was the obvious candidate to become the new Chief of the Air Staff , he attempted to bring about a scheme whereby he would retain control of the flying units on the Western Front . In this regard Trenchard was unsuccessful and he was succeeded in France by Major @-@ General John Salmond .
= = = Chief of the Air Staff ( 1st appointment ) = = =
After the Air Force Bill received the Royal Assent on 29 November 1917 , there followed a period of political manoeuvring and speculation over who would take up the new posts of Air Minister , Chief of the Air Staff and other senior positions within soon @-@ to @-@ be created Air Ministry . Trenchard was summoned back from France , crossing the Channel on a destroyer on the morning of 16 December . At around 3 pm , Trenchard met newspaper proprietor Lord Rothermere who had recently been appointed as Air Minister . Rothermere offered Trenchard the post of Chief of the Air Staff and before Trenchard could respond , Rothermere explained that Trenchard 's support would be useful to him as he was about to launch a press campaign against Sir Douglas Haig and Sir William Robertson , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff . Trenchard flatly refused the job , being personally loyal to Haig and antipathetic to political intrigue . Rothermere and his brother Lord Northcliffe , who was also present , then spent over 12 hours acrimoniously debating with Trenchard . The brothers pointed out that if Trenchard refused , they would use the fact to attack Haig on the false premise that Haig had refused to release Trenchard . Trenchard defended Haig 's policy of constant attack , arguing that it had been preferable to standing on the defensive and he also had maintained an offensive posture throughout the War which , like the infantry , had resulted in the Flying Corps taking dreadful casualties . In the end , the brothers wore Trenchard down and he accepted the post on the condition that he first be permitted to consult Haig . After meeting with Haig , Trenchard wrote to Rothermere , accepting the post .
= = = Disputes and resignation = = =
The New Year saw Trenchard made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and appointed Chief of the Air Staff on the newly formed Air Council . Trenchard began work on 18 January and during his first month at the Air Ministry , he clashed with Rothermere over several issues . First , Rothermere 's tendency to disregard his professional advisors in favour of outside experts irritated Trenchard . Secondly , Rothermere insisted that Trenchard claim as many men for the RAF as possible even if they might be better employed in the other services . Finally and most significantly , they disagreed over proper future use of air power which Trenchard judged as being vital in preventing a repeat of the strategic stalemate which had occurred along the Western Front . Also during this time Trenchard resisted pressure from several press barons to support an " air warfare scheme " which would have seen the British armies withdrawn from France and the defeat of Germany entrusted to the RAF . Despite the arguments and his differences with Rothermere , Trenchard was able to put in place planning for the merger of the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service . However , as the weeks went on , Trenchard and Rothermere became increasingly estranged and a low point was reached in mid @-@ March when Trenchard discovered that Rothermere had promised the Navy 4000 aircraft for anti @-@ submarine duties . He accorded the highest priority to air operations on the Western Front : there were fewer than 400 spare aircraft in Great Britain . On 18 March , Trenchard and Rothermere exchanged letters , Trenchard expressing his dissatisfaction and Rothermere curtly replying . The following day Trenchard sent Rothermere a letter of resignation and although Rothermere called for Trenchard and asked him to remain , Trenchard only agreed to defer the date until after 1 April when the Royal Air Force would officially come into being .
After the Germans overran the British Fifth Army on 21 March , Trenchard ordered all available reserves of aircrew , engines and aircraft to be speedily transported to France . Reports reached Trenchard on 26 March that concentrations of Flying Corps ' machines were stopping German advances . On 5 April , Trenchard travelled to France , inspecting squadrons and updating his understanding of the air situation . On his return , he briefed Lloyd George and several other ministers on air activity and the general situation .
On 10 April , Rothermere informed Trenchard that the War Cabinet had accepted his resignation and Trenchard was offered his old job in France . Trenchard refused the offer saying that replacing Salmond at the height of battle would be " damnable " . Three days later Major @-@ General Frederick Sykes replaced Trenchard as Chief of the Air Staff . On the following Monday , Trenchard was summoned to Buckingham Palace where King George listened to Trenchard 's account of the events which caused him to resign . Trenchard then wrote to the Prime Minister stating the facts of his case and pointing out that in the course of the affair , Rothermere had stated his intention to resign also . Trenchard 's letter was circulated among the Cabinet with a vindictive response written by Rothermere . Around the same time , the question of Rothermere 's general competence as Air Minister was brought to the attention of Lloyd George . Rothermere , realizing his situation , offered his resignation which was made public on 25 April 1918 .
= = = In @-@ between duties = = =
In the weeks that followed his resignation Trenchard was without a role and he kept a low profile , avoiding the Press and making no public comments . The new Air Minister , Sir William Weir , under pressure to find a position for Trenchard , offered him command of the yet to be formed Independent Force which was to conduct long @-@ range bombing operations against Germany . Instead , Trenchard , seeking equal status with Sykes , argued for a reorganization of the RAF which would have seen himself appointed as the RAF 's commander of fighting operations while Sykes would have been left to deal with administrative matters . Weir did not accept his proposal and instead gave Trenchard several options . Trenchard rejected the offer of a proposed new post which would have meant a London @-@ based command of the bombing operations conducted from Ochey , arguing that the responsibility was Newall 's under the direction of Salmond . He also turned down the post of Grand Co @-@ ordinator of British and American air policy and that of Inspector General of the RAF overseas . Weir then offered Trenchard command of all air force units in the Middle East or the post of Inspector @-@ General of the RAF at home but strongly encouraged him to take command of the independent long @-@ range bombing forces in France .
Trenchard had many reasons for not accepting any of the posts which he saw as being artificially created , of little value or lacking authority . On 8 May Trenchard was sitting on a bench in Green Park and overheard one naval officer saying to another " I don 't know why the Government should pander to a man who threw in his hand at the height of a battle . If I 'd my way with Trenchard I 'd have him shot . " After Trenchard had walked home , he wrote to Weir accepting command of the as yet unformed Independent Force .
= = = Commander of the Independent Air Force = = =
After a period of what was officially termed " special duty " in France , Trenchard was appointed GOC Independent Air Force on 15 June 1918 with his headquarters in Nancy . The Independent Air Force continued the task of the VIII Brigade from which it was formed , carrying out intensive strategic bombing attacks on German railways , airfields and industrial centres . Initially , the French general Ferdinand Foch refused to recognize the Independent Air Force which caused some logistical difficulties . The problems were resolved after a meeting of Trenchard and General de Castelnau , who disregarded the concerns about the status of the Independent Air Force and did not block the much needed supplies . Trenchard also improved the links between the RAF and the American Air Service , providing advanced tuition in bombing techniques to American aviators .
In September 1918 , Trenchard 's Force indirectly supported the American Air Service during the Battle of Saint @-@ Mihiel , bombing German airfields , supply depots and rail lines . Trenchard 's close co @-@ operation with the Americans and the French was formalized when his command was redesignated the Inter @-@ Allied Independent Air Force in late October 1918 and placed directly under Foch , the supreme commander . When the November armistice came , Trenchard sought and received permission from Foch to return his squadrons to British command . Trenchard was succeeded as commander of the Independent Air Force by his deputy Brigadier @-@ General Courtney . Trenchard departed France in mid @-@ November and returned to Great Britain to take a holiday .
= = Between the wars = =
= = = Army mutiny in Southampton = = =
After two months on the RAF 's inactive list , Trenchard returned to military duties in mid @-@ January 1919 when Sir William Robertson , the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of Home Forces , asked him to take charge of around 5 @,@ 000 mutinying soldiers in Southampton . Putting on his Army general 's uniform he arrived in Southampton with a staff of two , his clerk and Maurice Baring , his aide @-@ de @-@ camp . Trenchard initially attempted to speak to the mutinying soldiers but was heckled and jostled . He then arranged for armed troops to be sent to Southampton and when Trenchard threatened lethal force , the mutineers surrendered , bringing matters to a close without bloodshed .
= = = Chief of the Air Staff ( 2nd appointment ) = = =
= = = = Re @-@ appointment and sickness = = = =
In early 1919 , Churchill was appointed Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Air . While Churchill was preoccupied with implementing post @-@ War defence cuts and the demobilization of the Army , the Chief of the Air Staff , Major @-@ General Frederick Sykes , submitted a paper with what were at the time unrealistic proposals for a large air force of the future . Being dissatisfied with Sykes , Churchill began to consider reinstating Trenchard whose recent performance at Southampton had once more brought him into favour with Churchill .
During the first week in February , Trenchard was summoned to London by official telegram . At the War Office , Trenchard met with Churchill , who asked him to come back as Chief of the Air Staff . Trenchard replied that he could not take up the appointment as Sykes was currently in post . After Churchill indicated that Sykes might be appointed Controller of Civil Aviation and made a knight grand cross of the Order of the British Empire , Trenchard agreed to consider the offer . Churchill , not wanting to leave matters hanging , asked Trenchard to provide him with a paper outlining his ideas on the re @-@ organization of the Air Ministry . Trenchard 's brief written statement of the essentials required met with Churchill 's approval and he insisted that Trenchard take the appointment . Trenchard returned to the Air Ministry in mid @-@ February and formally took up post as Chief of the Air Staff on 31 March 1919 .
For most of March Trenchard was unable to do much work as he had contracted Spanish flu . During this period he wrote to Katherine Boyle ( née Salvin ) , the widow of his friend and fellow officer James Boyle , whom he knew from his time in Ireland . At Trenchard 's request , Mrs Boyle took on the task of nursing him back to health . Once Trenchard had recovered , he proposed marriage to Katherine Boyle , who refused his offer . Trenchard remained in contact with her and when he proposed marriage again , she accepted . On 17 July 1920 , they were married at St. Margaret 's Church in Westminster .
= = = = Establishing the RAF and the struggle for survival = = = =
During the summer of 1919 , Trenchard worked on completing the demobilization of the RAF and establishing it on a peace @-@ time basis . This was a sizable task as the RAF was budgeted to shrink from 280 squadrons to around 28 squadrons . It was also during this time that the new RAF officer ranks were decided upon , despite some opposition from members of the Army Council . Trenchard himself was regraded from major @-@ general to air vice @-@ marshal and then promoted to air marshal a few days later .
By the autumn of 1919 , the budgetary effects of Lloyd George 's Ten Year Rule were causing Trenchard some difficulty as he sought to develop the institutions of the RAF . He had to argue against the view that the Army and Navy should provide all the support services and education , leaving the RAF only to provide flying training . Trenchard viewed this idea as a precursor to the break @-@ up of the RAF and in spite of the costs , he wanted his own institutions which would develop airmanship and engender the air spirit . Having convinced Churchill of his case , Trenchard oversaw the founding of the RAF ( Cadet ) College at Cranwell as the world 's first military air academy . Later , in 1920 , Trenchard inaugurated the Aircraft Apprentice scheme which provided the RAF with specialist groundcrew for over 70 years . In 1922 , the RAF Staff College at Andover was set up to provide air force @-@ specific training to the RAF 's middle @-@ ranking officers .
Late 1919 saw Trenchard created a baronet and granted £ 10 @,@ 000 . Although Trenchard had attained a measure of financial security , the future of the RAF was far from assured . Trenchard judged that the chief threat to his service came from the new First Sea Lord , Admiral Beatty . Looking to take the initiative , Trenchard arranged to see Beatty , meeting with him in early December . Trenchard , arguing that the " air is one and indivisible " , put forward a case for an air force with its own strategic role which also controlled army and navy co @-@ operation squadrons . Beatty did not accept Trenchard 's argument and Trenchard resorted to asking for a 12 months amnesty to put his plans into action . The request appealed to Beatty 's sense of fair play and he agreed to let Trenchard be until the end of 1920 . Around this time Trenchard indicated to Beatty that control over some supporting elements of naval aviation ( but not aircrew or aircraft ) might be returned to the Admiralty . Trenchard also offered Beatty the option of locating the Air Ministry staff who worked in connection with naval aviation at the Admiralty . Beatty declined the offer and later , when no transfer of any naval aviation assets occurred , came to the view that Trenchard had acted in bad faith .
During the early 1920s , the continued independent existence of the RAF and its control of naval aviation were subject to a series of Government reviews . The Balfour report of 1921 , the Geddes Axe of 1922 and the Salisbury Committee of 1923 all found in favour of the RAF despite lobbying from the Admiralty and opposition in Parliament . On each occasion Trenchard and his staff officers , supported by Christopher Bullock , worked to show that the RAF provided good value for money and was required for the long @-@ term strategic security of the United Kingdom .
Trenchard also sought to secure the future of the RAF by finding a war @-@ fighting role for the new Service . In 1920 he successfully argued that the RAF should take the lead during the operation to restore peace in Somaliland . The success of this small air action then allowed Trenchard to put the case for the RAF 's policing of the British Empire . Trenchard particularly argued for the RAF to take the lead in Iraq at the Cairo Conference of 1921 and in 1922 the RAF was given control of all British Forces in Iraq . The RAF also carried out imperial air policing over India 's North @-@ West Frontier Province . More controversially , in early 1920 , he wrote that the RAF could even suppress " industrial disturbances or risings " in Britain itself . The idea was not to Churchill 's liking and he told Trenchard not to refer to this proposal again .
= = = = Later years as Chief of the Air Staff = = = =
By late 1924 , the creation of the reserve air force , known as the Auxiliary Air Force , meant that Trenchard was able to modestly expand the RAF 's strength , and over the next two years 25 auxiliary squadrons were created . It was during this period that he oversaw the introduction of the short @-@ service commission scheme which proved to be useful in providing some of the regular manning on the new squadrons . Trenchard also instigated the University Air Squadron scheme and in 1925 the first three UAS squadrons were formed at Cambridge , London and Oxford .
Since the early 1920s Trenchard had supported the development of a flying bomb and by 1927 a prototype , code @-@ named " Larynx " , was successfully tested . However , development costs were not insignificant and in 1928 , when Trenchard applied for further funding , the Committee of Imperial Defence and the Cabinet discontinued the project . Following the British failure to win the Schneider Trophy in 1925 , Trenchard ensured that finances were available for an RAF team and the High Speed Flight was formed in preparation for the 1927 race . After the British won in 1927 , Trenchard continued to use Air Ministry funds to support the race , including purchasing two Supermarine S.6 aircraft which won the race in 1929 . Trenchard was criticised by some in the Treasury for wasting money .
On 1 January 1927 , Trenchard was promoted from air chief marshal to marshal of the Royal Air Force , becoming the first person to hold the RAF 's highest rank . The following year Trenchard began to feel that he had achieved all he could as Chief of the Air Staff and that he should give way to a younger man . He offered his resignation to the Cabinet in late 1928 , although it was not initially accepted . Around the same time as Trenchard was considering his future , the British Legation and some European diplomatic staff based in Kabul were cut off from the outside world as a result of the civil war in Afghanistan . After word had reached London , the Foreign Secretary Austen Chamberlain sent for Trenchard who informed Chamberlain that the RAF would be able to rescue the stranded civilians . The Kabul Airlift began on Christmas Eve and took nine weeks to rescue around 600 people .
Trenchard continued as Chief of the Air Staff until 1 January 1930 . Immediately after he had relinquished his appointment , Trenchard was created Baron of Wolfeton in the County of Dorset , entering the House of Lords and becoming the RAF 's first peer . Looking back over Trenchard 's time as Chief of the Air Staff , while he had successfully preserved the RAF , his emphasis on the Air Force providing defence at a comparatively low cost had led to a stagnation and even deterioration in the quality of the Service 's fighting equipment .
= = = Metropolitan Police Commissioner = = =
After Trenchard had retired from the RAF , he worked as a director of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company , largely disappearing from public life . However , in March 1931 , Ramsay MacDonald asked Trenchard to take the post of Metropolitan Police Commissioner , which after initially declining , Trenchard eventually accepted in October 1931 . Trenchard served as head of the Metropolitan Police until 1935 and during his tenure he instigated several changes . These included limiting membership of the Police Federation , introducing limited terms of employment and the creation of separate career paths for the lower and higher ranks akin to the military system of officer and non @-@ commissioned career streams . Perhaps Trenchard 's most well known achievement during his time as Commissioner was the establishment of the Hendon Police College which originally was the institution from which Trenchard 's junior inspectors graduated before following a career in the higher ranks . Trenchard retired in November 1935 and in his final few months as Police Commissioner , he was made a knight grand cross of the Royal Victorian Order .
= = = Later inter @-@ war years = = =
During his time as Metropolitan Police Commissioner , Trenchard maintained a keen interest in military affairs . In 1932 , he aroused the Governments displeasure by submitting an unsolicited private paper outlining his idea for the air defence of Singapore . Trenchard 's ideas were rejected and the Cabinet Secretary , Maurice Hankey who chaired the Committee of Imperial Defence was angered by Trenchard 's intervention . Later that year , when the Government was considering entering into an international treaty which would have banned all bomber aircraft , Trenchard wrote to the Cabinet outlining his opposition to the idea . Ultimately the idea was dropped .
Trenchard developed a negative view of Hankey whom he saw as being more interested in maintaining unanimity among the service heads than dealing with weaknesses in British defence arrangements . Trenchard began to speak privately against Hankey who , for his part , had no liking for Trenchard . By 1935 , Trenchard privately lobbied for Hankey 's removal on the grounds that the nation 's security was at stake . Following his departure from the Metropolitan Police , Trenchard was free to speak publicly . In December 1935 Trenchard wrote in The Times that the Committee of Imperial Defence should be placed under the chairmanship of a politician . Hankey responded by accusing Trenchard of " trying to stab him in the back . " By 1936 , the idea of bolstering the Committee of Imperial Defence had become a popular point of debate and Trenchard presented his arguments in the House of Lords . In the end the Government conceded and Sir Thomas Inskip was appointed as the Minister for Coordination of Defence .
With Hankey and his ban on inter @-@ service disputes gone , the Navy again campaigned for their own air service . The idea of transferring the Fleet Air Arm from Air Ministry to Admiralty control was raised and although Trenchard opposed the move in the Lords , in the Press and in private conversations , he lacked the influence to prevent the transfer , which took place in 1937 . Beyond politics , Trenchard took on the chairmanship of the United Africa Company , which had sought out Trenchard because of his West African knowledge and experience . In 1936 Trenchard was upgraded from Baron to Viscount Trenchard .
From late 1936 to 1939 Trenchard spent much of his time travelling overseas on behalf of the companies who employed him as a director . During one visit to Germany in the summer of 1937 , he was hosted at a dinner by Hermann Göring , the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Luftwaffe . Although the evening started in a cordial fashion , it ended in Göring 's opinion that " one day German might will make the whole world tremble " . Trenchard replied that Göring " must be off his head " . In 1937 Newall was appointed Chief of the Air Staff and Trenchard did not hesitate in criticising the new air chief . As an ardent supporter of the bomber , Trenchard found much to disagree with in the air expansion programme , its emphasis on defensive fighter aircraft . Trenchard took to writing directly to the Cabinet and eventually Newall was reduced to imploring Trenchard to exercise some discretion . Trenchard offered his services to the Government on at least two occasions but they were not accepted .
= = World War II = =
Just after the outbreak of World War II , Chamberlain summoned Trenchard and offered him the job of organizing advanced training for RAF pilots in Canada , possibly as a pretext to remove Trenchard from England . Trenchard turned Chamberlain down , saying that the role required a younger man who had up @-@ to @-@ date knowledge of training matters . Trenchard then spent the remainder of 1939 arguing that the RAF should be used to strike against Germany from its bases in France . It was clear to the Government that Trenchard was dissatisfied and early in 1940 he was offered the job of co @-@ ordinating the camouflaging of England . Trenchard flatly refused this job . Without an official role , Trenchard took it upon himself to spend the spring of 1940 visiting many RAF units , including those of the Advanced Air Striking Force in France . In April , Sir Samuel Hoare , who was again Secretary of State for Air , unsuccessfully attempted to get Trenchard to come back as Chief of the Air Staff .
In May 1940 , after the failure of the Norwegian Campaign , Trenchard used his position in the Lords to attack what he saw as the Government 's half @-@ hearted prosecution of the war . When Churchill replaced Chamberlain as Prime Minister , Trenchard was asked to organize the defence of aircraft factories . Trenchard declined this offer on the grounds that he was not interested in helping the general who already had the responsibility . Towards the end of the month , Churchill offered Trenchard a job that would have seen him acting as a general officer commanding all British land , air and sea forces at home should an invasion occur . Trenchard responded by bluntly stating that in order to be effective , the officer with such responsibility would need the military powers of a generalissimo and political power that would come from being Deputy Minister of Defence . Churchill was virtually reduced to apoplexy and did not grant Trenchard the enormous powers he sought .
Notwithstanding their disagreement , Trenchard and Churchill remained on good terms and on Churchill 's 66th birthday ( 30 November 1940 ) they took lunch at Chequers . The Battle of Britain had recently concluded and Churchill was full of praise for Trenchard 's pre @-@ War efforts in establishing the RAF . Churchill made Trenchard his last job offer , this time as the reorganizer of Military Intelligence . Trenchard seriously considered the offer but declined it by letter two days later , chiefly because he felt that the job required a degree of tact which he would have been unable to supply .
From mid @-@ 1940 onwards , Trenchard realized that by his rash demands in May he had excluded himself from a pivotal role in the British war effort . He then took it upon himself to act as an unofficial Inspector @-@ General for the RAF , visiting deployed squadrons across Europe and North Africa on morale @-@ raising visits . As a peer , a friend of Churchill 's and with direct connections to the Air Staff , Trenchard championed the cause of the Air Force in the Lords , in the Press and with the Government , submitting several secret essays concerning the importance he attached to air power .
Trenchard also continued to exert considerable influence over the Royal Air Force . Acting with Sir John Salmond he quietly but successfully lobbied for the removal of Newall as Chief of the Air Staff and Dowding as the Command @-@ in @-@ Chief of Fighter Command . In the Autumn , Newall was replaced by Portal and Dowding was succeeded by Douglas . Both the new commanders were Trenchard protégés .
During the war , the Trenchard family suffered tragedy . Trenchard 's elder stepson John was killed in action in Italy and his younger stepson Edward was killed in a flying accident . His own first @-@ born son , also called Hugh , was killed in North Africa . However , Trenchard 's younger son Thomas did survive the war and frequently visited his parents when he was able .
= = Later years = =
In the aftermath of the war , several American generals , including Henry H. Arnold and Carl Andrew Spaatz , asked Trenchard to brief them in connection with the debate which surrounded the proposed establishment of the independent United States Air Force . The American air leaders held Trenchard in high esteem and dubbed him the " patron saint of air power " . The USAF was formed as an independent branch of the American Armed Forces in 1947 .
After World War II , Trenchard continued to set out his ideas about air power . He also supported the creation of two memorials . For the first , the Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey , Trenchard headed a committee with Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding to raise funds for the furnishing of the chapel and for the provision of a stained glass window . The second , the Anglo @-@ American Memorial to the airmen of both nations , was erected in St Paul 's Cathedral , after Trenchard 's death . In the late 1940s and early 1950s Trenchard continued his involvement with the United Africa Company , holding the chairmanship until 1953 when he resigned . From 1954 , during the last two years of his life , Trenchard was partially blind and physically frail .
Trenchard died one week after his 83rd birthday at his London home in Sloane Avenue on 10 February 1956 . Following his funeral at Westminster Abbey on 21 February , his ashes were buried in the Battle of Britain Chapel he helped to create . Trenchard 's viscountcy passed to his son Thomas .
= = Legacy = =
Several institutions and buildings are named after Trenchard , including the University of Ibadan 's Trenchard Hall , and RAF Cranwell 's Trenchard Hall . Also named after Trenchard are : Trenchard Lines – one of the two sites of British Army Headquarters Land Forces , the small museum at RAF Halton , one of the five houses at Welbeck College which are named after prominent military figures , and Trenchard House , which is currently used by Farnborough Air Sciences Trust to store part of their collection . In 1977 Trenchard was invested in the International Aerospace Hall of Fame at the San Diego Aerospace Museum .
Trenchard 's work in establishing the RAF and preserving its independence have led to him being described as the Father of the Royal Air Force . For his own part , Trenchard disliked the description , believing that General Sir David Henderson deserved the accolade . His obituary in The Times considered that Trenchard 's greatest gift to the RAF was the belief that mastery of the air must be gained and retained through offensive action . During his life , Trenchard strongly argued that the bomber was the key weapon of an air force and he is recognized today as one of the early advocates of strategic bombing and one of the architects of the British policy on imperial policing through air control .
= = Arms = =
= = = Specific = = =
= = = General = = =
= Walter Bache =
Walter Bache ( / ˈbeɪtʃ / ; 19 June 1842 – 26 March 1888 ) was an English pianist and conductor noted for his championing the music of Franz Liszt and other music of the New German School in England . He studied privately with Liszt in Italy from 1863 to 1865 , one of the few students allowed to do so , and continued to attend Liszt 's master classes in Weimar , Germany regularly until 1885 , even after embarking on a solo career . This period of study was unparalleled by any other student of Liszt and led to a particularly close bond between Bache and Liszt . After initial hesitation on the part of English music critics because he was a Liszt pupil , Bache was publicly embraced for his keyboard prowess , even as parts of his repertoire were questioned .
Bache 's major accomplishment was the establishment of Liszt 's music in England , to which he selflessly devoted himself between 1865 and his death in 1888 . This was at the height of the War of the Romantics , when conservative and liberal musical factions openly argued about the future of classical music and the merits of the compositions written in their respective schools . Bache featured several of the orchestral and choral works through an annual series of concerts , which he single @-@ handedly funded , organised and promoted . Likewise , he played an annual series of solo recitals that incorporated Liszt 's piano music .
Bache 's strategy for presenting these works was one of familiarity . He performed two @-@ piano arrangements of Liszt 's orchestral works prior to the debuts of the original versions , and performed some of Liszt 's symphonic poems shortly after they had been premiered at the Crystal Palace . He also provided informative , scholarly program notes , written by leading musical analysts and intimates in the Liszt circle . The English musical press , while generally hostile to the music he presented , noted and appreciated Bache 's efforts . Liszt remained grateful ; without Bache , he acknowledged , his music might not have gained the foothold that it did .
= = Life = =
= = = Early years = = =
Bache was born in Birmingham , the second @-@ oldest son of well @-@ known Unitarian minister Samuel Bache , who ran a private school in conjunction with his wife , Emily Higginson . His older brother , Francis Edward Bache , was a composer and organist , while his sister , Constance Bache , was a composer , pianist and teacher who would write a joint biography of both brothers under the title Brother Musicians . He received some rudimentary musical education at his father 's school , but remained a carefree , undistinguished and funloving child until he followed in Edward 's footsteps . Like Edward , he studied with Birmingham City Organist James Stimpson and in August 1858 , aged 16 , he travelled to Germany to attend the Leipzig Conservatory . His father was supposed to accompany him to the university , but was detained at the bedside of Edward , who was dying of consumption . Undeterred , he made the journey on his own , an early indication of his independence .
In Leipzig , Bache studied piano with Ignaz Moscheles and composition with Carl Reinecke . He also became friends with a fellow student , Arthur Sullivan , who , he wrote , " cannot play well , but ... has written some things which I think show great talent . " Another fellow student Bache knew well , though they were not especially close , was Edvard Grieg . While the city was reportedly past the halcyon days it had experienced under Mendelssohn , it proved valuable for exposing Bache to artists such as Pauline Viardot , Giulia Grisi , Joseph Joachim and Henri Vieuxtemps , and to the music of Beethoven , Bellini , Chopin , Moritz Hauptmann and Mendelssohn . He applied himself to his piano studies , but by his own admission wasted much time in Leipzig and lacked direction . In Brother Musicians , Constance quotes " a musician of high standing " who was one of his circle of friends ( possibly Sullivan or the pianist Franklin Taylor ) , who explained , " You see in Leipzig nobody was compelled to work , there being no particular supervision ; and there was always plenty to do , in the way of amusement , for the less energetic . As far as my recollection goes Bache was at that time rather given to working by fits and starts , frequently making excellent resolutions , the effect of which did not last many days . "
Upon completing his piano studies in December 1861 , the 19 @-@ year @-@ old Bache travelled to Italy , staying in Milan and Florence with the intent of soaking in Italian culture before returning to England . In Florence he met Jessie Laussot , " who had founded of a flourishing musical society in the city ... and was intimately acquainted with Liszt , Wagner , Hans von Bülow and other leading musicians . " While Laussot remained kindly disposed towards Bache , she also quickly summed up his overly easy @-@ going character and decided to help him . She encouraged him to teach harmony as well as piano , then arranged a harmony class that met early in the morning some ways out of town so that he would not oversleep . She eased his way into polite society and also suggested , after hearing him play at several local concerts , that he travel to Rome and seek out Liszt . However , she insisted that he do so without any introduction from her , as she wanted Liszt to judge him solely on his own merits .
= = = Studies with Liszt = = =
Bache arrived in Rome in June 1862 . After some initial confusion ( Liszt mistook Bache , who was nervous and tongue @-@ tied , for someone wanting to borrow money ) Liszt made Bache welcome . Two or three impromptu lessons followed , along with some chamber music appearances , thanks to Liszt 's recommendation . Eventually , Liszt suggested that , if Bache were willing to move to Rome the following year , he would take him on as a regular student . Considering this " the greatest possible advantage I could have " , Bache wrote to Constance ,
I hope I have not exaggerated in talking about Liszt ; he won 't make me anything wonderful , so that I can come home and set the Thames on fire — not at all , so don 't expect it ; but — his readings or interpretations are greater and higher than anyone else 's ; if I can spend some time with him and go through a good deal of music with him , I shall pick up at least a great deal of his ideas ; ... The two or three lessons I had of him this summer showed me what an immensity I might learn .
After a visit to Birmingham , Bache moved to Rome in 1863 and lived there the next two years . While there he received private lessons from Liszt , one of the few pupils thus privileged ; most of Liszt 's students attended only his master classes . He also heard Liszt play his own music on many occasions in private homes , including a then @-@ rare performance of the Piano Sonata in B minor . Liszt helped him prepare for several public concerts in Rome and encouraged him to learn some difficult pieces that Bache initially felt unable to play ; these pieces included Liszt 's transcriptions of Gounod 's Faust Waltz and Meyerbeer 's " Patineurs " Waltz from his opera Le prophète . These lessons , the kindness that Liszt continually showed , and Bache 's exposure to Liszt in general , became a life @-@ defining experience . Liszt expected him to work hard and Bache applied himself with a purpose to his keyboard studies . The same " musician of high standing " that Constance quotes about Bache 's years in Leipzig also states that " there can be no doubt that it was his friendship with Liszt that he owed that enthusiasm and power of sustained hard work which distinguished him during his career in London , and which was often the astonishment of those who had known him in earlier years . "
Bache supported himself as an organist at the English Church , where the chaplain had previously known Bache 's brother Edward . As his reputation as a performer grew , he also came into demand as a teacher . These two activities guaranteed financial security . He also became acquainted with several young gifted musicians , including fellow Liszt pupil Giovanni Sgambati and violinist Ettore Pinelli . During this time , Bache began exploring the two @-@ piano repertoire , especially the arrangements of Liszt 's symphonic poem Les préludes and Schubert 's Wanderer Fantasy , which he performed with Sgambati in concert . The two @-@ piano arrangements of Liszt 's symphonic poems would become an important feature of Bache 's concert series once he returned to England . He was also active in chamber music — the works he performed during this time include Chopin 's cello sonata , the David @-@ Pinelli Violin Variations , Mendelssohn 's D minor piano trio , a piano trio by Anton Rubinstein and a Schumann violin sonata arranged for viola .
Bache 's studies with Liszt did not end when he left Italy . He attended Liszt 's master classes in Weimar , Germany regularly until 1885 . This period of study was unparalleled by any other student of Liszt and led to a particularly close bond between Bache and Liszt . He also sought out his fellow pupil Hans von Bülow for lessons in 1871 ; the two spent much time together , which resulted in a lifelong friendship . The fact Bache valued Bülow 's advice highly is shown by his warning to Jessie Laussot to " never again attempt to ' mark , learn and inwardly digest ' the [ Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue ] without getting Bülow 's edition of it ... it is splendid — quite equivalent to having had a lesson on it from Liszt " .
For Bache , Liszt wrote his concert arrangement of the Sarabande and Chaconne from Handel 's opera Almira in 1879 .
= = = Promoting Liszt 's music = = =
Before he moved to Rome , in June 1863 , Bache returned to Birmingham to raise funds for the erection of a memorial window to his brother Edward . Among these efforts was a performance of Mendelssohn 's oratorio St. Paul , at which his organ playing was noted , and a solo piano recital which featured a few pieces by Liszt . Critics proved unreceptive to Liszt 's music and Bache was advised to program less adventurous works if he wanted his career to succeed . Matters had not improved when Bache settled in London in 1865 . The War of the Romantics between musically conservative and liberal factions was in full swing and he found himself branded as " dangerous " for having studied with Liszt . This was vividly illustrated when Bache called upon J. W. Davison , then the most powerful music critic in London . Such a call was not unwarranted : Davison had been acquainted with Edward and shared that brother 's conservative musical views . Bache related that when he called on Davison and handed in his card , the maid returned and told him , " Please , sir , Mr. Davison says that he is not at home . "
Dangerous or not , Bache soon began a lifelong crusade to win popularity for Liszt 's works in England . In 1865 he began a series of annual concerts in conjunction with singer Gustave Garcia . They began modestly , in Collard 's Rooms , Grosvenor Street . As they increased in popularity , they were relocated to the more spacious Beethoven Rooms in Cavendish Square , then to the Queen 's Concert Rooms in Hanover Square , and finally to St. James 's Hall in Regents Square . At first these concerts were of instrumental and chamber works and piano arrangements . In 1868 , they had grown to include choral works , which allowed pieces such as Liszt 's Soldatenlied and choruses from Wagner 's Tannhäuser and Lohengrin to be programmed . By 1871 , the concerts had been changed to an orchestral format .
The concerts , which were held in February or March and continued until 1886 , became known as the " Walter Bache Annual Concerts . " They became fixtures on the London music scene , attracting the attention of the press and of eminent musicians . While some of the press coverage he received was positive , overall Bache faced a continual barrage of opposition and scorn from critics and fellow musicians over the music he presented . The notice printed in the Athenaeum after the first concert was typical : " On Tuesday , M. Gustave Garcia , one of the best of rising baritones , and Mr. Walter Bache gave a concert in company . We cannot think ' Les Préludes , ' a very difficult duett [ sic ] by the Abbé Liszt for two pianofortes , worth the labour bestowed on it by a couple of players so skilled as himself and Mr. Dannreuther . It was well received however . " Largely through Bache 's perseverance , at least some of the public was gradually convinced of the music 's worth .
At these concerts , Bache frequently appeared as soloist , accompanist or conductor , but he also engaged other artists in an attempt to show he was not giving the concerts out of self @-@ aggrandizement . Bülow conducted two concerts , Edward Dannreuther led the orchestra in two concerts . August Manns , the conductor of a series of orchestral concerts held at the Crystal Palace and an admirer of Liszt 's works , led four concerts . The majority of instrumentalists engaged were also members of the Crystal Palace orchestra to ensure the level of performance was as high as possible . Among guest soloists was the noted violinist August Wilhelmj , who played the Bach Chaconne in D minor at one concert .
For these concerts , Bache programmed five of Liszt 's symphonic poems , the Faust and Dante symphonies , the Thirteenth Psalm and the Legend of St. Elisabeth . Works of Berlioz , Schumann and Wagner were also featured , but Liszt 's compositions predominated . While the performances of the Faust and Dante symphonies were British premieres , the symphonic poems had previously been introduced at the Crystal Palace ; nevertheless , Bache felt that offering repeat performances of the symphonic poems was important in making them familiar to audiences . Les préludes was performed three times at the Bache concerts , Mazeppa , Festklänge and Orpheus each twice and Tasso once . Part of this strategy of familiarity was the inclusion of the two @-@ piano arrangements of the symphonic poems as a way to prepare audiences for the orchestral versions . Bache had begun this practice with his first concert in 1865 , when he and Dannreuther presented the two @-@ piano arrangement of Les préludes . Another part of this strategy was supplying learned , well @-@ considered and thoroughly detailed essays for program notes . Sometimes Bache wrote them himself ; at other times , he relied on prominent theorists such as Carl Weitman and Frederick Niecks . According to musicologist Alan Walker , they " are filled with insights that were both new and original for their time , and they are lavishly illustrated with music examples — a sure sign that they were aimed at a sophisticated public and were intended to have a potential life after the concert was over . " According to Walker , they still are worth study for Liszt scholars as many of the ideas , while transmitted through members of Liszt 's inner circle , probably originated with the composer himself . These notes , along with the inclusion of the two @-@ piano arrangements and what musicologist Michael Allis calls " a thoughtful approach to programming ... all contributed to an aggressive marketing of Liszt 's new status as a composer " .
The concerts were a considerable financial outlay for Bache , who did not have a regular salary until 1881 and had to sustain himself through teaching . By 1873 , he wrote , he had to " decide whether I shall sacrifice myself entirely to the production of Liszt 's orchestral and choral works ( which after all can never be immortal as Bach , Beethoven and Wagner : here I feel that Bülow is right ) . Or shall I make my own improvement the object of my life , and not spend a third of my income in one evening . " Bülow became concerned enough about the situation to waive his fee after one concert he conducted , and to contribute £ 50 out of his own pocket . Liszt was also concerned , writing , " For years [ Bache ] has sacrificed money for the performance of my works in London . Several times I advised him against it , but he answered imperturbably , ' That is my business . ' " Whenever Bache was asked about finances for the concerts , he would tell whoever was asking that the cost was " a just recompense " and add that even if Liszt had charged him for his lessons at the same rate as the average village piano teacher , he would still be deeply in his debt .
In addition to the orchestral concerts , Bache gave an annual series of solo recitals on Liszt 's birthday , 22 October , between 1872 and 1887 . In October 1879 , Bache gave his first all @-@ Liszt recital . At some of these recitals , the two @-@ piano arrangements of Liszt 's orchestral works were given . The two @-@ piano version of Mazeppa was presented in October 1876 , two months before the orchestral version was played at the Crystal Palace and four months before Bache presented it at his own orchestral concert . The Monthly Musical Record felt " There was ... good reason in introducing [ it ] as a duet , with a view to familiarizing hearers with it beforehand " , and the Musical Standard found that presenting the two @-@ piano arrangement was " an immense help to those who wished to form a correct judgment on it at its first orchestral performance ... as it is impossible , with even the best intentions , to estimate correctly the larger works of Liszt after only one hearing . "
Liszt remained grateful to Bache and thanked him on several occasions , writing to him , " Without Walter Bache and his long years of self @-@ sacrificing efforts in the propaganda of my works , my visit to London were indeed not to be thought of . "
= = = Liszt 75th birthday celebrations = = =
Bache had long cherished the wish of bringing Liszt to London , which Liszt had last visited in 1841 while still a touring virtuoso , and Liszt knew that whatever standing his music had in that city had in large part to do with Bache 's efforts . At least in part to repay the debt he felt he owed Bache , Liszt accepted Bache 's invitation to attend celebrations in April 1886 to commemorate Liszt 's 75th birthday . These celebrations included the foundation of a Liszt piano scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music , a performance of his oratorio The Legend of Saint Elizabeth led by Alexander Mackenzie in St. James 's Hall , an audience with Queen Victoria and a public reception in Liszt 's honour at the Grosvenor Gallery . Bache was involved in all four of these events , which were highly successful ; by popular demand , Saint Elizabeth had to be repeated at the Crystal Palace .
= = = The Working Men 's Society = = =
In the summer of 1867 , Bache and Dannreuther formed " The Working Men 's Society , " a small association to promote the music of Wagner , Liszt and Schumann in England , with Karl Klindworth as an elder statesman for the group . The Society met regularly at one another 's homes for the study and discussion of this music . The first study session met in December and consisted of the " Spinning Song " from Wagner 's opera The Flying Dutchman , played by Dannreuther in Liszt 's piano transcription . At the meeting the next month , the group tackled the first two scenes of Das Rheingold . The meeting which followed featured a reading of Die Walküre . Neither of the latter two works had been presented anywhere ; their world premieres at the Munich Court Opera were still two years away . Klindworth 's special relationship with Wagner ensured that the group had access to the scores . In the July 1869 meeting , Liszt pupil Anna Mehlig played Liszt 's First Piano Concerto for the group . Wagner and Liszt were not the only composers discussed — Bach , Beethoven , Chopin , Henselt , Raff and Schumann were among the others whose music was featured . However , the main focus of the group remained the music of Wagner .
= = = Other achievements = = =
Bache became a professor of piano at the Royal Academy of Music in 1881 . The foundation of the Liszt Scholarship at that institution in 1886 was mainly due to his efforts . After Bache 's death , the name of the scholarship was changed to the Liszt @-@ Bache Scholarship .
= = = Death = = =
Bache died in London in 1888 , at the age of 45 , after a brief illness . He developed a chill and an ulcerated throat , which " proved too much for his over @-@ worked and highly strung nature . " He had otherwise been in good health and had taught his piano students just a couple of days before his death .
= = Pianism = =
= = = Technique and repertoire = = =
From his early concerts , Bache was noted for showing thoughtfulness in his interpretations and an excellent pianistic technique . He was especially noted for the evenness and crispness of his scales and the " great delicacy and refinement of feeling " in his playing . Like Hans von Bülow , he was considered an " intellectual " pianist who gave performances that were well executed . He was also considered to have improved with time , becoming a less mercurial and " fidgety " player and that despite occasional exaggerations in his interpretations , his artistry was beyond question .
While he was not the only pianist in England to play Liszt 's works , Bache was significant in that he played works in concert for solo piano , two pianos and piano and orchestra . In addition to the two @-@ piano arrangements of the symphonic poems , the first two piano concertos , the B minor piano sonata and the Dante Sonata , Bache played a handful of transcriptions , five of the Hungarian Rhapsodies and a number of smaller @-@ scaled virtuosic works and miniatures which often highlighted " the melodic nature of Liszt 's writing " . Bache also played a number of works by other composers in his recitals , many of which are unfamiliar today . Grateful for Bülow 's assistance in conducting two of his annual concerts , Bache programmed several of the conductor 's piano works in his recitals . He also played various works by Mackenzie , Mendelssohn , Mozart , Raff , Silas , Tchaikovsky and Volkmann and more familiar pieces by Bach , Beethoven and Chopin .
Like Bülow , Bache performed works from memory instead of from the printed page , at a time when doing so was a matter of open debate . Also like Bülow , he began giving recitals devoted entirely to the work of one composer . In 1879 , he began giving all @-@ Liszt recitals , and in 1883 he experimented with an all @-@ Beethoven recital .
= = = Reception = = =
Bache was considered authoritative in the music of Liszt . About his performance of the B minor piano sonata , the Musical Standard wrote that Bache had made the work his own , giving the impression that Liszt 's interpretation of the piece and Bache 's were essentially one . However , while Bache 's performances were universally acclaimed , the works he chose to play received a mixed reception . The Musical Standard wrote , after a performance of the First Piano Concerto in 1871 , that while Bache 's playing was excellent , it did nothing to make Liszt 's " bizarre " concerto interesting . The Athenaeum wrote about the same performance that while the concerto was intricate , there was no difficulty in following the work as played by Bache .
Bache received praise for the works of other composers , as well . The Musical Standard wrote that he sounded at home with whatever the musical style of the pieces he played . The Musical World noted that Bache 's playing of Chopin , Raff , Schumann and Weber all showed " true artistic spirit and taste " . Bache 's playing of Bach was singled out for mention , with the Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue " neat and highly finished " . Bache was also said to have given a " masterly " performance of the Bach D minor keyboard concerto .
Despite receiving positive reviews for his pianism , Bache 's difficulties with the critics on behalf of Liszt 's music had a negative backlash on his performing career . He was never invited to play with the Philharmonic Society , even after Liszt personally recommended him as a soloist . After printed inquiries by the Musical Standard , which openly questioned why Bache 's career had not advanced despite his obvious talent , he was invited in 1874 to play at the Crystal Palace . While his playing was lauded , his choice of music ( the Liszt arrangement of Weber 's Polonaise Brillante for piano and orchestra ) was derided as astoundingly impudent . He also appeared at concerts led by Hans Richter , as organist in Liszt 's symphonic poem Die Hunnenschlacht and as pianist in Beethoven 's Choral Fantasy and Chopin 's Second Piano Concerto .
= 1928 Okeechobee hurricane =
The Okeechobee hurricane , also known as San Felipe Segundo hurricane , was one of the deadliest tropical cyclones in the history of Puerto Rico . The fourth tropical cyclone , third hurricane , and only major hurricane of the 1928 season , this system developed just offshore the west coast of Africa on September 6 . Initially a tropical depression , it strengthened into a tropical storm later that day , shortly before passing south of the Cape Verde Islands . Further intensification was slow and halted by late on September 7 . About 48 hours later , the storm resumed strengthening and became a Category 1 hurricane on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . Still moving westward , the system reached Category 4 intensity before striking Guadeloupe on September 12 . There , the storm brought " great destruction " and 1 @,@ 200 deaths . The islands of Martinique , Montserrat , and Nevis also reported damage and fatalities , but not nearly as severe as in Guadeloupe .
Around midday on September 13 , the storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane and peaked with sustained winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) . About six hours later , the system made landfall in Puerto Rico ; it was the only recorded tropical cyclone to strike the island at Category 5 intensity . Very strong winds resulted in severe damage in Puerto Rico . Throughout the island , an estimated 24 @,@ 728 homes were destroyed and 192 @,@ 444 were damaged , leaving over 500 @,@ 000 people homeless . Heavy rainfall also led to extreme damage to vegetation and agriculture . On Puerto Rico alone , there were 312 deaths and about $ 50 million ( 1928 USD ) in damage . While crossing the island and emerging into the Atlantic , the storm weakened slightly , falling to Category 4 intensity . The storm began crossing through the Bahamas on September 16 . Due to preparations , minimal damage or loss of life occurred , with 18 fatalities reported .
Early on September 17 , the storm made landfall near West Palm Beach , Florida with winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) . In the city , more than 1 @,@ 711 homes were destroyed . Elsewhere in the county , impact was severest around Lake Okeechobee . The storm surge caused water to pour out of the southern edge of the lake , flooding hundreds of square miles as high as 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) above ground . Numerous houses and buildings were swept away in the cities of Belle Glade , Canal Point , Chosen , Pahokee , and South Bay . At least 2 @,@ 500 people drowned , while damage was estimated at $ 25 million . While crossing Florida , the system weakened significantly , falling to Category 1 intensity late on September 17 . It curved north @-@ northeastward and briefly re @-@ emerged into the Atlantic on September 18 , but soon made another landfall near Edisto Island , South Carolina with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Early on the following day , the system weakened to a tropical storm and became extratropical over North Carolina hours later . Overall , the system caused $ 100 million in damage and at least 4 @,@ 079 deaths .
= = Meteorological history = =
On September 6 , ships reported a tropical depression developing just off the west coast of Africa near Dakar , Senegal . The next day , a ship reported winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) , or tropical storm status ; on this basis , the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project estimated that the system attained tropical storm status late on September 6 . However , lack of observations for several days prevented the system from being classified in real time as it moved generally westward across the Atlantic Ocean . On September 10 , the S.S. Commack first observed the storm about 900 miles ( 1450 km ) to the east of Guadeloupe , which at the time was the most easterly report of a tropical cyclone ever received through ship 's radio . Later that day , two other ships confirmed the intensity of the storm , and the Hurricane Research Division estimated it strengthened into a hurricane at 18 : 00 UTC on September 10 .
As the storm neared the Lesser Antilles , it continued to intensify . Between 17 : 30 and 18 : 30 UTC on September 12 , the hurricane 's eye moved over Guadeloupe with a barometric pressure of 940 millibars ( 28 inHg ) , suggesting maximum sustained winds of 240 km / h ( 140 mph ) , or the equivalent of a Category 4 on the Saffir – Simpson scale . Continuing to the west @-@ northwest , the hurricane passed about 10 mi ( 16 km ) south of Saint Croix before approaching Puerto Rico . On September 13 , the 15 mi ( 25 km ) eye crossed Puerto Rico in eight hours from the southeast to the northwest , moving ashore near Guayama and exiting between Aguadilla and Isabela . A ship near the southern coast reported a pressure of 931 mbar ( 27 @.@ 5 inHg ) , and the cup anemometer at San Juan reported sustained winds of 160 mph ( 268 km / h ) before failing . As the wind station was 30 miles ( 50 km ) north of the storm 's center , winds near the landfall point were unofficially estimated as high as 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) . On this basis , the hurricane made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale , although there was uncertainty in the peak intensity , due to the large size and slow movement .
After emerging from Puerto Rico , the hurricane had weakened to winds of about 140 mph ( 240 km / h ) , based on a pressure reading of 941 mbar ( 27 @.@ 8 inHg ) at Isabela . The storm brushed the northern coast of Hispaniola while moving west @-@ northwestward , gradually restrengthening . On September 15 , it passed within 35 mi ( 55 km ) of Grand Turk , by which time the winds increased to 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) . The storm continued through the Bahamas as a strong Category 4 hurricane , passing near Nassau at 10 : 00 UTC on September 16 . Initially , Richard Gray of the U.S. Weather Bureau was optimistic that the storm would spare the south Florida region . However , at 00 : 00 UTC on September 17 the large hurricane made landfall in southeastern Florida near West Palm Beach with estimated winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) . This was based on a pressure reading of 929 mbar ( 27 @.@ 4 inHg ) in the city , which at the time was the lowest pressure reading in the United States ; this broke the previous record of 935 mbar ( 27 @.@ 6 inHg ) set during the 1926 Miami hurricane . Peak gusts were estimated near 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) at Canal Point .
The hurricane quickly weakened as it progressed inland and moved over Lake Okeechobee , although the large size allowed it to maintain hurricane status for several more days . Late on September 17 , the hurricane recurved to the northeast and passed near Jacksonville early the next day with winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . At 08 : 00 UTC on September 18 , the storm once again reached open waters . Later that day , the hurricane restrengthened slightly over open waters , making a second United States landfall near Edisto Island , South Carolina at 19 : 00 UTC with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Accelerating northeastward , the system quickly weakened into a tropical storm over North Carolina . On September 19 , the storm evolved into an extratropical cyclone , although it restrengthened slightly to hurricane status . The cyclone turned to the north @-@ northwest , moving quickly through the eastern United States . On September 21 , the former hurricane dissipated over Ontario , having merged with another disturbance .
= = Impact = =
= = = Leeward Islands = = =
The hurricane moved directly over the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean Sea , strengthening as it did so . On the island of Dominica winds were clocked at 24 mph ( 39 km / h ) ; there were no reports of damage . In Martinique , even further south of the storm 's path , there were three fatalities . Guadeloupe received a direct hit from the storm , apparently with little warning ; the death toll there was 1 @,@ 200 , and damage reports relayed through Paris indicated " great destruction " on the island . Approximately 85 % – 95 % of banana crops were destroyed , 70 % – 80 % of tree crops suffered severe damage , and 40 % of the sugar cane crop was ruined .
Montserrat , just north of the storm 's center , was warned in advance of the storm but still suffered £ 150 @,@ 000 ( 1928 UKP ) in damages and 42 deaths ; Plymouth and Salem were devastated and crop losses caused near @-@ starvation conditions before relief could arrive . The storm passed to the south of the islands of St. Kitts and St. Croix , which suffered heavy damage to property and crops but no reported fatalities . Nevis also reported three deaths due to the storm .
= = = Puerto Rico = = =
While the storm was passing near Dominica , the San Juan , Puerto Rico Weather Bureau warned about the threat of the hurricane which would strike the island within a day or two . The advisory was sent via telegraph to 75 police districts and was broadcast from the naval radio station every two hours ; this was the first hurricane warning broadcast by radio . Warnings were also posted for 12 ports along the southern coast , causing ships to avoid the island or remain at port . Effective preparation is credited for the relatively low death toll of 312 , and not a single ship was lost at sea in the vicinity of Puerto Rico . By comparison , the weaker 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane killed approximately 3 @,@ 000 people .
According to the San Juan National Weather Service office , the storm was " up to this time the greatest and more [ sic ] intense and destructive hurricane of record in Puerto Rico . " Along the storm path , the eye passed over Guayama , Cayey , and Aibonito , resulting in a period of calm lasting 20 minutes . The island of Puerto Rico received the worst of the storm 's winds when the hurricane moved directly across the island at Category 5 strength . The hurricane was extremely large as it crossed Puerto Rico . Hurricane @-@ force winds were measured in Guayama for 18 hours ; since the storm is estimated to have been moving at 13 mph ( 21 km / h ) , the diameter of the storm 's hurricane winds was estimated very roughly to be 234 miles ( 376 km ) .
The storm was named the San Felipe II Hurricane because the eye of the cyclone made landfall on the Christian feast day of Saint Philip . It was named " Segundo " , Spanish for " the Second " , because of another destructive " San Felipe hurricane " which struck Puerto Rico on that same day in 1876 . Since European arrival in the Americas in 1492 all storms and hurricanes were named after the name of the saint of the day the storm hit Puerto Rico . In 1953 the United States started naming hurricanes by female names until 1978 when both gender names began to be used . Yet it was only in 1960 that hurricanes stopped being officially named after saints .
The rainfall recorded on September 13 – 14 , 1928 , remains the record for the maximum rainfall associated with a hurricane in Puerto Rico within a period of forty @-@ eight hours . In those regions where precipitation is more common place , as in Adjuntas in the Cordillera Central and in the Sierra de Luquillo , the rain was over 25 inches ( 640 mm ) , with 29 @.@ 60 inches ( 752 mm ) recorded in Adjuntas . The anemometer located in Puerta de Tierra lost one of its cups at 11 : 44 am on September 13 , just when it had registered a maximum speed of 150 miles ( 240 km ) per hour — a speed that was sustained for five consecutive minutes . Previously the same instrument had measured 160 miles ( 260 km ) per hour for one minute . Because these measurements were taken 30 miles ( 48 km ) from San Felipe 's eye , at the time , it seemed possible that some estimates of 200 miles ( 320 km ) per hour near the center of the storm were not overdrawn .
There was general destruction through the island , with the towns where the eye passed being swept away . Property damage on the island from winds and rain was catastrophic . The northeast portion of the island received winds in excess of Category 3 strength , with hurricane @-@ force winds lasting as long as 18 hours . Official reports stated " several hundred thousand " people were left homeless , and property damages were estimated at $ 50 million .
On the island there was no building that was not affected . Some sugar mills ( " Centrales " ) that had cost millions of dollars to build were reduced to rubble . Reports say that 24 @,@ 728 homes were destroyed and 192 @,@ 444 were partially destroyed . Most of the sugarcane fields were flooded , ruining the year 's crops . Half of the coffee plants and half of the shade trees that covered these were destroyed ; almost all of the coffee harvest was lost . The coffee industry would take years to recover since coffee needs shade trees to grow . The tobacco farms also had great losses . After this hurricane , Puerto Rico never regained its position as a major coffee exporter .
Communications were impacted by fallen trees , landslides , and damaged bridges . Of the school buildings 770 were destroyed or damaged . According to some estimates of the day , excluding personal losses , the damages reached $ 85 @.@ 312 million and over 500 @,@ 000 people were left homeless . San Felipe II is officially classified as Puerto Rico 's biggest , worst , and most devastating hurricane to ever have impacted the island .
= = = Greater Antilles and Bahamas = = =
After affecting Puerto Rico , the hurricane passed just north of the Dominican Republic , producing very little damage . This was due to the small core and weaker winds to the south of the center . Advance warning reduced the number of ships traversing the region .
While the hurricane was passing nearby , Grand Turk reported winds of 120 mph ( 193 km / h ) . According to a ship report in the region , " The force of the wind ... could only be judged by the noise made by the storm , which reminded me of the New York subway going full speed passing switches . " Winds approached 120 mph ( 193 km / h ) at Nassau before the anemometer failed . In addition to the winds , the storm dropped heavy rainfall in the region , totaling 9 in ( 228 mm ) in Nassau . As in Puerto Rico , authorities in the Bahamas had ample warning of the hurricane 's approach , and preparations minimized the loss of life in the islands . Two boats were wrecked as they washed ashore in Grand Turk , although the crews were saved . A sloop traversing from Ambergris Caye to Grand Turk was lost , killing all 18 people on board . The storm caused heavy damage throughout the Bahamas , mostly to property and crops .
In Nassau , some buildings which were recently repaired after the 1926 Nassau hurricane were destroyed during this storm . A 10 @-@ year @-@ old girl drowned after falling into an open trench
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, the Indian Defence Ministry raised concerns , causing the Indian censor board to urge the filmmakers to seek clearance from the ministry . Accordingly , Khan and Mehra screened the film for the then Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee along with other top officials from the armed forces . One Air Force official reportedly said that it was " not a review , but a preview " . After the special screening , the defence ministry did not insist on any cuts , but on their recommendation more names were added to the slide that dedicates the film to deceased MiG pilots . After this clearance , the Animal Welfare Board raised objections on the use of animals in the film . Although the filmmakers had obtained a No Objection Certificate from the board officials , Maneka Gandhi , a well @-@ known animal rights activist and member of the welfare board , found flaws in this certificate . Subsequently , this certificate was revoked and with only a few days left for the world premiere , Mehra personally requested Gandhi to reconsider her objection . After another viewing , the board cleared their objection stating that the use of animals in the film was natural and justified . However , after they recommended the deletion of a 20 @-@ second scene that depicted a banned horse race conducted by the Nihang Sikhs , the filmmakers deleted this scene . Mrs. Kavita Gadgil whose son , late Flight Lieutenant Abhijeet Gadgil was killed when his MiG @-@ 21 fighter crashed , objected to the film 's release because she believed that the film was loosely based on her son 's life and the producers should have shown her the film . In response , Kamlesh Pandey , one of the writers of the film , said that the film was not inspired by Abhijeet Gadgil .
The film was screened at several international film festivals . In 2006 , it premiered in France with the Lyon Asiexpo Film Festival , the Wisconsin Film Festival and the Morocco @-@ based International Film Festival of Marrakech . As a part of the publicity , the cast , visited prominent University campuses in New Delhi , Mumbai , Kolkata , Hyderabad and Pune with an intention of interacting with the students . After hiring international experts for the film 's publicity , the marketing expenditure for the film grew to 40 percent of the total production budget of ₹ 250 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 7 million ) . This expenditure was unprecedented in Bollywood because usually the Indian filmmakers spend only about five percent of their production budget on marketing . Out of the ₹ 100 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 5 million ) marketing campaign , a fifth of it came from the producers while the rest was obtained through brand tie @-@ ups and partnering .
Since Rahman 's last musical success , Saathiya , was back in 2002 , there were high expectations from the soundtrack in the media . The soundtrack , first released commercially in early December 2005 , generally received above average reviews . One of the songs , " Masti Ki Paatshaala " ( translation : " Classroom of Fun " ) , was voted as the " Song of the year " for 2006 by leading Indian television channels , while two compositions were considered for an Academy Award nomination .
Before its theatrical release , the producers tied up with several top brands to help in the marketing the film . An alliance was formed with The Coca @-@ Cola Company by releasing special edition bottles to commemorate the film 's release , a first of its kind in Bollywood . Besides this , the music CDs and cassettes were co @-@ branded with the cola company along with the launch of the sale of collectibles from the film . Provogue , a well @-@ known clothing retail chain in India , launched a special limited edition clothing merchandise targeting the youth of India . Besides these , the producers collaborated with LG Group , Berger Paints , Bharti Airtel and Hindustan Petroleum . The producers tied up with several media partners such as MSN India , Channel V and Radio Mirchi to further enhance their marketing efforts . A video game launched by an Indian mobile content company was based on an adaptation of the film 's plot .
In India , The Hindu reported that with audiences from the metropolitan cities turning out in large numbers , Rang De Basanti was notching up record collections in its opening week . Accordingly , 55 percent of the film 's revenues came from multiplexes in these cities . While the opening week box @-@ office collections from Mumbai , the home of Bollywood , were reported to be over ₹ 40 million ( US $ 590 @,@ 000 ) , theaters in New Delhi earned about half of Mumbai 's revenue . Throughout the country , the cumulative collections in the first week was about ₹ 80 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 2 million ) . Overseas collections from the United States , United Kingdom and Australia were collectively put at over ₹ 60 million ( US $ 890 @,@ 000 ) for the same week . Released in about 60 theaters in the United States , the film grossed ₹ 31 million ( US $ 460 @,@ 000 ) in its opening weekend and earned ₹ 99 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 5 million ) within 10 weeks . With ₹ 1 @.@ 23 billion ( US $ 18 million ) alone coming from the Indian territory , the film earned more than ₹ 1 @.@ 36 billion ( US $ 20 million ) worldwide . Currently , the film holds the record for the highest @-@ grossing film to be released in January .
Within a week of the film 's theatrical release , illegal copies of the film priced at ₹ 10 million ( US $ 150 @,@ 000 ) were seized at an Indian airport . A report carried out by The Times of India highlighted copyright infringement on the Internet where movies like Rang De Basanti could be downloaded freely . The DVD release sold more than 70 @,@ 000 copies over six months , and as a result the film was the highest selling title at the time of its release .
Rang De Basanti was released on Blu @-@ ray ( plus steelbook edition ) in May 2014 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Critics gave the film an overwhelmingly positive response , in particular the ensemble cast 's performance and credibility . Although The Indian Express spoke positively of the cinematography and the film 's story , it noted that " the message that the film carries with it tends to get diluted towards the climax . Praising the film 's cast for their performance and the cinematography of Binod Pradhan , Taran Ardash wrote that the film would be successful with the urban audiences . The Hindustan Times summarized the film as being a " well @-@ scripted , skilfully crafted [ and ] thought @-@ provoking entertainer " . Saisuresh Sivaswamy of Rediff.com wrote that films like Rang De Basanti can easily get into " preachiness " , but believed Mehra got his message across while avoiding this , also appreciating the music , cinematography , dialogues and art direction . The Hindu credited Kamlesh Pandey for writing a story that would have been a difficult film to make , but it added by saying that the transformation of the youngsters into heroes seemed poetic . Although the screenplay , direction and the cast were also well @-@ appreciated , the reviewer felt that Rahman 's soundtrack lacked pace .
The film also received positive reviews from critics outside India . The review from the BBC gave it the highest possible five star rating and added that it was " an entertaining mix of romance , history and social commentary " . The Bloomberg website wrote positively about " the raw energy of a young cast and A. R. Rahman 's splendidly rousing soundtrack " .
Sight & Sound magazine conducts a poll every ten years of the world 's finest film directors to find out the Ten Greatest Films of All Time . This poll has been going since 1992 , and has become the most recognised poll of its kind in the world . In 2012 Cyrus Frisch voted for " Rang De Basanti " . Frisch commented : " Corruption became the subject of fierce debate in India after the major success of this film among youngsters . "
= = = 2007 Academy Awards Best Foreign Film submission = = =
Since the film " reflected contemporary Indian reality and had cinematic excellence " , it was chosen as India 's official entry for the 79th Academy Awards despite stiff competition from films such as Krrish , Lage Raho Munna Bhai , Omkara and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna . While discussing if the selection committee 's choice was correct , critics felt that the Academy members could have better related with Omkara , an adaptation of Shakespeare 's play Othello . Despite these qualms and Mehra 's belief that his film did not stand a chance at the Oscars , the efforts to publicize the film in the United States began earnestly . Music composer A. R. Rahman performed several concerts across the East Coast to promote the film . Besides his efforts , producer Screwvala planned to use resources and expertise from his partners in 20th Century Fox and Walt Disney Pictures for organizing its publicity efforts . When the nominations in the foreign film category did not feature this film , it sparked off debates on whether the film should have been India 's entry for the Oscars . In one such debate on a television channel that involved Screwvala , the selection committee was questioned about its knowledge of the requisite artistic criteria for such award ceremonies . While one outcome of the debate was on how Omkara would have been a better choice , the other discussed the West @-@ centric sensibilities of the Academy members . However , results from a simultaneously conducted SMS poll indicated that 62 percent felt that the film was the right choice for the Oscars .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
Rang De Basanti received the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment in addition to awards at a number of other ceremonies . It won several awards at the annual India @-@ based Filmfare Awards including Best Film , Best Director , Best Music Director , Critics Best Performance - Male ( Aamir Khan ) , Best Editing ( P. S. Bharathi ) , Best Cinematography and RD Burman Award for New Music ( Naresh Iyer ) categories . It also won the 2007 International Indian Film Academy awards for Best Movie , Best Supporting Actress ( Soha Ali Khan ) , Best Screenplay ( Rensil D 'Silva and Rakeysh Mehra ) and Best Music Director among other technical awards . Apart from these , the film won eight awards apiece at the 2006 Global Indian Film Awards and 2007 Star Screen Awards , and six at the 2007 Zee Cine Awards .
The film was also nominated for the Best Film not in English language at the 2007 British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards .
= = Social influence = =
Rang De Basanti had a noticeable impact on Indian society . A study of bloggers behavioral patterns during the first month of the film 's release revealed a significant increase in public ire towards government and politicians for constantly being mired in corruption and bureaucracy and their inefficiency in providing basic amenities . Intense political discussions spurred on by the film 's influence were observed in these patterns . While commenting on this , writer D 'Silva said that the film " has struck a chord somewhere " . Besides instigating political thought and discussions , it evoked social awakening for many . Some discussions rallied on how citizens should support and contribute to non @-@ governmental organizations and exercising simple citizen duties of paying taxes and voting , while the others contemplated on how to become more responsible towards the country . Unlike other Indian films with jingoistic overtones , many young Indians could relate well to the characters of this film .
While such reactions were observed on the Internet , youth activism took to streets to protest on public interest issues . A direct impact was on the 1999 Jessica Lall Murder Case , one of the high @-@ profile murder cases in India . A month after the film 's release , a court acquitted the main accused because of inefficient prosecution and hostile witnesses . This sparked intense civil protests and media campaigns that sought his re @-@ arrest . Taking cue from the scene in which the protagonists hold a silent , candlelight vigil at New Delhi 's India Gate , one such group of demonstrators carried out a similar rally to voice their protest . Shortly thereafter , a survey was conducted to assess reasons for the sudden upsurge in people 's social involvements . Eighteen percent of the respondents felt that movies like Rang De Basanti were the main reason behind it . Another such massive youth activism was seen in the Priyadarshini Mattoo rape and murder case where similar rallies were organized in India , United States and around the world . Following the release of the film , another social outcry was against the introduction of reservations for socially backward classes in educational institutions . Young doctors and engineers joined hands in peaceful rallies in major cities across India . Though the film was not released in the neighbouring Pakistan , it evoked similar reactions there . Inspired by the film , Pakistan 's national newspaper , Jang , launched a television channel that was to focus on citizens ' issues and support public awakening . Reacting to these strong social reactions , actor Kunal Kapoor thought that the film was just a catalyst that presented " patriotism in a package that the youngsters understood and empathised with " .
In the Indian media , frequent referencing of the film was evident , with many brands using pictorials from the movie . In addition , the media also uses the terms " RDB " ( abbreviated title of the movie ) and " RDB effect " while referring to instances of public activism on matters of public interest . When the 2007 University of Delhi Student Elections focused more on the important issues facing the students than in the previous years , one student referred to this as the " RDB Syndrome " . On similar lines , Kamal Sunavala wrote a play titled Under the Influence which focuses on a young Indian expatriate whose life changes after watching this film .
= Konnan =
Charles Ashenoff ( born January 6 , 1964 ) also known as Carlos Santiago Espada Moises and better known by his ring name , Konnan , is a Cuban professional wrestler and rapper . Konnan is well known in Mexico due to his appearances on Mexican television , particularly with Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) , and has in the past been described as " the Mexican Hulk Hogan " , reflecting his mainstream popularity .
= = Early life = =
Born in Santiago , Cuba of Puerto Rican and Cuban descent , Konnan 's family relocated to Miami , Florida while he was a child . He had a troubled childhood , during which he was expelled from one other high school before graduating from Southwest Miami Senior High School in 1982 . Ashenoff served time in prison after joining a street gang . After his incarceration was over , Ashenoff fled Miami due to conflicts with other drug dealers . He was given a choice of either going to jail or entering the military . He decided to join the United States Navy and served for four years . While in the Navy , he trained as a boxer , becoming the Californian Middleweight Amateur Boxing Champion in 1982 and 1983 . He also represented the United States in fights around the world .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = Universal Wrestling Association ( 1988 ) = = =
During his residence in San Diego , Ashenoff became a bodybuilder then later a wrestler , following a meeting with wrestling promoter John Roberts , who introduced him to Rey Mysterio , Sr. Comparing the masked and caped wrestlers he met to " superheroes " , Ashenoff was impressed by the colorful Mexican wrestling culture . He subsequently traveled to Tijuana , Mexico where , alongside Psicosis , Rey Mysterio , Jr . , Halloween and Damián 666 , he trained under the tutelage of various veteran luchadores . Wearing a mask and billed as El Centurión ( " The Centurion " ) , Ashenoff debuted for the Universal Wrestling Association ( UWA ) on January 6 , 1988 . He competed in an eight @-@ man tag team match for the sum of $ 200 MXP ( $ 19 @.@ 13 USD / € 16 @.@ 03 EUR ) .
= = = World Championship Wrestling ( 1990 ) = = =
Konnan 's first appearance with World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) was at Starrcade on December 16 , 1990 . Teaming with his trainer and mentor , Rey Mysterio , Sr. , Konnan entered the Pat O 'Connor Memorial International Cup Tag Team Tournament held at the event . They defeated Norman Smiley and Chris Adams in the quarter @-@ finals , but lost to eventual winners , the Steiner Brothers ( Rick and Scott ) in the semi @-@ finals .
= = = World Wrestling Federation ( 1991 ) - Max Moon = = =
While still part of WCW , Konnan was contacted by talent scout Pat Patterson on New Year 's Eve 1990 , which led to a meeting with Vince McMahon , where the initial idea for what became Max Moon was discussed . According to Konnan , " When I was wrestling in Japan , I saw this Japanese anime cartoon robot on TV that shot confetti and fire . [ Vince ] asked if I knew anybody that could design it . " Konnan was given an outfit ( purchased by the WWF at the cost of $ 13 @,@ 000 ) bedecked with circuitry and a pyrotechnic gun that shot sparkles into the crowd . Konnan recollected later that the costs associated with the costume led to problems between himself and the promotion right from the start .
Days later he received a tryout on January 7 , 1991 at a WWF Superstars taping in Amarillo , Texas defeating Ultraman . He returned again on March 26 in Las Vegas , Nevada , defeating Louie Spicolli in a WWF Superstars dark match . He would defeat Spicolli again one night later at a Wrestling Challenge taping in Reno . Konnan returned again on January 7 , 1992 at a WWE Superstars taping in Daytona , Beach FL . Wrestling this time as The Latin Fury , he defeated The Heartbreaker . The next day he defeated The Juicer in a dark match at a Wrestling Challenge taping in Fort Myers , Florida . Konnan would wrestle twice more as The Latin Fury , the final time at a house show in Hyannis , Massachusetts on July 19 , 1992 when he defeated Pete Dougherty .
The next day , when he appeared at a WWF Superstars taping in Worcester , Massachusetts against Luis Mendieta , he was renamed Relampago . He wrestled again as Relampago the following night against Johnny Rodriquez . A little over a month later he received the gimmick that he would become known for , Max Moon ( although he was originally called The Comet Kid for a handful of appearances ) . The Moon character , created by Konnan , was that of a cyborg from " The Future " or " Outer Space " .
Konnan was still working in Mexico while under contract to WWE , and was also simultaneously appearing in a Mexican telenovela aimed at children called El abuelo y yo " . As he was becoming more popular in Mexico , he was not as focused on making it in America . Konnan recollected , " Wrestling was so hot in Mexico , because they had lifted this 30 @-@ year ban on wrestling on TV in Mexico City . I was able to capitalize on that wrestling boom . I was wrestling three times in one day on many weekends . The amount of work was incredible . It was like when Raw and Nitro were going head @-@ to @-@ head and there was work for everybody . "
There was also some locker room tension over the costs associated with the costume , Konnan 's perceived attitude , and Konnan also was missing tapings because he was more successful in Mexico and was not focusing on WWF . In the end , the Max Moon character was given to Paul Diamond , who appeared as the character on the first episode of Monday Night Raw on January 11 , 1993 .
= = = Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre ( 1991 @-@ 1992 ) = = =
Konnan joined Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre ( EMLL ) , where he was pushed into the main event . In the EMLL , Ashenoff adopted the ring name Konnan El Barbaro ( " The Barbarian " ) . He lost his mask to Perro Aguayo in a Lucha de Apuesta mask versus hair match . After the match , a young boy — introduced as Konnan 's brother — entered the ring crying and handed Konnan his mask back , generating considerable bonhomie towards Konnan from the sympathetic crowd ( in lucha libre , losing one 's mask can be a major , career shaping event ) . Konnan went on to become the first ever CMLL World Heavyweight Champion by winning a tournament in Mexico City on June 9 , 1991 . He , however , lost the title to Cien Caras in his first title defense on August 18 , 1991 .
= = = Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( 1992 – 1996 ) = = =
In 1992 , Konnan , along with several other EMLL wrestlers , joined Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) . Shortening his ring name to simply " Konnan " , he feuded with Cien Caras . Following interference from Jake Roberts , Konnan lost a two out of three falls retirement match by count @-@ out to Caras at Triplemanía I on April 30 , 1993 in front of 48 @,@ 000 fans in Mexico City , setting the all @-@ time attendance record for a Mexican wrestling event . Konnan did not comply with the stipulations of the match and returned to defeat Roberts in a hair versus hair match at Triplemanía II on May 27 , 1994 in Tijuana .
Later in 1994 , Konnan began a storyline where he betrayed his tag team partner , Perro Aguayo , and formed a heel alliance known as Los Gringos Locos with Eddie Guerrero , Art Barr and Madonna 's Boyfriend . Aguayo gained his revenge on Konnan by defeating him in the only AAA pay @-@ per @-@ view , " When Worlds Collide " , in a steel cage match . He eventually became the AAA booker . Konnan defeated Killer on February 2 , 1996 in Querétaro to become the first ever AAA Heavyweight Champion . He vacated the title after leaving AAA in October 1996 to form his own promotion , Promo Azteca , and the title remained inactive until 2004 . Konnan 's Mexican wrestling career was hampered in the late @-@ 1990s by his American wrestling commitments , and Promo Azteca closed in 1998 . He made a return to the Mexican wrestling circuit in the 2000s after a six @-@ year absence , selling out arenas in Mexico City and Guadalajara .
= = = World Wrestling Federation ( 1992 – 1993 ) = = =
Debuting in the WWF on September 1 , 1992 in Hershey , Pennsylvania under the name the Comet Kid , he pinned Duane Gill . After three televised matches , Konnan abruptly left the WWF following a disagreement with WWF owner Vince McMahon in 1992 . Konnan was not showing up for WWF events due to his rising fame in Mexico , and his supposed " bad attitude " and heat from fellow WWF workers lead to a very strained relationship with McMahon , who had invested heavily in the Max Moon character , both financially and creatively , up until that point . The Max Moon gimmick was subsequently given to Paul Diamond for a brief run , before being abandoned .
= = = Extreme Championship Wrestling ( 1995 ) = = =
Konnan once again attempted to expand his activities out of Mexico in the mid @-@ 1990s . After meeting Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) booker Paul Heyman while on a wrestling tour of Singapore , Konnan joined ECW in 1995 and feuded with The Sandman . He appeared at ECW November to Remember on November 18 , 1995 , squashing Jason Knight . He also wrestled at an event co @-@ promoted by ECW and the AAA in Chicago , Illinois .
= = = World Championship Wrestling ( 1996 @-@ 2001 ) = = =
= = = = U.S. Champion ; Dungeon of Doom ( 1996 – 1997 ) = = = =
Feeling that he had accomplished all that he could in Mexico and desiring to expand his popularity north of the border , Konnan returned to WCW on a full @-@ time basis on the January 22 , 1996 edition of Nitro . Promising , in a promo at the start of the show , to defend his " Mexican Heavyweight Championship " against Psicosis the next week . As a WCW employee , he was largely responsible for the hiring of several prominent Mexican wrestlers by WCW , including Rey Mysterio Jr . , Psicosis , Juventud Guerrera and La Parka . Konnan defeated The One Man Gang for the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship on January 29 , 1996 . During his reign , he continued to defend his IWAS and AAA Heavyweight Championships in Mexico ( these championships were billed as a " Mexican Heavyweight Title " wherever Konnan wore one or the other to a WCW ring ) . He lost the United States Title to Ric Flair on July 7 , 1996 at Bash at the Beach following interference from Flair 's valets , Miss Elizabeth and Woman . Several months after losing the United States Championship , Konnan became a villain and joined the Dungeon of Doom .
= = = = nWo ( 1997 – 1999 ) = = = =
Konnan joined the New World Order ( nWo ) on July 14 , 1997 . Konnan developed an increasingly hip @-@ hop based gimmick and was nicknamed " K @-@ Dogg . " During his first stint in the nWo , Konnan feuded with the Luchadores whom he had brought to WCW . During this storyline , he wrestled in a Mexican Death match at Road Wild against Rey Mysterio , Jr. and a match against Juventud Guerrera at Uncensored in March 1998 . When the nWo divided into two rival factions on the May 4 , 1998 episode of Nitro , Konnan sided with the nWo Wolfpac , led by Kevin Nash . The Wolfpac feuded with nWo Hollywood , led by Hollywood Hogan and became tweeners . On the November 30 , 1998 episode of Nitro , Konnan defeated Chris Jericho for the WCW World Television Championship . His reign lasted until December 28 , 1998 , when he lost to nWo Hollywood member Scott Steiner on Nitro following interference from Buff Bagwell . When the two halves of the nWo reunited in January 1999 , Konnan was thrown out of the nWo for standing up for Rey Misterio , Jr and was attacked by Lex Luger . As a result , he became a fan favorite and teamed with Misterio to fight the nWo . After feuding with nWo member Lex Luger , Konnan and Mysterio , Jr. were defeated by The Outsiders at SuperBrawl IX , with The Outsiders removing Mysterio 's mask in the process . Konnan later criticized WCW for not respecting Mexican wrestling culture by writing storylines that saw several Mexican wrestlers unceremoniously unmasked ( Juventud Guerrera , Psicosis , and Mysterio unmasked in WCW ) . He compared asking a luchador to remove their mask to " going to Japan and telling the Japanese they have to eat with a fork instead of chopsticks " .
= = = = No Limit Soldiers ; Filthy Animals ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = = =
Konnan spent several months feuding with Disco Inferno , and then he began a rivalry with Stevie Ray . He and Mysterio formed an alliance with Master P and his No Limit Soldiers and fought with The West Texas Rednecks . After Master P left WCW , Konnan formed a stable known as The Filthy Animals . He and Mysterio , representing the Filthy Animals , defeated Harlem Heat ( Booker T and Stevie Ray ) for the WCW World Tag Team Championship on October 18 , 1999 . They were scheduled to defend the titles against Harlem Heat in the MGM Grand Garden Arena on October 24 , 1999 at Halloween Havoc , but on the night of the event Mysterio was announced as being injured . The title was then contested in a three way tag match pitting Konnan and Billy Kidman , representing the Filthy Animals , against Harlem Heat and the First Family ( Hugh Morrus and Brian Knobs ) . Harlem Heat regained the title after Stevie Ray pinned Morrus . Konnan and Kidman defeated Harlem Heat for the title the next night on Nitro , but lost to Creative Control ( Patrick and Gerald ) on November 22 , 1999 .
Konnan was inactive throughout early 2000 , as he was suspended for three months by Bill Busch after requesting his release from WCW , unhappy with the way he was being used . Shortly after returning from suspension and reforming the Filthy Animals , Konnan was sidelined once again , this time with a legitimately torn triceps muscle , damaged when Van Hammer threw Juventud Guerrera at him during a match and Guerrera 's elbow connected with Konnan 's upper arm as he attempted to catch him . Throughout 2000 , the Filthy Animals feuded with other stables , including The Misfits In Action , The Natural Born Thrillers and Team Canada . At Greed on March 18 , 2001 , Lance Storm and Mike Awesome ( representing Team Canada ) defeated Hugh Morrus and Konnan in one of his last appearances with the promotion before it was sold to the WWF in March 2001 .
Following the sale of WCW , Konnan toured Australia and Europe throughout 2001 with the newly formed World Wrestling All @-@ Stars promotion . Konnan would also compete in Xtreme Pro Wrestling ( XPW ) where he led a group of luchadores including Halloween , Psicosis , and Juventud Guerrera through 2001 into 2002 . In addition to wrestling , Konnan acted as a color commentator . He also studied criminology during a period in which he briefly considered working alongside his father as a private investigator .
= = = World Wrestling Council = = =
Konnan worked in Puerto Rico 's World Wrestling Council as a friend of the Colón Family until he turned heel during an angle that turned in to a very intense situation in Humacao , Puerto Rico when Konnan came to the ring with some Mariachis to play a Serenata for Stacy Colón Carlos Colon 's daughter . Moments later Konnan blasted Stacy Colón with a guitar on top of her head and attacked Carlos Colón as well . The entire face locker room including brothers Carly and Eddie Colón came to their sister 's rescue . That incident started a riot with the fans inside and outside the arena . Konnan had to be escorted by police out of the arena .
= = = Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( 2002 @-@ 2007 ) = = =
Konnan appeared on the inaugural Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) pay @-@ per @-@ view on June 19 , 2002 in the Von Braun Center in Huntsville , Alabama . He entered the Gauntlet for the Gold match for the vacant NWA World Heavyweight Championship , but he was chokeslammed and subsequently eliminated by Malice . He returned to TNA on February 12 , 2003 and formed a villainous alliance , the Authentic Luchadores , with fellow Hispanic wrestlers Juventud Guerrera , Super Crazy and the Spanish Announce Team . The stable feuded with Jerry Lynn until April 2 , 2003 , when Lynn claimed that he had been heavily influenced by lucha libre and that he respected his Mexican opponents , thus earning the friendship of Konnan .
= = = = The 3Live Kru ( 2003 – 2005 ) = = = =
In May and June 2003 , Konnan began teaming with B.G. James and Ron Killings , and in July 2003 the trio formed a heroic alliance known as the 3Live Kru . The Kru first wrestled as a unit on August 13 , 2003 , defeating The New Church ( Sinn , Vampire Warrior and Tempest ) . On November 26 , the Kru defeated Simon Diamond , Johnny Swinger and Glenn Gilberti in a six @-@ man tag team match with the vacant NWA World Tag Team Championships on the line . The championship was held by all three members of the Kru , until January 28 , 2004 , when they were defeated by Kevin Northcutt and Legend in Nashville . After several abortive attempts to regain the tag title , the Kru began supporting Ron Killings 's bid to become NWA World Heavyweight Champion . The Kru later feuded with Jarrett 's mercenaries , The Elite Guard ( Chad Collyer , Hotstuff Hernandez and Onyx ) . On July 14 , 2004 , the 3Live Kru , Dusty Rhodes and Larry Zbyszko defeated Jarrett , Ken Shamrock and the Elite Guard in a ten @-@ man tag team match . The Kru began feuding with Team Canada in August 2004 , and at the inaugural three @-@ hour TNA pay @-@ per @-@ view , Victory Road on November 7 , 2004 , Konnan and James defeated Team Canada members Bobby Roode and " Showtime " Eric Young for the NWA World Tag Team Championship . Their reign lasted one month , with Team Canada regaining the title on December 5 , 2004 at Turning Point with the help of the injured Johnny Devine .
Throughout early @-@ 2005 , the Kru feuded with Michael Shane and Kazarian , Team Canada and The Naturals . Dissension arose after James 's former tag team partner from the WWF , Billy Gunn , joined TNA as " The New Age Outlaw " and began trying to convince James to reform their highly successful tag team , the New Age Outlaws . Konnan and Killings feuded with The Outlaw and " The Alpha Male " Monty Brown , with James 's loyalties divided . Brown and The Outlaw , who had by now renamed himself " Kip James " , defeated Konnan and Killings at No Surrender on July 17 , 2005 , with James declining to help either team . Konnan and Killings became increasingly frustrated , at one point referring to themselves as the " 2Live Kru " . The two teams faced one another in a No Surrender rematch on August 14 , 2005 at Sacrifice , with James appointed guest referee by Director of Authority Larry Zbyszko , and James reaffirmed his loyalty to the Kru by attacking Kip , enabling Konnan to pin him and win the match . The Kru , apparently undivided , celebrated together following the match .
Over the following weeks , Kip James began assisting the 3Live Kru , and on October 23 , 2005 at Bound for Glory , he saved Konnan from a beating at the hands of Team Canada . On the November 26 episode of Impact ! , B.G. James brought Kip James and the 3Live Kru to ringside , then asked Killings and Konnan whether James could join the stable . Following a heated argument between the still skeptical Konnan and B.G. , both Killings and Konnan gave their assent , and the " ' 4Live Kru " was born . At Turning Point the 4Live Kru faced Team Canada in an eight @-@ man tag match . In the course of the match , Konnan attacked both B.G. and Kip James .
= = = = The Latin American Xchange ( 2005 – 2007 ) = = = =
On the December 31 , 2005 , episode of Impact ! , Konnan told B.G. ' s father , Bob Armstrong , that he was a " hothead " and invited Armstrong to accompany him backstage for an apology . Instead of apologizing , Konnan turned heel by leading Armstrong into an ambush at the hands of Apolo and the debuting Homicide . The trio , later identified as The Latin American Xchange ( LAX ) , then instructed an unconscious Armstrong to tell B.G. and Kip to " take care of their own business " . At Final Resolution on January 15 , 2006 , Konnan and Homicide defeated The Naturals . After Apolo was released by TNA , he was replaced by Machete , who was in turn evicted from LAX by Konnan and Homicide . In subsequent weeks , Konnan began feuding with Bob Armstrong . On the April 8 , 2006 episode of Impact ! , Konnan faced Armstrong in a " Arm Wrestling Challenge " ; the contest ended in a no @-@ contest after LAX member Hernandez attacked Armstrong . At Lockdown on April 23 , 2006 , Konnan was defeated by Armstrong in an arm wrestling contest held within the confines of a steel cage ; following the bout , each member of the LAX received ten lashes from the James Gang .
In May 2006 , Konnan became the Impact ! Spanish color commentator . In the same month , he and the LAX began a storyline that saw them refuse to wrestle ( as well as himself and Moody Jack refusing to commentate ) , claiming that Latinos were discriminated against within TNA . After LAX were forced to resume wrestling by Jim Cornette , they began feuding with A.J. Styles and Christopher Daniels , with whom Homicide and Hernandez traded the NWA World Tag Team Championship back and forth . LAX then feuded with America 's Most Wanted and Team 3D , losing the NWA World Tag Team Championship to Team 3D at Lockdown .
In early 2007 , Konnan underwent hip replacement surgery , and his appearances in TNA from then on saw him frequently using a wheelchair . In June , Konnan left TNA for AAA in Mexico . He successfully underwent kidney transplant surgery in July 2007 . In March 2008 , Konnan sued TNA for racism and discrimination , alleging that while the company said that they would help pay for his hip replacement surgery , they did not . To add leverage to the suit , Konnan claimed that TNA helped pay for Scott Steiner 's operation , but did not pay for Ron Killings 's surgery from around the same time .
= = = Return to AAA ( 2004 – 2016 ) = = =
After leaving TNA , Konnan later returned to Asistencia Asesoría y Administración , where Juventud Guerrera claimed in 2009 that Konnan is the " real boss " of the promotion . In AAA he is the leader of the company 's top rudo stable La Legión Extranjera ( Foreign Legion ) . Konnan remained in the role until February 3 , 2013 , when he was in storyline fired from the promotion . He returned to the promotion on April 15 , announcing that he was once again becoming an in @-@ ring performer . In February 2016 , Konnan stated that he had lost his creative position in AAA and was now merely a consultant for the promotion .
On March 20 , 2015 , Konnan was ringside at a show organized by the independent promotion , The Crash , in Tijuana , Mexico , when fellow wrestler El Hijo del Perro Aguayo died in a freak accident .
= = = Lucha Underground ( 2014 – 2015 ) = = =
In August 2014 , Konnan was announced as one of the AAA wrestlers to star in the El Rey network 's new television series Lucha Underground . In the premiere episode , he appeared as the manager of Prince Puma ; subsequently , he announced his responsibility for bringing Fénix , Pentagón Jr. and Drago into the promotion .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
187 / Montezuma 's Revenge ( Cradle DDT ) – 1996 – 1997 ; used as a signature move thereafter
Tequila Sunrise ( Arm trap single leg Boston crab )
Signature moves
DDT
Face Jam / K @-@ Factor ( Sitout facebuster , often preceded by a mule kick )
Rolling thunder clothesline
Splash Mountain ( Crucifix powerbomb , sometimes from the second rope )
Zip Lock ( Arm trap cloverleaf )
Managers
Jimmy Hart
Kevin Sullivan
Vincent
Torrie Wilson
Tygress
Wrestlers managed
Prince Puma
Nicknames
" K @-@ Dawg "
Entrance themes
" Eye of the Tiger " by Survivor ( AAA ; 1992 – present )
" In Yer Face " by Howard Pfeifer ( WCW ; 1996 )
" Dead Man 's Trousers " ( production theme ) ( WCW ; 1996 )
" Dungeon of Doom Theme " by Jimmy Hart ( WCW ; 1996 – 1997 )
" Tear It Up " by Jimmy Hart and H. Helm ( WCW ; Used while a part of the New World Order ; 1997 – 1998 )
" Rockhouse " by Jimmy Hart and H. Helm ( WCW ; Used while a part of the New World Order ; 1997 – 1998 )
" Wolfpac Theme " ( WCW ; Used while a part of the nWo Wolfpac ; 1998 – 1999 )
" Psycho " ( WCW ; 1999 )
" Bow Wow Wow " by Konnan featuring Madd One ( WCW ; 1999 )
" Filthy " ( WCW ; 1999 , 2000 )
" Reason " ( WCW ; 2000 – 2001 )
" 3 Live K " by 3 Live Kru ( TNA ; while a part of 3 Live Kru with Ron Killings and B. G. James )
" Beware " by 3 Live Kru ( TNA ; while a part of 3 Live Kru )
" Dawgz " by Konnan ( TNA ; Used while a part of the Latin American Xchange )
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
AAA Americas Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
AAA Parejas Increibles Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Cibernético
IWC World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
Championship Wrestling USA Northwest
Championship Wrestling USA Northwest Tag Championship ( 1 time ) – with Beetlejuice
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
CMLL World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
International Wrestling All @-@ Stars
IWAS World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
IWAS World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Rey Mysterio , Jr .
Latin American Wrestling Association
LAWA Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times )
Global Championship Wrestling
GCW Heavyweight Champion ( 1 time )
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 131 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the " PWI Years " in 2003
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
NWA World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – with B.G. James and Ron Killings
World Championship Wrestling
WCW United States Championship ( 1 time )
WCW World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – with Rey Mysterio , Jr . ( 1 ) and Billy Kidman ( 1 )
WCW World Television Championship ( 1 time )
World Wrestling Council
WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
WWC World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Carly Colón
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame ( Class of 2009 )
= = = Luchas de Apuestas record = = =
= Mladen Lorković =
Mladen Lorković ( 1 March 1909 – April 1945 ) was a Croatian politician and lawyer who became a senior member of the Ustaše and served as the Foreign Minister and Minister of Interior of the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) during World War II . Lorković led the Lorković @-@ Vokić plot , an attempt to establish a coalition government between the Ustaše and the Croatian Peasant Party and align the Independent State of Croatia with the Allies .
As a student , he joined the Croatian Party of Rights but , viewed as a dissident in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , he fled the country to avoid arrest and eventually settled in Germany where he obtained a doctorate in law at the University of Berlin . In 1934 , he joined the Ustaše and became a close associate of Ante Pavelić . Although he was initially commander of all Ustaše in Germany , where he sought support in creating and protecting a Croatian state , he later became leader of all Ustaše outside Italy . Soon after the establishment of the NDH , he was appointed as Foreign Minister and strongly opposed Italian influence on the state . After his cabinet chief , Ivo Kolak , was executed in 1943 for smuggling gold , Lorković was removed from office but later named Minister of Interior . As Minister of Interior , he negotiated with the Croatian Peasant Party ( HSS ) in the hopes of establishing a coalition government . He also held secret negotiations with HSS representatives to propose having the NDH join the Allies against Germany . Although he apparently had the support of Pavelić , he and his cohorts were soon arrested as conspirators against the state and after a period in detention was executed at the end of April 1945 alongside Ante Vokić .
= = Early life = =
Lorković was born in Zagreb on 1 March 1909 , the son of prominent politician Ivan Lorković . He attended gymnasium in Zagreb where he became a supporter of the Croatian Party of Rights and later joined the Croatian Youth Movement . He began law studies at the University of Zagreb , but completed them in Innsbruck , Austria , following his escape . He later earned a Ph.D on the subject of the " Establishment of the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs " under Max Hildebert Boehm at the University of Berlin . Lorković and Branimir Jelić spoke about the state of Croatian university students at the International Students Federation congress in Brussels in 1930 for which they were arrested and held at the Palace of Justice before being taken to the German border . During his time in Berlin he met and later married Wally Marquead . He later divorced Marquead , and on 19 August 1944 he remarried to the Countess Nada von Ghyczy .
= = Activities with the Ustaše = =
On 6 January 1929 , King Alexander dissolved the government and introduced a royal dictatorship over the newly created Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Because he was viewed as a dissident , Lorković was placed under constant police surveillance . On 15 November 1929 , a warrant for his arrest was issued , but he succeeded in escaping to Austria and later to Germany .
Lorković was a keen advocate for the amalgamation of all Croatian parties into a ' super @-@ party ' to secede from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and on 4 October 1934 swore his Ustaše oath . He became commander of all Ustaše units in Germany and later , after the assassination of King Alexander , commander of all Ustaše outside Italy . The assassination of King Alexander led to him being briefly detained in Germany , but was released in mid @-@ 1935 after a German court rejected a Yugoslav request for his extradition .
In 1937 , Lorković was arrested following a hearing conducted by the Gestapo . He subsequently left Germany and moved to Hungary and in 1939 returned to Yugoslavia , where he became an associate editor of the Hrvatski narod ( Croatian Folk ) journal and the editor of the underground journal Hrvatska pošta ( The Croatian Post ) . Matica hrvatska published his book , The Croatian People and Their Lands , in 1939 in which he stated that all Bosnian Muslims were Croats by nationality . After the Banovina of Croatia proclamation , he was arrested in 1940 and detained at Lepoglava prison and later in Krušćica , near Vitez . Lorković was a signatory to a declaration , made on 31 March 1941 and signed on 5 May 1941 , in which the Ustaše requested the declaration of a Croatian state . The document also sought German support , protection and recognition among Axis nations .
= = Independent State of Croatia = =
Lorković was one of the most pro @-@ German members of the pre @-@ war Ustaše movement having cultivated political and academic ties in Germany during his time there . After the establishment of the NDH , Lorković became a member of the temporary government of Slavko Kvaternik known as the Croatian State Leadership . On 16 April 1941 , Lorković was named Secretary of the Foreign Ministry in the first government formed by Ante Pavelić , who also served as Foreign Minister . Up to April 1943 , he also served as the chief contact between Edmund Glaise von Horstenau , the Plenipotentiary General in the Independent State of Croatia , and the Pavelić cabinet .
Lorković succeeded Pavelić as Foreign Minister on 9 June 1941 . Shortly after taking office , he inquired with the French authorities about the fate of three Ustaše implicated in the 1934 assassination of King Alexander in Marseilles and sentenced to life imprisonment . The actual assassin was a Bulgarian mercenary , Vlado Chernozemski , who was killed after the deed by French security forces . Two of the men died in prison , but the third , Milan Rajić , was returned to the NDH in early 1942 through the intervention of the German occupation forces in France , where he was later killed allegedly on Pavelić 's orders .
On 27 July 1941 , in a speech designed to inflame Croats against the Serbs living in the NDH , Lorković lied that Serbs had beaten , mutilated and massacred tens of thousands of Croatian peasants during the inter @-@ war period . In August , he strongly opposed an Italian request to implement civil administration in the demilitarized zone of the NDH . The Italians countered the following spring by accusing Lorković of being a communist to discredit him for his pro @-@ German views . Lorković was cleared of all charges after a police investigation . However , a German police attaché in Zagreb did claim that Lorković had been in contact with some communists in the early 1930s and had helped some Croatian communists in 1941 and 1942 . In May 1942 , Lorković was appointed honorary member of the German Institute for Border and Foreign Studies . Lorković , along with Vladimir Košak and Stijepo Perić , strongly opposed Italian influence over the Independent State of Croatia and towards the end of 1942 , wrote a note ( " Spomenica " ) in which he described the cooperative efforts of Italy 's 2nd Army with the Chetniks . This note was officially submitted on 26 January 1943 to the Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano . In response , the Italian diplomat Raffaele Casertano tried to have Lorković removed from office .
Heinrich Himmler , leader of the German Schutzstaffel ( SS ) , wanted to form a Croatian Muslim SS division . He sent Phleps as his representative to Zagreb to begin formal negotiations with the Croatian government on 18 February 1943 . He met with German foreign ministry envoy Siegfried Kasche and Mladen Lorković who represented Pavelić . Pavelić had already agreed to raise the division but the Waffen SS and Croatian government disagreed on how the division would be recruited and controlled . Lorković suggested that it be named " SS Ustaša Division " , a Croatian unit raised with SS assistance , with familiar regimental titles such as Bosna , Krajina and Una . Pavelić and Kasche were concerned that an exclusively Muslim division might aid a Muslim bid for independence . As a compromise , the word " Croatian " was included in its official title and some Croatian Catholic officers were recruited . Himmler and Phleps largely prevailed and created the division as they saw fit causing grave dissatisfaction among the NDH leadership , particularly regarding its ethnic composition .
On 23 April 1943 Lorković was removed from office after Lorković 's cabinet chief , Ivo Kolak , was found guilty of gold smuggling and executed . Following his removal , Lorković was named a Minister in Government 's Presidency , where he was responsible for relations with the German Army , and become a close associate of General Edmund Glaise von Horstenau . During the summer of 1943 , he advocated cooperation with the Croatian Peasant Party ( HSS ) and represented the Ustaše in negotiations with the vice president of the HSS , August Košutić , about forming a coalition government . Lorković advocated a stronger government and greater independence in its activity . He initiated a new government to be led by himself as a prime minister and not the Poglavnik , but Pavelić named Nikola Mandić as prime minister on 2 September 1942 . Lorković and some of his associates submitted their resignations , which were not accepted . Despite this setback , Lorković , along with Mandić , continued negotiations with HSS throughout September finalising them at the end of the month .
After the capitulation of Italy on 20 September 1943 , Lorković , with Kasche and other high @-@ ranking German officers , discussed the return of territory lost after the Treaty of Rome in April 1941 . Ultimately , Hitler gave permission for the Independent State of Croatia to annex the territory by " guaranteeing unlimited independence of Croatia , including this Croatian Adriatic coast . "
On 11 October 1943 , Lorković was named Minister of Interior , where he advocated stricter policing , and a second term as Foreign Minister from 29 April until 5 May 1944 , after his friend Perić was removed from office . It was agreed that Lorković would remain Foreign Minister and Minister of Interior simultaneously , but was soon replaced by Mehmed Alajbegović as Foreign Minister . After realising that Germany would lose the war and the NDH would cease to exist , he advocated radical changes in state policy . In February 1944 , he wrote a detailed memorandum in German which summarized the history , current situation and the fundamental problems of the NDH and its Armed Forces , as well as problems with the German Army .
= = = Lorković @-@ Vokić plot and death = = =
In May 1944 , he secretly met with the president of Knin County , David Sinčić , with whom he discussed the poor state of the German war @-@ effort and that the Allies may invade the Balkans via Taranto . That month , he launched an initiative to renew negotiations with the HSS , which he conducted in his apartment . There , he secretly met with Sinčić , August Košutić and Ivanko Farolfi . Lorković also sought foreign contacts and through Switzerland made contact with British and American officials , but was rebuffed . He proposed that the NDH end its relations with Germany and join the Allies , a proposal supported by the Minister of the Armed Forces , Ante Vokić , as well as many high @-@ ranking Croatian Home Guard officers and politicians . Lorković also negotiatied with the HSS about switching sides with Pavelić 's knowledge and consent .
At a special session of government held on 30 August 1944 in Pavelić 's villa , guarded by armed men , Lorković and Vokić were accused of conspiracy against the Poglavnik and Croatia 's German ally . Vice President of the Government , Džafer Kulenović , and many others defended them but to no avail . Lorković was kept under house arrest until he was tried before the Poglavnik 's Bodyguard Division ( PTS ) where it was decided that he would be stripped of his rank and expelled from the PTS . After the trial , he was transferred to Koprivnica and later in Lepoglava , alongside Vokić , Farolfi , Ljudevit Tomašić and others , although Košturić later escaped . Lorković was executed at the end of April 1945 .
= = Publishing activities = =
Lorković 's publications during the time of the NDH were closely tied with his political activity and state obligations . He cooperated with a number of magazines , such as Croatia , which was published by HIBZ in German and French for the Foreign Ministry .
In 1939 , Matica hrvatska published his book , The Croatian People and Their Lands ( Narod i zemlja Hrvata ) , in which Lorković focused on the issue of Croatian boundaries . In 1942 , he participated in the Croatian Parliament ( Sabor ) . Two of his speeches were independently published : The International Political Position of Croatia ( Međunarodni politički položaj Hrvatske ; 1942 ) and The Croatian Struggle Against Bolshevism ( Hrvatska u borbi protiv boljševizma ; 1944 ) . The latter was published in German in 1944 .
= The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 =
The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 ( also released as The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 : Rise of Electro in some markets ) is a 2014 American superhero film featuring the Marvel Comics character Spider @-@ Man , directed by Marc Webb and released by Columbia Pictures . It is the fifth theatrical Spider @-@ Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment , and is a sequel to The Amazing Spider @-@ Man ( 2012 ) . The studio hired James Vanderbilt to write the screenplay and Alex Kurtzman , and Roberto Orci to rewrite it . The film stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider @-@ Man , Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy , Dane DeHaan as Green Goblin / Harry Osborn , Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz as Peter 's parents , and Sally Field as Aunt May , with the addition of a new cast including Paul Giamatti as Rhino / Aleksei Sytsevich and Jamie Foxx as Electro / Max Dillon .
Development of The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 began after the success of The Amazing Spider @-@ Man . DeHaan , Giamatti , Jones , and Cooper were cast between December 2012 and February 2013 . Filming took place in New York City from February to June 2013 . The film was released in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D on May 2 , 2014 , in the United States with two international premieres being held between March 31 & April 10 , 2014 . The film received mixed reviews , and although it grossed $ 709 million worldwide and became the ninth @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of 2014 , it was the lowest @-@ grossing film in the series . However , the film was declared a " hit " in the overseas markets with high openings and a wide cinematic release . The film subsequently won awards for its music composition and acting , notably one Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award and two ASCAP Awards .
The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 was originally envisioned as the beginning of a shared fictional universe , which would have continued with two sequels and several spin @-@ off films . Due to it performing below expectations , all subsequent installments were cancelled and a new iteration of the character , portrayed by Tom Holland appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , beginning with the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War , before he is scheduled to appear in his own film Spider @-@ Man : Homecoming in 2017 .
= = Plot = =
OsCorp scientist Richard Parker records a video message to explain his disappearance . Later , he and his wife , Mary , are aboard a private jet hijacked by a man sent to assassinate Richard . The plane crashes , killing both Richard and Mary , after he uploads the video .
In the present , Richard 's son Peter continues to fight crime as Spider @-@ Man . He pursues and apprehends Aleksei Sytsevich . Later , Peter meets with Gwen at their high school graduation ceremony and , insisting he keep his vow to her father , ends their relationship . Peter 's childhood friend , Harry Osborn , returns to Manhattan to see his terminally @-@ ill father , Norman , CEO of OsCorp . Norman explains his illness is genetic , and Harry is at the age where it first develops . Norman gives Harry a small device he claims contains his life 's work . The next day , Norman dies and Harry is appointed the new OsCorp CEO .
While working in an OsCorp laboratory , electrical engineer Max Dillon shocks himself by accident and falls into a tank of genetically @-@ engineered electric eels . They attack him , and he mutates into a living electric generator . Meanwhile , Peter attempts to maintain a friendship with Gwen , but she reveals that she may move to England for schooling . Before they can discuss it , Dillon wanders into Times Square , accidentally causing a blackout , and is stopped by Spider @-@ Man after a battle . Dillon is taken to Ravencroft Institute , where he is studied by German scientist Dr. Kafka . Meanwhile , the first symptoms of Harry 's illness are showing , and he uses the device Norman gave him to deduce that Spider @-@ Man 's blood could help save him . He asks Peter , who has been selling photos of Spider @-@ Man to the Daily Bugle , to aid him in finding Spider @-@ Man . Peter refuses , unsure of what effects the transfusion would have . Although he later comes to Harry as Spider @-@ Man , he still refuses , and Harry develops an intense hatred towards Spider @-@ Man . The OsCorp board @-@ members , in particular the vice @-@ president , Donald Menken , frame Harry for covering up Dillon 's accident , and remove him as CEO . Harry 's assistant , Felicia Hardy , informs him of equipment that could help him , so he makes a deal with Dillon , who now calls himself " Electro , " to get him back inside the OsCorp building . There he finds a suit of armour and other equipment made by Norman , as well as venom from the now @-@ destroyed genetically @-@ altered spiders . The venom accelerates Harry 's illness and transforms him into a goblin @-@ like creature , but the suit 's built @-@ in emergency protocol restores his health and cures his disease .
Peter uses information left by his father to locate the video message in an abandoned subway station 's hidden lab . Richard explains he had to leave because he refused to cooperate with Norman 's biogenetic weaponization plans . Peter then hears a voicemail from Gwen , telling him she was offered the British scholarship and is heading to the airport earlier than expected . He manages to catch her and professes his love for her , and , vowing to go wherever she goes , they agree to go to England together . Electro causes another blackout , and Peter heads off to fight him as Spider @-@ Man . Gwen follows , and together they restore power and overload Electro 's body , killing him . Afterward , the transformed Harry , who now calls himself " Green Goblin , " arrives equipped with Norman 's armor and weaponry ; upon seeing Gwen , Green Goblin deduces Spider @-@ Man 's secret identity and , swearing revenge for being refused the blood transfusion , kidnaps her . He fights Spider @-@ Man at the top of a clock tower but is knocked unconscious and defeated . Despite Spider @-@ Man 's attempts to save Gwen , she falls to her death after webbing breaks in the clock tower . Distraught , Peter ends his career as Spider @-@ Man .
Five months later , Harry is coping with the aftereffects of his transformation while incarcerated at Ravencroft . His associate , Gustav Fiers , visits Harry and the pair discuss forming their own team in order carry out their own ends . Harry orders Fiers to start with Sytsevich , and Fiers breaks Sytsevich out of prison . Equipped with electromechanical suit armor , Sytsevich calls himself the Rhino and rampages through the streets . Peter , inspired by Gwen 's graduation speech , resumes his career as Spider @-@ Man and confronts him .
= = Cast = =
Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider @-@ Man : An orphaned teenage boy who received spider @-@ powers after being bitten by a genetically altered spider . Peter first uses his powers to try to hunt down the killer of his uncle in The Amazing Spider @-@ Man but soon decides to use his powers to fight crime as the vigilante known as Spider @-@ Man . Garfield explained that the suit that he would wear in the film would undergo a new design . Garfield hoped to bring back the theme of him being an orphan stating , " I wanna keep exploring that theme of being fatherless , being motherless , searching for purpose and finding a purpose within himself " . He felt that it was his responsibility to take on the role and that he does not take it lightly.Max Charles also reprises his role as Young Peter Parker .
Emma Stone as Gwendolyn " Gwen " Stacy : A high school student and Peter 's love interest . When asked about Peter and Gwen 's relationship in the sequel , Stone said , " She saves him more than he saves her . She 's incredibly helpful to Spider @-@ Man ... He 's the muscle , she 's the brains . "
Jamie Foxx as Max Dillon / Electro : An electrical engineer who works for Oscorp Industries and later transforms into a powerful , electronical creature following an accident , then taking the alias of " Electro " . Foxx described the character as " a nobody " who initially idolizes Spider @-@ Man . He develops an obsession with Spider @-@ Man after being saved by him and obtains his powers through an accident at Oscorp involving electric eels . Foxx revealed that the character would be redesigned to be more grounded , and that the villain 's classic yellow and green suit would be omitted in favor of a modern look like black as depicted in the film .
Dane DeHaan as Harry Osborn / Green Goblin : Peter 's longtime friend for 10 years and son of Norman Osborn . He was sent away to boarding school around the same time Peter 's parents disappeared , and meets him for the first time . He eventually assumes the role of the Green Goblin after injecting a special serum of spider @-@ venom into his body , initially injected to provide a cure , which instead turns him into a hideous , psychotic , goblin @-@ like creature . As the Green Goblin , Harry dons a technological suit capable of healing him and can fly with the use of a large glider .
Colm Feore as Donald Menken : Oscorp 's Vice President and Head of the Board . He is often in dispute with Harry over his capabilities of being a CEO to Oscorp , claiming that because Harry is a boy , he is incapable of leading the company .
Felicity Jones as Felicia Hardy : Norman 's assistant at Oscorp , and later Harry 's . Jones was only credited as Felicia in the final film , her surname was revealed as " Hardy " in a marketing video for the film releasing on digital HD formats .
Paul Giamatti as Aleksei Sytsevich / Rhino : a Russian hired killer for the Russian Mafia , who allies with Harry and receives a massive , well @-@ armored , robotic , rhino @-@ like suit from him , deciding to call himself " the Rhino " . Giamatti said of his character , " He 's a Russian mobster . Russians are always good villains . I have an ability to just destroy things " , he said . " My accent is pretty hammy . I loved doing it . It seemed to me like an opportunity to be as over @-@ the @-@ top hammy as possible . It was really fun . "
Sally Field as Aunt May : Peter 's aunt .
Campbell Scott as Richard Parker : Peter 's father .
Embeth Davidtz as Mary Parker : Peter 's mother .
Marton Csokas as Dr. Kafka : The head of Ravencroft Institute .
Chris Cooper portrays Norman Osborn , the late founder of Oscorp and Harry Osborn 's father , while B. J. Novak portrays Alistair Smythe . Denis Leary reprises his role as George Stacy from the first film , where he appears as a ghost in Peter 's visions , while Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier reprise their roles as Helen Stacy , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy and Simon Stacy respectively . Spider @-@ Man co @-@ creator , Stan Lee , has a cameo appearance as a guest at Peter and Gwen 's graduation ceremony . Michael Massee reprises his role as the " Man in the Shadows " from the first film , with the character now credited as " Gustav Fiers ( The Gentleman ) " . Aidy Bryant appears as a woman dressed as the Statue of Liberty . J.D. Walsh appears as an online instructor demonstrating how batteries work and an uncredited actor portrays the Oscorp hired assassin who was sent to kill Richard and Mary .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
The sequel 's villain was teased in the 2012 film . Webb stated that the origin story would further unfold in the second installment . In June 2012 , Webb said he was unsure whether he would return , though it was confirmed on September 28 , 2012 , that he would return to direct the sequel . He stated that he " wanted to create a universe that not only can withstand but anticipate future storylines " while also " working in and of itself for one movie . " Andrew Garfield had also expressed hope to reprise his role , and in September 2012 , it was confirmed that he would do so . Emma Stone was later confirmed to be reprising her role as Gwen Stacy , having signed a contract for two Amazing Spider @-@ Man sequels . The original costume and mask from The Amazing Spider @-@ Man was altered and has lens in the mask , making the eyes bigger . The web shooters were also modified .
Actor J. K. Simmons expressed interest in reprising his role as J. Jonah Jameson from Sam Raimi 's Spider @-@ Man trilogy should the studio offer it to him . In October 2012 , Electro was rumored as the next villain . Jamie Foxx was given the role . That December , Foxx confirmed that he was cast as the character , and during an interview with MTV , explained that the redesign of the character would be more grounded as well as details of his depiction . On December 3 , 2012 , Marc Webb revealed that Dane DeHaan was chosen to play Harry Osborn . Paul Giamatti was confirmed as a cast member in February 2013 . Felicity Jones confirmed her involvement with the film under an undisclosed role . Giamatti also indicated in an October 2013 interview that he would return in The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 3 as well . On February 27 , 2013 , Chris Cooper was cast as Norman Osborn .
By October 10 , 2012 , Shailene Woodley was in talks for the role of Mary Jane Watson . By March 14 , 2013 , Woodley had concluded filming her small role . Garfield recalled , " I think all of [ those scenes ] were in our backyards . We had two or three scenes with me talking over the fence , and there was one with us riding together on a motorcycle that we never got to shoot . " By mid @-@ June , Mary Jane was cut from the film , with director Webb explaining it as " a creative decision to streamline the story and focus on Peter and Gwen and their relationship . "
= = = Filming = = =
On February 4 , 2013 , Marc Webb posted on Twitter that principal photography had begun and that the sequel was being shot on 35 mm film in the anamorphic format , instead of being filmed digitally as the preceding film was . Sony revealed this would be the first Spider @-@ Man film to be filmed entirely in New York State , including a car @-@ chase scene that was filmed in Rochester because the speed laws are less restrictive in upstate New York . It became the largest film production ever in New York State . The decision to film in Williamsburg , Brooklyn near the Passover holiday caused some controversy , as critics believed that this was culturally insensitive , and would cause problems with parking . The filming company decided to work with the community and then agreed to adjust its production activities for Passover . The producers had assembled a 200 @-@ person crew for the 10 @-@ day shoot in Rochester , with a total number of 250 local crew members and 150 local extras . The prominent scenes were shot mostly on Main Street of Rochester and were digitally remastered to look like New York City .
On June 25 , Webb posted on Twitter that filming was completed . Soundstage work was done at Grumman Studios and Gold Coast Studios , both in Bethpage , New York , and at the Marcy Armory in Brooklyn .
= = = = Special effects = = = =
Sony Pictures Imageworks designed the special effects for the film . The digital composition of the film , including the scene where the battle of Spider @-@ Man and Electro in Times Square , took one year to complete . The sets of Times Square were built in Gold Coast Studios with the green screens and most of the scenes were digitally re @-@ designed by computer . The photography and VFX team took over 36 @,@ 000 photos of the Times Square in order to re @-@ create the location digitally . In addition , the animation team captured over 100 billboards during the photography process .
The film was post @-@ converted from 2D to 3D , in part because the production team wanted to shoot 35 mm film . Dan Mindel used Kodak Vision3 500T 5219 and 200T 5213 , while the second unit shot day exteriors on Kodak Vision3 50D 5203 . During the production , 20 layers of lightning CGI effects were applied to depict Electro . Jamie Foxx was photographed as Electro by KNB EFX team and the skin colors used to show the moods of the character . A total number of 1600 , visual effects shots of the film was originally filmed in 2K resolution and then converted into 4K resolution with the help of color grading . To give the visual effects a realistic look , sound designers Addison Teague and Eric Norris and re @-@ recording mixers Paul Massey and David Giammarco mixed the background music using Auro 11 @.@ 1 cinema sound technology and the film 's soundtrack was remixed using Dolby Atmos , Auro and Dolby 5 @.@ 1 .
= = = Post @-@ production = = =
The film was mixed in Auro 11 @.@ 1 and Dolby Atmos in the converted William Holden Theater . The mix for both was completed by Paul Massey and David Giammarco .
A mid @-@ credit teaser scene from X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past was added to the film after its London premiere , due to an existing deal between Webb and 20th Century Fox , in which Fox allowed Webb to direct the film if Sony would promote the X @-@ Men film for free . The scene , set during the Vietnam War , shows Mystique ( Jennifer Lawrence ) , a rogue mutant , trying to infiltrate a military camp led by William Stryker ( Josh Helman ) in an attempt to recruit fellow mutants Havok ( Lucas Till ) and Toad ( Evan Jonigkeit ) . The scene 's inclusion sparked confusion among some viewers in the United Kingdom , who thought it meant an X @-@ Men – Spider @-@ Man crossover film was being planned , based on how Marvel Studios and Disney use codas within the Marvel Cinematic Universe to promote future films .
= = = Music = = =
On July 20 , 2013 , Webb announced that Hans Zimmer would be composing the music for the film , replacing James Horner , the composer of the first film . On October 25 , 2013 , Pharrell Williams revealed to Billboard that he would co @-@ compose the score with Zimmer . Webb and Zimmer formed a supergroup with Williams , Johnny Marr , Mike Einziger and former Eurythmic , David A. Stewart to create the music for the sequel . Eventually , Stewart did not participate in the film 's music , and the supergroup , credited as The Magnificent Six ( a reference to the Sinister Six ) was composed of Williams , Marr , Einziger , Junkie XL , Steve Mazzaro and Andrew Kawczynski assisting Zimmer . The soundtrack for the film was released on April 22 , 2014 by Columbia Records and Madison Gate Records . Hans Zimmer described his work for this film asdifferent from previous works by him , thus revealing one of the themes for the film , which was first heard on the website .
On March 31 , 2014 , a track called " It 's On Again " was uploaded to Soundcloud . It features vocals by Kendrick Lamar and Alicia Keys . Keys announced the song on Twitter and credited Zimmer and Williams , along with Lamar and herself for the song , indicating the song as a part of the film 's soundtrack . Webb described the song as “ upbeat and exciting ” .
= = Marketing = =
The release of the film in the United Kingdom was postponed to April 16 , 2014 , two days ahead of its original April 18 date . Deadline reported that , in addition to the production budget , the film 's marketing budget was $ 180 – 190 million .
On July 17 , 2013 , Sony released a clip from the film with the first released footage of Jamie Foxx as Electro to encourage attendance at the panel , at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International . At the panel they premiered a four @-@ minute trailer , which was not publicly released but eventually leaked on the internet . Viral marketing for the film included a version of the Daily Bugle on the blogging service Tumblr , which included references to Kate Cushing , Detective Stan Carter , the " Big Man " , Izzy Bunsen , Joy Mercado , Donald Menken , the Vulture , Hydro @-@ Man , Spencer Smythe , Ned Leeds , Anne Weying , J. Jonah Jameson , Shocker , Alistair Smythe , Doctor Octopus , Eddie Brock , The Enforcers and Puma . Marc Webb posted a photo on Twitter with a message written in Dwarven language revealing that the first trailer would debut prior to 3D screenings of The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug .
On December 8 , 2013 , it was announced that new footage from the film would be presented during New Year 's Eve festivities at New York City 's Times Square . The film was further promoted during the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) " Earth Hour " campaign . The cast was present at the launch of the 2014 event in Singapore . Disney Consumer Products announced a merchandise product line for the film at the American International Toy Fair on February 17 , 2014 .
In March 2014 , Gameloft and Marvel announced the launch of a mobile game of the same name for smartphones and tablets . It was released on consoles afterward . Kellogg 's released an application featuring the film . Evian served as a promotional partner of the film . On April 1 , 2014 , the brand released an advertisement " The Amazing Baby & Me 2 " featuring Spider @-@ Man and a baby version of him , as a follow @-@ up to their original " Baby & Me " campaign . The film partnered with NBCUniversal for advertising . Spots for the film appeared on Bravo , E ! , USA , Syfy , Telemundo , and mun2 . A customized page was created on Fandango . In May 2014 , Marvel announced that Spider @-@ Man 's costume from the film would be shown within Marvel : Avengers Alliance .
= = Home media = =
Fans who saw the film started petitions on several petition websites to include a " Director 's Cut " in the home video release for cutting out scenes from the film 's marketing , including scenes featuring Martin Sheen reprising his role as Uncle Ben and Chris Zylka reprising his role as Flash Thompson , along with Shailene Woodley and Electro 's deleted scenes and a post @-@ credits scene . The film has an alternate ending where Peter Parker 's father meets Peter at Gwen 's resting place . Creative agency Deckhouse Digital was hired to produce several animated GIFs ahead of the DVD / Blu @-@ ray release as part of a sponsored ad campaign on Tumblr . The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment for digital download on August 5 , 2014 and was released on Blu @-@ ray , Blu @-@ ray 3D and DVD on August 19 , 2014 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 received mixed reviews from film critics and audiences . The Los Angeles Times said , " [ The film is ] overstuffed with plot lines , set pieces and villains , although stars Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone do their best to give the movie heart . " Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 53 % approval rating from critics , with an average score of 5 @.@ 8 / 10 based on 267 reviews . The site 's consensus states : " While the cast is outstanding and the special effects are top @-@ notch , the latest installment of the Spidey saga suffers from an unfocused narrative and an overabundance of characters . " On Metacritic the film also has a score of 53 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was B + on an A + to F scale .
The main criticisms of the film were the underdeveloped characters , overlong running time , and crowded script . However , the special effects , chemistry between Stone and Garfield , Dane DeHaan 's performance , the action scenes , and Hans Zimmer 's musical score were met with high praise . Foxx 's portrayal of Max Dillon / Electro was met with mixed reviews .
Tim Robey of The Telegraph said , " Marc Webb 's Spider @-@ Man sequel is overstuffed with high @-@ voltage villains , but the sparks between Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone save the day " . Simon Reynolds of Digital Spy said , " Peter 's past , present and future all intertwine in a sequel that offers bang for your buck . That said you can 't help [ but ] feel the franchise bean counters at work here thanks to all the ominous foreshadowing and unresolved character arcs . Too many cooks and all that ... " . Kim Newman of Empire scored the film three out of five stars , saying : " A few too @-@ broad gags aside — and even these are in the funky spirit of ' 60s Marvel — this is a satisfying second issue with thrills , heartbreak , gasps , and a perfectly judged slingshot ending . " Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter said , " The eponymous hero hits his super @-@ heroic stride here , as does Andrew Garfield in the role , especially when Spider @-@ Man 's alter ego Peter Parker learns there 's always some fine print in a contract with this many benefits . The plot gets itself tangled up in multiple villain strands , but in the main , this installment is emotionally weightier and more satisfying than its predecessor . " Guy Lodge of Variety said , " Redundancy remains a problem , but this overlong superhero sequel gets by on sound , fury and star chemistry . " Richard Roeper gave the film a B + , stating that " It 's about 20 minutes too long and it 's overstuffed with too many characters and too many subplots , but there 's enough good stuff in The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 to warrant optimism about the next chapter of the franchise . " A negative review came from Peter Travers of Rolling Stone , giving the film two stars out of four , he said : " Things go wrong quickly with Amazing 2 . Am I the only one who hates the word Amazing to describe a movie that isn 't ? Just asking . "
= = = Box office = = =
The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 grossed $ 8 @.@ 7 million on its early Thursday night showings . It finished its opening weekend in first place with $ 91 @.@ 6 million , almost $ 30 million more than the opening weekend gross of the first film . The film grossed $ 202 @,@ 853 @,@ 933 in North America and $ 506 @,@ 128 @,@ 390 in other countries , for a total gross of $ 708 @,@ 982 @,@ 323 .
Outside North America , The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 opened on April 16 , 2014 to $ 2 @.@ 73 million in the UK and to $ 190 @,@ 000 in Belgium , while opening to $ 1 @.@ 44 million in Australia and $ 1 @.@ 11 million in Germany . The film 's release in India was the biggest opening weekend for an American film at that point . In China , the film played on 11 @,@ 002 screens , which is the biggest release of any film in history . On its opening day in Hong Kong , the film earned $ 1 @.@ 23 million , the highest opening gross in the territory .
= = = Accolades = = =
= = Canceled franchise and reboot = =
Sony had originally intended the film to launch an expansive film universe around Spider Man to compete with the Marvel Cinematic Universe . In 2013 , Sony announced a third Amazing Spider @-@ Man film with a release date of June 10 , 2016 , which Alex Kurtzman , Roberto Orci and Jeff Pinkner would return to write , and a fourth film with a release date of May 4 , 2018 . Additionally , the series was to include spin @-@ off films featuring the Sinister Six and Venom , with Drew Goddard writing and directing Sinister Six and Kurtzman directing a Venom script co @-@ written by himself , Orci , and Ed Solomon . Sinister Six had been planned for a November 11 , 2016 release . Additionally , by August 2014 , Sony had hired Lisa Joy Nolan to write the script for a 2017 film starring a Marvel superheroine .
However , between December 2013 and the release of The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 in May 2014 , Garfield and Webb revealed that while they would both return for the third film , neither was certain of their involvement in the fourth , with Webb adding he would certainly not be directing . Following the mixed critical reviews and franchise @-@ low box office performance of The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 2 , the future of the franchise was unclear . By July 2014 , Orci had left the third film to work on Star Trek Beyond , The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 3 , which would have included Chris Cooper returning as Norman Osborn and focused on Peter 's recovering from Gwen 's death , was delayed to an unspecified date in 2018 , and The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 4 was moved to a later , unknown date .
Following the 2014 Sony Pictures Entertainment hack , Sony was revealed to have been in talks to have Sam Raimi return to the franchise to direct a new trilogy for the character and was in discussion with Marvel Studios about including Spider @-@ Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain America : Civil War . Marvel reportedly was unhappy with some of the terms of the proposed arrangement , including the film rights staying with Sony , and both talks allegedly ceased . However , in February 2015 , Sony and Marvel Studios announced that a new iteration of Spider @-@ Man will appear in the MCU , with the character appearing in Captain America : Civil War before Sony releases a standalone film titled Spider @-@ Man : Homecoming produced by Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal on July 7 , 2017 . Following this announcement , The Amazing Spider @-@ Man 3 was canceled . Sony Pictures will continue to finance , distribute , own and have final creative control of the Spider @-@ Man films . Marvel Studios and Sony will explore opportunities to integrate other characters of the MCU into future Spider @-@ Man films . Tom Holland stars as the new Spider @-@ Man . In March 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter has reported that Sony are moving forward with the standalone Venom film with Dante Harper writing the script while Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach will be producing and supervising the project ; it will not be related to the Amazing Spider @-@ Man film franchise and the MCU 's Spider @-@ Man .
= Dance for You =
" Dance for You " is a song by American singer Beyoncé for the deluxe edition of her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It was written by Beyoncé , Terius " The @-@ Dream " Nash and Christopher " Tricky " Stewart , while production was handled by the former two . " Dance for You " is a midtempo R & B and synthpop song , in which Beyoncé adopts sensual vocals . The instrumental elements used on it include echoing drum patterns and clapping synthesizers . In " Dance for You " , Beyoncé , as the female protagonist , speaks of the love she has for her man and about all the things she will do to show him her appreciation .
" Dance for You " was well received by contemporary music critics , who noted its similarity to songs by Janet Jackson ; they also praised its production and Beyoncé 's vocals . Following the release of 4 , " Dance for You " charted at number 200 on the South Korean International Singles Chart , and at number 147 on the UK Singles Chart . Though the song was never released as a single , it appeared on several charts in the United States based on radio support . " Dance for You " reached number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and number six on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart .
Its music video was directed by Beyoncé and Alan Ferguson . The clip debuted on November 25 , 2011 and was placed on the concert DVD Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 ( 2011 ) . Inspired by 1940 's film noir , the video is shot in black @-@ and @-@ white and captures Beyoncé dancing and flipping her hair in a detective 's office to seduce him . Critics wrote that the video contains some of Beyoncé 's best and most sensual moves , called her a femme fatale , and commented that its concept effectively matched the song 's lyrics . The song was part of Beyoncé 's set list during her residency show Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live ( 2012 ) and The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour ( 2013 ) .
= = Background and composition = =
" Dance for You " was written by Beyoncé , Terius " The @-@ Dream " Nash and Christopher " Tricky " Stewart , with production by Beyoncé and Nash . The song was recorded at MSR Studios in New York City and Real World Studios at Box , Wiltshire . It was made available on the deluxe edition of 4 , which was available for purchase at Target Corporation until January 2012 . The deluxe edition was released to iTunes Stores on January 2 , 2012 . It includes two additional tracks , " Schoolin ' Life " and " Lay Up Under Me " , and three remixes of " Run the World ( Girls ) " ( 2011 ) . " Dance for You " is a midtempo R & B and synthpop song with a sensual vibe . In the song , Beyoncé sexifies her vocals and sings over echoing drum patterns , an electric guitar , a bluesy guitar , church organs , and clapping synthesizers . " Dance for You " bears resemblance to Janet Jackson 's work . Thematically , the song is similar to Beyoncé 's " Speechless " ( 2003 ) and Destiny 's Child 's " Cater 2 U " ( 2005 ) ; it is about showing appreciation and gratitude .
In " Dance for You " , Beyoncé , as the female protagonist , expresses her feelings to her man and tells him how devoted she is to him . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News wrote that the song is " about keeping things hot with her man " . Echoing Vena 's sentiments , Marc Hogan of Spin magazine described the lyrics as detailing a " triumphantly monogamous relationship " . In the first verse , Beyoncé sings about how understanding , loyal , and patient her man is . She further states that she really cares about his heart , she has a lot of valuable things to say , and that for all these reasons , she is going to dance for him .
After telling her love interest to " sit back and watch " , Beyoncé sings the chorus , where she states the things she will do to show her appreciation to her love interest , " Tonight I 'm gonna dance for you / Tonight I 'm gonna dance for you / Tonight I 'm gonna put my body on your body / Boy , I like it when you watch me / Tonight it 's going down . " In the second verse , she sings : " You 'll never need two , because I will be your number one / Them other chicks are superficial / But I know you know I 'm the one / That 's why I 'm all into you / Cuz I can recognize that you know that / That 's why I ’ m backin ' this thing back / Pop poppin ' this thing back " . Before the song ends , Beyoncé repeatedly chants " yes " in the background as the electric guitar crescendos into a piercing subliminal sound .
On October 20 , 2012 , a remix of the song featuring a rap verse from American rapper T.I. was released online . His rap appears at the three and a half minute mark of the song as he sings about " how he loves it when his lady gives it to him dirty when no one is around " and " lives out his fantasy with candlelight ( for a little ambiance ) , lingerie and Louis Vuitton " . He later adds , " I just want to watch the moon glisten off your body ... I really just want to peel you out dem clothes and show you how excited I am to lay you down right now . " The remix was well received by music critics . A writer of Vibe magazine commented that it " is sultry and will steam up any club , bedroom or wherever you like to get dirty " . A writer of Rap @-@ Up magazine described the remix as " amazing " , adding that " [ t ] he bedroom will be banging to this remix " . Similarly , X. Alexander of the website Idolator praised the remix , writing that T.I. ' s vocals make the " smooth , bedroom @-@ ready R & B track that much sexier " .
= = Critical reception = =
Idolator 's staff members wrote that " Dance for You " is a " dangerously slick slow @-@ jam " . Similarly , Carrie Batta of Pitchfork Media commented that the song is an " impeccable slow jam " . Describing the song as " saucy " , Pip Ellwood of Entertainment Focus wrote that " Dance for You " is the best of the three deluxe tracks . Natalie Finn of E ! Online described the song as a " come @-@ hither love letter to the man in her life , set to a sultry beat " . By contrast , Joshua Glossner of The Daily Collegian found the song to be too lengthy , adding , " Well I hope she hurries up and shows him how much she loves him before the eternity @-@ long track is done . " He further noted that " Dance For You " immediately reminded him of Ciara 's " Promise " ( 2006 ) . Marc Hogan of Spin magazine found " Dance for You " to be " a sort of strip @-@ club jam set , as with the rest of the album " . He added that the song would fit squarely on a track by The Weeknd , owing to " the bluesy guitar and smoky organ " . However , he concluded that " it 's not exactly worth plunking down another 32 bucks for " . Danielle Cheesman of MSN Music showed high favoritism for " Dance for You " , writing :
'Dance for You ' puts [ Beyoncé ] in the bedroom . Clocking in at over 6 minutes , the song of seduction plays as if it was being undressed , much like [ Beyoncé ] is , piece by piece , lyric for lyric . As with 'Speechless ' and ' Cater 2 U ' , [ she ] often forgoes the independent woman anthems and beautiful power ballads to remind us that she is a real sexual being rather than a formulated sex symbol . It is breathy , but not boring . It does not chronicle innocent lovemaking with sugarcoated terms , but the grittier things that really go down when you are completely comfortable ( and overly confident ) with , as she puts it , the person ' you 'd like to thank , in case you don 't thank them enough ' .
At the 2013 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards " Dance for You " was one of the songs to win in the category for Award @-@ Winning R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs .
= = Chart performance = =
For the week ending July 30 , 2011 , " Dance for You " debuted at number 200 on the South Korean International Singles Chart , selling 3 @,@ 142 digital downloads . For the week ending March 29 , 2012 , the song became the sixth song from 4 to chart on the US Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs as it debuted at number 76 . " Dance for You " entered the top ten of the chart issue dated September 29 , 2012 at number 10 . It became Beyoncé 's nineteenth top 10 as a soloist and extended her lead for the most top 10s among female artists since 2000 . " Dance for You " marked the third time Beyoncé had claimed a quartet of top 10s from a single album . " Dance for You " continued its ascension on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart until it reached its peak position at number 6 . On the US Mainstream R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Airplay chart , the song marked Beyoncé 's fifth top 10 - the first time she has claimed five top 10s on that tally from one album . For the week ending September 22 , 2012 , " Dance for You " debuted at number 100 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It later reached a peak at number 78 .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and concept = = =
An accompanying music video for " Dance for You " was co @-@ directed by Beyoncé and Alan Ferguson . It was filmed in a vintage New York @-@ styled office before Beyoncé 's baby bump started showing . Two previews of the video were posted online on November 21 , 2011 . In the first preview , Beyoncé wears pants , garters and a wrap dress as she performs a sexy dance routine on a desk while a man watches her dance . In the second preview , she wears the same outfit and dances seductively in front of a chair in an office as the camera cuts to the man , who is watching her . Beyoncé pays homage to German @-@ American actress and singer Marlene Dietrich in the video as she channels a 1920s @-@ inspired look and stars as a screen siren . In the behind @-@ of the @-@ scene of the video , Beyoncé said :
I wanted the video to have the same rawness that both the melody and the lyrics of the song have because " Dance for You " is one of my most intimate songs . I wanted the video to have a classic feel ; to be seductive but still keep the sense of mystery . When I write , when I perform , and when I make music videos , I don ’ t hold anything back . ' Dance for You ' is about that same passion ; to be free and unrestrained .
Many critics , including Jocelyn Vena of MTV News and Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine , noted that that the clip was inspired by 1940 's film noir . Similarly , The Improper Bostonian wrote that the setting looks like a Humphrey Bogart movie , further calling it " a clear take @-@ off " on mid @-@ 20th Century film noir due to its utilization of sharp camera angles and deep shadows . Although initially planned to debut on November 27 , 2011 , the release of the video was changed to November 25 , 2011 . However , it premiered online before its official release on E ! Online . " Dance For You " is the seventh video from 4 . It was included on the deluxe edition of Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 ( 2011 ) , which was released on November 29 , 2011 . The video was digitally released to iTunes Stores on November 27 , 2011 .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The video is shot in black @-@ and @-@ white and is set in a dimly lit and smoky office , where Beyoncé puts on a private show for a detective ( played by actor Brett G. Smith ) . As the clip begins , the detective is gazing out the window . Beyoncé then arrives and stands in an open doorway while rain pours outside . With wavy hair and winged eyeliner , Beyoncé is dressed in a thigh @-@ length leather trench coat and high stockings . After walking inside the office , she immediately strips off her coat . This reveals a satin dress over black panties and thigh @-@ high pantyhose held up by garters . When the music starts , Beyoncé sits on a desk and plays with her hair , her back facing the face of the detective . The latter leans against his desk while watching Beyoncé , who starts to dance sensually on the desk and flips her hair to seduce him . As Beyoncé dances around the armchair , she exposes her vintage @-@ style underwear .
The man is now standing , his arms crossed , and watches with pleasure as Beyoncé continues the private dance . After several minutes of teasing , Beyoncé approaches the detective , who is now smiling , and knocks a stack of papers off of his desk so she can rub against him . She then pulls open the blinds to let light in . At the same time , several other women are seen to be present in the room . They were apparently there all along , hidden in the darkness . Together , they give a choreographed teaser dance in front of their own respective antique fans while their hair is blowing . The women move about to continue the dance elsewhere in the room , executing some hip @-@ shaking moves . They later perform a chair @-@ dancing routine with Beyoncé , and whip their hair back and forth . The video ends with a fade to black as Beyoncé approaches the man at his desk .
= = = Reception = = =
Many reviewers have commented on the sexiness displayed in the video . Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine commented that the video was " sexy " and that " Beyoncé pops it back for a mysterious detective . " Lewis Corner of Digital Spy wrote that Beyoncé dances " seductively " in the office . Andrew Martin of Prefix Magazine wrote : " To anyone who finds Beyoncé attractive or has ever wanted her to dance for them , we bring you her latest video . The visuals for ' Dance for You ' are more or less a chance for her to show off why so many of you think her husband , Jay @-@ Z , is the luckiest man alive . " Leah Collins of Canadian magazine Dose wrote , " It 's all very sultry and intimate to a point — that point being the moment she unveils a line @-@ up of back @-@ up dancers . " Similarly , a writer of the website Idolator commented , " ' Dance for You ' doesn 't compare to the spectacle of say , the ' Run the World ( Girls ) ' clip , but it is effective . [ ... ] It 's a mostly private dance — until all those other ladies show up . " The writer also called Beyoncé a femme fatale in the video . Likewise , Sarah Anne Hughes of The Washington Post wrote that Beyoncé " goes full on femme fatale " and concluded that the concept of the video " is about as straightforward as can be " . Marc Hogan of Spin magazine noted , " The video follows pretty literally from the song 's theme , with Mrs. Jay @-@ Z grinding sensuously . " A writer of Vibe magazine noted that Beyoncé was " keeping things sexy " with the video for the song .
Michael O 'Connell of The Hollywood Reporter noted that the video contains Beyoncé 's " trademark moves " . Likewise , Ben Kaye of the website Consequence of Sound wrote , " [ In the clip ] , we witness the always mesmerizing songstress seducing a private detective with a sultry version of the twisting and twerking she 's famous for . Essentially , it 's just what you 'd expect from the track 's lyrics , and that 's in no way a bad thing . " Contessa Gayles of The Boombox wrote that " Beyoncé rocks the racy shoot in satin hot pants , garters and a slinky wrap dress " , further describing her look and the set as " sexy " . Matt Donnelly of Los Angeles Times described the video as " sultry " and further found " a Jessica Rabbit vibe " . Donnelly also wrote , " The video carries the standard Bey DNA — wind machines , plunging necklines and lots of hair . Not that we 're complaining . " Derek Johnson of Long Island Press commented that the video is " heating up the Internet and we 're pretty sure we know why " , referring to Beyoncé 's figure . He further commended Beyoncé for taking viewers back to the days of black and white television and " into the office of a lonely detective on a rainy day . We 've all seen that show before , but not like this . " Natalie Finn of E ! Online compared the video with the one for " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " ( 2008 ) , adding that it " sticks with the power of black and white " , and describing the set as " naughty " . Katie Hasty of the website HitFix praised Beyoncé 's look in the video but commented , " If you 're a hetero sexual lady detective , however , this is sort of boring . "
= = Live performances = =
Beyoncé performed the song for the first time as a part of her residency show Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States ' entertainment resort , hotel , casino and spa , Revel . The performance featured Beyoncé leading a group of ten dancers to perform a choreographed bump and grind dance . While performing the choreography , Beyoncé did not sing the song live , but was accompanied vocally by her three backup vocalists , the Mamas . The performance of " Dance for You " was later included on the live album Live in Atlantic City ( 2013 ) which was filmed during the revue . " Dance for You " was also performed during the opening shows of the first leg of Beyoncé 's Mrs. Carter Show World Tour .
= = Charts = =
= Meher Baba =
Meher Baba ( born Merwan Sheriar Irani ; 25 February 1894 – 31 January 1969 ) was an Indian spiritual master who said he was the Avatar , God in human form .
Merwan Sheriar Irani was born in 1894 in Pune , India to Irani Zoroastrian parents . At the age of 19 , he began a seven @-@ year spiritual transformation . During this time he contacted five spiritual masters before beginning his own mission and gathering his own disciples in early 1922 , at the age of 27 .
From 10 July 1925 to the end of his life , Meher Baba maintained silence , communicating by means of an alphabet board or by unique hand gestures . With his mandali ( circle of disciples ) , he spent long periods in seclusion , during which time he often fasted . He also traveled widely , held public gatherings and engaged in works of charity with lepers , the poor and the mentally ill .
In 1931 , Meher Baba made the first of many visits to the West , where he attracted followers . Throughout most of the 1940s , Meher Baba worked with a category of spiritual aspirants called masts , who he said are entranced or spellbound by internal spiritual experiences . Starting in 1949 , along with selected mandali , he traveled incognito about India in an enigmatic and still largely unexplained period he called the " New Life " .
After being injured as a passenger in two serious automobile accidents , one in the United States in 1952 and one in India in 1956 , his ability to walk became severely limited . In 1962 , he invited his Western followers to India for a mass darshan called " The East @-@ West Gathering " . Concerned by an increasing use of LSD and other psychedelic drugs , in 1966 Baba stated that they did not convey real benefits . Despite deteriorating health , he continued what he called his " Universal Work " , which included fasting and seclusion , until his death on 31 January 1969 . His samadhi ( shrine / tomb ) in Meherabad , India , has become a place of international pilgrimage .
Meher Baba gave numerous teachings on the cause and purpose of life , including teaching reincarnation and that the phenomenal world is an illusion . He taught that the Universe is imagination , that God is what really exists , and that each soul is really God passing through imagination to realize individually His own divinity . In addition he gave practical advice for the aspirant who wishes to attain Self @-@ realization and thereby escape the wheel of births and deaths . He also taught about the concept of Perfect Masters , the Avatar , and those on the various stages of the spiritual path that he called involution . His teachings are most importantly recorded in his principal books Discourses and God Speaks .
His legacy includes the Avatar Meher Baba Charitable Trust he established in India , a handful of centers for information and pilgrimage , as well as an influence on pop @-@ culture artists and the introduction of common expressions such as " Don 't Worry , Be Happy . " Meher Baba 's silence has remained a mysterious issue as much among his followers as with the rest of the world .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Meher Baba was an Irani born in Pune , India to a Zoroastrian family . His given name was Merwan Sheriar Irani . He was the second son of Sheriar Irani , a Persian Zoroastrian who had spent years wandering in search of spiritual experience before settling in Poona ( now Pune ) , and Shireen Irani .
As a boy he formed " The Cosmopolitan Club " , which was dedicated to remaining informed in world affairs and giving money to charity . He was a multi @-@ instrumentalist and poet . Fluent in several languages , he was especially fond of the poetry of Hafez , Shakespeare , and Shelley .
In his youth , he had no mystical inclinations or experiences , and was " [ u ] ntroubled as yet by a sense of his own destiny ... " He was more interested in sports and was co @-@ captain of his high school cricket team . At the age of 19 , during his second year at Deccan College in Pune , he met a very old Muslim woman who was locally revered as a saint , named Hazrat Babajan , who kissed him on the forehead . The event affected him profoundly , leaving him visibly dazed , and he gave up his normal activities . After that he contacted other spiritual figures , who , along with Babajan , he later said were the five " Perfect Masters " of the age : Tajuddin Baba , Narayan Maharaj , Sai Baba of Shirdi , and Upasni Maharaj .
Upasni Maharaj , he later said , helped him to integrate his mystical experiences with normal consciousness , thus enabling him to function in the world without diminishing his experience of God @-@ realization . In late 1921 , at the age of 27 , after living for seven years with Upasni , Merwan started to attract a following of his own . His early followers gave him the name " Meher Baba " , meaning " Compassionate Father " .
In 1922 , Meher Baba and his followers established " Manzil @-@ e @-@ Meem " ( House of the Master ) in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) . There Baba began his practice of demanding strict discipline and obedience from his disciples . A year later , Baba and his mandali moved to an area a few miles outside Ahmednagar that he named " Meherabad " ( Meher flourishing ) . This ashram would become the center for his work . During the 1920s , Meher Baba opened a school , hospital and dispensary at Meherabad . All three were free and open to all castes and faiths .
In July 1925 , Meher Baba began a life @-@ long period of self @-@ imposed silence , communicating first by use of chalk and slate , then by an alphabet board and later by self @-@ styled hand gestures . In January 1927 he gave up writing with pen or pencil also .
= = = 1930s – First contacts with the West = = =
In the 1930s , Meher Baba began a period of extensive world travel , with several trips to Europe and the United States . It was during this period that he established contact with his first close group of Western disciples . He traveled on a Persian passport because he had given up writing as well as speaking and would not sign the forms required by the British government of India .
On his first trip to England in 1931 he traveled on the SS Rajputana , the same ship that was carrying Mahatma Gandhi , who was sailing to the second Round Table Conference in London . Baba and Gandhi had three meetings onboard , including one that lasted for three hours . The British press highlighted these meetings , but an aide to Gandhi said , " You may say emphatically that Gandhi never asked Meher Baba for help or for spiritual or other advice . "
On 20 May 1932 Baba arrived in New York and provided the press with a 1000 @-@ word written statement , which was described by devotee Quentin Tod as his " Message to America " . In the statement Baba proclaimed himself " one with the infinite source of everything " and declared his intention to break his silence : " When I speak , my original message will be delivered to the world and it will have to be accepted . " When asked about the Indo @-@ British political situation he had no comment , but his followers explained that he had told Gandhi to abandon politics .
In the West , Meher Baba met with a number of celebrities and artists , including Hollywood notables Gary Cooper , Charles Laughton , Tallulah Bankhead , Boris Karloff , Tom Mix , Maurice Chevalier , Ernst Lubitsch and others . On 1 June 1932 Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks , Jr. held a reception for Baba at Pickfair where he delivered a message to Hollywood . As a result , Meher Baba emerged as " one of the enthusiasms of the ' 30s " .
In 1934 , after announcing that he would break his self @-@ imposed silence in the Hollywood Bowl , Baba suddenly changed his plans and boarded the RMS Empress of Canada and sailed to Hong Kong without explanation . The Associated Press reported that " Baba had decided to postpone the word @-@ fast breaking until next February because ' conditions are not yet ripe ' . " He returned to England in 1936 but did not return to the United States again until the early 1950s .
In the late 1930s , Meher Baba invited a group of Western women to join him in India , where he arranged a series of trips throughout India and Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) that became known as the Blue Bus Tours . When they returned home , many newspapers treated their journey as an occasion for scandal . Time Magazine 's 1936 review of God is my Adventure describes the US 's fascination with the " long @-@ haired , silky @-@ mustached Parsee named Shri Sadgaru [ sic ] Meher Baba " four years earlier .
= = = 1940s – Masts and the New Life = = =
In the 1930s and 1940s , Meher Baba did extensive work with a category of people he termed " masts " , who are persons " intoxicated with God " . According to Baba these individuals are essentially disabled by their enchanting experience of the higher spiritual planes . Although outwardly masts may appear irrational or even insane , Baba claimed that their spiritual status was actually quite elevated , and that by meeting with them he helped them to move forward spiritually while enlisting their aid in his spiritual work . One of the best known of these masts , known as Mohammed Mast , lived at Meher Baba 's encampment at Meherabad until his death in 2003 .
In 1949 Baba began an enigmatic period that he called the " New Life " . Following a series of questions on their readiness to obey even the most difficult of his requests , Baba selected twenty companions to join him in a life of complete " hopelessness and helplessness " .
He made provisions for those dependent on him , after which he and his companions otherwise gave up almost all property and financial responsibilities . They then traveled about India incognito while begging for food and carrying out Baba 's instructions in accordance with a strict set of " conditions of the New Life " . These included absolute acceptance of any circumstance and consistent good cheer in the face of any difficulty . Companions who failed to comply were sent away .
About the New Life Meher Baba wrote :
This New Life is endless , and even after my physical death it will be kept alive by those who live the life of complete renunciation of falsehood , lies , hatred , anger , greed and lust ; and who , to accomplish all this , do no lustful actions , do no harm to anyone , do no backbiting , do not seek material possessions or power , who accept no homage , neither covet honor nor shun disgrace , and fear no one and nothing ; by those who rely wholly and solely on God , and who love God purely for the sake of loving ; who believe in the lovers of God and in the reality of Manifestation , and yet do not expect any spiritual or material reward ; who do not let go the hand of Truth , and who , without being upset by calamities , bravely and wholeheartedly face all hardships with one hundred percent cheerfulness , and give no importance to caste , creed and religious ceremonies . This New Life will live by itself eternally , even if there is no one to live it .
Meher Baba ended the New Life in February 1952 and once again began a round of public appearances throughout India and the West .
= = = 1950s – God Speaks and automobile accidents = = =
In the 1950s Baba established two centers outside of India : the Meher Spiritual Center in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina in the United States and Avatar 's Abode near Brisbane , Australia . He inaugurated the Meher Spiritual Center in April 1952 . On 24 May 1952 , en route from the Spiritual Center to Meher Mount in Ojai , California , the car in which he was a passenger was struck head @-@ on near Prague , Oklahoma . He and his companions were thrown from the vehicle and suffered many injuries . Baba 's leg was severely broken and he sustained facial injuries , including a broken nose . The injured were treated at Duke Hospital in Durham , North Carolina , after which they returned to Myrtle Beach to recuperate . While recuperating at Youpon Dunes , a home owned by Elizabeth Patterson , in Myrtle Beach , he worked on the charter for a group of Sufis , which he named Sufism Reoriented .
Meher Baba began dictating his major book , God Speaks , The Theme of Creation and Its Purpose , in Dehradun , August 1953 . In September of 1954 , Meher Baba gave a men @-@ only sahavas at Meherabad that later became known as the " Three Incredible Weeks " . During this time Baba issued a declaration , " Meher Baba 's Call " , wherein he once again affirmed his Avatarhood " irrespective of the doubts and convictions " of others . At the end of this sahavas Meher Baba gave the completed manuscript of his book God Speaks to two members of Sufism Reoriented , Ludwig H. Dimpfl and Don E. Stevens , for editing and publication in America . The book was subsequently published by Dodd , Mead and Company the following year .
On 30 September 1954 Meher Baba gave his " Final Declaration " message , in which he made various enigmatic predictions .
In October 1954 , Meher Baba discarded his alphabet board and began using a unique set of hand gestures to communicate , which he used for the remainder of his life .
On 2 December 1956 , outside Satara , India , the car in which Baba was being driven went out of control and a second serious automobile accident occurred . Baba suffered a fractured pelvis and other severe injuries . Dr. Nilu , one of Baba 's mandali , was killed . This collision seriously incapacitated Baba . Despite his physicians ' predictions to the contrary , after great effort Baba managed to walk again , but from that point on he was in constant pain and was severely limited in his ability to move . In fact , during his trip to the West in 1958 he often needed to be carried from venue to venue .
In 1956 , during his fifth visit to the US , Baba stayed at New York 's Hotel Delmonico before traveling to the Meher Center at Myrtle Beach , South Carolina . In July he traveled to Washington , D.C. and received friends and disciples at the home of Mrs. James Terry ( Ivy
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
2008 , Universal Parks & Resorts announced the addition of Transformers : The Ride to their Singapore and Hollywood theme parks . At the time of the announcement , speculation that the ride would feature an upgraded version of the ride system used in The Amazing Adventures of Spider @-@ Man ride at Islands of Adventure appeared in the press . After the two attractions at Universal Studios Singapore and Hollywood were opened , Universal Orlando Resort announced on November 1 , 2012 , that Transformers : The Ride would open at Universal Studios Florida in mid @-@ 2013 . The announcement was made just prior to that night 's showing of Universal 's Cinematic Spectacular : 100 Years of Movie Memories .
= = = Universal Studios Singapore = = =
Construction started in Singapore in late 2009 in a back @-@ of @-@ house location . Construction continued throughout the soft opening period of the park , which began on March 18 , 2010 . By October 2010 , some of the track for the ride had been installed . It was discovered that the ride will be spread across two levels . On October 27 , 2011 , Universal Studios Singapore announced that Transformers : The Ride would open in Singapore on December 3 , 2011 . On November 19 , 2011 , Universal Studios Singapore opened the ride to the public for " technical rehearsals " ; the ride operated intermittently until the official opening date . The ride debuted at an exclusive evening event on December 2 , 2011 , attended by director Michael Bay and Universal Parks & Resorts CEO Tom Williams . The ride officially opened to the public on December 3 , 2011 .
= = = Universal Studios Hollywood = = =
Installation of Transformers : The Ride at Universal Studios Hollywood , required the removal of two attractions . On April 11 , 2010 , Backdraft and Special Effects Stages closed . The Special Effects Stages were relocated to the Upper Lot and renamed the Special Effects Stage on June 26 , 2010 . Work began almost immediately on the construction of the ride . After a period of construction spanning close to two years , the ride and its gift store , the Transformers Supply Vault , soft opened to the public in late April 2012 . Transformers : The Ride officially opened to the public on May 24 , 2012 .
= = = Universal Studios Florida = = =
A few days after Transformers : The Ride opened at Universal Studios Hollywood , Universal Parks & Resorts decided to open the attraction at Universal Studios Florida . Construction began almost immediately on the site of Soundstage 44 , which was once home of Hercules and Xena : Wizards of the Screen and Murder , She Wrote Mystery Theatre . They were demolished in June 2012 . In July 2012 , construction of a new building began with the installation of a tower crane and the start of excavation . On May 2 , 2013 , the park announced that the ride would open on June 20 , 2013 . On May 30 , 2013 , technical rehearsals for the ride officially began . On June 20 , 2013 , the ride officially opened to the general public . Transformers : The Ride 3D celebrated its One @-@ Millionth Rider in August 2013 .
= = Ride system and experience = =
= = = Ride system = = =
The ride system used on Transformers : The Ride is similar to that used by The Amazing Adventures of Spider @-@ Man at Islands of Adventure in Orlando , Florida , and later at Universal Studios Japan . The ride vehicles , developed by Oceaneering International , are mounted to a track @-@ roaming platform that provides the forward motion to move the vehicle through each show scene . The yaw motor and a stewart platform with six degrees of freedom attaching it to the platform allows the vehicle to move 360 degrees at different angles along the 2 @,@ 000 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 610 m ) track . Each vehicle is fitted with a motor that controls the right side door through which guests board and leave . These vehicles are modeled after an Autobot named Evac and each vehicle accommodates twelve riders . Each row of four riders is restrained by a single lapbar .
= = = Queue and pre @-@ show = = =
Riders enter the queue from the Sci @-@ Fi City themed area of Universal Studios Singapore , the Lower Lot at Universal Studios Hollywood or Production Central at Universal Studios Florida . Riders must be at least 122 centimetres ( 48 in ) to ride alone or 102 centimetres ( 40 in ) if they are with an adult . The first portion of the queue is a large collection of switchbacks . The later part of the queue is themed as a Nonbiological Extraterrestrial Species Treaty ( NEST ) base . A series of signs and video screens are located within this area . The video screens play briefings from General Morshower , Bumblebee , Ironhide , and Ratchet , who explain that the Decepticons have come to Earth in search of the AllSpark . Optimus Prime concludes the briefing by introducing all of the Autobots that are featured in the ride . Towards the end of the queue , guests are given a pair of 3D glasses . Once guests arrive at the loading station , they are grouped and loaded into a ride vehicle modeled on an Autobot named Evac .
= = = Ride = = =
The ride begins with Evac moving out of the loading station and making a turn . The vehicle approaches the first of thirteen 3D high @-@ definition video screens which depicts Ravage grabbing a canister containing the AllSpark . Evac spins 180 ° to face the second screen on which Bumblebee is fighting Sideways for the AllSpark which ends up in Evac 's possession . Evac reverses into one of two elevator shafts which ascend to the second level of the attraction . During the ascent Optimus Prime battles Megatron and Grindor chases Evac who is furiously heading in reverse until Grindor 's arm is broken off by a train . Megatron grabs Evac and the two struggle until Megatron breaks a water pipe , which sprays riders with water . Evac enters a dead end pathway before reversing and turning to face another 3D screen , which shows Megatron firing a missile at Evac while continuing to find Optimus . Hot air and fog generate the illusion of an explosion . Evac then heads through the hole in a building which was caused by the explosion . Inside lies Devastator , who is trying to suck everything out of the building . Ratchet and Ironhide cover fire while Evac reverses and escapes the suction . Here the Autobot Sideswipe helps in the battle against the Decepticon Bonecrusher . Devastator returns to the scene alongside Starscream . Evac escapes from Devastator a second time by going through him , but Starscream grabs Evac and throws him across several city blocks before landing on a construction site and smashing into some drums which release clouds of fog resulting in Evac asking if the riders are okay . Optimus Prime and Megatron continue their battle in the construction site as Evac reverses away in an attempt to protect the AllSpark . Starscream appears for a second time but is chased away by two NEST helicopters . Evac then returns to a second set of two elevators . During the descent to the ground floor , Evac forces the AllSpark into Megatron 's chest causing both to freefall to the ground when Megatron grabs Evac . Bumblebee saves Evac from destruction before Optimus Prime congratulates Evac and the riders on their mission . The last thing guests see before disembarking is the twisted wreckage of Megatron stuck in the ceiling near the exit .
= = = Exit and Transformers Supply Vault = = =
Once the ride is complete , riders dismount the Evac vehicle at the unload station . Upon exiting the ride , guests are greeted with the Transformers Supply Vault gift store , which sells items from the Transformers film franchise , Transformers : The Ride merchandise and a variety of Transformers toys .
= = Cast = =
Andrew Arrabito – Military
Pilar Holland – Sonya Bradley
Corey Klemow – Theodore Stallworth
Ezra Masters – Sergeant Dees
Glenn Morshower – General Morshower
= = = Voices = = =
Charlie Adler – Starscream
Peter Cullen – Optimus Prime
Robert Foxworth – Ratchet
Jess Harnell – Ironhide
Tom Kenny – Wheelie
Dustin Leighton – Evac
James Remar – Sideswipe
Frank Welker – Megatron
John DiMaggio – Grindor
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Transformers : The Ride was primarily developed by Universal Creative , the research and development division of Universal Parks & Resorts . Universal Creative 's Thierry Coup was the Creative Director of the ride , having worked on previous Universal attractions including Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , The Amazing Adventures of Spider @-@ Man , and Shrek 4 @-@ D. Michael Bay , director of the Transformers film franchise , collaborated with Universal Creative on the ride , despite an earlier blog post that suggested otherwise : " I don 't support it yet – I 'm not involved and [ I 'm ] not sure the story of the ride works , and I know Optimus is not going to just show up to be directed by some new people that have never worked with him , " he wrote . Bay 's involvement in the attraction 's development was revealed by Mark Woodbury , president of Universal Creative , in an NBC documentary on Islands of Adventure 's Wizarding World of Harry Potter . Industrial Light & Magic developed the special effects for the ride , having previously worked on Transformers , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers : Dark of the Moon . Each installation is reported to have cost US $ 100 million .
= = = Special effects = = =
As well as the motion based vehicle , riders feel wind , water , hot air , fog , air blasts , vibration , and smoke .
= = = Marketing = = =
Initial promotion for the ride began with a blog by Resorts World Sentosa dedicated to the ride . Universal Studios Hollywood launched a website called Prepare For Battle . The ride 's launch at Universal Studios Hollywood saw a 30 @-@ second commercial for Transformers : The Ride premiere during Super Bowl in 2012 and an 80 @-@ foot ( 24 m ) high silhouette of Megatron attached to the Staples Center in Los Angeles . Universal Studios Hollywood also released a 30 @-@ minute documentary about the construction of the ride . Similar to Universal Studios Hollywood 's marketing campaign , Universal Studios Florida utilised the same Prepare For Battle website as well as attaching another silhouette of Megatron to the Fairwinds Credit Union Tower in Downtown Orlando .
= = Reception = =
Transformers : The Ride has been praised by media around the world . Brady MacDonald of the Los Angeles Times said he had high expectations of the ride , and was very pleased with it , and wrote that it " ranks among the top theme park attractions in the world " . Martin Miller , also of the Los Angeles Times , was equally pleased with the ride , and called it " one of Universal 's most sophisticated , satisfying rides " . Miller acknowledged the long queues associated with the ride but commended Universal for the design and theming of the queue to combat this . John Chan of CNET stated Transformers : The Ride " isn 't as heart @-@ stopping as a roller coaster [ but ] the ( relatively ) long 4 @-@ minute ride is every bit as entertaining " . Florida Today 's Tim Walters and Jennifer Sangalang stated the " action @-@ packed ' Transformers ' ride doesn 't disappoint " . Both praised the ride 's " fun factor " giving it a rating of 5 / 5 , with Walters and Sangalang giving ratings of 4 1 / 2 and 4 overall , respectively .
Bob Strauss from the Daily Breeze interviewed some park guests who had experienced the attraction . Their comments included " the 3 @-@ D 's crazy ; I think it 's a step above where the other rides are so far " and " it 's a new way of making these rides " . News.com.au stated " the happy smiles on the faces of visitors as the exit ... say it all " .
The opening of the ride at Universal Studios Hollywood was an immediate success , with record attendance over the Memorial Day weekend . A 15 percent rise in attendance in 2012 was attributed to the ride 's opening . Within days of the ride 's opening executives decided to install the ride at Universal Studios Florida with construction beginning almost immediately .
= The Last Sam Weiss =
" The Last Sam Weiss " is the penultimate episode of the third season of the Fox science fiction television series Fringe , and the 64th episode overall . The storyline follows the continuing disintegration of the prime universe , as the Fringe team races to prevent the destruction of their world . FBI agent Olivia Dunham recruits Sam Weiss for help while Peter recovers from touching the doomsday machine in the previous episode .
Executive producers Monica Owusu @-@ Breen and Alison Schapker co @-@ wrote the episode , and cinematographer Thomas Yatsko directed . " The Last Sam Weiss " is meant to be the middle of an " epic trilogy , " as the season finale aired the following week . Guest actors Kevin Corrigan and Ryan McDonald returned as Weiss and Brandon Fayette , respectively .
On its initial broadcast on April 29 , 2011 in the United States , an estimated 3 @.@ 49 million viewers tuned in . More viewers in America time shifted the episode than watched it live , leading to a 67 percent increase in the 18 – 49 demographic . This was the highest increase on any network for that week . While the episode received generally positive reviews , television critics were divided about the ending , with some comparing it to the television series Lost .
= = Plot = =
In the prime universe , the doomsday machine creates numerous static lightning storms along the eastern seaboard . As Walter and Astrid see to Peter 's recovery after his failed attempt to enter the machine , Olivia takes Sam Weiss to the machine . Weiss states that the machine is not meant to be a doomsday device and that the strange effects are a byproduct of the machine 's " frustration " due to its believing that Peter is already inside the machine . Weiss suggests finding a proverbial " crowbar " that can be used to break the shield protecting the device to give Peter enough time to enter it . As Olivia travels with Weiss to collect a box and the key containing this crowbar , Weiss explains that he descends from a long unbroken line of men named Sam Weiss whose forebear found the incomplete collection of information on the First People and the device , and have sought to try to find the rest . Upon collecting both the box and key , they open it to find a parchment , revealing that Olivia herself is the crowbar .
Meanwhile , Walter and Astrid determine that most of the effects of the device are occurring in the areas between western Massachusetts and Liberty Island — the locations of the doomsday machines in the prime and parallel universes respectively — aligned like iron filings around the ends of a magnet . Walter convinces Broyles to move the device to Liberty Island to reduce the area affected by the strange events . During this time , Peter wakes with confused memories and leaves the hospital , traveling to a location in New York City and buying a silver dollar coin from a pawn shop .
Olivia and Weiss bring the parchment to Walter , who recognizes that Olivia 's telekinetic powers must be used to turn off the machine in the parallel universe . To prepare Olivia , they use the quantum entangled Selectric typewriter that the shapeshifters had used to contact the parallel universe . Olivia struggles unsuccessfully with trying to activate the typewriter , even with Walter 's support . Peter is soon discovered in New York , about the same time that the machine has been moved into position . Walter and Olivia rejoin him , finding him confused and believing himself to be in the parallel universe . Peter eventually comes to his senses , with Walter believing his confusion to be a temporary result of the head trauma . Astrid calls the trio from the lab , revealing that the typewriter is typing out " Be a better man than your father " , a phrase that Olivia and Peter have talked about before , thus giving them hope that Olivia will be able to disengage the parallel universe 's device . After she does so , Peter takes a moment to recall the events of his life , including his experiences with Walter and Olivia , and then steps into the machine .
Peter wakes up on a chaotic street in New York City . He finds himself in an unfamiliar territory , facing a plaque dedicated to the victims of the September 11 attacks , but falls wounded into the arms of an officer of the militarized Fringe division .
= = Production = =
The episode was co @-@ written by co @-@ executive producers Monica Owusu @-@ Breen and Alison Schapker , while being directed by cinematographer Thomas Yatsko . " The Last Sam Weiss " was the second @-@ to @-@ last episode of the season . Though the season 3 finale was scheduled to be just an hour long , executive producer Jeff Pinkner confirmed that the last three episodes would be " linked in one continuous story arc " . This was a reflection of Pinkner and co @-@ executive producer J.H. Wyman 's intent to have the last three episodes of every season seem like " you 're turning the last page of a chapter in a novel . And usually in a good novel , the last pages [ of a chapter ] compels you forward with a new understanding of what the subject matter is and you get deeper and you can ’ t wait to turn that page . " Some media outlets have referred to the episodes as a " three @-@ part third @-@ season finale " .
Actor John Noble called the beginning scene with Olivia and Walter naked " the funniest thing " yet , explaining " The writers keep throwing challenges at me , because I never say no . They said , ' Okay , John , you ’ ll do a scene naked . ' I said ' Okay . ' And so that was a big surprise . So I do this scene , this strange scene with Anna Torv , without any clothes on . Anna ’ s staying at the Bishop house with Walter running around with no clothes on except for a pair of slippers , getting breakfast . She comes round the corner and catches him in the full monty , going , ' Oh no ! ' Didn ’ t know where to look . That was probably one of the most fun things we ever did . Anna ’ s reaction was priceless to that . I haven ’ t seen the scene yet , but it was hilarious to do it . "
In March 2011 , TVLine 's Michael Ausiello exclusively confirmed that previous guest actor Kevin Corrigan would be returning for the twentieth and twenty @-@ first episodes of the season . Corrigan last appeared in the season 's twelfth episode " Concentrate and Ask Again " ; his role in " The Last Sam Weiss " marked his seventh appearance on Fringe . The actor expressed appreciation that his character 's name was used in the title , but was disappointed it alluded to his final appearance in the show to date . The episode is Corrigan 's last credit on the series , though he previously stated his interest in returning as one of his ancestors or as a doppelganger .
As with other Fringe episodes , Fox released a science lesson plan in collaboration with Science Olympiad for grade school children , focusing on the science seen in " The Last Sam Weiss " , with the intention of having " students learn about static electricity and how it is created and dissipated . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
On its first broadcast in the United States on April 29 , 2011 , the episode was watched by an estimated 3 @.@ 49 million viewers and scored a 1 @.@ 3 ratings share among adults 18 – 49 . More viewers time shifted the episode than watched it live , as its ratings increased 67 percent in the 18 – 49 demographic , resulting in a 2 @.@ 0 rating ; this was the largest increase out of every other television series airing that week .
= = = Reviews = = =
" The Last Sam Weiss " received generally positive reviews from television critics . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly called the episode " equally surprising in its plotting and pacing " , praised Sam and Olivia 's scenes together , and believed the ending to be " mind @-@ blowing " and " both startling and thrilling " . The A.V. Club 's Noel Murray graded the episode with an A- , writing the first half " wasn 't quite as rollicking as last week 's episode , because there was a lot more set @-@ up and explanation required to keep the story moving " but " then the second half brought in all the emotion and tension , topped off by an unexpected gut @-@ punch of an ending . " Murray admitted his " eyes glazed over a bit " during the search for the " crowbar " , believing it to be " little too Lost @-@ y " , but " the quirky Corrigan as Weiss helped put all the mumbo @-@ jumbo over " .
SFScope columnist Sarah Stegall agreed with Murray 's Lost comparison , writing that the ending of the episode was " right out of the Lost playbook , a little too on the nose for my liking . " Stegall did however call it a " good bridge episode , taking us from the setup of last week to the denouement next week , when it all comes together . " IGN writer Ramsey Isler was more positive about the final sequence , explaining that the " last five minutes of this story changed everything , and made me excited about the series again . " While praising the special effects , he also noted his displeasure that Sam Weiss " ends up not being as mystical or magical as previous stories hinted " . Isler wished Corrigan had more screen time in the episode , calling it " under @-@ utilization of a great character the writers have spent a lot of time building up . " He rated it 7 @.@ 5 / 10 , an indication of a " good " episode , but criticized its " slow " pacing .
While Isler was pleased that Olivia appeared on the drawing , Stegall expressed skepticism that this revelation " smacks too much of manipulation , which would render our heroes ' actions and sacrifices meaningless . " TV.com staff highlighted " The Last Sam Weiss " as one of the best television episodes of the 2010 – 11 United States network television schedule .
= Stanisław Koniecpolski =
Stanisław Koniecpolski ( 1590 or 1594 – 11 March 1646 ) is regarded as one of the most capable military commanders in the history of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth . He was also a magnate , a royal official ( starosta ) , a castellan , a member of the Polish nobility ( szlachta ) , and the voivode ( governor ) of Sandomierz from 1625 until his death . He led many successful military campaigns against rebelling Cossacks and invading Tatars . From 1618 he held the rank of Field Crown Hetman before becoming the Grand Crown Hetman , the military commander second only to the King , in 1632 .
Koniecpolski 's life was one of almost constant warfare . Before he had reached the age of 20 , he had fought in the Dymitriads and the Moldavian Magnate Wars . Later , in 1620 , he took part in the Battle of Cecora , during which he was captured by Ottoman forces . After his release in 1623 , he defeated the Ottomans ' Tatar vassals several times between 1624 and 1626 . With inferior numbers , during the Polish – Swedish War ( 1626 – 29 ) , Koniecpolski stopped the Swedish forces of Gustavus Adolphus from conquering Prussia and Pomerania before the war was concluded with the Truce of Altmark . In 1634 , he defeated a major Turkish invasion at Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi ( Kamieniec Podolski ) , in the Ukraine , while in 1644 , his victory against the Tatars at the Battle of Ochmatów brought him international fame and recognition .
= = Youth = =
The details of Stanisław Koniecpolski 's birth are unclear . Various dates between 1590 and 1594 have been provided , and none of his biographers identify where he was born . What is known , though , is that his father , Aleksander Koniecpolski , was a wealthy magnate belonging to the szlachta ( Polish nobility ) and was also the voviode of Sieradz , and a staunch supporter of King Sigismund III of the Swedish House of Vasa . Koniecpolski 's mother , Anna Sroczycka , was the daughter of Stanisław Sroczycki , the voivode of Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi , and had brought several large Podole estates into the Koniecpolski family upon her marriage to Aleksander . Stanisław 's brothers were Krzysztof , who held the court office of chorąży wielki koronny ( Grand Standard @-@ Bearer of the Crown ) and was voivode of Bełsk from 1641 ; Remigiusz , who was the bishop of Chełm before his death in 1640 ; Jan , a castellan and the voivode of Sieradz ; and Przedbór who died in 1611 .
Although Koniecpolski had a stutter , when he was 15 , through his father 's influence in the royal court , he secured an appointment as starosta ( mayor ) of Wieluń . In 1603 he began studying at the Kraków Academy , and after several years he was sent to the royal court by his father so that he could continue his education in a more practical fashion . He is believed to have stayed there a year or two . He may also have undertaken a tour of Western Europe for several months , spending the majority of his time in France before returning to his family 's estates .
= = Early career : 1610 – 26 = =
From a young age Koniecpolski chose to follow a military career . In 1610 , together with his brother Przedbór , he took part in the Dymitriads against Muscovy , raising a group of 300 men to join the Army of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth at Smolensk . On 4 July 1610 he participated in the Battle of Klushino before joining the Siege of Smolensk where Przedbór was crushed to death by the fortress ' collapsing walls on 8 July 1611 . After returning to his family mansion at Koniecpol with his brother 's body , the following autumn Koniecpolski rejoined the army . Under the command of Grand Lithuanian Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz , he took part in the effort to relieve and supply the besieged Polish forces in the Moscow Kremlin . During that time , he was entrusted by the Hetman with command of the right flank of the Polish forces .
In 1612 Koniecpolski joined the wojsko kwarciane ( regular Commonwealth army ) in Ukraine under the command of Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski , who greatly influenced his career . In 1614 he was entrusted with destroying rebellious regular units led by Jan Karwacki , and on 17 May , with Stanisław Żółkiewski 's son , Jan , he won the Battle of Rohatyn and captured Karwacki . In 1615 he married Żółkiewski 's daughter Katarzyna ( Catherine ) . Soon after the wedding , he received the official rank of podstoli koronny ( Crown Master of the Pantry ) .
Throughout 1615 and 1616 Koniecpolski gained further experience in Ukraine , fighting the Tatar hordes , but failed to destroy or capture any sizable enemy units . In 1616 , Katarzyna died while giving birth to in labor with Koniecpolski 's first son , Andrzej . The following year , Koniecpolski took part in the Moldavian Magnate Wars alongside Żołkiewski , and stood against Iskender Pasha 's powerful Turkish army . The conflict ended that year with a negotiated cease @-@ fire . Following negotiations with the Cossacks in Olszanica , Koniecpolski reduced the Cossack register to 1 @,@ 000 , thereby limiting the number of positions that the Cossacks could hold in the Commonwealth military . He also banned raids on the Black Sea . Such raids , which pillaged wealthy Ottoman cities , contributed to the Cossacks ' income but provoked retaliatory raids into Commonwealth territory .
In 1618 , during a session of the Sejm — the Commonwealth parliament — King Sigismund III Vasa granted the buława ( ceremonial mace or baton ) of Grand Crown Hetman to Stanisław Żółkiewski and that of Field Crown Hetman to Koniecpolski , disregarding the opposition of magnate Krzysztof Zbaraski and his allies . Soon afterward , Koniecpolski was defeated by the Tatars near Orynin , where he committed the mistake of pursuing the enemy against overwhelming odds and barely made it out of the battle alive . In 1619 , Koniecpolski married Krystyna Lubomirska , who gave birth to a son , Aleksander , the following year .
That year Koniecpolski and Żólkiewski led an army to Moldova to protect Gaspar Graziani , an ally of the Commonwealth . The army numbered over 7 @,@ 000 and included the private regiments of the Korecki , Zasławski , Kazanowski , Kalinowski and Potocki magnates . During the Battle of Cecora ( Ţuţora ) Koniecpolski commanded the right flank of the Commonwealth forces , which were defeated on 19 September by a combined force belonging to Iskender Pasha and Kantymir ( Khan Temir ) . After retreating in good order , the army 's morale fell and while Koniecpolski prevented the army 's disintegration on 20 – 21 September , during the later stages of the retreat its resolve collapsed and the men ran for the river . In the ensuing battle , Żólkiewski was killed and Koniecpolski and many magnates including Samuel Korecki , Mikołaj Struś , Mikołaj Potocki , and Jan and Łukasz Żółkiewski were taken captive . The prisoners were transported to Białograd ( Bilhorod ) , to Iskender Pasha , then to the Castle of Seven Towers at Constantinople , where they were held in the Black Tower . Polish @-@ Ottoman relations stabilized in the wake of the Ottoman defeat at Khotyn in 1621 , and in the spring of 1623 the prisoners returned to Poland after a diplomatic mission by Krzysztof Zbaraski purchased their freedom for 30 @,@ 000 thalers .
In the aftermath of the Battle of Khotyn , a treaty had been signed that aimed to prevent further border hostilities . While Khan Canibek Giray resolved to respect the treaty 's provisions , Kantymir continued to raid the borderlands in an effort to usurp Canibek Giray 's position . Following fresh raids by Kantymir 's forces in June 1623 , Koniecpolski was given command of local Commonwealth forces and ordered to stop the incursions . Early the following year , the Budjak horde , under Kantymir 's command , attacked southern Poland . On 6 February , Koniecpolski intercepted one of the Budjak armies and destroyed it near Szmańkowice and Oryszkowce . Later that year , after Kantymir 's forces crossed the border in early June , Koniecpolski inflicted a further defeat on him at the Battle of Martynów . Using a new strategy that employed light Cossack cavalry to drive Kantymir 's forces towards fortified tabors where they were attacked by small arms and artillery , Koniecpolski forced the khan 's troops to retreat in disarray . His victory was soon celebrated throughout the Commonwealth and , as a reward , Koniecpolski was granted 30 @,@ 000 złoty by the Sejm . He was also appointed voivode of Sandomierz .
In 1625 , during the Zhmailo Uprising the Zaporozhian Cossacks , led by Marek Zhmaylo , rebelled . Joineing forces with Szanhin Girej , they attempted to form an alliance with Moscow . Reasoning that the Tatars had their share of trouble with the Porte and that Kantymir 's Budjak horde would be unable to send major assistance , Koniecpolski gathered a 12 @,@ 000 @-@ strong army of regular and private units to deal with the rebellion . He pledged fair treatment to all Cossacks loyal to the Commonwealth , and death to rebels . On 25 October 1625 , near Kryłów , he launch a cavalry attack against the Cossacks . His initial thrusts were stopped and the Cossacks fell back toward Lake Kurukove where they checked a secondary attack . As the tide of battle went against him , Koniecpolski 's position was at one point described as " grave " ; however , the conflict eventually ended in a negotiated cease @-@ fire . This was formalized by the Treaty of Kurukove on 6 November under which the Cossack register was set at 6 @,@ 000 , and the Cossacks again promised to stop raiding the Black Sea shores and provoking the Tatars .
In late January 1626 the Tatars invaded again . With an army estimated at between 15 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 , they raided and pillaged territories as far north as the Podole Voivodeship , passing Ternopil and Terebovlia , while some advanced units reached the cities of Lutsk , Volodymyr @-@ Volynskyi and Lviv . In response , Koniecpolski gathered some 13 @,@ 000 troops and moved to intercept the Tatars , but they refused to engage . Eventually Koniecpolski defeated the rear guard of the main Tatar army , which crossed the borders with much treasure and slaves . Later that year , fearing a repeat invasion , Koniecpolski violated a Sejm resolution in recruiting and fielding an army of 8 @,@ 000 against an expected Tatar second wave . During this time , Koniecpolski was aided in a number of battles by a highly capable officer , Bohdan Khmelnytsky ; Khmelnytsky would also score a major victory over the Tatars later that year , after Koniecpolski had departed north to a new battlefield near the Baltic Sea .
= = Fighting Gustavus Adolphus : 1626 – 29 = =
In 1626 the southern threat to the Commonwealth was overshadowed by a northern one , as an incursion by Swedish forces reignited the Polish – Swedish War . In June , Gustavus Adolphus , with a fleet of 125 ships and an army of over 14 @,@ 000 men , approached the Polish coast and began collecting tariffs on trade passing through Gdańsk ( Danzig ) . Having taken Piława and Braniewo , Swedish forces spread through Pomerania , taking Frombork , Tolkmicko , Elbląg , Malbork , Gniew , Tczew and Starograd , while other Swedish forces landed near Puck — the main port of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth fleet — and captured it . The major city of Gdańsk , however , refused to surrender even in the face of lightning Swedish advances . In a battle that took place between 22 and 30 September 1626 near the village of Gniew , Gustavus defeated a Polish army led by King Sigismund , who retreated and called for reinforcements from other parts of the country . In response , Koniecpolski was tasked with defending Royal Prussia against the Swedish incursion . He was delayed by the unstable situation in the south , though , and it was not until 1 October that he finally departed for Prussia .
Koniecpolski 's force of 4 @,@ 200 light cavalry , 1 @,@ 000 dragoons , and 1 @,@ 000 infantry quickly moved to Prussia . Reinforced by other units , he had 9 @,@ 000 men against the 20 @,@ 000 @-@ strong Swedish force . Employing maneuver warfare , using small mobile units to strike at enemy communication lines and smaller units , he stopped the Swedish attack and forced Axel Oxenstierna into a defensive posture . Meanwhile , the Sejm agreed to raise money for the war . The situation of the Commonwealth forces , short of money and food , was difficult . Lithuanian forces were dealt a serious defeat near Koknese , Inflanty Voivodeship , in December 1626 and they subsequently retreated behind the Dvina River . The Swedes then planned to strike Koniecpolski from two directions : Oxenstierna , from the Vistula River , and Johann Streiff von Lawentstein and Maxymilian Teuffl , from Swedish @-@ held Pomorze . The flooding of the Vistula , however , disrupted their plans and allowed Koniecpolski to intercept the enemy units advancing from Pomerania .
On 2 April 1627 Koniecpolski managed to recapture Puck . He took Czarne ( Hamersztyn ) on 18 April and forced the Swedish forces to retreat into the city . A week later they surrendered , with many mercenaries and some Swedish abandoning their banners and insignia , and changing sides . As a result of the series of Swedish defeats in spring 1627 , they lost all their strongholds on the west bank of the Vistula , and with those , their hopes for a quick and decisive victory . The situation also convinced the Elector of Brandenburg to declare his support for the Commonwealth , and afterwards the Lithuanian forces resumed their offensive in Livonia .
On 17 May Gustavus landed with 8 @,@ 000 reinforcements . On the night of 22 – 23 May , while crossing the Vistula near Kieżmark and Danzig , Gustavus encountered Polish forces . Wounded in the hip , he was forced to retreat . Koniecpolski then decided to take back Gniew and devised a diversionary plan . Polish forces were sent to attempt to take back Braniewo , forcing Gustavus to relieve the siege ; then Gustavus followed the retreating Polish army and laid siege to Orneta . Koniecpolski , who had foreseen this , responded with a sudden attack on Gniew , his primary objective , which he captured . Gustavus was reported to be impressed with the speed of Koniecpolski 's reaction .
Near Tczew , with about 7 @,@ 800 men — including 2 @,@ 500 cavalry and hussars , the Commonwealth 's elite heavy cavalry — Koniecpolski tried to stop the Swedish army from reaching Danzig . On 7 – 8 August , he encountered a Swedish force consisting of 10 @,@ 000 men , which included 5 @,@ 000 infantry , near the swamps of Motława . The Swedes wanted to provoke the Poles into attacking , then destroy them with infantry fire and artillery , but Koniecpolski decided against attacking . The Swedes then went on the attack with cavalry , but were unable to draw the Poles within range of their fire . The Swedish attacks dealt severe damage to the Polish cavalry but did not cripple the Polish army whose morale was kept high by Koniecpolski . The battle ended when Gustavus Adolphus was again wounded and the Swedes retreated .
Koniecpolski now recognized the need to reform his army and strengthen the firepower of its infantry and artillery to match the Swedes ' . The Swedes , on the other hand , had learned the arts of cavalry charges and melée combat from the Poles . Overall the 1627 campaign had been favorable to the Commonwealth ; Puck and Gniew had been retaken , Swedish plans had been thwarted , and the Swedish army had been weakened . The last major engagement of the year saw the surprising defeat of a Swedish flotilla by the small Polish Navy on 28 November 1627 at the Battle of Oliwa .
In 1628 the Polish forces , short of funds , were forced to cease their offensive and go on the defensive . Gustavus Adolphus captured Kwidzyń , Nowe and Brodnica . Koniecpolski counterattacked , putting his small forces to most efficient use — quick cavalry melée attacks , combined with supporting infantry and artillery fire , guerrilla warfare , the use of engineers to raise fortifications , and clever use of terrain advantage . Despite his best efforts , he was hampered by insufficient funds . The Sejm increased funding for the war after the Battle of Górzno , where Stanisław " Rewera " Potocki was defeated . Austria sent the Commonwealth help in the form of forces under Field Marshal Johann Georg Arnheim . Arnheim , however , refused to take orders from Koniecpolski .
The final battle took place on 27 June 1629 near Trzciana ( or Trzcianka ) . The Swedes attacked toward Grudziądz , were halted , and retreated to Sztum and Malbork . Koniecpolski attacked the rear guard , which was led by Jan Wilhelm Reingraff , Count of Ren , and destroyed it . He also repelled a counterattack by Swedish raitars , who were pushed toward Pułkowice , where another counterattack was led by Gustavus Adolphus with 2 @,@ 000 raitars . This counterattack was also fended off , and the Swedish forces were saved from total defeat by the last Swedish reserves , led by Field Marshal Herman Wrangel , who blocked the Polish attack . Gustavus Adolphus was wounded and barely escaped . Of the Swedes , 1 @,@ 200 were killed , and Reingraff and several hundred others were captured . Polish losses were under 200 killed or injured .
Poland did not follow up this victory politically or militarily . A cease @-@ fire contracted at Stary Targ ( the Truce of Altmark ) on 26 October 1629 favored the Swedes , who received the right to tax Polish trade moving over the Baltic ( 3 @.@ 5 % of the value of goods ) , retained control of many cities in Royal Prussia , and were recognized as the dominant power on the southern Baltic coast . Koniecpolski exerted little influence on the negotiations , as he had been called back to Ukraine to crush a Tartar incursion .
= = Grand Crown Hetman : 1630 – 37 = =
In 1630 , the Cossack leader , Taras Fedorovych , executed the moderate Hryhoriy Chorny , and began a Cossack uprising , later dubbed the " Fedorovych Uprising " . Soon afterwards he captured the fortress of Korsun . In an effort to restore the situation , Koniecpolski laid siege to Pereyaslav . Lacking artillery and infantry support , he could not breach its walls , but the Cossacks , needing supplies and having suffered heavy casualties , agreed to negotiate . The Treaty of Pereyaslav , signed in August 1630 , resulted . It granted liberal terms , including amnesty for the rebels . Koniecpolski , as usual , was for harsh punishment , but also argued that in the long run the Cossack situation was better remedied by more equitable treatment , including an increase in the Cossack register and the regular payment of wages . Still , he supported policies aimed at turning the Cossacks into serfs , which was one of the main causes of unrest in Ukraine ; this , along with his decision to settle his soldiers ' living expenses on the local populace instead of paying them wages , led to his extreme unpopularity in Ukraine .
In 1632 , a few months before his death , King Sigismund III Vasa awarded Koniecpolski the post of Grand Crown Hetman . It had stood vacant for 12 years , since the death of Stanisław Żółkiewski ; presumably King Sigismund had feared that Koniecpolski , if given the post earlier , would have become too powerful a magnate . After the King 's death , Koniecpolski played a major role in directing the political affairs of the Commonwealth and in 1632 supported the election of Sigismund 's son , Władysław IV Vasa , as king . In return , a year after his election , King Władysław IV rewarded Koniecpolski with the office of Castellan of Kraków , the most prestigious of the Commonwealth 's district offices . Koniecpolski became an influential adviser to the new king , often encouraging him to direct Polish foreign policy against the Tartars . Koniecpolski also supported King Władysław IV 's military reforms . Though generally seen as a supporter of the King , Koniecpolski opposed some of his plans aimed at increasing royal power in the Commonwealth and weakening the Golden Liberty of the nobility .
In 1633 Koniecpolski thwarted the Turks ' attacks on the Commonwealth , defeating their forces on 4 July at Sasowy Róg . On 22 October that year , he repulsed a superior invading Ottoman force of over 20 @,@ 000 at Kamianets @-@ Podilskyi , his own forces numbering a mere 11 @,@ 000 . The Ottoman defeats and Koniecpolski 's attitude persuaded the Turks to sign a new treaty on 19 August 1634 . The treaty repeated the terms of the Treaty of Chocim of 1621 and ended the Ottoman – Commonwealth War ( 1633 – 34 ) .
In 1635 , in the short lived Sulima Uprising , after Cossacks under Ivan Sulyma captured and destroyed the Polish Kodak Fortress ( near modern Dnipropetrovsk ) , Koniecpolski led an expedition that retook the fort and punished the insurgents . Sulima was taken prisoner and executed .
Later that year Koniecpolski returned to Pomerania to prepare for another war against Sweden , but it was rendered unnecessary by the Treaty of Sztumska Wieś .
Koniecpolski grasped the need to modernize the Commonwealth 's military and worked with King Władysław IV to that end , including the recruitment of mercenaries experienced in western warfare , and further development of artillery ( he supervised the construction of arsenals at Kudak , Bar and Kamieniec Podolski , and built forges on his Ukrainian estates ) . He was patron to many gifted artillery and engineering officers . He may also have sponsored cartographers such as William le Vasseur de Beauplan , who mapped Ukraine , and Sebastian Aders , who mapped Crimea . He also supported plans to create a Commonwealth Baltic Fleet .
= = Last years : 1637 – 45 = =
After 1637 Koniecpolski 's declining health made him reliant on the younger Hetman Mikołaj Potocki , who successfully crushed Cossack uprisings in 1637 and 1638 , and a Tartar uprising in 1639 . Koniecpolski 's influence also protected the outlaw Samuel Łaszcz , whom he saw as another able commander .
One of Koniecpolski 's greatest victories occurred during a winter 1644 campaign against Tatars . With a large army of some 19 @,@ 000 soldiers ( 60 % of them , magnates ' private armies ; Koniecpolski 's own forces numbered 2 @,@ 200 ) he dealt a crushing defeat to Toğay bey 's forces near Ochmatów on 30 January 1644 . Many Tatars drowned near Sina Woda when the ice over the water gave way . The Battle of Ochmatów , the Commonwealth 's greatest victory over the Tatars in the first half of the 17th century , brought international fame to Koniecpolski , who had not only predicted the time and place of their attack but had destroyed their forces before they could deploy their usual tactic of splitting their main forces into multiple highly @-@ mobile units ( czambuls ) .
The victory led King Władysław IV to consider an offensive war against the Turks . Koniecpolski supported a limited war against the Crimean Khanate but opposed the King 's plan to wage war on the entire Ottoman Empire , believing it to be an unrealistic folly . Setting out his strategic views in a plan titled " Dyskurs o zniesieniu Tatarow krymskich i lidze z Moskwą " ( Discourse on Destruction of the Crimean Tartars and on coalition with Moscow ) , Koniecpolski also strongly urged a coalition with Moscow for such a campaign . King Władysław IV continued to push for a crusade against Turkey , but it had little internal support and failed to achieve anything except to spread false hopes among the Cossacks , to whom he promised privileges and money in exchange for their participation .
On 15 June 1645 , Koniecpolski 's wife , Krystyna , died . Koniecpolski remarried soon after , taking the hand of 16 @-@ year @-@ old Zofia Opalińska , daughter of future Crown Marshal Łukasz Opaliński , on 16 January 1646 . The marriage was short lived , though , ending with Koniecpolski 's death in Brody on 11 March 1646 . Sources suggest that his new marriage was the cause of his death ; Joachim Jerlicz wrote in his diary that Koniecpolski had overdosed on an aphrodisiac . His funeral was held in Brody on 30 April 1646 .
= = Wealth and influence = =
Over the course of his life , Koniecpolski accumulated much wealth . Most of his possessions were in Ukraine , and he became Ukraine 's unofficial ruler ; some foreigners referred to him as " viceroy of Ukraine " , though no such Commonwealth position ever existed . King Władysław IV trusted him with most political decisions concerning this southeastern region of the Commonwealth . With the knowledge and support of the King , Koniecpolski sent and received diplomatic missions from Constantinople , carried out negotiations and signed treaties , and as the Grand Crown Hetman he directly controlled a substantial part of the Commonwealth 's military . He had his own private army and an espionage network that stretched from Moscow to the Ottoman Empire .
Koniecpolski inherited some seven or eight villages from his father . At his death , he owned 12 starostwo districts , with over 300 settlements , including dozens of towns , giving him yearly revenues of over 500 @,@ 000 złoty . His holdings of land and serfs in western Ukraine were considerable ; he owned 18 @,@ 548 households in Bratslav . Koniecpolski invested much of his wealth in developing his Ukrainian estates , and supported settlement of underpopulated regions . He founded and sponsored the development of many towns and cities , including the town of Brody , which flourished with his investments , and became an important local commercial center . Koniecpolski fortified the town with a citadel and bastions in 1633 and set up workshops for producing Persian @-@ type samite fabrics , carpets and rugs . He also constructed a fortified palace in Pidhirtsi ( Podhorce ) with beautiful Italian gardens . Like most magnates , Koniecpolski was a patron of the arts , sponsoring painters , sculptors , writers . He also founded many churches and sought to upgrade Brody 's school to an academy . He sponsored the construction of the Koniecpolski Palace ( now the Presidential Palace ) in Warsaw , and military fortifications in Bar and Kudak .
Regarded as a courteous and educated man , Koniecpolski participated in all the Sejm sessions that he could , though he rarely spoke publicly due to his stutter . He was widely respected and highly popular among his szlachta peers .
= Leopold Report =
The Leopold Report , officially known as Wildlife Management in the National Parks , is a 1963 paper composed of a series of ecosystem management recommendations that were presented by the Special Advisory Board on Wildlife Management to United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall . Named for its chairman and principal author , zoologist and conservationist A. Starker Leopold , the report proved influential for future preservation mandates .
After several years of public controversy regarding the forced reduction of the elk population in Yellowstone National Park , Udall appointed an advisory board to collect scientific data to inform future wildlife management of the national parks . The committee observed that culling programs at other national parks had been ineffective , and recommended different management of Yellowstone 's elk population . In addressing the goals , policies , and methods of managing wildlife in the parks , the report suggested that in addition to protection , wildlife populations should be managed and regulated to prevent habitat degradation . Touching upon predator control , fire ecology , and other issues , the report suggested that the National Park Service ( NPS ) hire scientists to manage the parks using current scientific research .
The Leopold Report became the first concrete plan to manage park visitors and ecosystems under unified principles . It was reprinted in several national publications , and many of its recommendations were incorporated into the official policies of the NPS . Although the report is notable for proposing that park management have a fundamental goal of reflecting " the primitive scene ... a reasonable illusion of primitive America " , some have criticized it for its idealism and limited scope .
= = Background = =
Yellowstone National Park was established by the United States Congress on March 1 , 1872 , as the first U.S. national park , and quickly became a popular tourist destination . At first , national parks were overseen by a variety of agencies and lacked bureaucratic support . In 1916 , more than four decades after Yellowstone 's founding , President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill creating the National Park Service ( NPS ) , giving it the power " to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein , and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations . " The NPS was tasked with both preservation and tourism , two divergent goals that would prove divisive during the resurgence of the conservation movement in the 1940s and 1950s .
NPS managers became interested in attracting more tourists to Yellowstone during the 1910s and 1920s . Species such as elk and antelope were considered a major attraction for park visitors , and an attempt was made to increase their numbers through winter feeding and predator control . The effort was successful , and the number of elk expanded significantly , but to the detriment of other wildlife such as bighorn sheep . Despite sporadic reductions of elk by hunters , the animals still posed a problem to the northern range ecosystems , mainly because of overgrazing . In the winter of 1961 , park rangers responded to this dilemma by shooting and killing approximately 4 @,@ 300 elk . This aggressive reduction by the Park Service caused a massive public outcry ; network television and newspaper coverage of the culling resulted in public opposition and congressional hearings . The International Association of Game and Fish Commissioners protested the " slaughtering of elk by hired killers " rather than by sportsmen , and schoolchildren from across the country were inspired to write letters of condemnation . Facing public backlash , the NPS announced it would stop killing elk .
= = Advisory Board and reporting = =
The controversy surrounding the reduction of elk in Yellowstone shed a negative light upon the NPS and their management of wildlife populations within the country 's national parks . In response to what was deemed a " crisis in public relations " , Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall assembled the Special Advisory Board on Wildlife Management in 1962 to conduct thorough studies to be conducted on its science and resource management . The purpose of the board was to collect scientific data and investigate the necessity of wildlife population control . Chairing the board was A. Starker Leopold , the eldest son of noted conservationist Aldo Leopold . A respected zoologist , professor of ecology , and Assistant to the Chancellor at the University of California , Berkeley , Leopold was joined on the board by other prominent scientists and conservationists : Professor Stanley A. Cain of the Department of Conservation at the University of Michigan ; Ira N. Gabrielson , formerly of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) and President of the Wildlife Management Institute ; Thomas L. Kimball , executive director of the National Wildlife Federation ; and Clarence Cottam , former assistant director of the FWS and director of the Welder Wildlife Foundation .
The formation of the Advisory Board was historically important , as this was the first time an outside group was asked to evaluate wildlife programs within the NPS . The report was officially named " Wildlife Management in the National Parks " when it was first presented on March 4 , 1963 , but it became informally known as the " Leopold Report " . At the same time , a separate Advisory Board was formed by the National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) to produce " A Report by the Advisory Committee to the National Park Service on Research " . The NAS Report , more commonly known as the Robbins Report , was named after its primary author , biologist William J. Robbins . The Robbins Report was released on August 1 , 1963 , five months after the Leopold Report .
= = Recommendations = =
The report began by arguing that not only was it necessary to control the elk population in Yellowstone National Park , but direct reduction of elk was presented as the most suitable option . According to scientific findings , reduction programs at other national parks had not been implemented on a large enough scale ; as a result , the Advisory Board recommended future reductions of animals should " be larger and in many cases repeated annually " . The report also supported the concept of carrying capacity , and the idea that the elk population could be actively managed to restore its natural balance .
Although the Advisory Board recommendations focused on wildlife and habitat management , they also touched upon the recreation of primitive , uncontrolled conditions . Revisiting fire ecology and the importance of fire , which had long been suppressed in national parks and other federal lands , the report recommended the use of prescribed fire as a cheap and natural tool for shaping the park environment .
Predator control was also reviewed , and deemed unnatural and unpopular . Recreational hunting was strongly opposed , but the report allowed for select members of the public to assist in the " sole purpose of animal removal " . The main goal of the NPS , the report explained , was to preserve national parks primarily for the " aesthetic , spiritual , scientific and educational values they offered to the public " .
The report strayed from arguments based on scientific data and veered into environmental philosophy , concluding that national parks should serve a historical purpose . One of the most popular passages in the report is from the section " The Goal of Park Management in the United States " ; here , the report alludes to recreating an unaltered landscape , a sentiment touching upon a national park ideal : " As a primary goal , we would recommend that the biotic associations within each park be maintained , or where necessary recreated , as nearly as possible in the condition that prevailed when the area was first visited by the white man . A national park should represent a vignette of primitive America . " It continues :
Restoring the primitive scene is not done easily nor can it be done completely . Some species are extinct . Given time , an eastern hardwood forest can be regrown to maturity but the chestnut will be missing and so will the roar of pigeon wings . The colorful drapanid finches are not to be heard again in the lowland forests of Hawaii , nor will the jack @-@ hammer of the ivory @-@ bill ring in southern swamps . The wolf and grizzly bear cannot readily be reintroduced into ranching communities , and the factor of human use of the parks is subject only to regulation , not elimination . Exotic plants , animals , and diseases are here to stay . All these limitations we fully realize . Yet , if the goal cannot be fully achieved it can be approached . A reasonable illusion of primitive America could be recreated , using the utmost in skill , judgment , and ecologic sensitivity . This in our opinion should be the objective of every national park and monument .
Most importantly , the Leopold Report emphasized the need for scientific research and ecological management expertise in the national parks . Acknowledging the harm caused to nature by humans , the Advisory Board asked for the implementation of " a set of ecologic skills unknown in this country today " . A call to arms was raised for exploring new methods of active protection and restoration of plant and animal life in the national parks : " Americans have shown a great capacity for degrading and fragmenting native biotas . So far we have not exercised much imagination or ingenuity in rebuilding damaged biotas . It will not be done by passive protection alone . "
= = Reception and publication = =
The report was first presented on March 4 , 1963 , and originally published in the Transactions of the Twenty @-@ Eighth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference . Conrad L. Wirth , director of the NPS from 1951 to 1964 , stated that the report reworded the Service 's 1916 mandate into " modern language " , using a scientific perspective to redefine the basic purpose of national parks . Secretary Udall supported the report and instructed the NPS to incorporate the findings into the agency 's operations . In a memorandum dated May 2 , 1963 , he reiterated the purpose of the national park in the scope of the Leopold Report : " ... a primary goal of park management is to maintain the biotic associations within each park as nearly as possible in that relationship which existed at a predetermined time period . The goal then is to create or maintain the mood of wild America . "
The Advisory Board was reconstituted in part as a permanent Natural Sciences Advisory Board to the NPS . In 1964 , Wirth 's successor , George B. Hartzog , Jr . , established the Division of Natural Science Studies , naming biologist George Sprugel , Jr. the Service 's chief scientist . The memorable idea of a " vignette of primitive America " drew popular attention from readers and the report received widespread publicity and praise amongst conservationists . It was reprinted in several national publications and was also noted in the Sierra Club Bulletin . Leopold often said that had he known the report would be widely read and dissected , he probably would have written it more carefully .
= = Legacy = =
The Leopold Report was the first concrete plan for managing park visitors and ecosystems under unified principles . With an infusion of scientists and resource programs , it set into motion a series of ecologically positive legislative actions in the 1960s and into the 1970s . While direct management of the elk population in Yellowstone National Park continues to spark debate amongst scientists , the report nonetheless successfully influenced multiple areas of park management . Prior to the report 's publication , California 's Sequoia National Park was beset by a thick underbrush , which the report directly referred to as a " dog @-@ hair thicket ... a direct function of overprotection from natural ground fires " . This underbrush would have been naturally eradicated by lightning storms , but because of policies that supported wildfire suppression , the growth threatened the park 's Giant Sequoia trees . As a direct result of the report 's advice regarding the usefulness of controlled burning , in 1964 the park began performing trial controlled burns , which led to a 1968 policy championing the continuation of burns for the betterment of the park 's forest ecosystems . Fire ecologist Bruce Kilgore credited the Leopold Report as being a true catalyst for change , stating that it was the " document of greatest significance to National Park Service [ fire ] policy " .
Although the Robbins Report did not receive the same recognition as the Leopold Report , it reached similar conclusions . However , unlike the Leopold Report , the Robbins Report criticized the NPS for its lack of scientific research and made recommendations for sweeping changes in the structure of the NPS , with a proposal for a strong focus on a science @-@ based approach . In 1972 , the far more detailed Cain Report was released ; amounting to 207 pages in comparison to the Leopold Report 's scant 28 , its committee was chaired by Stanley A. Cain , who also worked on the Leopold Report . Although this report made similar recommendations to the one primarily written by Leopold , it stated that little had been done to advance the previous report 's findings , especially in terms of predator control . As a result of the Cain Report 's recommendations , President Richard Nixon signed Executive Order 11643 , which restricted the usage of poisons such as strychnine and sodium cyanide for predator control .
The report 's visionary goal for preservation has been both lauded and criticized . Author of the book Searching for Yellowstone : Ecology and Wonder in the Last Wilderness , Paul Schullery , wrote of the report : " Scholars return to it for new interpretations and even inspiration regularly , speakers invoke it on all occasions , and it is trotted out to prove almost every perspective in debates about modern park management . " On the other hand , Alston Chase , a vocal critic of the National Park Service , disapproved of the limited scope of the Leopold Report , arguing that it had " inadvertently replaced science with nostalgia , subverting the goal it had set out to support " . The report 's insistence to return parks to the condition that " prevailed when the area was first visited by the white man " has also been criticized for ignoring the Native Americans ' historical presence in the area . Historian and author Philip Burnham in particular stated in his 2000 book , Indian Country , God 's Country : Native Americans and the National Parks , that although Leopold et al. were more progressive than their predecessors , they " still dismissed native people as passive onlookers " .
= Battle of P 'ohang @-@ dong =
The Battle of P 'ohang @-@ dong was an engagement between United Nations and North Korean forces early in the Korean War , with fighting continuing from 5 – 20 August 1950 around the town of P 'ohang @-@ dong , South Korea . It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter , and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously . The battle ended in a victory for the United Nations after their forces were able to drive off an attempted offensive by three North Korean divisions in the mountainous eastern coast of the country .
Forces of the South Korean Republic of Korea Army , supported by the United States Navy and United States Air Force , defended the eastern coast of the country as a part of the Pusan Perimeter . When several divisions of the North Korean People 's Army crossed through mountainous terrain to push the UN forces back , a complicated battle ensued in the rugged terrain around P 'ohang @-@ dong , which contained the vital supply line to the main UN force at Taegu .
Over two weeks , North Korean and South Korean ground units fought in several bloody back @-@ and @-@ forth battles , taking and retaking ground in which neither was able to gain the upper hand . Finally , following the breakdown of the North Korean supply lines and amidst mounting casualties , the exhausted North Korean troops were forced to retreat .
The battle was a turning point in the war for North Korean forces , which had seen previous victories owing to superior numbers and equipment , with the distances and demands exacted on them at P 'ohang @-@ dong rendering their supply lines untenable .
= = Background = =
= = = Outbreak of war = = =
Following the invasion of the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) by its northern neighbor , the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ) and the subsequent outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 , the United Nations decided to enter the conflict on behalf of South Korea . The United States — a member of the UN — subsequently committed ground forces to the Korean peninsula with the goal of fighting back the North Korean invasion and to prevent South Korea from collapsing . However , U.S. forces in the Far East had been steadily decreasing since the end of World War II , five years earlier , and at the time the closest forces were the 24th Infantry Division , headquartered in Japan .
Advance elements of the 24th Infantry were badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on 5 July , the first encounter between American and North Korean forces . For the first month after the defeat of Task Force Smith , 24th Infantry was repeatedly defeated and forced south by superior North Korean numbers and equipment . The regiments of the 24th Infantry were systematically pushed south in engagements around Chochiwon , Chonan , and Pyongtaek . The 24th made a final stand in the Battle of Taejon , where it was almost completely destroyed but delayed North Korean forces until July 20 . By that time , the 8th Army ′ s force of combat troops were roughly equal to North Korean forces attacking the region , with new UN units arriving every day .
While the 24th Infantry Division was fighting on the Korean western front , the 5th and 12th North Korean Infantry Divisions advanced steadily on the eastern front . The North Korean army , 89 @,@ 000 men strong , had advanced into South Korea in six columns , catching the Republic of Korea Army by surprise , resulting in a complete rout . The smaller South Korean army suffered from widespread lack of organization and equipment , and it was unprepared for war . Numerically superior , North Korean forces destroyed isolated resistance from the 38 @,@ 000 South Korean soldiers on the front before it began moving steadily south .
= = = North Korean advance = = =
With Taejon captured , North Korean forces began surrounding the Pusan Perimeter from all sides in an attempt to envelop it . The 4th and 6th North Korean Infantry Divisions advanced south in a wide flanking maneuver . The two divisions attempted to envelop the UN ′ s left flank , but became extremely spread out in the process . At the same time , the NK 5th and 12th Division pressured the South Koreans on the right flank . They advanced on UN positions with armor and superior numbers , repeatedly defeating U.S. and South Korean forces and forcing them further south . On 21 July , the NK 12th Division was ordered by the II North Korean Corps to capture P 'ohang @-@ dong by 26 July .
Though it was steadily pushed back , South Korean forces on the right flank increased their resistance further south hoping to delay North Korean units as much as possible . North and South Korean units sparred for control of several cities , inflicting heavy casualties on one another . The Republic of Korea Army forces defended Yongdok fiercely before being forced back . They also performed well in the Battle of Andong , forcing the NK 12th Division to delay their attacks on P 'ohang @-@ dong until the early August . The South Korean forces had also undergone significant reorganizations , and after receiving a large number of recruits by 26 July , the South Korean Army had reached an effective strength of 85 @,@ 871 men .
= = = Eastern corridor = = =
Along the South Korean front of the perimeter , on the eastern corridor , the terrain made moving through the area incredibly difficult . A major road ran from Taegu 50 mi ( 80 km ) east , to P ’ ohang @-@ dong on Korea 's east coast . The only major north @-@ south road intersecting this line moves south from Andong through Yongch 'on , midway between Taegu and P 'ohang @-@ dong .
The only other natural entry through the line lies at the town of An 'gang @-@ ni , 12 mi ( 19 km ) west of P 'ohang @-@ dong , which is situated near a valley through the natural rugged terrain to the major rail hub of Kyongju , which was a staging area for moving supplies to Taegu . General Walton Walker — commanding the 8th Army — chose not to heavily reinforce the area as he felt the terrain made meaningful attack impossible , preferring to respond to attack with reinforcements from the transportation routes and air cover from Yonil Airfield , which was south of P 'ohang @-@ dong .
With the exception of the valley between Taegu and P 'ohong @-@ dong , the terrain along the line was extremely rough and mountainous thanks to the Taebaek Mountains which ran from north to south down Korea 's east coast . Northeast of P 'ohong @-@ dong along the South Korean line the terrain was especially treacherous , and movement in the region was extremely difficult . Thus , the UN established the northern line of the Pusan Perimeter using the terrain as a natural defense . However the rough terrain also made communication difficult , particularly for the South Korean forces .
= = Prelude = =
The Republic of Korea Army — a force of 58 @,@ 000 — was organized into two corps and five divisions along the line ; from east to west , ROK I Corps controlled the 8th Infantry Division and Capital Divisions , while the ROK II Corps controlled the 1st Division and 6th Infantry Division . A reconstituted ROK 3rd Division was placed under direct ROK Army control . Morale among the UN units was low due to the large number of defeats at that point in the war . The South Korean Army had lost an estimated 70 @,@ 000 men up to that point in the war .
At the same time , forces of the U.S. 5th Air Force provided 45 P @-@ 51 Mustang fighters to provide cover from Yongil Airfield , and the U.S. Navy provided several ships to provide support by sea . Evacuation of wounded and surrounded troops was carried out by the aircraft carriers USS Valley Forge and Philippine Sea . The heavy cruisers USS Helena and Toledo also provided fire support for troops operating in the town .
The North Korean People 's Army forces were organized into a mechanized combined arms force of ten divisions , originally numbering some 90 @,@ 000 well @-@ trained and well @-@ equipped troops in July , with hundreds of T @-@ 34 Tanks . However , defensive actions by U.S. and South Korean forces had delayed the North Koreans significantly in their invasion of South Korea , costing them 58 @,@ 000 of their troops and a large number of tanks . In order to recoup these losses , the North Koreans had to rely on less experienced replacements and conscripts , many of whom had been taken from the conquered regions of South Korea .
The North Korean forces suffered a shortage of men and equipment ; their divisions were far understrength . Opposing the South Koreans , from west to east , were the 8th , 12th , and 5th Divisions and the 766th Independent Infantry Regiment . On 5 August , the NK 8th Division was estimated to have 8 @,@ 000 men , the NK 5th Division had 6 @,@ 000 men , the NK 12th Division had 6 @,@ 000 men and the 766th Independent Regiment had 1 @,@ 500 men , giving these units a total strength of at least 21 @,@ 500 .
= = Battle = =
In early August , the three North Korean divisions mounted offensives against the three passes through the South Koreans ' line . The NK 8th Division attacked Yongch 'on , the NK 12th Division attacked P ’ ohang @-@ dong and NK 5th Division , in conjunction with the 766th Independent Infantry Regiment , attacked toward An 'gang @-@ ni at Kigye , 6 mi ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) north of the town . The South Korean forces had far less training and were poorly equipped , and so they presented the weakest line on the Pusan Perimeter . The North Koreans knew they could be most successful there .
= = = Opening moves = = =
The NK 8th Division 's attack stalled almost immediately . The division drove for Yongch 'on from Uiseong . However , the attack failed to reach the Taegu @-@ P 'ohang corridor after being surprised and outflanked by the ROK 8th Division . NK 8th Division 's 3rd Regiment was nearly destroyed by South Korean forces immediately , forcing its 2nd Regiment to attempt to relieve it , resulting in at least 700 casualties for the 2nd Regiment . At least six tanks were also destroyed by U.S. Air Force F @-@ 51 Mustangs and mines .
This fighting was so heavy that the NK 8th Division was forced to hold its ground a week before trying to advance . When it finally broke out , it was only able to advance briefly before it was stalled again by South Korean resistance . The division was forced to halt a second time to wait for reinforcements . However the other two attacks were more successful , catching the UN forces by surprise . The North Koreans quickly pushed South Korean forces back .
East of the NK and ROK 8th Divisions , the NK 12th Division crossed the Naktong River at Andong , moving through the mountains in small groups to reach P 'ohang @-@ dong . The division was far under strength and at least one of its artillery batteries had to send its guns back north because it had no ammunition for them . UN planners had not anticipated that the 12th Division would be able to do this effectively , and thus was unprepared when its forces infiltrated the region so heavily .
On 9 August , troops from the ROK 25th Regiment , Capitol Division probed through the mountains from Kigye to establish contact with the ROK 3rd Division south of Yongdok . It advanced 2 @.@ 5 mi ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) north before encountering fierce North Korean resistance , which pushed it almost 5 mi ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) south . It was apparent to the UN forces that the ROK 3rd Division was being outflanked . It held the road 20 mi ( 32 km ) north of P 'ohang @-@ dong but there were no defenses inland in the mountains and North Korean units had penetrated there .
In the meantime , the ROK 3rd Division was heavily engaged with the NK 5th Division along the coastal road to P 'ohang @-@ dong . The divisions clashes centered on the town of Yongdok , with each side capturing and recapturing the town several times . On 5 August , the North Koreans launched their attack , again taking the town from the South Korean forces and pushing them south . At 19 : 30 on 6 August , the South Koreans launched a counteroffensive to retake the hill .
U.S. aircraft and ships pounded the town with rockets , napalm and shells before South Korean troops from the 22nd and 23rd regiments swarmed the town . However , NK 5th Division forces were able to infiltrate the coastal road south of Yongdok at Hunghae . This effectively surrounded the ROK 3rd Division , trapping it several miles above P 'ohang @-@ dong . The NK 766th Independent Regiment advanced around the ROK 3rd Division and took the area around P 'ohang @-@ dong .
Due to severe manpower shortages , ROK commanders had assigned a company of student soldiers to defend P 'ohang @-@ dong Girl 's Middle School to delay the NKPA advance into the town . On August 11 , the squad held their ground and confronted more numerous NK forces . Out of initial 71 squad members 48 died in the 11 @-@ hour @-@ long battle . This part of the battle is depicted in the movie 71 : Into the Fire .
= = = UN counteroffensive = = =
On 10 August , the 8th Army organized Task Force P 'ohang , consisting of the ROK 17th , 25th , and 26th Regiments as well as the ROK 1st Anti @-@ Guerrilla Battalion , Marine Battalion and a battery from the U.S. 18th Field Artillery Battalion . The task force was given the mission to clear out North Korean forces in the mountainous region . At the same time , the 8th Army formed Task Force Bradley , consisting of elements of the U.S. 8th Infantry Regiment , 2nd Infantry Division under the command of Brigadier General Joseph S. Bradley , the 2nd Division ′ s assistant commander . Task Force Bradley was tasked with defending P 'ohang @-@ dong from the North Korean 766th Independent Regiment which was infiltrating the town .
On 11 August , Task Force Bradley struck out from Yongil Airfield to counterattack the North Korean forces around P 'ohang @-@ dong while Task Force P 'ohang attacked from An 'gang @-@ ni area . Both forces immediately met resistance from North Korean forces . By that time , the North Korean forces had captured P 'ohang @-@ dong . What followed was a complicated series of fights through the large region around P 'ohang @-@ dong and An 'gang @-@ ni as South Korean ground forces , aided by U.S. air forces engaged groups of North Korean forces operation all around the vicinity .
The NK 12th Division was operating in the valley west of P 'ohang @-@ dong and was able to push back Task Force P 'ohang and the ROK Capital Division . At the same time , the NK 766th Infantry Regiment and elements of the NK 5th Division fought Task Force Bradley at and south of P 'ohang @-@ dong . U.S. naval fire was able to drive NK troops from the town , but it became a bitterly contested no man 's land as fighting moved to the hills around the town .
= = = UN forces pull back = = =
By 13 August , North Korean troops were operating in the mountains west and southwest of Yongil Airfield . U.S. Air Force commanders — wary of enemy attack — evacuated the 45 P @-@ 51s of the 39th and 40th Fighter Squadron from the airstrip , against complaints of General MacArthur . However , the airstrip remained under the protection of UN ground forces and never came under direct North Korean fire . The squadrons were moved to Tsuiki on the island of Kyushu , Japan .
As the battles at P 'ohang @-@ dong raged to the south , the ROK 3rd Division faced increasing pressure from the NK 5th Division . North Korean officers from the division continued to attack the ROK unit hoping it would collapse , and the North Korean troops were able to slowly erode at the South Korean division ′ s defenses , forcing it into a smaller and smaller pocket . The ROK division was forced further south to the village of Changsa @-@ dong , where U.S. Navy planners began preparations to evacuate the division by LSTs and DUKWs .
The division would sail 20 miles ( 32 km ) south to Yongil bay to join the other UN forces in a coordinated attack to push the North Koreans out of the region . This evacuation was carried out on the night of 16 August under heavy support from the U.S. Navy . In all , 9 @,@ 000 men of the division were evacuated south , as well as 1 @,@ 200 national police and 1 @,@ 000 laborers . Now at the height of their advance , the North Korean divisions had pushed the line to within 12 mi ( 19 km ) of Taegu .
= = = North Korean defeat = = =
By 14 August , large forces from the NK 5th and 12th Divisions , as well was the 766th Independent Regiment were focused entirely on taking P 'ohang @-@ dong . However they were unable to hold it because of U.S. air superiority and naval bombardment on the town . More importantly , the supply chain had completely broken down for the division , and more food , ammunition and supplies were not available . Captured North Korean prisoners claimed the units received no food after 12 August and had been so exhausted that they were completely unable to fight . Opposing them , the ROK Capital Division and Task forces P 'ohang and Bradley which had joined forces to prepare for a final offensive to push the North Koreans out of the region .
UN forces began their final counteroffensive against the stalled North Korean forces on 15 August . Intense fighting around P 'ohang @-@ dong ensued for several days as each side suffered large numbers of casualties in back @-@ and @-@ forth battles . By 17 August , UN forces were able to push North Korean troops out of the Kyongju corridor and An 'gang @-@ ni , putting the supply road to Taegu out of immediate danger . The NK 766th Independent Regiment — now down to 1 @,@ 500 men — was forced to withdraw north to prevent being surrounded .
The NK 12th Division , also down to just 1 @,@ 500 , evacuated P 'ohang @-@ dong after this , having been exhausted from heavy casualties . The two units merged and received replacements , with the NK 12th Division re @-@ forming with 5 @,@ 000 men . By 19 August the North Korean forces had completely withdrawn from the offensive and retreated into the mountains . Troops of the ROK Capital Division advanced to 2 mi ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of Kigye , while the ROK 3rd Division retook P 'ohang @-@ dong and advanced north of the town the next day . The ROK line had been pushed back several miles , but it had managed to repel the North Koreans .
= = Aftermath = =
The fight at P 'ohang @-@ dong was the final breaking point for North Korean units already on the verge of exhaustion from continuous combat . North Korean supply lines were overextended to the point of breaking down , causing a collapse in resupply that is seen as a primary factor in turning the tide of the battle . Moreover , U.S. air superiority was also crucial to the engagement , since repeated bombing runs by U.S. aircraft prevented North Korean ground forces from reaching and holding their objectives .
Poor organization among both North and South Korean units made it extremely difficult to estimate total casualties for both sides . Several units were completely destroyed in the fighting , making precise casualty counting difficult . A memo from the South Korean army claimed 3 @,@ 800 North Korean killed and 181 captured in the P 'ohang area from 17 August onward . However , casualty numbers are likely far higher . The NK 12th Division alone likely suffered at least 4 @,@ 500 casualties on top of that number , reporting a strength of 6 @,@ 000 on 5 August and only 1 @,@ 500 on 17 August .
= Highland cattle =
Highland cattle ( Scottish Gaelic : Bò Ghàidhealach ; Scots : Heilan coo ) are a Scottish cattle breed . They have long horns and long wavy coats that are coloured black , brindle , red , yellow , white , silver ( looks white but with a black nose ) or dun , and they are raised primarily for their meat . They originated in the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland and were first mentioned in the 6th century AD . The first herd book described two distinct types of Highland cattle but , due to crossbreeding between the two , only one type now exists and is registered . They have since been exported worldwide .
They are a hardy breed due to their native environment , the Highlands of Scotland . This results in long hair , giving the breed its ability to overwinter . Bulls can weigh up to 800 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 800 pounds ) and cows up to 500 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 100 pounds ) . Their milk generally has a very high butterfat content , and their meat , regarded as of the highest quality , is gaining mainstream acceptance as it is lower in cholesterol than other varieties of beef .
= = Breed characteristics = =
They have an unusual double coat of hair . On the outside is the oily outer hair - the longest of any cattle breed - covering a downy undercoat . This makes them well suited to conditions in the Highlands , which have a high annual rainfall and sometimes very strong winds . Their skill in foraging for food allows them to survive in steep mountain areas where they both graze and eat plants that many other cattle avoid . They can dig through the snow with their horns to find buried plants .
Mature bulls can weigh up to 800 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 800 pounds ) and cows can weigh up to 500 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 100 pounds ) . Cows typically have a height of 90 – 106 centimeters ( 3 – 3 @.@ 5 ft ) , and bulls are typically in the range of 106 – 120 centimeters ( 3 @.@ 5 – 4 ft ) . Mating occurs throughout the year with a gestation period of approximately 277 – 290 days . Most commonly a single calf is born , but twins are not unknown . Sexual maturity is reached at about eighteen months . Highland cattle also have a longer expected lifespan than most other breeds of cattle , up to 20 years .
The coat colors are caused by alleles at the MC1R gene ( E locus ) and the PMEL or SILV gene ( D locus ) .
They have a docile temperament and the milk has a high butterfat content , so have traditionally been used as house cows . They are generally good @-@ natured animals but very protective of their young .
= = = Cold tolerance = = =
All European cattle cope relatively well with low temperatures but Highland cattle have been described as " ... almost as cold @-@ tolerant as the arctic @-@ dwelling caribou and reindeer ... " Conversely they are much less tolerant of heat than zebu cattle , which originated in South Asia and are adapted for hot climates . Highland cattle have been successfully established in countries where winters are substantially colder than Scotland such as Norway and Canada .
= = = Social behaviour = = =
A fold of semi @-@ wild Highland cattle was studied , over a period of 4 years . It was found that the cattle have a clear structure and hierarchy of dominance , which reduced aggression . Social standing depended on age and sex , with older cattle being dominant to calves and younger ones and males dominant to females . Young bulls would dominate adult cows when they reached around 2 years of age . Calves from the top ranking cow were given higher social status , despite minimal intervention from their mother . Playfighting , licking and mounting were seen as friendly contact .
Breeding occurred in May and June , with heifers first giving birth at 2 – 3 years old .
= = History = =
= = = Development = = =
The breed was developed in the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland from two types of now @-@ extinct cattle , one originally black , and the other reddish . The original cattle were brought to Britain by Neolithic farmers . Highland cattle have a history that dates back to at least the 6th century AD , with the first written evidence dating back to the 12th century AD .
The 1885 herd book describes two distinct types of Highland cattle . One was the West Highland , or Kyloe , originating from the islands , which had harsher conditions . These cattle tended to be smaller , to have black coats and , due to their more rugged environment , to have long hair . The other type was the mainland ; these tended to be larger because their pastures provided richer nutrients . They came in a range of colours , most frequently dun or red . These types have now been crossbred so that there is no distinct difference .
Since the early 20th century , breeding stock has been exported to many parts of the world , especially Australia and North America .
It is estimated that there are now around 15 @,@ 000 Highland cattle in the United Kingdom .
= = = Scotland = = =
Originally , small farmers kept Highlands as house cows to produce milk and for meat . The Highland cattle registry ( " herd book " ) was established in 1885 . This is the oldest herd book in the world , which makes them the oldest registered cattle in the world . Although a group of cattle is generally called a herd , a group of Highland cattle is known as a " fold " . This is because in winter , the cattle were kept in open shelters made of stone called folds to protect them from the weather at night . They were also known as kyloes in Scots .
In 1954 , Queen Elizabeth ordered Highland cattle to be kept at Balmoral Castle where they are still kept today .
= = = Australia = = =
Highland cattle were first imported into Australia by the mid @-@ 19th century by Scottish migrants such as Chieftain Areneas Ronaldson MacDonell of Glengarry , Scotland . Arriving in Port Albert , Victoria , in 1841 with his clan , they apparently drove their Highland cattle to a farm at Greenmount , on the Tarra River , preceded by a piper . Samuel Amess , also from Scotland , who made a fortune in the Victorian goldfields and became Mayor of Melbourne in 1869 , kept a small fold of black Highland cattle on Churchill Island . They were seen and survived in Port Victoria during the late 1800s , but other folds were believed to have died out in areas such as New South Wales . In 1988 the Australian Highland Cattle Society was formed . Since then , numbers have been growing and semen is being exported to New Zealand to establish the breed there .
= = = Canada = = =
Highland cattle were first imported into Canada in the 1880s . Both the Honourable Donald A. Smith , Lord Strathcona of Winnipeg , Manitoba , and Robert Campbell of Strathclair , Manitoba , imported one bull each . There were also Highland cattle in Nova Scotia , Canada , in the 1880s . However , their numbers were small until the 1920s when large @-@ scale breeding and importing began . In the 1950s cattle were imported and exported from North America . The Canadian Highland Cattle Society was officially registered in 1964 and currently registers all purebred cattle in Canada . Towards the end of the 1990s , there was a large semen and embryo trade between the UK and Canada . However , that has stopped , largely due to the BSE ( mad cow disease ) outbreaks in the United Kingdom . Today , Highland cattle are mainly found in eastern Canada . The population of Highland cattle for Canada and the United States of America combined is estimated at 11 @,@ 000 .
= = Modern farming = =
The meat of Highland cattle tends to be leaner than most beef because Highlands are largely insulated by their thick , shaggy hair rather than by subcutaneous fat . Highland cattle can produce beef at a reasonable profit from land that would otherwise normally be unsuitable for agriculture . The most profitable way to produce Highland beef is on poor pasture in their native land , the Highlands of Scotland . The meat is also gaining popularity in North America as the beef is low in cholesterol .
= = = Commercial success = = =
The beef from Highland cattle is very tender , but the market for high @-@ quality meat has declined . To address this decline , it is common practice to breed Highland " suckler " cows with a more favourable breed such as a Shorthorn or Limousin bull . This allows the Highland cattle to produce a crossbred beef calf that has the tender beef of its mother on a carcass shape of more commercial value at slaughter . These crossbred beef suckler cows inherit the hardiness , thrift and mothering capabilities of their Highland dams and the improved carcass configuration of their sires . Such crossbred sucklers can be further crossbred with a modern beef bull such as a Limousin or Charolais to produce high quality beef .
= = Showing = =
For show purposes , Highland cattle are sometimes groomed with oils and conditioners to give their coats a fluffy appearance that is more apparent in calves ; it leads some outside the industry to call them " fluffy cows " . Many also call the cows " hairy cows " due to their thick coats .
= = = Breed standard = = =
The breed standard is a set of guidelines which are used to ensure that the animals produced by a breeder or breeding facility conform to the specifics of the standardized breed . All registered Highland cattle must conform to it . The breed standard was created in Inverness on 10 June 1885 . There are four main parts to the standard : the head , the neck , the back and body , and the hair . Below is a concise list of the main points of the breed standard . A judge in a show will judge the cattle against a provided breed standard .
Head
Proportionate to body
Wide between eyes
Must naturally have horns , but may be trimmed in commercial rearing
Neck
Clear , without dewlap
Straight line to body
Back and Body
The back must be rounded
The quarters must be wider than the hips
The legs must be short and straight
Hair
The hair must be straight and waved
Sources : Highland Cattle Society , ScottishHighlandCattle.org
= Albany Free School =
The Albany Free School is the oldest independent , inner @-@ city alternative school in the United States . Founded by Mary Leue in 1969 based on the English Summerhill School philosophy , the free school lets students learn at their own pace . It has no grades , tests , or firm schedule : students design their own daily plans for learning . The school is self @-@ governed through a weekly , democratic all @-@ school meeting run by students in Robert 's Rules . Students and staff alike receive one equal vote apiece . Unlike Summerhill @-@ style schools , the Albany Free School is a day school that serves predominantly working @-@ class children . Nearly 80 percent of the school is eligible for reduced @-@ price meals in the public schools . About 60 students between the ages of three and fourteen attend , and are staffed by six full @-@ time teachers and a number of volunteers .
The school runs on a shoestring budget as a tradeoff for its financial independence and accessibility to low @-@ income students . Tuition is billed on a sliding scale based on what parents can afford . Revenue from rental properties and fundraising supplements tuition income . The Free School started a high school program in 2006 . It later spun off as the Harriet Tubman Democratic High School and enrolls about 20 students in both self @-@ directed and traditional classes . Alumni of the school have attended a variety of colleges . Journalists have noted the school 's similarity to unschooling and homeschooling , and its work to that of prefigurative politics . The Albany Free School is one of the few schools remaining from the 1960s and 1970s free school movement . It inspired the program of the Brooklyn Free School .
= = History = =
The Albany Free School is the oldest independent , inner @-@ city alternative school in the United States . It was founded in 1969 by Mary Leue , who wanted to start a school that was free both by " democratic principles and accessibility to poor children " . Leue approached A. S. Neill of Summerhill , the democratic school 's progenitor , for advice on how to make a similar school for working @-@ class children , he replied that " she would be mad to try " . The school 's first pupils withdrew from the public school . Chris Mercogliano came to the school in 1973 and became " its co @-@ director and figurehead " . The school is located in a socioeconomically and racially diverse downtown Albany in a building that once housed a parochial school . They purchased a number of buildings in the early 1970s for " next to nothing " in the impoverished neighborhood . The Albany Free School is one of the few free schools to persist from the hundreds once open in the free school movement of the 1960s and 1970s .
Over time , the Albany Free School became a " safety net " for children with special needs who were not fully accommodated in the public schools . The school 's waiting list grew accordingly , and its program was also impacted by the difficult home situations that these students would often bring to school . The school 's " unofficial adage " is , " Never a dull moment , always a dull roar . "
= = Program = =
The school 's philosophy is that students learn best at their own pace . The original curriculum was a cross between " instruction and home life " . The Albany Free School has no firm schedule and does not grade students . The day begins at 8 : 15 a.m. and students are asked what they want to do each day . Students are grouped by age and present their own plan for each day . They pursue various projects including writing , filmmaking , and studying language or history . The school also offers structured math and reading classes for those who want it . Classes tend to have five to seven students per teacher and the school 's teacher – student relationships are close . Teachers report a relative ease in holding students accountable to their stated plans . In 2006 , the school had ten teachers , four interns , and a number of parent
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
volunteers for 58 students between the ages of three and fourteen ( pre @-@ K to eighth grade ) . The school has a " Living and Learning " program between 10 a.m. and noon , followed by lunch , which the students make themselves as part of the program . The children play sports until their 3 p.m. class and school ends at 4 p.m.
The Albany Free School self @-@ governs through a weekly " all @-@ school meeting " where students and teachers each receive single votes of equal weight in deciding school policy . Teachers recommend that children resolve their disputes themselves or through small groups . If a conflict is irreconcilable , any member of the community can call a school @-@ wide meeting . After this person informs the school , everyone sits in a circle in the basement . The group chooses three students to run the meeting in Robert 's Rules . Adults facilitate more than lead , and rarely intervene in the meetings , which are intended to teach " mediation and compromise " . The school prioritizes self @-@ expression , " honesty , and emotions " . One teacher explained the " free " in " free school " to represent the freedom to be oneself without coercion , which comes with the responsibility to listen to others and respect their feelings voices . In the late 2000s , the school expelled a student for the first time by vote at the community meeting .
The school privileges its financial independence and accessibility over sufficient budgeting , a result of Leue 's governance choices . The Free School does not receive government funding and instead subsists on student tuition and supplemental income from rental properties and " extensive fundraising " . Student tuition is billed on a sliding scale : parents give what they can afford . In 2012 , about 80 percent of the school 's families were eligible for free or reduced @-@ price public school meals , and Free School parents paid an average monthly tuition of US $ 160 ( substantially below the US $ 215 cost per child ) . In 2012 , one half the school 's students lived in Albany 's inner @-@ city South End ( mostly black and Latino , with a burgeoning immigrant population ) , one fourth lived in uptown neighborhoods , and one fourth lived in the suburbs . Leue initially struggled to recruit children of upwardly mobile families , who thought the school would limit their children 's chances to join a suitable income bracket . She found that low @-@ income , black families were the most skeptical about the school 's usefulness . The school also provides inexpensive ( or free ) preschool and daycare for young children , operates a car collective ( wherein a dozen people share a minivan ) , and provides low @-@ interest loans through a community credit system .
The school operates on a shoestring budget of US $ 100 @,@ 000 , or US $ 150 @,@ 000 when including the kitchen program . The Free School intentionally foregoes government funding to avoid external control and needless bureaucracy . A volunteer staff performs the school 's administrative duties , and as of 2012 , six teachers are employed full @-@ time at forty @-@ hour weeks for a US $ 11 @,@ 000 yearly stipend . Many take second jobs . Their school 's website notes that it has become harder to keep teachers , who are qualified for salaries at least three times this amount plus fringe benefits at public schools . In 2012 , co @-@ director Chris Mercogliano , who arrived in 1973 , continued to receive the same pay as a new teacher . Teachers report high interest in their work and less interest in the low pay . Younger teachers have expressed more of an interest in racial and social justice , and have tried to increase the school 's diversity . Within the school community , some have " half @-@ jokingly " expressed a mix of philosophies between the school 's " young anarchists and ... old liberals " .
= = = High school and graduation = = =
The Free School began a high school program in late 2006 . It later became the separate Harriet Tubman Democratic High School , and was accredited by the Department of Education . As of 2011 , the school enrolls 17 students , plans to expand to 40 , and employs one full @-@ time teacher , though part @-@ time workers , volunteers , interns , and graduate students keep the ratio of one staff to five students . The school offers both interest @-@ based and " traditional " classes : the former lets students play musical instruments and teach music theory , while the latter prepares students for the state Regents exams . None of the traditional classes enroll more than 11 students . Students are not turned away based on inability to pay tuition , and 80 percent of the school receives tuition aid . As such , the school includes students from the city as well as the suburbs . The pupils also participate in staff hiring and school maintenance chores . The director has said that the school is best suited for independent students .
Free School graduates apply to college with essays and interviews rather than standardized test scores . Tubman High School graduates have attended Clarkson University and Hudson Valley Community College . Albany Free School alumni have continued into occupations including development director at an alternative education organization , and an undersecretary for the Governor of New York .
= = Reception = =
Matthew Appleton wrote that the day school 's existence proved that the Summerhill method could work in non @-@ boarding school environments , and Ron Miller noted the Albany Free School as an " anomaly " and model for American free schools , which tend to serve upper @-@ middle class children . The Albany Free School inspired the program of the Brooklyn Free School .
In contemplating the role of democratic schools in addressing race @-@ based inequities , Astra Taylor saw the Albany Free School " as a microcosm of an American society that had failed to come into existence " . She thought that the school sounded " like unschooling , but in a group setting " , where children are free to cross age lines , learn from older idealists , and manage their own affairs . Children are trusted to " learn responsibility , problem solving , and self @-@ governance in the process " . Taylor added that the practical needs of tending the chicken coop and vegetables turned " necessity into virtue " as lack of money became " self @-@ reliance and simple living " . She compared the school 's work to Rebecca Solnit 's prefigurative politics : one small group models a different way to pursue a principle , such that the group can live by its ideals while affecting a change they seek .
In comparison to the Albany Free School , the City School District of Albany felt that it was better prepared to fit the needs of all students by offering more social services and learning opportunities , such as an elementary school " dual language enrichment program " and the International Baccalaureate . In contrast , a Free School teacher said that the school 's graduates were better able to empathize and emotionally interact , and thus were better equipped to address the fear and mistrust of authority that leads to " laws , judges , courts , prisons " .
The Times Union reported the Tubman High School as an " educational island ... outside the public , charter , and private school sphere " that served as a " refuge " for students who disliked traditional public schools . The newspaper wrote that the school , " perhaps the most unique educational experience in the region " , was closer to homeschooling than traditional schooling , like a college dorm where small roundtable discussions prevailed .
= Titan Quest : Immortal Throne =
Titan Quest : Immortal Throne is an expansion pack to the 2006 action role @-@ playing hack and slash video game Titan Quest . Developed by Iron Lore Entertainment , it was originally published by THQ in 2007 : it would be Iron Lore 's last original project prior to their closure in 2008 . Following directly on from the events of Titan Quest , Immortal Throne follows the player character as they are confronted by a new wave of monsters attacking the mortal realm from the Underworld . Gameplay is identical to that of Titan Quest , with navigation through locations around the Ancient world and action combat . For Immortal Throne , improvements were made to the inventory system and multiplayer , and a new character class was added .
Development began in July 2006 after work was completed on Titan Quest , with preparatory work beginning prior to this . Staff members returned while assuming different roles to the original game : Michael Verrette produced , Michael Sheidow acted as art director , the script was written by Dean O 'Donnell , while Arthur Bruno took over as main designer . Scott Morton returned to compose new tracks . The concept was to both expand upon the narrative of Titan Quest and improve the gameplay experience . It also went for a darker aesthetic compared to the original . Announced in November 2006 , it released to a positive critical reception and favorable sales .
= = Gameplay = =
Like its predecessor Titan Quest , Immortal Throne is an action role @-@ playing game where the player @-@ created character navigates environments within the Ancient World : in Immortal Throne , the player begins by exploring locations like Rhodes and Epirus , before entering the Underworld and passing through supernatural locations such as the Styx and Elysium . Players progress through the story and different locations by completing quests from non @-@ playable characters ( NPCs ) for various rewards , including money and experience points .
Combat happens in real @-@ time , featuring a hack and slash style where the player character attacks enemies highlighted with the mouse . As the character gains experience levels through completing quests and killing enemies , they can access Mastery skill trees linked to different combat styles , similar to a character class system : players can have access to a primary and secondary skill tree , which grand either passive or active boons upon characters . Items and equipment , which include new armor and weapons alongside healing potions , are acquired from defeated enemies or purchased from merchants . Players of the original Titan Quest can import their current selected character into Immortal Throne , while new players must complete the main campaign before accessing Immortal Throne .
Immortal Throne features multiple additions and alterations over Titan Quest . The main addition is a new Mastery titled Dream Mastery : available to new players from the start of the main campaign , it is a magic @-@ focused skill that relies on illusion and stasis effects to disrupt enemy groups . Among the abilities available are putting nearby enemies to sleep until they are hit by a weapon strike , turning enemies on each other , and effects which make enemies take damage when they strike the player or faster health and energy recovery . In addition to extra quests , new items and equipment are included . An additional item slot for the player character is reserved for Artifacts , charms crafted for the player by Enchanters after the player discovers enough Arcane Formulae after defeating enemies . Artifacts are divided into three levels ( Lesser , Greater and Divine ) , which grant a variety of status effects depending on their level . A separate type of item are Scrolls , expendable items that produce powerful effects and can be equipped in a similar fashion to healing potions . Additional sellers and storage Caravans are included in between towns . Multiplayer functions return from the original game , while adding refinements such as the ability to automatically join parties and engage in player @-@ versus @-@ player matches .
= = Plot = =
Immortal Throne picks up immediately after the events of the main game : after the titan Typhon has been defeated , the Olympian gods hail the player character as humanity 's hero , and decide that the human world can function without their protection . The player is transported to Rhodes , where a new wave of monsters has appeared : this is blamed by Tiresias on the player 's activities creating strife in the Underworld , the source of the monsters . To discover the reason behind the attacks , the player must seek out the sorceress Medea , who sends the player to a region near the Pindos Mountains . Following a path into them , the player finds the path into the Underworld , where the dead are trapped in limbo due to the Judges of the Underworld no longer passing sentence on them . After the player defeats Charon and Cerberus , who have abandoned their original purposes , they head through Elysium . The player learns that Hades , god of the Underworld , is launching an attack on the living world now that the more powerful Olympians have left humanity unprotected . After trapping Hades ' army in the Underworld , the player then defeats Hades himself . Persephone then appears , dubs the player " Godsbane " and declares that humans have earned the right to control both life and death .
= = Development and release = =
Development on Immortal Throne began in early June 2006 , a few weeks after the original Titan Quest went gold . Preparatory work was in progress during the late development stages of Titan Quest , with staff drawing up feature lists and choosing what features to improve and what additions to make . According to producer Michael Verrette , Immortal Throne was considered an extension of Titan Quest , as many of the elements it included were features that could not be included in the original game due to time constraints . Multiple staff from Titan Quest returned , either in their original roles or different roles : Verrette became producer after being a sound designer for the original game , Arthur Bruno became lead gameplay designer , and Michael Sheidow and Scott Morton returned as art director and composer respectively . The original graphics engine was carried over from the original game with some accompanying refinements . The level design was based around the increased vertical elements in environments , giving a wider variety of gameplay spaces and vistas . A big addition to the game was the Dream Mastery character class , which was both designed to fit in among the existing character classes and to be a useful skill in cooperative multiplayer . The level editor , a feature present in the original game , was left mostly intact , although additional development features were added such as lockable day and night cycle and preview features for new elements . Visually , the game was themed around a descent into the Underworld : the deeper the player went on their journey , the darker the environments became . Immortal Throne would be the last original property worked on by Iron Lore Entertainment : after completing work on Soulstorm , an expansion to Warhammer 40 @,@ 000 : Dawn of War , the studio was forced to close in February 2008 due to difficulties in securing any funding for future projects .
The game 's story was born from wanting to expand upon the original game 's theme of the growing rift between mankind and the gods . The Greek Underworld was the one major mythical location that the developers of Titan Quest had not yet approached . As it offered a rich source of material for their creative staff , it was made the location for the expansion . The story concept the team began with was the possibility of a secondary hostile force besides the Titans that had only kept away from humans due to the presence of the Olympians , and now rose up as they retreated from human affairs . With the quests , the team worked to improve on the structure and impact they had in the original , introducing famous places and people from history and mythology . They also expanded the variety of side quests , and included elements such as legends and customs related to the dead . The script was written by Dean O 'Donnell . While an experienced playwright , he encountered new challenges in writing for the video game medium , as he needed to always assume that the player had spoken first to a selected NPC and to contain the necessary information in the first line of dialogue with embellishment in additional lines . Aesthetically , the tone of Immortal Throne was darker than that of its predecessor , with one of the main elements of this change being the cover art : according to designer Arthur Bruno , this was in reaction to the unfavorable impression players received from the surface appearance of Titan Quest when compared to the darker take on Grecian mythology in the God of War series .
Immortal Throne was announced by publisher THQ in November 2006 , four months after the release of Titan Quest . The game went gold in February 2007 . It released in North America and Europe on March 2 , 2007 . In Japan , it released on March 23 . The game was released on Steam on July 17 , 2007 alongside its predecessor by THQ . Immortal Throne was re @-@ released as part of the Titan Quest gold edition : it released on October 22 , 2007 in the West , and on April 25 , 2008 in Japan . Since its release and the closure of Iron Lore , fan patches were created to address issues found within Immortal Throne such as bugs and multiplayer issues . The Titan Quest intellectual property was purchased by Nordic Games after THQ began selling off its shares in the wake of its 2013 bankruptcy . Beginning in 2016 , Nordic Games began supporting the game 's Steam version with patches to fix gameplay and multiplayer issues , along with glitches and bugs . Titan Quest was later ported to mobile devices in 2016 by DotEmu under supervision by Nordic Games : when asked whether Immortal Throne would also be released on the platforms , DotEmu stated that they were focusing on the main game and would hopefully port Immortal Throne at a later date .
= = Reception = =
In its debut month , the NPD Group reported that Immortal Throne reached # 13 in the dedicated PC gaming charts . According to Bruno , the combined worldwide sales of Titan Quest and Immortal Throne totaled over one million units worldwide by late 2008 . It also continued to sell well on Steam , though exact figures were not given .
Titan Quest : Immortal Throne received positive reviews from professional critics upon release . Aggregate review website Metacritic assigned a score of 80 / 100 based on 23 reviews . 1UP.com 's Jeff Green positively noted that Immortal Throne had transformed his character " from bored millionaire to desperate pauper " due to the increased amount of desirable loot and its rebalanced economy . Eurogamer 's Jim Rossignol , while admitting that the expansion would not bring in new players , enjoyed the additional playtime and the improvements it made . Game Informer 's Adam Biessener said that it " breathed new life " into Titan Quest while staying true to the conventions of its genre . Ryan Davis of GameSpot praised the improvements it made to the original game , but noted performance drops on computers that exceeded the game 's recommended specifications .
GameSpy 's Thierry Nguyen enjoyed the expansion and particularly noted the Dream Mastery 's impressive ability roster compared to others in the game , but noted that it retained its formulaic structure from Titan Quest . IGN 's Steve Butts said that , while it would not win new fans due to its similarity to Titan Quest , praised the new additions and tweaks while criticizing the lack of improvements made to multiplayer . PALGN 's Mark Marrow was highly positive , saying that despite its flaws Immortal Throne " further cements [ Titan Quest 's ] position as being a worthy purchase for fans of the genre " . Quintin Smith , writing for PC Gamer UK , admired the effort put into the creation of the new zone and praised the gameplay additions despite elements such as the Dream Mastery not being as innovative .
= Liberty Bell =
The Liberty Bell is an iconic symbol of American independence , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Formerly placed in the steeple of the Pennsylvania State House ( now renamed Independence Hall ) , the bell today is located in the Liberty Bell Center in Independence National Historical Park . The bell was commissioned from the London firm of Lester and Pack ( today the Whitechapel Bell Foundry ) in 1752 , and was cast with the lettering " Proclaim LIBERTY throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof , " a Biblical reference from the Book of Leviticus ( 25 : 10 ) . The bell first cracked when rung after its arrival in Philadelphia , and was twice recast by local workmen John Pass and John Stow , whose last names appear on the bell . In its early years , the Liberty Bell was used to summon lawmakers to legislative sessions and to alert citizens to public meetings and proclamations .
No immediate announcement was made of the Second Continental Congress 's vote for independence , and thus the bell could not have rung on July 4 , 1776 , at least not for any reason related to that vote . Bells were rung to mark the reading of the Declaration of Independence on July 8 , 1776 , and while there is no contemporary account of the Liberty Bell ringing , most historians believe it was one of the bells rung . After American independence was secured , it fell into relative obscurity for some years . In the 1830s , the bell was adopted as a symbol by abolitionist societies , who dubbed it the " Liberty Bell . "
The bell acquired its distinctive large crack sometime in the early 19th century — a widespread story claims it cracked while ringing after the death of Chief Justice John Marshall in 1835 . The bell became famous after an 1847 short story claimed that an aged bell @-@ ringer rang it on July 4 , 1776 , upon hearing of the Second Continental Congress 's vote for independence . Despite the fact that the bell did not ring for independence on that July 4 , the tale was widely accepted as fact , even by some historians . Beginning in 1885 , the City of Philadelphia , which owns the bell , allowed it to go to various expositions and patriotic gatherings . The bell attracted huge crowds wherever it went , additional cracking occurred and pieces were chipped away by souvenir hunters . The last such journey occurred in 1915 , after which the city refused further requests .
After World War II , the city allowed the National Park Service to take custody of the bell , while retaining ownership . The bell was used as a symbol of freedom during the Cold War and was a popular site for protests in the 1960s . It was moved from its longtime home in Independence Hall to a nearby glass pavilion on Independence Mall in 1976 , and then to the larger Liberty Bell Center adjacent to the pavilion in 2003 . The bell has been featured on coins and stamps , and its name and image have been widely used by corporations .
= = Founding ( 1751 – 1753 ) = =
Philadelphia 's city bell had been used to alert the public to proclamations or civic danger since the city 's 1682 founding . The original bell hung from a tree behind the Pennsylvania State House ( now known as Independence Hall ) and was said to have been brought to the city by its founder , William Penn . In 1751 , with a bell tower being built in the Pennsylvania State House , civic authorities sought a bell of better quality , which could be heard at a greater distance in the rapidly expanding city . Isaac Norris , speaker of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly , gave orders to the colony 's London agent , Robert Charles , to obtain a " good Bell of about two thousands pound weight " .
We hope and rely on thy care and assistance in this affair and that thou wilt procure and forward it by the first good oppo as our workmen inform us it will be much less trouble to hang the Bell before their Scaffolds are struck from the Building where we intend to place it which will not be done ' till the end of next Summer or beginning of the Fall . Let the bell be cast by the best workmen & examined carefully before it is Shipped with the following words well shaped around it vizt . By Order of the Assembly of the Povince [ sic ] of Pensylvania [ sic ] for the State house in the City of Philada 1752
and Underneath
Proclaim Liberty thro ' all the Land to all the Inhabitants thereof.-Levit. XXV . 10 .
Charles duly ordered the bell from Thomas Lester of the London bellfounding firm of Lester and Pack ( today the Whitechapel Bell Foundry ) for the sum of £ 150 13s 8d , ( equivalent to £ 21 @,@ 351 @.@ 87 today ) including freight to Philadelphia and insurance . It arrived in Philadelphia in August 1752 . Norris wrote to Charles that the bell was in good order , but they had not yet sounded it , as they were building a clock for the State House 's tower . The bell was mounted on a stand to test the sound , and at the first strike of the clapper , the bell 's rim cracked . The episode would be used to good account in later stories of the bell ; in 1893 , former President Benjamin Harrison , speaking as the bell passed through Indianapolis , stated , " This old bell was made in England , but it had to be re @-@ cast in America before it was attuned to proclaim the right of self @-@ government and the equal rights of men . " Philadelphia authorities tried to return it by ship , but the master of the vessel which had brought it was unable to take it on board .
Two local founders , John Pass and John Stow , offered to recast the bell . Though they were inexperienced in bell casting , Pass had headed the Mount Holly Iron Foundry in neighboring New Jersey and came from Malta , which had a tradition of bell casting . Stow , on the other hand , was only four years out of his apprenticeship as a brass founder . At Stow 's foundry on Second Street , the bell was broken into small pieces , melted down , and cast into a new bell . The two founders decided that the metal was too brittle , and augmented the bell metal by about ten percent , using copper . The bell was ready in March 1753 , and Norris reported that the lettering ( which included the founders ' names and the year ) was even clearer on the new bell than on the old .
City officials scheduled a public celebration with free food and drink for the testing of the recast bell . When the bell was struck , it did not break , but the sound produced was described by one hearer as like two coal scuttles being banged together . Mocked by the crowd , Pass and Stow hastily took the bell away and again recast it . When the fruit of the two founders ' renewed efforts was brought forth in June 1753 , the sound was deemed satisfactory , though Norris indicated that he did not personally like it . The bell was hung in the steeple of the State House the same month .
The reason for the difficulties with the bell is not certain . The Whitechapel Foundry , still in business today , takes the position that the bell was either damaged in transit or was broken by an inexperienced bell ringer , who incautiously sent the clapper flying against the rim , rather than the body of the bell . In 1975 , the Winterthur Museum conducted an analysis of the metal in the bell , and concluded that " a series of errors made in the construction , reconstruction , and second reconstruction of the Bell resulted in a brittle bell that barely missed being broken up for scrap " . The Museum found a considerably higher level of tin in the Liberty Bell than in other Whitechapel bells of that era , and suggested that Whitechapel made an error in the alloy , perhaps by using scraps with a high level of tin to begin the melt instead of the usual pure copper . The analysis found that , on the second recasting , instead of adding pure tin to the bell metal , Pass and Stow added cheap pewter with a high lead content , and incompletely mixed the new metal into the mold . The result was " an extremely brittle alloy which not only caused the Bell to fail in service but made it easy for early souvenir collectors to knock off substantial trophies from the rim " .
= = Early days ( 1754 – 1846 ) = =
Dissatisfied with the bell , Norris instructed Charles to order a second one , and see if Lester and Pack would take back the first bell and credit the value of the metal towards the bill . In 1754 , the Assembly decided to keep both bells ; the new one was attached to the tower clock while the old bell was , by vote of the Assembly , devoted " to such Uses as this House may hereafter appoint . " The Pass and Stow bell was used to summon the Assembly . One of the earliest documented mentions of the bell 's use is in a letter from Benjamin Franklin to Catherine Ray dated October 16 , 1755 : " Adieu . The Bell rings , and I must go among the Grave ones , and talk Politiks . [ sic ] " The bell was rung in 1760 to mark the accession of George III to the throne . In the early 1760s , the Assembly allowed a local church to use the State House for services and the bell to summon worshipers , while the church 's building was being constructed . The bell was also used to summon people to public meetings , and in 1772 , a group of citizens complained to the Assembly that the bell was being rung too frequently .
Despite the legends that have grown up about the Liberty Bell , it did not ring on July 4 , 1776 ( at least not for any reason connected with independence ) , as no public announcement was made of the Declaration of Independence . When the Declaration was publicly read on July 8 , 1776 , there was a ringing of bells , and while there is no contemporary account of this particular bell ringing , most authorities agree that the Liberty Bell was among the bells that rang . However , there is some chance that the poor condition of the State House bell tower prevented the bell from ringing . According to John C. Paige , who wrote a historical study of the bell for the National Park Service , " We do not know whether or not the steeple was still strong enough to permit the State House bell to ring on this day . If it could possibly be rung , we can assume it was . Whether or not it did , it has come to symbolize all of the bells throughout the United States which proclaimed Independence . "
If the bell was rung , it would have been most likely rung by Andrew McNair , who was the doorkeeper both of the Assembly and of the Congress , and was responsible for ringing the bell . As McNair was absent on two unspecified days between April and November , it might have been rung by William Hurry , who succeeded him as doorkeeper for Congress . Bells were also rung to celebrate the first anniversary of Independence on July 4 , 1777 .
After Washington 's defeat at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11 , 1777 , the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was defenseless , and the city prepared for what was seen as an inevitable British attack . Bells could easily be recast into munitions , and locals feared the Liberty Bell and other bells would meet this fate . The bell was hastily taken down from the tower , and sent by heavily guarded wagon train to the town of Bethlehem . Local wagoneers transported the bell to the Zion German Reformed Church in Northampton Town , now Allentown , where it waited out the British occupation of Philadelphia under the church floor boards . It was returned to Philadelphia in June 1778 , after the British departure . With the steeple of the State House in poor condition ( the steeple was subsequently torn down and later restored ) , the bell was placed in storage , and it was not until 1785 that it was again mounted for ringing .
Placed on an upper floor of the State House , the bell was rung in the early years of independence on the Fourth of July and on Washington 's Birthday , as well as on Election Day to remind voters to hand in their ballots . It also rang to call students at the University of Pennsylvania to their classes at nearby Philosophical Hall . Until 1799 , when the state capital was moved to Lancaster , it again rang to summon legislators into session . When Pennsylvania , having no further use for its State House , proposed to tear it down and sell the land for building lots , the City of Philadelphia purchased the land , together with the building , including the bell , for $ 70 @,@ 000 , equal to $ 976 @,@ 020 today . In 1828 , the city sold the second Lester and Pack bell to St. Augustine 's Roman Catholic Church , which was burned down by an anti @-@ Catholic mob in the Philadelphia Nativist Riots of 1844 . The remains of the bell were recast ; the new bell is now located at Villanova University .
It is uncertain how the bell came to be cracked ; the damage occurred sometime between 1817 and 1846 . The bell is mentioned in a number of newspaper articles during that time ; no mention of a crack can be found until 1846 . In fact , in 1837 , the bell was depicted in an anti @-@ slavery publication — uncracked . In February 1846 Public Ledger reported that the bell had been rung on February 23 , 1846 in celebration of Washington 's Birthday ( as February 22 fell on a Sunday , the celebration occurred the next day ) , and also reported that the bell had long been cracked , but had been " put in order " by having the sides of the crack filed . The paper reported that around noon , it was discovered that the ringing had caused the crack to be greatly extended , and that " the old Independence Bell ... now hangs in the great city steeple irreparably cracked and forever dumb " .
The most common story about the cracking of the bell is that it happened when the bell was rung upon the 1835 death of the Chief Justice of the United States , John Marshall . This story originated in 1876 , when the volunteer curator of Independence Hall , Colonel Frank Etting , announced that he had ascertained the truth of the story . While there is little evidence to support this view , it has been widely accepted and taught . Other claims regarding the crack in the bell include stories that it was damaged while welcoming Lafayette on his return to the United States in 1824 , that it cracked announcing the passing of the British Catholic Relief Act 1829 , and that some boys had been invited to ring the bell , and inadvertently damaged it . David Kimball , in his book compiled for the National Park Service , suggests that it most likely cracked sometime between 1841 and 1845 , either on the Fourth of July or on Washington 's Birthday .
The Pass and Stow bell was first termed " the Liberty Bell " in the New York Anti @-@ Slavery Society 's journal , Anti @-@ Slavery Record . In an 1835 piece , " The Liberty Bell " , Philadelphians were castigated for not doing more for the abolitionist cause . Two years later , in another work of that society , the journal Liberty featured an image of the bell as its frontispiece , with the words " Proclaim Liberty " . In 1839 , Boston 's Friends of Liberty , another abolitionist group , titled their journal The Liberty Bell . The same year , William Lloyd Garrison 's anti @-@ slavery publication The Liberator reprinted a Boston abolitionist pamphlet containing a poem entitled " The Liberty Bell " , which noted that , at that time , despite its inscription , the bell did not proclaim liberty to all the inhabitants of the land .
= = Becoming a symbol ( 1847 – 1865 ) = =
A great part of the modern image of the bell as a relic of the proclamation of American independence was forged by writer George Lippard . On January 2 , 1847 , his story " Fourth of July , 1776 " appeared in Saturday Review magazine . The short story depicted an aged bellman on July 4 , 1776 , sitting morosely by the bell , fearing that Congress would not have the courage to declare independence . At the most dramatic moment , a young boy appears with instructions for the old man : to ring the bell . The story was widely reprinted and closely linked the Liberty Bell to the Declaration of Independence in the public mind . The elements of the story were reprinted in early historian Benson J. Lossing 's The Pictorial Field Guide to the Revolution ( published in 1850 ) as historical fact , and the tale was widely repeated for generations after in school primers .
In 1848 , with the rise of interest in the bell , the city decided to move it to the Assembly Room ( also known as the Declaration Chamber ) on the first floor , where the Declaration and United States Constitution had been debated and signed . The city constructed an ornate pedestal for the bell . The Liberty Bell was displayed on that pedestal for the next quarter @-@ century , surmounted by an eagle ( originally sculpted , later stuffed ) . In 1853 , President Franklin Pierce visited Philadelphia and the bell , and spoke of the bell as symbolizing the American Revolution and American liberty . At the time , Independence Hall was also used as a courthouse , and African @-@ American newspapers pointed out the incongruity of housing a symbol of liberty in the same building in which federal judges were holding hearings under the Fugitive Slave Act .
In February 1861 , the President @-@ elect , Abraham Lincoln , came to the Assembly Room and delivered an address en route to his inauguration in Washington DC . In 1865 , Lincoln 's body was returned to the Assembly Room after his assassination for a public viewing of his body , en route to his burial in Springfield , Illinois . Due to time constraints , only a small fraction of those wishing to pass by the coffin were able to ; the lines to see the coffin were never less than 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) long . Nevertheless , between 120 @,@ 000 and 140 @,@ 000 people were able to pass by the open casket and then the bell , carefully placed at Lincoln 's head so mourners could read the inscription , " Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof . "
= = Traveling icon of freedom ( 1866 – 1947 ) = =
In 1876 , city officials discussed what role the bell should play in the nation 's Centennial festivities . Some wanted to repair it so it could sound at the Centennial Exposition being held in Philadelphia , but the idea was not adopted ; the bell 's custodians concluded that it was unlikely that the metal could be made into a bell which would have a pleasant sound , and that the crack had become part of the bell 's character . Instead , a replica weighing 13 @,@ 000 pounds ( 5 @,@ 900 kg ) ( 1 @,@ 000 pounds for each of the original states ) was cast . The metal used for what was dubbed " the Centennial Bell " included four melted @-@ down cannons : one used by each side in the American Revolutionary War , and one used by each side in the Civil War . That bell was sounded at the Exposition grounds on July 4 , 1876 , was later recast to improve the sound , and today is the bell attached to the clock in the steeple of Independence Hall . While the Liberty Bell did not go to the Exposition , a great many Exposition visitors came to visit it , and its image was ubiquitous at the Exposition grounds — myriad souvenirs were sold bearing its image or shape , and state pavilions contained replicas of the bell made of substances ranging from stone to tobacco . In 1877 , the bell was hung from the ceiling of the Assembly Room by a chain with thirteen links .
Between 1885 and 1915 , the Liberty Bell made seven trips to various expositions and celebrations . Each time , the bell traveled by rail , making a large number of stops along the way so that local people could view it . By 1885 , the Liberty Bell was widely recognized as a symbol of freedom , and as a treasured relic of Independence , and was growing still more famous as versions of Lippard 's legend were reprinted in history and school books . In early 1885 , the city agreed to let it travel to New Orleans for the World Cotton Centennial exposition . Large crowds mobbed the bell at each stop . In Biloxi , Mississippi , the former President of the Confederate States of America , Jefferson Davis came to the bell . Davis delivered a speech paying homage to it , and urging national unity . In 1893 , it was sent to Chicago 's World Columbian Exposition to be the centerpiece of the state 's exhibit in the Pennsylvania Building . On July 4 , 1893 , in Chicago , the bell was serenaded with the first performance of The Liberty Bell March , conducted by " America 's Bandleader " , John Philip Sousa . Philadelphians began to cool to the idea of sending it to other cities when it returned from Chicago bearing a new crack , and each new proposed journey met with increasing opposition . It was also found that the bell 's private watchman had been cutting off small pieces for souvenirs . The city placed the bell in a glass @-@ fronted oak case . In 1898 , it was taken out of the glass case and hung from its yoke again in the tower hall of Independence Hall , a room which would remain its home until the end of 1975 . A guard was posted to discourage souvenir hunters who might otherwise chip at it .
By 1909 , the bell had made six trips , and not only had the cracking become worse , but souvenir hunters had deprived it of over one percent of its weight . When , in 1912 , the organizers of the Panama @-@ Pacific International Exposition requested the bell for the 1915 fair in San Francisco , the city was reluctant to let it travel again . The city finally decided to let it go as the bell had never been west of St. Louis , and it was a chance to bring it to millions who might never see it otherwise . However , in 1914 , fearing that the cracks might lengthen during the long train ride , the city installed a metal support structure inside the bell , generally called the " spider . " In February 1915 , the bell was tapped gently with wooden mallets to produce sounds which were transmitted to the fair as the signal to open it , a transmission which also inaugurated transcontinental telephone service . Some five million Americans saw the bell on its train journey west . It is estimated that nearly two million kissed it at the fair , with an uncounted number viewing it . The bell was taken on a different route on its way home ; again , five million saw it on the return journey . Since the bell returned to Philadelphia , it has been moved out of doors only five times : three times for patriotic observances during and after World War I , and twice as the bell occupied new homes in 1976 and 2003 . Chicago and San Francisco had obtained its presence after presenting petitions signed by hundreds of thousands of children . Chicago tried again , with a petition signed by 3 @.@ 4 million schoolchildren , for the 1933 Century of Progress Exhibition and New York presented a petition to secure a visit from the bell for the 1939 New York World 's Fair . Both efforts failed .
In 1924 , one of Independence Hall 's exterior doors was replaced by glass , allowing some view of the bell even when the building was closed . When Congress enacted the nation 's first peacetime draft in 1940 , the first Philadelphians required to serve took their oaths of enlistment before the Liberty Bell . Once the war started , the bell was again a symbol , used to sell war bonds . In the early days of World War II , it was feared that the bell might be in danger from saboteurs or enemy bombing , and city officials considered moving the bell to Fort Knox , to be stored with the nation 's gold reserves . The idea provoked a storm of protest from around the nation , and was abandoned . Officials then considered building an underground steel vault above which it would be displayed , and into which it could be lowered if necessary . The project was dropped when studies found that the digging might undermine the foundations of Independence Hall . The bell was again tapped on D @-@ Day , as well as in victory on V @-@ E Day and V @-@ J Day .
= = Park Service administration ( 1948 – present ) = =
After World War II , and following considerable controversy , the City of Philadelphia agreed that it would transfer custody of the bell and Independence Hall , while retaining ownership , to the federal government . The city would also transfer various colonial @-@ era buildings it owned . Congress agreed to the transfer in 1948 , and three years later Independence National Historical Park was founded , incorporating those properties and administered by the National Park Service ( NPS or Park Service ) . The Park Service would be responsible for maintaining and displaying the bell . The NPS would also administer the three blocks just north of Independence Hall , which had been condemned by the state , razed , and developed into a park , Independence Mall .
In the postwar period , the bell became a symbol of freedom used in the Cold War . The bell was chosen for the symbol of a savings bond campaign in 1950 . The purpose of this campaign , as Vice President Alben Barkley put it , was to make the country " so strong that no one can impose ruthless , godless ideologies on us " . In 1955 , former residents of nations behind the Iron Curtain were allowed to tap the bell as a symbol of hope and encouragement to their compatriots . Foreign dignitaries , such as Israeli Prime Minister David Ben @-@ Gurion and West Berlin Mayor Ernst Reuter were brought to the bell , and they commented that the bell symbolized the link between the United States and their nations . During the 1960s , the bell was the site of several protests , both for the civil rights movement , and by various protesters supporting or opposing the Vietnam War .
Almost from the start of its stewardship , the Park Service sought to move the bell from Independence Hall to a structure where it would be easier to care for the bell and accommodate visitors . The first such proposal was withdrawn in 1958 , after considerable public protest . The Park Service tried again as part of the planning for the 1976 United States Bicentennial . The Independence National Historical Park Advisory Committee proposed in 1969 that the bell be moved out of Independence Hall , as the building could not accommodate the millions expected to visit Philadelphia for the Bicentennial . In 1972 , the Park Service announced plans to build a large glass tower for the bell at the new visitors center at South Third Street and Chestnut Street , two blocks east of Independence Hall , at a cost of $ 5 million , but citizens again protested the move . Instead , in 1973 , the Park Service proposed to build a smaller glass pavilion for the bell at the north end of Independence Mall , between Arch and Race Streets . Philadelphia Mayor Frank Rizzo agreed with the pavilion idea , but proposed that the pavilion be built across Chestnut Street from Independence Hall , which the state feared would destroy the view of the historic building from the mall area . Rizzo 's view prevailed , and the bell was moved to a glass @-@ and @-@ steel Liberty Bell Pavilion , about 200 yards ( 180 m ) from its old home at Independence Hall , as the Bicentennial year began .
During the Bicentennial , members of the Procrastinator 's Club of America jokingly picketed the Whitechapel Bell Foundry with signs " We got a lemon " and " What about the warranty ? " The foundry told the protesters that it would be glad to replace the bell — so long as it was returned in the original packaging . In 1958 , the foundry ( then trading under the name Mears and Stainbank Foundry ) had offered to recast the bell , and was told by the Park Service that neither it nor the public wanted the crack removed . The foundry was called upon , in 1976 , to cast a full @-@ size replica of the Liberty Bell ( known as the Bicentennial Bell ) , which was presented to the United States by the British monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , and was housed in the tower once intended for the Liberty Bell , at the former visitor center on South Third Street . The bell was removed and placed in storage in January 2013 in preparation for the demolition of the visitor center , future location of the Museum of the American Revolution .
= = = Liberty Bell Center = = =
In 1995 , the Park Service began preliminary work on a redesign of Independence Mall . Architects Venturi , Scott Brown & Associates developed a master plan with two design alternatives . The first proposed a block @-@ long visitors center on the south side of Market Street , that would also house the Liberty Bell . This would have interrupted the mall 's three @-@ block vista of Independence Hall , and made the bell visible only from the south , i.e. Chestnut Street . The second alternative placed a similar visitors center on the north side of Market Street , also interrupting the mall 's vista , with the bell in a small pavilion on the south side . City planner Edmund Bacon , who had overseen the mall 's design in the 1950s , saw preservation of the vista of Independence Hall as essential . He created his own plan , which included a domed bell pavilion built north of Market Street . Public reaction to the possibility of moving the Liberty Bell so far from Independence Hall was strongly negative . NPS announced that the bell would remain on the block between Chestnut and Market Streets . Other plans were proposed , each had strengths and weaknesses , but the goal of all was to encourage visitors to see more of the historical park than just the Liberty Bell .
The Olin Partnership was hired to create a new master plan for Independence Mall ; its team included architect Bernard Cywinski , who ultimately won a limited design competition to design what was called the Liberty Bell Center ( LBC ) . Cywinski 's design was unveiled in early 1999 . Significantly larger than the existing pavilion , allowing for exhibit space and an interpretive center , the proposed LBC building also would cover about 15 % of the footprint of the long @-@ demolished President 's House , the " White House " of George Washington and John Adams . Archaeologists excavating the LBC 's intended site uncovered remnants of the 1790 – 1800 executive mansion , which were reburied . The project became highly controversial when it was revealed that Washington 's slaves had been housed only feet from the planned LBC 's main entrance . The Park Service refused to redesign the LBC building , or delay its construction . Initially , NPS resisted interpreting the slaves and the slave quarters , but after years of protest by Black activists , agreed . The new facility , which opened hours after the bell was installed on October 9 , 2003 , is adjacent to an outline of Washington 's slave quarters marked in the pavement , with interpretive panels explaining the significance of what was found .
Inside the LBC , visitors pass through a number of exhibits about the bell before reaching the Liberty Bell itself . Due to security concerns following an attack on the bell by a visitor with a hammer in 2001 , the bell is hung out of easy reach of visitors , who are no longer allowed to touch it , and all visitors undergo a security screening .
Today , the Liberty Bell weighs 2 @,@ 080 pounds ( 940 kg ) . Its metal is 70 % copper and 25 % tin , with the remainder consisting of lead , zinc , arsenic , gold and silver . It hangs from what is believed to be its original yoke , made from American elm . While the crack in the bell appears to end at the abbreviation " Philada " in the last line of the inscription , that is merely the 19th century widened crack which was filed out in the hopes of allowing the bell to continue to ring ; a hairline crack , extending through the bell to the inside continues generally right and gradually moving to the top of the bell , through the word " and " in " Pass and Stow , " then through the word " the " before the word " Assembly " in the second line of text , and through the letters " rty " in the word " Liberty " in the first line . The crack ends near the attachment with the yoke .
Professor Constance M. Greiff , in her book tracing the history of Independence National Historical Park , wrote of the Liberty Bell :
[ T ] he Liberty Bell is the most venerated object in the park , a national icon . It is not as beautiful as some other things that were in Independence Hall in those momentous days two hundred years ago , and it is irreparably damaged . Perhaps that is part of its almost mystical appeal . Like our democracy it is fragile and imperfect , but it has weathered threats , and it has endured .
= = Legacy and commemorations = =
In addition to the replicas which are seen at Independence National Historical Park , early replicas of the Liberty Bell include the so @-@ called Justice Bell or Women 's Liberty Bell , commissioned in 1915 by suffragists to advocate for women 's suffrage . This bell had the same legend as the Liberty Bell , with two added words , " establish justice " , words taken from the Preamble to the United States Constitution . It also had the clapper chained to the bell so it could not sound , symbolizing the inability of women , lacking the vote , to influence political events . The Justice Bell toured extensively to publicize the cause . After the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment ( granting women the vote ) , the Justice Bell was brought to the front of Independence Hall on August 26 , 1920 to finally sound . It remained on a platform before Independence Hall for several months before city officials required that it be taken away , and today is at the Washington Memorial Chapel at Valley Forge .
As part of the Liberty Bell Savings Bonds drive in 1950 , 55 replicas of the Liberty Bell ( one each for the 48 states , the District of Columbia , and the territories ) were ordered by the United States Department of the Treasury and were cast in France by the Fonderie Paccard . The bells were to be displayed and rung on patriotic occasions . Many of the bells today are sited near state capitol buildings . Although Wisconsin 's bell is now at its state capitol , initially it was sited on the grounds of the state 's Girls Detention Center . Texas 's bell is at Texas A & M University in College Station . The Texas bell was presented to the university in appreciation of the service of the school 's graduates . Walt Disney World has a replica of the Liberty Bell , which is located in Liberty Square in the Magic Kingdom . The replica was cast from the mold of the actual Liberty Bell in 1989 .
The Liberty Bell appeared on a commemorative coin in 1926 to mark the sesquicentennial of American independence . Its first use on a circulating coin was on the reverse side of the Franklin half dollar , struck between 1948 and 1963 . It also appeared on the Bicentennial design of the Eisenhower dollar , superimposed against the moon .
On the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence in 1926 the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative stamp depicting the Liberty Bell for the Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1926 , though this stamp actually depicts the replica bell erected at the entrance to the exposition grounds . The Liberty Bell was chosen for the stamp design theme because the symbol was most representative of the nation 's independence . Since then the Liberty Bell has also appeared on several other U.S. postage stamps , including the first forever stamp , issued since 2007 .
An image of the Liberty Bell appears on the current $ 100 note . The image shifts in color and even disappears , depending on the angle at which it is held .
The name " Liberty Bell " or " Liberty Belle " is commonly used for commercial purposes , and has denoted brands and business names ranging from a life insurance company to a Montana escort service . A large outline of the bell hangs over the right @-@ field bleachers at Citizens Bank Park , home of the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team , and is illuminated whenever one of their players hits a home run . This bell outline replaced one at the Phillies ' former home , Veterans Stadium . On April 1 , 1996 , Taco Bell announced via ads and press releases that it had purchased the Liberty Bell and changed its name to the Taco Liberty Bell . The bell , the ads related , would henceforth spend half the year at Taco Bell corporate headquarters in Irvine , California . Outraged calls flooded Independence National Historical Park , and Park Service officials hastily called a press conference to deny that the bell had been sold . After several hours , Taco Bell admitted that it was an April Fools Day joke . Despite the protests , company sales of tacos , enchiladas , and burritos rose by more than a half million dollars that week .
The Justice Bell ( aka " The Women 's Liberty Bell " ) is a notable replica of the Liberty Bell with a few minor differences . The Justice Bell was created as a symbol for women 's suffrage in 1915 . As a symbol of how women 's voices were being silenced , the bell 's clapper was chained in place until women were permitted to vote . After five years of silence , the Justice Bell was sounded on September 25 , 1920 at a ceremony held on the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia , to celebrate the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Justice Bell resides in the Washington Memorial Chapel in Valley Forge National Park .
= = Inscription = =
The inscription on the bell is :
At the time , " Pensylvania " was an accepted alternative spelling for " Pennsylvania . " That spelling was used by Alexander Hamilton , a graduate of King 's College ( now Columbia University ) , in 1787 on the signature page of the United States Constitution .
= The Destroying Angel and Daemons of Evil Interrupting the Orgies of the Vicious and Intemperate =
The Destroying Angel and Daemons of Evil Interrupting the Orgies of the Vicious and Intemperate , also known as The Destroying Angel and Daemons Inflicting Divine Vengeance on the Wicked and Intemperate and The Destruction of the Temple of Vice , is an oil painting on canvas by English artist William Etty , first exhibited in 1832 . Etty had become famous for nude paintings , and acquired a reputation for tastelessness , indecency and a lack of creativity . With The Destroying Angel he hoped to disprove his critics with an openly moral piece . The painting is 127 @.@ 8 cm by 101 @.@ 9 cm ( 50 in by 40 in ) and depicts a classical temple under attack from a destroying angel and a group of daemons . Some of the human occupants are dead or unconscious , others flee in terror or struggle helplessly against the daemons .
When first exhibited in 1832 , The Destroying Angel was widely praised for its technical brilliance , but critics were divided on the subject matter . Some praised its vividness and ability to mix fear and beauty without lowering into tastelessness ; others criticised its thematic matter as inappropriate , and chastised Etty for wasting his talents . The painting changed the manner in which art critics viewed the artist ; some saw it as indicating previously unseen character depths , others considered it a renunciation of his previous works . In 1854 Henry Payne , who had commissioned the painting , sold it to Sir Joseph Whitworth . Whitworth donated it in 1882 to the Manchester Art Gallery , where it remains .
= = Background = =
William Etty ( 1787 – 1849 ) , the seventh son of a York baker and miller , had originally been an apprentice printer in Hull , but on completing his seven @-@ year apprenticeship at the age of 18 moved to London to become an artist . Strongly influenced by the works of Titian and Rubens , he became famous for painting nude figures in biblical , literary and mythological settings . Many of his peers greatly admired him , and he was elected a full Royal Academician in 1828 , ahead of John Constable .
Between 1820 and 1829 Etty exhibited 15 paintings , of which 14 depicted nude figures . While some nude paintings by foreign artists existed in private collections , England had no tradition of nude painting and the display and distribution of nude material to the public had been suppressed since the 1787 Proclamation for the Discouragement of Vice . Etty was the first British artist to specialise in the nude , and the reaction of the lower classes to these paintings caused concern throughout the 19th century . Although his portraits of male nudes were generally well received , many critics condemned his repeated depictions of female nudity as indecent . Etty 's Youth on the Prow , and Pleasure at the Helm , completed in 1830 and exhibited in 1832 , attracted scathing criticism for its supposed seductive and sensual nature , leading The Morning Chronicle to comment that " [ Etty ] should not persist , with an unhallowed fancy , to pursue Nature to her holy recesses . He is a laborious draughtsman , and a beautiful colourist ; but he has not taste or chastity of mind enough to venture on the naked truth . "
Needled by repeated attacks from The Morning Chronicle on his supposed indecency , poor taste and lack of creativity , Etty determined to produce a work that would prove his detractors wrong . The result was The Destroying Angel and Daemons of Evil Interrupting the Orgies of the Vicious and Intemperate .
The Destroying Angel was commissioned by Henry Payne of Leicester in 1822 , on a promise of 60 guineas ( about £ 5 @,@ 200 in today 's terms ) when complete . Payne had granted Etty complete freedom in the creation of the piece , but Etty had done little with the notion until , stung by The Morning Chronicle 's criticism , he decided to return to the theme , completing it in 1832 . As Etty had become a more prominent painter in the meantime , Payne paid him £ 130 ( about £ 11 @,@ 000 in today 's terms ) for the piece . The work is thought to have been inspired by the works of John Milton and Alexander Pope , by Michelangelo 's The Last Judgment and possibly by the French Revolution of 1830 , in which Etty had been caught up during a visit to Paris to study in the Louvre . The topic was one to which Etty felt particularly close , saying that he had put his " whole soul " into the piece .
= = Composition = =
The Destroying Angel is a visionary work , depicting a wholly imaginary scene rather than a scene from history , literature or mythology . It measures 127 @.@ 8 cm by 101 @.@ 9 cm ( 50 in by 40 in ) , and depicts an ornate imaginary classical temple . The temple and its occupants are under attack from a destroying angel and a group of daemons , who are in the process of abducting its human occupants . The angel itself is wreathed in smoke in the centre of the image . Having destroyed one side of the temple , it is poised to hurl a thunderbolt . Below the angel , daemons attack a group of around 25 semi @-@ naked human figures . Each human is shown in a different position and expresses terror in a different way , and each is deliberately painted in paler tones than those Etty typically used in an effort to suggest death and pallor . As with most of Etty 's works , the figures are a collection of depictions of models in studio poses , later arranged for dramatic effect , rather than painted as a group .
To the right of the painting , daemons drag terrified women away . The woman in the lower right hand corner turns to see flames reflected in the eyes of the daemon who holds her from behind , with a look of horrified guilt on her face . Behind her , other women struggle helplessly with the daemons or are carried away unconscious , having fainted .
In the centre of the foreground is a figure modelled on Caius Gabriel Cibber 's Raving Madness , which at the time was one of two monumental sculptures above the entrance to Bethlem Hospital ( " Bedlam " ) , and a well @-@ known London landmark and symbol of insanity . The chained figure is contorted in agony struggling to escape his bonds , while a daemon pulls on one end of the chain . Beside this lunatic is an unconscious or dead gambler , his winnings spread on the floor beside him .
Behind the central images of the lunatic , daemon and gambler are a group of people who have only just realised what is happening . A male figure in a red Phrygian cap ( a symbol of the French and American Revolutions ) reclines with his arm around the waist of a female figure ( identified as a bacchante by Sarah Burnage of the University of York ) . The female figure shades her eyes , either against the brightness of the angel or to block out the horror taking place in front of her .
On the left @-@ hand side of the painting , in the background , the structure of the temple crumbles and burns in the wake of the angel 's path , while figures in varying stages of undress flee the approaching daemons . In the foreground a drunken man mimics the pose of the Barberini Faun as he clutches his head , alert enough to realise his fate if he does not escape but too intoxicated to flee .
Around the painting lie corpses in various states of undress . The Destroying Angel was painted shortly after Etty 's visit to Paris in which he had witnessed the July Revolution at first hand , and the sight and smell of the dead in the streets had left a strong impression on him . The heaped bodies in The Destroying Angel were probably directly inspired by the events Etty had witnessed in France , and perhaps also by the cholera epidemic which killed thousands in London in 1832 .
= = Reception = =
The Destroying Angel was first exhibited at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition in 1832 . It immediately generated much critical and public interest , and was compared favourably with The Fall of the Damned by Peter Paul Rubens , Michelangelo 's The Last Judgment and " Breughell 's frightful fancies " .
Although the painting was celebrated as a technical accomplishment , some critics were uncertain if it had the correct moral effect . The Library of the Fine Arts was critical of its " pantomimic " quality , which it considered " calculated to excite any but such ideas as we should wish to see produced by Art " , while The Examiner complained about the depiction of women being attacked , arguing : " Mr Etty should not treat the fair sex in this harsh and wanton manner . We doubt his right to put a single one of them into the hands of a Demon , much less to deliver them over by the dozen to the grasp of the destroyers . " The Times said , " We do not profess to understand what class of compositions that is which originates neither in history nor poetry — no doubt Mr. Etty does ; but as far as we can comprehend his picture , which is much more intelligible than his language , it represents a quantity of able @-@ bodied demons , who appear angry at the ladies for having stayed out so long , and who are come to fetch them home accordingly " , and criticised Etty for a " slovenly manner " and for " abusing his rich gifts , and [ wasting ] upon the wild and unmeaning what might be made subservient to much more worthy purposes " . Despite this , the same critic conceded that " The work is one of extraordinary power " and that " The figures are drawn with exquisite skill , the grouping admirably varied , and yet so combined as to present a complete picture , and the colouring vigorous and harmonious in an eminent degree . "
Other critics admired Etty 's unusual interpretation of apocalyptic religious imagery , his ability to give distinct characters and shapes to the individual demons and their victims , and the vividness of his imagination . The Morning Post particularly praised Etty 's ability to convey " creation conceived and thrown upon the canvas with all the fury of poetical inspiration " by combining the " dauntless spirit of a sketch " with the " powerful impression of a finished picture " . The prominent art critic William Paulet Carey ( writing under the name of ' Ridolfi ' ) championed The Destroying Angel , and in particular Etty 's ability to balance beauty , horror and fear without descending into tastelessness . Carey saw Etty as proof that British artistic traditions were equal to any others in the world , and The Destroying Angel as evidence of Etty 's " redeeming grace and spirit " . Etty 's long @-@ standing adversaries at The Morning Chronicle found little to attack in the painting , their review stating that " The upper part of the picture is masterly , grand and beautiful . The lower part not so well , but some of the figures are in admirable action and fine drawing . " The reticence of The Morning Chronicle prompted Carey to comment that they were in " envious silence " .
Despite some criticism , The Destroying Angel changed the way Etty was perceived by critics . They commonly had viewed Etty 's works as insights into his mind , generally with the aim of discrediting him for supposed sexual deviancies . Confronted with a piece so obviously intended to convey a moral lesson , many of those same critics felt that Etty had revealed a more moral nature than they had previously believed . Many explicitly saw The Destroying Angel as a counterweight to the nude paintings for which Etty was famous , or even a representation of Etty 's own repentance for or renunciation of his previous works . Fraser 's Magazine described the painting as " a sermon to [ Etty 's ] admirers ... where he inflicts poetical justice upon his own gay dames and their gallants , their revels being broken in upon , and they themselves being carried off most unceremoniously , like that little gentleman Don Juan , by sundry grim @-@ looking brawny devils " .
= = Legacy = =
After 1832 , Etty exhibited over 80 more paintings at the Summer Exhibition . He remained a prominent painter of nudes , but from this time made conscious efforts to reflect moral lessons . Yet he remained , in the majority view , a pornographer . Charles Robert Leslie observed shortly after Etty 's death that " [ Etty ] himself , thinking and meaning no evil , was not aware of the manner in which his works were regarded by grosser minds " . Etty remained commercially successful in his lifetime , amassing £ 17 @,@ 000 ( about £ 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 in today 's terms ) by his death .
Etty died in 1849 , and his work enjoyed a brief boom in popularity . Interest in him declined over time , and by the end of the 19th century the cost of all his paintings had fallen below their original prices . Henry Payne sold the The Destroying Angel in 1854 for 770 guineas ( about £ 68 @,@ 000 in today 's terms ) to Sir Joseph Whitworth , who donated it in 1882 to the Manchester Art Gallery , where it remains . The painting was exhibited as part of a major retrospective of Etty 's work at the York Art Gallery in 2011 – 12 .
As Etty had rapidly fallen from fashion , his works had little influence on most subsequent painters . William Edward Frost was a great admirer of Etty , and Frost 's Una Alarmed by Fauns ( 1843 ) and Una and the Wood Nymphs ( 1847 ) owe a conscious debt to The Destroying Angel in their depiction of a group of semi @-@ clad daemonic and human figures , as does John Everett Millais 's early work Cymon and Iphigenia ( 1848 ) . As Etty 's style became increasingly unpopular , those artists who had imitated him , other than Frost , soon abandoned the style . Etty 's biographer Leonard Robinson contends that the later fairy paintings of Richard Dadd , which often show large crowds of mythical creatures mingling with humans , were influenced by Etty but concedes that Dadd was likely unconscious of Etty 's influence on his style .
= Final Fantasy Agito =
Final Fantasy Agito ( Japanese : ファイナルファンタジーアギト , Hepburn : Fainaru Fantajī Agito ) is a role @-@ playing video game developed and published by Square Enix for mobile devices . The game 's story is set in the universe of Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 , and is an entry in the Fabula Nova Crystallis subseries . A downloadable episodic game similar to Final Fantasy Dimensions , it featured a turn @-@ based combat system encouraging both single @-@ player exploration and multiplayer combat . There was a day @-@ night cycle tied to the real @-@ world time of day , and featured a social element whereby talking with and befriending certain characters advances the player 's ranking in the game .
The game , which acts as a companion to Type @-@ 0 , was set in the world of Orience during a time of war between its four nations . The story is seen through the eyes of a player @-@ created Cadet entering the Rubrum Magical Academy during a time of war , and chosen to become the Agito , a figure destined to save Orience from destruction . The original protagonists of Type @-@ 0 appear in different roles and act as secondary characters . The story was intended to be played repeatedly , tying into the nature of the game 's world and the eventual culmination of a player becoming the Agito .
The game was developed around director Hajime Tabata 's original concept for Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 as a mobile game which would give players easy access to a universe within the Fabula Nova Crystallis series and would be influenced by player choice . The title stems from Type @-@ 0 's earlier title Final Fantasy Agito XIII . Many of Type @-@ 0 's staff returned , with Takeharu Ishimoto composing new music for the title , and former level designer Masayasu Nishida and texture artist Sayoko Hoshino returning respectively as producer and art director .
The game came online in May 2014 , and remained active until its servers were shut down in November the following year . Upon release in Japan , the game had 500 @,@ 000 registered users within a week , and one million by November of the same year , but apparently numbers dropped after later negative impressions . Japanese and Western journalists were positive at its release . In August 2015 , it was announced that the game could not continue in its current form , and would be replaced by a new version . Planned versions for the PlayStation Vita and Windows devices were scrapped , along with an announced localization . Its successor , an online multiplayer game Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 Online , is set for release in 2016 .
= = Gameplay = =
Final Fantasy Agito was a role @-@ playing video game where a player @-@ created character , the " Cadet " , sets out on missions across the world of Orience . The player could choose the gender and physical appearance of their character , along with their style of clothing , hair color , skin tone , voice and weapons . During play , the in @-@ game time of day was synchronized with local real @-@ world time . The Cadet began the game by exploring the Rubrum Magical Academy , but was eventually able to explore Orience as a whole . The game employed a leveling system whereby interaction with students and teachers , combined with performance during missions , raised the Cadet from their starting rank within the Academy . Recurring creatures such as small flying Moogles and galliform riding birds called Chocobos appeared . A Moogle accompanied the Cadet around the Peristylium , while Chocobos could be ridden during later parts of the game . Navigation was handled either by a virtual control stick on the touch screen , or by tapping an area of the visible game environment . The Cadet 's bedroom acted as a central hub , while the fountain area within the Academy was where many non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) could be found and talked with .
Conversations with the previous game 's protagonists increased the Cadet 's standing with them : if the player tapped a special button on @-@ screen during timed sections of the conversation , the bond statistic with the chosen character would be increased . The relationships built up by the player triggered special character interactions during the final chapter . Agito featured sub @-@ missions , the game 's version of side @-@ quests , some of which changed depending on the real @-@ world day of the week . They were given by NPCs , and could range from crafting new spells and equipment to performing certain actions within a combat mission . Completing quests yielded rewards such as new equipment and items .
Unlike Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 , Agito used a turn @-@ based combat system . The Attack menu , which appeared during battles , featured a gauge , which when full enabled the character to attack the targeted enemy , and buttons displayed for various physical and magical attacks ; these abilities could be chained together into combos that , once used , took time to recharge . Pressing the " Ability " icon triggered assigned skills , while " Chain " abilities enabled the player to preset sequences of attacks and use them consecutively . Using certain setups rewarded the player with in @-@ game bonuses . Also available was Type @-@ 0 's Kill Sight ability , in which precisely timed actions enabled the Cadet to kill an enemy with one hit . The game also gave the option for players to adjust battle speed to their personal preference . Using a special item , players could temporarily summon both NPCs with whom they had a strong relationship and summoned monsters called Eidolons to deal high damage to enemies .
During single @-@ player segments , the player could select two AI companions after selecting missions , which added to the player 's total score at the end of these missions . During missions , the companions could be issued with Team Commands , which could either order them to attack or increase healing abilities while lowering their defensive capabilities . Each attempt at a mission used up the Cadet 's stamina meter , which allowed a maximum of three missions at a time . The game used a job system similar to other entries in the Final Fantasy series , where different equipment and weapons alter a character 's abilities in battle . Specific skills accompanied each job . Players could create multiple equipment sets , with each item and weapon ranked according to its rarity in @-@ game . Materials gathered during missions could be used to upgrade the player 's equipment and abilities .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting and characters = = =
Final Fantasy Agito takes place in Orience , a land divided between four nations , or Crystal States , which have existed in a state of near @-@ constant war for the past thousand years : the Dominion of Rubrum , the Militesi Empire , the Kingdom of Concordia and the Lorican Alliance . The cause of the war is the nation 's crystals , objects of magical and political power that bestow different blessings on each nation , and choose people to become magical warriors known as l 'Cie , which serve and protect their respective crystal . The land of Orience is locked in a stable time loop , whereby events repeat constantly , then reset and begin all over again with minor variations . The reason is an experiment set up by the deities Pulse and Lindzei to find the doorway to the afterlife for their creator . The time in which Agito occurs is referred to as " the first cycle that surpasses the spiral of 600 million " , being at the very beginning of Orience 's spiral of repeating history . Agito 's initial events differ from Type @-@ 0 as it was to have been directed to a history were the Agito is born , making it an alternate story using the same setting . The game 's events across its lifetime are split across two " phases " , or cycles of Orience 's history . A key event at the end of each cycle is Tempus Finis , an event in which Orience is destined to end and be reborn .
The main character is a player @-@ created Cadet selected for training as Agito , a prophesied messiah said to prevent Orience 's destruction during an event known as Tempus Finis . Interacting with the Cadet on his journey are Ace , the previous game 's main protagonist ; Miyu Kagerohi , the representative for Cadets within the Vermillion Peristylium ; Lean Hampelmann , a Militesi scientist ; and Tono Mahoroha , a mysterious and cold young woman from Rubrum . The previous game 's main cast , Class Zero , as well as Machina Kunagiri and Rem Tokimiya , former members of Class Zero who acted as Type @-@ 0 's narrators , appear in supporting roles as students in other classes . Other characters include Marshal Cid Aulstyne , leader of the Milites Empire and the game 's central antagonist ; Arecia Al @-@ Rashia , supervisor of magic at the Peirstylim and servant of Pulse ; and Gala , unseen leader of the Lulusath Army and servant of Lindzei .
= = = Plot = = =
In the First Phase , the Cadet is saved from a Behemoth attack by Ace , who brings them to the safety of Akademeia . There they are introduced to everyday life and sent out on a mission against the Behemoth . Then war is declared against Milites after its aggressive actions against Rubrum and Lorica , and the Cadet learns of Class Zero . Concordia forms an alliance with Milites , severely hampering Rubrum 's efforts . Rubrum then musters their forces , including their powerful magical warriors , and conquer all three Crystal States . In the final chapter , Rubrum 's victory over the other Crystal States causes the arrival of Tempus Finis , and Miyu is made into a l 'Cie and renamed Judge Myuria : her mission is to test the Cadet to see if they are worthy of becoming the Agito . The Cadet is victorious , but it is judged the Agito has not appeared and Tempus Finis consumes the world , resetting it for a new cycle of history .
In the Second Phase , events play in vaguely the same fashion , but there are minor variations : Lorica forms an alliance with Milites rather than being conquered , and while Concordia offers an alliance , Imperial sympathizers within Concordia orchestrate the Queen 's death and ally with Concordia . After overcoming Lorica and Concordia , the Rubrum forces storm the Militesi capital and Cid is killed . Before dying , he warns the Cadet and his comrades of the Crystals ' role in Orience 's cycle . When Tempus Finis arrives , Ace goes alone to find the one mentioned by Cid . He is himself marked as a l 'Cie and transformed into Judge Ace . As with the previous cycle , he is defeated , but Tempus Finis arrives and the cycle continues . In a final side story episode , various additional stories revolving around the main cast are revealed . Among the events presented are a talk between Myuria and Arecia as to whether to continue the experiment , and then Lean and Tono are chosen by Arecia to exist outside the cycle and retain their memories . In this new form , the two agree to gather the memories of Orience 's people and find a way of liberating the world from its cycle . The story ends with them wishing the Cadet well , saying that they hope to meet them again in a future cycle .
= = Development = =
The idea for Final Fantasy Agito originated with the early origins of Type @-@ 0 . Originally , Type @-@ 0 was a game for mobiles titled Final Fantasy Agito XIII , but eventually changed platforms and title . Type @-@ 0 's director Hajime Tabata still liked the " Agito " title and the original concepts for the game , which included an episodic storyline that hinged on player choice and day @-@ night cycles linked to real @-@ world time . With this in mind , Tabata decided to revisit it and began development of Agito : eventually , they settled on smartphones as the release platform of choice , partly because the platforms ' progress since Type @-@ 0 started development . One of Tabata 's wishes for the title was that players unfamiliar with Type @-@ 0 would download and play it . Development on the game began in September 2012 . During development , Tabata considered Type @-@ 0 to have become the prototype for Agito , although it did not share much with its predecessor . The game 's story grew out of what he originally conceived for Agito XIII before it evolved into Type @-@ 0 . In contrast to Type @-@ 0 's dark and serious storyline , the team decided to give Agito a lighter atmosphere , although serious dramatic scenes were still present . Along with returning staff , mobile developer Tayutau K. K. helped with development . The previous game 's level designer , Masayasu Nishida , returned to direct , and original character texture artist Sayako Hoshino became art director . To create the characters ' portrait animations for the smartphone environment , the team used Silicon Studio 's Motion Portrait middleware . The game was developed using the Unity engine . The game 's designer was Kensuke Shimoda , an industry veteran who had experience with Unity , and was in charge of designing the game 's battle system . His involvement with the game ended after its release .
= = = Music = = =
The music for Agito was composed by Takeharu Ishimoto , who had composed the score for Type @-@ 0 . At first , no original music was to have been created for the title , but Ishimoto convinced the company to allow him to compose new music . The title still lifted several pieces of music from Type @-@ 0 . Part of Ishimoto 's wish for the title was to incorporate accents from Japanese pop music which would register well with fans . The pop @-@ oriented tunes were also meant to emphasize the lighter atmosphere , although more dramatic music was used for the darker moments . Arrangements were done by Kentaro Sato . The battle music for the weekend multiplayer segments was augmented with vocal work by Japanese rock band Dazzle Vision . Two music tracks from the game were available at the 2014 Tokyo Game Show ( TGS ) in a giveaway CD along with other tracks from future game releases . Tracks from the game were included with tracks from Type @-@ 0 in a special disc included in the collector 's edition of Type @-@ 0 HD . All new tracks from Agito were included in the Blu @-@ ray album for Type @-@ 0 HD , Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 HD Original Soundtrack .
= = Release = =
The first hint of its existence became public when Square Enix trademarked the name in May 2013 . The game was first announced in the second September issue of Famitsu Weekly , and was demoed during TGS 2013 . Originally scheduled for release in the winter of 2013 , it was delayed due to development problems concerning environment sizes , which needed to be scaled down . It was rescheduled for the first quarter of 2014 , then was pushed forward to spring of that year . Street clothes for the characters were offered as a pre @-@ registration bonus , while a code to download outfits inspired by Kurasame , a supporting character from Type @-@ 0 , were included in the final volume of the spin @-@ off manga Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 Side Story : Reaper of the Icy Blade . Pre @-@ registration closed on May 7 , 2013 . Chapter delivery began the day after the game 's official release on May 14 , 2014 . The base game was a free download , but players had the option of buying items , restore health and speeding up re @-@ spawn time via microtransactions . The original version also reset individual character experience levels at the end of a playthrough , while an update in 2015 allowed players to carry over experience levels between playthroughs .
= = = Episodes = = =
Final Fantasy Agito was published in chapters , with decisions made by the player base influencing the events of the next installment . The number of chapters was designed to be smaller than that of Tabata 's previous Final Fantasy title for mobiles , Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII . The intention was to create a high replay value . The projected chapter delivery rate was once a fortnight . Chapters are designed to take around two weeks for players to complete , with the first 10 days involving single @-@ player solo missions . The final portions feature " subjugation " multiplayer missions , requiring players to work together to battle powerful bosses . These battles take place during weekends .
Each chapter comes in four or five named segments , with each containing different story missions . There is a heavy emphasis on player choice in the story , with decisions made during previous episodes of the story affecting future events . The game 's story is meant to be played repeatedly , with different decisions yielding different outcomes . Chapter delivery was projected to , and eventually ended , in September 2014 . After all chapters were released , the team focused on improving the experience , introducing a higher difficulty setting , and incorporating a grander sense of scale . They also developed further scenario choices to expand variation of events in future playthroughs . In the months after the initial release , a second " phase " of the story began release through 2014 into 2015 . In addition to the final chapter ,
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
2012 , Fill the Void grossed $ 59 @,@ 164 on its opening weekend . It appeared in three theaters with an average of $ 19 @,@ 721 per theater , ranking at # 38 in the country . During the film 's eight @-@ week release , it appeared in 64 theaters and reached a figure of $ 1 @,@ 468 @,@ 587 for total domestic gross . It was later released in the United States in May 2013 , grossing $ 2 @,@ 418 @,@ 587 worldwide .
= = = Critical reviews = = =
Fill the Void received generally positive reviews , garnering an 88 % " fresh " rating based from 64 reviews on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes ; the consensus states : " Graceful , complex , and beautifully layered , Fill the Void offers a sympathetic portrait of an insulated culture by exploring universal themes . " Several critics compared the female characters to Jane Austen 's novels . The Weekly Standard editor John Podhoretz opinionated , " I don 't know when I 've ever seen a film as eerily perfect in tone and taste as Fill the Void ... There isn 't a moment when Burshtein goes wrong , goes melodramatic , goes didactic , goes false . Working as a woman of faith in a medium looked on with understandable suspicion and skepticism by those who believe as she does , Rama Burshtein has made a work of art of overwhelming beauty and impact . " The New York Post critic Farran Smith Nehme disagreed , writing , " While the social milieu is nicely realized , other parts of the drama are not . Too often Burshtein cuts off a scene prematurely , darting away just as the crucial moment of emotion or confrontation appears . "
The Boston Globe correspondent Peter Keough gave the film a highly favorable review :
Films tend to confirm , not confront , stereotypes . Not so Israeli director Rama Burshtein 's exquisitely acted , radiantly shot , and delicately nuanced " Fill the Void , " a melodrama set in the ultra @-@ Orthodox Haredi Jewish community of Tel Aviv . By bringing to life complex and sympathetic characters in a precisely observed setting and social framework , and by presenting that isolated world as a microcosm , Burshtein has achieved a gripping film without victims or villains , an ambiguous tragedy drawing on universal themes of love and loss , self @-@ sacrifice and self @-@ preservation .
Deborah Young from The Hollywood Reporter also published a good review , adding that it was " more realistic than beautiful , though when the story calls for it she has no trouble injecting poetry into a scene . " A review in Slant Magazine was equally positive , adding that the film used " long static takes , restricting her shots largely to interiors and strategically alternating between depth staging and blurry backgrounds , Rama Burshtein brings a sense of inevitability and constriction to the insular world of Israeli Hassidic Judaism . " More broadly , Screen International suggested that director " Burshtein paints a perfect bubble that can last only as long as it has no contact with the world outside ( no secular presence is allowed in here ) . "
Additionally , critics praised the respect shown to the film 's portrayal of Orthodox Jews . Jane Esiner from The New York Times suggested that , " While the film may deliver a message at odds with contemporary feminism in the eyes of some critics , the movie portrays female characters with a strength that is both subtle and believable . " A. O. Scott , also from The New York Times , added , " Their routines are dominated by prayer , ritual observance and obedience to Jewish law , but their world does not seem narrow and austere . On the contrary , it is at times almost unbearably full of feeling and significance . "
Scott further commended the acting by Hadas Yaron , saying , " Shira is modest and sensible , forthright with her opinions and discreet about expressing emotion , but the way Ms. Yaron composes her features — and the way she is lighted by Ms. Burshtein and the cinematographer , Asaf Sudry — seems to offer direct access to her soul . " Likewise , Los Angeles Times film critic Kenneth Turan found Yaron 's performance " exceptional " . By contrast , Peter Cavanese from Pleasanton Weekly disliked the idea of Shira marrying under the circumstances in the film and wrote that she " comes across as temperamentally battered by her mother and her potential husband , who is himself slow to see the wisdom of marrying Shira " .
= = = Awards = = =
The film won seven Ophir Awards , the Israeli equivalent of the American Oscars , including one for best director and one for best film . It was selected to compete for the Golden Lion award at the 69th Venice International Film Festival , and Hadas Yaron won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress . In September 2012 , the film was selected as the Israeli entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards , but it did not make the final shortlist .
= Voćin massacre =
The Voćin massacre was the killing of 43 civilians , mostly Croats , by the Serbian White Eagles paramilitary unit in Voćin , Croatia on 13 December 1991 , during the Croatian War of Independence . The massacre was carried out after the unit was ordered to abandon the village before the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) recaptured the area in Operation Papuk @-@ 91 . The unit generally targeted Croats living in the village , but also killed a Serb civilian who tried to protect others . Most of the victims were killed by gunfire , but some of them were killed with axes or chainsaws , or were burned to death . The victims exhibited signs of torture and were left unburied . On the night of 13 / 14 December , the unit also demolished a 550 @-@ year @-@ old church in the village using explosives .
The HV secured Voćin on the night of 14 / 15 December , the Serb population having left the previous night . Afterwards , Croatian soldiers torched many homes belonging to the Serbs who had once inhabited the village . The area was toured by US Congressman Frank McCloskey shortly afterwards . McCloskey publicised the killings at a news conference held in Zagreb the next day , deeming them genocide . He then persuaded Jerry Blaskovich , an Associate Clinical Professor at the University of Southern California Los Angeles County Hospital Medical Center to take part in the investigation of the killings . The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) later charged Slobodan Milošević with the killings and Vojislav Šešelj with the deportation of non @-@ Serbs from Voćin . In 2015 , the International Court of Justice ruled that the massacre in Voćin was not an example of genocide , and stated that Croatia had failed to prove that the killings had even occurred .
= = Background = =
Within the 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia , the 5th ( Banja Luka ) Corps of the Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA ) was tasked with advancing north through western Slavonia , from Okučani to Daruvar and Virovitica , and with a secondary drive from Okučani towards Kutina . This task was essentially consistent with the line expected to be reached by the main thrust of the JNA advancing from eastern Slavonia in about a week . The linkup was designed to facilitate a further advance west to Zagreb and Varaždin . The JNA was stopped by the Croatian National Guard ( Zbor Narodne Garde – ZNG ) between Novska , Nova Gradiška and Pakrac , although SAO Western Slavonia Territorial Defense Forces ( Teritorijalna odbrana – TO ) units took positions on the Bilogora and Papuk north of Pakrac , near Virovitica and Slatina with no JNA support . The TO was supported by Serbian paramilitaries deploying to the village of Voćin on the Papuk Mountain in October .
The paramilitaries were the White Eagles under the control of Vojislav Šešelj . He visited Voćin in the following month and incited the paramilitaries to persecute the Croat population . According to testimonies of surviving residents of Voćin , the White Eagles and several local Serbs terrorised the Croat population , reduced to 80 by late 1991 . Prior to the war , ethnic Serbs formed eighty percent of the village 's population .
On 29 October , the ZNG launched Operation Hurricane @-@ 91 against positions held by the JNA and the TO near Novska and Nova Gradiška , and Operation Swath @-@ 10 against the TO positions on the Bilogora Mountain south of Virovitica . Aiming to exploit the success of Operation Swath @-@ 10 and recapture Papuk area , Croatian forces , renamed the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska or HV ) on 3 November , launched Operation Papuk @-@ 91 on 28 November .
= = Killings = =
The HV began advancing in the area of Đulovac , located approximately 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 miles ) west of Voćin , on 12 December , and the TO were forced to retreat from the area . In turn , the White Eagles were to abandon Voćin , but were ordered to take no prisoners . They were also instructed to ensure the evacuation of the Serb population . Those who refused to leave were threatened and one man was killed in front of his home .
The killing of civilians living in Voćin and two nearby smaller villages began on 13 December at noon . The White Eagles infantry , supported by at least one tank , moved through Voćin bombing Croat @-@ owned houses and killing civilians . The killings and the destruction took twelve hours and claimed the lives of 43 civilians . The bodies of the victims were mutilated and left on display , presumably as a warning to others , outside Voćin itself , to flee or perish . All the victims were Croat civilians , except one 77 @-@ year @-@ old Serb who was reported to had tried to protect his neighbours from the paramilitaries . Most of the victims were elderly , including twelve women aged 56 – 76 and eleven men aged 60 – 84 .
Many of those killed were tortured , beaten using chains and burned . Most of the victims were killed by gunshots , but the cause of death proved hard to establish for eight victims whose bodies were severely burned . A couple was bound with chains and burned alive , two women were killed using axes or similar sharp objects , one of them by several axe blows to her head . Another couple was beheaded and their heads were placed in bags . One of the victims was cut by a chain saw while still alive , and another died trapped in her house which was torched by the paramilitaries . The Serb civilian who attempted to protect the others was also beaten , tortured using lighted cigarettes and heated chains , and then flayed .
At 3 : 00 a.m. , the paramilitaries demolished the Roman Catholic church of the Pilgrimage to the Blessed Virgin Mary in Voćin . They used the 550 @-@ year @-@ old structure as an ammunition depot . In the wake of the explosion , a single wall of the structure remained standing . It is estimated that several tons of explosives were used for the purpose . At the same time , approximately 20 other Croat inhabitants of villages of Bokane , Krašković , Miokovićevo and Zvečevo , further to the south , were reportedly killed .
= = Aftermath = =
The HV captured Voćin on the night of 14 / 15 December , the village 's Serb population having withdrawn the night before . Afterwards , Croatian soldiers torched many homes that belonged to the Serbs who had once inhabited the village . One of the first to arrive in the village following its re @-@ capture was US Congressman Frank McCloskey , who was in Croatia on a fact @-@ finding mission .
McCloskey asked his aide , Pat Mackley , to arrange a press conference in Zagreb the next day , while Mackley persuaded Dr. Jerry Blaskovich , an Associate Clinical Professor at the LAC + USC Medical Center , sent to Croatia to investigate alleged use of chemical weapons , to take part in the investigation of the killings . At the conference , McCloskey called the killings genocide . CNN reporter Mark Dalmish refused to attend the press conference as the network distrusted the reports of the killings , and , according to Dr. Blaskovich , only became interested in the event once Blaskovich 's involvement was announced .
The victims ' bodies were taken to the nearby town of Slatina for forensic examination on 17 December . Mackley contacted Croatian authorities and obtained permission to document the autopsies of the victims , but was denied access by authorities in Slatina . Mackley telephoned Croatian Defence Minister Gojko Šušak asking him to intervene on his behalf , but the local police allegedly disobeyed Šušak . The special police was deployed to Slatina to enforce Šušak 's order to cooperate , almost causing an armed clash over the issue . To settle matters , a team was sent to Slatina by Zagreb University 's Institute for Forensic Medicine to perform autopsies , retrieve bodies and perform the rest of the procedures in Zagreb .
Survivors who took shelter in basements or cornfields , as well as a captured member of the paramilitary forces , later testified about the killings and identified the White Eagles as the perpetrators . In addition , the withdrawing paramilitaries left critical evidence behind , including personnel records confirming the force was indeed the White Eagles associated with Šešelj . US investigator for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) John Cencich corroborated the information in an interview with a witness linking Slobodan Milošević , then president of Serbia to the killings . The ICTY charged Milošević with the deaths of 32 civilians in Voćin . Milošević was subsequently arrested and tried , but he died before his trial was completed . The ICTY also charged Šešelj with involvement in the forced deportation of non @-@ Serb civilians from Voćin , but as of August 2013 his trial is still in progress .
In March 2014 , Croatia alleged before the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) that the massacre in Voćin was part of a larger campaign of genocide targeting the Croat population of Slavonia . In 2015 , the ICJ ruled that Serb forces had not committed genocide in Croatia , and stated that the Croatian legal team had failed to prove that any mass killing had taken place in Voćin .
= Jon Scheyer =
Jonathan James " Jon " Scheyer ( Hebrew : ג 'ון שייר ; born August 24 , 1987 ) is an American former basketball player , currently an assistant coach of the Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team . Scheyer led his high school team to an Illinois state basketball championship as a high school All @-@ American , and was one of the starters on the 2009 – 10 Duke Blue Devils that won the 2010 NCAA Basketball Championship , as a college All @-@ American . He was a prolific high school scorer , and later an Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) leader in numerous statistical categories , ranging from free throw percentage and three point shots / game to assists / turnover ratio .
In high school , he once scored 21 points in a game 's final 75 seconds of play in an attempt to spark a comeback . The 4th @-@ leading scorer in Illinois high school history , he led his team to a state championship in 2005 , and was named Illinois Mr. Basketball in 2006 . Also in 2006 , Scheyer was voted as one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament , a group of former players and coaches in honor of the 100 anniversary of the IHSA boys basketball tournament .
He chose to attend Duke for college , for whom he moved from shooting guard to point guard towards the end of the 2008 – 09 season , and was the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of the 2009 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament . In his senior year in 2009 – 10 as Duke 's captain , he led the team to ACC regular season and Tournament championships , and to the NCAA National Championship . He led the championship team in points per game , assists , free throw percentage , and steals per game . Scheyer was a 2010 consensus All @-@ American ( Second Team ) , a unanimous 2009 – 10 All @-@ ACC First Team selection , and was named to the 2010 ACC All @-@ Tournament First Team .
He played the most consecutive games in Duke history ( 144 ) , shot the third @-@ highest free throw percentage ( .861 ) , shot the third @-@ most free throws ( 608 ) , shot the fourth @-@ most 3 @-@ pointers ( 297 ) , and is ranked ninth in scoring ( 2 @,@ 077 points ) . He holds the ACC single @-@ season record for minutes ( 1 @,@ 470 ; in 2009 – 10 ) and the Duke freshman free throw record ( 115 ) , shares the Duke record for points off the bench in a game ( 27 ) , and had the third @-@ longest streak of consecutive free throws in Duke history ( 40 ) . He was not drafted in the 2010 NBA Draft , but played for the 2010 Miami Heat Las Vegas summer league team ; however , playing for the team in July he was poked in the eye by Golden State 's Joe Ingles and suffered a serious , life @-@ changing right eye injury in which his eye 's optic nerve was injured , and he suffered a tear in its retina , which was re @-@ attached surgically . He was a 2010 Los Angeles Clippers training camp invitee , but was waived in the team 's reduction to its final roster . In 2011 he played shooting guard for the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA D @-@ League .
= = Early life = =
Scheyer was born in Northbrook , Illinois and is the youngest of three children of Laury ( née Hitzel ) and Jim Scheyer . He was raised in his father 's Jewish religion , and was Bar Mitzvah . He began dribbling a basketball at age three and played in his first AAU national tournament six years later . As a youth , he played in a league called the Fellowship of Afro @-@ American Men ( FAAM ) , in Evanston , Illinois . He received a scholarship offer from Marquette University 's Tom Crean as an 8th grader .
= = High school career = =
Because Scheyer 's talent was obvious by the time he was set to start high school , many people encouraged his parents to move so he could attend a high school with a powerhouse basketball program . The move was recommended so that he would have a greater chance of success . Scheyer shrugged off the suggestion , telling his parents : " We 'll just do it here . We 'll build the success at Glenbrook North . " His father said : " I get chills thinking about it . That wasn 't my vision . It wasn 't Laury 's . It wasn 't his coaches ' . That was Jon 's vision , and it never occurred to him that anything else would happen . "
Scheyer attended Glenbrook North High School and led the Spartans to an Illinois High School Association Class AA state basketball championship as a junior , a 3rd @-@ place finish in 2003 as a freshman , and an Elite Eight appearance in the state playoffs three out of four years from 2003 – 06 . Scheyer was known as the " Jewish Jordan " , and the Spartans ' state championship team is the only high school state championship basketball squad in the nation known to have included an all @-@ Jewish starting line @-@ up .
As a freshman , Scheyer led Glenbrook North in scoring and assists and was First Team All @-@ State as a sophomore in 2004 . Scheyer was the only non @-@ senior among those First Team All @-@ State selections and was the only underclassman on any of the first three All @-@ State squads . As a junior , he averaged 26 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists . His coach David Weber said : " I call him a combination of Larry Bird and ' Pistol ' Pete ( Maravich ) . He 's got the flair , the passing abilities . He 's got good size . He 's a rare player in this day and age . " Scheyer rose to national fame in his senior year by scoring 21 points in 75 seconds of play during a one @-@ man comeback effort in the last minute and a half of a high school game against Proviso West High School , in an effort to keep alive his team 's 35 @-@ game winning streak . It has been called one of the best performances ever on a high school court . He averaged 32 points , 6 rebounds , 5 assists , and 3 steals for the Spartans as a senior .
One example of his dogged pursuit of excellence is that while in high school , Scheyer refused to leave the gym one night until he made 50 consecutive free throws . After finally hitting 49 in a row , he missed on his final attempt . His father encouraged him to join him and go home , but – as his coach recalled – “ Jon looked at him and said , ‘ No . I ’ m starting over . ’ Then he stayed until he made 50 in a row . ”
Scheyer is the 4th @-@ leading scorer in Illinois history with 3 @,@ 034 points , and he is the only player in state history to finish his career ranked in the all @-@ time top 10 in points ( 4th ) , rebounds , assists ( 6th ) , and steals ( 7th ) . He was named Illinois Mr. Basketball in 2006 by an overwhelming margin ( receiving 217 votes , to 17 for the 2nd @-@ place finisher ) , a high school All @-@ American , a two @-@ time Gatorade state Player of the Year , and a three @-@ time All @-@ State selection . He had a reputation as an exceptional 3 @-@ point shooter , a good defensive rebounder , and a big @-@ game performer . In naming him to the Illinois First @-@ Team for the decade , ESPN wrote that he was " one of the greatest Illinois high school players of all @-@ time " . He was also named to the century @-@ list , the " 100 Legends of Illinois Basketball ( 1908 – 2007 ) " . Illinois Warriors coach Larry Butler said : " Jon Scheyer is one of the most prolific scorers I 've seen in Illinois high school basketball . He was just the ultimate team player . Jon Scheyer would take the shirt off his back to win a game . " A Chicago Sun @-@ Times article observed :
Scheyer 's offensive game is amazing ... He hits jumpers from all manner of pogo @-@ stick angles . He can hit runners while shooting back across his body . He can drive and finish in acrobatic ways . His offensive repertoire of ways to score is like a magician 's bag of tricks . Offensively , he is a modern @-@ day ' Pistol ' Pete Maravich .
= = College career = =
Scheyer 's final four college choices were Arizona , Duke , Illinois , and Wisconsin . On the one hand , his connection with Illinois was strengthened by the fact that his high school coach was Illinois coach Bruce Weber 's brother . In addition , when he had been in junior high school , he had really disliked Duke 's team , because all his friends liked Duke and he wanted to be different . Militating in favor of Duke , however , was the fact that its assistant coach Chris Collins had also attended Glenbrook North . He also believed that playing for the Blue Devils provided him with the best chance of playing in the Final Four . He ultimately chose to attend Duke , where he majored in History .
= = = 2006 – 07 = = =
In the 2006 – 07 season he started all 33 Blue Devils games as a freshman , and scored a season @-@ high 26 points in a loss to North Carolina on February 7 , 2007 . He led all freshmen in the ACC with an .846 free throw percentage , and was eighth in the ACC in minutes per game ( 33 @.@ 7 ) . He was an ACC All @-@ Freshman Team selection , and was named " ACC Rookie of the Week " three times . He tied for second on the team with 39 steals , and averaged 12 @.@ 2 points per game ( third @-@ best on the team ) . He also tied the Duke freshman record by making 115 free throws , and holds the third @-@ longest streak for consecutive free throws made in Duke history at 40 . Though not naturally a point guard , Scheyer spent some time playing the point due to lack of depth at that position . " It was a learning experience , " Scheyer said . " It made me more confident bringing the ball up the court . "
= = = 2007 – 08 = = =
Despite the fact that he was a starter as a freshman , Coach Mike Krzyzewski ( Coach K ) chose to start Gerald Henderson , Jr . , in Scheyer 's place for the majority of the season . Scheyer started only once during his sophomore year , but played in all 34 games . On December 20 , 2007 , he grabbed a career @-@ high 12 rebounds against Pittsburgh . He scored 27 points at Miami on February 20 , 2008 , matching the most points by a player off the bench in Duke history . His free throw percentage ( .889 ) was 2nd in the ACC for the season , 12th in the nation , and 5th @-@ best in school history . He had a team @-@ best 2 @.@ 24 : 1 assist @-@ to @-@ turnover ratio , averaged the third @-@ most minutes @-@ per @-@ game on the team ( 28 @.@ 3 ) , was fourth in scoring ( 11 @.@ 7 ) , and was widely hailed as one of the country 's top sixth men . He averaged 3 @.@ 9 rebounds , 2 @.@ 4 assists , and 1 @.@ 4 steals per game .
= = = 2008 – 09 = = =
Scheyer was named one of three captains for the Blue Devils for the 2008 – 09 season . He scored a then @-@ career @-@ high 30 points against Wake Forest on February 22 , 2009 . On February 19 , Scheyer was moved from shooting guard , where he had played 91 games , to point guard ; there he played well for the last 9 games of the season and into the post @-@ season . As a point guard , he averaged 19 @.@ 7 points and 2 @.@ 5 assists per game , and committed 1 turnover a game . Florida State Seminoles men 's basketball coach Leonard Hamilton said he thought Scheyer had a " calming " influence on the team 's offense .
Scheyer was 7th in the ACC in free throw percentage ( .841 ) for the season , 8th in minutes per game ( 32 @.@ 8 ) , tied for 8th in steals per game ( 1 @.@ 6 ) and three @-@ point field goals made per game ( 2 @.@ 1 ) , and 18th in points per game ( 14 @.@ 9 ) . In the team 's 36 games , Scheyer led the Blue Devils in minutes , free throws , free throw percentage , 3 @-@ point field goals , 3 @-@ point field goal percentage ( .395 ) , assists , and assists per game ( 2 @.@ 8 ) . He was named the MVP of the 2009 ACC Tournament after scoring 29 points in the championship game . Krzyzewski said after the season : " He 's a great competitor . He handles the ball real well . He scores — he scored more when he was bringing the ball up than when he didn 't bring the ball up . I think the more the ball is in Jon 's hands , the better . " Reflecting his off @-@ the @-@ court accomplishments , Scheyer was a 2009 ACC Academic Honor Roll selection .
= = = 2009 – 10 = = =
Scheyer was again named captain along with Lance Thomas . Commenting on his play , Coach Krzyzewski said : " He understands , which most kids , believe me , do not , the value of the ball . He makes really good decisions with the ball , whether it 's a pass , a shot , or the time on the clock . " And : " Some of the plays he makes — you might not think he 's that fast , but he has great body control . " On December 2 , 2009 , he became the first Duke player to record 1 @,@ 400 points , 400 rebounds , 250 assists , 200 3 @-@ point field goals , and 150 steals for a career . On December 16 , he scored 24 of a career @-@ high 36 points in the first half to lead Duke past Gardner @-@ Webb . He shot 11 @-@ of @-@ 13 and hit a career @-@ best seven 3 @-@ pointers while grabbing eight rebounds and getting nine assists . Jay Bilas of ESPN picked Scheyer as starting guard on his mid @-@ season First @-@ Team All @-@ American team in January 2010 , writing :
Scheyer had one of the best assist to turnover ratios in the NCAA . No player in the country has been as efficient with the ball as Scheyer has been ... [ H ] e consistently makes good passes and good decisions . Scheyer leads the nation with a 4 @.@ 8 @-@ to @-@ 1 assist @-@ to @-@ turnover ratio , and when guarded by smaller point guards he will work off the ball , and take advantage of defenders not used to playing off the ball .... There are several other guards who are having great seasons ... but there aren 't many who have had comparable seasons to date .
ESPN play @-@ by @-@ play announcer Dan Schulman said : " He 's not your prototypical break @-@ you @-@ down @-@ off @-@ the @-@ dribble with blow @-@ by @-@ speed kind of point guard . I would describe him as a very cerebral player , a very unselfish player ... He 's been one of the most effective point guards in America . " ESPN 's Doug Gottlieb said Scheyer was making an interesting case for national player of the year . On February 15 , Scheyer became the first player to win the ACC Player of the Week award three times in the 2009 – 10 season ; it was the fourth time he had won the award in his career . After facing him , North Carolina point guard Larry Drew said : " He 's as crafty as you can get . You just don 't like playing against players like that . He can shoot the ball well . He 's quick enough . He 's smart . He knows about angles . He 's a good actor . And he can shoot . " University of Maryland coach Gary Williams observed :
Scheyer 's like an old @-@ time guard ... in that he does everything , in terms of handling the ball , shooting the ball , playing defense .... that 's what makes him so tough , because he can do all those things and do them at a very high level for almost 40 minutes every game ... It 's almost like having more than one player on the court .
ESPN college basketball analyst Jay Williams said in March that Scheyer had been great and was deserving of being the NCAA Player of the Year or perhaps a co @-@ Player of the Year with Greivis Vásquez . Commenting on his demeanor , Sports Illustrated sportswriter Stewart Mandel wrote : " Scheyer is one of the shyest Duke stars in recent memory . The next time he brags or trash @-@ talks will be the first . "
After sinking a 3 @-@ pointer with 18 seconds left to seal a win for Duke over Georgia Tech for the ACC championship , Scheyer said : " This is really exciting . I could do this 100 times . This could never get old . " Despite having struggled with his 3 @-@ point shot all game on 1 – 8 shooting , he said : " Even though I wasn 't hitting , I still wanted the opportunity in the end to shoot the ball . " " Scheyer made an unbelievable shot , " said Georgia Tech coach Paul Hewitt . " If you 're a basketball fan , enjoy it for what it is . " Coach Krzyzewski noted : " There ’ s something about Scheyer that produces wins .... He 's never afraid . " Playing Baylor on March 28 in the Elite Eight , he recalled :
There was a TV timeout with under four minutes in the second half . ... [ W ] e were tied , or down by one . There was 3 : 39 on the clock .... I came to the bench , and was kind of looking around . I thought : ' This is it . It is a three @-@ minute game for our season , everything you 've been working for your whole life . ' I smiled , and went for it . That was the most surreal moment . That is a moment I 'll never forget .
With 2 : 37 remaining , he hit a 3 @-@ pointer to put Duke ahead 67 – 61 . The Blue Devils won as he finished with 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 4 assists . In Duke 's Final Four win over West Virginia , he led the team with 23 points while shooting 5 for 9 from 3 @-@ point range , with 6 assists , no turnovers , and 2 steals .
Duke won the national championship with a 61 – 59 victory over Butler , as Scheyer scored 5 of the team 's last 10 points . After Butler 's Gordon Hayward missed a last @-@ second shot , a media member said to Scheyer : " In the movies , that goes in . " Scheyer laughed , and responded : " Good thing this wasn 't the movies then . " Scheyer had 15 points in the win , and led the team with 5 assists . He became the second player to win an Illinois high school state championship and an NCAA Division I championship , the other having been Quinn Buckner , who won state titles at Thornridge High School in 1971 and 1972 , and then was a champion with Indiana in 1976 . Scheyer played a prank after Duke 's win . He tweeted his more than 6 @,@ 700 Twitter followers : " Hollerrrrr at me ! ! ! 847 @-@ 970- .... ! " . But instead of including his own cell number , it was the cell number of his former high school teammate Zach Kelly . Even Sports Illustrated was taken in by the ruse . After Kelly had received more than 2 @,@ 000 text messages and several hundred calls , Scheyer tweeted his fans , begging them to stop texting and calling his friend . Sports Illustrated featured Scheyer on the cover of their April 12 , 2010 , issue .
When the Duke team went to the White House in honor of their championship in late May , President Obama caught Scheyer off guard by calling him " my homeboy , " when he introduced himself to Scheyer , and then saying it again ( " my homeboy from the Chicago area " ) when he said he had been following Scheyer since his high school days in Chicago . Scheyer said : " that was probably the coolest moment of my life . " Obama also noted that Scheyer , Kyle Singler , and Nolan Smith were the top @-@ scoring trio in the NCAA for the year ( at 52 @.@ 4 points per game ) .
= = = = Records and statistics = = = =
Scheyer set the ACC all @-@ time single @-@ season record for minutes played in 2009 – 10 ( with 1 @,@ 470 , passing Dennis Scott ) . Scheyer said : " I feel as though this is what I 've prepared my whole life to do . There 's never a time in a game when I feel I 'm winded . " In the 2009 – 10 season , he also led the ACC in assist / turnover ratio ( 3 @.@ 0 ; 2nd @-@ best in Duke history to Steve Wojciechowski in 1997 ) , free throw percentage ( .878 ; 7th @-@ best in Duke history ) , and 3 @-@ point FGs made ( 2 @.@ 8 per game ) . He also tied for 2nd in games with 20 or more points ( 17 ) , and was 3rd in scoring ( 18 @.@ 2 points per game ) , 4th in assists ( 4 @.@ 9 per game ) and 3 @-@ point FG percentage ( .383 ) , and 7th in steals ( 1 @.@ 6 per game ) .
For the season , he has also led the nation in assist / turnover ratio . He had 38 double @-@ figure scoring games in the single season ( tied for 3rd @-@ most in Duke history with Elton Brand ) , 110 3 @-@ point field goals ( the 6th @-@ highest Duke season total ; behind Trajan Langdon ) , 194 free throws ( 10th in Duke history , behind J. J. Redick ) , and was the 9th player in Duke history to score over 100 points for four seasons . Freshman guard Andre Dawkins said : " Jon ’ s the glue . He takes the big shots . "
In his career , he played in 144 consecutive games ( most in team history , tied with Chris Duhon ) , played 4 @,@ 759 minutes ( 3rd in both Duke and ACC history , behind Bobby Hurley ) , had an .861 free throw percentage ( 3rd in Duke history , and 6th in ACC history ) , sank 604 free throws ( 3rd in Duke history , behind Christian Laettner and Redick ) , 297 3 @-@ pointers ( 4th in school history , ahead of Bobby Hurley , and 10th in ACC history ) , played 144 games ( tied for 4th on Duke 's all @-@ time list with Duhon ) , and had 114 double @-@ figure scoring games ( 5th all @-@ time at Duke , ahead of Mike Gminski and Grant Hill ) . In addition , he had 208 steals ( 8th in school history , behind Grant Hill ) , and had scored 2 @,@ 077 points ( 9th on Duke ’ s all @-@ time list , behind Jason Williams and Gene Banks ) . Asked to comment on his having passed the career 2 @,@ 000 @-@ points mark , he said : " That 's a pretty cool thing . I don 't know all the names [ of those ] who have hit 2 @,@ 000 , but it 's a great list to be part of . It 's not better than a win tonight , and going to the Sweet 16 , but it 's still a great honor . "
He is the only player in Duke history to record at least 2 @,@ 000 points , 500 rebounds , 400 assists , 250 3 @-@ pointers , and 200 steals in a career .
= = = = Awards = = = =
Scheyer was a 2009 – 10 consensus All @-@ American ( Second Team ) , a Wooden and Lowe ’ s Senior First Team All @-@ American , and was named to the 2009 – 10 All @-@ America Second Teams of the AP , National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) , Sporting News , and U.S. Basketball Writers Association ( USBWA ) . In 2010 he was also a unanimous All @-@ ACC First Team selection , an ACC All @-@ Tournament First Team pick , and an NCAA South All @-@ Regional and All @-@ Final Four Team selection . In addition , he was named to the NABC and USBWA 2009 – 10 All @-@ District teams , and the Jewish Sports Review Division 1 All @-@ America team . He was also awarded the NABC Senior Achievement Award . He was second in voting for the ACC Player of the Year Award , to Maryland 's Greivis Vasquez .
= = = = Award lists = = = =
In 2010 , Scheyer was one of 6 finalists for the Bob Cousy Award ( as top college point guard ; awarded to Greivis Vasquez ) , and one of 10 finalists for the Lowe 's Senior CLASS Award ( as top NCAA Division I basketball senior ; awarded to West Virginia 's Da 'Sean Butler ) . He was also one of 10 finalists for the John R. Wooden Award , one of 16 finalists for the 2010 Oscar Robertson Trophy , and one of 30 mid @-@ season candidates for the 2010 Naismith Trophy , each a national player of the year award that in the end was awarded to Ohio State 's Evan Turner .
= = Professional career = =
Doug Gottlieb of ESPN opined in early January 2010 that Scheyer " is probably not an NBA player , but his Jewish faith allows him to get an Israeli passport , and he would be a highly coveted player for a team like Maccabi Tel Aviv . "
David Thorpe , ESPN 's resident expert on NBA rookies and noted trainer of NBA prospects , differed with Gottlieb . He noted most NBA teams would benefit by having Scheyer on their team as a sixth man . Chad Ford , ESPN 's draft expert , rated Scheyer within the top @-@ 60 NBA prospects . Asked in March 2010 whether he feels he can make it in the NBA , Scheyer said he was confident he can .
By early April , most NBA draft analysts thought he would be selected in the second round , but Larry Butler , his former AAU coach with the Illinois Warriors , thought he might go late in the first round .
He 's shown his toughness , his will to win . He brings all those little intangibles to the table that the elite players do . He 's always making the right pass , always making the big shots , always making the big plays , always making his free throws .... The kid is a winner . He 's always been a winner .
Eamonn Brennan of ESPN announced the results of his College Basketball Production @-@ Only Mock Draft in late May , meant to indicate how NBA teams would draft if they focused only at how college basketballs players played in college . He ranked Scheyer 6th , saying that as a college player , Scheyer was " ruthlessly effective " .
The Chicago Sun @-@ Times opined that coaches Phil Jackson of the Los Angeles Lakers and Gregg Popovich of the San Antonio Spurs might value Scheyer 's ability to move without the ball , pass , and spot up for jumpers . And one scout pointed to his poise , leadership , feel for the game , threat from the perimeter , smooth stroke , textbook form , and the vital role he played in the championship run , saying Scheyer can hold his own in the NBA and could be a solid backup point guard / no @-@ stats @-@ All @-@ Star similar to Shane Battier .
Scheyer signed with Mark Bartelstein of Priority Sports . Scheyer missed the NBA Draft Combine in late May and lost 10 pounds as he battled mononucleosis , which had him out for approximately three weeks and also forced him to miss his graduation . In June he participated in pre @-@ draft workouts for ten teams , including the Chicago Bulls , Los Angeles Lakers , Milwaukee Bucks , New Jersey Nets , San Antonio Spurs , Utah Jazz , Portland Trail Blazers , Sacramento Kings , and Phoenix Suns . " I 've spent more time at airports than with teams " , said Scheyer , " but it 's such a great opportunity . "
The Dallas Morning News reported in May 2010 that a NBA draft projection of NBADraft.net had the Dallas Mavericks selecting Scheyer with their first pick of the draft ( the draft 's 50th overall pick ) . Bleacher Report carried a mock draft article predicting him being drafted 51st by Oklahoma City , and Yahoo carried one predicting he would be drafted 53rd by the Atlanta Hawks .
Draft Express compared 19 top shooting guards in the draft , on the basis of detailed points @-@ per @-@ possession statistics generated by Synergy Sports Technology . It found that Scheyer ranked as the most efficient overall scorer ( at 1 @.@ 054 PPP ) . His jump shooting ability when open gave him success in spot @-@ up situations ( 1 @.@ 16 PPP ) , but he also ranked well above average in isolation ( .938 PPP ; 3rd ) , and was the most effective pick and roll player on the list ( 1 @.@ 16 PPP ) .
Duke Coach K said he could be a second @-@ round pick ,
but I 'm not sure if that 's even the best thing for [ him ] because when you 're a second @-@ round pick , you belong to a team .... I think it would be better to go to the team that really wants [ him ] because there will be teams that want [ him . He 's ] going to be [ a ] good pro .
He was not drafted , however , in the 2010 NBA Draft . Coach K elaborated on what he had said before the draft : " In the second round , it 's better not to be drafted . As soon as the draft is over , if you are good enough , you will be invited by five or six teams , and you will have a chance to choose who you will play summer league ball with . I would be a little bit surprised if [ Scheyer is ] not on an NBA roster playing next season . "
= = = Miami Heat summer league team ; Eye injury = = =
Scheyer played on the Miami Heat 's 19 @-@ man 2010 NBA Las Vegas Summer League team . He hit the game @-@ winning shot in the team 's first game . In the team 's second game , however , in mid @-@ July , he was poked in the eye by Golden State 's Joe Ingles . He suffered a serious , life @-@ changing right eye injury . He needed five stitches to close a cut to his right eyelid , his eye 's optic nerve was injured , and he suffered a tear in its retina , which was re @-@ attached surgically .
Sidelined initially with an eye @-@ patch and incapacitating headaches , he ultimately returned to the court wearing protective goggles to protect his eyes . Maccabi Tel Aviv coach David Blatt also approached Scheyer about playing in Europe .
= = = LA Clippers training camp = = =
On September 22 , 2010 , Scheyer accepted a training camp invitation with the NBA 's Los Angeles Clippers . Coach Vinny Del Negro observed :
He just knows how to play , and that 's a basketball skill . He 's got such a nice feel for the game , and works so hard . There 's not much maintenance with him . He doesn 't make a lot of mistakes . This is a good chance to take a long look , and see what he can do here .
It was just two months following his serious eye injury , however , and he was not 100 % . On October 9 , he was waived .
= = = Rio Grande Valley Vipers = = =
After some additional time off to recover from his injury , on February 17 , 2011 , Scheyer signed a contract with the Rio Grande Valley Vipers , the Houston Rockets D @-@ League team , which had 16 games left in their season . He had turned down several offers from overseas , and offers from other D @-@ League teams .
Scheyer said his eye had healed from the traumatic injury that he suffered in the NBA Summer League . On March 14 , he had a D @-@ League career @-@ high 21 points and 7 assists against Sioux Falls Skyforce , the next night he broke those personal records with 24 points and 8 assists , and four nights later he scored a new career @-@ high 27 points which included five three @-@ pointers . In 24 regular and post @-@ season games , he averaged 13 @.@ 1 points , 4 @.@ 0 assists , and 4 @.@ 0 rebounds as the team finished the season as runner @-@ up in the championship . Coach K said : " He got back on the horse . He did very well .... I 'd like to see him go play internationally and be a key guy . "
= = = Maccabi Tel Aviv = = =
In June 2011 , Scheyer signed a two @-@ year contract worth a reported $ 450 @,@ 000 with Euroleague contender Maccabi Tel Aviv , the European league 's 2011 runner @-@ up and five @-@ time champion . Maccabi Tel Aviv was 26 – 1 in 2010 – 11 , and included NBA guard Jordan Farmar and former American college players Richard Hendrix ( Alabama ) , Shawn James ( Duquesne ) , and David Blu ( University of Southern California ) . He began playing for Maccabi Tel Aviv when its season started on October 1 , 2011 .
The team is limited to no more than four players who are non @-@ Israeli , but because Scheyer has a Jewish father he had the ability to obtain Israeli citizenship relatively quickly , and did so in September 2011 . As an Israeli citizen , Scheyer does not count towards that limit . " I am really excited to take the next step in my basketball career and go play for Maccabi Tel Aviv , " said Scheyer . " I am looking forward to the opportunity to play for a team with such great tradition . "
= = = Philadelphia 76ers summer league team = = =
Scheyer agreed to play with the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2012 Orlando Summer League . Scheyer played in five games in the summer league , averaging 5 @.@ 8 points and 1 @.@ 4 assists per game .
= = = CB Gran Canaria = = =
After playing this league , he signed for Gran Canaria 2014 to play in the Spanish league .
= = Awards = =
= = Coaching career = =
On April 29 , 2013 , Duke Men 's Basketball Head Coach Mike Krzyzewski announced that he had named Scheyer to his staff as a special assistant after the resignation of assistant coach Chris Collins . With the departure of Steve Wojciechowski from the Blue Devil staff , Scheyer was promoted to a full assistant coach on April 18 , 2014 .
= = Hall of Fame = =
Scheyer was a 2006 Inductee into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame . Jonah Keri wrote for ESPN in 2007 : " Scheyer , is an honest @-@ to @-@ goodness M.O.T. If he continues to develop his Redick Lite repertoire , he could eventually become one of the all @-@ time great Jewish basketball stars , right there with Dolph Schayes " .
= John FitzAlan , 14th Earl of Arundel =
John FitzAlan , 14th Earl of Arundel , 4th Baron Maltravers KG ( 14 February 1408 – 12 June 1435 ) was an English nobleman and military commander during the later phases of the Hundred Years ' War . His father , John FitzAlan , 3rd Baron Maltravers , fought a long battle to lay claim to the Arundel earldom , a battle that was not finally resolved until after the father 's death , when John FitzAlan the son was finally confirmed in the title in 1433 .
Already before this , in 1430 , FitzAlan had departed for France , where he held a series of important command positions . He served under John , Duke of Bedford , the uncle of the eight @-@ year @-@ old King Henry VI . FitzAlan was involved in recovering fortresses in the Île @-@ de @-@ France region , and in suppressing local rebellions . His military career ended , however , at the Battle of Gerbevoy in 1435 . Refusing to retreat in the face of superior forces , Arundel was shot in the foot and captured . His leg was later amputated , and he died shortly afterwards from the injury . His final resting place was a matter of dispute until the mid @-@ nineteenth century , when his tomb at Arundel Castle was revealed to contain a skeleton missing one leg .
Arundel was considered a great soldier by his contemporaries . He had been a successful commander in France , in a period of decline for the English , and his death was a great loss to his country . He was succeeded by his son Humphrey , who did not live to adulthood . The title of Earl of Arundel then went to John 's younger brother William .
= = Family background = =
John FitzAlan was born at Lytchett Matravers in Dorset on 14 February 1408 . He was the son of John FitzAlan , 3rd Baron Maltravers ( 1385 – 1421 ) and Eleanor ( d . 1455 ) , daughter of Sir John Berkeley of Beverstone , Gloucestershire . John FitzAlan the elder , through his great @-@ great @-@ grandfather Richard FitzAlan , 4th Earl of Arundel , made a claim on the earldom of Arundel after the death of Thomas FitzAlan , 5th Earl of Arundel , in 1415 . The claim was disputed , however , by Thomas 's three sisters and their families , foremost among these Elizabeth FitzAlan , who had married Thomas de Mowbray , 1st Duke of Norfolk . It is debatable whether Maltravers ever held the title of Earl of Arundel ; he was summoned to parliament under this title once , in 1416 , but never again . When he died in 1421 , the dispute continued under his son , and it was not until in 1433 that the younger John FitzAlan finally had his title confirmed in parliament . Four years earlier , in July 1429 , he had received his late father 's estates and title .
As a child , John FitzAlan was contracted to marry Constance , who was the daughter of John Cornwall , Baron Fanhope , and through her mother Elizabeth granddaughter of John of Gaunt . The two may or may not have married , but Constance was dead by 1429 , when John married Maud , daughter of Robert Lovell . FitzAlan was knighted in 1426 along with the four @-@ year @-@ old King Henry VI , where he was referred to as " Dominus de Maultravers " ( " Lord Maltravers " ) . In the summer of 1429 he was summoned to parliament , this time styled " Johanni Arundell ' Chivaler " , meaning he was now Lord Arundel . In 1430 , however , in an indenture for service with the king in France , he was styled Earl of Arundel , a title he also used himself . When he was finally officially recognised in his title of Earl of Arundel in 1433 , this was based on the recognition that the title went with the possession of Arundel Castle . In reality though , the grant was just as much a reward for the military services he had by that point rendered in France .
= = Service in France = =
John FitzAlan the father had been a prominent soldier in the Hundred Years ' War under King Henry V , and the son followed in his father 's footsteps . On 23 April 1430 , the younger FitzAlan departed for France in the company of the Earl of Huntingdon . There he soon made a name for himself as a soldier , under the command of the king 's uncle , John , Duke of Bedford . In June he took part in the Siege of Compiègne , where Joan of Arc had recently been captured . Later , he raised the siege of Anglure with the help of the Burgundians . On 17 December 1431 , he was present when Henry VI was crowned King of France in Paris , where he distinguished himself at the accompanying tournament . FitzAlan 's military success led to several important appointments of command ; in November 1431 , he was made lieutenant of the Rouen garrison , and shortly after also captain of Vernon . In January 1432 he was appointed captain of Verneuil . On the night of 3 February he was taken by surprise while in bed at the Great Tower of Rouen Castle , when a band of French soldiers from nearby Ricarville managed to take the castle . Arundel was hoisted down the walls in a basket ; and made his escape . The assailants could not hold the castle , because Marshall Boussac refused to garrison the town ; Guillaume de Ricarville was forced to surrender twelve days later . In April 1432 , FitzAlan was rewarded for his actions so far by initiation into the Order of the Garter . In a separate action from Rouen Arundel was sent to rescue Saint Lo. from an attack by the duke of Alençon 's army , after the town 's captain Raoul Tesson had been appointed to replace Suffolk , who was captured at the Battle of Jargeau . The French retreated to the fastness of Mont St Michel , from where they continued to raid Anglo @-@ Normandy towns , like Granville in 1433 .
From early 1432 onwards , FitzAlan held several regional commands in northern France . One of his tasks was recovering fortresses in the Île @-@ de @-@ France region , at which he was mostly successful . At Lagny @-@ sur @-@ Marne he blew up the bridge to prevent the citizens from reaching the castle , but still failed to take the fortification . In December he was appointed to a regional command in Upper Normandy , but had to defend the town of Sées from a siege . On 10 March 1433 , he issued a pardon to the inhabitants when the town was retaken from the Armangnacs .
In July Arundel was instead made lieutenant @-@ general of Lower Normandy . The earl continued his work of recovering lost fortresses that belonged to Ambrose de Loré , Bonsmoulins was taken easily , but de Loré 's family had occupied Saint @-@ Cenery . After three months of culverin bombardment the walls were breached and most of the garrison killed . The remainder were allowed to march out unharmed .
In the County of Alençon , a young , tall and courageous earl led the campaign that probably took place in 1433 , taking back Saint @-@ Célerin , Sillé @-@ le @-@ Guillaume , where there was a short skirmish . The Armagnacs arrived , and demanded the return of the hostages in the castle ; Arundel feigned to agree and departed . As soon as the Armangnacs rode off Arundel returned and took the castle by assault. and by 1434 Beaumont @-@ le @-@ Vicomte . In December 1433 , Bedford again appointed him commander in Upper Normandy , as well as captain of Pont @-@ de @-@ l 'Arche .
By now the Earl of Arundel might have returned briefly to England in May 1434 , when he was in the process of gathering troops for an English expedition to France . But John , Duke of Bedford was forced to raise loans for the soldiers ' pay in the Maine campaign . That Spring he was joined in Paris by Talbot with nearly 1000 reinforcements from England . Later in May he was replaced as lieutenant of Upper Normandy by John Talbot , Earl of Shrewsbury , and instead received a command between the Seine and Loire rivers . This effectively meant that the two shared the command of Normandy , with Talbot east of the Seine and Arundel to the west . But they combined operations capturing Beaumont @-@ sur @-@ Oise , and then Creil , which was finally taken on 20 June 1434 . In the summer Arundel captured the Mantes @-@ Chartres regional fortresses ; it appeared for a time at least the Armagnacs no longer posed a threat to Paris .
On 8 September , Arundel was also made Duke of Touraine – an area held by the French . The grant was made as a reward for his good service , but also in the hope that he would campaign in the area . In October he was made captain of Saint @-@ Lô , where he had to deal with a rebellion in the Bessin area . The Duke of Alençon was trying to exploit the revolt to take control of Avranches , but Arundel managed to prevent the French advance and ended the rebellion .
But in early 1435 the area of western Normandy erupted in popular revolt . Arundel wads summoned to call muster from Rouen in order to protect Caen . Arundel was joined by another lieutenant @-@ general Lord Scales from his base at Domfront , commanded to relieve Avranches . Alençon intended to build a fortress at Savigny , but when the English found out , the bailli of Cotentin was required to demolish it . With 800 men , Arundel was sent to recover Rue was he learnt that La Hire was fortifying Gerberoy , only 37 miles east of Rouen . Talbot had previously cleared out the Picardy , but when Arundel arrived he discovered to his surprise La Hire and Poton de Xantrailles had already occupied the fortress . He was forced to give battle or besiege .
= = Death and aftermath = =
On the night of 31 May / 1 June 1435 , Arundel was at Mantes @-@ la @-@ Jolie in the Île @-@ de @-@ France , when he was ordered to relocate north to Gournay @-@ sur @-@ Epte ( now Gournay @-@ en @-@ Bray ) . When he was informed that the French had taken over the nearby fortress at Gerberoy , he moved quickly to attack it . The English met with a large French force at Gerberoy . Many withdrew to Gournay in panic , but Arundel remained to fight . In the ensuing battle , Arundel lost many of his men and was himself hit in the foot by a shot from a culverin – a primitive musket . Heavily wounded , he was taken to Beauvais as a captive of the French . According to the French historian Thomas Basin , Arundel was humiliated by his defeat and refused to receive medical treatment for the damage to his foot . The leg was eventually amputated , but Arundel 's life could not be saved ; he died of his injuries on 12 June 1435 , depriving the English of one of their youngest , most able and dedicated military leaders . Arundel was replaced in his command by Lord Scales .
There was long uncertainty about what had happened to the earl 's body . The French chronicler Jehan de Waurin claimed that Arundel had simply been buried in Beauvais . In the mid @-@ nineteenth century , however , the chaplain of the Duke of Norfolk came upon the will of Arundel 's squire , Fulk Eyton , when he died later in 1454 . Eyton maintained therein that he had secured the earl 's body and brought it back to England , for which he had been rewarded with a payment of 1400 Marks . The body was disinterred brought back to England , then entombed in the Fitzalan Chapel of Arundel Castle , as Arundel had expressly wished for in his own will . On 16 November 1857 , the tomb in the Arundel chapel carrying the earl 's effigy was opened . In it was found a skeleton measuring over six feet , with a missing leg .
Arundel 's military career coincided with a period of general decline for the English in France . He had been an unusually successful campaigner . His death was lamented in England and celebrated in France . He was referred to as the " English Achilles " ; the historian Polydore Vergil called him " a man of singular valour , constancy , and gravity . " With his wife , Maud , he had a son , Humphrey , who was born on 30 January 1429 . Humphrey succeeded to his father 's title , but died on 24 April 1438 , while still a minor . John FitzAlan 's younger brother , William , was next in line of succession . William was born in 1417 and was created Earl of Arundel in 1438 when he came of age .
= = FitzAlan family tree = =
The following simplified family tree shows the background for the dispute over the Arundel title and inheritance . Solid lines denote children and dashed lines marriages .
= = = Secondary = = =
J Barker , Conquest : The English Kingdom of France 1417 @-@ 1450 , Little , Brown : London , 2009
C de Beaurepaire , Les Etats d e Normandie sous la Domination Anglaise 1422 @-@ 1435 , Évreux 1859
L Douet @-@ D 'Arcq , ( ed . ) , La Chronique d 'Enguerran de Montsrelet , Paris , 1859 – 62 , vols 3 @-@ 6 .
A J R Pollard , John Talbot and the War in France , 1427 @-@ 1453 , London and New Jersey , 1983
Thomas Rymer , ed . , Foedera , Conventiones , Litterae , London , 1726 – 35 , 10 vols .
Very Rev Canon Tierney , Discoery of the Remains of John , 7th Earl of Arundel , Sussex Archaeological Collections , vol.12 , ( 1860 ) , pp. 232 – 9
J H Wylie , The History of England under Henry the Fifth ( 1896 )
= Ed , Edd n Eddy ( season 2 ) =
The second season of the Canadian @-@ American animated comedy television series Ed , Edd n Eddy , created by Danny Antonucci , originally aired on Cartoon Network from November 26 , 1999 , to December 22 , 2000 , and consists of 26 episodes . The series revolves around three adolescent boys collectively known as " the Eds " , who live in a suburban cul @-@ de @-@ sac . Unofficially led by Eddy , the Eds constantly scheme to make money off their peers in order to purchase their favorite confectionery , jawbreakers . However , their plans usually fail , leaving them in various predicaments .
The first season was a success in Nielsen ratings , prompting Cartoon Network for a November 1999 premiere . While the first season itself received generally positive reviews , the second season proved to be an improvement in reception , garnering acclaim and earning two Leo Awards , while the first received one .
The Complete Second Season DVD was released in Region 1 in 2007 . The Ed , Edd n Eddy DVD volume Edifying Ed @-@ Ventures , also featured season two episodes . Both DVDs were published by Warner Home Video . Many Cartoon Network compilation DVDs featured episodes from the season . It can also be purchased from the iTunes Store . It was written by Antonucci , Jono Howard , Mike Kubat , and Robert Leighton .
= = Development = =
= = = Concept = = =
Ed , Edd n Eddy follows the lives of three adolescent boys who all share variations of the name Ed , but differ greatly in their personalities . In the pursuit of buying jawbreakers and fitting in with the other kids , dimwitted Ed and intellectual Double Dee aid the self @-@ appointed leader , Eddy , in his plans to scam the other children in their cul @-@ de @-@ sac out of their money during a perpetual summer vacation ; however problems always ensue . The other children mostly dislike or show indifference to the Eds , though they all share a common fear of the Kanker Sisters , a group of teenage girls who live in the nearby " Park n ' Flush " trailer park . The series takes place mostly within the fictional town of Peach Creek , and new locations were rarely introduced .
= = = Production and cast = = =
Danny Antonucci , a cartoonist known for his edgy adult work such as Lupo the Butcher and The Brothers Grunt , was dared by someone to prouduce a children 's cartoon . In 1996 , Antonucci pitched Ed , Edd n Eddy , which he conceived while designing a commercial , to Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon . After Cartoon Network agreed to give Antonucci creative control over the show , the series went into production and premiered its first season on January 4 , 1999 .
According to Cartoon Network executive Linda Simensky , the first season did " remarkably well " in ratings ever since its premiere , becoming one of the top @-@ rated series on the network and prompting Cartoon Network to quickly order a second season for a November 1999 premiere , making it one of four seasons which Ed , Edd n Eddy was set to run . Antonucci stated that change in the characters from the first to the second season is " very " noticeable , due to the amount of development they 've went through . Antonucci directed the season , and co @-@ wrote the episodes with Jono Howard and Mike Kubat , although Robert Leighton was credited as a co @-@ writer for " To Sir with Ed " .
The cast mostly remained the same as in season one ; Matt Hill , Samuel Vincent and Tony Sampson were cast as Ed , Double Dee , and Eddy , David Paul Grove as Jonny 2x4 , Keenan Christenson as Jimmy , Janyse Jaud as Sarah and Lee Kanker , Kathleen Barr as Kevin and Marie , Peter Kelamis as Rolf , and Erin Fitzgerald as May Kanker , but Tabitha St. Germain , the voice of Nazz , was replaced by Fitzgerald .
= = Reception = =
= = = Reviews and accolades = = =
The second season of Ed , Edd n Eddy was generally acclaimed by critics and marked an improvement in reception from the first season . In 2000 , the season won Danny Antonucci the Leo Award for Best Director of an Animated Production . In 2001 , Patric Caird was nominated for the Leo Award for Best Musical Score of an Animation Program or Series , for his work on the episode " Ed in a Halfshell " .
In his review of The Complete Second Season DVD , David Cornelius of DVD Talk considered the Eds adolescent equivalents of The Three Stooges , believing : " The series revels in the sort of frantic , often gross humor kids love so much , and there 's just enough oddball insanity at play to make adults giggle just as easily . " Cornelius also concurred that the " animation is colorful and intentionally bizarre ; bold lines forming the characters and backgrounds wiggle and morph in a delirious haze . This is animation that 's , well , really animated . "
= = = Home media = = =
Two Ed , Edd n Eddy DVDs which featured a number of season 2 episodes were released by Warner Home Video in Region 1 from 2005 to 2007 . The DVD volume titled Edifying Ed @-@ Ventures was released on May 10 , 2005 , featuring three season two episodes out of a total six . The Complete Second Season was released on April 24 , 2007 . Both DVDs can also be purchased on the Cartoon Network Shop . The season is also available for download on the iTunes Store . Selected episodes from the season were also featured on several Cartoon Network compilation DVDs .
= = Episodes = =
Note : All episodes directed by Danny Antonucci
= = DVD release = =
= Albertus Soegijapranata =
This is an Indonesian name ; it does not have a family name . The name Albertus is a baptismal name , and the subject should be referred to by his birth name Soegija or his adult name Soegijapranata , as appropriate .
Mgr . Albertus Soegijapranata , SJ ( [ alˈbərtʊs suˈɡijapraˈnata ] ; Perfected Spelling : Albertus Sugiyapranata ; 25 November 1896 – 22 July 1963 ) , better known by his birth name Soegija , was the Apostolic Vicar of Semarang and later its archbishop . He was the first native Indonesian bishop and known for his pro @-@ nationalistic stance , often expressed as " 100 % Catholic , 100 % Indonesian " .
Soegija was born in Surakarta , Dutch East Indies , to a Muslim courtier and his wife . The family moved to nearby Yogyakarta when Soegija was still young ; there he began his education . Known as a bright child , around 1909 he was asked by Father Frans van Lith to join Xaverius College , a Jesuit school in Muntilan , where Soegija slowly became interested in Catholicism . He was baptised on 24 December 1910 . After graduating from Xaverius in 1915 and spending a year as a teacher there , Soegija spent two years at the on @-@ site seminary before going to the Netherlands in 1919 . He began his two @-@ year novitiate with the Society of Jesus in September 1920 in Grave , and finished his juniorate there in 1923 . After three years studying philosophy at Berchmann College in Oudenbosch , he was sent back to Muntilan as a teacher for a further two years . In 1928 , he returned to the Netherlands to study theology at Maastricht , where he was ordained by Bishop of Roermond Laurentius Schrijnen on 15 August 1931 ; Soegija then added the word " pranata " to the back of his name . He was then sent back to the Indies to preach and became a parochial vicar at the parish in Kidul Loji , Yogyakarta , and in 1934 he was given his own parish in Bintaran . There he focused on creating a sense of Catholicism within the native community , emphasising the need for strong bonds between Catholic families . Soegijapranata was consecrated as the vicar apostolic of the newly established Apostolic Vicariate of Semarang in 1940 .
Although the population of native Catholics expanded greatly in the years following his consecration , Soegijapranata was soon faced with numerous trials . The Empire of Japan invaded the Indies beginning in early 1942 , and during the ensuing occupation numerous churches were seized and clergymen were arrested or killed . Soegijapranata was able to resist several of these seizures , and spent the rest of the occupation serving the Catholics in his vicariate . After President Sukarno proclaimed the country 's independence in August 1945 , Semarang was overcome with unrest . Soegijapranata helped broker a ceasefire after a five @-@ day battle between Japanese and Indonesian troops and called for the central government to send someone to deal with the unrest and food shortages in the city . However , these problems continued to grow , and in 1947 Soegijapranata moved his seat to Yogyakarta . For the remainder of the national revolution Soegijapranata worked to promote international recognition of Indonesia 's independence . Soon after the Dutch , who had returned in late 1945 , recognised the country 's independence , Soegijapranata returned to Semarang . During the post @-@ revolution years he wrote extensively against communism and expanded the church ; he also served as a mediator between several political factions . He was made an archbishop on 3 January 1961 , when Semarang was elevated to an ecclesiastical province . At the time he was in Europe , participating in the first session of the Second Vatican Council . Soegijapranata died in 1963 , in Steyl , the Netherlands . His body was flown back to Indonesia , where he was made a national hero and interred at Giri Tunggal Heroes ' Cemetery in Semarang .
Soegijapranata continues to be viewed with respect by both Catholic and non @-@ Catholic Indonesians . Several biographies have been written , and in 2012 a fictionalised biopic by Garin Nugroho , entitled Soegija , was released to popular acclaim . Soegijapranata Catholic University , a large university in Semarang , is named after him .
= = Early life = =
Soegija was born on 25 November 1896 in Surakarta to Karijosoedarmo , an abdi dalem ( courtier ) at the Sunanate of Surakarta , and his wife Soepiah . The family was abangan Muslim , and Soegija 's grandfather Soepa was a kyai ; Soegija followed their religion . Soegija – whose name was derived from the Javanese word soegih , meaning rich – was the fifth of nine children . The family later moved to Ngabean , Yogyakarta . There , Karijosoedarmo began to serve as a courtier at the Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat to Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII , while his wife sold fish ; despite this , the family was poor and sometimes had little food . Soegija was a daring child , quick to fight , skilled at football , and noted for his intellect from a young age . While Soegija was still young , his father made him fast in accordance with Islamic law .
Soegija started his formal education at a school in the Kraton complex , known locally as a Sekolah Angka Loro ( Number Two School ) , where he learned to read and write . He later transferred to a school in Wirogunan , Yogyakarta , near Pakualaman . Beginning in his third year he attended a Dutch @-@ run school for native Indonesian ( Hollands Inlands School ) in Lempuyangan . Outside of school he studied gamelan and singing with his parents . Around 1909 he was asked by Father Frans van Lith to join the Jesuit school in Muntilan , 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) north @-@ west of Yogyakarta . Although his parents were initially worried that Soegija would become too Europeanised , they agreed .
= = Xaverius College = =
In 1909 Soegija started at the Xaverius College in Muntilan , a school for aspiring teachers , and stayed in the dormitory . He was one of 54 students in his year . The boys followed a strict schedule , attending classes in the morning and engaging in other activities , such as gardening , discussions , and chess , in the afternoon . The Catholic students had regular prayers . Although the college did not require students to be Catholic , Soegija was pressured by his Catholic classmates , leading to several fights . Feeling dissatisfied , Soegija complained to his teacher that the Dutch priests were like merchants , thinking only of money . The priest replied that the teachers were unpaid and only hoped for the students ' good . This led Soegija to better respect the priests , and when van Rijckevorsel told the other students that Soegija did not want to be Catholic , they stopped pressuring him .
The following year Soegija asked to join the Catholic @-@ education classes , citing a desire to fully use the facilities at Xaverius . His teacher , Father Mertens , told Soegija that he required permission from his parents first ; although they refused , Soegija was nevertheless allowed to study Catholicism . He was intrigued by the Trinity , and asked several of the priests for clarification . Van Lith cited the works of Thomas Aquinas , while Mertens discussed the Trinity as explained by Augustine of Hippo ; the latter told him that humans were not meant to understand God with their limited knowledge . Soegija , who wanted to learn more , asked to be baptised , quoting the Finding in the Temple to show why he should not need his parents ' permission . The priests agreed , and Soegija was baptised on 24 December 1910 , taking the baptismal name Albertus , for Albertus Magnus . During Christmas holidays , he told his family that he had converted . Although his immediate family eventually accepted this , and may have eventually supported him , Soegija 's other relatives refused to speak to him afterwards .
Soegija and the students continued their education at Xaverius , receiving further instruction . According to Father G. Budi Subanar , a lecturer on theology at Sanata Dharma University , during this period one of the teachers taught the Fourth Commandment , " Honour your father and your mother , that your days may be long in the land which the Lord your God gives you . " , as relating not only to one 's birth father and mother , but all who had come before ; this left the students with nationalistic tendencies . On another occasion , a visit by a Capuchin missionary – who was physically quite different from the Jesuit teachers – led Soegija to consider becoming a priest , an idea which his parents accepted . In 1915 Soegija finished his education at Xaverius , but stayed on as a teacher . The following year he joined the on @-@ site seminary , one of three native Indonesians who entered the seminary that year . He graduated in 1919 , having studied French , Latin , Greek , and literature .
= = Path to priesthood = =
Soegija and his classmates sailed to Uden , in the Netherlands , to further their studies in 1919 . In Uden Soegija spent a year further studying Latin and Greek , necessary for his preaching back in the Indies . He and his classmates adapted to Dutch culture . On 27 September 1920 Soegija began his novitiate to join the Jesuits , the first of his classmates . While completing his studies at Mariëndaal in Grave , he was separated from much of the world and spent his time in introspection . He completed his novitiate on 22 September 1922 and was initiated into the Jesuits , taking their oath of poverty , chastity and obedience .
After joining the Jesuits Soegija spent another year in Mariëndaal in juniorate . Beginning in 1923 he studied philosophy at Berchmann College in Oudenbosch ; during this time he examined the teachings of Thomas Aquinas and began writing on Christianity . In a letter dated 11 August 1923 , he wrote that the Javanese were so far unable to discern between Catholics and Protestants , and that the best way to convert the Javanese was by deeds , not words . He also translated some of the results of the 27th International Eucharistic Congress , held in Amsterdam in 1924 , for the Javanese @-@ language magazine Swaratama , which circulated mainly among Xaverius alumni . Several of Soegija 's other writings were published in St. Claverbond , Berichten uit Java . He graduated from Berchmann in 1926 , then began preparations to return to the Indies .
Soegija arrived in Muntilan in September 1926 , where he began teaching algebra , religion , and Javanese at Xaverius . Little is known about his period as an instructor at the school , although records indicate that he based his teaching style on that of van Lith , who had died in early 1926 , explaining religious concepts in terms based on Javanese tradition . He supervised the school 's gamelan and gardening programs and became the chief editor of Swaratama . Soegijapranata wrote editorials that covered a variety of topics , including condemnations of communism and discussions of various aspects of poverty .
After two years at Xaverius , in August 1928 , Soegija returned to the Netherlands , where he studied theology at Maastricht . On 3 December 1929 he and four other Asian Jesuits joined Jesuit General Wlodzimierz Ledóchowski in a meeting with Pope Pius XI in Vatican City ; the pope told the Asian men that they were to be the " backbones " of Catholicism in their respective nations . Soegija was made a deacon in May 1931 ; he was ordained by Bishop of Roermond Laurentius Schrijnen on 15 August 1931 , while still studying theology . After his ordination , Soegija appended the word pranata , meaning " prayer " or " hope " , as a suffix to his birth name ; such additions were a common practice in Javanese culture after its bearer reached an important milestone . He finished his theology studies in 1932 and in 1933 spent his tertianship in Drongen , Belgium . That year he wrote an autobiography , entitled La Conversione di un Giavanese ( The Conversion of a Javanese ) ; the work was released in Italian , Dutch , and Spanish .
= = Preaching = =
On 8 August 1933 Soegijapranata and two fellow priests departed for the Indies ; Soegijapranata was assigned to preach at Kidul Loji in Yogyakarta , near Kraton . He served as parochial vicar for Father van Driessche , one of his teachers from Xaverius . The elder priest taught Soegijapranata how to better address the needs of his parish , while van Driessche likely used Soegijapranata to preach to the city 's growing native Catholic population . Soegijapranata was , by this point , a short and chubby man with what the Dutch historian Geert Arend van Klinken described as " a boyish sense of humour that won him many friends " .
After the St Yoseph Church in Bintaran , about 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) from Kidul Loji , opened in April 1934 , Soegijapranata was transferred there to become its priest ; the church primarily served the Javanese Catholic community . Bintaran was one of four centres of Catholic presence in Yogyakarta at the time , along with Kidul Loji , Kotabaru , and Pugeran ; each major church served a wide area , and the priests from the major churches gave sermons in the furthest reaches of their parishes . After van Driessche 's death in June 1934 , Soegijapranata 's duties were extended to include the village of Ganjuran , Bantul , 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of the city , which was home to more than a thousand native Catholics . He was also a spiritual adviser to several local groups and established a Catholic credit union .
The Catholic Church at the time faced difficulty retaining converts . Some Javanese , who had converted as students , returned to Islam after reentering society and facing social ostracism . In a 1935 meeting with other Jesuits , Soegijapranata blamed the problem on the lack of a united Catholic identity , or sensus Catholicus , as well as few intermarriages between native Catholics . Soegijapranata opposed marriage between Catholics and non @-@ Catholics . He counselled young Catholic couples before marriage , believing that these unions helped unite the Catholic families in the city , and continued to write for Swaratama , again serving as its editor in chief . In 1938 , he was chosen to advise the Society of Jesus , coordinating Jesuit work in the Indies .
= = Vicar apostolic = =
The increasing population of Catholics in the Indies led Mgr . Petrus Willekens , then Vicar Apostolic of Batavia , to suggest that a new apostolic vicariate be established in Central Java , headquartered in Semarang , as the area was culturally different and geographically separate from Batavia . The Apolistic Vicariate of Batavia was split in two on 25 June 1940 ; the eastern half became the Apostolic Vicariate of Semarang . On 1 August 1940 Willekens received a telegram from Pro @-@ Secretary of State Giovanni Battista Montini ordering that Soegijapranata be put in charge of the newly established apostolic vicariate . This was forwarded to Soegijapranata in Yogyakarta , who agreed to the appointment , despite being surprised and nervous . His assistant Hardjosoewarno later recalled that Soegijapranata cried after reading the telegram – an uncharacteristic response – and , when eating a bowl of soto , asked if Hardjosoewarno had ever seen a bishop eating the dish .
Soegijapranata left for Semarang on 30 September 1940 and was consecrated by Willekens on 6 October at the Holy Rosary Church in Randusari , which later became his seat ; this consecration made Soegijapranata the first native Indonesian bishop . The ceremony was attended by numerous political figures and sultans from Batavia , Semarang , Yogyakarta , and Surakarta , as well as clergy from Malang and Lampung ; Soegijapranata 's first act as vicar was to issue a pastoral letter with Willekens that outlined the historical background that led to his appointment , including Pope Benedict XV 's apolistic letter Maximum Illud , which called for more local clergy , and Pope Pius XI and Pope Pius XII 's efforts to appoint more pastors and bishops from native ethnic groups worldwide . Soegijapranata began working on the Church hierarchy in the region , establishing new parishes .
In Soegijapranata 's apostolic vicariate were 84 pastors ( 73 European and 11 native ) , 137 brothers ( 103 European and 34 native ) , and 330 nuns ( 251 European and 79 native ) . The vicariate included Semarang , Yogyakarta , Surakarta , Kudus , Magelang , Salatiga , Pati , and Ambarawa ; its geographic conditions ranged from the fertile lowlands of the Kedu Plain to the arid Gunung Sewu mountainous area . The vast majority of its population was ethnic Javanese , consisting of more than 15 @,@ 000 native Catholics , as well as a similar number of European Catholics . The number of native Catholics quickly outpaced the number of European ones , and had doubled by 1942 . There were also several Catholic groups , mostly working in education . However , the Indonesian Catholics were less prominent than the Protestants .
= = = Japanese occupation = = =
After the Japanese occupied the Indies in early 1942 , on 9 March 1942 Governor @-@ General Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer and head of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army General Hein ter Poorten capitulated . This brought numerous changes in the governance of the archipelago , reducing the quality of life for non @-@ Japanese . In his diary , Soegijapranata wrote of the invasion that " fires were everywhere ... no soldiers , no police , no workers . The streets are full of burnt out vehicles . ... Luckily least there are still some lawmakers and Catholics out there . They work as representatives of their groups to ensure the city is in order . "
The occupation government captured numerous ( mostly Dutch ) men and women , both clergy and laymen , and instituted policies that changed how services were held . They forbade the use of Dutch in services and in writing , and seized several church properties . Soegijapranata attempted to resist these seizures , at times filling the locations with people to make them unmanageable or indicating that other buildings , such as cinemas , would serve Japanese needs better . When the Japanese attempted to seize Randusari Cathedral , Soegijapranata replied that they could take it only after decapitating him ; the Japanese later found another location for their office . He prevented the Japanese from taking Gedangan Presbytery , where he lived , and assigned guardians for schools and other facilities to prevent seizure . These efforts were not always successful , however , and several Church @-@ run institutions were seized , as were church funds .
Soegijapranata was unable to prevent Japanese torture of prisoners of war , including the clergy , but was himself well @-@ treated by the Japanese forces ; he was often invited to Japanese ceremonies , but never attended , sending bouquets in his stead . He used this position of respect to lobby for fair treatment of those interned . He successfully petitioned the Japanese overlords to exempt nuns from the paramilitary draft and allow them to work at hospitals . He and the Catholic populace also gathered food and other supplies for interned clergy , and Soegijapranata kept in contact with the prisoners , supplying and receiving news , such as recent deaths , and other information .
As the number of clergy was severely limited , Soegijapranata roamed from church to church to attend to parishioners , actively preaching and serving as the de facto head of the Catholic Church in the country ; this was in part to counteract rumours of his detention by the Japanese . He travelled by foot , bicycle , and carriage , as his car had been seized . He sent pastors to apostolic prefectures in Bandung , Surabaya , and Malang to deal with the lack of clergy there . Soegijapranata worked to ensure that the seminary would continue to produce new pastors and appointed the recently ordained Father Hardjawasita as its rector . He also granted native priests the authority to perform marriages . To calm the Catholic populace , he visited their homes and convinced them that the streets were safe .
= = = Indonesian National Revolution = = =
After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the proclamation of Indonesian independence in August 1945 , the Japanese began withdrawing from the country . In support of the new Republic , Soegijapranata had an Indonesian flag flown in front of the Gedangan Rectory ; however , he did not formally recognise the nation 's independence , owing to his correspondence with Willekens regarding the Church 's neutrality . He and his clergy treated injured Dutch missionaries , who had recently been released from internment , at the rectory . The Dutch clergy were malnourished , and several required treatment at a hospital . Some were later taken to Indonesian @-@ run internment camps , but the Catholics were still allowed to look after them . Meanwhile , inter @-@ religious strife led to the burning of several mission buildings and the murder of some clergymen . The government also took several buildings , and some that had been seized by the Japanese were not returned .
Allied forces sent to disarm the Japanese and repatriate prisoners of war arrived in Indonesia in September 1945 . In Semarang , this led to a conflict between Japanese forces and Indonesian rebels , that began on 15 October ; the Indonesians aimed to confiscate the Japanese weapons . Allied forces began landing in the city on 20 October 1945 ; a small group was sent to Gedangan to speak with Soegijapranata . Concerned with civilian suffering , the vicar apostolic told the Allies that they must stop the battle ; the Allies could not comply as they did not know the Japanese commander . Soegijapranata then contacted the Japanese and , that afternoon , brokered a cease @-@ fire agreement in his office at Gedangan , despite Indonesian forces ' firing at the Gurkha soldiers posted in front of the building .
Military conflicts throughout the area and an ongoing Allied presence led to food shortages throughout the city , as well as constant blackouts and the establishment of a curfew . Civilian @-@ run groups attempted to deal with the food shortages but were unable to cope . In an attempt to deal with these issues , Soegijapranata sent a local man , Dwidjosewojo , to the capital at Jakarta – renamed from Batavia during the Japanese occupation – to speak with the central government . Dwidjosewojo met with Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir , who sent Wongsonegoro to help establish a civilian government , installing Moch . Ikhsan as mayor . The city 's government was , however , still unable to handle the crisis , and the major figures in this government were later captured by the Dutch @-@ run Netherlands @-@ Indies Civil Administration ( Nederlandsch Indië Civil Administratie , or NICA ) and imprisoned ; Soegijapranata , although he at times harboured Indonesian revolutionaries , was spared .
In January 1946 the Indonesian government moved from Jakarta – by then under Dutch control – to Yogyakarta . This was followed by a widespread exodus of civilians fleeing the advancing NICA soldiers . Soegijapranata at first stayed in Semarang , working to establish patrols and watches . He also corresponded with Willekens in Jakarta , although the elder bishop considered the revolution an internal security matter for the Dutch and not an issue for the Church . However , in early 1947 Soegijapranata moved to Yogyakarta , allowing easy communication with the political leadership . He established his seat at St Yoseph in Bintaran and counselled young Catholics to fight for their country , saying that they should only return " once they were dead " . Soegijapranata was present during several battles that arose where he was preaching .
After the Linggadjati Agreement failed to solve conflicts between Indonesia and the Netherlands and the Dutch attacked republicans on 21 July 1947 , Soegijapranata declared that Indonesia 's Catholics would work with the Indonesians and called for an end to the war in a speech on Radio Republik Indonesia ; van Klinken describes the address as " passionate " and considers it to have boosted the Catholic populace 's morale . Soegijapranata wrote extensively to the Holy See . In response , the Church leadership sent Georges de Jonghe d 'Ardoye to Indonesia as its delegate , initiating formal relations between the Vatican and Indonesia . D 'Ardoye arrived in the new republic in December 1947 and met with President Sukarno ; however , formal diplomatic relations were not opened until 1950 . Soegijapranata later became a friend of the president .
After the Dutch captured the capital during Operation Kraai on 19 December 1948 , Soegijapranata ordered that the Christmas festivities be kept simple to represent the Indonesian people 's suffering . During the Dutch occupation Soegijapranata smuggled some of his writings out of the country ; the works , later published in Commonweal with the help of George McTurnan Kahin , described Indonesians ' daily lives under Dutch rule and called for international condemnation of the occupation . Soegijapranata further opined that the Dutch blockade on Indonesia , aside from strangling the new country 's economy , increased the influence of its communist groups . After the Dutch retreated in the wake of the General Attack of 1 March 1949 , Soegijapranata began working to ensure Catholic representation in the government . With I. J. Kasimo , he organised the All @-@ Indonesia Catholic Congress ( Kongres Umat Katolik Seluruh Indonesia ) . Held between 7 and 12 December , the congress resulted in the union of seven Catholic political parties into the Catholic Party . Soegijapranata continued his efforts to consolidate the Party after the revolution .
= = = Post @-@ revolution = = =
After the Dutch recognised Indonesia 's independence on 27 December 1949 , following a several month @-@ long conference in the Hague , Soegijapranata returned to Semarang . The post @-@ revolution period was marked by a drastic increase in enrolment at the nation 's seminary ; the 100th native Indonesian clergyman was ordained in 1956 . The government , however , enacted several laws that limited the Church 's ability to expand . In 1953 the Ministry for Religion decreed that no foreign missionaries would be allowed into the country , and a subsequent law prohibited those already in Indonesia from teaching . In response , Soegijapranata encouraged eligible clergy to apply for Indonesian citizenship , circumventing the new laws .
Aside from overseeing the new clergy , Soegijapranata continued to work towards Catholic education and prosperity , similar to his pre @-@ war work . He emphasised that students must not only be good Catholics , but also good Indonesians . The Church began further development of its schools , ranging from elementary schools to universities . Soegijapranata also began reforming the Church in his apostolic vicariate , making it more Indonesian . He advocated the use of local languages and Indonesian during mass , allowing it throughout his diocese beginning in 1956 . In addition , he pressed for the use of gamelan music to accompany services , and agreed to the use of wayang shows to teach the Bible to children .
As the Cold War heated up , tensions developed between the Church in Indonesia and the Indonesian Communist Party ( Partai Komunis Indonesia , or PKI ) . Soegijapranata believed that the PKI was making progress with the poor through its promises of workers ' rights in a communist @-@ led union . To combat this , he worked with other Catholics to establish labour groups , open to both Catholics and non @-@ Catholics . He hoped that these would empower workers and thus limit the PKI 's influence . One such labour group was Buruh Pancasila , which was formed on 19 June 1954 ; through the organisation Soegijapranata helped promote the state philosophy of Pancasila , literally " the five tenets " . The following year the Church Representatives Conference of Indonesia ( Konferensi Waligereja Indonesia , or KWI ) , recognising Soegijapranata 's devotion to the poor , put him in charge of establishing social @-@ support programmes throughout the archipelago . On 2 November 1955 , he and several other bishops issued a decree denouncing communism , Marxism , and materialism , and asking the government to ensure fair and equitable treatment for all citizens . Relations between Indonesia and the Netherlands continued to be poor , specifically in regard to control of West Papua , historically under Dutch control but claimed by Indonesia . Soegijapranata firmly supported the Indonesian position ; West Papua was annexed in 1963 .
There was also friction within the Catholic groups , first over Sukarno 's 1957 decree that he was president for life and establishment of a guided democracy policy . A faction , led by Soegijapranata , supported this decree , while Catholic Party leader I. J. Kasimo 's faction was heavily against it . Sukarno , who had a good working relationship with Soegijapranata , asked the vicar to join the National Council , a request that Soegijapranata refused ; he did , however , assign two delegates to the Council , ensuring Catholic representation . This , along with Soegijapranata 's support of Sukarno 's decree on 5 July 1949 calling for a return to the 1945 constitution , resulted in Bishop of Jakarta Adrianus Djajasepoetra 's denunciation of Soegijapranata as a sycophant . However , Soegijapranata was strongly against Sukarno 's idea of Nasakom , which based part of the nation 's government on communism .
= = Archbishop of Semarang and death = =
During the latter half of the 1950s , the KWI met several times to discuss the need for a self @-@ determined Indonesian Roman Catholic hierarchy . At these annual meetings , they touched on administrative and pastoral issues , including the translation of songs into Indonesian languages . In 1959 Cardinal Grégoire @-@ Pierre Agagianian visited the country to see the Church 's preparations . The KWI formally requested their own hierarchy in a May 1960 letter ; this letter received a reply from Pope John XXIII dated 20 March 1961 , which divided the archipelago into six ecclesiastical provinces : two in Java , one in Sumatra , one in Flores , one in Sulawesi and Maluku , and one in Borneo . Semarang became the seat of the province of Semarang , and Soegijapranata its archbishop . He was elevated on 3 January 1961 .
When this happened , Soegijapranata was in Europe to attend the Second Vatican Council as part of the Central Preparatory Commission ; he was one of eleven diocesan bishops and archbishops from Asia . He was able to attend the first session , where he voiced concerns about declining quality of pastoral work and called for the modernisation of the Church . He then returned to Indonesia , but his health , poor since the late 1950s , quickly declined .
After a stay at Elisabeth Candi Hospital in Semarang in 1963 , Soegijapranata was forbidden from undertaking active duties . Justinus Darmojuwono , a former internee of the Japanese army and vicar general of Semarang since 1 August 1962 , served as acting bishop . On 30 May 1963 Soegijapranata left Indonesia for Europe to attend the election of Pope Paul VI . Soegijapranata then went to Canisius Hospital in Nijmegen , where he underwent treatment from 29 June until 6 July ; this was unsuccessful . He died on 22 July 1963 , at a nunnery in Steyl , the Netherlands , having had a heart attack shortly before his death .
As Sukarno did not want Soegijapranata buried in the Netherlands , his body was flown to Indonesia after last rites were performed by Cardinal Bernardus Johannes Alfrink . Soegijapranata was declared a National Hero of Indonesia on 26 July 1963 , through Presidential Decree No. 152 / 1963 , while his body was still in transit . Soegijapranata 's body arrived at Kemayoran Airport in Jakarta on 28 July and was brought to the Jakarta Cathedral for further rites , including a speech by Sukarno , presided by Bishop of Jakarta Adrianus Djajasepoetra . The following day Soegijapranata 's body was flown to Semarang , accompanied by several Church and government luminaries . He was buried at Giri Tunggal Heroes ' Cemetery in a military funeral on 30 July , after several further rites . Darmojuwono was appointed as the new archbishop in December 1963 ; he was consecrated on 6 April 1964 by Archbishop Ottavio De Liva .
= = Legacy = =
Soegijapranata is remembered with pride by Javanese Catholics , who praise his strength of will during the occupation and national revolution . The historian Anhar Gonggong described Soegijapranata as not just a bishop , but an Indonesian leader who " was tested as a good leader and deserved the hero status " . The Indonesian historian Anton Haryono described Soegijapranata 's ascension to bishophood as " monumental " , considering that Soegijapranata had only been ordained nine years previously and was chosen ahead of non @-@ Indonesian priests several years his senior . Henricia Moeryantini , a nun in the Order of Carolus Borromeus , writes that the Catholic Church became nationally influential under Soegijapranata , and that the archbishop cared too much for the people to take an outsider 's approach . Van Klinken writes that Soegijapranata eventually became like a priyayi , or Javanese nobleman , within the church , as " committed to hierarchy and the status quo as to the God who created them " . According to van Klinken , by coming to the nascent republic Soegijapranata had been willing to see " the coming Javanese paradise " at a great personal risk .
Soegijapranata is the namesake of a large Catholic university in Semarang . Streets in several Indonesian cities are named after him , including in Semarang , Malang , and Medan . His grave in Giritunggal is often the site of pilgrimage for Indonesian Catholics , who hold graveside masses .
In June 2012 director Garin Nugroho released a biopic on Soegijapranata entitled Soegija . Starring Nirwan Dewanto in the titular role , the film followed Soegijapranata 's activities during the 1940s , amidst a backdrop of the Japanese occupation and the war for Indonesian independence . The film , which had a Rp 12 billion ( US $ 1 @.@ 3 million ) budget , sold over 100 @,@ 000 tickets on its first day . Its launch was accompanied by a semi @-@ fictional novelisation of Soegija 's life , written by Catholic author Ayu Utami . Several non @-@ fiction biographies of Soegija , by both Catholic and non @-@ Catholic writers , were released concurrently .
In Indonesian popular culture , Soegijapranata is known for his motto " 100 % Catholic , 100 % Indonesian " ( " 100 % Katolik , 100 % Indonesia " ) . The motto , which has been used to advertise several biographies and the film Soegija , is derived from Soegijapranata 's opening speech at the 1954 All @-@ Indonesia Catholic Congress in Semarang , as follows :
If we consider ourselves good Christians , than we should also become good patriots . As such , we should feel 100 % patriotic because we are 100 % Catholic . According to the Fourth Commandment , as written in the Catechism , we must love the Catholic Church and , it follows , that we must love our country with all our hearts .
= Reel Affirmations =
Reel Affirmations ( RA ) is a non @-@ profit , all @-@ volunteer LGBT film festival in Washington , D.C. Founded in 1991 and held every year in mid @-@ October , as of 2011 Reel Affirmations was one of the largest LGBT film festivals ( in terms of attendance ) in the United States . Baltimore 's Gay Life newspaper called it " one of the top three films festivals for the entire LGBT community . " A 2007 guidebook claims it was one of the largest LGBT film festivals in the world . A listing of LGBT film festivals claims it is the largest all @-@ volunteer film festival in the world .
= = Organization = =
Reel Affirmations is a program of One In Ten , a Washington , D.C.-based LGBT non @-@ profit arts organization . One In Ten is overseen by a board of four officers and nine board members . Until 2009 , a full @-@ time , paid executive director oversaw the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of the organization . But as of 2011 , its operations were run by the board and three volunteer directors . All One In Ten programs , including Reel Affirmations , are conceived , organized , and implemented by volunteers .
Planning for Reel Affirmations begins after the conclusion of each year 's festival . Deposits are placed to secure venues , and corporate sponsors are secured ( an ongoing process which lasts until August ) . Programming teams for feature films , women 's shorts , men 's shorts , and documentaries begin researching and screening films in February . Films are secured by contract beginning as early as May , although most contracts are not finalized until early July . A coordinating committee oversees implementation of VIP relations , hospitality , volunteer coordination , marketing , embassy relations , public relations , and other aspects of the film festival .
Most funding for Reel Affirmations comes from corporate sponsorships and ticket sales . Additional support comes from grants provided by the D.C. city government .
Reel Affirmations previously sponsored a two @-@ day film festival which coincided with Capital Pride . The program began sponsoring monthly film screenings titled RA Xtra beginning in 2000 , but stopped these events after RA15 in 2005 . RA Xtra resumed in November 2010 . The organization also formerly sponsored " Divas Outdoors " , a two @-@ movie outdoor screening of classic gay @-@ related movies at Hillwood Estate , Museum & Gardens , the former home of Marjorie Merriweather Post ( heiress to the Post cereal fortune ) .
= = History = =
= = = Early years = = =
Reel Affirmations was co @-@ founded by Barry Becker , Mark Betchkal , Matthew Cibellis and Keith Clark , gay residents of Washington , D.C. , who wished to found a gay arts organization . They began meeting in 1990 , and founded the LGBT arts organization One In Ten , with Reel Affirmations as the organization 's first program . The four sought the advice and input of Frameline , then the largest LGBT gay film festival in the U.S. With financial and administrative assistance from Frameline , the first Reel Affirmations film festival opened on October 11 , 1991 . The first festival venue was the Biograph Theater in Georgetown . The 10 @-@ day festival screened 62 feature films , short subjects and documentaries to 2 @,@ 500 attendees . The opening night film was My Father Is Coming , and the closing night film was Together Alone .
In 1992 , the festival expanded to screen its opening night film at the Cineplex Odeon Embassy Theatre in the District . Author Armistead Maupin opened the festival . RA2 screened 76 short and feature @-@ length works shown at the Biograph .
The following year , the festival screened 24 features and 44 shorts and added screenings at the Goethe @-@ Institut and Charles Sumner School . With the film festival on firm financial footing , Frameline did not provide administrative and financial support for RA3 .
The festival continued to expand in 1994 , screening 130 films and dropping smaller venues ( Biograph , Sumner School ) while adding larger ones ( such as the West End 1 @-@ 4 cinema ) . The festival also conducted a screening at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden — one of the first gay events to be held in a federal building . 1994 was also the year the festival scored its first U.S premiere .
By its fifth anniversary in 1995 , Reel Affirmations was the fourth @-@ largest LGBT film festival in the United States in attendance , with more than 12 @,@ 000 attendees . Although the festival screened only 102 films that year , it expanded to a fifth large venue ( the AMC Courthouse Theatre in Virginia ) . A year later , it dropped two of its smaller venues in favor of the 275 @-@ seat Goldman Theatre in the D.C. Jewish Community Center in Dupont Circle .
= = = Lincoln Theatre years = = =
Reel Affirmations ' growth led it to move out of the Cineplex Odeon Embassy and West End theaters in 1998 . The film fest moved into the 1 @,@ 200 @-@ seat historic Lincoln Theatre located near U and 14th Streets , N.W. RA8 screened more than 140 feature films , shorts and documentaries at the two venues .
1999 was a turning point for Reel Affirmations . Several years of declining attendance by women led festival director Sarah Kellogg to create a special women 's program . The event , known as the Women Filmmakers Brunch , has continued ever since and features women filmmakers , screenings , and a discussion of films with particular appeal to women . RA9 also was the only LGBT film festival of the season to screen Boys Don 't Cry . The award @-@ winning film debuted in New York City , screened at Reel Affirmations , and then opened in theaters nationwide .
In honor of the festival 's continuing success , the Gay and Lesbian Activists Alliance bestowed its 2004 Distinguished Service Award on Reel Affirmations festival director Sarah Kellogg . In 2006 , RA 16 screened more than 100 movies to more than 30 @,@ 000 attendees during its 10 @-@ day run .
= = = Post @-@ 2008 festival = = =
In 2008 , in addition to the Lincoln Theatre , the film festival used several locations including the Goethe @-@ Institut , Sixth & I Synagogue , and Landmark E Street Cinema ( all in Washington , D.C. ) , as well as the AFI Silver theater in Silver Spring , Maryland .
In 2009 , Reel Affirmations struck a relationship with the Shakespeare Theatre Company . The film festival did not use the Lincoln Theatre , holding its larger film screenings at the company 's Sidney Harman Hall . Festival executive director Margaret Murray left in November 2009 after four years as RA head — leaving the festival with about $ 40 @,@ 000 in debt . According to the Washington Blade , an LGBTQ newspaper in D.C. , a number of factors were responsible for the debt : A diminishing number of corporate sponsors , the timing of Murray 's resignation ( just as donor recruitment was beginning for the following year ) , lack of preparation by RA for Murray 's departure , an increasing number of popular LGBTQ events competing with the festival in October , fewer advertisers in the festival 's program booklet , poor weather during several days of the 2009 festival , discontinuation of the festival 's VIP program ( which left it dependent on single ticket sales ) , and a heavy drop in single ticket sales . Many board members left the organization , new board members were recruited , and three volunteers took over RA 's day @-@ to @-@ day operations .
In July 2010 , RA organizers announced that the film festival would move from October 2010 to April 2011 because of funding shortfalls . One news source reported that RA organizers had intended to hold an October film festival , but a community fundraiser brought in only $ 5 @,@ 000 — far less than hoped , and not enough to allow an October festival to occur . The move to April was prompted , in part , by the hope that a $ 75 @,@ 000 D.C. government grant would allow the festival to occur . However , on March 8 , 2011 , RA officials cancelled the April event because of continuing heavy debt and because several grants had not been awarded to the organization . Festival organizers scheduled the 20th Reel Affirmations LGBTQ film festival for October 13 – 22 , 2011 .
Additional changes occurred during the 20th film festival . The film festival no longer held events at the Shakespeare Theatre Company . The primary film festival venue was Lisner Auditorium at George Washington University ( GWU ) . Other venues included GWU 's Documentary Center , GWU 's Marvin Center Amphitheatre , Atlas Performing Arts Center , the FHI 360 Globe Theater , and the West End Cinema ( one of the original venues for the film festival in the early 1990s ) . The festival also instituted an " Embassy Screening Series , " in which LGBTQ films from a specific country were screened at that nation 's embassy in Washington , D.C. Screenings occurred at the Embassy of Israel and Embassy of France , and by the Embassy of Germany at the Goethe @-@ Institut . The Women and Filmmakers ' Brunch continued to be held , although the venue was now the U.S. Navy Memorial Heritage Center 's Arleigh Burke Theater . Festival volunteer coordinator Mark Heckathorn estimated that the festival would draw 20 @,@ 000 attendees in 2011 .
Reel Affirmations continued to recover from its financial crisis in 2012 . In March 2012 , it held an " Oscar Party " ( with muscular men covered in gold welcoming patrons ) in which the public was invited to view the Academy Awards in a gay @-@ friendly setting . Reel Affirmations hosted a truncated four @-@ day festival ( November 1 – 4 ) in 2012 . Once more , its venues changed . The festival returned to its long @-@ time venue at the D.C. Jewish Community Center and the Goethe Institut as well as its RA Xtra venue at the Carnegie Institution for Science .
= = = End of annual festival = = =
Reel Affirmations ceased to offer an annual film festival at the conclusion of the 2012 event . One In Ten turned the Reel Affirmations program over to The DC Center , a nonprofit organization offering several different programs to the local LGBTQ community . The DC Center reestablished the RA Xtra program of monthly film screenings , which it offered beginning in 2015 .
Reel Affirmations planned a three @-@ day film festival for August 28 @-@ 30 , 2015 , at the Gala Hispanic / Tivoli Theatre .
= = Awards = =
Reel Affirmations presents four major awards each year . Each award is bestowed based on audience balloting . Honors are given for Best Feature , Best Documentary , Best Male Short , and Best Female Short . Beginning in 2011 , Reel Affirmations added two new awards . These included a First Time Director and a Best International Movie award .
Reel Affirmations formerly distributed a Plant @-@ A @-@ Seed filmmaker grant at the end of each festival . The grant was established in 2000 . It was supported by audience donations and a silent auction held throughout each year 's festival , and varied in amount from year to year . The grant was awarded by the One In Ten board to a filmmaker or filmmakers who had previously produced a feature film , short or documentary , and was intended to help the filmmaker complete a current work in progress . This grant was discontinued in 2008 . The festival re @-@ established its filmmaker 's grant award in 2011 , renaming it the Keith Clark & Barry Becker Filmmaker Award ( in honor of the co @-@ founders of the festival ) .
= Siege of Fort Ticonderoga ( 1777 ) =
The 1777 Siege of Fort Ticonderoga ' occurred between 2 and 6 July 1777 at Fort Ticonderoga , near the Sothern end of Lake Champlain in the state of New York . Lieutenant General John Burgoyne 's 8 @,@ 000 @-@ man army occupied high ground above the fort , and nearly surrounded the defences . These movements precipitated the occupying Continental Army , an under @-@ strength force of 3 @,@ 000 under the command of General Arthur St. Clair , to withdraw from Ticonderoga and the surrounding defences . Some gunfire was exchanged , and there were some casualties , but there was no formal siege and no pitched battle . Burgoyne 's army occupied Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence , the extensive fortifications on the Vermont side of the lake , without opposition on 6 July . Advance units pursued the retreating Americans .
The uncontested surrender of Ticonderoga caused an uproar in the American public and in its military circles , as Ticonderoga was widely believed to be virtually impregnable , and a vital point of defence . General St. Clair and his superior , General Philip Schuyler , were vilified by Congress . Both were eventually exonerated in courts martial , but their careers were adversely affected . Schuyler had already lost his command to Horatio Gates by the time of the court martial , and St. Clair held no more field commands for the remainder of the war .
= = Background = =
In September 1775 , early in the American Revolutionary War , the American Continental Army embarked on an invasion of Quebec . The invasion ended in disaster in July 1776 , with the army chased back to Fort Ticonderoga by a large British army that arrived in Quebec in May 1776 . A small Continental Navy fleet on Lake Champlain was defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island . The delay required by the British to build their fleet on Lake Champlain caused General Guy Carleton to hold off on attempting an assault on Ticonderoga in 1776 . Although his advance forces came within three miles of Ticonderoga , the lateness of the season and the difficulty of maintaining supply lines along the lake in winter caused him to withdraw his forces back into Quebec .
= = = British forces = = =
General John Burgoyne arrived in Quebec in May 1777 and prepared to lead the British forces assembled there south with the aim of gaining control of Ticonderoga and the Hudson River valley , dividing the rebellious provinces . His British Army troops consisted of the 9th , 20th , 21st , 24th , 47th , 53rd and 62nd regiments , along with the flank companies of other regiments left as a garrison in Quebec . The light infantry and flank companies formed the army 's advance force , and were commanded by Brigadier General Simon Fraser . The remaining regulars , under the leadership of Major General William Phillips , formed the right wing of the army , while the left was composed of Hessians under the command of Baron Riedesel . His forces consisted of the Rhetz , Riedesel , Specht , Barner , and Hesse @-@ Hanau regiments , along with one regiment of grenadiers and another of horseless dragoons . Most of these forces had arrived in 1776 , and many participated in the campaign that drove the American army out of Quebec .
The total size of Burgoyne 's regular army was about 7 @,@ 000 . In addition to the regulars , there were about 800 Indians , and a relatively small number of Canadiens and Loyalists , who acted primarily as scouts and screening reconnaissance . The army was also accompanied by more than 1 @,@ 000 civilians , including a pregnant woman , and Baroness Riedesel with her three small children . Including these non @-@ military personnel , the total number of people in Burgoyne 's army was more than 10 @,@ 000 .
Burgoyne and General Carlton recited the troops at Fort Saint @-@ Jean , near the northern end of Lake Champlain , on 14 June . By 21 June , the armada carrying the army was on the lake , and they had arrived at the unoccupied Fort Crown Point by 30 June . The Indians and other elements of the advance force laid down such an effective
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
light chains undergo a high rate of point mutation , by a process called somatic hypermutation ( SHM ) . SHM results in approximately one nucleotide change per variable gene , per cell division . As a consequence , any daughter B cells will acquire slight amino acid differences in the variable domains of their antibody chains .
This serves to increase the diversity of the antibody pool and impacts the antibody 's antigen @-@ binding affinity . Some point mutations will result in the production of antibodies that have a weaker interaction ( low affinity ) with their antigen than the original antibody , and some mutations will generate antibodies with a stronger interaction ( high affinity ) . B cells that express high affinity antibodies on their surface will receive a strong survival signal during interactions with other cells , whereas those with low affinity antibodies will not , and will die by apoptosis . Thus , B cells expressing antibodies with a higher affinity for the antigen will outcompete those with weaker affinities for function and survival . The process of generating antibodies with increased binding affinities is called affinity maturation . Affinity maturation occurs in mature B cells after V ( D ) J recombination , and is dependent on help from helper T cells .
= = = Class switching = = =
Isotype or class switching is a biological process occurring after activation of the B cell , which allows the cell to produce different classes of antibody ( IgA , IgE , or IgG ) . The different classes of antibody , and thus effector functions , are defined by the constant ( C ) regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain . Initially , naive B cells express only cell @-@ surface IgM and IgD with identical antigen binding regions . Each isotype is adapted for a distinct function ; therefore , after activation , an antibody with an IgG , IgA , or IgE effector function might be required to effectively eliminate an antigen . Class switching allows different daughter cells from the same activated B cell to produce antibodies of different isotypes . Only the constant region of the antibody heavy chain changes during class switching ; the variable regions , and therefore antigen specificity , remain unchanged . Thus the progeny of a single B cell can produce antibodies , all specific for the same antigen , but with the ability to produce the effector function appropriate for each antigenic challenge . Class switching is triggered by cytokines ; the isotype generated depends on which cytokines are present in the B cell environment .
Class switching occurs in the heavy chain gene locus by a mechanism called class switch recombination ( CSR ) . This mechanism relies on conserved nucleotide motifs , called switch ( S ) regions , found in DNA upstream of each constant region gene ( except in the δ @-@ chain ) . The DNA strand is broken by the activity of a series of enzymes at two selected S @-@ regions . The variable domain exon is rejoined through a process called non @-@ homologous end joining ( NHEJ ) to the desired constant region ( γ , α or ε ) . This process results in an immunoglobulin gene that encodes an antibody of a different isotype .
= = = Affinity designations = = =
A group of antibodies can be called monovalent ( or specific ) if they have affinity for the same epitope , or for the same antigen ( but potentially different epitopes on the molecule ) , or for the same strain of microorganism ( but potentially different antigens on or in it ) . In contrast , a group of antibodies can be called polyvalent ( or unspecific ) if they have affinity for various antigens or microorganisms . Intravenous immunoglobulin , if not otherwise noted , consists of polyvalent IgG . In contrast , monoclonal antibodies are monovalent for the same epitope .
= = = Asymmetrical antibodies = = =
Heterodimeric antibodies , which are also asymmetrical and antibodies , allow for greater flexibility and new formats for attaching a variety of drugs to the antibody arms . One of the general formats for a heterodimeric antibody is the “ knobs @-@ into @-@ holes ” format . This format is specific to the heavy chain part of the constant region in antibodies . The “ knobs ” part is engineered by replacing a small amino acid with a larger one . It fits into the “ hole ” , which is engineered by replacing a large amino acid with a smaller one . What connects the “ knobs ” to the “ holes ” are the disulfide bonds between each chain . The “ knobs @-@ into @-@ holes ” shape facilitates antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity . Single chain variable fragments ( scFv ) are connected to the variable domain of the heavy and light chain via a short linker peptide . The linker is rich in glycine , which gives it more flexibility , and serine / threonine , which gives it specificity . Two different scFv fragments can be connected together , via a hinge region , to the constant domain of the heavy chain or the constant domain of the light chain . This gives the antibody bispecificity , allowing for the binding specificities of two different antigens . The “ knobs @-@ into @-@ holes ” format enhances heterodimer formation but doesn ’ t suppress homodimer formation .
To further improve the function of heterodimeric antibodies , many scientists are looking towards artificial constructs . Artificial antibodies are largely diverse protein motifs that use the functional strategy of the antibody molecule , but aren ’ t limited by the loop and framework structural constraints of the natural antibody . Being able to control the combinational design of the sequence and three @-@ dimensional space could transcend the natural design and allow for the attachment of different combinations of drugs to the arms .
Heterodimeric antibodies have a greater range in shapes they can take and the drugs that are attached to the arms don ’ t have to be the same on each arm , allowing for different combinations of drugs to be used in cancer treatment . Pharmaceuticals are able to produce highly functional bispecific , and even multispecific , antibodies . The degree to which they can function is impressive given that such a change shape from the natural form should lead to decreased functionality .
= = Medical applications = =
= = = Disease diagnosis = = =
Detection of particular antibodies is a very common form of medical diagnostics , and applications such as serology depend on these methods . For example , in biochemical assays for disease diagnosis , a titer of antibodies directed against Epstein @-@ Barr virus or Lyme disease is estimated from the blood . If those antibodies are not present , either the person is not infected or the infection occurred a very long time ago , and the B cells generating these specific antibodies have naturally decayed .
In clinical immunology , levels of individual classes of immunoglobulins are measured by nephelometry ( or turbidimetry ) to characterize the antibody profile of patient . Elevations in different classes of immunoglobulins are sometimes useful in determining the cause of liver damage in patients for whom the diagnosis is unclear . For example , elevated IgA indicates alcoholic cirrhosis , elevated IgM indicates viral hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis , while IgG is elevated in viral hepatitis , autoimmune hepatitis and cirrhosis .
Autoimmune disorders can often be traced to antibodies that bind the body 's own epitopes ; many can be detected through blood tests . Antibodies directed against red blood cell surface antigens in immune mediated hemolytic anemia are detected with the Coombs test . The Coombs test is also used for antibody screening in blood transfusion preparation and also for antibody screening in antenatal women .
Practically , several immunodiagnostic methods based on detection of complex antigen @-@ antibody are used to diagnose infectious diseases , for example ELISA , immunofluorescence , Western blot , immunodiffusion , immunoelectrophoresis , and magnetic immunoassay . Antibodies raised against human chorionic gonadotropin are used in over the counter pregnancy tests .
= = = Disease therapy = = =
Targeted monoclonal antibody therapy is employed to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis , multiple sclerosis , psoriasis , and many forms of cancer including non @-@ Hodgkin 's lymphoma , colorectal cancer , head and neck cancer and breast cancer .
Some immune deficiencies , such as X @-@ linked agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia , result in partial or complete lack of antibodies . These diseases are often treated by inducing a short term form of immunity called passive immunity . Passive immunity is achieved through the transfer of ready @-@ made antibodies in the form of human or animal serum , pooled immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies , into the affected individual .
= = = Prenatal therapy = = =
Rhesus factor , also known as Rhesus D ( RhD ) antigen , is an antigen found on red blood cells ; individuals that are Rhesus @-@ positive ( Rh + ) have this antigen on their red blood cells and individuals that are Rhesus @-@ negative ( Rh – ) do not . During normal childbirth , delivery trauma or complications during pregnancy , blood from a fetus can enter the mother 's system . In the case of an Rh @-@ incompatible mother and child , consequential blood mixing may sensitize an Rh- mother to the Rh antigen on the blood cells of the Rh + child , putting the remainder of the pregnancy , and any subsequent pregnancies , at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn .
Rho ( D ) immune globulin antibodies are specific for human Rhesus D ( RhD ) antigen . Anti @-@ RhD antibodies are administered as part of a prenatal treatment regimen to prevent sensitization that may occur when a Rhesus @-@ negative mother has a Rhesus @-@ positive fetus . Treatment of a mother with Anti @-@ RhD antibodies prior to and immediately after trauma and delivery destroys Rh antigen in the mother 's system from the fetus . It is important to note that this occurs before the antigen can stimulate maternal B cells to " remember " Rh antigen by generating memory B cells . Therefore , her humoral immune system will not make anti @-@ Rh antibodies , and will not attack the Rhesus antigens of the current or subsequent babies . Rho ( D ) Immune Globulin treatment prevents sensitization that can lead to Rh disease , but does not prevent or treat the underlying disease itself .
= = Research applications = =
Specific antibodies are produced by injecting an antigen into a mammal , such as a mouse , rat , rabbit , goat , sheep , or horse for large quantities of antibody . Blood isolated from these animals contains polyclonal antibodies — multiple antibodies that bind to the same antigen — in the serum , which can now be called antiserum . Antigens are also injected into chickens for generation of polyclonal antibodies in egg yolk . To obtain antibody that is specific for a single epitope of an antigen , antibody @-@ secreting lymphocytes are isolated from the animal and immortalized by fusing them with a cancer cell line . The fused cells are called hybridomas , and will continually grow and secrete antibody in culture . Single hybridoma cells are isolated by dilution cloning to generate cell clones that all produce the same antibody ; these antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies . Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are often purified using Protein A / G or antigen @-@ affinity chromatography .
In research , purified antibodies are used in many applications . Antibodies for research applications can be found directly from antibody suppliers , or through use of a specialist search engine . Research antibodies are most commonly used to identify and locate intracellular and extracellular proteins . Antibodies are used in flow cytometry to differentiate cell types by the proteins they express ; different types of cell express different combinations of cluster of differentiation molecules on their surface , and produce different intracellular and secretable proteins . They are also used in immunoprecipitation to separate proteins and anything bound to them ( co @-@ immunoprecipitation ) from other molecules in a cell lysate , in Western blot analyses to identify proteins separated by electrophoresis , and in immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence to examine protein expression in tissue sections or to locate proteins within cells with the assistance of a microscope . Proteins can also be detected and quantified with antibodies , using ELISA and ELISPOT techniques .
Researchers using antibodies in their work need to record them correctly in order to allow their research to be reproducible ( and therefore tested , and qualified by other researchers ) . Less than half of research antibodies referenced in academic papers can be easily identified . A paper published in F1000 in 2014 provided researchers with a guide for reporting research antibody use .
= = Regulatory validation of monoclonal antibody products for human use = =
Production and testing :
Traditionally , most antibodies are produced by hybridoma cell lines through immortalization of antibody @-@ producing cells by chemically @-@ induced fusion with myeloma cells . In some cases , additional fusions with other lines have created " triomas " and " quadromas " . The manufacturing process should be appropriately described and validated . Validation studies should at least include :
The demonstration that the process is able to produce in good quality ( the process should be validated )
The efficiency of the antibody purification ( all impurities and virus must be eliminated )
The characterization of purified antibody ( physicochemical characterization , immunological properties , biological activities , contaminants , ... )
Determination of the virus clearance studies
Before clinical trials , studies of product safety and feasibility have to be performed :
Product safety testing : Sterility ( bacteria and fungi ) , In vitro and in vivo testing for adventitious viruses , Murine retrovirus testing ... Product safety data needed before the initiation of feasibility trials in serious or immediately life @-@ threatening conditions , it serves to evaluate dangerous potential of the product .
Feasibility testing : These are pilot studies whose objectives include , among others , early characterization of safety and initial proof of concept in a small specific patient population ( in vito or in vivo testing ) .
Preclinical studies :
Testing cross @-@ reactivity of antibody : to highlight unwanted interactions ( toxicity ) of antibodies with previously characterized tissues . This study can be performed in vitro ( Reactivity of the antibody or immunoconjugate should be determined with a quick @-@ frozen adult tissues ) or in vivo ( with appropriates animal models ) . More informations about in vitro cross @-@ reactivity testing .
Preclinical pharmacology and toxicity testing : Preclinical safety testing of antibody is designed to identify possible toxicities in humans , to estimate the likelihood and severity of potential adverse events in humans , and to identify a safe starting dose and dose escalation , when possible .
Animal toxicity studies : Acute toxicity testing , Repeat @-@ dose toxicity testing , Long @-@ term toxicity testing http : / / www.animalresearch.info / en / drug @-@ development / safety @-@ testing /
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics testing : Use for determinate clinical dosages , antibody activities ( AUC , pharmacodynamics , biodistribution , ... ) , evaluation of the potential clinical effects
= = Structure prediction = =
The importance of antibodies in health care and the biotechnology industry demands knowledge of their structures at high resolution . This information is used for protein engineering , modifying the antigen binding affinity , and identifying an epitope , of a given antibody . X @-@ ray crystallography is one commonly used method for determining antibody structures . However , crystallizing an antibody is often laborious and time @-@ consuming . Computational approaches provide a cheaper and faster alternative to crystallography , but their results are more equivocal , since they do not produce empirical structures . Online web servers such as Web Antibody Modeling ( WAM ) and Prediction of Immunoglobulin Structure ( PIGS ) enables computational modeling of antibody variable regions . Rosetta Antibody is a novel antibody FV region structure prediction server , which incorporates sophisticated techniques to minimize CDR loops and optimize the relative orientation of the light and heavy chains , as well as homology models that predict successful docking of antibodies with their unique antigen .
The ability to describe the antibody through binding affinity to the antigen is supplemented by information on antibody structure and amino acid sequences for the purpose of patent claims .
= = History = =
The first use of the term " antibody " occurred in a text by Paul Ehrlich . The term Antikörper ( the German word for antibody ) appears in the conclusion of his article " Experimental Studies on Immunity " , published in October 1891 , which states that , " if two substances give rise to two different antikörper , then they themselves must be different " . However , the term was not accepted immediately and several other terms for antibody were proposed ; these included Immunkörper , Amboceptor , Zwischenkörper , substance sensibilisatrice , copula , Desmon , philocytase , fixateur , and Immunisin . The word antibody has formal analogy to the word antitoxin and a similar concept to Immunkörper ( immune body in English ) . As such , the original construction of the word contains a logical flaw ; the antitoxin is something directed against a toxin , while the antibody is a body directed against something .
The study of antibodies began in 1890 when Kitasato Shibasaburō described antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins . Kitasato put forward the theory of humoral immunity , proposing that a mediator in serum could react with a foreign antigen . His idea prompted Paul Ehrlich to propose the side @-@ chain theory for antibody and antigen interaction in 1897 , when he hypothesized that receptors ( described as " side @-@ chains " ) on the surface of cells could bind specifically to toxins – in a " lock @-@ and @-@ key " interaction – and that this binding reaction is the trigger for the production of antibodies . Other researchers believed that antibodies existed freely in the blood and , in 1904 , Almroth Wright suggested that soluble antibodies coated bacteria to label them for phagocytosis and killing ; a process that he named opsoninization .
In the 1920s , Michael Heidelberger and Oswald Avery observed that antigens could be precipitated by antibodies and went on to show that antibodies are made of protein . The biochemical properties of antigen @-@ antibody @-@ binding interactions were examined in more detail in the late 1930s by John Marrack . The next major advance was in the 1940s , when Linus Pauling confirmed the lock @-@ and @-@ key theory proposed by Ehrlich by showing that the interactions between antibodies and antigens depend more on their shape than their chemical composition . In 1948 , Astrid Fagreaus discovered that B cells , in the form of plasma cells , were responsible for generating antibodies .
Further work concentrated on characterizing the structures of the antibody proteins . A major advance in these structural studies was the discovery in the early 1960s by Gerald Edelman and Joseph Gally of the antibody light chain , and their realization that this protein is the same as the Bence @-@ Jones protein described in 1845 by Henry Bence Jones . Edelman went on to discover that antibodies are composed of disulfide bond @-@ linked heavy and light chains . Around the same time , antibody @-@ binding ( Fab ) and antibody tail ( Fc ) regions of IgG were characterized by Rodney Porter . Together , these scientists deduced the structure and complete amino acid sequence of IgG , a feat for which they were jointly awarded the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The Fv fragment was prepared and characterized by David Givol . While most of these early studies focused on IgM and IgG , other immunoglobulin isotypes were identified in the 1960s : Thomas Tomasi discovered secretory antibody ( IgA ) ; David S. Rowe and John L. Fahey discovered IgD ; and Kimishige Ishizaka and Teruko Ishizaka discovered IgE and showed it was a class of antibodies involved in allergic reactions . In a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976 , Susumu Tonegawa showed that genetic material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies .
= = Antibody mimetic = =
Antibody mimetics are organic compounds that , like antibodies , can specifically bind antigens . They are usually artificial peptides or proteins with a molar mass of about 3 to 20 kDa . Nucleic acids and small molecules are sometimes considered antibody mimetics , but not artificial antibodies , antibody fragments and fusion proteins are composed from these . Common advantages over antibodies are better solubility , tissue penetration , stability towards heat and enzymes , and comparatively low production costs . Antibody mimetics such as the Affimer and the DARPin have being developed and commercialised as research , diagnostic and therapeutic agents .
= Charodeika @-@ class monitor =
The Charodeika class was a pair of monitors built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the late 1860s . They were designed by the British shipbuilder Charles Mitchell and built in Saint Petersburg . Both ships were assigned to the Baltic Fleet and had fairly uneventful careers mostly assigned to training units . Rusalka struck a rock in 1869 and had to be run aground lest she sink . They were reclassified as coast @-@ defense ironclads in 1892 and Rusalka sank during a storm in the Gulf of Finland the next year with the loss of all hands . Her sister ship Charodeika continued in service until 1907 and was eventually scrapped in 1911 – 12 . Rusalka 's wreck was discovered in 2003 by an expedition sponsored by the Estonian Maritime Museum .
= = Design and description = =
By late 1863 , the Russian Admiralty Board had begun planning for the second generation of ironclads to succeed those ships then under construction and issued a requirement on 12 November for a twin @-@ screw low @-@ freeboard ship that could sail throughout the Baltic Sea . It was to be armed with 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) smoothbore Dahlgren guns and protected by up to 6 in ( 152 mm ) of armor . Before even deciding which designs to accept , the Admiralty decided to order eight ships of various types in March 1864 . Charles Mitchell was allocated only one of the eight ships before he submitted four different designs for the competition in May – June . Two ships of his simplest design were awarded to a new builder , S. G. Kudriavtsev , who was provided facilities at the state @-@ owned Galernyi Island Shipyard . In addition the Admiralty committed itself to furnishing the armament , armor , engines and boilers as well as a variety of smaller components for the two ships .
The Charodeika @-@ class monitors were significantly larger than their predecessor , Smerch , and were 206 feet ( 62 @.@ 8 m ) long at the waterline . They had a beam of 42 feet ( 12 @.@ 8 m ) and a maximum draft of 12 feet 7 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . The ships were designed to displace 1 @,@ 882 long tons ( 1 @,@ 912 t ) , but turned out to be overweight and actually displaced 2 @,@ 100 long tons ( 2 @,@ 100 t ) . They were fitted with a plough @-@ shaped ram that projected four feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) forward of the bow . The Charodeikas were fitted with a double bottom and their hulls were subdivided by watertight bulkheads into 25 compartments . Their crew numbered 13 officers and 171 crewmen in 1877 .
The ships had a freeboard of only two feet ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) and their decks were often awash in any sort of moderate sea . They rolled heavily and were very unmaneuverable , often not responding to the ship 's wheel until 20 degrees of rudder was applied . The monitors were fitted with three iron pole masts , probably fore @-@ and @-@ aft rigged , and used to steady the ship rather than for propulsion .
= = = Propulsion = = =
The Charodeika class had two simple horizontal direct @-@ acting steam engines , built by the Baird Works of Saint Petersburg . The engines had a bore of 38 inches ( 0 @.@ 97 m ) and a stroke of 18 inches ( 0 @.@ 46 m ) and each drove a single four @-@ bladed 8 @-@ foot @-@ 6 @-@ inch ( 2 @.@ 59 m ) propeller . Steam was provided by two rectangular boilers at a pressure of 1 @.@ 6 atm ( 162 kPa ; 24 psi ) . The engines were designed to produce a total of 875 indicated horsepower ( 652 kW ) , but only produced 705 – 786 ihp ( 526 – 586 kW ) which gave the ships speeds between 8 @.@ 5 – 9 knots ( 15 @.@ 7 – 16 @.@ 7 km / h ; 9 @.@ 8 – 10 @.@ 4 mph ) when they ran their sea trials in 1869 . The monitors also had a donkey boiler for the small steam engine that powered the ventilation fans and pumps . The Charodeika class carried a maximum of 250 long tons ( 254 t ) ; their range , however , is unknown .
= = = Armament = = =
The monitors were designed to be armed with four Obukhov 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) rifled guns , a pair in each Coles @-@ type turret . Various deckhouses and ventilation hatches prevented the turrets from firing directly forward or aft , so that each turret could bear approximately 150 ° to each side . Difficulties in manufacturing the guns and the delayed construction of the monitors themselves forced the Admiralty to change the armament to a pair of the 9 @-@ inch guns in the forward turret and a pair of 15 @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle @-@ loading Rodman guns in the aft turret . These guns were replaced by another pair of 9 @-@ inch rifled guns beginning in 1871 . They were replaced in their turn in 1878 – 79 by two longer , more powerful 9 @-@ inch Obukhov guns . The ship carried 75 rounds for each gun .
Light guns for use against torpedo boats are not known to have been fitted aboard the Charodeika @-@ class ships before the 1870s when a variety of guns were added , although their numbers , calibers , and locations are only partially known . Charodeika received four 4 @-@ pounder 3 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 86 mm ) guns , two mounted on the roofs of each gun turret while Rusalka had a total of three guns with only one gun on her aft turret . Other guns known have been fitted included 45 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) Engström quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns , 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) QF Hotchkiss guns , 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) QF Hotchkiss five @-@ barreled revolving cannon , and 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) Nordenfelt guns .
= = = Armor = = =
The Charodeika @-@ class monitors had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron that was 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) thick amidships and thinned to 3 @.@ 25 inches ( 83 mm ) aft and 3 @.@ 75 inches ( 95 mm ) forward . It was 7 feet 6 inches ( 2 m ) high and completely covered the hull to 5 feet 6 inches ( 2 m ) below the waterline . The armor was backed by 12 to 18 inches ( 305 to 457 mm ) of teak . The turrets had 5 @.@ 5 inches ( 140 mm ) of armor , also backed by teak , and the conning tower was 4 @.@ 5 inches thick . Amidships , the deck was 1 inch thick , although it thinned to 0 @.@ 25 – 0 @.@ 5 inches ( 6 – 13 mm ) at the ends of the ship .
= = Ships = =
= = Construction and service = =
The monitors were intended to be delivered by 27 May 1867 , but construction was held up by delays in delivery of the blueprints , armor , changes made while under construction and the untimely death of Kudriavtsev in August 1865 . The contract was transferred to Mitchell who completed them in 1869 , two years after their scheduled delivery date for the cost of 762 @,@ 000 roubles each . Both ships spent their entire careers with the Baltic Fleet . In June , Charodeika ripped a 28 @-@ foot ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) long hole in her hull when she struck an uncharted rock in the Gulf of Finland and had to be deliberately run aground to prevent her sinking . She was assigned to the Artillery Training Detachment of the Baltic Fleet in March 1870 and Charodeika was later assigned to the Mine ( Torpedo ) Training Detachment .
Both monitors were reclassified as coast @-@ defense ironclads on 13 February 1892 and Rusalka sank in a storm on 7 September 1893 during a voyage between Reval ( Tallinn ) and Helsingfors ( Helsinki ) with the loss of her entire crew of 177 officers and enlisted men . Despite an extensive search , the only traces of her found were one body and some debris that washed ashore . Charodeika remained in service until 31 March 1907 when she was turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal . The ship was stricken from the Navy List on 7 April and was finally scrapped in 1911 – 12 .
Rusalka 's wreck was discovered on 22 July 2003 in the Gulf of Finland , 25 kilometers ( 13 nmi ) south of Helsinki , by a joint expedition of the Estonian Maritime Museum and the commercial diving company Tuukritööde OÜ . The wreck is generally intact although draped with snagged fishing nets . The aft turret , however , has fallen out of the ship .
= Overprotected =
" Overprotected " is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her third studio album , Britney ( 2001 ) . It was written and produced by Max Martin and Rami . The song was released on December 12 , 2001 by Jive Records , as the second single from Britney . " Overprotected " is a dance @-@ pop and teen pop song that is about a girl who is tired of being overprotected and just wants to be herself . The song received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics and was released to United States radio on April 1 , 2002 .
While it did not perform well on the Billboard charts in the United States , " Overprotected " peaked at number 22 in Canada , while reaching the top five in Italy , Romania , Sweden and United Kingdom . An accompanying music video , directed by Billie Woodruff , portrays Spears dancing inside an abandoned factory , while singing about being overprotected ; the music video for " The Darkchild Remix " , directed by Chris Applebaum , portrays Spears dancing and having fun with her friends . Spears has performed " Overprotected " a number of times including at the Dream Within a Dream Tour ( 2001 ) and The Onyx Hotel Tour ( 2004 ) . In 2003 , the song received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . The song was also featured in the animated film Hotel Transylvania .
= = Background = =
During the Oops ! ... I Did It Again Tour ( 2000 ) , Spears revealed she felt inspired by hip hop artists such as Jay @-@ Z and The Neptunes and wanted to create a record with a funkier sound . In February 2001 , Spears signed a $ 7 – 8 million promotional deal with Pepsi , and released another book co @-@ written with her mother , entitled A Mother 's Gift . On the same month , Spears started to record material for her third studio album , with " Overprotected " being recorded at Maratone Studios in Stockholm , Sweden . Additional recording was done in April 2001 at Maratone in Sweden , in which the song 's vocals were completed . Background vocals were provided by Spears and Bosslady , with the track being mixed by Martin and Rami at Maratone Studios . Her third studio album , Britney , was released in November 2001 . In an interview with the Daily Record , Spears concluded she can relate to " Overprotected " " on a personal basis , because I feel kind of overprotected . When I want to go out , everything has to be organized in advance . I think that other kids of my age can relate to it to a certain extent . "
= = Composition = =
" Oveprotected " is a teen pop and dance @-@ pop song that lasts for three minutes and 18 seconds . David Browne of Entertainment Weekly noticed Europop influences on the song , while other critics compared it to previous songs released by Spears . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Universal Music Publishing Group , " Overprotected " is composed in the key of C minor and is set in time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute . Spears vocal range spans from A ♭ 3 to C5 .
Lyrically , the track is about a girl who is tired of being manipulated by people around her and doesn 't need to be told what to do , which is perceived in lines such as " You 're gonna have to see through my perspective / I need to make mistakes just to learn who I am / And I don 't want to be so damn protected " . Dana Alice Heller , author of Makeover television : realities remodelled ( 2007 ) , said that , with " Overprotected " , " Spears addresses the problem of being a teen star whose personal and professional are handled by others . " She also compared " Overprotected " with the singer 's first reality show , Britney & Kevin : Chaotic ( 2005 ) , saying that " Britney frames her makeover as a move toward to independence , a rebellion against overly controlling parents and their stand @-@ ins . "
= = Remixes = =
After being hired by Jive Records to create a remix for " Oveprotected " , Rodney Jerkins revealed that the label " needed a remix that 's crazy . " Jerkins said the remix has " an old @-@ school @-@ type rhythm , which I think is kinda cool because it 's an element [ that Spears ] never had , but I still gave it her edge . I was up all night rocking that joint . [ It has the ] same lyrics , I just reproduced the track . " " The Darkchild Remix " was initially being sent to radio stations in the United States in mid @-@ March 2002 and then became the opening track of the compilation album Now That 's What I Call Music ! 10 later that year ; however , it was only released on April 1 , 2002 . The remix was heavily played in dance clubs , and Jerkins said he wasn 't surprised with the popularity of it , since " [ Britney ] reinvented herself . Everybody thought she was gonna come back with another ' Oops ! ... I Did It Again ' , but she went left and came with the ' I 'm a Slave 4 U ' joint , which is basically a club banger . You gotta big up people who reinvent themselves . I always said she was gonna be one of the people that 's gonna be around for a minute , because I see that in her . " Finnish musician and record producer Jaakko Salovaara also created two remixes for the track , titled " JS16 Dub " and " JS16 Remix " . The latter was included on the promotional soundtrack of Spears ' debut movie , Crossroads ( 2002 ) .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" Overprotected " received generally positive reviews from music critics . Jocelyn Vena of MTV said that " with songs like " Overprotected " and " Let Me Be , " Spears seemed to be letting out her adolescent angst , " while Kyle Anderson of MTV Newsroom said , " the real first blush with emancipation from [ the singer ] teen pop past came with [ ' Overprotected ' ] " . While reviewing Spears ' third studio album Britney ( 2001 ) , Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said the track , along with " I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman " and " What It 's Like to Be Me " , " are pivotal moments on Britney Spears ' third album , the record where she strives to deepen her persona ( not the same thing as her character , of course ) , making it more adult while still recognizably Britney " .
Critic Robert Christgau also considered " Overprotected " and " Cinderella " as the highlights of Britney , while saying , " hardly the first not @-@ terribly @-@ bright teenager to approach self @-@ knowledge via the words of others " . Nikki Tranker of PopMatters said the song " is an absolute belter reminiscent of Britney ’ s previous big @-@ bang singles , ' Oops ! I Did It Again ' and ' You Drive Me Crazy ' [ sic ] " , while commenting that Spears " sings about ridding herself of the girlie chains around her , gripes about her need for space in the whirlwind that is her life , and lets us know she don ’ t need nobody telling her what to do . " In 2003 , the song received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance .
= = = Chart performance = = =
" Overprotected " attained commercial success in Europe . In France , it peaked at number 15 , and was later certified Silver by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) , for selling over 125 @,@ 000 units of the single . In Sweden , the song reached number two , and was later certified Gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) , for selling over 15 @,@ 000 units .
" Overprotected " also reached the top five in Italy , Romania , and United Kingdom , while reaching the top ten in Belgium ( Flanders ) , Finland , Ireland , and Norway . In the United States , on the week of May 4 , 2002 , " The Darkchild Remix " peaked at number 86 on Billboard Hot 100 , where it stayed on the chart for five weeks . It also entered on the Pop Songs chart , where it peaked at number 37 on the week of May 25 , 2002 , before dropping the chart in the following chart issue . In Canada , the song peaked at number 22 on the Canadian Hot 100 .
= = Music videos = =
= = = Original version = = =
The music video for " Overprotected " was directed by Billie Woodruff and produced under Geneva Films , while choreographed by Brian Friedman . In an interview with Harper 's Bazaar in 2011 , Spears recalled the music video , saying , " I just think it says a lot . It was directed so well , it was really colorful and the dancing was amazing " . It begins with Spears driving away from the paparazzi , with a part of the instrumental version of the song " Bombastic Love " , featured on the album Britney , playing . She makes her way into an alleyway and decides to enter an abandoned factory , hoping her pursuers will be thrown off course . When she enters the building she begins to dance her way around the warehouse . Britney 's dancers , having spotted her walking into the factory , follow her inside . They find Britney dancing around and joke about it , before heading into a heavy dance routine . Towards the end of the video , segments of Spears in a room with walls covered in pictures and articles about herself are also shown . These walls move in and out before the video ends , signifying that she is " overprotected " . At the end of the video , Britney walks to a wall , and exits the building .
= = = The Darkchild Remix = = =
The music video for " The Darkchild Remix " was directed by Chris Applebaum and filmed in the first weekend of March 2002 in Los Angeles , California . It was produced under A Band Apart Productions , while the choreography for this version was also created by Brian Friedman . The full shooting took 23 hours , and Applebaum was said to be impressed with Spears ' " stamina and patience through the marathon shoot , which wrapped 5 a.m. " According to Joe D 'Angelo of MTV , " the clip furthers her ' I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman ' crusade to shirk her adolescent image , as she and five friends outsmart her bodyguard with the old ' you 're wanted elsewhere ' trick and sneak out of a hotel and into an underground dance club . " It was released on March 26 , 2002 .
Spears directly referenced Janet Jackson 's " Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) " music video in the " Overprotected ( Darkchild Remix ) " video during the elevator scenes and scenes of her and her dancers walking down the hotel lobby . Both videos also use the same hotel setting , filmed at Los Angeles ' Millennium Biltmore Hotel . Spears also references and draws inspiration from Janet Jackson in several other music videos , including " Stronger " , " Circus " , and " Womanizer " , which she mentioned in her " For the Record " documentary .
The video opens with Spears and her friends in a hotel room , where a tabloid reporter on television criticizes her for the sexy , revealing outfits she 's often seen wearing publicly . Spears and her friends express their disagreement with the report . Spears , determined to be self @-@ sufficient and unaffected by media comments , then makes a phone call to her bodyguard , and using a cloth to disguise the sound of her voice , coaxes him to leave the area so that her group may sneak out of the hotel and enjoy the day . They run into an elevator and fool around briefly with the security cameras before going up to the main lobby . A strut down the lobby of the hotel and a short dance sequence follows . As they leave the hotel , they follow towards the dance club . However , before they arrive , they 're caught in an alley by several paparazzi , and start to perform a dance routine in the middle of the rain . As they make their entrance , they 're dripping wet , an image which makes for more sensationalist fodder for the tabloid reporter .
= = Live performances = =
" Overprotected " was performed for the first time on 2001 's Dream Within a Dream Tour . During the performance , Spears was dancing to the song surrounded by laser lights . The video backdrop showed images of a bald Spears , with her hair growing as the song went along . However , the backdrop was later removed for unknown reasons . After the announcement of the 2002 extension of the tour , some changes were made to the setlist , replacing the original mix of the song by " The Darkchild Remix " . The remix was later performed on The Onyx Hotel Tour ( 2004 ) , during the opening act , right after the performance of " Toxic " ( 2003 ) . Spears ' debut film , Crossroads ( 2002 ) , features a performance of the song during the credits .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for " Overprotected " are adapted from Britney liner notes .
Technical
Recorded and mixed at Maratone Studios in Stockholm , Sweden .
Additional recording at Battery Studios in New York City , New York .
Personnel
Britney Spears — vocals
Max Martin — songwriting , production , mixing , guitar
Rami Yacoub — songwriting , production , mixing
Boss Lady — background vocals
Rodney Jerkins — remixing
Britney Spears – background vocals
Michel Tucker — pro @-@ tools engineer
Daniel Savio — turntables
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Clevedon Court =
Clevedon Court is a manor house on Court Hill in Clevedon , North Somerset , England , dating from the early 14th century . It is now owned by the National Trust . It is designated as a Grade I listed building .
The house was built and added to over many years . The great hall and chapel block are the earliest surviving parts of the structure with the west wing being added around 1570 , when the windows and decoration of the rest of the building were changed . Further construction and adaptation was undertaken in the 18th century when it was owned by the Elton baronets . The house was acquired by the nation and was given to the National Trust in part @-@ payment for death duties in 1960 . The Elton family is still resident in the house , which is now open to the public .
In addition to the main house , the grounds include a selection of walls and outbuildings , some of which date back to the 13th century . The gardens are listed ( Grade II * ) on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens .
= = History = =
Much of the present house was built in the early 14th century by Sir John de Clevedon . There is speculation that it may lie on the site of a Roman building , based on excavations to the south of the house in 1961 / 62 . The house incorporates remnants of a 13th @-@ century building which lie at an angle to the rest of the house . It was situated nearly two miles inland from the parish church of St Andrew , which stands on the coast .
After the Norman Conquest of 1066 , the manor of Clevedon was granted by the King to Matthew de Mortagne , who in turn granted it to his sub @-@ tenant , Hildebert . It is thought that Sir John was a descendant of either Matthew or Hildebert . Perhaps because of the distance to the parish church , the manor house included a chapel dedicated , in the 1320s , to Saint Peter . The house has undergone considerable change since it was built , almost every century seeing structural alterations , but it still retains many features of a mediaeval manor house .
The de Clevedon family line ended in 1376 , and the manor eventually passed , by marriage , to the Northamptonshire family of Wake , who were Lords of the Manor until 1630 . John Wake made major additions to the house in the late 16th century , including a new west wing . The manor was sold by Sir John Wake to Sir John Digby in 1630 . Digby 's estates were confiscated during the English Civil War , but were recovered after the Restoration by his heir . In 1709 the house was bought by Abraham Elton , a merchant from Bristol .
The Eltons were a prominent Bristol family , and Abraham 1st was Sheriff of Bristol in 1702 , a member of the Society of Merchant Venturers becoming Master in 1708 , Mayor of Bristol in 1710 , and High Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1716 . He became a member of parliament for the five years preceding his death in 1728 . He was created a baronet in 1717 as the first of the Elton baronets . The family wealth originally came from copper and brass ( including mining in the Mendip Hills ) and other commerce , and property . His descendants , not only at Clevedon , also profited from the slave trade .
Sir Abraham Elton was succeeded by four further Sir Abraham Eltons . Sir Abraham Elton , 2nd Baronet , and his son Sir Abraham Elton , 3rd Baronet , were also Sheriff and Mayor of Bristol in their time , and the second Baronet was also MP for Taunton 1722 – 1727 , succeeding to his father 's seat of Bristol in 1727 until his own death in 1742 , despite being nearly ruined in the South Seas Bubble crisis . The third Baronet died bankrupt , and the estate ( which had been entailed to protect it from his creditors ) passed in 1761 to his brother , Sir Abraham Isaac Elton , 4th Baronet . He made substantial changes to the house and grounds in the then fashionable Gothic revival style , and was succeeded in 1790 by his son , Sir Abraham Elton , 5th Baronet . He was ordained as a young man , and was a curate in West Bromwich before inheriting the title . He was a supporter of Hannah More , and a fervent opponent of Methodism , at one time inducing the vicar of Blagdon to sack his curate , causing a national scandal . His second wife , Mary , made further alterations to the house in the early 19th century , and also made many improvements to the town , including a school . One of the town 's modern primary schools is named after her .
The line of Abrahams came to an end in 1842 when Sir Charles Abraham Elton , 6th Baronet , succeeded his father . Sir Charles was a writer , and contributed to several periodicals including The Gentleman 's Magazine . Sir Charles ' sister Julia was married to the historian Henry Hallam , and his nephew Arthur Hallam is buried in the Elton family vault at St Andrew 's church . Arthur Hallam is the subject of Alfred Tennyson 's poem In Memoriam A.H.H .. Tennyson visited Clevedon Court in 1850 , the year in which the poem was published , and also in which he was created Poet Laureate . William Makepeace Thackeray was a visitor to the court during Sir Charles 's time and it was the inspiration for the house Castlewood which featured in his novel The History of Henry Esmond although , contrary to common belief , it is improbable that he wrote any of it at Clevedon Court . Samuel Taylor Coleridge lived in Clevedon briefly during this period and may have visited the Court .
Sir Arthur Elton , 7th Baronet , inherited the house and title in 1853 and , like his father , was a writer . He resigned as MP for Bath in 1859 and spent the rest of his life improving the town , setting up a lending library and allotments , and building and funding the cottage hospital ( still in existence ) . All Saints ' Church , near the Court , was built in 1860 on the orders of Sir Arthur , and he also made additions to the fabric of the Court itself . The West Wing of the house was largely destroyed by a fire in 1882 . It was rebuilt , with C. E. Davis as the architect . During these building works , the chapel was rediscovered , the East window having been filled and altar broken off ( perhaps during the English Protestant Reformation ) , and the room having been known until then as the " Lady 's Bower " .
Sir Edmund Elton , 8th Baronet , nephew and son @-@ in @-@ law of Sir Arthur , inherited the estate and title in 1883 . He was an enthusiastic voluntary fireman , and inventor of one of the first forked bicycle brakes , as well as a device to prevent ladies ' skirts from becoming entangled in bicycle wheels . He was also a well @-@ known potter , setting up his " Sunflower Pottery " in the Court grounds with the help of a local boy called George Masters . " Elton ware " became popular , especially in America where it was marketed by Tiffany & Co . Elton and Masters ' work typically has a variety of rich colours , bas @-@ relief decoration of flowers in a style similar to Art Nouveau , and in the later works metallic glazes are often used .
Sir Edmund 's son Sir Ambrose succeeded him in 1920 . His son Sir Arthur was one of the pioneers of documentary film making in the years prior to , during and after the Second World War , working with John Grierson . He inherited the title on his father 's death in 1951 . The house was acquired by the Nation , and was given to the National Trust , in part @-@ payment of death duties , in 1960 . The West Wing was immediately demolished , being considered to have no architectural or historical significance , to reduce running costs and to return the house to its supposed mediaeval ground plan . Sir Arthur died in 1973 and was succeeded by his son Sir Charles . The Elton family is still resident in the house , which is now open to the public .
= = Architecture — the house = =
The site faces south , with its back to Court Hill , and the road may have passed east @-@ west within 15 metres ( 49 ft ) of the front door . The great hall , screens passage , porches and chapel blocks have all survived from the early 14th century and the square headed chapel windows contain reticulated tracery of the decorated period . These buildings were probably complete by 1322 although the parapets of the porches and chapel may have been remodelled at a later date . The 14th @-@ century building embodied older structures including a small four @-@ storey tower that dates , perhaps , to the mid to late 13th century , and the building that became the 14th @-@ century kitchen ( now the museum ) was probably the earlier hall .
Alterations during the late mediaeval period were limited to the addition of a two @-@ storey latrine tower at the rear of the house and some rearrangement of the rooms around it . In about 1570 a substantial west wing was added , adjoining and parallel to the solar wing . Apparently typical of its period , it would have transformed the living arrangements of the Wake family who built it . Presumably at the same time , the front of the solar block and east wing were " Elizabethanised " with new windows , and the gable end of the kitchen block at the eastern end was decorated with finials .
There is little evidence of the building work that must have been done in the early 1700s following a period of near @-@ disuse and it may have been restricted to repairs . Substantial alterations in the 1760s and 1770s included the replacement and repitching of the great hall roof , the new gothic south window of the great hall complete with the ogee parapet above it and the provision of a ceiling within the hall . At the same time , the west wing façade was remodelled in " Chinese Gothic " style .
Sir Arthur Elton ( 7th Bt ) began updating the house before 1850 ( and the lodge at the gate dates from 1851 ) but it was in 1860s that he made major changes . The west wing was extended and remodelled , this time with an Elizabethan style façade . Less obvious alterations to the east end ( where the servants lived and worked ) probably also date to this period . The fire of 1882 destroyed much of the western end of the house . In the rebuilding that followed , an even larger west end was constructed but Sir Arthur took pains to ensure that its Elizabethan south front was conserved and retained . Postcards of Clevedon reveal that the last change to the great hall window was made in about 1912 , when it was given a square head again , in Elizabethan style .
In the late 1950s , when the National Trust agreed to take on the house , the Victorian west wing ( but not its Elizabethan south front ) were demolished as were a plethora of minor 18th- and 19th @-@ century buildings at the rear . The new west front was given a stonework façade and incorporated the Elizabethan south front .
= = Architecture — outbuildings = =
In the grounds , the only certain survivor from the medieval period is the small crenellated drum tower . Its original purpose is unknown . It adjoins a substantial wall that may also have origins in the 13th century . The other garden walls have unknown dates of origin but mostly pre @-@ date around 1730 , when the stables were built . All of the other buildings , including the lodge at the South entrance ( 1851 ) are Georgian or Victorian . The medieval appearance of the eastern barn resulting from incorporation of stone from the former medieval barn that stood in front of the house .
An early picture of the court shows a building known as Wake 's Tower on Court Hill . It is included in Saxton 's map of 1570 but was demolished before 1738 . Towers such as this were popular Elizabethan features and were lookouts or summer houses . A summerhouse was built on the site but this too was in ruins by the early 19th century .
= = Interior = =
The central and largest room in the house is the great hall which was the original dining room and the accompanying screens passage which gave access to the hall from the service rooms . The staircase to the north of the hall was added in the 18th century . The state room on the western side of the first floor was damaged by fire in 1882 ; the oak panelling around the fireplace was brought from the Eltons ' former house in Queen Square , Bristol . The chapel on the first floor has a rectangular window with reticulated tracery , which dominates the front of the house . The stained glass in the window was added after the 1882 fire . The justice room has had a variety of uses but takes its name from its function as the manorial court until the 18th century . The house contains many family portraits and other pictures as well as collections of Eltonware and Nailsea Glass and prints of bridges and railways .
= = Gardens = =
The gardens of Clevedon Court are listed ( Grade II * ) on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens .
Nestling at the foot of Court Hill , on a sheltered south @-@ facing site largely protected from the winds which blow off the Bristol Channel , the front lawns of Clevedon Court run gently down to the perimeter wall . The bulk of the house conceals the dramatic architectural quality of the garden behind , carved out of the hillside in a series of terraces , which rise steeply back to merge with the woodland above . They are surrounded by what Gertrude Jekyll described as " One of the noblest ranges of terrace walls in England . "
Although a court roll of 1389 mentions two gardens , there is no record of where these were sited , nor is there any record of when the terraces were constructed . The basic layout as known today was certainly in place by about 1730 , as can be seen in a portrait of the house from that period . Later in the 18th century , the space behind the great pilastered wall was infilled to make the top terrace , which has wide views across the valley to the Mendip Hills beyond . The Octagon , a garden pavilion , was built about the same time , as was the more rustic summer house which faces it down the long grassy walk of the Pretty Terrace . Further modifications involved facing the lower retaining wall with rosy pink bricks , which were also used to build a double flight of steps below the Octagon . The garden is still largely in its 18th @-@ century form , though small ponds and fountains were added in the 19th century and the once open hillside behind is now thickly wooded . A single rose arbour remained from the Edwardian garden but was on the verge of collapse when it was replaced with a new one in 2009 , marking 300 years of the Elton family 's presence at Clevedon Court .
Very little is known about the mid @-@ 18th century planting , although there remains , in front of the house , a gnarled black mulberry tree , which was described as ancient in 1822 . However , 19th @-@ century drawings and photographs record increasingly elaborate and fussy bedding schemes , finally swept away in the 1960s . Today there is a more informal style , emphasising the architectural character of the garden with its long straight sweeps of wall ; it is also an easier style to maintain . In recent years , native wild plants have been allowed to mingle with rare and exotic specimens and continual thought is being given to contrasting textures and colours of foliage . The lower garden , below the front of the house , now has the air of a small arboretum with a number of fine specimen trees , such as a splendid late @-@ leafing catalpa ( an oriental plane tree ) dominates this part of the garden and the grass at its foot is left uncut during the Spring , allowing camassias and bluebells to make a fine showing .
As with many English gardens , this one is at its best in May and June , when the magnolias are in bloom and luxurious plants , such as peonies and alliums , are flowering . An ongoing initiative is being made to put in plants which provide interest throughout the season or are at their best in the late summer . There are now many species and colours of lavender and plenty of agapanthus , crinum , nerines and day lilies , together with such rarities as a Heptacodium and an Arbutus menziesii .
= Persona 2 : Innocent Sin =
Persona 2 : Innocent Sin ( ペルソナ2 罪 , Perusona Tsū : Tsumi ) is a Japanese role @-@ playing video game developed and released by Atlus for the PlayStation in 1999 . It is the second entry in the Persona series , itself a subseries of the Megami Tensei franchise , and acts as a sequel to the original Persona . The game was re @-@ released in 2011 for the PlayStation Portable . The original version was not localized for western territories , however the PSP version was released in North America and Europe under the title Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 2 : Innocent Sin .
Innocent Sin takes place in the fictional Sumaru City , focusing on a group of high school students from Seven Sisters High School . The protagonist , Tatsuya Suou , and a group of friends must confront a villainous figure called the Joker , who is causing the spread of reality @-@ warping rumors through the city . The group are aided in their quest by their Personas , personified aspects of their personalities . The gameplay features turn @-@ based battle gameplay , where characters use their Personas in battle against demons , and a separate Rumor system , where rumors spread around the city can influence events in the characters ' favor .
Development on Innocent Sin began after the release of the original Persona , and retained most of the original 's staff . The game carried over the story themes and basic gameplay mechanics of Persona , while changing and improving on some of the mechanics . The characters were designed by Kazuma Kaneko and Shigenori Soejima . The original release was not localized due to staff shortages and concerns over its content . Reception to the game was generally positive for its original release , but reviews were more mixed for its remake due to its age . A direct sequel to Innocent Sin , Persona 2 : Eternal Punishment , was released in 2000 in Japan and North America .
= = Gameplay = =
Persona 2 : Innocent Sin is a role @-@ playing game where the player takes control of a group of high school students as they explore the fictional city of Sumaru . The camera follows the party from an adjustable angled overhead perspective . The city in general is navigated using an overworld map . The game 's main party holds up to five characters . Whenever the party is in a " safe " area ( i.e. a room with no demon encounters ) , each party member can be conversed with . The party 's route through dungeons can be traced using the Auto @-@ Map , a basic floor plan of the current dungeon . As the main character moves around , the map will automatically mark new areas . A key gameplay and story element is the Rumor system : if the party hears a rumor from an NPC , they can spread that rumor using the Kuzunoha detective agency , making the rumor become real and creating effects on the environment . These effects can range from making an accessory or character @-@ specific weapon appear , to triggering the appearance of new shops for the party 's use .
Battles include both story @-@ triggered encounters and random encounters inside dungeons : during these encounters , the party is assigned a set of commands and performs them within a turn , then is given the option to change their strategy during the next turn . During battle , characters fight using melee attacks , use items purchased from shops outside battle , and cast a variety of spells using their Personas . Each character has a starting Persona , and each Persona has different elemental strengths and weaknesses . Different Personas can be used for defense , healing or elemental attacks . While a Persona is originally quite weak , if it is used enough , it will achieve a higher rank . In addition to individual actions , the player can align characters to trigger a Fusion Spell : when two or more party members use a certain sequence of spells , they will automatically summon multiple Personas to generate a powerful attack . The party can be manually controlled or act using an Auto @-@ battle option .
During battles , players can converse with most enemies : depending on which character talks with which enemy , they will trigger a different response . If the enemy is talked with in the right way , they will leave either items or spell cards ( tarot cards linked to a certain Arcanum or Persona family group ) , items used to summon new Personas : certain cards give access to different Persona family groups . After a Persona is summoned and assigned to a character , that character 's stats and abilities change . Active Personas can also be fused with spell cards to create more powerful versions . These Persona summonings and fusions take place in the Velvet Room , a special location separate from the rest of the game 's environments . In addition to pre @-@ set spell cards , the player can also obtain blank skill cards by forming contracts with enemies through the right conversation . These blank skill cards can be tailored to fit a chosen Persona family .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting and characters = = =
Innocent Sin takes place in 1999 in Sumaru ( 珠閒瑠 ) , a fictional seaside city in Japan with a population over 1 @.@ 28 million . Most of the protagonists come from two high schools in Sumaru : Seven Sisters ( 七姉妹学園 ) , a prestigious school which the protagonist attends , and the less @-@ prestigious Kasugayama ( 春日山 ) . During the course of the game , popular rumors of various kinds around the city begin to come true , sometimes with dire consequences . The party wields the power to summon Personas : they are defined in the game 's instruction manual as " another side of [ the protagonists ] " . The power of Persona is granted to the party by Philemon ( フィレモン , Firemon ) , a being from the collective unconscious who acts as a spiritual guide and helper . A key element of the story is the Oracle of Maia , a prophecy foretelling of a series of events which will lead to the world 's end during a planetary conjunction called the Grand Cross .
The protagonist of Innocent Sin is Tatsuya Suou , a senior student at Seven Sisters : popular with most students , he keeps himself isolated from the rest of the school . He later joins with other students to investigate the happenings around Sumaru : Lisa " Ginko " Silverman , whose parents were originally from overseas before becoming Japanese nationals ; Eikichi " Michel " Mishina , a second @-@ year from Kasugayama High who is the leader of a band ; Maya Amano , a reporter for a teen magazine ; and Yukino " Yukki " Mayuzumi , a former student of St. Hermelin High and Maya 's photographer . They are later joined by Jun Kurosu , a former childhood friend of Tatsuya 's . Other important characters include members of the Masked Circle , a group influencing the rumors around Sumaru ; and Nyarlathotep , a representative of the collective unconscious who acts as Philemon 's opposite .
= = = Plot = = =
Innocent Sin begins with Tatsuya and Lisa being lured by Eikichi to where his band is rehearsing in an effort to get Tatsuya to join his band . During the ensuing argument , their Personas reveal themselves and Philemon contacts them , warning them that rumors are becoming reality in Sumaru . The group then act out a game where a figure called the Joker is summoned to grant a wish . When Eikichi and his band do this , the Joker is summoned , then drains all the players but Lisa of their " Ideal Energy " ( the essence of hopes and dreams ) using a crystal skull . The Joker then attacks Tatsuya , Lisa and Eikichi , accusing them of some unspecified " sin " , but leaves when they cannot remember that sin . As the group attempt to learn the Joker 's identity , they are joined by Maya and Yukino , the latter of whom is able to explain their Persona abilities . They are eventually brought into conflict with the executives of the Masked Circle , a cult led by the Joker who are gathering Ideal Energy using assigned crystal skills . They are King Leo ( Tatsuya Sudou ) , a deranged man whose eye was burnt out ; Prince Taurus ( Ginji Sasaki ) , a record producer who manipulates Lisa 's budding girl group for his own ends ; and Lady Scorpio ( Anna Yoshizaka ) , a former student at Seven Sisters who is brainwashed by the group . The group are gradually fulfilling the Oracle of Maia , recorded by Akinari Kashihara ( Jun 's father ) under the influence of Nyarlathotep .
After defeating Sasaki and Sudou , the group are contacted by Philemon , who directs them into caverns beneath the city 's Alaya Shrine , where the group are gradually told about their " sin " . Ten years prior , Tatsuya , Eikichi , Lisa , and Jun were part of a group named the Masked Circle , where many of them sought solace from their awkward home lives . After Maya announced that she needed to leave , Eikichi and Lisa locked her in the town 's Alaya Shrine in an attempt to force her to stay . In a tragic twist of fate , the deranged Tatsuya Sudou set fire to the shrine , and it was only Maya awakening to her Persona that saved her from death . Sudou attempted to kill Maya in his madness , and Tatsuya burnt out his eye with his own Persona . These events were so traumatic that everyone but Sudou willingly forgot them . Jun , manipulated by Nyarlathotep into believing Maya had died in the fire , took on the mantle of the Joker to punish his former friends and make people 's wishes come true . Confronting the Joker and the final member of the Circle , Jun 's estranged mother Junko , they and the Circle are attacked by group of rumor @-@ generated Nazis called the Last Battalion , led by a resurrected " Fuhrer " . Junko , realizing what she and Jun have done , dies protecting Jun from an attack by the Fuhrer using the Spear of Destiny . After battling him , Jun repents , causing his " Ideal Father " to remove his Persona ability and take control of the Masked Circle . Sumaru City is then raised into the sky as part of Xibalba , a spacecraft manifested through rumors surrounding Kashihara 's writings , fulfilling part of the Masked Circle 's plans .
After being rescued , Yukino grants Jun her Persona powers with Philemon 's help . With the Masked Circle and the Last Battalion waging war with each other , the party decide to return the city to normal by removing the five elemental crystal skulls being fought over by the two factions , then confront the Ideal Father . As they collect the crystal skulls , all the party but Jun confront Shadow Selves , manifestations of their suppressed insecurities . On the way to collect the final skull from the heart of Xibalba , they are forced to stop Maya Okamura , a former colleague of Kashihara who has been driven insane by events , from fulfilling the Oracle . Upon reaching the heart of Xibalba , they battle the Fuhrer and the Ideal Father , who turn out to be Nyarlathotep in disguise . After their fight , Philemon appears and explains their status as manifestations of humanity 's opposing feelings , and that they have been competing over whether humans can find a higher purpose while holding contradictory feelings . Maya is then fatally wounded by Okamura using the Spear of Destiny , the Oracle is fulfilled , and all the world but Sumaru City is decimated . After Nyarlathotep and Okamura leave , Philemon tells the remaining group that they can reverse Nyarlathotep 's work by willing the day the five first met as children from existence : in exchange , they must give up their shared memories . The group agree , and a new timeline is created where each character 's life has been improved , though their friendship is forgotten .
= = Development = =
Development of Innocent Sin began after the release and success of Persona . The main staff from the previous game returned , including Koji Okada ( who acted as producer ) , designer Kazuma Kaneko , and writer Tadashi Satomi . From a technical standpoint , the game not only changed to an overhead view from the first Persona 's mixture of overhead and first person navigation , but also made improvements to elements that were criticized in Persona , such as load times and save point frequency . To separate the Persona series from the Megami Tensei series , the first game 's banner title Megami Ibunroku was dropped . The theme of Innocent Sin , as with the previous entry , was exploration of the human psyche and the main characters discovering their true selves . The central character theme of Innocent Sin was the growth of teenagers and how they overcome their personal troubles . Another key element was the " power of Kotodama " , the Japanese belief that words can influence the physical and spiritual world , with this power manifesting in the world of Persona 2 through the spreading of rumors . Terms and concepts used in the games , including Persona , Shadows and the character Philemon , were drawn from Jungian psychology and archetypes . The character of Nyarlathotep , who had made a cameo appearance as a Persona in the original game , was inspired by the character of the same name from H. P. Lovecraft 's Cthulhu Mythos . Other antagonists and enemy creatures in the games were also drawn from the Cthulhu Mythos and played a key role in the narrative .
The main characters were designed by Kaneko , while secondary characters were designed by Shigenori Soejima . While designing the main characters , Kaneko needed to take the character focus into account . The protagonists of Innocent Sin all wore the same school uniform and were given personal items to help distinguish them . The character of the Joker was based on a tradition of flamboyantly @-@ dressed mystery men , along with attacks on people by masked assailants . To emphasize his flamboyant appearance and link him aesthetically to the source of his power , Joker was clad in a strangely colored school uniform . His appearance as a demonic clown was inspired by his actions of absorbing people 's dreams . The flower the original Joker holds , an Iris , symbolizes revenge , and connects directly to the Joker 's true identity . The various districts of Sumaru City were based on various regions around Japan , including Shibuya , Yamate and Odaiba . In addition to relationships with the female characters in Innocent Sin , Tatsuya could also foster a same @-@ sex relationship with Jun. This was done as an experiment by the team to gauge audience reaction to such a relationship , and an attempt to appeal to fans of yaoi anime and manga .
= = = Port and localization = = =
There was a debate at Atlus over whether to localize Innocent Sin : in addition to concerns that American audiences might not understand references to Japanese culture , there were concerns over potentially controversial content including symbolic allusions to Nazis , Adolf Hitler , and the appearance of Nazi Swastikas . In the end , it was decided to not to localize Innocent Sin . Later , it was stated by Atlus staff that the main reason for this choice was a shortage of staff and resources , as most of the team needed to localize Innocent Sin were already working on its sequel Eternal Punishment , though the localization team did attempt to change this decision . Despite this , it was reported in 2001 that there was still a chance of Innocent Sin being localized , with its release depending on whether Eternal Punishment was successful in North America . Years after its release , a fan translation of the original version was developed .
A remake of Innocent Sin for the PlayStation Portable was announced by Famitsu in 2010 . As with the previous PSP port of Persona , the remake was directed by Shoji Meguro . Due to the unexpected success of Persona 's port , the production team was allotted a higher budget to work with , and they decided to use the additional funding to add more features to the game . There were plans to include both Innocent Sin and its sequel in a single game , but they could not fit both games in a single UMD . A new opening movie was produced by animation studio Satelight , who had become famous in Japan through their work on Macross Frontier and Basquash ! . While most game openings were intended as a simple introduction , the team wanted this one to be about the re @-@ imagination the game had undergone , so they decided to have an experienced outside studio work on it rather than internal staff . One of the biggest challenges while creating the movie was remaining faithful to Kaneko 's character artwork while establishing its own look and style . Meguro and Kaneko were both heavily involved with how the characters were portrayed during the opening .
For the remake , the gameplay was adjusted to resemble its sequel , along with adjusting it to a 16 : 9 screen ratio from the original 4 : 3 , and interface adjustments for ease of play . The character artwork was redone by Soejima . The voice work was remastered instead of being rerecorded as some of the characters ' voice actors had retired . In addition to these changes , a new story quest set in Karukozaka High School , the setting for Shin Megami Tensei If ... , was added . The storyline for the new quest was written by Kazuyuki Yamai . The remake was announced for a western release in May 2011 . Until this point , Innocent Sin was the only Persona game not to be released overseas . For its European release , the game was published by Ghostlight . The western release did suffer a few content cuts : namely , the ability to create custom quests in the Climax Theater and additional DLC episodes for the Climax Theater that included several former Persona and Shin Megami Tensei settings . They were removed due to what were described as " a number of challenges — technical and otherwise " .
= = = Music = = =
The music for Innocent Sin was composed by Toshiko Tasaki , Kenichi Tsuchiya , Masaki Kurokawa . Tsuchiya had previously done minor sound work on the original Persona . While he worked on future Persona titles , Shoji Meguro , who had composed music for Persona , was busy composing music for Maken X and so was unable to work on the title or its sequel . Tsuchiya found working on the title difficult , retrospectively calling it his most difficult task until his work on Shin Megami Tensei IV . While he found the CD @-@ based recording medium gave more freedom than the cartridge @-@ based SNES , he had difficulties adjusting the pitches of overlapping instruments and managing memory space . The game 's theme song , " Kimi no Tonari " ( 君のとなり , " Next to You " ) , was written and sung by Hitomi Furuya . Innocent Sin was one of the first Megami Tensei titles to feature voice acting .
The music was remixed by Toshiki Konishi , Ryota Kozuka and Atsushi Kitajoh . The reason for this was that Meguro , in addition to directing the remake , was handling the music for Catherine , so had to give the task to others . Meguro had also asked Tsuchiya due to his involvement with the original version , but he declined . The amount of music that needed remixing was very large , consisting of over 100 tracks . The majority of remixing was to add subtle effects to tracks that could not be included for the original version . Due to player feedback about the music for the Persona port , the team included the option to switch to the original versions . The new opening 's theme song , " Unbreakable Tie " , was written by Japanese hip @-@ hop artist and long @-@ time collaborator Lotus Juice and sung by J @-@ pop singer Asami Izawa .
= = Reception = =
In its year of release , Innocent Sin reached # 62 in the Japanese sales charts , selling 274 @,@ 798 copies . The PSP remake reached # 6 in the Japanese sales chart during its first week of release , selling 62 @,@ 721 units . It dropped to # 11 by the following week , selling a further 10 @,@ 400 units . By October 2011 , the game had sold 110 @,@ 000 units in Japan , placing among Atlus ' best @-@ selling titles for that year . During its first week on sale in North America , it reached second place in the sales charts .
Famitsu was positive about the story in both its reviews , saying that it was highly enjoyable for newcomers and those who had played Persona , while the reviewers for the PSP version said that the story " is still innovative even today . " RPGFan 's Neal Chandran was generally positive in his review of the PlayStation version , particularly noting how the characters confronted their past as well as fighting the main threat , and feeling impressed by the game 's ability to move him despite him not understanding much of the dialogue . John McCarroll , writing for the same site , said that the story was one of the few aspects of the game that had not become dated . GameSpot 's Peter Bartholow , reviewing the original , gave the game similar praise , saying " [ Innocent Sin ] ' s story is darker , stranger , and more involving than most of the fluffy fantasy fare crowding today 's marketplace . " This opinion was generally shared by Carolyn Petit in her review of the PSP version , with her saying that despite a very slow start , the story and characters became interesting for her . IGN 's Vince Ingenito , while noting the game 's differences from later Persona titles , called it " a wonderfully original story " , and praised the localization . RPGamer 's Zach Welhouse said that the game " uses its grand , cosmic backdrop to magnify the adolescent concerns of its protagonists until they pop with energy . "
The gameplay was praised by Bartholow , calling the Persona system " Surprisingly simple and well balanced " , and admired the game 's polish despite its limited use of the PlayStation hardware . Ingenito found the gameplay entertaining , saying that it would appeal to fans of the Pokémon series due to its Persona @-@ collecting mechanic . Famitsu , reviewing the original , said that the genera ; gameplay was " quite orthodox " , but found the battle system stood out from other RPGs and praised the Rumor system 's story and gameplay role . Chandran found many parts of the gameplay enjoyable despite noting the lack of its sequel 's more autonomous Fusion Spells , saying that " had loads of fun playing [ Innocent Sin ] . " Welhouse was generally elss enthusiastic in his review of the PSP remake , citing the battles as slow and dungeons as boring .
The original audio was lauded by Bartholow , stating the voice acting " [ added ] dimension to the already @-@ excellent characterizations " , and called the music " almost always appropriate and exciting " with its blending of rock and techno music genres . Ingenito was less positive about the voice acting for the remake , but generally praised the music . Chandran generally praised the music , although noting that some of the game 's looped themes were repetitive . He also called the voice acting " generally pretty good " , despite finding Tatsuya and Maya 's inconsistent .
One of the Famitsu reviewers for the PSP remake was a little critical , saying that long load times when entering battles and the lack of guidance were among minor things that " niggled me " . Despite this , features such as the ability to switch soundtracks and the Theatre Mode were praised . Petit was highly critical of the remake , citing the gameplay as " Tedious [ and ] repetitive " , referred to the Rumor system as " dull " , and generally felt that the game had not aged well . Ingenito also noted long loading times , along with a very high encounter rate and low @-@ quality graphics carried over from the original . McCarroll commented that many of the remake 's faults stemmed from the expectations for an RPG when the original was released . Welhouse shared multiple criticisms with other reviewers , despite generally enjoying the experience .
= = Legacy = =
During the development of Innocent Sin , the writer Tadashi Satomi felt that the story needed an alternate viewpoint to that of the main hero . This formed the basis for Persona 2 : Eternal Punishment . Localized for the west , Eternal Punishment was released in 2000 in Japan and North America . The game , along with Eternal Punishment , received a spin @-@ off manga titled Persona : Tsumi to Batsu ( ペルソナ 罪と罰 , Persona : Sin and Punishment ) , featuring new characters from Seven Sisters . Its 2011 reprint featured new content connecting the manga to Innocent Sin . In 2007 , Atlus and Bbmf created and published a mobile version of Innocent Sin . Titled Persona 2 : Innocent Sin - Lost Memories ( ペルソナ2 罪 ロストメモリーズ , Perusona Tsū : Tsumi Rosuto Memorīzu ) , it carried over the crucial systems of Innocent Sin , including the Persona and Rumor systems , while tailoring them for a mobile format . Maya Amano and Lisa Silverman were later featured in an internal tech demo for the graphics engine used in Shin Megami Tensei : Nocturne .
= Tropical Storm Bill ( 2003 ) =
Tropical Storm Bill was a tropical storm that affected the Gulf Coast of the United States in the summer of 2003 . The second storm of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season , Bill developed from a tropical wave on June 29 to the north of the Yucatán Peninsula . It slowly organized as it moved northward , and reached a peak of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) shortly before making landfall in south @-@ central Louisiana . Bill quickly weakened over land , and as it accelerated to the northeast , moisture from the storm , combined with cold air from an approaching cold front , produced an outbreak of 34 tornadoes . Bill became extratropical on July 2 , and was absorbed by the cold front later that day .
Upon making landfall on Louisiana , the storm produced a moderate storm surge , causing tidal flooding . In a city in the northeastern portion of the state , the surge breached a levee , which flooded many homes in the town . Moderate winds combined with wet soil knocked down trees , which then hit a few houses and power lines , and left hundreds of thousands without electric power . Two people drowned from rough surf in Florida . Further inland , tornadoes from the storm produced localized moderate damage . Throughout its path , Tropical Storm Bill caused around $ 50 million in damage ( 2003 USD , $ 64 @.@ 3 million 2016 USD ) and four deaths .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave developed scattered convection in the central Caribbean Sea on June 24 , while interacting with an upper @-@ level low . It moved slowly northwestward , and remained disorganized due to strong upper level wind shear . Late on June 27 , the convection became slightly better organized around a broad low pressure area , though land interaction prevented further development as it moved towards the Yucatán Peninsula . The area of low pressure became better defined over the central Yucatán Peninsula , and after the system turned to the northwest , convection quickly organized while located over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico . On June 29 , following the development of a closed circulation , the system organized into Tropical Depression Three while located about 40 miles ( 60 km ) north of Progreso , Yucatán .
The depression quickly strengthened to become Tropical Storm Bill later on June 29 . Operationally , the National Hurricane Center did not begin issuing advisories until it attained tropical storm status . Initially , the system resembled a subtropical cyclone , with the strongest winds and deep convection located far from the center , though it was classified tropical due to its tropical origins . The storm steadily intensified as wind shear decreased , and early forecasts from the National Hurricane Center mentioned the possibility of Bill intensifying to hurricane status if the low level circulation organized beneath the area of deepest convection . Bill turned to the north @-@ northwest , and later to the north , as it moved around the periphery of a ridge of high pressure . On June 30 , Tropical Storm Bill reached a peak intensity of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) , one hour before making landfall in southwestern Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana . It moved onshore at peak intensity , and quickly weakened to a depression over land as it accelerated to the northeast . Bill remained a tropical cyclone as it moved through the southeast United States , until it became attached to an approaching cold front on July 2 near the Tennessee / Virginia border . The remnant extratropical storm was absorbed by the cold front on July 3 near central Virginia , while the remnant low pressure area continued northeastward until reaching the Atlantic Ocean later on July 3 .
= = Preparations = =
Shortly after forming , the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm watch from the southern end of Galveston Island to Morgan City , Louisiana . As a more northward motion occurred , the watch was canceled and replaced with a tropical storm warning from High Island , Texas to Pascagoula , Mississippi . Shortly before the storm made landfall , the warning was discontinued between High Island and Cameron , Louisiana . The National Hurricane Center briefly issued a hurricane watch from Intracoastal City to Morgan City , Louisiana , but it was discontinued when Tropical Storm Bill failed to strengthen . Prior the storm making landfall , local National Weather Service offices issued flash flood watches and a tornado watch for large portions of the Gulf Coast .
The threat of Tropical Storm Bill caused 41 oil platforms and 11 oil rigs to evacuate . This resulted in a loss of production of over 71 trillion barrels ( 1 @.@ 13 × 1013 m3 ) of oil and 610 million cubic feet ( 17 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) of gas .
The American Red Cross mobilized workers and brought food , water , and other supplies to Louisiana prior to the storm 's arrival . At the request of Louisiana emergency management officials , the organization opened two shelters for residents in low @-@ lying areas . Several floodgates in New Orleans were closed before the storm made landfall , and many universities and government offices were closed as well . Parishes along the coastline closed summer camps and prepared sand bags , boats , and high @-@ wheeled vehicles . Officials declared a voluntary evacuation for Grand Isle , though few residents heeded the recommendation . Louisiana Governor Mike Foster declared a statewide state of emergency to easily make state resources available , and Mississippi Governor Ronnie Musgrove made a similar declaration for Harrison , Hancock , and Jackson Counties , where shelters were also opened . Officials in Mississippi ordered the evacuation of flood @-@ prone areas in anticipation for a moderate storm surge and above @-@ normal tides .
= = Impact = =
Bill caused four direct deaths along its path , as well as minor to moderate damage . Damage estimates totaled to over $ 50 million ( 2003 USD , $ 55 million 2007 USD ) , primarily as a result of flooding or tornadic damage . Throughout its path , Bill spawned 34 tornadoes , ranking it fourteenth in the list of North Atlantic hurricanes generating the most tornadoes . The tornado outbreak was caused by wind shear , moist air from the storm , and cool air from an approaching cold front . In spite of the large numbers of tornadoes , most were weak and short @-@ lived . Prior to forming , the storm produced rainfall along coastal areas of Mexico along the Bay of Campeche , peaking at nearly 4 inches ( 100 mm ) in Yucatán , and over 3 inches ( 75 mm ) in Campeche .
= = = Western Gulf Coast = = =
The outer bands of Bill dropped light rain across southeastern Texas , peaking at 1 @.@ 07 inches ( 27 mm ) in Jamaica Beach . Sustained winds from the storm remained weak , and peak wind gusts were 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) in eastern Galveston County . Upon making landfall , Bill caused a storm surge of up to 3 @.@ 81 feet ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) at Pleasure Pier . Effects in Texas were minimal , limited to minor beach erosion on the Bolivar Peninsula .
A moderate storm surge accompanied Tropical Storm Bill as it made landfall on Louisiana . In the state , the maximum reported surge was 5 @.@ 8 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) , and it occurred at the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium facility in Chauvin . In Montegut , the surge breached a levee still was damaged from the effects of Hurricane Lili 9 months before . The breach flooded many homes in the town , forcing the evacuation of an entire neighborhood . As a result , 150 homes in the town were damaged , with half of them severely . The storm surge affected numerous low @-@ lying cities in southeastern Louisiana by flooding roadways , including the only road to Grand Isle , stranding residents and visitors . The road was opened a day after the storm as floodwaters receded . The floodwaters entered a few homes and businesses in St. Tammany Parish . Damage from the storm surge totaled to $ 4 @.@ 1 million ( 2003 USD ) . Rough waves sank two boats offshore , though their occupants were rescued .
The tornado outbreak associated with the storm began with an F0 in St. Bernard Parish that destroyed a boat house . A short @-@ lived F1 tornado touched down in Reserve , striking a private high school , where it destroyed one @-@ half of one classroom and damaged several others . Later , the F1 tornado passed through a trailer park and severely damaged or destroyed 20 trailers . One trailer with a woman and three children was lifted into the air and dropped 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) away ; although all four occupants were injured none of them was wounded seriously . Damage from the tornado amounted to $ 2 million ( 2003 USD , $ 2 @.@ 57 million 2016 USD ) . A third tornado , rated an F0 , struck Orleans Parish , damaging a car and a portion of a roof .
Winds of 35 to 45 mph ( 55 to 70 km / h ) were common across southeastern Louisiana , with the highest sustained wind being 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) in Chauvin and a peak gust of 62 mph ( 100 km / h ) on the northern end of the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway . The winds knocked trees and tree branches into power lines , leaving 224 @,@ 000 residents without power . The storm dropped moderate to heavy amounts of precipitation , peaking at 10 @.@ 2 inches ( 259 mm ) at a location 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 6 km ) south of Folsom . The rainfall led to flash flooding , which inundated roads and cars and overwhelmed local drainage capacities . The rainfall also led to overflown rivers and creeks , resulting in flooding along the Tangipahoa River in southern Tangipahoa Parish , and the Bogue Falaya and Tchefuncte River in St. Tammany Parish . The Bogue Falaya River crested at 57 feet ( 17 @.@ 4 m ) on July 1 , 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) above flood stage , which became a record for the recording station . The flooding damaged several structures and roadways . Less severe river flooding occurred in Washington and Livingston Parishes . In all , damage in Louisiana totaled to $ 44 million ( 2003 USD , $ 56 @.@ 6 million 2016 USD ) .
= = = Eastern Gulf Coast = = =
Upon making landfall , Bill produced a peak storm surge of 4 @.@ 99 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in Waveland , Mississippi . The storm surge led to beach erosion , damage to piers , and flooded roadways , with damage from the surge amounting to around $ 1 million ( 2003 USD , $ 1 @.@ 29 million 2016 USD ) . The maximum sustained wind from the storm recorded in Mississippi was 43 mph ( 69 km / h ) , at the Gulfport @-@ Biloxi International Airport , while the airport and Keesler Air Force Base both reported a peak wind gust of 52 mph ( 84 km / h ) . Tropical Storm Bill dropped moderate to heavy rainfall across the state , peaking at 9 @.@ 49 inches ( 241 mm ) in Van Cleave . The moderate wind gusts , along with the saturated ground , downed trees in several locations . 34 roads in Pike and Walthall Counties were blocked by fallen trees , and two homes were damaged . Additionally , power outages were reported near the coast . The rainfall flooded streets in various portions of the state and led to overflown rivers . An overflown creek in Pearl River County flooded structures and roadways . The outer rainbands of Bill produced a weak tornado that touched down briefly in Waveland , blowing down several trees which resulted in minor damage to roofs . Statewide damage accrued to $ 5 million ( 2003 USD , $ 6 @.@ 43 million 2016 USD ) , primarily from flooding .
As Tropical Storm Bill made landfall on Louisiana , its effects were felt in the Alabama coast as well , as heavy surf and tidal flooding pounded the coastline of the state . High waters closed a road to Dauphin Island and portions of a road along Mobile Bay . Bill dropped over 3 inches ( 25 mm ) of rain across the southern half of Alabama , with isolated locations receiving over 8 inches ( 205 mm ) . Due to wet conditions for months preceding the storm , rainfall from Bill led to flash flooding in many counties . The deluge led to overflown rivers and streams , and left several roadways temporarily impassable from high floodwaters . Saturated grounds and wind gusts of 30 to 35 mph ( 45 to 55 km / h ) downed numerous trees . Many downed trees landed on power lines , which caused power outages for around 19 @,@ 000 people . One downed tree destroyed a car , and another damaged a roof of a house . In Lee County , a man was required to be rescued after driving through high flood waters . Roadway flooding resulted in a few minor traffic accidents . Also , the outer bands of the storm spawned an F1 tornado in Crenshaw County . Early in its path , it was narrow , and damage was limited to downed trees , two destroyed sheds , and a few houses experiencing light shingle damage or damage from fallen trees . Later , it expanded to reach a width of 1 @,@ 800 feet ( 548 m ) as it moved northwestward . The tornado destroyed the roofs of two houses , one of which experienced damage to its walls . The tornado dissipated eight minutes after its 3 mile ( 5 km ) path began , resulting in $ 200 @,@ 000 in damage ( 2003 USD , $ 257 thousand 2016 USD ) and only slight injuries A second tornado , rated F0 in the Fujita scale , occurred in southwestern Montgomery County . A small tornado with a width of only 180 feet ( 55 m ) , it moved to the northwest and tore down a few trees that fell onto a mobile home , a house , and two cars . The tornado dissipated six minutes after its 5 mile ( 8 km ) path began . Throughout Alabama , Tropical Storm Bill caused around $ 300 @,@ 000 in damage ( 2003 USD , $ 386 thousand 2016 USD ) .
Rainfall from the storm began affecting Florida a few days before the storm formed , and locations in the southern portion of the state received over 3 inches ( 75 mm ) of rain . Along the Florida Panhandle , Bill dropped over 8 inches ( 205 mm ) of rain as it made landfall , closing several roads or leaving them impassable due to flooding . A stationary line of thunderstorms in Okaloosa County produced downpours of up to 6 inches ( 150 mm ) in one hour , resulting in flash flooding which washed out a portion of a bridge . In Bay County , heavy rainfall and flooding damaged 40 homes , while several residents in an apartment in Parker needed to be rescued by boat from the floodwaters . Rough surf produced by the storm killed two swimmers at Panama City Beach , while a dozen had to be rescued . Part of the tornado outbreak spawned by the storm extended into northern Florida . Damage in Florida totaled to around $ 1 million ( 2003 USD , $ 1 @.@ 29 million 2016 USD ) .
= = = Southeastern U.S. = = =
Tropical Storm Bill dropped light rainfall of around 1 inch ( 25 mm ) in northeastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri , and over 5 inches ( 125 mm ) in isolated parts of eastern Tennessee . The storm also produced moderate rainfall in northwestern Georgia , which peaked at 7 @.@ 1 inches ( 180 mm ) in Monroe . Areas in southeastern Georgia received generally around 1 inch ( 25 mm ) , although some coastal areas did not receive any precipitation from the storm . Rainfall resulted in flooding in numerous locations around the Atlanta metropolitan area , leaving some roads impassable or closed . The combination of moist air from the south , cool temperatures from a cold front to the north , and low pressures led to the development of supercells throughout Georgia and South Carolina , several of which produced tornadoes . An F1 tornado touched down 3 miles ( 5 km ) north @-@ northeast of Pennington ; first it passed through a farm , causing severe damage to two dairy sheds , a John Deere tractor , and three metal storage buildings . The tornado destroyed a hay barn , a carport , and a car inside the carport as well , while also causing a tree to fall and kill one cow . The tornado passed through a forested area , where it toppled or sheared off hundreds of trees . As it entered a more urban area , it downed 30 isolated trees , some of which fell on a portion of Interstate 20 , temporarily closing the roadway . The tornado damaged seven houses , primarily to roof damage , although one experienced damage to several windows , while another had a utility trailer and a car damaged by fallen trees ; a commercial building was damaged as well . An F2 tornado was reported in Clito , which knocked down trees and damaged mobile homes . Severe thunderstorms from the remnants of Bill caused considerable damage to a house near Louisville and knocked down several trees . Moreover , a tornado was briefly associated with the storms . Bill also caused thunderstorms in Kite which uprooted several trees onto a car and a house . One man in Atlanta died due to a falling tree . Damage in Georgia totaled to $ 244 @,@ 500 ( 2003 USD , $ 315 thousand 2016 USD ) .
The tornado outbreak spawned by Bill was the greatest in the Charleston , South Carolina National Weather Service area since the outbreak provoked by Hurricane Earl in 1998 . One such tornado was an F1 that struck Hampton , which uprooted trees and downed power lines . The tornado severely damaged a Dollar General store , while several houses were damaged from fallen trees . An F1 tornado also touched down near Smoaks , which uprooted several trees , resulted in a crush car due to a fallen tree , caused severe roof damage to a mobile home , and killed one dog . The storm produced heavy rainfall in the northern portion of the state , with some locations reporting over 7 inches ( 175 mm ) . The rainfall resulted in flash flooding in areas , which caused some damage .
In North Carolina , the remnants of the storm dropped around 5 inches ( 125 mm ) in the east @-@ central part of the state , while the southwestern portion of the state received totals of over 7 inches ( 175 mm ) . In Raleigh , a boy drowned from the floodwaters . The tornado outbreak from the storm extended into North Carolina , though specifics are unknown . Bill produced light to moderate precipitation in the Mid @-@ Atlantic , including over 5 inches ( 125 mm ) in central Virginia . In Virginia , a line of thunderstorms from the system produced small amounts of hail in Falls Church . The tornado outbreak associated with Bill ended in New Jersey ; a narrow F0 tornado briefly touched down in a marsh near Goshen . The tornado remained away from the city , and caused no damage or injuries .
= = Aftermath = =
By one day after the storm , power companies restored electricity to 151 @,@ 000 customers . Citizens in Montegut circulated a petition for a class @-@ action lawsuit in response to the levee failure . The American Red Cross set up a church in Reserve as an emergency shelter . Only five people stayed the first night , resulting in the organization to convert it to a family services center . Over 100 families asked for food assistance . The Red Cross also set up a shelter in Houma , where 14 people stayed .
= Losh , Wilson and Bell =
Losh , Wilson and Bell , later Bells , Goodman , then Bells , Lightfoot and finally Bell Brothers , was a leading Northeast England manufacturing company , founded in 1809 by the partners William Losh , Thomas Wilson , and Thomas Bell .
The firm was founded at Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne with an ironworks and an alkali works nearby at Walker . The alkali works was the first in England to make soda using the Leblanc process ; the ironworks was the first to use Cleveland Ironstone , presaging the 1850s boom in ironmaking on Teesside .
The so @-@ called discoverer of Cleveland Ironstone , the mining engineer John Vaughan , ran a rolling mill for the company before leaving to found the major rival firm Bolckow Vaughan . The other key figure in the company was Lowthian Bell , son of Thomas Bell ; he became perhaps the best known ironmaster in England .
As Bell Brothers , the firm continued until 1931 , when it was taken over by rival Dorman Long .
= = History = =
= = = Founders = = =
The company was named after William Losh , Thomas Wilson , and Thomas Bell .
William Losh ( 1770 Carlisle – 4 August 1861 , Ellison Place , Newcastle ) came from a rich family that owned coal mines in Northeast England . He was educated in Hamburg , and trained in Newcastle , Sweden and France . He married Alice Wilkinson of Carlisle on 1 March 1798 at Gateshead . He was a friend of the explorer Alexander von Humboldt and a one @-@ time business partner of rail pioneer George Stephenson . His brother James Losh was also a partner in the firm , and kept a diary recording his anxieties about the firm during the Napoleonic wars .
Thomas Wilson ( 1773 – 9 May 1858 ) of Low Fell , Gateshead joined the Losh , Lubbin counting house . In 1807 , Wilson became a partner and the firm took the name Losh , Wilson and Bell . In 1810 he married Mrs Fell of Kirklinton .
Thomas Bell , ( 5 March 1784 – 20 April 1845 ) partner , was married to Katherine Lowthian of Newbiggin , Cumberland on 25 March 1815 . Bell 's father was a blacksmith .
= = = Origins : from alkali to iron = = =
The firm 's origins can be traced back to 1790 when Archibald Dundonald , with John and William Losh , experimented on how to produce soda from salt . In about 1793 they opened a works at Bells Close , near Newcastle . Dundonald sent William Losh to Paris to study Nicolas Leblanc 's process for making soda from salt . In 1807 , the Loshes opened an alkali works at Walker , Newcastle upon Tyne , Northumberland . It was the first in England to use the Leblanc process . Dundonald left the partnership and the business continued as Walker Alkali Works .
Losh , Wilson & Bell 's first ironworks was founded in 1809 at Walker , beside the alkali works , carrying out a mixture of engineering work but not building steam engines . By 1818 , George Stephenson 's original wooden wagonway was completely relaid with cast @-@ iron edge @-@ rails made in collaboration between Stephenson , who owned the patent , and Losh , Wilson and Bell . Around 1821 , George Stephenson was briefly a partner in the Walker Ironworks .
= = = Wealth = = =
In 1827 a rolling mill capable of 100 tons of bar iron per week was installed at the Walker Ironworks ; in the same year , Losh , Wilson and Bell 's Walker foundry was listed in Parson and White 's gazetteer of Durham and Northumberland as a steam engine manufacturer . In 1833 , the iron puddling process was installed at Walker . In 1835 , while working as an inspector of construction on the Whitby & Pickering Railway , Thomas Wilson noted the presence of ironstone in a railway cutting at Grosmont , and arranged for drift mines to exploit the find ; the new railway carried the ore to Whitby . In that year , at the age of nineteen , Thomas Bell 's son Lowthian Bell entered the firm 's Newcastle office under his father . In 1836 he joined his father at the firm 's ironworks at Walker .
In 1838 , a second mill for rolling rails was added , run by the engineer John Vaughan ( who went on to found Bolckow Vaughan ) ; he strongly influenced Lowthian Bell to become an ironmaster . In the same year , The Athenaeum Journal reported that the Losh , Wilson & Bell works was manufacturing tin and iron plate in large quantities , along with iron bars for making railway @-@ carriage wheels . The firm 's adjacent alkali works was one of several such operations on the Tyne that were collectively producing more than 250 tons of crystallised soda and about 100 tons of soda ash weekly . The journal called William Losh " the father of soda @-@ making on the Tyne " and described him as the head of the firm ( although it was a partnership ) .
In 1842 , the shortage of pig iron persuaded Bell to install its own blast furnace for smelting mill cinder ; this was a key decision , enabling the firm to expand . Only two years later , in 1844 , the firm installed a second furnace at Walker for Cleveland Ironstone from Grosmont , six years before the boom in Cleveland iron when Vaughan and Marley discovered ironstone in the Eston Hills in 1850 . From 1849 , Losh , Wilson and Bell were subcontractors on the Newcastle @-@ Gateshead High Level Bridge , responsible for constructing the bridge approaches .
On 25 January 1851 , Lowthian Bell left the partnership with William Losh , Thomas Wilson , Catherine Bell , Thomas Bell and John Bell . The business at that time was described in the London Gazette as " Iron Manufacturers , and Ship and Insurance Brokers , under the style or firm of Losh , Wilson , and Bell " . He went on to have a career in chemistry and politics , becoming a member of parliament among many other distinctions .
On 8 October 1855 , there was a serious boiler explosion at the Walker Iron Works , which killed at least seven workers . According to a contemporary account , the boiler
unfurled like a sail , was blown upwards , carrying with it two roofings of the sheds , and blowing down two furnaces , with their chimneys , and scattering the molten metal and red hot bricks around , while one end of it was hurled into the midst of the works , and the other about 200 yards over the hill top , into the lumber @-@ yard .
All the dead were aged between 19 and 33 , and the event created something of a sensation at the time . In 1857 , John Marley , in his account of the Cleveland Ironstone , described the Bell Ironworks as follows :
These iron @-@ works , situate on the Tyne , and belonging to Messrs. Losh , Wilson , & Bell , originally consisted of only one furnace , being the first blast furnace that was specially erected for this bed of ironstone ( in connection with Scotch , and other ores , for mixing ) , viz . , about the year 1842 or 1843 , and which ironstone was purchased from the aforesaid mines belonging to Mrs. Clark , in the Whitby district , the first cargo being sent in June or July , 1843 , since which time these works have been increased by one extra furnace , built for the Whitby district ironstone in 1844 , and by other three [ at Port Clarence ] for the north part of Cleveland , about 1852 , making now a total of five furnaces .
= = = Bells , Goodman = = =
From 1869 at the latest , the company owning the Walker Engine Works was Bells , Goodman & Co . In that year the firm made the tunnelling shield and iron castings to line the Tower subway tunnels . In 1871 the firm made pumping and winding engines for Seghill Colliery . In 1875 it made machinery to condense smoke and gases for Clyde Lead Works of Glasgow .
= = = Bells , Lightfoot = = =
In 1875 , the Bells , Goodman partnership was dissolved when Alfred Goodman retired . The firm became known as Bells , Lightfoot & Co . In 1876 it supplied a 90 " Cornish beam engine for Springhead Pumping Station near Anlaby in the East Riding of Yorkshire ; it had an unusual box @-@ section wrought iron beam , and continued running until 1952 . On 30 November 1876 , Thomas Bell Lightfoot , Managing Partner , was granted a patent for his developments on machines for squeezing metals into shape . However , on 28 August 1883 , Thomas Bell moved to Bilbao , Spain , where he continued to describe himself as an Ironmaster , and by mutual consent his partnership with Henry Bell and Thomas Bell the younger was dissolved . The deed was witnessed on 7 December 1883 .
= = = Bell Brothers = = =
By 1873 , Bell Brothers owned 9 coal mines in County Durham and Yorkshire . There were 10 mines in 1882 ; in 1888 the " Clarence Salt Works " was also recorded . In 1896 and 1902 the company had 11 mines . In 1914 there are 12 ; in 1921 there are 14 . The 1881 – 1891 Arts and Crafts classical style Bell Brothers office building at Zetland Road in Middlesbrough was designed by architect Philip Webb ; it was his only commercial development . According to English Heritage it is architecturally the most important building in Middlesbrough .
In 1903 , Isaac Lowthian Bell , then aged 87 , sold a majority holding of the Bell companies to the rival firm Dorman Long . It was not a comfortable merger . Bell Brothers , along with the plate maker Consett Iron Company and another family ironmaking firm of Northeast England , Bolckow Vaughan , the companies
had expanded their capacity during World War I and the boom that immediately followed . As in other regions , expansion had come in a piecemeal fashion . Inefficient plant , excess capacity , and low profits had increased these firms ' debts and brought creditors onto their boards .
Further , as regards the Bells and the Dormans ,
Over the years the two families rarely agreed as to how the firm should be run . Indeed , the company was known locally not as Dorman Long but as " Dorman versus Bell " .
Bell Brothers was recorded in the Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory of 1923 as having an annual output of 600 @,@ 000 tons of coal for coking and manufacturing . Sir Hugh Bell was chairman and managing director ; Arthur Dorman and Charles Dorman were directors . That same year , Bell Brothers , described in the Sydney Morning Herald as " owners of coal and ironstone mines and blast furnaces and rolling mills " , was finally merged completely with Dorman Long . Sir Arthur Dorman was chairman ; both Hugh Bell and his son Maurice Bell were among the directors . When Arthur Dorman died in 1931 , Hugh Bell , aged 87 , briefly became chairman of ' Dorman versus Bell ' ; he died on 29 June 1931 .
= = Wages and social conditions = =
John Roby Leifchild wrote a report in 1842 for the Children 's Employment Commission entitled " Employment of Children and Young Persons in the Collieries , Lead Mines , and Iron Works of Northumberland and the North of Durham ; and on the Condition , Treatment , and Education of such Children and Young Persons " . Leifchild found that Losh , Wilson & Bell paid its workers 30 to 36 shillings per week for a scrap @-@ puddler ; £ 2 5 shillings per week for a pudler ; 18 shillings per week for a plate mill @-@ furnace man ; and 25 shillings per week for an engineman . The boiler engineer 's family of wife and four children spent 18 shillings per week on provisions and 3 shillings per week on rent , leaving only 4 shillings for all other expenditure .
In sport , an iron puddler , Robert Chambers of the company 's Walker works , won the sculling championship at the 1857 Thames Regatta . The heavy work stirring the iron was said to have strengthened his arms and shoulders . Chambers also won the return match , held on the Tyne on 19 April 1859 , even after a collision with a moored boat left him a hundred yards behind .
= Metroid Prime =
Metroid Prime is a first @-@ person action @-@ adventure video game developed by Retro Studios and Nintendo for the GameCube console . It was released in North America on November 17 , 2002 , and in Japan and Europe the following year . Metroid Prime is the fifth main installment and the first 3D game in the Metroid series . Because exploration takes precedence over combat , Nintendo classifies Metroid Prime as a first @-@ person adventure rather than a first @-@ person shooter . On the same day as its North American release , Nintendo also released the Game Boy Advance game Metroid Fusion , marking the return of the Metroid series after an eight @-@ year hiatus following Super Metroid ( 1994 ) . In 2009 , an enhanced version was released for Wii as a standalone game in Japan and as part of Metroid Prime : Trilogy internationally .
Metroid Prime is the first of the three @-@ part Prime storyline , which takes place between the original Metroid and Metroid II : Return of Samus . Like previous games in the series , Metroid Prime has a science fiction setting in which players control the bounty hunter Samus Aran . The story follows Samus as she battles the Space Pirates and their biological experiments on the planet Tallon IV .
The game was a collaboration between Retro 's staff in Austin , Texas , and Japanese Nintendo employees , including producer Shigeru Miyamoto , who suggested the project after visiting Retro 's headquarters in 2000 . Despite initial backlash against the game 's first @-@ person perspective , the game garnered critical praise and commercial success , selling more than a million units in North America alone . It won a number of Game of the Year awards , and it is considered by many critics and gamers to be one of the greatest video games ever made , remaining one of the highest @-@ rated games on Metacritic .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Background and setting = = =
Metroid Prime is the first of the three @-@ part Prime storyline . Retro Studios wrote an extensive storyline for Metroid Prime , which was considered a major difference from previous Metroid games . Short cutscenes appear before important battles , and a scanner in the heads @-@ up display extracts backstory @-@ related information from objects .
The Prime trilogy is set between the events of Metroid and Metroid II , but according to some sources , including Gradiente — Brazil 's former Nintendo distributor — and the Nintendo Power comics adaptation of Metroid Prime , the events in the Prime games occur after Super Metroid . The Brazilian publicity states that the Phazon meteor is a piece of Zebes , which was destroyed after Super Metroid . In Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption , however , it was confirmed that the meteor was a " Leviathan " from the planet Phaaze .
The game takes place on planet Tallon IV , formerly inhabited by the Chozo race . Five decades before the game 's events , the Chozo civilization fell after a meteor collided into Tallon IV . The said meteor contaminated the planet with a corrupting substance that the Space Pirates named " Phazon " , and also brought with it a creature known to the Chozo as " The Worm " . A large containment field emitter of the " Artifact Temple " in the Tallon Overworld area was designed as a seal to the meteor 's energies and influence within the crater where it landed , which the Space Pirates attempt to disable or bypass in order to gain better access in order to extract the Phazon . The containment field is controlled by twelve Chozo artifacts that are scattered around the planet . The player assumes the role of the bounty hunter Samus Aran , who receives a distress signal from Space Pirate Frigate Orpheon and travels to Tallon IV to investigate and stop the Space Pirate activity she found . Her investigation leads her to stop the Space Pirates from exploiting Phazon and stop the spread of Phazon on Tallon IV .
= = = Plot = = =
Samus intercepts a distress signal from the Space Pirate frigate Orpheon , whose crew have been slaughtered by the Pirates ' own genetically modified , experimental subjects . At the ship 's core , she battles with the Parasite Queen — a giant version of the tiny parasites aboard the ship . The Parasite Queen is defeated and falls into the ship 's reactor core , initiating the destruction of the ship . While Samus is escaping from the doomed frigate , she encounters a cybernetic version of Ridley called Meta Ridley . During her escape , an electrical surge and explosion destroys her suit upgrades , forcing her to revert to her original Power Suit . Samus escapes the frigate and chases her nemesis in her gunship towards the nearby planet Tallon IV .
Samus initially lands on Tallon IV at a rainforest location referred to as " Tallon Overworld " . After a brief period of exploring , she discovers the Chozo Ruins , the remains of the Chozo civilization . After further investigation , Samus learns that many years ago , the planet was struck by a meteor , which carried with it a substance the Chozo and Space Pirates call Phazon . The meteor also contained a creature called " The Worm " . The Chozo built an Artifact Temple over the crater to contain " The Worm " and to stop the Phazon from spreading over the planet . The temple 's sealed entrance is controlled by twelve Chozo artifacts , which must be found to gain access to the crater . After obtaining the Varia Suit in the ruins , Samus finds her way to the Magmoor Caverns , a series of magma @-@ filled underground tunnels , which are used by the Space Pirates as a source of geothermal power and connect the game 's areas together . Following the tunnels , Samus travels to the Phendrana Drifts , a cold , mountainous location which is home to an ancient Chozo ruin and Space Pirate research labs used to study Metroids , as well as ice caves and valleys home to electrical and ice @-@ creatures . After obtaining the Gravity Suit in Phendrana , Samus explores the interior of the crashed Orpheon , then infiltrates the Phazon Mines — the mining and research complex which is the center of the Space Pirates ' Tallon IV operations . Here she battles Phazon @-@ enhanced Space Pirates and obtains the Phazon Suit after defeating the monstrous , Phazon @-@ mutated Omega Pirate .
During her exploration of Tallon IV , Samus finds the twelve keys to the Artifact Temple and lore recorded by the Ch
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
001 , three games in development at Retro were canceled , and in July 2001 , an RPG called Raven Blade was terminated , leaving Prime as the only game in development there . During the last nine months of development , Retro 's staff worked 80- to 100 @-@ hour weeks to reach the deadline imposed by Nintendo .
The Japanese crew , which included producers Miyamoto , Kensuke Tanabe , Kenji Miki and game designer and Metroid co @-@ creator Yoshio Sakamoto , communicated with the Texas @-@ based studio through e @-@ mails , telephone conferences and personal gatherings . The game was originally planned as having third @-@ person perspective gameplay , but after Miyamoto intervened this was changed to first @-@ person perspective and almost everything already developed was scrapped . The change from third @-@ person perspective was prompted by camera problems experienced by Rare Ltd . , which was developing Jet Force Gemini . According to game director Mark Pacini , Miyamoto " felt that shooting in third person was not very intuitive " ; Pacini also said that exploration is easier using first @-@ person . Pacini said that after picking that perspective , the crew decided not to make a traditional first @-@ person shooter . He said , " We weren 't trying to fit in that genre . We had to break down the stereotypes of what a first @-@ person game is and make a fun Metroid game .
Pacini stated that Retro tried to design the game so that the only difficult parts would be boss battles and players would not be afraid to explore because " the challenge of the game was finding your way around " . Senior designer Mike Wikan also said that the focus on exploration led the development team to spend much time making the platform jumping " approachable to the player " , and to ensure the resulting gameplay had " shooting [ as ] a very important , though secondary , consideration " . Retro Studios developed the storyline of Metroid Prime under the supervision of Yoshio Sakamoto , who verified that the plot ideas were consistent with the lore of the series ' earlier games . The developers intended that Kraid , a boss from Metroid and Super Metroid , would appear in Prime ; designer Gene Kohler modeled and skinned him for that purpose . However , time constraints prevented Kraid from being included in the final version of the game . The development team considered implementing the Speed Booster power @-@ up from Super Metroid but concluded it would not work well because of the first @-@ person perspective and " limitations imposed by the scale of our environment " , and discarded it .
The first public appearance of the game was a ten @-@ second video at SpaceWorld 2000 . In November of the same year , Retro Studios confirmed its involvement with the game in the " job application " part of its website . In February 2001 , the game was confirmed by Nintendo , which also announced that because of its emphasis on exploration and despite the first @-@ person perspective , Metroid Prime would be a first @-@ person adventure rather than a first @-@ person shooter . In May 2001 , the game was showcased at E3 2001 , with its name confirmed as Metroid Prime . The first views of the game drew a mixed reactions from fans because of the change from 2D side @-@ scrolling to 3D first @-@ person navigation .
= = = Audio = = =
Kenji Yamamoto , assisted by Kouichi Kyuma , composed the music for Prime . The soundtrack contains arrangements of tracks from previous games in the series because Yamamoto wanted " to satisfy old Metroid fans . It 's like a present for them " , he said . The initial Tallon Overworld theme is a reinterpretation of Metroid 's Brinstar theme , the music heard in Magmoor Caverns is a new version of the music from Super Metroid 's Lower Norfair area , and the music heard during the fight with Meta Ridley is a fast @-@ paced reimagining of the Ridley boss music first featured in Super Metroid — which has reappeared in most Metroid games since . Tommy Tallarico Studios initially provided sound effects for the game , but Shigeru Miyamoto thought they were not yet good enough for an extended presentation at SpaceWorld 2001 . The game supports Dolby Pro Logic II setups and can be played in surround sound . The official soundtrack to the game was released on an album called Metroid Prime & Fusion Original Soundtracks , which was published by Scitron on June 18 , 2003 .
= = = Versions = = =
Prime was released for the GameCube in five versions . The original North American and Japanese NTSC versions and the second North American version , which contained minor changes , all used a loader that sometimes caused the game to crash in specific rooms . The European PAL version resolved these glitches and contained altered elements of the gameplay to prevent sequence breaking , a slower loader that prevented the occasional crashes , slightly different story details , and narration in the opening and closing scenes . Some of these changes were carried over from the PAL version to the NTSC region 's Player 's Choice re @-@ release , along with additional changes not made in other releases . This version , which was bundled with a silver GameCube , also contained a second disc featuring a preview trailer and a demo for Metroid Prime 2 : Echoes , a timeline of Metroid games , and an art gallery .
Metroid Prime was re @-@ released in Japan in 2009 for Wii as part of the New Play Control ! series . It has improved controls that use the Wii Remote 's pointing functionality . The credit system from Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption is also included to unlock the original bonus content and the ability to take snapshots of gameplay . Internationally , the Wii version was released in Metroid Prime : Trilogy , a single @-@ disc compilation containing Prime , Echoes , and Corruption for Wii . On January 29 , 2015 , the compilation became available for download from the Wii U 's Nintendo eShop .
= = Reception = =
Metroid Prime became one of the best @-@ selling games on the GameCube . It was the second best @-@ selling game of November 2002 in North America , behind Grand Theft Auto : Vice City ; 250 @,@ 000 units were sold in the first week of its release . As of July 2006 , the game had sold more than 1 @.@ 49 million copies in the U.S. alone , and had earned more than US $ 50 million . It was also the eighth best @-@ selling GameCube game in Australia . More than 78 @,@ 000 copies were sold in Japan , and Nintendo added the game to its Player 's Choice line in the PAL region .
Metroid Prime was met with critical acclaim . Electronic Gaming Monthly awarded the game a perfect review score . It won numerous Game of the Year awards and was praised for its detailed graphics , special effects , varied environments , moody soundtrack and sound effects , level design , immersive atmosphere and innovative gameplay centered on exploration in contrast with action games such as Halo , while staying faithful to the Metroid formula . Criticisms included the unusual control scheme , lack of focus on the story , and repetitive backtracking . Game Informer considered the control scheme awkward , Entertainment Weekly compared the game to a " 1990s arcade game , filled with over the top battle sequences , spectacular visual effects — and a pretty weak plot " , and GamePro stated that inexperienced players " might find it exhausting to keep revisiting the same old places over and over and over " .
On GameRankings , Metroid Prime is the 11th @-@ highest rated game ever reviewed , with an average score of 96 @.@ 35 % as of April 2014 , making it the second @-@ highest reviewed game of the sixth generation after Soulcalibur for the Sega Dreamcast . In 2004 the video game countdown show Filter said Metroid Prime had the best graphics of all time .
Metroid Prime appeared on several lists of best games ; it was ranked 23rd in IGN 's Top 100 , 29th in a 100 @-@ game list chosen by GameFAQs users , and 10th in Nintendo Power 's " Top 200 Nintendo Games Ever " . IGN named Metroid Prime the best GameCube title of all time , while GameSpy ranked it third in a similar list , behind The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker and Resident Evil 4 . Nintendo Power also ranked Metroid Prime as the sixth @-@ best game of the 2000s . Wired ranked the game 10th in its list of " The 15 Most Influential Games of the Decade " for popularizing " exploration , puzzle @-@ solving , platforming and story " among first @-@ person shooters , saying that the game was " breaking the genre free from the clutches of Doom " . Wired 's writer continued ; " This GameCube title took one massive stride forward for first @-@ person games . " Metroid Prime also became popular among players for speedrunning ; specialized communities were formed to share these speedruns .
= = = Franchise and other media = = =
After Metroid Prime , three more games in the first @-@ person perspective and a pinball spin @-@ off were released . The sequel Metroid Prime 2 : Echoes — in which Samus travels to planet Aether and discovers that a Phazon meteor crashed there , creating an alternate reality and Samus fights a mysterious enemy called Dark Samus — was released in November 2004 for the GameCube . It was followed by Metroid Prime Pinball , a spin @-@ off game featuring the locations and bosses of Metroid Prime , developed by Fuse Games and released in 2005 for the Nintendo DS .
The next game released was Metroid Prime Hunters for the Nintendo DS ; its storyline takes place between the events of Prime and Echoes . A demo of the game , titled Metroid Prime Hunters — First Hunt , was bundled with the Nintendo DS , and the full game was released on March 20 , 2006 , in North America and May 5 , 2006 , in Europe . In its narrative , Samus tries to discover an " ultimate power " while facing six rival bounty hunters . Hunters was not developed by Retro Studios , but by Nintendo 's Redmond @-@ based subsidiary Nintendo Software Technology . The game contains more first @-@ person shooter aspects than Prime and Echoes , with removal of assisted aiming , more action @-@ oriented gameplay , and various multiplayer modes .
Metroid Prime 's second full sequel is Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption , which closes the Prime series . It was released on August 27 , 2007 , for Nintendo 's Wii console . In Corruption 's story , Samus is corrupted by Phazon after being attacked by Dark Samus , who has become the leader of a Space Pirate group and is sending Phazon Seeds to corrupt planets . Corruption 's gameplay differs from that of Prime and Echoes ; the assisted aiming is replaced with free aiming with the Wii Remote , and the interchangeable beams is replaced with a stackable upgrade system .
Elements of Metroid Prime have appeared in other games , such as Super Smash Bros. Brawl in which the frigate Orpheon is a playable stage , featuring the Parasite Queen in the background and several music tracks from Metroid Prime as background music . Metroid Prime 's style of gameplay and HUDs also influenced and was compared to later first @-@ person shooters , such as Geist and Star Wars : Republic Commando .
= 5to Piso =
5to Piso ( Quinto Piso , 5th Floor ) is the eleventh studio album by Guatemalan singer @-@ songwriter Ricardo Arjona , released on 18 November 2008 . Produced by Arjona , Jorge Amaro , Dan Warner , Lee Levin , Fernando de Santiago and Puerto Rican singer @-@ songwriter Tommy Torres , the album was recorded in various studios between the United States and Mexico . It is the first release by the artist under Warner Music . Arjona commented that with this album , he " tried to recoup some of the freshness " of his past releases , stating that " it makes good to the songs " . Jason Birchmeier from Allmusic named it " an eagerly awaited album with a phenomenal lead single . " 5to Piso marks the third album in which the singer collaborates with Tommy Torres , after Adentro and Quién Dijo Ayer .
Commercially and critically successful , 5to Piso became Arjona 's second number @-@ one set on the Billboard Top Latin Albums . It received gold and platinum certifications from several Latin American countries , as well as a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Pop Album . Six singles were released from the album . " Como Duele " , considered his " biggest hit in years " , became a critical and commercial success , reaching number two on the Billboard Top Latin Songs chart . " Sin Ti ... Sin Mi " and " Tocando Fondo " , the second and fourth singles , respectively , also became commercial hits . To promote the album , the singer embarked on his second major world tour following the Adentro Tour , which he named the Quinto Piso Tour .
= = Background = =
After spending the majority of his career signed to Sony , and later , Sony BMG , Arjona signed a long @-@ term recording deal with Warner Music Latina . The deal was closed in September 2008 . Iñigo Zabala , chairman of Warner Music Latin America commented that " He 's an artist that fits perfectly with our company , " and that they are a label which has many top @-@ Latin pop artist signed along with Arjona . Arjona started development of 5to Piso in 2005 . He stated in an interview that the inspiration behind the album was the thought of recouping some of the " freshness " of his previous releases . The singer additionally stated that he believed each additional album is the result of an evolution , as well as contradictions that he went through , which he celebrates as part of life .
= = Music and lyrics = =
" Quinto Piso " has been categorized as an analytic song — a prologue to the album holding autobiographical tendencies . " Sin Ti ... Sin Mi " is about missing someone who has left , with analogical lyrics talking about absence of one 's beloved person . " El Del Espejo " includes lyrics influenced by " self @-@ criticism " that makes people confront themselves , crafted inside a " rhythmic sound " . Lead single " Como Duele " was highly praised . Jason Birchmeier from Allmusic named it Arjona 's " biggest hit in years " , as well as a standout track of the album alongside " Sin Ti .. Sin Mi " and " El Del Espejo " . El Mercurio Online stated that " Como Duele " is " a ballad of merciless chords and lyrics plagued of contradictions made metaphors . " It was also compared to his past song " Olvidarte " , from Sin Daños a Terceros .
In " Que Nadie Vea " , the singer writes about homosexuality for the first time in his career . In the song , Arjona became the witness of this character , from his childhood until his adulthood , always hiding his true identity with the goal of being socially accepted . Arjona commented in an interview that " Que Nadie Vea " was not intended to be a " judgemental " song , further stating that it was " just a chronicle " that he wrote for this album because he never did so before and found the subject to be fascinating .
" Tocando Fondo " is about " those feelings which can make a person fall off a precipice . " " La Vailarina Vecina " was inspired by a true story that happened to Arjona while he lived in Madrid . The singer commented about a woman : " She was to do her trials and ' tickled ' , as the song says , all my roof , and those tickles didn 't let me sleep . " He further commented that when he planned to meet her , he discovered that she was " very beautiful " . " Vuelo " is a piano ballad themed about tenderness , poetry and romanticism .
" Nadie Sabe A Donde Va " is inspired by the bombings which occurred on 11 March 2004 in Madrid at the Atocha train station . " El Demonio En Casa " has been considered the " most witty and funny " song of the album . The lyrics of the song are about a man recounting how his woman changed his life . " La Vida Está De Luto " is inspired by the actual situation of the planet , a place where man is accustomed to taking advantage of those weaker . " Ni Tu Ni Yo " is the only duet on the album , as it features Mexican ranchera singer Paquita la del Barrio . The song was composed so that when it is heard , it " gives and immediate desire of drinking tequila " according to Arjona . In an interview with newspaper Reforma , Arjona talked about the collaboration with Barrio , stating that " it was very special , because she does not make duets with someone she does not like " , agreeing that he did not duet either . " Niña Buena " is dedicated to women who cannot stay in the same place and dislike having a boring life .
= = Release and promotion = =
= = = Singles = = =
The lead single off the album was " Como Duele " , a Latin pop and ballad song with soft rock and orchestral arrangements , with the main sound being a piano . It was released on 4 November 2008 , and became the first single Arjona released under his new label , Warner Music . The song was a critical and commercial hit for the singer , reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Latin Songs chart , and topping the Latin Pop Songs component chart . The music video for " Como Duele " was shot in Mexico City . It was released on 20 October and was directed by the Mexican filmmaker Ricardo Calderón . " Sin Ti ... Sin Mi " was chosen as the second single of the album , and was released on January 2009 . The song reached No. 4 on both the Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs chart . Its music video was filmed at the Argentinian Boxing Federation in Buenos Aires . It was directed by Joaquín Cambre . " Ni Tú Ni Yo " , featuring Mexican singer Paquita la del Barrio , was released as the third single in some regions , and failed to appear on the US and other national charts . The music video for the song was filmed in black @-@ and @-@ white and features both artists singing around a buffet . Pop ballad " Tocando Fondo " followed as fourth single . The song managed to reach No. 20 on the Latin Songs chart , becoming the third top ten single off 5to Piso on the Latin Pop Songs chart , reaching No. 6 . Its music video was filmed in Mexico City . Two other singles , " Suavecito " and " Por Si Regresas " were released in promotion of the album .
= = = Tour = = =
To promote the album , the singer embarked on his second major world tour , the Quinto Piso Tour . Starting on 24 April 2009 , the tour included 123 shows between the United States , Spain , Argentina , Guatemala , Colombia , Venezuela , Mexico , among many other countries in Latin America . It ended on 18 June 2010 . During the first North American leg of the tour , Arjona expressed interest in singing in Cuba , though showed no political commitment for the matter , a clear reference of the charity event Colombian singer Juanes was planning to hold in that country in 2009 . Later that year , Arjona cancelled the planning of a concert in the country , and spoke heavily about Juanes ' charity concert influence on the decision . The Quinto Piso Tour has been one of the most successful tours made by a Latin artist , with an attendance of more than one million people from 19 countries . Also , Arjona received in 2010 a Billboard Latin Music Award for " Latin Tour of the Year " . The tour grossed more than $ 15 million .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Jason Birchmeier from Allmusic gave a mostly positive review of the album , commenting that " fans of Arjona 's straight @-@ ahead rock style are sure to be disappointed with much of 5to Piso , as piano and strings drive much of the music rather than the electric guitar and drums of years past . " Billboard 's Leila Cobo , on her review of the album , commented that the singer had " an uncanny knack for marrying sophisticated lyrics with catchy hooks and mass @-@ appeal messages " , stating that songs like " Ni Tu Ni Yo " , a duet with Paquita la del Barrio , " underscores how universal " his songs and themes are , " even in the most regional arrangements . " 5to Piso received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Pop Album and a Latin Grammy Award nomination for Best Singer @-@ Songwriter Album though lost to Sin Frenos and Caetano Veloso respectively .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
5to Piso debuted atop the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart the week ending 6 December 2008 , going ahead of Wisin & Yandel 's La Mente Maestra . The following week , it stayed at No. 1 . On its third week , it fell to No. 2 , being replaced at the top by Vicente Fernández ' Primera Fila . On the Latin Pop Albums component chart , the album debuted at No. 1 the same week it did on the Latin Albums chart . The album stayed at the top of that chart for four consecutive weeks . On its fifth week , it fell to No. 2 , being replaced at the top by Luis Fonsi 's Palabras del Silencio . Almost one year later , on the week ending 12 September 2009 , 5to Piso reached No. 1 , with a total of six weeks at the top . It was the most weeks at No. 1 by any of Arjona 's albums until Independiente stayed 11 weeks at the top between 2011 and 2012 .
On the week it debuted atop both Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums charts , 5to Piso also appeared at No. 55 on the Billboard 200 . It is his third consecutive album to chart on that list , after Adentro ( 2005 ) and Quién Dijo Ayer ( 2007 ) , and it was his highest entry until Poquita Ropa reached No. 43 in 2010 . On the Mexican Albums Chart , 5to Piso debuted at No. 40 the week ending 8 November 2008 . The following week it jumped to No. 4 , and on its third week , the album reached No. 1 position on the country . It stayed at that position for one week , falling to No. 4 again on its fourth week . It also reached No. 21 on the Spanish Albums Chart .
The album followed the success of his past releases , receiving Gold and Platinum certifications in Mexico , United States , Spain , Argentina , Venezuela , Colombia , Guatemala , and many other countries . It debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart , becoming his second chart @-@ topper on that chart , and has sold more than one million copies worldwide .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Ricardo Arjona .
= = Personnel = =
The credits are taken from the iTunes exclusive digital booklet .
= = Chart performance = =
= = Release history = =
= William W. Powers State Recreation Area =
William W. Powers State Recreation Area is an Illinois state park administered by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources on 580 acres ( 230 ha ) in the Hegewisch community area of the City of Chicago in Cook County , Illinois , United States . The area includes 419 acres ( 170 ha ) of water in Wolf Lake that provides about 6 miles ( 10 km ) of shoreline to fishermen . The park hosts about half a million visitors annually . The park contains numerous species , and is one of the most important biological sites in the Chicago region .
= = History = =
Wolf Lake in Illinois has a storied history that somehow has lost track of the origins of the name that goes back over 150 years . Part of this history includes visits by Abraham Lincoln in which Mary Todd Lincoln nearly drowned . In 1947 , the state acquired a 160 acres ( 65 ha ) parcel known as the Wolf Lake State Recreation Area . Later acquisitions were added to the property and have increased the area which was known as Wolf Lake Conservation Area . In 1965 , the Illinois General Assembly named the area after William W. Powers . Powers had been a Chicago alderman on the Chicago City Council and Illinois General Assembly legislator in the 1920s , and used the site for picnics to feed the needy during the Great Depression .
The park also has a military history . There is a defunct Nike Ajax missile honoring the missile site that occupied the area during the Cold War years . Memorial Day , Independence Day , and Veterans Day ceremonies attract veterans who place flags at markers near a former re @-@ dedication ceremony site that featured the Moving Vietnam Wall .
Unlike the Lake Michigan shoreline which has been reshaped by sand and clay , Wolf Lake has been filled in large part with slag from steel mills .
= = Wildlife = =
Wolf Lake contains largemouth bass , northern pike , bluegill , redear sunfish , crappie , bullhead , carp , walleye , hybrid muskie , and yellow perch . There is also an occasional salmon and rainbow trout caught in the lake . Salmon can access the lake via the Calumet River and its Indian Creek tributary .
Native trumpeter ( Cygnus buccinator ) and tundra swans ( Cygnus columbianus ) and non @-@ native mute swans ( Cygnus olor ) may all be found on the lake in winter . Tundra swans are absent in summer as they migrate to the arctic and subarctic to nest , however , the non @-@ native , Eurasian mute swans compete for habitat with the non @-@ migrating trumpeter swan population and is an impediment to restoration of the native trumpeters around the Great Lakes . Additional native birds hosted by the lake include cardinals , blue jays , finches , orioles , woodpeckers , teal , mallards , resident and migratory Canada geese , and an occasional bald eagle .
Birdwatchers enjoy the non @-@ native monk parakeet , which is a South American parrot , that nests in the park . Hunters enjoy the seasonal waterfowl . The South American monk parakeets arrived at the site in 1999 and have since established two nests with seven or eight birds each . They are presumed to have migrated from the Hyde Park community area .
The park contains many willow and cottonwood trees .
The park also attracts city dwelling mammals such as squirrels , rabbits , raccoons , muskrats , opossums , and the occasional coyote and white @-@ tailed deer . Beaver sign indicates that there are beaver on the lake currently .
On August 23 , 2002 , Wolf Lake was one of three neighboring regions that hosted the Calumet BioBlitz . This bioblitz convened over 150 expert scientists to identify and record as many living organisms as possible within 24 hours . The purpose was to demonstrate the resilience of the extraordinary range of organisms in nature 's battle against the South Side of Chicago 's collage of factories , warehouses , forest preserves , residences , and highways as well as its battle of survival against killer pest species . Unofficially , the BioBlitz counted 1 @,@ 815 species . The BioBlitz included teams of scientists from Eastern Illinois University , Field Museum , Forest Preserve District of Cook County , Illinois Natural History Survey , Indiana Department of Natural Resources , University of Illinois - Champaign , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , and U.S. Fish & Wildlife .
Lake sturgeon , endangered in both Indiana and Illinois , as well as banded killifish , threatened in Illinois , are both part of the Wolf Lake ecology . The lake supports the nesting habitat for four species of endangered birds : little blue heron , yellow @-@ crowned night heron , black @-@ crowned night heron , and yellow @-@ headed blackbird .
= = Conservation = =
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Illinois Water Survey are studying ways to halt degradation of the lake and the USDA Forest Service is helping with a study of public interests in recreation at Wolf Lake . The Wolf Lake water level determines the drainage to Lake Michigan because the connecting Calumet River flows southward during elevated levels and northward during lowered levels . The water in Wolf Lake was about 18 inches higher until 1998 when the Illinois Department of Natural Resources removed several beavers and their dams that had been built across Indian Creek . The subsequent drop in water depth encouraged weed growth and changed fishing conditions .
The Illinois Department of Natural Resources and the City of Hammond , IN initiated the Reconnaissance Report in December 1998 . It was approved in September 2000 . An environmental assessment was held in 2002 . The Project Cooperation Agreement commenced in 2005 . The Wolf Lake ecosystem degradation problem is multifaceted . It includes exotic plant species proliferation , low diversity of plant and fish species , water depth inadequacy , poor aquatic habitat , contaminant impact , and shoreline erosion . Proposed project features include new aquatic and wetland habitat plantings ; shoreline restoration ; creating deep holes to locally diversify the lake bottom ; herbicidal and biological controls ; channels clearing , and dikes and causeways construction to restore natural water levels .
= = Use = =
The park offers stoves and has shelters available by reservation for picnicking . Two of the shelters each have capacity for 50 people , and two others each have capacity for 100 people . Fishing and hunting is permitted in accordance with regulations , but camping is not allowed . Ice fishing is permitted in the winter and 10 horsepower ( 7 @.@ 5 kW ) motorboats are permitted during the summer . The lake has several dikes that temper the wave height . There are 25 hunting blinds to hunt waterfowl . These sites are awarded in yearly lotteries held in late July . During the season , daily drawings are held to allocate blinds of absentee blind holders .
The use of the park is protected by several types of volunteers . For example , at the 14th Annual Earth Day Wolf Lake Cleanup on April 21 , 2001 , more than 350 volunteers , including Hammond , IN Mayor Duane Dedelow , Jr . , helped clean up and remove an estimated 36 @,@ 000 pounds ( 16 t ) of waste . A week later , Friends of Wolf Lake and associates collected more than 3 @,@ 000 discarded tires from the lake and its shoreline . Semi @-@ annual cleanups are organized by the Southeast Sportsmen 's Club and the Wolf Lake Rod and Gun Club who work with the scouts , community organizations and the Hegewisch Chamber of Commerce .
= = Geography = =
Wolf Lake extends across the Illinois and Indiana State line between 120th and 134th streets . It is an 804 acres ( 325 ha ) lake that has 419 acres ( 170 ha ) within the city of Chicago and the remainder in the city of Hammond . Its maximum depth is 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) . Wetlands adjacent to the lake include the 250 acres ( 100 ha ) Eggers Woods Forest Preserve , 175 acres ( 71 ha ) Powderhorn Lake Prairie , and 40 acres ( 16 ha ) Hyde Lake Wetland . William W. Powers State Recreation Area is on Chicago 's far southeast side , off highways 94 , 90 , and 41 . The main park entrance is at 12949 South Avenue O.
At one time , the Wolf lake was connected to Lake Michigan by a creek running through Hammond on the Indiana side , but the creek has long since been blocked by development . On the Illinois side , Wolf Lake empties into Indian Creek , which feeds into the Calumet River . The Illinois and Indiana are separated by State Line Road , which is a road elsewhere along the border , but it is only represented by a rock @-@ and @-@ gravel dike that passes through the lake . State Line Road ends in foot bridges where water enters from the Indiana side .
= Alex Tanguay =
Alex Joseph Jean Tanguay ( born November 21 , 1979 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger currently an unrestricted free agent who last played with the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He has also played for the Colorado Avalanche , Calgary Flames , Montreal Canadiens and Tampa Bay Lightning in the NHL and briefly for HC Lugano in the Swiss National League A in 2004 . An offensive player , he is best known for his passing and playmaking ability .
An alumnus of the Halifax Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) , Tanguay is the team 's all @-@ time leading scorer and had his jersey retired . During his junior career , he was also a member of Canada 's under @-@ 20 team at the 1998 World Junior Championships . Selected in the first round , 12th overall , by the Colorado Avalanche at the 1998 NHL Entry Draft , he began his NHL career with Colorado in 1999 . Tanguay won a Stanley Cup with Colorado in 2001 , scoring the championship @-@ winning goal in Game 7 against the New Jersey Devils . Individually , he was nominated for the Calder Memorial Trophy following his rookie season and was chosen to the 2004 All @-@ Star Game during his six @-@ year tenure with Colorado . In July 2006 , he was traded to the Flames and spent two years with the club before single @-@ season stints with the Montreal Canadiens and Tampa Bay Lightning . In July 2010 , he returned to Calgary , signing as an unrestricted free agent . After three seasons with Calgary , he returned to Colorado for the 2013 – 14 season . In February 2016 , Tanguay was traded from the Avalanche to the Arizona Coyotes .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Junior = = =
Following a season of midget AAA hockey with the Cap @-@ de @-@ Madeleine Estacades , Tanguay joined the Halifax Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) for the 1996 – 97 season . He played 70 games , scored 27 goals and 68 points and was named to the QMJHL All @-@ Rookie Team . The following season , he improved to 47 goals and 85 points in 51 league games . He was a member of the eighth place Canadian junior team at the 1998 World Junior Hockey Championship , finishing second in team @-@ scoring with three points in seven games .
In a draft in which they had four first @-@ round selections , the Colorado Avalanche made Tanguay their first pick , 12th overall , at the 1998 NHL Entry Draft . He was invited to Colorado 's training camp that fall , and impressed the team such that he made the team as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old . Tanguay and the Avalanche , however , were unable to come to terms on a contract and he was instead returned to Halifax for the 1998 – 99 season .
A few games into his third season with the Mooseheads , he tied a franchise record with five points in one game , an 11 – 3 victory over the Baie @-@ Comeau Drakkar on October 9 , 1998 , then tied another record with four goals in a 6 – 1 defeat of the Drummondville Voltigeurs six nights later . However , he suffered a concussion early in the season which forced him out of the lineup for 28 games . Though he was limited to 31 contests in 1998 – 99 , he scored 27 goals and 61 points . Tanguay finished his junior career as the Mooseheads ' all @-@ time leader in goals ( 101 ) , assists ( 113 ) and points ( 214 ) . In honour of his accomplishments , the team retired his # 18 jersey in 2005 .
Having replaced his agent following his earlier inability to sign with Colorado , Tanguay agreed to a contract with the Avalanche during the season and was assigned to Colorado 's American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Lake Erie Monsters , after his junior season ended . He scored one goal and two assists in five regular season games and added two assists in five playoff games .
= = = Colorado Avalanche = = =
Tanguay made his NHL debut on October 5 , 1999 , against the Nashville Predators and scored his first point that night , recording an assist on a Claude Lemieux goal as part of a 3 – 2 Colorado win . He scored at least one point in his first five NHL games , including his first NHL goal on October 8 against Peter Skudra of the Pittsburgh Penguins . He was named to play in the YoungStars Game as part of 2002 NHL All @-@ Star weekend , but did not play due to injury . Though he struggled at times adjusting to play in the NHL , he finished the season second in the league amongst rookies with 51 points , 19 behind rookie @-@ leader Scott Gomez .
In his sophomore season of 2000 – 01 , Tanguay improved to 77 points and finished sixth in the NHL in plus / minus at + 35 . He enjoyed an 11 @-@ game point streak in November 2000 , scoring six goals and 13 assists in that span . He was a key contributor for the Avalanche in the post @-@ season , recording 21 points . In game seven of the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals , Tanguay scored two goals , including the game @-@ winner , and added an assist in a 3 – 1 victory against the New Jersey Devils . His efforts led Colorado to its second Stanley Cup championship in franchise history .
After falling to 48 points over 70 games in 2001 – 02 , Tanguay rebounded in 2002 – 03 to score 67 points . During the season , he had a career best 16 @-@ game point streak which set a Colorado team record . He also scored his first career NHL hat trick on March 22 , 2003 , against the Chicago Blackhawks . He was nearly traded to the Boston Bruins early in the season when both he and the team were struggling . Colorado had offered Tanguay and Martin Škoula to Boston for Martin Lapointe and Kyle McLaren , though the deal failed to materialize .
He improved to a new personal best of 79 points in 2003 – 04 , good enough for ninth place in league scoring , while his 54 assists tied him for fourth in the NHL . The league named him to the Western Conference team at the 2004 All @-@ Star Game . While the 2004 – 05 season was cancelled by a labour dispute , Tanguay signed to play for HC Lugano of the Swiss National League A. He appeared in six games with Lugano , scoring six points . He returned to the Avalanche in 2005 – 06 , and despite missing ten games late in the year with a knee injury , set a personal best with 29 goals , while his 78 points was one short of his career high . Tanguay scored two goals in an April 15 , 2006 , game against the Vancouver Canucks to reach 400 points for his career .
Though he was the team 's second leading scorer , Tanguay continued to be the subject of trade talks throughout the season . Set to become a restricted free agent in July 2006 , the Avalanche chose to trade his negotiating rights to the Calgary Flames at the 2006 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for defenceman Jordan Leopold and two second round draft picks . Tanguay felt that the team chose to trade him after he failed to live up to the team 's expectations in the playoffs even though he continued to struggle with his knee injury . The Flames quickly signed Tanguay to a three @-@ year contract worth US $ 15 @.@ 75 million .
= = = Calgary Flames = = =
Tanguay enjoyed a career season in 2006 – 07 , his first in Calgary , scoring a career @-@ high 81 points in 81 games . He was second on the team in scoring , and led the Flames with 57 assists . Additionally , he played in his 500th career game on February 2 , 2007 , against the Columbus Blue Jackets . The 2007 – 08 season was a difficult one for Tanguay , as speculation that he would not mesh well with new coach Mike Keenan 's style resulted in his being the subject of trade rumours throughout the year .
Pre @-@ season fears of a conflict with Keenan were realized , as the coach reduced his time on the power play and forced him into a defensive role he was not comfortable with . Unhappy with being pushed into a checking role , and believing that the way Keenan was using him was not allowing him to give the Flames fair value on his contract , Tanguay requested a trade at the Christmas break . He and general manager Darryl Sutter agreed to keep it quiet so as not to become a distraction to the team , although Tanguay 's request was revealed in the off @-@ season . He suffered offensively , falling to 58 points .
= = = Montreal and Tampa Bay = = =
Two years after being acquired by Calgary in a draft @-@ day trade , he left the Flames in another such deal . At the 2008 NHL Entry Draft on June 20 , 2008 , the Flames granted his request and sent Tanguay to the Montreal Canadiens , along with a fifth round draft pick , in exchange for a first round pick in 2008 and a second rounder in 2009 . Tanguay accepted the trade to Montreal despite previously saying he would never want to play for the Canadiens and expressing worries about being a French @-@ Canadian player in the Montreal spotlight .
Tanguay recovered offensively to begin the 2008 – 09 season . He was named Montreal 's player of the month in October after scoring a team @-@ high six goals and 11 assists . He registered his 500th career point with a goal in a November 20 game against the Edmonton Oilers , and entered December as one of the leading vote getters for the 2009 All @-@ Star Game . He ranked third in team @-@ scoring at the end of the month when he suffered a separated left shoulder as a result of a hit by Evgeny Artyukhin of the Tampa Bay Lightning . He missed two months as a result and appeared in a career @-@ low 50 games .
The Canadiens chose not to re @-@ sign Tanguay following the season . He instead agreed to a one @-@ year , $ 2 @.@ 5 million contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning for the 2009 – 10 season after passing a physical exam on his shoulder . He struggled for most of the season with the Lightning , at one point lamenting that he had " forgotten how to play . " It ended as the worst season of his career , as Tanguay finished with 10 goals , 37 points and had a negative plus @-@ minus ( − 2 ) for the first time in his career .
= = = Return to Calgary = = =
Tanguay opted to return to Calgary , signing a one @-@ year , $ 1 @.@ 7 million contract for the 2010 – 11 season . He said that the Flames , who were now coached by Brent Sutter , were one of his top choices and that he felt he had unfinished business with the team . Tanguay added that the team expressed confidence in his abilities even as others doubted him following his injuries . The decision proved successful , as Tanguay re @-@ established himself as one of his team 's top offensive players . He finished second to Jarome Iginla in team scoring with 69 points , and led the Flames with 47 assists . Following the season , the Flames signed him to a five @-@ year contract extension worth $ 17 @.@ 5 million .
An upper body injury forced Tanguay out of the Flames ' lineup for 15 games in 2011 – 12 . The team never identified the injury , which was speculated to be a concussion . He still finished third in team scoring , with 49 points in 64 games . Tanguay again finished third in team scoring in the lockout @-@ shortened 2012 – 13 NHL season , scoring 27 points in 40 games . On February 2 , 2013 , in a 3 – 2 shoot @-@ out defeat to the Chicago Blackhawks , Tanguay registered his 500th career assist on a Dennis Wideman goal . His season was again impacted by injury , as he missed the Flames ' final games of the campaign after suffering a sprained medial collateral ligament in a game against the Phoenix Coyotes .
= = = Return to Colorado = = =
With the Flames embracing a rebuild of the team , on June 27 , 2013 , Tanguay was traded back to his original club , the Colorado Avalanche , along with Cory Sarich in exchange for Shane O 'Brien and David Jones . In his homecoming game with the Avalanche in their season opener for the 2013 – 14 season , Tanguay posted 3 assists in a 5 @-@ 0 victory over the Anaheim Ducks . He was instrumental in Colorado 's league best start to the season until he suffered a knee injury after 13 games in a contest against the Montreal Canadiens on November 2 , 2013 . Tanguay missed the next 36 games before returned to play on January 24 , 2014 , against the Florida Panthers . Tanguay was limited to just 3 further appearances with the club before he was ruled out for the remainder of the season to undergo hip surgery on February 21 , 2014 . In his 16 games , Tanguay totalled 11 points and helped the Avalanche to a 15 @-@ 1 record when in the line @-@ up .
On February 29 , 2016 Tanguay was traded to the Arizona Coyotes along with Conner Bleackley and Kyle Wood in exchange for Mikkel Boedker .
= = Playing style = =
Tanguay is best known for his playmaking skills and ability to set his teammates up for scoring opportunities . His speed and passing skills are considered his strongest attributes . Calgary teammates Olli Jokinen and Jarome Iginla both praised his ability to find a way to pass the puck to them in difficult plays .
Tanguay has been criticized for not shooting the puck enough , resulting in the view that his goal totals could be higher . Tanguay has good shooting ability ; he led the league in shooting percentage in 2005 – 06 and finished third in 2006 – 07 with an average of 23 @.@ 2 % both seasons . He is also a top player in the shootout , and led the league with 10 shootout goals in 2010 – 11 .
= = Personal life = =
Tanguay was born on November 21 , 1979 , in the town of Sainte @-@ Justine , Quebec . His father worked with the family @-@ owned transportation company , while his mother worked at a nearby school division . His younger brother , Maxime , is also a professional hockey player . Tanguay is distantly related to French @-@ Canadian author , and fellow Sainte @-@ Justine native , Roch Carrier .
Tanguay grew up a fan of the Quebec Nordiques and frequently accompanied his grandfather to their games . Owing to the nature of the Battle of Quebec rivalry with the Canadiens that existed when he was growing up , Tanguay admitted unease at joining the Canadiens in 2008 .
Tanguay and his wife Helene have three children daughter Maya and sons Blake and Samuel . The two volunteer with the Canadian Cancer Society ; in the 2010 – 11 season , he donated $ 200 for every assist he recorded . With 47 assists , the total reached $ 9 @,@ 400 ; Tanguay established at the beginning of the season , however , that he would donate a minimum of $ 10 @,@ 000 .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= M @-@ 142 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 142 is a state trunkline highway in The Thumb region of the US state of Michigan . It is a " trans @-@ peninsular " highway in that it travels through an agricultural area from Bay Port on Saginaw Bay to Harbor Beach on Lake Huron . The current trunkline in Huron County was originally parts of other state highways that date back to the initial 1919 signposting of the state highway system in the state . The designation was applied in 1939 , and the road has remained unchanged since it was completely paved in the 1950s . One other highway , near Lake City , carried the number in the 1930s .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 142 begins just a few miles south of Bay Port at an intersection with M @-@ 25 near the Bay Port Cemetery , about two @-@ thirds of a mile ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) inland from Saginaw Bay . From there , the road travels eastward through farm country on Pigeon Road . The highway follows a direct course over the Pigeon River to the village of Pigeon , when M @-@ 142 turns south on Main Street to exit town . South of town , the Pigeon Road name resumes , and after about one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , M @-@ 142 turns back eastward near the Grand Lawn Cemetery . The road then continues eastward through more farms to Elkton , diverting off a direct course to cross a line of the Huron and Eastern Railway on the east side of town .
North of Bad Axe , M @-@ 142 leaves Pigeon Road to turn southward along Van Dyke Road for about mile and a half ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) . Along this section , the highway runs concurrently with M @-@ 53 into town . At the intersection with Huron Avenue , M @-@ 142 turns east and M @-@ 53 turns west , ending the overlap of the two highways . M @-@ 142 exits town and follows Sand Beach Road through farm country . About three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) of Bad Axe , M @-@ 142 meets the northern terminus of M @-@ 19 ( Ubly Road ) . Continuing eastward , the highway crosses two branches of the Willow River as it passes through the unincorporated community of Verona . East of that location , the trunkline turns northeasterly , roughly parallel to the Rock Falls Creek , as it angles to Harbor Beach . M @-@ 142 follows State Street through town , and the trunkline terminates at the intersection with M @-@ 25 about a quarter mile ( 0 @.@ 4 km ) west of Lake Huron .
Like other state highways in Michigan , M @-@ 142 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) . In 2011 , the department 's traffic surveys showed that on average , 8 @,@ 887 vehicles used the highway daily in the city of Bad Axe east of M @-@ 53 and 832 vehicles did so each day between M @-@ 25 and Pigeon , the highest and lowest counts along the highway , respectively . No section of M @-@ 142 is listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
= = = Previous designation = = =
The first highway to gain the M @-@ 142 moniker was designated by the end of 1929 running eastward from M @-@ 55 / M @-@ 66 to a farm owned by Michigan State College ( now Michigan State University ) south of Lake City . By 1939 , this one @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) highway was transferred back to local control .
= = = Current highway = = =
When the state highway system was first signed in 1919 , one of the original trunklines was numbered M @-@ 31 , originally running northward from Port Huron to Harbor Beach and then westward to Saginaw . When the U.S. Highway System was approved on November 11 , 1926 , M @-@ 31 was decommissioned in favor of alternate numbers . The roadway between Bay Port and Harbor Beach was assigned the M @-@ 83 designation ; Between Bay Port and Bad Axe , the highway was also a part of the contemporary M @-@ 29 . By 1933 , the M @-@ 29 designation was removed when that highway was realigned to follow the Saginaw Bay shoreline and later became parts of an extended US Highway 25 and a new M @-@ 25 .
In 1939 , a section of M @-@ 83 was returned to local control , which would have resulted in a discontinuous routing . Segments of the trunkline were absorbed into other existing highways . The former routing of M @-@ 83 from Bay Port , eastward across The Thumb , to Harbor Beach where it met up with US 25 was redesignated M @-@ 142 . By early 1952 , the last section of the highway was paved , stretching about three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) eastward from the M @-@ 19 junctionMichigan State Highway Department ( April 15 , 1952 ) . 1952 Official Highway Map ( Map ) . The highway has been unchanged since .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Huron County .
= Kanchipuram =
Kanchipuram a otherwise known as Kanchi ( previously romanised as Kāñci @-@ pura , Conjevaram ) is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu , 72 km ( 45 mi ) from Chennai – the capital of Tamil Nadu . The city covers an area of 11 @.@ 605 km2 ( 4 @.@ 481 sq mi ) and had a population of 164 @,@ 265 in 2001 . It is the administrative headquarters of Kanchipuram District . Kanchipuram is well @-@ connected by road and rail . Chennai International Airport is the nearest domestic and international airport to the city , which is located at Tirusulam in Kanchipuram district .
Located on the banks of the Vegavathy river , Kanchipuram has been ruled by the Pallavas , the Medieval Cholas , the Later Cholas , the Later Pandyas , the Vijayanagar Empire , the Carnatic kingdom , and the British . The city 's historical monuments include the Kailasanathar Temple and the Vaikunta Perumal Temple . Historically , Kanchipuram was a centre of education and was known as the ghatikasthanam , or " place of learning " . The city was also a religious centre of advanced education for Jainism and Buddhism between the 1st and 5th centuries .
In Vaishnavism Hindu theology , Kanchipuram is one of the seven Tirtha ( pilgrimage ) sites , for spiritual release . The city houses Varadharaja Perumal Temple , Ekambareswarar Temple , Kamakshi Amman Temple , and Kumarakottam Temple , which are some of major Hindu temples in the state . Of the 108 holy temples of the Hindu god Vishnu , 14 are located in Kanchipuram . The city is particularly important to Sri Vaishnavism , but is also a holy pilgrimage site in Shaivism . The city is well known for its hand woven silk sarees and most of the city 's workforce is involved in the weaving industry .
Kanchipuram is administered by a Special grade municipality constituted in 1947 . It is the headquarters of the Kanchi matha , a Hindu monastic institution believed to have been founded by the Hindu saint and commentator Adi Sankaracharya , and was the capital city of the Pallava Kingdom between the 4th and 9th centuries .
Kanchipuram has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India .
= = Etymology = =
Kanchipuram was known in early Tamil literature as Kachi or Kachipedu but was later Sanskritized to Kanchi or Kanchipuram . According to legend , the name Kanchi is derived from Ka referring to the Hindu god Brahma and anchi , referring to his worship of Hindu god Vishnu at this place . The earliest inscription from the Maurya period ( 325 – 185 BCE ) denote the city as Kanchipuram , where King Visnugopa was defeated by Samudragupta Maurya ( 320 – 298 BCE ) . Patanjali ( 150 BCE or 2nd century BCE ) refers to the city in his Mahabhasya as Kanchipuraka . The city was referred to by various Tamil names like Kanchi , Kanchipedu and Sanskrit names like Kanchipuram . The Pallava inscriptions from ( 250 – 355 ) and the inscriptions of the Chalukya dynasty refers the city as Kanchipura . Jaina Kanchi refers to the area around Tiruparutti Kundram . During the British rule , the city was known as Conjeevaram and later as Kanchipuram . The municipal administration was renamed Kancheepuram , while the district retains the name Kanchipuram .
= = History = =
While it is widely accepted that Kanchipuram had served as an Early Chola capital , the claim has been contested by Indian historian P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar who wrote that the Tamil culture of the Sangam period did not spread through the Kanchipuram district , and cites the Sanskritic origins of its name in support of his claim . The earliest references to Kanchipuram are found in the books of the Sanskrit grammarian Patanjali , who lived between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE . The city is believed to have been part of the mythical Dravida Kingdom of the Mahabharatha , and was described as " the best among cities " ( Sanskrit : Nagareshu Kanchi ) by the 4th @-@ century Sanskrit poet , Kalidasa . The city was regarded as the " Banaras of the South " .
Kanchipuram grew in importance when the Pallavas of southern Andhra Pradesh , wary of constant invasions from the north , moved their capital south to the city in the 6th century . The Pallavas fortified the city with ramparts , wide moats , well @-@ laid @-@ out roads , and artistic temples . During the reign of the Pallava King Mahendravarman I , the Chalukya King Pulakesin II ( 610 – 642 ) invaded the Pallava kingdom as far as the Kaveri River . The Pallavas successfully defended Kanchipuram and foiled repeated attempts to capture the city . A second invasion ended disastrously for Pulakesin II , who was forced to retreat to his capital Vatapi which was besieged and Pulakesin II was killed by Narasimhavarman I ( 630 – 668 ) , son of Mahendravarman I ( 600 – 630 ) , at the Battle of Vatapi . Under the Pallavas , Kanchipuram flourished as a centre of Hindu and Buddhist learning . King Narasimhavarman II built the city 's important Hindu temples , the Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple , the Varadharaja Perumal Temple and the Iravatanesvara Temple . Xuanzang , a Chinese traveller who visited Kanchipuram in 640 , recorded that the city was 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) in circumference and that its people were renowned for their bravery , piety , love of justice , and veneration for learning .
The Medieval Chola king Aditya I conquered the Pallava kingdom , including Kanchipuram , after defeating the Pallava ruler Aparajitavarman ( 880 – 897 ) in about 890 . Under the Cholas , the city was the headquarters of the northern viceroyalty . The province was renamed " Jayamkonda Cholamandalam " during the reign of King Raja Raja Chola I ( 985 – 1014 ) , who constructed the Karchapeswarar Temple and renovated the Kamakshi Amman Temple . His son , Rajendra Chola I ( 1012 – 44 ) constructed the Yathothkari Perumal Temple . According to the Siddhantasaravali of Trilocana Sivacharya , Rajendra Chola I brought a band of Saivas with him on his return from the Chola expedition to North India and settled them in Kanchipuram . In about 1218 , the Pandya king Maravarman Sundara Pandyan ( 1216 – 1238 ) invaded the Chola country , making deep inroads into the kingdom which was saved by the intervention of the Hoysala king Vira Narasimha II ( 1220 – 1235 ) , who fought on the side of the Chola king Kulothunga Chola III . Inscriptions indicate the presence of a powerful Hoysala garrison in Kanchipuram , which remained in the city until about 1230.Shortly afterwards , Kanchipuram was conquered by the Telugu Cholas , from whom Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I took the city in 1258 . The city remained with the Pandyas until 1311 when the Sambuvarayars declared independence , taking advantage of the anarchy caused by Malik Kafur 's invasion . After short spells of occupation by Ravivarman Kulasekhara of Venad ( Quilon , Kerala ) in 1313 – 1314 and the Kakatiya ruler Prataparudra II , Kanchipuram was conquered by the Vijayanagar general Kumara Kampana , who defeated the Madurai Sultanate in 1361 .
The Vijayanagar Empire ruled Kanchipuram from 1361 to 1645 . The earliest inscriptions attesting to Vijayanagar rule are those of Kumara Kampanna from 1364 and 1367 , which were found in the precincts of the Kailasanathar Temple and Varadaraja Perumal Temple respectively . His inscriptions record the re @-@ institution of Hindu rituals in the Kailasanathar Temple that had been abandoned during the Muslim invasions . Inscriptions of the Vijayanagar kings Harihara II , Deva Raya II , Krishna Deva Raya , Achyuta Deva Raya , Sriranga I , and Venkata II are found within the city . Harihara II endowed grants in favour of the Varadaraja Perumal Temple.In the 15th century , Kanchipuram was invaded by the Velama Nayaks in 1437 , the Gajapati kingdom in 1463 – 1465 and 1474 – 75 and the Bahmani Sultanate in about 1480 . A 1467 inscription of Virupaksha Raya II mentions a cantonment in the vicinity of Kanchipuram . In 1486 , Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya , the governor of the Kanchipuram region , overthrew the Sangama Dynasty of Vijayanagar and founded the Saluva Dynasty . Like most of his predecessors , Narasimha donated generously to the Varadaraja Perumal Temple . Kanchipuram was visited twice by the Vijayanagar king Krishna Deva Raya , considered to be the greatest of the Vijayanagar rulers , and 16 inscriptions of his time are found in the Varadaraja Perumal Temple . The inscriptions in four languages – Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , and Sanskrit – record the genealogy of the Tuluva kings and their contributions , along with those of their nobles , towards the upkeep of the shrine . His successor , Achyuta Deva Raya , reportedly had himself weighed against pearls in Kanchipuram and distributed the pearls amongst the poor . Throughout the second half of the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries , the Aravidu Dynasty tried to maintain a semblance of authority in the southern parts after losing their northern territories in the Battle of Talikota . Venkata II ( 1586 – 1614 ) tried to revive the Vijayanagar Empire , but the kingdom relapsed into confusion after his death and rapidly fell apart after the Vijayanagar king Sriranga III 's defeat by the Golconda and Bijapur sultanates in 1646 .
After the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire , Kanchipuram endured over two decades of political turmoil . The Golconda Sultanate gained control of the city in 1672 , but lost it to Bijapur three years later . In 1676 , Shivaji arrived in Kanchipuram at the invitation of the Golconda Sultanate in order to drive out the Bijapur forces . His campaign was successful and Kanchipuram was held by the Golconda Sultanate until its conquest by the Mughal Empire led by Aurangazeb in October 1687.In the course of their southern campaign , the Mughals defeated the Marathas under Sambhaji , the elder son of Shivaji , in a battle near Kanchipuram in 1688 which caused considerable damage to the city but cemented Mughal rule . Soon after , the priests at the Varadaraja Perumal , Ekambareshwarar and Kamakshi Amman temples , mindful of Aurangazeb 's reputation for iconoclasm , transported the idols to southern Tamil Nadu and did not restore them until after Aurangazeb 's death in 1707 . Under the Mughals , Kanchipuram was part of the viceroyalty of the Carnatic which , in the early 1700s , began to function independently , retaining only a nominal acknowledgement of Mughal rule . The Marathas invaded Kanchipuram during the Carnatic period in 1724 and 1740 , and the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1742 .
Kanchipuram was a battlefront for the British East India Company in the Carnatic Wars against the French East India Company and in the Anglo @-@ Mysore Wars with the Sultanate of Mysore.The popular 1780 Battle of Pollilur of the Second Anglo @-@ Mysore War , known for the use of rockets by Hyder Ali of Mysore , was fought in the village of Pullalur near Kanchipuram . In 1763 , the British East India Company assumed indirect control from the Nawab of the Carnatic over the erstwhile Chingleput District , comprising the present @-@ day Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur districts , in order to defray the expenses of the Carnatic wars . The Company brought the territory under their direct control during the Second Anglo @-@ Mysore War , and the Collectorate of Chingleput was created in 1794 . The district was split into two in 1997 and Kanchipuram made the capital of the newly created Kanchipuram district .
= = Geography = =
Kanchipuram is located at 12 @.@ 98 ° N 79 @.@ 71 ° E / 12 @.@ 98 ; 79 @.@ 71 , 72 km ( 45 mi ) south @-@ west of Chennai on the banks of the Vegavathi River , a tributary of the Palar River . The city covers an area of 11 @.@ 6 km2 ( 4 @.@ 5 sq mi ) and has an elevation of 83 @.@ 2 m ( 273 ft ) above sea level.The land around Kanchipuram is flat and slopes towards the south and east . The soil in the region is mostly clay , with some loam , clay , and sand , which are suitable for use in construction . The Chingleput District Manual ( 1879 ) describes the region 's soils as " highly inferior " and " highly stony or mixed with lime , gravel , soda and laterite " . It has been postulated that the granite required for the Varadaraja Perumal Temple might have been obtained from the Sivaram Hills located 10 miles east of Kanchipuram . The area is classified as a Seismic Zone II region , and earthquakes of up to magnitude 6 on the Richter Scale may be expected . Kanchipuram is subdivided into two divisions – Big Kanchi , also called Shiva Kanchi occupies the western portion of the city and is the larger of the two divisions . Little Kanchi , also called Vishnu Kanchi , is located on the eastern fringes of the city . Most of the Shiva temples lie in Big Kanchi while most of the Vishnu temples lie in Little Kanchi .
Ground water is the major source of water supplies used for irrigation – the block of Kanchipuram has 24 canals , 2809 tanks , 1878 tube wells and 3206 ordinary wells . The area is rich in medicinal plants , and historic inscriptions mention the medicinal value . Dimeria acutipes and cyondon barberi are plants found only in Kanchipuram and Chennai .
= = Climate = =
Kanchipuram generally experiences hot and humid climatic conditions throughout the year . Temperatures reache an average maximum of 37 @.@ 5 ° C ( 99 @.@ 5 ° F ) between April and July , and an average minimum of 20 @.@ 5 ° C ( 68 @.@ 9 ° F ) between December and February . The daytime heat during summer can be oppressive ; temperatures can reach 43 ° C ( 109 ° F ) . Relative humidities of between 58 % and 84 % prevail throughout the year . The humidity reaches its peak during the morning and is lowest in the evening . Relative humidity is higher between November and January and is lowest throughout June .
The city receives an average of 1064 mm of rainfall annually , 68 % of which falls during the northeast monsoon . Most of the precipitation occurs in the form of cyclonic storms caused by depressions in the Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon . The prevailing wind direction is south @-@ westerly in the morning and south @-@ easterly in the evening .
= = Government and politics = =
The Kanchipuram municipality was officially constituted in 1866 , covering 7 @.@ 68 km2 ( 2 @.@ 97 sq mi ) , and its affairs were administered by a municipal committee . It was upgraded to a grade I municipality in 1947 , selection grade municipality in 1983 and special grade municipality in 2008 . As of 2011 the municipality occupies 11 @.@ 6 km2 ( 4 @.@ 5 sq mi ) , has 51 wards and is the biggest municipality in Kanchipuram district . The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments : General , Engineering , Revenue , Public Health , Town Planning and the Computer Wing , all of which are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner , who is the supreme executive head . The legislative powers are vested in a body of 51 members , each representing one ward . The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson who is assisted by a Deputy Chairperson .
Kanchipuram comes under the Kanchipuram state assembly constituency . From the state delimitation after 1967 , seven of the ten elections held between 1971 and 2011 were won by the Anna Dravida Muneetra Kazhagam ( ADMK ) . Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) won the seat during the 1971 and 1989 elections and its ally Pattali Makkal Katchi won the seat during the 2006 elections . The current member of the legislative assembly is V. Somasundaram from the ADMK party .
Kanchipuram Lok Sabha constituency is a newly formed constituency of the Parliament of India after the 2008 delimitation . The constituency originally existed for the 1951 election , and was formed in 2008 after merging the assembly segments of Chengalpattu , Thiruporur , Madurantakam ( SC ) , Uthiramerur and Kanchipuram , which were part of the now defunct Chengalpattu constituency , and Alandur , which was part of the Chennai South constituency . This constituency is reserved for Scheduled Castes ( SC ) candidates . K. Maragatham from the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is the current Member of Parliament for the constituency . Indian writer , politician and founder of the DMK , C. N. Annadurai , was born and raised in Kanchipuram . He was the first member of a Dravidian party to hold that post and was the first
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
. Japan has listed dugongs as endangered and has banned intentional kills and harassment . Hunting , catching , and harassment is banned by the People 's Republic of China . The first marine mammal to be protected in the Philippines was the dugong , although monitoring this is difficult . Palau has legislated to protect dugongs , although this is not well enforced and poaching persists . The dugong is a national animal of Papua New Guinea , which bans all except traditional hunting . Vanuatu and New Caledonia ban hunting of dugongs . Dugongs are protected throughout Australia , although the rules vary by state ; in some areas indigenous hunting is allowed . Dugongs are listed under the Nature Conservation Act in the Australian state of Queensland as vulnerable . Most currently live in established marine parks , where boats must travel at a restricted speed and mesh net fishing is restricted .
In Vietnam , an illegal network targeting dugongs had been detected and was shut down in 2012 .
= = = Human activity = = =
Despite being legally protected in many countries , the main causes of population decline remain anthropogenic and include hunting , habitat degradation , and fishing @-@ related fatalities . Entanglement in fishing nets has caused many deaths , although there are no precise statistics . Most issues with industrial fishing occur in deeper waters where dugong populations are low , with local fishing being the main risk in shallower waters . As dugongs cannot stay underwater for a very long period , they are highly prone to deaths due to entanglement . The use of shark nets has historically caused large numbers of deaths , and they have been eliminated in most areas and replaced with baited hooks . Hunting has historically been a problem too , although in most areas they are no longer hunted , with the exception of certain indigenous communities . In areas such as northern Australia , hunting remains the greatest impact on the dugong population .
Vessel strikes have proved a problem for manatees , but the relevance of this to dugongs is unknown . Increasing boat traffic has increased danger , especially in shallow waters . Ecotourism has increased in some countries , although effects remain undocumented . It has been seen to cause issues in areas such as Hainan due to environmental degradation . Modern farming practise and increased land clearing have also had an impact , and much of the coastline of dugong habitats is undergoing industrialisation , with increasing human populations . Dugongs accumulate heavy metal ions in their tissues throughout their lives , more so than other marine mammals . The effects are unknown . Socio @-@ political needs are an impediment to dugong conservation in many developing countries . The shallow waters are often used as a source of food and income , problems exacerbated by aid used to improve fishing . In many countries , legislation does not exist to protect dugongs , and if it does it is not enforced .
Oil spills are a danger to dugongs in some areas , as is land reclamation . In Okinawa the small dugong population is threatened by United States military activity . Plans exist to build a military base close to the Henoko reef , and military activity also adds the threats of noise pollution , chemical pollution , soil erosion , and exposure to depleted uranium . The military base plans have been fought in US courts by some Okinawans , whose concerns include the impact on the local environment and dugong habitats . It was later revealed that the government of Japan was hiding evidence of the negative effects of ship lanes and human activities on dugongs observed during surveys carried out off Henoko reef .
= = = Environmental degradation = = =
If dugongs do not get enough to eat they may calve later and produce fewer young . Food shortages can be caused by many factors , such as a loss of habitat , death and decline in quality of seagrass , and a disturbance of feeding caused by human activity . Sewage , detergents , heavy metal , hypersaline water , herbicides , and other waste products all negatively affect seagrass meadows . Human activity such as mining , trawling , dredging , land @-@ reclamation , and boat propeller scarring also cause an increase in sedimentation which smothers seagrass and prevents light from reaching it . This is the most significant negative factor affecting seagrass .
One of the dugong 's preferred species of seagrass , Halophila ovalis , declines rapidly due to lack of light , dying completely after 30 days . Extreme weather such as cyclones and floods can destroy hundreds of square kilometres of seagrass meadows , as well as washing dugongs ashore . The recovery of seagrass meadows and the spread of seagrass into new areas , or areas where it has been destroyed , can take over a decade . Most measures for protection involve restricting activities such as trawling in areas containing seagrass meadows , with little to no action on pollutants originating from land . In some areas water salinity is increased due to wastewater , and it is unknown how much salinity seagrass can withstand .
Dugong habitat in the Oura bay area of Henoko , Okinawa , Japan , is currently under threat from land reclamation conducted by Japanese Government in order to build a US Marine base in the area . In August 2014 , preliminary drilling surveys were conducted around the seagrass beds there . The construction is expected to seriously damage the dugong population 's habitat , possibly leading to local extinction .
= = = Capture and captivity = = =
The Australian state of Queensland has sixteen dugong protection parks , and some preservation zones have been established where even aborigines are not allowed to hunt . Capturing animals for research has caused only one or two deaths ; dugongs are expensive to keep in captivity due to the long time mothers and calves spend together , and the inability to grow the seagrass that dugongs eat in an aquarium . Only one orphaned calf has ever been successfully kept in captivity .
Worldwide , only four dugongs are held in captivity . A female from the Philippines lives at Toba Aquarium in Toba , Mie , Japan . A male also lived there until he died on 10 February 2011 . The second resides in Sea World Indonesia , after having been rescued from a fisherman 's net and treated . The last two , a male and a female , are kept at Sydney Aquarium , where they have resided since they were juveniles .
Gracie , a captive dugong at Underwater World , Singapore , was reported to have died in 2014 at the age of 19 , from complications arising from an acute digestive disorder .
= Star Trek ( 2013 video game ) =
Star Trek is a third @-@ person action @-@ adventure Star Trek video game . It was developed by Digital Extremes and co @-@ published by Namco Bandai Games and Paramount Pictures in association with CBS Studios International . The game was first released in the United States on April 23 , 2013 , for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Microsoft Windows platforms . It took three years to produce , and was the first in @-@ house video game development by Paramount Studios , who opted not to license development to a third party . The production team aimed for it to be a collaboration with those working on the Star Trek films to avoid the typical pitfalls associated with film tie @-@ in video games . Video games which influenced Star Trek included the Mass Effect series , Uncharted and Metroid Prime , and certain elements of Star Trek reflected episodes of Star Trek : The Original Series such as " Arena " and " Amok Time " .
The game is set in the Star Trek universe , between the events of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness , and follows the adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and the crew of the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise . The player takes control of either Kirk or first officer Spock , and investigates the theft of a terraforming device from the colony of New Vulcan by the Gorn . Together , Kirk and Spock engage the Gorn on away missions , travel to another universe and re @-@ take Enterprise when it is captured by alien forces . This two @-@ character gameplay was seen as a unique element , referred to as " bro @-@ op " .
The Gorn , who previously appeared in The Original Series and Star Trek : Enterprise , were heavily redesigned , with fifteen different classes of creatures created . A replica of the Gorn costume from " Arena " appeared in a viral advertisement alongside William Shatner , which was intended as a homage to the fight between Kirk and the Gorn from that episode . The game was first launched at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012 , but was panned by critics upon launch in 2013 and sales were poor . Following an issue with the co @-@ operative mode on the PC upon launch , reviewers also criticised a number of issues such as poor lip syncing , clipping and bad camera angles .
= = Gameplay = =
Star Trek is a single @-@ player third person shooter action game with cooperative gameplay elements , which allow two players to control Kirk and Spock . When playing in the single @-@ player mode , Kirk and Spock have different paths through the missions in order to encourage re @-@ playability . The game does not allow players to switch between Kirk and Spock during a chapter , although this ability was included in preview versions of the game shown to reviewers prior to launch . It also does not allow for fellow players to " drop @-@ in " to play alongside co @-@ operatively . In a similar manner to the Gears of War series , the game includes a cover system , which protects the player characters from enemy fire .
The two characters show different gameplay techniques , with Kirk being the more typical shooter while Spock has stealth techniques and can use the Vulcan nerve pinch and mind meld . Each character is equipped with weapons to reflect their gameplay style , with Kirk armed with a phaser equipped with a stun setting , while Spock 's weapon is quieter to reflect his stealthier style of play and freezes enemies instead . As players progress through the game , they gain experience allowing them to unlock additional settings for those weapons . In addition to the weapons , the player characters are also equipped with tricorders , which are used to interact with the environment and progress plot points .
During the course of the game , players have to fight their way across a number of environments . The first mission sees Kirk and Spock land on the planet New Vulcan ; a colony created by Vulcans following the destruction of their homeworld in the 2009 film . There are further types of gameplay in Star Trek seen in the mini @-@ games that appear throughout , such as those featuring " space dives " as seen in both 2009 's Star Trek and 2013 's Star Trek Into Darkness . Other elements of the game break from the third @-@ person shooter style . These include swimming levels that have Spock and Kirk move past obstacles using a teleportation gun , and levels featuring turret @-@ based shooting on board Enterprise . Climbing and platforming are built into the terrain exploration elements of the main game .
= = Plot = =
= = = Background = = =
The game takes place within the Star Trek reboot universe , following 2009 's Star Trek film and before Star Trek Into Darkness . It follows the adventures of Captain James T. Kirk ( voiced by Chris Pine ) and his crew on board the Starfleet starship , the USS Enterprise . The first film showed Kirk becoming Captain of the Enterprise for the first time and the formation of the crew , and so the video game shows one of their early missions . The rebooted universe was developed by director J.J. Abrams along with writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman from the 1960s American television series Star Trek : The Original Series and the six films which followed the crew 's adventures .
= = = Story = = =
In 2259 , Enterprise receives a distress call from a space station harvesting the power of a binary star . There is too much interference to beam the crew aboard , so Kirk and Spock ( voiced by Zachary Quinto ) take a shuttle to rescue the crew . They encounter T 'Mar , a childhood friend of Spock , who explains they were gathering energy to power the Helios device , which would speed up the terraforming of New Vulcan ; the team inadvertently opened a rip in the fabric of space . Beaming to New Vulcan , Kirk and Spock meet with T 'Mar 's father Surok , who explains the station 's power from the base was lost after they were attacked by creatures — who call themselves the Gorn — from the rip . The Gorn infect some of the crew with a virus that makes them aggressive . Kirk and Spock enter the locked down sections of the base to recover the infected survivors , but are unable to stop the Gorn from stealing the Helios device and kidnapping Surok .
Kirk opts to take the infected to a nearby starbase instead of pursuing the Gorn Commander 's ship through the Rip . At the starbase , Kirk , Spock , and T 'Mar meet with the Commodore Daniels , who implies he gave T 'Mar the specifications for the device as he knew it would create a wormhole . Suddenly , the Gorn attack the starbase and kidnap T 'Mar . Just as he is about to be beamed back aboard Enterprise , Spock tackles the Gorn Henchman , bringing him aboard the ship . Kirk and Spock pursue him to the shuttlebay before he can commandeer a shuttle . Spock mindmelds with the Henchman , learning Surok was killed after confessing he has no insight into the device , but that his daughter would . Kirk has the Henchman imprisoned .
Kirk resolves to enter the Rip . After Enterprise enters the Gorn 's galaxy , Kirk and Spock take a shuttle with Sulu ( voiced by John Cho ) and Dr. McCoy ( Karl Urban ) to a nearby planet . When their shuttle is shot down , Kirk and Spock use wingsuits to glide to a Gorn outpost and blow it up before infiltrating a base to rescue T 'Mar . They find Daniels , who is killed in an ensuing firefight . The Gorn bring Kirk and Spock to the Commander , who has them taken to an arena to fight his soldiers to the death . Angered by their besting of his champion , the Commander has Spock infected with the virus and pits him against Kirk . Sulu 's shuttle arrives and McCoy shoots Spock with an antidote , while the Commander flees to his ship with T 'Mar and the device .
The shuttle returns to Enterprise , which has been taken over by the Gorn . Kirk and Spock space dive to engineering and beam McCoy and Sulu back on board . They help Scotty ( voiced by Simon Pegg ) and Keenser reactivate the warp core , and restore power to sickbay so McCoy can replicate more of the antidote for airborne dispersal . The duo head to the bridge where the Henchman is holding Uhura ( voiced by Zoe Saldana ) hostage , demanding Kirk give them control of the ship . Kirk responds by directing their shuttle to crash into the view @-@ screen , decompressing the Gorn into space . With only an hour before the Rip closes , Kirk and Spock space dive to the Gorn Commander 's ship , where they disable the targeting platform to give Enterprise a fighting chance , and enter the core where T 'Mar and the device are being held . Kirk and Spock destroy the device , defeat the Commander , and are beamed back to Enterprise with T 'Mar . Enterprise warps back to the Milky Way Galaxy before the Rip closes ; in their closing logs , Kirk and Spock state T 'Mar has recovered enough to continue working on New Vulcan , and that they have been ordered to Nibiru .
= = Development = =
Production of Star Trek began three years before release under Tom Lesinski at Paramount Digital Entertainment . Lesinkski had a background in video game production , having previously worked at companies such as Crystal Dynamics , Ion Storm and Kuju Entertainment . He made the decision to produce a game in @-@ house , rather than licensing it out to a third party as had previously been the case under the previous ten @-@ year Activision contract . As a result , the game was the first ever to be produced and released by Paramount Studios directly .
Lesinski was terminated by Paramount in September 2011 and the project was passed to Brian Miller , Vice President of Paramount Digital Entertainment . Miller later explained that he wanted the production to avoid the mistakes typically made in movie tie @-@ in games involved a lack of time devoted to the production , and excluding the people working on the film from work on the game . Miller hoped that they had rectified these issues with Star Trek , and explained that they hadn 't produced a similar game to tie @-@ in with 2009 's Star Trek film because it would have suffered from those problems . He also expressed disappointment at the quality of previous in @-@ universe games and wanted the new Star Trek to be " a triple @-@ A game " and something that the franchise deserved .
The idea for the game came out of a brainstorming session in which it was decided that the game should allow the gamer to play as Kirk and Spock , and therefore should featuring co @-@ op style game @-@ play . During his E3 pitch , Steve Sinclair described the game 's genre as " bro @-@ op " . It was created by Digital Extremes , who had previously created video games such as Unreal and BioShock . The Evolution graphics engine was used for Star Trek , having previously been used for Dark Sector and The Darkness II .
The plot of the game was written by Marianne Krawczyk , who had previously worked on games such as God of War and Shank . She developed the plot in conjunction with the producers of the film , Alex Kurtzman and Bob Orci , as well as writer Damon Lindelof . In an interview in 2011 , Orci explained that the storyline of the game was designed to be canon for the new Star Trek universe . He clarified in 2013 that it was " as close to canon as any Star Trek game will ever come " as the mission described by the game could have taken place between 2009 's Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness . Concept design work for the game was created by artist Fernando Acosta .
While developing the game , the production team sought to use elements of other games as influences on how to create a Star Trek based game that was along the same lines as the 2009 film . Digital Extremes creative director Sheldon Carter described this as " It 's like someone spliced Metroid Prime into my Uncharted " . Miller explained that it was due to the success of the Mass Effect series of games that allowed for space @-@ based adventure games such as Star Trek to be made , although they were not seeking to include the role @-@ playing game elements seen in that series . Miller explained that there was a " circular influence " with each franchise influenced by the other . Further influences were found in The Original Series , as one level which pits Spock against Kirk was inspired by a similar scene in the episode " Amok Time " , originally broadcast on television just under 457 years before the launch of the game . While it was intended to be a cross platform launch , the producers decided not to incorporate hands free gaming using either Kinect or the PlayStation Move .
= = = The Gorn = = =
It was decided early on in the development to include the Gorn as the main enemies in the new game . At the same time , J.J. Abrams had joked that he was planning to include the aliens in his second Star Trek film . They had previously been seen in The Original Series episode " Arena " and the Star Trek : Enterprise episode " In A Mirror , Darkly " , and the producers saw the game as an opportunity to redevelop the lizard race including the addition of fifteen different classes / species .
The official Star Trek website previewed several of these new types of Gorn , releasing information on a " Gorn Day " each week . The first to be featured were the Gorn Commander and the Sentinel class . These were described as the elite of the Gorn , with only one Commander appearing in the game , while the Sentinels were slightly shorter versions of the same type of Gorn , armed with different weapons . The Gorn Henchman is one of the main antagonists , and reports directly to the Commander . He first appears on the New Vulcan level , and is one of the Gorn along with the Scout class that can hide their appearance .
The Gorn champion in the arena sequence was based on the Gorn Captain seen in " Arena " . This particular character was intended to be different to all others , and thought to be " abnormal " compared to other members of his race . Other elements of the version of the Gorn seen in The Original Series , such as the eye design , were including in the class known as Rushers . However the Rusher class are different to other types of Gorn seen in the game , as they are quadrupeds and unarmed with the exception of their claws and teeth . Similar to Rushers , Brunts are also unarmed , but they are more heavily armoured and have the ability to destroy obstacles that supply cover for the player .
The more typical soldier types of the Gorn are the Initiates , Warriors and Guardians . The former are the basic troops of the Gorn forces , and while they can run on four legs , they fight on two with an automatic rifle called the Ravager . The Warriors are more advanced , and carry a variety of weaponry along with basic armor . The Guardian type differs in that it is a melee type , armed with a large energy axe . However , the energy from the axe can also produce a shield to protect the holder as well . They are more advanced than both the Initiate and the Warrior classes in that they spend the vast majority of their time on two feet only . Of these fifteen classes , three were created to appear female .
= = = Audio = = =
Paramount secured the likeness rights of Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto in the summer of 2011 for an upcoming game based on the universe of the film Star Trek ( 2009 ) . It was not until a year later in June 2012 that the voice work contracts were signed for the pair , and it was also announced that the likeness rights and voice acting of the rest of the main cast from the film had been secured . Some cast members such as Pegg improvised parts of their performances . Quinto praised the positive experience in the recording studio , and said that " it was nice to be able to play the character and not have to do all this physical stuff " .
The game was scored by Chad Seiter , who had previously worked with Michael Giacchino , the composer for the music in the 2009 film and Star Trek Into Darkness . The duo had worked together on the Star Trek film , with Seiter being one of Giacchino 's additional orchestrators . For the video game , Seiter used Digital Performer , a Digital Audio Workstation / Sequencer software package published by Mark of the Unicorn . The game also featured music from Giacchino 's score for the 2009 film .
= = = Launch issues = = =
Upon the game 's release , there was an issue with the co @-@ operative mode on the PC . Reviewers were sent a Steam download code to play the game while waiting for their console versions to arrive in the mail and upon attempting to launch the co @-@ op mode , players were given the error message " Could not join . The game session is no longer available . " However , this affected a number of gamers playing via Steam on the PC , resulting in a statement being issued by the official Twitter account for the game and an email being sent to customers , stating the company was looking into the problems . At the same time , players of Dead Island : Riptide were having similar issues on Steam .
Following enquiries by the media , Paramount and Namco released a joint statement explaining that it was an issue with the Steam system , and was something that the company was seeking to fix shortly . While others stated issues with co @-@ op gameplay on the PS3 , the companies stated that they were not aware of any issues and recommended that faults should be reported via Twitter . After the PC issue was rectified , a further statement was published to alert customers that they could now use this type of gameplay . A day after the co @-@ op issues with Star Trek were resolved , the Dead Island : Riptide problems were also corrected , with speculation by reviewers presuming that it was the same error in both games .
= = Marketing = =
= = = Promotion = = =
The game made its debut at the 2012 E3 convention in 2011 , where it was revealed that the Gorn would be the game 's antagonists . Reviewers viewed a twenty @-@ minute excerpt of footage from the game in 3D and with surround sound . The game was scheduled for release three weeks before Into Darkness premiered in theaters on May 17 , 2013 . Brian Miller was heavily involved in promoting the game , and regularly featured in interviews with websites and magazines . Following E3 there were concerns from fans that the game would be a straight forward shooter in the Star Trek universe , Miller said , " You will have elements of a shooter . You 'll have elements of exploration , and adventure , and discovery . That is what the new Star Trek is about . "
An in @-@ browser flash social strategy game entitled Star Trek : New Vulcan Reborn was made by Harkable to promote the game . It was set on New Vulcan with the player helping to develop the planet by " building landing pads , founding water treatment centres , establishing mining rigs and more . " An IGN competition took place where players with the most points could win prizes . The game is no longer available to play .
= = = Trailers = = =
The first trailer for the game made its début at the Namco Bandai Global Gamer Day in Las Vegas in April 2012 and showed gameplay footage in 3D . In order to promote the new video game in 2013 , a trailer was produced which featured William Shatner and a man in a Gorn suit playing it on a console . The idea had come from an idea by Brian Miller and Gene Augusto , who initially went back and forth on the idea in an attempt to create something that would go viral . They joked about using the line " not your father 's Star Trek " , and sought to recreate the fight between Shatner and the Gorn from the episode " Arena " .
The trailer featured Shatner using some classic Kirk fighting moves , including a judo chop and an ear clap , and in a homage to the original it had the Gorn throw couch cushions rather than the polystyrene rocks in the original episode . The Gorn outfit worn by a stuntman was a replica of the original , which had mostly been destroyed with the exception of the head , which was sold at auction in 2006 .
= = = Downloadable content = = =
On January 8 , 2013 , four months before the game 's release date , a DLC called Elite Officer Pack was announced for pre @-@ orders allowing players to change in game character skins as well as giving Kirk and Spock new weapons and sidearms . Skins offered include Kirk 's leather jacket and Spock 's Vulcan Science Academy outfit . Further skins include , " Kobuyashi Maru " , Starfleet Cadet ( Kirk ) , Starfleet Officer Dress Uniform ( Spock ) , stealth outfits , and those from the USS Kelvin . Players can also change Kirk and Spock 's sidearms ; Kirk 's sidearms are the Captain 's Phaser and the Starfleet Academy Phaser , while Spock uses the " Vulcan Repeater " and the USS Kelvin Phaser . Other Weapons include for the stealth suit : the Starfleet Type IV Stealth Sniper Rifle , which comes with extra ammo .
= = Reception = =
Star Trek was released in the United States on April 23 , 2013 , and three days later in Europe . This release was designed to coincide with the theatrical launch of the latest Star Trek film , Star Trek Into Darkness . The game sold poorly ; after three weeks on sale , 140 @,@ 000 copies had been sold across all platforms . It failed to reach the top 100 best video games list of 2013 . Critics described it as a flop . It is now considered to be one of the worst video games of all time .
Star Trek received mostly negative reviews . The review aggregator website Metacritic gave the Xbox 360 edition of the game a score of 42 percent , the PC edition 43 percent , and the PS3 version was given a score of 45 percent . Fellow aggregator website Game Rankings gave Star Trek on PS3 an average score of 48 @.@ 57 percent , while the Xbox 360 edition had an average of 43 @.@ 69 percent and the PC version had 37 @.@ 27 percent .
Dan Stapleton for IGN described it as " a barely serviceable , paint @-@ by @-@ numbers third @-@ person shooter " . He wrote that both playable characters were too similar , the combat was " completely generic " and that errors in the animation looked clumsy with " objects clipping through each other ; crazy , badly lip @-@ synced dialog ( not that syncing it with this corny writing would fix it ) ; and general screwups make Star Trek play like a blooper reel . " Stapleton was surprised that the game continued to be playable , as he noted that several scripted events during the game failed to start as scheduled . He also felt that the mini @-@ games throughout the game were " so mind @-@ numbingly simple and repetitive and / or frustrating they made me eager to get back to just being bored . " He said that the game seemed unfinished , and gave it an overall score of 4 @.@ 2 out of ten . Edge magazine said that the game " more bugs crawling on it than a Fear Factor contestant " , and mentioned issues such as the characters running through walls , enemies becoming immortal and camera angles showing the inside of Kirk or Spock 's skull . Star Trek was otherwise described as bland , even running through to the achievements with boring titles and the co @-@ op system " succumbs to awkward banter and gimmicky co @-@ op puzzles " .
Mark Walton , while writing for GameSpot , thought that the general idea for the game was good , but that the gameplay was " tiresome " and failed to excite . He said that the animation was " woefully bad " , and there were several bugs such as the cover taking mechanism failing to work on several occasions . An attempt to bring variety to the game through minigames was seen as " a poor mishmash of those from other games " , and compared those sections to other games such as Portal and the Uncharted series . Walton explained that the game made " small wins " by including the voice acting from the same cast as the movie , but said that there were " too many glaring problems " with the game to find something to like . He gave it a score of 3 @.@ 5 out of ten for the version on PC .
Star Trek Into Darkness director J.J. Abrams stated in September 2013 that he was hurt by the game 's poor reception and quality , saying that it was " obviously a big disappointment " . He also claimed it hurt Star Trek Into Darkness by being released shortly before the film . Later , in November 2013 , Digital Extremes creative director Stephen Sinclair said to IGN that he was " kind of surprised [ ... ] to see one of the most awesome , popular and successful film directors working today slagging on that project " . Video game insiders linked the poor reception of the game to the departure of Brian Miller in his role as the Senior Vice President of Paramount , as he had been heavily involved in the marketing for the game . Insiders had specifically attributed issues with the game to the " ego " of both Miller and his predecessor Lesinski , " insisted this hallowed and cherished franchise was a key brand extension in the gaming vertical only to be compromised by disastrous results and reviews " .
= Can 't Be Tamed =
Can 't Be Tamed is the third studio album by American singer Miley Cyrus . It was released on June 18 , 2010 , by Hollywood Records ; it would become her final album with the label after signing with RCA Records in 2013 . Cyrus wrote the project in 2009 , while travelling internationally for her Wonder World Tour , and recorded it in 2010 . Described by Cyrus as a " good [ record ] to blast in your car " , Can 't Be Tamed represents a musical departure from her earlier work , which she had grown to feel uninspired by . As executive producers , Tish Cyrus and Jason Morey enlisted partners including Devrim Karaoglu , Marek Pompetzki , Rock Mafia , and John Shanks to achieve Cyrus ' desired new sound . Their efforts resulted in a primarily dance @-@ pop record , which Cyrus ' record label acknowledged differed from the original plans for the project . Its lyrical themes revolve largely around breaking free of constraints and expectations , which are largely mentioned in the context of romantic relationships .
Upon its release , Can 't Be Tamed received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who were ambivalent towards perceived lack of musical focus and a failure to fully establish Cyrus ' maturing public image ; additional criticism was placed on her vocals sounding over @-@ processed and lacking emotional depth . It debuted at number three on the U.S. Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 100 @,@ 000 copies . It is Cyrus ' lowest @-@ peaking and lowest @-@ selling record in the United States . The album has sold 350 @,@ 000 copies in the country . Can 't Be Tamed charted moderately on record charts in internationally , reaching the top @-@ ten in countries including Australia , Canada , and the United Kingdom .
Two singles were released from Can 't Be Tamed . Its title track " Can 't Be Tamed " was released on May 14 , 2010 , and peaked at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and performed moderately worldwide . Follow @-@ up single " Who Owns My Heart " was released October 22 , 2010 and was only released in selected European countries , failing to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and charting poorly on European singles chart . Promotional efforts for Can 't Be Tamed began to associate Cyrus with an increasingly provocative image , an effort continued with her fourth studio album Bangerz ( 2013 ) . The record was primarily promoted through a series of television appearances and Cyrus ' headlining Gypsy Heart Tour in 2011 . Can 't Be Tamed is Cyrus first album to not be certified platinum in the US .
= = Background and production = =
In December 2009 , Cyrus announced that she had begun planning her third studio album and intended to begin a musical hiatus after its completion . She expressed concerns that her newer material " doesn 't truly inspire me " and worried that should would be " blending in with everyone else " , although she later commented that the final product was inspired by techno music qualities commonly used by recording artist Lady Gaga . Abby Konowitch from Cyrus ' label Hollywood Records admitted that the record drew more inspiration from dance @-@ pop music than she originally intended , but maintained that it " feels very comfortable for her , and it feels very comfortable in terms of the state of contemporary music . "
The majority of Can 't Be Tamed was recorded abroad during Cyrus ' her headlining Wonder World Tour in 2009 and 2010 . She collaborated with John Shanks during its production ; he frequently traveled to London for Cyrus ' recording sessions , and returned to Los Angeles to finalize their material . Cyrus also collaborated with the production team Rock Mafia , consisting of Antonina Armato and Tim James ; they notably produced her earlier singles " See You Again " and " 7 Things " from her first and second studio albums Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) and Breakout ( 2008 ) , respectively . Cyrus stated that Can 't Be Tamed contained a variety of dance beats and synths , but believed that its sound was secondary to the personal lyrics therein .
= = Release and artwork = =
In February 2010 , Cyrus announced that her then @-@ untitled third studio album would be released later that summer , which she felt was appropriate because it is " good to blast in your car . " Later that April , it was announced that the record would be titled Can 't Be Tamed , and would be released on June 22 , 2010 in the United States . Consequently , it became the first project from Hollywood Records to be released under the " day @-@ and @-@ date " format , which allowed the project to be released nearly simultaneously worldwide instead of traditionally " staggering " its launch to accommodate " the availability of the artist " internationally . On May 7 , Cyrus unveiled the album artwork through her website ; it depicts Cyrus dressed in a leather jacket , pants , and midriff @-@ baring shirt while standing against a black @-@ and @-@ white background . It was noted for establishing an increasingly provocative public image for Cyrus ; her stylist Simone Harouche stated that it was inspired by singer Joan Jett and the band Blondie , and was " basically a strong statement saying in the most simple way , that she can ’ t be tamed – literally and metaphorically . " A deluxe version of the record was simultaneously released , which included the audio disc packaged with the standard version in addition to a bonus DVD that includes previously unseen footage from Cyrus ' performance at The O2 Arena during the Wonder World Tour .
= = Composition = =
Can 't Be Tamed is primarily a dance @-@ pop record ; it contains " several bass @-@ heavy , slickly produced dance numbers " that Ann Donahue from Billboard joked " thunder in such a catchy , accessible way that it may make Kesha down another bottle of Jack out of envy . " Its opening track " Liberty Walk " describes an individual who leaves a harmful relationship , which Cyrus felt leaned towards more meaningful lyrical content instead of the " super shallow " current mainstream music . " Who Owns My Heart " details the excitement in possibly finding a lover at a nightclub , while Cyrus herself commented that the title track " Can 't Be Tamed " bears a theme of " breaking out and feeling free . " It is followed by a cover version of " Every Rose Has Its Thorn " , originally performed by the band Poison for their second studio album Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! ( 1988 ) ; she stated that the modern @-@ day music industry " shelters kids [ from ] songs as honest and real as this one " , and added that a consultation with the band 's lead singer Bret Michaels helped her to incorporate her " own flare and edge " .
" Two More Lonely People " was described by Evan Sawdey of PopMatters as " one moment of carefree dance @-@ pop joy " that was reminiscent of material from her earlier Hannah Montana soundtracks ; he also stated that the lyrics delivered in " Forgiveness and Love " were among the " more over @-@ the @-@ top cutesy moments " throughout the record , specifically commenting that the lines " The only thing that / Our hearts are made of / Are the acts of forgiveness and love " were " so unbelievably saccharine that Hallmark would ultimately have to turn them down " . Robert Ham from Christianity Today felt that " Permanent December " discussed the story of " the devoted girlfriend pushing aside the ' sexy boys ' vying for her affections " , while " Stay " addressed the difficulties in maintaining a long @-@ distance relationship .
Writing for AllMusic , Heather Phares noted that " Scars " exemplified Cyrus ' equating of " grown @-@ up with joyless " , adding that the track fails to find the " emotional depth " Cyrus was likely intending . She also described " Take Me Along " as one of the more " overwrought ballads " where Cyrus ' delivery seemed more comfortable than others on the record . Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly felt that " Robot " highlighted the theme of defiance and rebellion seen throughout Can 't Be Tamed , specifically noting the lyrics " Stand here , sell this , and hit your mark / I would scream but I 'm just this hollow shell " . The record closes with the twelfth track " My Heart Beats for Love " , which according to Ham , describes " the more universal ideal of love for all " ; Greenblatt also recognized the integration of organ instrumentation .
= = Singles = =
" Can 't Be Tamed " was released as the lead single from Can 't Be Tamed on May 14 , 2010 . It received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who appreciated its electropop influences . The track debuted at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 with first @-@ week digital downloads of 191 @,@ 000 copies , although it performed moderately internationally . An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Robert Hales , and was premiered through E ! News on May 4 , 2010 . It follows Cyrus and her back @-@ up dancers dressed in bird @-@ like clothing as they escape a cage and trash a museum .
" Who Owns My Heart " was released as the second single from Can 't Be Tamed later that year . It generated mixed reviews from music critics , who felt that its production was generic . It did not impact the Billboard Hot 100 , and reached the lower ends of European record charts . The accompanying music video for the track was also directed by Hales , and was released on October 22 , 2010 .
= = Promotion = =
Hollywood Records focused on television appearances when further promoting Can 't Be Tamed , which they expected would accommodate Cyrus ' schedule more effectively than traditional interviews with the press and radio stations . She first performed " Can 't Be Tamed " on May 18 , 2010 during the tenth season of Dancing with the Stars in the United States . Cyrus later traveled to Europe to perform at the Rock in Rio concerts in Lisbon on May 29 and Madrid on June 6 ; she sang " Can 't Be Tamed " , " Robot " and " My Heart Beats for Love " there . Meanwhile , she played concerts in 1515 Club in Paris ( June 1 ) and G @-@ A @-@ Y nightclub in London ( June 5 ) . On June 3 she sang " Can 't Be Tamed " on Britain 's Got Talent . After returning to the United States , Cyrus held a concert at the House of Blues in Los Angeles on June 16 . Her performance was later re @-@ broadcast by MTV through thirty of its international websites , reaching approximately 160 countries ; it was made available for on @-@ demand streaming the following day . She also sang " Can 't Be Tamed " on TV shows such as Late Show with David Letterman ( June 17 ) , Good Morning America ( June 18 ) , both in New York City , and 2013 MuchMusic Video Awards in Toronto ( June 20 ) , She did Rock in Rio In Madrid and Lisbon to promote that album , where she performed Can 't Be Tamed , Robot and My Heart Beats for Love . On Good Morning America she also sang " Every Rose Has Its Thorn " with Bret Michaels . In November , Cyrus flew to Europe to sing " Who Owns My Heart " on Wetten , dass .. ? ( November 6 ) and 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards ( November 7 ) . On November 21 , she performed " Forgiveness and Love " on American Music Awards of 2010 in Los Angeles .
Cyrus launched her headlining Gypsy Heart Tour in April 2011 , for which she traveled internationally .
= = Critical reception = =
At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Can 't Be Tamed received an average score of 48 , which indicates " mixed or average reviews " , based on nine reviews . Heather Phares from AllMusic shared a similar sentiment in regards to its production , suggesting that the excessive use of Auto @-@ Tune limited Cyrus ' ability to express genuine emotion , adding that several tracks were similar to " Tik Tok " by Kesha " minus that song 's mindless fun " . A writer for Billboard also noted Cyrus ' a lack of emotion in Cyrus ' vocals , but considered the " delightfully robo @-@ country " cover version of " Every Rose Has Its Thorn " as the standout track from the record .
Writing for The Boston Globe , James Reed questioned the need to " tame " Cyrus , given that " this stuff is already pretty innocuous " . However , he acknowledged that Can 't Be Tamed contained " the catchiest Top 40 hits money can buy . " Referencing the lyrics in " Every Rose Has Its Thorn " , Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly felt that Cyrus was " just not ( yet ) that thorny a girl " despite visible efforts of rebellion . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian thought that Cyrus lost sight of her target audience with the project , noting that " if you 're old enough to stay up after 9 : 00 PM without asking permission , it 's not intended for you " while also commenting that children that may be interested in the record had likely " transferred their affections " to the then @-@ teenage Justin Bieber . Writing for Rolling Stone , Rob Sheffield opined that the production used throughout Can 't Be Tamed felt too generic for its goal of rebellion .
Theon Weber of The Village Voice felt that Cyrus ' attempts of maturity were too similar to those of Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears in their earlier years , and commented that the album itself was " sadly wan " . Evan Sawdey from PopMatters shared the same concern , additionally noting the irony that Cyrus ' first project after Hannah Montana was released through the Disney @-@ owned Hollywood Records . Elysa Gardner from USA Today opined that Cyrus had successfully " made the full leap from tween queen to pop tart " with the music video for " Can 't Be Tamed " , but failed to maintain this image with " generic , anonymous tunes " on the parent album .
= = Commercial performance = =
In the United States , Can 't Be Tamed debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 102 @,@ 000 copies , behind the 741 @,@ 000 and 157 @,@ 000 units moved by Recovery by Eminem and Thank Me Later by Drake , respectively . The record was viewed as a commercial disappointment in the country , given that Cyrus ' second studio album Breakout ( 2008 ) debuted at number one on the chart with first @-@ week sales of 371 @,@ 000 copies . As of January 2014 , the album has moved 350 @,@ 000 units in the United States . Can 't Be Tamed reached number two on the Canadian Albums Chart , and peaked at number ten on the Top 100 Mexico .
Can 't Be Tamed performed moderately on national record charts in Europe . It peaked at number one on the Spanish PROMUSICAE , and reached the top @-@ five on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 , German Media Control Charts , Greek IFPI , Hungarian MAHASZ , Irish IRMA , Italian FIMI , and Swiss Hitparade . Furthermore , the record peaked in the top @-@ ten on the Flanders and Wallonia regions of the Belgian Ultratop , Norwegian VG @-@ lista , and the UK Albums Chart . In the latter country , the album was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry . Can 't Be Tamed charted in the lower ends of the Danish Tracklisten , Dutch MegaCharts , The Official Finnish Charts , French SNEP , and the Swedish Sverigetopplistan . It did , however , attain a gold certification in Poland . In Oceania , Can 't Be Tamed peaked at numbers two and four on the Official New Zealand Music Chart and the Australian ARIA Charts , respectively . In the latter nation , it was recognized with a gold certification .
= = Track listing = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Can 't Be Tamed .
Notes
^ a signifies a co @-@ producer
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from AllMusic .
= = Charts = =
= Axe to Fall =
Axe to Fall is the seventh studio album released by American metalcore band Converge . It was released on October 20 , 2009 , through Epitaph Records and was released later on in the year through Deathwish Inc. as a vinyl record . It is their second most commercially successful to date , peaking at number 74 in the Billboard 200 . The album was produced by guitarist Kurt Ballou , who previously produced Converge 's Jane Doe ( 2001 ) , You Fail Me ( 2004 ) and No Heroes ( 2006 ) , and features artwork created by lead singer Jacob Bannon . Axe to Fall is a collaborative album , which features a large number of guest musicians , including members from Cave In , Neurosis and The Red Chord among others .
Axe to Fall was met with widespread critical acclaim . It has been referred to as the band 's most accessible album to date , and was compared with Converge 's widely lauded Jane Doe .
= = Writing and recording = =
Converge began writing Axe to Fall in November 2008 . With Jacob Bannon , Kurt Ballou and Nate Newton all living within a half a mile of each other in Boston , and Ben Koller living a couple hours away in Brooklyn , Converge could easily practice for weeks at a time . Though most songs originated from a guitar or bass riff from Ballou or Newton , all members had equal input on the writing process , with each member proposing different songs . Vocalist Bannon wrote a few songs for Axe to Fall , but were scrapped because they were slower than the rest of the songs , and did not fit the energy of the album .
Following a short tour in March 2009 with Ceremony , Coliseum , Pulling Teeth , Rise and Fall , Converge entered the studio to begin recording in May 2009 . During this short tour , the band debuted a few new songs live , and footage could be seen online . The album was self @-@ produced by Converge 's guitar player , Kurt Ballou , in his own GodCity Studios located in Massachusetts . Ballou has produced and co @-@ produced several Converge albums , including 2001 's Jane Doe , 2004 's You Fail Me and 2006 's No Heroes . He has also produced a number of independent metal and hardcore bands , including Genghis Tron 's Board Up the House , Torche 's Meanderthal and Disfear 's Live the Storm . Ballou has a degree in aerospace engineering , and prior to devoting his time and effort with Converge , he worked at a biomedical firm for six years . The money he received from his severance package was used to fund and create his home studio . His experiences and knowledge in engineering carry over to his recording work . In regards to Ballou 's technical precision as a producer Bannon has stated , " nothing gets by him — it is inspiring to watch him work . " Throughout the recording process , the band updated their fans via Twitter of their progress in the studio .
= = = Guest collaboration = = =
While creating Axe to Fall , Converge tried to challenge themselves creatively as artists . Ballou stated that with each new Converge album , he " always [ wants ] to create a new listening experience " and continued with the concept of " pushing [ themselves ] forward and not repeating [ themselves ] . " Lead singer Jacob Bannon stated , " We appreciate our past albums , but we 're very much about forward movement and challenging ourselves musically and expressing ourselves emotionally . " Bannon has stated that he felt that the main artistic difference between Axe to Fall and previous albums was the large number of guest musicians included on the record . Axe to Fall features various members from Cave In , Neurosis , and Genghis Tron among others . Most of the guest musicians already had an existing relationship with one or more band members of Converge prior to recording , or the band had " admired in some way . " Converge had previously thought of the idea of creating a collaborative album with many guest artists for a number of years , but the band felt that the " time to execute it [ had ] never been there . " Bannon has stated that working with a number of different artists was difficult and something the band was not used to , however the finished product was " an extremely focused album . "
Though writing did not officially begin until November 2008 , work on some songs from Axe to Fall began four to five years earlier . In 2004 , Converge collaborated with Cave In and recorded some songs together . The material from these recording sessions , dubbed the " Verge In " sessions , was never released and the project later dissolved . The instrumental parts that Cave In contributed to " Effigy " were from the original recordings in 2004 . Converge took the parts they contributed to the project to create the foundation for what would become " Cruel Bloom " and " Wretched World . " While producing Board Up the House , Ballou gave Genghis Tron a rough mix of " Wretched World " to contribute their talents . According to Ballou , Genghis Tron " embellished it and created a whole new melodic structure on top of the song that we would 've never come up with . " Brad Fickeisen from The Red Chord also later added his own drum track to " Wretched World " . Much of the song " Plagues " from No Heroes also originated from the Verge In sessions . With the release of Axe to Fall , everything Converge contributed to the sessions has been released in some form .
= = Release and promotion = =
In August 2009 , two months prior to the release of Axe to Fall , Converge made the opening track " Dark Horse " available for streaming and as a free download . It can also be found on the soundtrack for the horror movie Saw VI . The song was noted for being one of the few tracks lacking guest musicians , and was also met with a very positive reaction from reviewers . The title track , " Axe to Fall , " was also made available for free download in September 2009 . The entire album was available for streaming one week before the official release date on Converge 's MySpace page . Axe to Fall was released in the US through Epitaph Records on October 20 , 2009 , in digital and CD formats . The vinyl edition of the album was released through Jacob Bannon 's own independent record label , Deathwish Inc . , shortly after the release of the CD version .
= = = Internet leak = = =
On October 4 , 2009 , a digitally watermarked advance copy of Axe to Fall had leaked onto the internet . The watermark was linked to the advance copy given to Shaun Hand , a staff member of the music news and reviews website MetalSucks.net. Converge posted a number of Twitter messages regarding the leak , one of which read , " Special thanks to Shaun Hand at Metal Sucks for leaking our album , " and another one was posted shortly thereafter directed at MetalSucks ' Twitter account stating , " have fun with that . " The source of an album leak is rarely discovered or publicly announced . Converge 's method of dealing with their album leaking , referred to as " street justice " by Every Time I Die and Jamey Jasta , avoided a costly lawsuit yet still inflicted damages upon MetalSucks by means of viral negative publicity . The staff at MetalSucks issued a formal apology , stating that the leak was completely unintentional and the first incident since the website 's inception . They went on to say :
= = = Artwork = = =
The artwork for the cover and liner note booklet of Axe to Fall was designed and created by Jacob Bannon ( who graduated from The Art Institute of Boston ) . The booklet features a different piece of artwork for each song on the album . Bannon tried to create images that " encapsulated some of the emotion of each song " in contrast to more literal imagery , such as avoiding an axe literally falling for the song " Axe to Fall . " He also experimented with a technique where a single image would be repeated within a frame , but the copies would be distressed or slightly different . This could be seen in the cover art where a single image of a woman 's profile was broken down within the repetition , and some of the copies showed the woman 's teeth through her cheek . Bannon stated that for the cover art , he " just wanted to have something that felt timeless and sort of embodied the whole emotional gamut of the record , something that was explosive and powerful but also something that felt poetic and soft at the same time . It could look violent and beautiful at the same time . "
= = = " Axe to Fall " music video = = =
A music video was directed by Craig Murray for the album 's title track and was released in October 2009 . The short video ( 1 : 40 in duration ) shows a man and a woman strapped to a machine , a television that gives birth to a bio @-@ mechanical creature and several disturbing clips in between . The video features stop motion animation influenced by horror films and has been referred to as " terrifying , " " seizure @-@ inducing , " " nightmarish , " " excruciating " and " gross " by various sources . It was filmed in Ronda , Spain with the intent of making " a film in which we see a cycle . This cycle will study an idea of new creation without pleasure and the art of numbing for progression . " Murray was inspired and influenced by artists Chris Cunningham , Gaspar Noé , Nine Inch Nails and the films Ringu , A Clockwork Orange and Hardware while making the music video . On November 7 , the " Axe to Fall " video debuted on MTV2 's heavy metal music program , Headbangers Ball .
= = = Touring = = =
Converge 's first tour in support of Axe to Fall was the Metalocalypse tour in late 2009 sponsored by Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim . Alongside High on Fire , Converge held an opening slot for co @-@ headliners Mastodon and Dethklok . Axe to Fall was released mid @-@ way through the tour . Converge 's first headlining tour in support of the album took place starting in April 2010 , with Coalesce , Harvey Milk , Gaza , Lewd Acts and Black Breath . The first week of the tour also featured Thursday and Touche Amore . Converge began the European leg of their world tour in July 2010 with Kylesa , Gaza and Kvelertak . For this tour , the band released a limited @-@ edition 7 @-@ inch vinyl single called " On My Shield " which was recorded between the US and European legs .
= = Musical style and theme = =
Converge took their music in a more progressive direction with Axe to Fall . Ballou noted that drummer Ben Koller had been listening to more progressive rock over the last few years , and that he tried to complement this sound on the guitar . He went on to say that he was getting the " more straightforward , raw punk aggression out in a yet @-@ to be named hardcore side project that I started . So that leaves me free to get weird and progressive with Converge . " Ballou considers the band 's previous three albums ( Jane Doe , You Fail Me and No Heroes ) to be a trilogy in regards to their sound , and hoped to push their musical boundaries on Axe to Fall . The tracks on the album have been noted to range from " drone @-@ and @-@ pummel " to atmospheric . Bannon believes this album is " not about being as loud and vicious as possible . " Feeling that 40 – 50 minutes of metallic hardcore can be difficult to listen to for some , Converge used softer tracks , or " slow jams , " such as " Damages " and " Wretched World " to take the listener " to some other places . "
Unlike previous Converge releases , the songs on Axe to Fall do not have a central and consistent lyrical theme throughout the record . Each song was meant to be a " standalone song " about Bannon 's life between this album and No Heroes . Bannon has said that he uses his lyrics and Converge to " vent about things in a healthy way so I 'm not a person that walks around with a lot of negative energy . " The opening track , " Dark Horse , " was written about the passing of a close friend of Jacob Bannon , and how he died while trying to succeed as the " underdog " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Axe to Fall was met with widespread critical acclaim . Metacritic , an aggregate review website , scored the album with 77 out of 100 or " generally favorable " based on ten reviews . Citing a wider range of music styles on Axe to Fall , many reviewers found the album to be Converge 's most accessible album to date . The album features songs like the " doomy [ and ] noisy " track " Worms Will Feed / Rats Will Feast , " the " synth @-@ drenched shoegazing " track " Wretched World " and " Kerry King @-@ admiring solos " on " Reap What You Sow " in addition to hardcore tracks like " Effigy " and " Cutter . " Andrew Parks of Decibel commented on the album 's wide range of sounds , stating " it strikes the perfect balance between dry @-@ heaved hardcore — blunt trauma tracks that bleed into one another and hover around the 1 : 40 mark — and post @-@ metal opuses that embrace Converge 's experimental impulses . " Juan Diniz of Mammoth Press noted that the album flowed really well , stating that " every track compliments and balances out the one prior and after . To skip tracks would be foolish as it 's a compendium of aggression , frustration , beauty , and brutality , " and that the album " demands to be taken in as a whole . " Cosmo Lee of Pitchfork Media referred to Converge as " this generation 's Black Flag " , and compared Axe to Fall to Black Flag 's 1984 second studio album My War . Lee noted that Converge combined abrasiveness with " slower , abstract sludge " , much like how Black Flag mixed " equal parts lightning and Black Sabbath " on My War . Several reviewers compared the Axe to Fall to Converge 's highly praised 2001 album , Jane Doe .
Axe to Fall received little negative criticism . Jared W. Dillon of Sputnikmusic ( who had previously given No Heroes a 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 ) gave the album a score of 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 , citing his distaste for the large number of guest musicians . Dillon stated that Converge " seems out of ideas as they enlisted a group of musicians associated with the band to fill in at various points of the record " and rhetorically asked , " why replace the band on a decent portion of their new record with far less talented , less interesting musicians ? " He also criticized the album 's longer and slower track , " Wretched World . " When compared to Converge 's similar previously released @-@ tracks , ( No Heroes 's " Grim Heart / Black Rose " and Jane Doe 's " Jane Doe " ) Dillon claimed that the song " never builds to anything " and " cuts off seemingly just as it should 've started . " Noel Gardner of Drowned in Sound also found Axe to Fall 's two closing tracks underwhelming and felt that it " would have been a better album for finishing at track 11 . " Jason Pettigrew of Alternative Press criticized both the lyrics and overall sound of Axe to Fall as sounding too familiar , " when it could 've been more alien " and that " in many aspects , Converge took the road most traveled for the majority of Axe to Fall . "
= = = Charts and sales = = =
Axe to Fall debuted at number 74 on the Billboard 200 with 7 @,@ 400 copies sold , becoming Converge 's highest charting album in the US at that time . That chart high was surpassed by 2012 's All We Love We Leave Behind . It also became the first Converge album to not appear on the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums , which ranks the top 50 albums released by bands that have never charted higher that 100 on the Billboard 200 . By November 4 , 2009 , the album had sold 10 @,@ 487 units . Axe to Fall also appeared in Canada 's Chart Magazine , a weekly chart that compiles airplay data from various Canadian campus radio stations , and peaked at number 42 on their " Top 50 " album chart and number 1 on their " Metal / Punk " chart .
= = = Accolades = = =
Axe to Fall 's critical acclaim has led the album to be listed on several critic 's " Best of 2009 " lists , both in the US and internationally . A " — " denotes the publication 's list is in no particular order , and Axe to Fall did not rank numerically .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Jacob Bannon , all music composed by Converge , except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
Axe to Fall personnel as listed in CD liner notes .
= = Chart performance = =
= Mogador @-@ class destroyer =
The Mogador @-@ class large destroyers ( contre @-@ torpilleurs ) of the French Navy were laid down in 1935 and commissioned in 1939 . They were extremely fast , very large destroyers intended to act as scouts for the two fast Dunkerque @-@ class battleships . The design evolved from the extremely fast Le Fantasque class , being 300 tons heavier and carrying eight guns in semi @-@ enclosed twin turrets rather than five guns in single open mounts . With their eight 138 mm ( 5 @.@ 4 in ) guns they approached a light cruiser in firepower .
Both Mogador and her sister Volta were present during the British attack on Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir on 3 July 1940 , but only Volta managed to escape to Toulon . Mogador was struck by a 15 @-@ inch ( 38 cm ) shell in the rear hull that detonated her ready depth charges despite not actually detonating itself . This destroyed most of her stern above water , but she remained afloat and was repaired enough to be sent to Toulon on 1 November 1940 for reconstruction . Both ships were scuttled in Toulon Harbour when the Germans tried to seize them on 27 November 1942 .
= = Design = =
The Mogador class was authorized in the 1932 Estimates as an improved version of the Fantasque class with three new twin mounts carrying the same Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1929 gun as the earlier ships , but construction was suspended for a period while France and Italy negotiated some limits on their fleets and because the shipyards were already at full capacity . During this pause time was taken to modify the design to deal with the severe weather and conditions of the North Atlantic and to incorporate developments in propulsion technology that indicated that a larger hull could be used without any requiring any increase in weight . After a proposal for a catapult was abandoned because of insufficient reserve stability , an extra twin turret was decided upon to boost the ship 's firepower . Volta was authorized in the 1934 Estimates together with the second Dunkerque @-@ class battleship .
= = = General characteristics = = =
Their construction was strengthened to handle the severe weather conditions of the North Atlantic as one of the requirements for their intended role as scouts and escorts for the Dunkerque @-@ class battleships of the Force de Raid . Longitudinal construction was used throughout with frames spaced 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) apart and subdivided by twelve transverse compartments . Stress @-@ bearing parts of the hull used 60 kg / m ² grade steel while the remainder of the hull used 50 kg / m ² grade steel . To save weight all internal partitions used Duralumin as did the sides of the superstructure . The hull was entirely riveted , but all other joints were welded . Despite these efforts , top @-@ weight was higher than on earlier classes of contre @-@ torpilleurs because of the weight of the twin @-@ gun turrets .
Accommodations were even more cramped and poorly ventilated than earlier ships because the ammunition hoists passed through the crew spaces , a problem for ships intended for long @-@ endurance sorties into the North Atlantic . The lack of room in the hull forced a number of workshops and offices into the superstructure which added more weight high in the ship . There were three deckhouses abaft the break in the forecastle with intervals between them to permit the beam torpedo tubes to rotate , but these were no larger than in earlier ships which meant that space was at a premium .
The ships proved to be excellent sea @-@ boats and were very capable in high seas as they could sustain 34 knots ( 63 km / h ; 39 mph ) in Sea State 4 . " They were very steady ships , with a gentle roll period of seven seconds ; they heeled only 2 @-@ 3 ° with a strong cross @-@ wind , and at only 7 @-@ 8 ° at full rudder — a marked improvement over earlier contre @-@ torpilleurs . Their comparatively high length to beam ratio , however , gave them a high coefficient of inertia , which made maneuvers in formation difficult . "
= = = Propulsion = = =
The Mogador @-@ class ships retained the unit arrangement of their propulsion spaces used in earlier contre @-@ torpilleurs . They used a new high @-@ pressure Indret boiler rated at 3 @,@ 500 kilopascals ( 510 psi ) . While this gave more power for its weight and size , it proved to be fragile and difficult to maintain . Each set of Rateau @-@ Bretagne geared turbines was rated at 46 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 34 @,@ 000 kW ) and consisted of four main turbines , a high @-@ pressure , a medium @-@ pressure and two low @-@ pressure with a reversing turbine in each of the main low @-@ pressure turbine cases . There were also two small cruise turbines operating in parallel in each engine room . At low speeds , steam was directed to the cruise turbines , but at higher speeds it was diverted to the high @-@ pressure turbine . At 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) the cruise turbines were decoupled entirely using a Vulcan clutch . This didn 't work properly and several ship 's captains recommended that the cruise turbines be deleted from future classes entirely . Each of the two shafts was driven by single reduction gearing . The port shaft was driven by the rear engine room and was significantly shorter than the starboard shaft which was driven by the forward engine room . This caused a significant disparity between the turning circle , depending on which direction the ship was turning .
Each shaft drove a three @-@ bladed screw propeller that was 3 @.@ 94 m ( 12 @.@ 9 ft ) in diameter . They suffered from severe cavitation at speed . The single semi @-@ balanced rudder was chosen to reduce high speed resistance . It had an area of only 14 @.@ 95 square metres ( 160 @.@ 9 sq ft ) and was moved by a weak steam @-@ driven servomotor . On trials , the turning circle was measured at 800 – 850 metres ( 870 – 930 yd ) at 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . In service it took 25 – 30 seconds to turn the rudder to its maximum 32 ° at speed and the ship 's turning circle was approximately double that demonstrated on trials . The ships were so unhandy that the captain of the Volta cautioned in his log that " great care was needed when operating in company with the battleship Strasbourg , because the latter ship was far more maneuverable . "
The Mogador @-@ class ships were designed for a speed of 39 knots ( 72 km / h ; 45 mph ) , but this was comfortably exceeded on trials when Mogador achieved a top speed of 43 @.@ 45 knots ( 80 @.@ 47 km / h ; 50 @.@ 00 mph ) from 118 @,@ 320 shp ( 88 @,@ 230 kW ) for one hour . This was at " Washington " standard displacement so her earlier performance of 41 @.@ 67 knots ( 77 @.@ 17 km / h ; 47 @.@ 95 mph ) with 108 @,@ 424 shp ( 80 @,@ 852 kW ) at a load displacement of 3 @,@ 731 tonnes ( 3 @,@ 672 long tons ; 4 @,@ 113 short tons ) was even more impressive .
At normal displacement they carried only 120 tonnes ( 120 long tons ; 130 short tons ) of oil , but carried 360 tonnes ( 350 long tons ; 400 short tons ) of oil at normal load and 710 tonnes ( 700 long tons ; 780 short tons ) at deep load . Endurance was estimated during their trials at 4 @,@ 345 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 047 km ; 5 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) using the cruise turbines and 2 @,@ 664 nmi ( 4 @,@ 934 km ; 3 @,@ 066 mi ) at a speed of 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) with the main turbines . This was never attained during service because the consumption by the auxiliary machinery was underestimated .
Arguably the greatest weakness of these ships lay in their inability to generate sufficient electric current to power the multitude of auxiliary motors on which their advanced machinery and complex gun mountings were dependent . Their DC electrical supply was only 115V , whereas larger cruisers with power @-@ operated turrets had a 230V system . Electrical power was generated by two Alsthom turbo @-@ generators rated at only 120 kW with two small diesel generators rated at 44 / 52kW for use when the ship was alongside . The latter provided only for the ship 's minimum lighting and electricity needs , and fires had to be lit in at least one of the boilers in order to train the turrets or elevate the guns for practice or maintenance . Many of the auxiliary motors themselves were also seriously underpowered , particularly the servomotors for the gun mountings ( which were slow to train and elevate ) and for the rudder which contributed to the ship 's poor maneuverability . In technological terms Mogador and Volta were ships with the armament of a light cruiser in the hull of a destroyer ; the contre @-@ torpilleur as a type had been pushed past the limits of its capabilities .
– Jordan , The Contre @-@ Torpilleurs of the Mogador Class , p . 59
= = Armament = =
= = = Main guns = = =
The Mogador @-@ class ships were designed to use four newly designed twin @-@ gun Modèle 1934 " pseudo @-@ turrets " that used the same Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1929 as the preceding Le Fantastaque @-@ class destroyers . The guns were housed in separate cradles that could be coupled together and could elevate to a maximum of 30 ° and depress 10 ° . The underpowered electric motors gave a maximum training speed of 10 ° per second and a maximum elevating speed of 14 ° per second . The motors were initially installed within the mountings , but were moved to the outer sides of the turrets to free up room inside the turrets .
The pusher @-@ type ammunition hoists ran up a fixed shaft in the center of the mount . The shells and their powder charges were transferred to a tipping drum that was rotated to match the bearing angle of the guns and then loaded . This system was adapted from that used for the fixed 130 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) ammunition used in the Hardi @-@ class destroyers . Unfortunately it was not well suited for separate @-@ loading ammunition . Each gun had its own separate shell and powder hoist , for a total of four hoists . The tipping drum had four matching separate trays to move the ammunition to the gun . Each shell was power @-@ rammed , but the propellant charges had to be hand @-@ rammed . Theoretically the guns could be loaded at any angle , but the power rammer was so weak that it could not ram shells at angles above 10 ° . This problem , coupled with the " poor quality of manufacture of the guns , the unsatisfactory profile of the breech , resulted in a firing cycle of only 3 @-@ 4 rounds per minute during the early trials with jams and failures frequent " , rather than the planned 10 rounds per minute . A further problem was that there only two loaders assigned to the gun crew ; they tired quickly during prolonged firing .
Gunnery trials were conducted when Volta was on her sea trials in mid @-@ 1939 and were " an unmitigated disaster " for the reasons given above . Some fixes were identified , notably modifications to the breech , installation of split loading trays and reinforcement of the catapult rammers , but they had to wait until the ships ' next refit to be implemented . But even these modifications were only stop gaps and an entirely new loading system was deemed necessary , but since this was expected to take 10 – 12 months to develop the current system would have to be used in the meantime . Both Volta and Mogador were refitted in January 1940 and had their turrets modified , although loading still could not be done at angles higher than 10 ° . The surrender of France in June 1940 ended any work on a new loading system . Five @-@ round ready racks for each gun were added to the sides of the turrets during the refit to compensate for any problems with the loading systems . The magazines were designed to store 1440 138 mm shells , 180 rounds per gun , plus there was a separate magazine for 85 starshells which supplied turret Nr. 2 .
= = = Anti @-@ aircraft suite = = =
A single 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) twin @-@ gun Modèle 1933 anti @-@ aircraft mount was installed on the rearmost deckhouse forward of turret Nr. 3 . It used the 50 @-@ caliber semi @-@ automatic Canon de 37 mm Modèle 1925 gun . It had a conventional sliding breech and used six @-@ round cartridge boxes which gave it a maximum rate of fire of only 30 @-@ 40 rounds per minute . This mount was used in lieu of the intended power @-@ driven Modèle 1935 twin @-@ gun mount which was to use a new 48 @-@ caliber , fully automatic 37 mm gun that was expected to be able to fire at a rate of 165 rounds per minute , but the new gun was still in development when the ships were commissioned . 250 rounds were stored near the mount , but the main magazine , which held an additional 1 @,@ 250 rounds , was adjacent to the forward 138 mm magazines . This required a loader to move forward 50 metres ( 55 yd ) to pick up each 12 @.@ 8 kilograms ( 28 lb ) cartridge box and carry it back to the waiting gun crew .
Two twin 13 @.@ 2 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 52 in ) Hotchkiss machine gun mounts were fitted as anti @-@ strafing weapons . These had a high rate of fire at 450 rpm , but this was hampered by the awkward 30 @-@ round magazine feed . Initially they were mounted on each side of the forward superstructure at deck level and fitted with gun shields to protect them against the spray . Trials revealed the limitations of these positions with poor arcs of fire and the gun shields obstructed the aimer 's view of the target . Following the completion of the trials the guns were relocated to a new deckhouse between the bridge and turret Nr. 2 and their gun shields removed . 2500 rounds per barrel were stored in the forward magazines .
= = = Underwater weapons = = =
The Mogador @-@ class ships were designed for anti @-@ surface warfare rather than anti @-@ submarine work and they were given a large torpedo battery in consequence . Two triple Modèle 1928T torpedo launchers were fitted on each beam between the funnels and two twin Modèle 1928D launchers were located on the beam , abaft the second funnel . The placement of each launcher on the beam significantly increased each launcher 's arc of fire ( 25 ° to 150 ° ) in comparison to the Le Fantastaque 's centerline mount ( 60 ° -100 ° ) . However this was not without cost as her torpedo broadside was weaker by one tube than the older class , but the extra launchers positioned close to the ship 's side imposed , more importantly , a weight and stability penalty .
All of her mounts used the 550 @-@ millimeter ( 22 in ) Modèle 1923DT torpedo with a 308 kg ( 679 lb ) warhead . This 2 @,@ 068 kg ( 4 @,@ 559 lb ) torpedo used a four @-@ cylinder , radial Brotherhood alcohol engine to power it at two set speeds . The fast speed was 39 knots ( 72 km / h ; 45 mph ) to a range of 9 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 yd ) while the slow speed setting was 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) to a range of 13 @,@ 000 metres ( 14 @,@ 000 yd ) .
Twin depth charge tunnels were built into the rear hull of the Mogador @-@ class ships . Each tunnel housed eight Guirard depth charges , with another sixteen stowed in the rear magazine . They were launched by remote control in patterns of four using a chain system . Since no sonar equipment was fitted these depth charges were unlikely to actually damage a submarine .
Fixed pairs of mine rails were mounted above the stern and each pair could carry five Bréguet B4 mines . These could be extended using removable section stowed between decks to carry another thirty mines if necessary .
= = = Fire control = = =
The centralized fire control system was similar to that of the Le Fantastaque @-@ class with 12 × 72 target designation binoculars on each side of the bridge linked by Granat transmitters to the director control towers located atop the bridge and abaft the second funnel . Each DCT had a 5 @-@ metre ( 16 ft ) OPL Modèle 1935 stereoscopic rangefinder and sent the range to the post central ' artillerie ' where it was fed into a modernized Modèle 1929 electro @-@ mechanical computer which calculated the firing solution and transmitted it to the turrets . The turrets could also be controlled locally if necessary .
The torpedo control system was much the same , although entirely separate from the gunnery system . 8 × 30 target designation binoculars were mounted on each side of the bridge and transmitted the target 's bearing to the torpedo director located above the primary gunnery DCT above the bridge . It used a separate 5 @-@ metre ( 16 ft ) OPL Modèle 1935 stereoscopic rangefinder to provide the bearing and range to a Modèle 1933 mechanical computer which calculated the torpedo firing angle . This was sent to the remotely controlled torpedo tubes , and the command to fire could be given by either the torpedo director or either of the secondary positions on the wings of the bridge .
= = Construction = =
This class only consisted of Mogador ( X61 ) and Volta ( X62 ) . Steel was cut on both contre @-@ torpilleurs beginning in late 1934 , Mogador at the Arsenal de Lorient and Volta at At . & Ch. de Bretagne , Nantes , although assembly did not begin until the autumn of the following year . Industrial unrest disrupted their construction and it was not until January 1938 that Mogador was handed over to the French Navy for sea trials . Volta followed three months later . However , neither ship was formally accepted by the French Navy for another year . Mogador was not commissioned ( clotûre d 'armament ) until 8 April 1939 and Volta on 6 March 1939 .
Four improved Mogador @-@ class ships were ordered in 1939 to be named Kléber , Desaix , Hoche and Marceau , but their construction was suspended due to the start of World War II . Their design was continually modified in light of wartime experience , but the original plan for dual @-@ purpose 130 mm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) guns had to shelved when it became apparent that they could not be developed in a timely manner , and they reverted to the main armament of the Mogadors . The anti @-@ aircraft armament was reinforced with the substitution of four 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) anti @-@ aircraft guns for the single twin 37 mm mount . But these plans came to nought when France surrendered in June 1940 .
= = History = =
Mogador and Volta comprised the 6th Large Destroyer Division ( 6e Division de contre @-@ torpilleurs ) and were assigned to the Force de Raid based at Brest when the war began . This group 's purpose was to hunt German blockade runners and raiders and to escort convoys that might be in danger from the same . From 21 to 30 October 1939 the Force de Raid escorted the KJ.4 convoy to protect it against the German cruiser Deutschland which had sortied into the North Atlantic before the war began . A sortie by the German battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst into the North Atlantic on 21 November prompted the Force de Raid to sail from Brest to rendezvous with the British battlecruiser HMS Hood and patrol the area south of Iceland , but the German ships were able to return safely under the cover of heavy weather without being engaged .
Both ships were refitted in early 1940 and a number of minor changes were made . The necessary improvements identified for the main armament during their sea trials a year earlier were finally implemented , the canvas cover for the back of the turrets was replaced by a rolling door , new radios were installed , and shields were fitted to the anti @-@ aircraft machine guns and the searchlights . A SS @-@ 6 sonar was fitted in June 1940 , but proved to be ineffectual .
During the British attack on Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir on 3 July 1940 , Mogador was severely damaged during by a hit from a 15 @-@ inch ( 38 cm ) shell in the rear hull that detonated her ready depth charges . Volta was also present , but managed to escape in company with the battleship Strasbourg and other ships . Mogador was repaired enough to reach Toulon several months later , but was still undergoing repairs and modifications in Toulon in November 1942 . Both Mogador and Volta were scuttled in Toulon Harbour on 27 November 1942 to prevent their capture by Germany . Both were refloated in 1943 by the Italians , but neither was repaired and both were eventually broken up .
= South Park ( season 1 ) =
The first season of animated television series South Park ran for 13 episodes from August 13 , 1997 to February 25 , 1998 on the American network Comedy Central . The creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone wrote most of the season 's episodes ; Dan Sterling , Philip Stark and David Goodman were credited with writing five episodes . The narrative revolves around four children — Stan Marsh , Kyle Broflovski , Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick — and their unusual experiences in the titular mountain town .
South Park originated from Parker and Stone 's 1992 animated short , Jesus vs. Frosty . The low @-@ budget , crudely made film featured prototypes of South Park 's main characters and was followed in 1995 by another short film , Jesus vs. Santa . The latter became popular and was widely shared over the Internet , which led to talks for a series with representatives from Fox Network and Comedy Central . It debuted on the latter with an initial run of six episodes ; due to its success , an additional seven episodes were quickly produced . The complete season was released on DVD in November 2002 .
The first season was a ratings success for Comedy Central . The Nielsen ratings rose from 1 @.@ 3 to 6 @.@ 4 from the first to the tenth episode . Several episodes received award nominations , including for a 1998 Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) " and a GLAAD Award in the " Outstanding TV – Individual Episode " category for the episode " Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride " . During the season , South Park won a CableACE Award for " Best Animated Series " and was nominated for a 1998 Annie Award in the " Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program " .
The show was a financial success for Comedy Central and helped the network transform into " a cable industry power almost overnight " . Despite this , critics gave the season mixed reviews . Parents Television Council rated it so offensive that it " shouldn 't have been made " : " it doesn 't just push the envelope ; it knocks it off the table " , while another critic thought of it as " coming pretty damn close " to being a " perfect " television series season .
= = Episodes = =
= = Development = =
The idea for South Park originated in 1992 when creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone met in a film class as students at the University of Colorado . They discussed filming a three @-@ minute short film involving a boy who befriended a talking piece of feces named Mr. Hankey . Although such a short was never made , Parker and Stone created a Christmas @-@ related animated short commonly known as " Jesus vs. Frosty " . The crude , low @-@ budget animation featured prototypes for the main characters of South Park , including Cartman , Stan and Kyle . Fox Broadcasting Company executive Brian Graden saw the film and in 1995 commissioned Parker and Stone for $ 1 @,@ 200 to create a second short film that he could send to his friends as a Christmas video @-@ card . Titled The Spirit of Christmas , but also known as " Jesus vs. Santa " , the short resembled the style of the later series more closely . In 1997 , the The Spirit of Christmas would end up winning the Los Angeles Films Critics Association award for " Best Animation " , thus further bringing the two filmmakers to the attention of industry representatives .
The " Jesus vs. Santa " video was widely copied and shared over the Internet . George Clooney was reported to have made 300 copies for his friends , and the short was subsequently regarded as likely the first viral video . When the shorts began to generate interest for a possible television series , Parker and Stone conceived the idea of a South Park @-@ like show with four child characters but planned to call it The Mr. Hankey Show by featuring a talking stool named Mr. Hankey as the main protagonist . They pitched the idea , but Brian Graden rejected it and said , according to Stone , " I 'm not putting poo on my network . " Parker and Stone adapted their original idea into a show revolving around four children in the South Park town , dropping Mr. Hankey as a protagonist but planning to use the character in the future in a minor supporting role .
Later , Doug Herzog from Comedy Central saw the Jesus vs. Santa short and considered it to be " literally the funniest thing [ he ] ' d ever seen , " and requested Parker and Stone to develop a show for his network . During the negotiations , Parker and Stone brought up the idea of a Mr. Hankey episode , with Parker claiming to have asked " one thing we have to know before we really go any further : how do you feel about talking poo ? " The network 's executives were receptive to the idea , which would be one of the main reasons Parker and Stone decided to sign on with the channel . The first episode of the series , " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " , debuted on Comedy Central on August 13 , 1997 , while Mr. Hankey debuted a few months later in the ninth episode , " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " .
The pilot episode received poor results from test audiences . Parker later conceded that regarding the language , he and Stone felt pressure to live up to their previous two shorts and " tried to push things ... maybe further than we should [ have ] . " In contrast , they allowed subsequent episodes to " be more natural " , focusing more on making fun of topics considered taboo " without just throwing a bunch of dirty words in there . " After the poor results from the test audience , Comedy Central executives were unsure whether they wanted to order additional episodes after " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " . However , when buzz began to generate on the Internet about the two original shorts , the network commissioned Parker and Stone to write one more episode without committing to a full series until they had seen the script . While working on the 1997 film Orgazmo , Parker and Stone wrote the script for what would later become the episode " Weight Gain 4000 " . The duo sought to give Comedy Central executives an idea of how the series would be and how each episode could differ from the others . The network liked the script , and when Parker and Stone refused to write another script before signing off on at least six episodes , the executives agreed to commit to a series .
Comedy Central originally ordered only these six episodes , but when the show proved successful , they requested an additional seven , which Parker and Stone had to produce quickly . " Pinkeye " , the first of these new episodes , would air on October 29 , 1997 , only two and a half months after the show 's premiere . There were three holiday episodes — " Pinkeye " , " Starvin ' Marvin " and " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " — which aired at intervals of three weeks , while the remaining four aired later in February 1998 .
" Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " was the only episode animated almost completely with traditional cut paper , stop @-@ motion animation techniques . All subsequent episodes would be fully computer @-@ animated using Power Animator or Maya . By the eighth episode , " Damien " , much of the drawing and animation responsibilities handled by Parker and Stone were now being delegated to a team of animators . This would be the only episode aside from " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " to receive a TV @-@ 14 ( unsuitable for children under the age of 14 ) rating instead of the show 's customary TV @-@ MA ( unsuitable for under the age of 17 ) . Parker and Stone credit the fourth episode , " Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride " , with helping to raise the ratings during the early part of the season . They felt that the show 's first official Christmas special , " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " , brought South Park to a new level of popularity , and Parker said this episode " just vaulted everything . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
South Park 's first season was a ratings success for Comedy Central . " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " earned a Nielsen rating of 1 @.@ 3 , translating to 980 @,@ 000 viewers , which was considered high for a cable program in the United States at the time . It increased slightly by the third episode , " Volcano " , and by the sixth episode , " Death " , the show had reached a rating of 1 @.@ 7 . The ratings continued to rise rapidly from then on , to 3 @.@ 8 ( " Pinkeye " ) , 4 @.@ 8 ( " Starvin ' Marvin ' " ) , 5 @.@ 4 ( " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " ) , 6 @.@ 4 ( " Damien " ) , and 6 @.@ 9 ( " Mecha @-@ Streisand " ) respectively . This corresponded to an increase to 5 @.@ 4 million viewers in 3 @.@ 2 million households . The season finale , " Cartman 's Mom is a Dirty Slut " , received a Nielsen rating in the 8 @.@ 0 range and gained over 300 @,@ 000 viewers when first aired in Canada in August 1998 .
South Park became one of the first television series to be bootlegged via the Internet , just as The Spirit of Christmas had been before it . College students digitized many episodes from the first season and streamed them online for friends who were unable to receive Comedy Central .
= = = Critics = = =
Despite high ratings , reviews from television critics for the season were mixed . Both The Washington Post and The New York Times had three articles mentioning the show , usually in terms of " class @-@ based taste arguments . " " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " , the first episode of the series , received generally negative reviews after airing . Brent Bozell , founder and then @-@ president of the Parents Television Council , gave an unfavorable review to the episode , stating that the show " is so offensive that it shouldn 't have been made . It doesn 't just push the envelope ; it knocks it off the table . " Bruce Fretts of Entertainment Weekly thought poorly of the writing and characters , lampooning that " if only the kids ' jokes were as fresh as their mouths " and that " it might help if the South Park kids had personalities , but they 're as one @-@ dimensional as the show 's cut @-@ and @-@ paste animation . " Calling the series " sophomoric , gross , and unfunny , " Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel reckoned that the episode made " such a bad impression that it 's hard to get on the show 's strange wavelength . " Tom Shales of The Washington Post considered that " most of the alleged humor on the premiere is self @-@ conscious and self @-@ congratulatory in its vulgarity : flatulence jokes , repeated use of the word ' dildo ' ( in the literal as well as pejorative sense ) , and a general air of malicious unpleasantness . "
When " Weight Gain 4000 " aired , many writers in the mainstream media were still debating the longevity and the overall quality of South Park . With the series still in its earliest stages , the episode continued to shock many due to the characters frequent use of profanities . Nevertheless , several reviewers felt " Weight Gain 4000 " was a significant improvement over " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " and felt that it went in a much more satirical direction . Several media outlets described the fifth episode of the season , " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " , as one of the most popular early episodes . Tom Carson of Newsday said it was the most outrageous South Park episode until " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " aired three months later . Many reviewers also said this mere title demonstrated the crudeness and originality of South Park .
Due to its impact , South Park made the cover of Rolling Stone in February 1998 , and of Newsweek in March 1998 . It was discussed in five different New York Times articles in 1998 . Franck Rich of The New York Times mentions the show 's " ability to engage political topics with far more success than other ( more obviously political ) shows " and considered that the show " is hilariously candid about faith , family and death as well " and " is neither politically correct nor incorrect ; it 's on a different , post @-@ ideological comic map altogether . " In 2002 , Jeremy Conrad of IGN wrote in a DVD review that it is rare when a television season is " perfect " , but " the first season of South Park comes pretty damn close " and that " almost every single episode in this three @-@ disc set is a classic and each is still funny as hell even after so many viewings over the years . "
In 2008 , scholar Stephen Groening argued that the show appeared as part of a reaction to the culture wars of the 1980s and 1990s in the United States , in which issues such as Murphy Brown 's motherhood , Tinky Winky 's sexuality , and The Simpsons ' family values were extensively debated . The culture wars , and political correctness in particular , were driven by the belief that relativism was becoming more relevant to daily life . Groening explained that South Park " made a name for itself as rude , crude , vulgar , offensive , and potentially dangerous " . Its critics argued that the Stan , Kyle , Cartman and Kenny were poor role models for children while its supporters celebrated the show 's defense of free speech .
= = = Impact on Comedy Central = = =
In 2006 , Devin Leonard of Fortune regarded that the launch of South Park transformed Comedy Central from a " not @-@ so @-@ funny " network to " a cable industry power almost overnight . " The impact the show had ended up surprising everybody involved . At the time , the cable network had a low distribution of just 21 million subscribers . Comedy Central marketed the show aggressively before its launch , billing it as " that 's why they invented the V @-@ chip . " The resulting buzz led to the network earning an estimated $ 30 million in T @-@ shirts sales alone before the first episode was even aired .
South Park became immediately one of the most popular shows on cable television , averaging consistently between 3 @.@ 5 and 5 @.@ 5 million viewers . The Denver @-@ based Tele @-@ Communications Inc . , the largest cable operator in the U.S. at the time , had just dropped Comedy Central , but when South Park debuted , Denver newspapers and radio stations heavily criticized the operator for not carrying the hit show of the two local filmmakers — Parker and Stone . Doug Herzog , Comedy Central 's president at the time , said that the public " went nuts " as the network received about ten million new subscriptions through Tele @-@ Communications Inc. alone , " which at that time was unheard of . "
An affiliate of the MTV Network until then , Comedy Central decided , in part due to the success of South Park , to have its own independent sales department . By the end of 1998 , Comedy Central had sold more than $ 150 million worth of merchandise for the show , including T @-@ shirts and dolls . Over the next few years , Comedy Central 's viewership spiked largely due to South Park , adding 3 million new subscribers in the first half of 1998 alone and allowed the network to sign international deals with networks in several countries .
= = = Awards = = =
Some episodes of the first season received nominations for several entertainment awards . The season 's fourth episode " Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride " was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1998 in the " Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) " category but lost to the The Simpsons episode " Trash of the Titans " . The same episode was also nominated for a GLAAD Award in the " Outstanding TV – Individual Episode " category but lost to another The Simpsons episode , " Homer 's Phobia " . " Volcano " , the season 's third episode , was nominated for an Environmental Media Award in the " TV Episodic Comedy " category but ended up losing to another The Simpsons episode , " The Old Man & the Lisa " .
During the series first season , South Park won a CableACE Award for " Best Animated Program or Series " and was nominated for an Annie Award in the " Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program " category . In 1998 , the two creators of the show Matt Stone and Trey Parker won the " Nova Award " given by the Producers Guild of America for the most promising producers in television .
= = Media release = =
Six episodes — " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " , " Volcano " , " Weight Gain 4000 " , " Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride " , " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " and " Death " — were released in a three @-@ VHS set on May 5 , 1998 , marking the first time South Park was made available on video . The first DVD releases came later that year , when the first Thirteen episodes were released by Warner Home Video on October 27 on the compilation collections South Park , Volume 1 , Volume 2 and Volume 3 . The last episode of the season " Cartman 's Mom Is a Dirty Slut " was released on the South Park , Volume 4 on December 14 , 1999 .
South Park – The Complete First Season was originally released by Warner Home Video as a three @-@ disc region 1 DVD box set in the U.S. on November 12 , 2002 and received an MA rating . The season was re @-@ released on June 29 , 2005 by Paramount Home Entertainment . The DVD releases featured bonus material such as introductions for each episode , two Christmas carols by Eric Cartman and Ned , a short clip featuring Jay Leno and another clip in which the four boys present at the 1997 CableACE Awards . Trey Parker and Matt Stone produced commentaries for each episode but requested they be pulled off altogether when they found out the commentaries would be edited . Instead , the commentaries were released unedited by Comedy Central on a set of five CDs . In October 2005 , South Park : Complete Series 1 was released in Australia and with a 15 rating in region 2 . " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " was released again on November 13 , 2005 on the compilation DVD Christmas Time in South Park .
The distribution licenses for six episodes of the South Park 's first season ( " Volcano " , " An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig " , " Pinkeye " , " Damien " , " Starvin ' Marvin " and " Mecha @-@ Streisand " ) were purchased in 2000 by the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania @-@ based company and website SightSound.com. The site made the episodes available for download for $ 2 @.@ 50 for a two @-@ day copy and for $ 4 @.@ 95 for a permanent copy . It was one of the first experiments with downloadable television videos , thus making South Park one of the first shows legally obtainable on the Internet . In March 2008 , Comedy Central made the first season 's episodes as well as almost all other South Park episodes available for legal streaming on the South Park Studios website from within U.S. , and later from within Canada and the United Kingdom .
= Leif J. Sverdrup =
Leif Johan Sverdrup ( 11 January 1898 – 2 January 1976 ) was a Norwegian @-@ born American civil engineer and general with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the first half of the 20th century . He is best known for his service in the Southwest Pacific Area during World War II where he was Chief Engineer under General of the Army Douglas MacArthur .
The son of a distinguished Norwegian family , Sverdrup emigrated to the United States in 1914 . After serving with the US Army in World War I , he earned a degree in civil engineering at the University of Minnesota in 1921 . He worked for a time for the Missouri State Highway Department before founding Sverdrup & Parcel , a civil engineering firm specializing in bridge construction , with John Ira Parcel , his former University of Minnesota engineering professor . His firm was involved in the construction of a number of important bridges , including the Washington Bridge and Amelia Earhart Bridge over the Missouri River and the Hurricane Deck Bridge over the Lake of the Ozarks .
In 1941 , Sverdrup became involved with the construction of a chain of airstrips across the Pacific Ocean to enable heavy bombers to be delivered to the Philippines . He was re @-@ commissioned in the US Army as a colonel in 1942 and became Chief of the Construction Section in General MacArthur 's Southwest Pacific Area . In 1942 he made three treks across the Owen Stanley Range in Papua and New Guinea on engineer reconnaissance missions into enemy @-@ occupied territory , for which he was decorated with the Silver Star and the Distinguished Service Medal . In 1944 he became the theater 's Chief Engineer .
After the war he commanded the 102nd Infantry Division of the US Army Reserve from 1947 to 1958 . Sverdrup & Parcel went on to design and oversee the construction of many major projects , including the Arnold Engineering Development Center and the Chesapeake Bay Bridge @-@ Tunnel , the latter being named one of the Seven Engineering Wonders of the Modern World after its completion in 1964 . The firm 's reputation was later tarnished by the collapse of the I @-@ 35W Mississippi River bridge on 1 August 2007 .
= = Early life = =
Leif Johan Sverdrup was born in Ytre Sula , Norway , on 11 January 1898 , the son of Edvard Sverdrup , a high school teacher and Lutheran minister , and his second wife Agnes née Vollan . The family was a distinguished one in Norway : Leif was the great @-@ nephew of Johan Sverdrup , the former Prime Minister of Norway ; the grandson of Harald Ulrik Sverdrup , the politician ; the cousin of Otto Sverdrup , the Arctic explorer ; the half @-@ brother of the oceanographer and meteorologist Harald Sverdrup ; and the brother of the mining engineer and businessman Einar Sverdrup and women 's rights activist Mimi Sverdrup Lunden .
Leif was educated at Nordstrand Middle School and Aars and Voss School in Oslo . Following a quarrel with his father , Leif left Norway for America to stay with his relatives in Minnesota , the family of his cousin George Sverdrup , the son of the theologian Georg Sverdrup , who had settled in Minneapolis in 1874 . Arriving in New York City on 7 December 1914 , he entered Augsburg College , Minneapolis , in September 1916 , and graduated with his Bachelor of Arts degree in May 1918 .
= = World War I = =
Sverdrup enlisted in the US Army at Fort Snelling , Minnesota on 26 July 1918 . He was posted to Camp Devens , Massachusetts for training with the 36th Division . While there he took advantage of a regulation waiving the normal five @-@ year residency requirement for members of the armed services seeking to take out US citizenship . Sverdrup formally took the oath as a citizen in Boston on 30 September 1918 . The US Army then sent him to the Field Artillery 's Officer Training Center at Camp Zachary Taylor , near Louisville , Kentucky , where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 18 January 1919 . The war having ended , Sverdrup was immediately placed in the inactive reserves . He was honorably discharged after nominally serving two five @-@ year terms on 17 January 1929 .
= = Between the wars = =
Sverdrup decided to become an engineer and enrolled in a civil engineering course at the University of Minnesota in 1919 . During the 1921 Spring break he returned to Norway , where he was reconciled with his father , accompanying his parents on a short holiday in Germany . He graduated with his Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering degree in June 1921 . While at the University of Minnesota he met Helen Laura ( Molly ) Egilsrud , a recent immigrant from Norway like himself . She agreed to marry him , but only after she had graduated , worked for a year , and taken a trip to Europe . They were finally married on 26 November 1924 . Their union produced two sons , Johan Norman ( Jack ) Sverdrup , born in 1926 , and Ralph Lee Sverdrup , born in 1928 , who died of encephalitis in 1932 . In the meantime , Sverdrup took a job with the Missouri State Highway Department . His first major project involved supervising the construction of a bridge for U.S. Route 50 in Missouri over the Gasconade River . Around this time , frustrated by Americans who pronounced his name " leaf " instead of " lafe " , he started calling himself " Jack " .
In 1928 , Sverdrup joined with his former University of Minnesota engineering professor John Ira Parcel in the formation of Sverdrup & Parcel , a civil engineering firm with a speciality field of bridges . Parcel had tenure at Minnesota for a long time and was reluctant to sever his ties completely , but eventually he decided to join the new company , taking an unpaid Sabbatical from the university for one year . Sverdrup owned 60 % and Parcel 40 % of the new firm , which opened its doors on 1 April 1928 . The company 's headquarters was located in St. Louis , Missouri . Sverdrup & Parcel 's first contract was for the design of a bridge over the Missouri River at Hermann , Missouri , for which it received a fee of $ 33 @,@ 000 . While at the Missouri State Highway Department Sverdrup met D. C. Wolfe and E. R. Grant , and he asked them if they would join the company . Sverdrup subsequently hired design engineer Brice R. Smith from Missouri 's leading supplier of bridge components . By 1936 , all three would become partners in the firm .
Initially the young firm struggled , with no contracts for major jobs lined up after the Hermann bridge , and by early 1929 it faced insolvency . However neither Sverdrup nor Parcel wished to let well @-@ trained employees go , something which became an informal company policy over the years . A $ 17 @,@ 000 fee for the design and supervision of the construction of the 7th Street Trafficway Bridge in Kansas City , Kansas , and then a $ 32 @,@ 000 one for the Fairfax Bridge over the Missouri River helped Sverdrup & Parcel weather the worst of the Great Depression . The subsequent New Deal involved a major program of public works . Sverdrup & Parcel applied to the Public Works Administration for the design commissions for the Washington Bridge over the Missouri River at Washington , Missouri and the Hurricane Deck Bridge over the Lake of the Ozarks in Camden County , Missouri . Sverdrup & Parcel was awarded both contracts , valued at $ 42 @,@ 000 and $ 43 @,@ 000 respectively . During 1934 , it was awarded the contract for what is now known as the Amelia Earhart Bridge over the Missouri River between Atchison , Kansas and Buchanan County , Missouri . Sverdrup & Parcel was now becoming involved in projects further afield . A project to generate electricity from tidal power at Passamaquoddy Bay brought Sverdrup into contact with Captain Hugh J. ( Pat ) Casey of the US Army Corps of Engineers , the chief engineer on the project . The project folded when federal funding was withdrawn in 1936 , but Sverdrup and Casey became friends . In 1940 , Sverdrup was appointed to the board of inquiry that investigated the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge .
= = World War II = =
= = = Airbase construction = = =
In October 1941 , the War Department ordered work to commence on a chain of airstrips to enable heavy bombers to be flown from the United States to the Philippines . The existing route , via Midway Atoll , Wake Island and Guam was considered to vulnerable to disruption by Japanese forces located on nearby islands . A more secure route via Christmas Island , Canton Island , Fiji , Noumea , Rockhampton , Darwin and Fort Stotsenburg was urgently required . An initial sum of $ 5 million was allotted to construct three 7 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) runways at each site , along with appropriate fuel and maintenance buildings . The project was given the highest possible priority rating . On 16 November , Sverdrup arrived in Honolulu , Hawaii and signed a cost @-@ plus @-@ fixed @-@ fee contract for architectural and engineering services in connection with the construction of the airstrips on the route that lay in British , French and Australian territory . The contract was soon expanded to include the supervision of the construction .
Sverdrup flew to Fiji , and was able to report that work had started at Nadi , Fiji on 21 November . When he discussed progress on Nandi Airport in Fiji which New Zealand had agreed to extend , Walter Nash , then New Zealand Minister of Finance , recalled Sverdrup saying when he was leaving that there was no formal agreement for payment by America . So on the back of one of his cards Sverdrup drew a cross representing the airfield , wrote " £ 250 @,@ 000 " and initialled it " L.J.S. " The extension was actually estimated to cost £ 750 @,@ 000 .
On Noumea he found that hills obstructed the approaches to Tontouta . Accordingly , he arranged for the Australian workmen there to complete it as an emergency field only and for development of the major airbase to be carried out at Plaine Des Gaiacs Airfield . Sverdrup was working in Suva when he heard the news of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor .
The Pan American Airways facility for its Clippers at Noumea had included the yacht Southern Seas , formerly owned by Cyrus H.K. Curtis as Lyndonia , converted to a floating luxury hotel ship . With the start of the Pacific war Pan American abandoned its commercial facilities in the war zone and requested they be taken over by the U.S. military . Southern Seas , along with other company property , was taken over by the U.S. Army and Sverdrup recommended the ship be operated to support the airbase construction in the islands , including doing required survey work . On 30 December 1941 the Southern Seas was purchased from Pan American Airways by the U.S. Army Hawaii District Engineer for the sum of one dollar while settlement was reached on value of the ship .
Captain Norman Miller in I Took The Sky Road describes a meeting with Sverdrup during a stop in Nouméa harbor on the return flight of XPBS @-@ 1 from Java where the seaplane had delivered high priority supplies including torpedo exploders :
The luxury of the Southern Seas was a far cry from the cramped quarters of the old XPBS , and I remained aboard over night , reveling in comforts previously enjoyed by Pan Am 's customers . But the yacht was of no further use to Pan Am . Their service to New Zealand had been discontinued . The yacht was to be turned over to Sverdrup to serve him as a floating office which could follow him around among the islands .
They decided Sverdrup would fly with Miller in XPBS @-@ 1 from Nouméa to Suva , Fiji , Sverdrup 's headquarters , with the Southern Seas following . He arrived in Sydney on 30 December . In January 1942 Sverdrup signed a cost @-@ plus @-@ fixed @-@ fee contract to provide architectural and engineering services to US Army Forces in Australia ( USAFIA ) . The contract remained in force until 15 May , when it was terminated by mutual agreement and Sverdrup & Parcel employees in Australia became civilian employees of the US Army . On 16 April , Sverdrup boarded the first of a series of aircraft that would return him to the United States .
= = = New Guinea Campaign = = =
In Australia , meanwhile , Brigadier General Pat Casey , now the Chief Engineer at General Douglas MacArthur 's General Headquarters ( GHQ ) Southwest Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , obtained MacArthur 's permission to appoint Sverdrup as the chief of his Construction Section , with the rank of colonel . On 8 May 1942 , in Washington , DC , Sverdrup was directly commissioned as a colonel in the US Army . He was soon on his way back to Australia . Initially , the construction effort focused on bases in northern Australia but after the Battle of the Coral Sea , MacArthur was convinced that the Japanese would make another attempt to capture Port Moresby and ordered improvements to the airfields there and the construction of new bases at Merauke and Milne Bay in order to cover the approaches to Port Moresby . The July 1942 decision to attack the Japanese base at Rabaul altered priorities and added a requirement for the development of bases on the northern coast of Papua around Buna . The commander of Allied Air Forces , Lieutenant General George Brett called for 12 additional airstrips : four each at Port Moresby , Milne Bay and Buna . Sverdrup estimated that this would take a year , and suggested that either Brett lower his requirements or Casey obtain more engineer units . Casey ordered every available engineer unit to Papua and attempted to reduce the workload by cutting back on airbase facilities , shortening runways from 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) to 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) , and substituting Marsden mat for pavement .
In September 1942 , MacArthur decided to outflank Japanese troops on the Kokoda Trail by sending an American regimental combat team over the Owen Stanley Range . Two alternate means of crossing the mountains seemed possible . One , the Kapa Kapa Trail was known to climb to elevations above 9 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) and present formidable obstacles . The other , known as the Abau Trail held the possibility . Casey and Sverdrup took charge of investigating the Abau Trail . They reached Abau on 18 September . Casey explored the harbor , taking depth soundings from a native canoe . Sverdrup set out for Jaure with a party of one American , two Australians from the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit , ten native police from the Royal Papuan Constabulary and 26 native carriers . After eight days on the trail , scaling heights of 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) , Sverdrup concluded that it would not be practical for troops to traverse the route and turned back , reaching Abau on 3 October . Meanwhile Casey had concluded that the harbor was too shallow even for lighters . However , the trip was not a total loss , for Sverdrup had sighted a plateau north of the Owen Stanley Range that he believed could be suitable for airstrips , allowing troops to be flown across the Owen Stanley Range . His opinion was supported by Cecil Abel , a missionary who knew the area well , who recommended establishing an airstrip at Fasari in the Musa River valley . Abel was flown to Fasari to make a start on an airstrip on 11 October , while Sverdrup set out from Abau with 190 men , including Flight Lieutenant M. J. Leahy , an expert on Papua , who knew many of the tribal chiefs personally . They reached Fasari on 18 October . Abel had cleared the site by burning and all that remained was some stumping and grubbing . A DC @-@ 3 was able to land the next day on the strip , which became known as Abel 's Landing . Sverdrup and Leahy set out on 20 October to explore further north and found another suitable airstrip site near the village of Embessa and Kinjaki , which Sverdrup had cleared . A message dropped by air instructed him to go to Pongani , where he found troops of Company C , 114th Engineer Battalion that had flown to Wanigela airstrip and had made their way to Pongani by travelling along the coast by boat . Sverdrup supervised the construction of Pongani airstrip . All three airstrips were soon in use . In December 1942 , Sverdrup made a third trip , from the Australian base at Bena Bena through the Markham Valley to the vicinity of the Japanese base at Lae . On each expedition he submitted detailed reports on the possibility of construction in the area . Sverdrup was awarded the Silver Star . His citation read :
For gallantry in action near Abau , New Guinea [ sic ] from 18 September 1942 to 6 October 1942 . Colonel Sverdrup led reconnaissance party into enemy @-@ occupied territory , far in advance of friendly troops , and thereby secured information of great value to the command .
Sverdrup was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Service Medal . His citation read :
For exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a position of great responsibility in Papua , New Guinea , during the period 23 July 1942 to 23 January 1943 . During the Papuan campaign , Colonel Sverdrup personally executed numerous reconnaissance missions in New Guinea , over difficult mountains and through swamp and jungle , far forward of the areas occupied by our troops , in order to secure vital information needed for engineering operations . Utilizing native labor , which he recruited and trained , equipped only with hand tools , he constructed with great rapidity a series of air fields urgently needed for the transport by air of troops and supplies to distant and otherwise inaccessible areas . His success in completion of these essential advance airfields , accomplished under severe physical hardship and at great personal risk , made possible the effective coordination of land and air forces and contributed materially to the success of the Papuan campaign .
= = = Philippines Campaign = = =
Sverdrup was promoted to brigadier general in May 1944 . In July , Casey was appointed to head the Army Service Command ( ASCOM ) , a special force designed to provide logistical support , establish bases , and run them until the US Army Services of Supply ( USASOS ) was ready to take over . Sverdrup became acting Chief Engineer , GHQ SWPA in Casey 's absence . On 12 January 1945 , MacArthur personally decorated Sverdrup with the Distinguished Service Cross . His citation read :
For extraordinary heroism in action against the enemy at Lingayen , Luzon , Philippine Islands , on 9 January 1945 . Landing with the first wave of assault troops and with complete disregard for his own safety , he proceeded immediately to render invaluable assistance in the seizure of the vital Lingayen airfield . General Sverdrup 's exceptional courage , initiative determination contributed immeasurably to the success accomplishment of the mission .
Sverdrup became the first American to be decorated for the Luzon campaign . MacArthur , in making the presentation , said : " This is the engineer soldier at his best . " Franzwa & Ely 1980 , p . 210 Sverdrup was promoted to major general in March 1945 . On 6 March 1945 , the Engineer Construction Command ( ENCOM ) was formed under USASOS to handle all military and civilian construction in the Philippines and Sverdrup was appointed to command it . Later in 1945 MacArthur made a more personal gesture . He presented Sverdrup with his personal Gold Castles insignia , a gift from his father , Arthur MacArthur , Jr . , on his graduation from the U.S. Military Academy . MacArthur had not worn them since he had transferred to the infantry . He told Sverdrup that " they deserved to be worn by a real engineer " and made him promise that they would not end up in a museum .
= = = Occupation of Japan = = =
In August 1945 , Sverdrup flew home on MacArthur 's private aircraft , the Bataan , accompanying Lieutenant General Richard K. Sutherland to Washington , DC for a series of meetings at The Pentagon before going on leave . The Surrender of Japan caused Sverdrup to cut short his leave and return to GHQ in Manila . On 29 August 1945 , Sverdrup landed in Japan . He entered Tokyo the next day with Casey to find a site for GHQ , which they decided to locate in the Imperial Hotel , Tokyo . On 2 September , Sverdrup attended the formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri . He received the Legion of Merit on 21 September before departing for home again the next day .
= = Post @-@ war = =
On 3 June 1947 , the 102nd Infantry Division was activated as part of the Organized Reserve , with Sverdrup in command . Sverdrup retired from the Army on 31 January 1958 , at the age of 60 . He attended annual reunions of MacArthur 's key officers , held on MacArthur 's birthday , starting in 1949 . That year Sverdrup was presented with his Commander of the Order of the British Empire by the Australian Ambassador to the United States , Norman Makin , in a ceremony at the Embassy of Australia in Washington , D.C. When Sverdrup heard that MacArthur was returning from Japan after being relieved by President Harry S. Truman in April 1951 , Sverdrup flew to greet him on arrival , along with Hanford MacNider and William C. Chase . On 2 May 1975 , Sverdrup attended the Engineer Dinner at Fort Belvoir , Virginia which marked the US Army Corps of Engineers ' 200th anniversary and presented MacArthur 's Gold Castles insignia to the Chief of Engineers , Lieutenant General William C. Gribble , Jr ..
Sverdrup returned to Sverdrup & Parcel , but with much less personal involvement than before , as Grant was now running the company , which was incorporated in 1946 . That year it was awarded the contract for a complex of wind tunnels at the Arnold Engineering Development Center , with a fee in excess of $ 1 million . Sverdrup & Parcel continued , becoming Sverdrup Civil , and more recently Jacobs Sverdrup , a portion of one of the world 's largest civil engineering groups . In the 1960s , Sverdrup Civil oversaw the successful design and construction of the additional " parallel trestles " of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge @-@ Tunnel ( CBBT ) , doubling the non @-@ tunnel sections , adding the capacity of two more lanes and adding emergency turnouts to the bridge @-@ tunnel facility . The CBBT was still the longest in the world 30 years after Leif Sverdrup and his company completed the original project . However the company image was tarnished in August 2005 by the effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome , which Sverdrup & Parcel had been involved in designing , and the collapse of Sverdrup & Parcel 's I @-@ 35W Mississippi River bridge across the Mississippi River at Minneapolis , Minnesota , on 1 August 2007 .
= = Decorations = =
Major General Sverdrup ´ s decorations include : Distinguished Service Cross , Army Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster , Silver Star , Legion of Merit , Purple Heart , World War I Victory Medal , Army of Occupation of Germany Medal , Asiatic @-@ Pacific Campaign Medal with four service stars , World War II Victory Medal , Army of Occupation Medal with " Japan " Clasp , National Defense Service Medal , Commander of the Order of the British Empire and Croix de guerre 1914 – 1918 .
= = Legacy = =
Leif J. Sverdrup died on 2 January 1976 and was interred in Valhalla Cemetery in Hanley Hills , a suburb of St Louis , with full military honors . A number of professional organizations also began annual award programs in his honor and memory . The John I. Parcel – Leif J. Sverdrup Civil Engineering Management Award is awarded annually by the American Society of Civil Engineers . In 1976 , he was elevated to National Honor Member by Chi Epsilon national civil engineering honor society . Since 1980 , the Sverdrup Medal of the Society of American Military Engineers has been awarded annually
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
in his memory . At Augsburg College , the annual Sverdrup Visiting Scientist Program is endowed by the Sverdrup family and by NASA through the Minnesota Space Grant Consortium . The communications building at Webster University 's main campus is named after Sverdrup . The building houses the School of Communications , as well as the May Gallery of art . Camp Sakima at the S @-@ F Scout Ranch is also named for Sverdrup . The Sverdrup chapter of the Army Engineer Association at Fort Leonard Wood , Missouri , is named for him as well having the front gate bear his name .
= Brandon Roy =
Brandon Dawayne Roy ( born July 23 , 1984 ) is an American retired professional basketball player who played for the Portland Trail Blazers and Minnesota Timberwolves in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was selected sixth in the 2006 NBA draft , having completed four years playing for the Washington Huskies . His nickname was " B @-@ Roy " , but he was also referred to as " The Natural " by Trail Blazers announcer Brian Wheeler . On December 10 , 2011 , Roy announced his retirement from basketball due to a degenerative knee condition , though he returned in 2012 to play five games for the Timberwolves .
Born in Seattle , Washington , Roy became known for his immediate impact on the Trail Blazers . Zach Randolph , then the team captain , was traded to the New York Knicks at the end of Roy 's first season in 2006 – 07 , which cleared the way for Roy to take on a leadership role on the team . That season , Roy won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in a near @-@ unanimous vote . He was selected as a reserve to the 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 All @-@ Star games . Roy played the most minutes of any Western Conference player , and tied for the most points in the West in the 2008 season , and he played the most minutes of any player during the 2009 season .
= = Early years = =
Roy was born in Seattle , Washington , on July 23 , 1984 , and attended the African @-@ American Academy elementary school . He first started taking basketball seriously while playing for the Amateur Athletic Union , one of the largest sports organizations in the United States . He attended Garfield High School in Seattle , and was considered one of the state 's best high school players . He was an early @-@ entry candidate for the 2002 NBA draft straight out of high school , but he withdrew his name after consideration .
Roy attended Nate McMillan 's basketball camp in the 1990s when the future Blazer coach was still playing for the Seattle SuperSonics .
Considered a four @-@ star recruit by Scout.com , Roy was listed as the No. 6 shooting guard and the No. 36 player in the nation in 2002 .
= = College career = =
Roy faced challenges before entering college . His parents and his older brother had not attended college , and due to a learning disability Roy had difficulty with the SAT ; his reading comprehension was slow , which increased the time he needed for tests . He had taken the test four times ( with tutors ) before finally meeting the NCAA requirements . Unsure whether he would be able to attend a four @-@ year college , Roy worked on the Seattle docks , cleaning shipping containers for $ 11 / hour .
In 2002 , Roy started to play for the University of Washington ( UW ) . He remained there for four years under head coach Lorenzo Romar . He majored in American Ethnic Studies . After his junior year , Roy considered entering the draft , but changed his mind when he learned that teammate Nate Robinson and high school senior and UW signee Martell Webster intended to enter the draft . He saw an opportunity to rise in the ranks on his college team , and improve his draft position .
On December 29 , 2005 , Roy led the Huskies to victory over the Arizona State Sun Devils with a college career @-@ high 35 points and became the 31st Washington player to score 1 @,@ 000 points in a career . The following game he equalled his career @-@ high of 35 points in a double overtime loss to the Arizona Wildcats .
During his senior year Roy averaged 20 @.@ 2 points per game while leading the Huskies to a 26 – 7 season and a second straight Sweet Sixteen appearance . Roy was named Pac @-@ 10 player of the year and received All @-@ American honors at the end of the season , while also being a finalist for the Wooden , Naismith , Oscar Robertson , and Adolph Rupp awards . Roy had a 2006 pre @-@ draft workout with the Trail Blazers prior to being selected by the Minnesota Timberwolves as the sixth overall pick . However , he was immediately traded to the Trail Blazers for the draft rights of Randy Foye . On January 22 , 2009 , before a University of Washington Husky home game versus the USC Trojans , his number 3 uniform was retired .
= = = College statistics = = =
= = = College awards and honors = = =
Consensus NCAA All @-@ American First Team ( 2006 )
AP All @-@ American First Team ( 2006 )
USBWA All @-@ American First Team ( 2006 )
Sporting News All @-@ American First Team ( 2006 )
NABC All @-@ American Second Team ( 2006 )
Pac @-@ 10 Player of the Year ( 2006 )
All @-@ Pac @-@ 10 First Team ( 2006 )
Pac @-@ 12 All @-@ Tournament Team ( 2006 )
= = NBA career = =
= = = Portland Trail Blazers ( 2006 – 2011 ) = = =
= = = = 2006 – 07 season = = = =
Roy 's NBA debut was in his hometown against the Seattle SuperSonics . He scored 20 points in that game , and 19 in the following game . An impingement in his left heel kept him out of 20 games early in the season , but he scored his first career double @-@ double shortly after his return , on December 22 , 2006 , against the Toronto Raptors . At the end of January 2007 , Roy led all NBA rookies with 14 @.@ 5 points per game . He became the fourth Trail Blazer to be selected for the rookie squad of the NBA All @-@ Star Weekend Rookie Challenge since its inception in 1994 . He was the first Trail Blazer to participate in the All @-@ Star Weekend since Rasheed Wallace 's selection as an all star reserve in 2001 .
He was the Western Conference 's Rookie of the Month in January , February , and March 2007 . After averaging 16 @.@ 8 points , 4 @.@ 4 rebounds and 4 @.@ 0 assists per game during the 2006 – 07 NBA season , Roy was named NBA Rookie of the Year . He received 127 out of 128 first @-@ place votes . Due to injury , he played in only 57 games in that season , the second @-@ fewest games for a Rookie of the Year . He was the third Trail Blazer to win the award , the first two being Geoff Petrie and Sidney Wicks .
= = = = 2007 – 08 season = = = =
Roy started in the first 48 games of the 2007 – 08 season , averaging 19 @.@ 1 points , 5 @.@ 8 assists and 4 @.@ 6 rebounds . He also led the Blazers to a 13 @-@ game winning streak in the month of December . Roy was selected as a reserve for the 2008 NBA All @-@ Star Game . He scored 18 points in that game , and also had 9 rebounds . He injured his right ankle in the final game before the All @-@ Star Weekend . Although he earned accolades for his play over the weekend , the injury impacted his play in the following weeks . He played in the Rookie Challenge for the second time , this time as a " sophomore " ; teammate LaMarcus Aldridge was also on the sophomore squad . Roy played about 29 minutes in the All @-@ Star game , the most of any Western Conference player . He also tied Chris Paul and Amar 'e Stoudemire for the most points with 18 .
= = = = 2008 – 09 season = = = =
In the 2008 preseason , Roy underwent a 20 @-@ minute medical procedure in Vancouver , Washington , during which team physician Don Roberts removed a piece of cartilage that was causing irritation in Roy 's left knee . Roy missed several weeks of action because of the rehabilitation , but was ready on the opening day of the season against the Los Angeles Lakers . On November 6 , against the Houston Rockets , Roy hit a game @-@ winning 30 @-@ foot jumper in overtime with eight @-@ tenths of a second left . On December 18 , Roy scored a career @-@ high 52 points against the Phoenix Suns . He made 14 of 27 shots from the field , 19 of 21 from the free @-@ throw line , and 5 of 7 from the three @-@ point line . He also added six assists , five rebounds and a blocked shot , all without a turnover . On January 24 , Roy tied a Blazers franchise record with 10 steals against the Washington Wizards . On February 8 with the Blazers trailing by 1 against the Knicks , Roy made a layup at the buzzer to win it 109 – 108 . As of February 16 , 2009 , Roy has had 24 shots which tied or won the games with 35 seconds or less . Roy was again selected as a reserve in the 2009 NBA All @-@ Star Game , where he scored 14 points in 7 @-@ for @-@ 8 shooting , grabbed 5 boards , and dished out 5 assists in a game @-@ high 31 minutes of action . On April 13 , Roy was named Western Conference Player of the Week , the fourth time he has won the award . Roy and Clyde Drexler are the only Portland Trail Blazers to win the award four times . Roy finished 9th in MVP voting for the 2008 – 09 season , garnering one 4th @-@ place vote and four 5th @-@ place votes for a total of 7 points . Roy was named to the All @-@ NBA Second Team on May 13 , and was the first Blazer to make an All @-@ NBA team since the 1991 – 92 season .
= = = = 2009 – 10 season = = = =
On August 5 , 2009 , it was confirmed that Roy had agreed to a four @-@ year maximum @-@ salary contract with a fifth @-@ year player option , keeping him a Trail Blazer until at least the 2013 – 14 season .
Roy was selected to compete in the 2010 NBA All @-@ Star Game , marking his third selection as an NBA All @-@ Star . However , Roy was sidelined because of a right hamstring injury he sustained on January 13 against the Milwaukee Bucks , and re @-@ aggravated on January 20 against the Philadelphia 76ers .
On April 11 , 2010 , Roy injured his right knee . Magnetic resonance imaging that night confirmed a right knee bone contusion ( bone bruise ) and on April 12 , further examination of the MRI showed a slight meniscus tear . Roy underwent surgery on April 16 and was expected to miss at least the first round of the 2010 NBA Playoffs , but returned for Game 4 after eight days of recovery time to lead the Blazers to a win .
Roy was named to the All @-@ NBA Third Team on May 6 , and this was his second season in a row to be named to an All @-@ NBA Team .
= = = = 2010 – 11 season = = = =
Roy started the first month of the season scoring at his normal rate , but by December it started showing that his knees , which have bothered him since college and were injured in April , were ailing due to lack of cartilage . He missed nine games before the Trail Blazers announced that he would be out indefinitely . It was widely speculated that Roy would not be able to play at an All @-@ Star level again . This forced the team to start running its offense through forward LaMarcus Aldridge and backup guard Wesley Matthews .
On January 17 , 2011 , Roy underwent arthroscopic surgery on both of his knees . He returned to the lineup on February 25 , scoring 18 points off the bench , including a clutch three @-@ pointer to force overtime , and helping the Blazers win the game 107 @-@ 106 . Roy then took on a reserve role for the rest of the season , scoring inconsistently to finish with a career @-@ low season average of 12 @.@ 2 points , 2 @.@ 6 rebounds , 2 @.@ 7 assists and 28 minutes in 47 games .
The Blazers then faced the Dallas Mavericks in the first round of the 2011 NBA Playoffs . Roy shot 1 @-@ for @-@ 8 the first 2 games , including a Game 2 where he saw only 8 minutes of playing time and went scoreless . The Blazers lost both games and trailed 0 @-@ 2 in the series . He expressed his frustration about being the last substitution during the first 2 quarters , and playing for 8 minutes after getting 26 minutes in Game 1 . The series then went to Portland , and Roy scored 16 points in 23 minutes off the bench to boost the Blazers to a 97 @-@ 92 Game 3 win .
Both the Blazers and Mavericks started Game 4 with a quiet first half , with Dallas leading slightly . The Blazers then missed their first 15 shots after halftime as the Mavs ' lead grew as big as 67 @-@ 44 . Roy then made a three @-@ pointer near the end of the third to cut the lead to 67 @-@ 49 . In the fourth quarter , Roy scored 18 points after going 1 @-@ for @-@ 3 the previous 3 quarters , including a clutch 4 @-@ point play to tie the game and a bank shot from the middle of the paint with 49 seconds left to give his team the lead for good , finishing with 24 points to lead the Blazers to an improbable 84 @-@ 82 win to tie the series . The Blazers would go on to lose the series in 6 games , but it gave hope for Roy to start again next season .
= = = = Retirement = = = =
Just before NBA training camp opened following the resolution of the 2011 NBA lockout , Roy announced that his knees had degenerated so much — he lacked cartilage between the bones of both knees — that he was retiring from basketball .
Following his announcement of retirement , the Portland Trail Blazers used their amnesty clause on Roy for salary cap flexibility .
= = = Comeback = = =
In June 2012 , Roy announced that he was planning to make a comeback to the NBA . He said he had recovered enough to play after having the platelet @-@ rich plasma procedure that Kobe Bryant has also had to keep his knees healthy . He could not play for Portland under the current NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement because of Portland 's amnesty of him in 2011 . Roy entered the free agent market on July 1 , 2012 . Roy reportedly had expressed interest in signing with the Dallas Mavericks , Golden State Warriors , Minnesota Timberwolves , Indiana Pacers , or Chicago Bulls .
= = = Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2012 – 2013 ) = = =
On July 31 , 2012 , Roy signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves . The deal put Roy with All @-@ Star forward Kevin Love and point guard Ricky Rubio . He decided to wear No. 3 , the number he wore during his college years at Washington . He felt well during training camp but suffered an injury after a collision during a preseason game on October 26 , 2012 . He played in five regular season games before needing season @-@ ending surgery on his right knee . He averaged 5 @.@ 8 points per game , 2 @.@ 8 rebounds per game , and 4 @.@ 6 assists per game in 24 @.@ 4 minutes during the 2012 @-@ 13 season . Roy was waived by Minnesota on May 10 , 2013 . Afterwards , he said , " Any time you walk away from the game , you have ' what @-@ ifs ' . I feel like I was able to answer those questions last year by going out there and giving it a try . "
= = Personal life = =
Roy 's longtime girlfriend Tiana Bardwell delivered their first child , Brandon Jr . , whom they nicknamed BJ , on March 27 , 2007 , in Seattle .
About two months later , Roy took Bardwell out to look at rings " just to get an idea of what she 'd like " . On June 16 , 2007 , while both were at Roy 's home in Renton , Washington , he sent Bardwell a text message instructing her to look in a drawer in his closet , telling her that she could have whatever she found . Bardwell discovered a ring that she had mentioned she liked , at which point Roy entered the room with their son and said , " BJ wants to know if you will marry his daddy " . Bardwell immediately accepted . Roy said the entire proposal was " free @-@ styled " .
Roy and Bardwell had their second child , Mariah Leilani , in January 2009 .
Roy and Bardwell got married on September 4 , 2010 , in West Linn .
= = Awards and honors = =
3x : NBA All Star : 2008 , 2009 , 2010 .
2x : All @-@ NBA Team : 2009 All @-@ NBA Second Team : 2010
NBA Rookie of the Year : 2007
NBA All @-@ Rookie Team : 2007 NBA All @-@ Rookie First Team .
Western Conference Player of the Week
December 3 – 9 , 2007
December 10 – 17 , 2007
November 24 – 30 , 2008
April 6 – 12 , 2009
March 8 – 14 , 2010
= = NBA career statistics = =
= = = Regular season = = =
= = = Playoffs = = =
= = = Career highs = = =
Points : 52 on December 18 , 2008 , against the Phoenix Suns .
Rebounds : 14 on February 21 , 2008 , against the Seattle SuperSonics .
Assists : 12 on February 29 , 2008 , and April 4 , 2009 , against the Los Angeles Lakers .
Blocks : 3 on March 3 , 2010 , against the Indiana Pacers .
Steals : 10 on January 24 , 2009 , against the Washington Wizards .
= Battle of Cartagena de Indias =
The Battle of Cartagena de Indias was an amphibious military engagement between the forces of Britain under Vice @-@ Admiral Edward Vernon and those of Spain under Admiral Blas de Lezo . It took place at the city of Cartagena de Indias in March 1741 , in present @-@ day Colombia . The battle was a significant episode of the War of Jenkins ' Ear and a large @-@ scale naval campaign . The war later was subsumed into the greater conflict of the War of the Austrian Succession . The battle resulted in a major defeat for the British Navy and Army .
The defeat caused heavy losses for the British : mostly due to disease that also took its toll among the Spanish forces , especially yellow fever .
= = Background = =
The War of Jenkins ' Ear was a conflict between Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748 . Under the 1729 Treaty of Seville , the British had agreed not to trade with the Spanish colonies except under limited conditions , under the Asiento de Negros slave trade and the Annual Ship under the Navio de Permiso . The Asiento allowed Britain a monopoly to supply 5 @,@ 000 slaves a year to the Spanish colonies . The Navio de Permiso permitted a single yearly trading ship , the Annual Ship , which could carry 1000 tons of imports to the yearly trade fair in Porto Bello . Upon receiving these concessions from Spain , the British government granted a monopoly for both to the South Sea Company . The merchants and bankers in Britain , who were the driving force behind Britain 's international commerce and trading , demanded more access to the lucrative Spanish markets of the Caribbean Basin . In turn , the Spanish colonists desired British @-@ made goods , so a burgeoning black market of smuggled goods developed .
By the terms of the treaty , the Spanish were permitted to board British vessels in Spanish waters . After one such boarding in 1731 , Robert Jenkins , captain of the ship Rebecca , claimed that a Spanish coast guard officer had severed his ear . The legend that Jenkins exhibited his pickled ear to the House of Commons appears to have no basis in fact . This served to heighten the " war fever " developing against Spain , which was also driven by the British desire for commercial and military domination of the Atlantic basin . To much cheering , the British Prime Minister , Robert Walpole , reluctantly declared war on October 23 , 1739 , reportedly saying , " They may ring their bells now ; they will be wringing their hands before long . "
= = = Spanish Caribbean = = =
The Spanish Caribbean trade had a network of four main ports : Vera Cruz , Mexico ; Cartagena , Colombia ; Porto Bello ( now Portobelo ) , Panama ; and the main port through which all the trade of those three ports came , Havana , Cuba . On November 22 , 1739 the British captured Portobelo in the Viceroyalty of New Granada . The British attack was part of an attempt to damage Spain 's finances . The poorly defended port was attacked by six ships of the line under Vice @-@ Admiral Edward Vernon . The relative ease of this capture , although it was quickly recaptured by the Spanish after Vernon 's fleet departed , caused jubilation in Britain .
Vernon was given command of the very large naval force , which was one quarter of the British Royal Navy , of a major land and sea amphibious expedition under the overall command of Lord Cathcart . The first goal of the expedition was to capture Havana , the most important of the Spanish ports because it had facilities where ships could be refitted and , by 1740 , it had become Spain 's largest and most active shipyard . Lord Cathcart died en route and it remained unclear who was in command overall . Cathcart 's untimely demise resulted in dissension in the British command , preventing the coordination needed for this complex operation .
The despatch of the large fleet and troop contingent had been demanded by the public led by the merchant class lobbies , especially , and the South Sea Company , in particular , which refused to accept the compromise agreements made by the governments of Spain and Britain . The Duke of Newcastle advocated the public 's demands before Parliament . Vice @-@ Admiral Vernon was an active and ardent supporter of war against Spain and advocated offensive action both in Parliament and before the Admiralty . The decision to mount a large West Indies expedition was reached in December 1739 . Walpole , who opposed the war categorically , and Vernon , who favored small squadron actions , were dissatisfied with the situation . Vernon , despite his earlier failed small squadron raid on Cartagena , was not convinced that a large @-@ scale attack on a heavily fortified city would prove to be as successful as his smaller Portobello assault had been . He feared , particularly , that a prolonged siege would lead to heavy attrition from disease , a typical situation given the limited medical knowledge of the time .
= = = Objectives = = =
Britain 's objective was to capture and permanently retain Spain 's four ports of the Caribbean basin . By taking control of these ports , the British would effectively control the entry and exit routes to South America . The British would have bases from which to launch attacks into the interior , and Spain would have limited access to deep water ports on the eastern coast of their American colonies and therefore be unable to resupply their inland forces . Control of these ports would provide the British with a key control of the area and allow them , in time , to acquire the whole of Spain 's American empire . However , Britain had no place to build and refit ships in the Caribbean , as Spain did with the dockyards at Havana , and without a dockyard no fleet could remain in the area for any length of time without breaking down . Quick capture of Havana and its dry dock was imperative and it was the favored objective of Newcastle and Sir Charles Wager , First Lord of the Admiralty , but Britain 's divided ministry left the course of the campaign up to Vernon and others at a Council of War held in Jamaica . They followed Vernon , who preferred Cartagena as their initial objective as it was a good port and to windward of Britain 's existing Caribbean bases and Vernon thought Havana too well defended to be the initial target .
= = = The city of Cartagena de Indias = = =
Cartagena of Indies , in the eighteenth century , was a large and rich city of over 10 @,@ 000 people . It was the capital of the province of Cartagena and the main town had significant fortifications that had been recently repaired , increased and improved with outlying forts , batteries and works . Its harbor was considered one of the finest in the world and it served the galleons of the commercial fleet , Galeones a Tierra Firme y Perú , that annually conveyed through Havana to Spain the immense revenues of gold and silver from New Granada and Peru .
Founded by Pedro Heredia in 1533 , it had been the target of conquest in the past and was captured by the English , under Francis Drake , in 1585 and by the French , under Baron de Pointis in 1697 . The city faces the Caribbean to the west , to the south its bay has two entrances : Boca Chica ( Little Mouth ) and Boca Grande ( Big Mouth ) . Boca Chica was the only deep water entrance and was so narrow it allowed the passage of only one ship at a time . This entrance was defended on one side by the Fort San Luis with a couple of small outworks on the peninsula of Terra Bomba and on the other side by the fascine battery Baradera . Beyond Boca Chica was the great lagoon of the outer harbor with an entry channel into the inner harbor between two peninsulas , each defended by a fort . The walls of the city itself mounted some 160 cannon and the suburbs 140 guns . The city was surrounded by a water @-@ filled ditch and its gates supported by recently built bastions . The suburbs were also surrounded by a wall and ditch . About a quarter mile south from the city on a hill was Fort San Lazaro , a square fifty feet on a side with three demi @-@ bastions . The position of Fort San Lazaro commanded the city itself and the plain around the hill . There was also a small hill nearby that commanded Fort Lazaro , but there was no fresh water source available outside Cartagena and the fort . The road from the best landing point , the beach at Texar de Gracias , to Fort Lazaro was three miles long .
= = Battle = =
The Battle of Cartagena pitted a British invasion force of 186 ships including : 29 Ships of the Line ; 22 frigates , 2 hospital ships , various fire ships and bomb ships armed with a total of some 2 @,@ 000 cannon ; 80 troop transports and 50 merchant ships . There were at least 27 @,@ 400 military personnel , of which the land force totaled 12 @,@ 000 including : two British regular infantry regiments , the 15th Foot and 24th Foot , 6 @,@ 000 newly raised marines and some 3 @,@ 600 American colonial troops , commanded by Colonel William Gooch ( the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia ) , in four battalions designated as the 43rd Regiment of Foot , arriving from the North American colonies on another 40 transports .
The Spanish force defending Cartagena was composed of 2 @,@ 700 to 3 @,@ 000 Spanish regulars from the regiments Aragon , España and that of Toledo , Lisboa and Navarra just arrived in October 1740 , brought by Vice @-@ admiral Torres ; a colonial regiment from Cartagena ; an unspecified number of sailors ; 5 companies of militia and 600 Indian archers , perhaps 4 @,@ 000 to 6 @,@ 000 defenders , manning six Ships of the Line and strategic fortifications — under the command of the Governor General of Cartagena , Don Blas de Lezo and the Viceroy of New Granada , Sebastián de Eslava . Blas de Lezo , a Basque , was an experienced , wily and tenacious Spanish Naval commander , whose previous career was as daring and spectacular as any naval officer of his day . Lezo , who had lost an arm , a leg and an eye in the service of Spain , made use of every advantage , strategy and tactic available to him .
= = = Preliminary maneuvers = = =
The expedition was very slow leaving Britain . Initially , contrary winds delayed the sailing until most of the shipboard provisions were consumed and a steep increase of sickness occurred among the ship crews . Then news of the sailing of the French squadrons and a Spanish squadron caused further delay while the British fleet was reinforced in response . The expedition suffered from manpower shortages in the navy , which required drafting two full infantry regiments , the 34th and 36th , to fill crew requirements Cathcart was ordered by the government to transfer 600 of his marines to provide marines for the men of war . These delays cost the British three months of valuable campaign time . The 3 @,@ 600 Americans were transported to Jamaica from New York on 40 transports escorted by some British men of war and arrived much sooner on December 3 , 1740 . The Americans were originally under the command of General Spotswood , Governor of Virginia , who was to be second @-@ in command under Cathcart , however Spotswood died and was replaced by Gooch as commander of the Americans . They found on their arrival that no arrangements had been made by the British government for their provisions . The lack of provision and climate immediately began to take a toll on the Americans , while the fleet from Britain was suffering from typhus , scurvy and dysentery ; by January 1741 the land forces had already suffered 500 dead , including Lord Cathcart the commander in chief , and 1 @,@ 500 sick . With both Cathcart and Spotswood dead , command of the land forces went to Thomas Wentworth , who had no previous combat command experience . In Jamaica , 300 African slaves , called ' Macheteros ' , were added to the expedition as a work battalion . Additional delays before and after embarking from Jamaica cost more precious time , including a brief skirmish with a French squadron . Both the British and the Spanish were well aware that with onset of the two @-@ month rainy season in May , the so @-@ called ' sickly season ' , which would last from May to November , would also begin .
The Spanish had received reinforcements but were already suffering severely from diseases as well . Similar to the British , but not as disruptive to operations , there was dissension between Lezo and Eslava . In particular , Lezo favored a very strong , all @-@ out defense of Boca Chica channel ; Eslava 's opposition led to an under @-@ manning of some of the forward defenses , allowing the British an easier initial landing .
= = = Attack on Fort San Luis at Boca Chica = = =
The British expedition arrived off Cartagena on March 4 with no overall commander but with decisions being made by councils of war , with General Wentworth commanding the land forces and Vernon the sea forces . The navy had lost so many sailors by this time as a result of the epidemics that one third of the land forces were needed to fill out the crews . Although the city of Cartagena was fronted on one side by the ocean , the shore and surf were so rough as to preclude any attempt to approach it from sea . The other access channel , Boca Grande , was too shallow to allow the passage of ocean @-@ going ships . The channel of Boca Chica was the only deep @-@ draft passage into the harbor of Cartagena . It ran between two narrow peninsulas and was defended on one side by the fort of San Luis , Boca Chica Castle , with four bastions having some 49 cannons , 3 mortars and a garrison of 300 soldiers under the command of the chief engineer , Carlos Desnaux . A boom stretched from the island of La Bomba to the southern peninsula on which was Fort San Jose with 13 cannon and 150 soldiers . Also supporting the entrance were the 6 Spanish line ships .
After a week of bombardment , the British planned to land near the smaller access channel , Boca Chica , with 300 grenadiers . The Spanish defenders of two small , nearby forts , San Iago and San Philip , were driven off by a division of three ships of the fleet under Chaloner Ogle which suffered some 120 casualties with the Shrewsbury alone losing 100 killed and wounded as well as taking serious damage from cannon fire from Fort San Luis . The grenadiers landed that evening and were followed on March 22 by the whole of the British land forces : the two regular regiments and the six regiments of marines . Of the American land forces only 300 were allowed ashore as most of the American troops of the four battalions had been dispersed to serve aboard the Ships of the Line to replace Vernon 's losses in sailors and were not available for amphibious operations . They were followed in a few days by the artillery . After the army made camp , the Americans and the Jamaicans constructed a battery in two weeks and its twenty 24 pounder guns began battering the fort . A squadron of five ships , consisting of the Boyne , Prince Frederick , Hampton Court , Tilbury , and Suffolk , led inshore by Commodore Lestock , also attempted to batter the fort into submission for two days but had the worst of it , making no impression on the fort and having many men killed and three ships heavily damaged and disabled .
The British artillery on land , after three days of firing night and day , made a breach in the main fort while part of the fleet assisted . Another part of the fleet engaged the Spanish ships , two of which Lezo scuttled and another , the Galicia , he set on fire . The two scuttled Spanish ships partially blocked the channel and the Galicia was captured by the British before it could sink . The British attacked Fort San Luis by land and sea on April 5 . The infantry advanced on the breach ; however , the Spanish had already retreated to fortifications in the inner harbor . Over the following week , the landing force re @-@ embarked and entered the harbor . The operation against Boca Chica cost the British army 120 killed and wounded , additionally 250 died from the diseases of yellow fever and malaria , and 600 sick were hospitalized .
= = = Attack on Fort San Lazaro = = =
The next council of war decided to attempt to isolate Cartagena from the land side by an assault of Fort San Lazaro , called in some accounts San Felipe de Barajas . With the capture of San Luis and other outlying defensive works , the fleet passed through the Boca Chica channel into the lagoon that made up the harbor of Cartagena . The Spanish withdrew to concentrate their forces at Fort San Lazaro and the city . Vernon goaded Wentworth into an ill @-@ considered , badly planned assault on the fort , an outlying strong @-@ point of Cartagena , which Vernon refused to support with the fleet making specious excuses about the depth of the harbor . The ships cleared the beach with cannon fire and Wentworth landed on April 16 at Texar de Gracias .
After the British gained the inner harbor and captured some outlying forts , de Lezo strengthened the last main bastion of Fort San Lazaro by digging a trench around it and clearing a field of fire on the approach . He had to hold the fort as it commanded the city and , in British hands , a bombardment would force Cartagena to surrender in a short time . Lezo defended the trench with some 650 soldiers and garrisoned the fort with another 300 , while keeping in hand a reserve of 200 marines and sailors . The British advanced from the beach and had to pass a narrow defile . There they met a Spanish force that briefly contested that passage before giving way .
The only British engineer with the expedition had been killed at fort San Luis ; no one could construct a battery to breach the walls . The British decided to storm the fort outright in a coup de main , walls unbreached , during a night attack . The night attack would allow the assault of the northern side of the fort facing Cartagena because , in the dark , the guns of Cartagena would not be able to give supporting fire . The southern side had the lowest and most vulnerable walls and the grenadiers would attempt to quickly storm and carry the parapets . But the attack started late and the initial advance on Lazaro was made near dawn at 4 am April 20 by a forlorn hope of 50 picked men followed by 450 grenadiers commanded by Colonel Wynyard . The main body was 1 @,@ 000 men of the 15th and 24th regiments commanded by Colonel Grant , then a mixed company from the 34th and 36th regiments and some unarmed Americans carrying scaling @-@ ladders for the fort 's high walls and wool packs to fill in the trench . Finally , there was a reserve of 500 marines under Colonel Wolfe .
The column was led by two Spanish deserters as guides who misled the British on the southern low walled side . Wynyard was led to a steep approach and , as the grenadiers scrambled up the slope , they were received with a deadly volley of musket fire at thirty yards from the Spanish in the entrenchments . The grenadiers deployed into line and advanced , slowly trading fire . On the north face , Grant fell early and the leaderless troops traded fire with the Spanish . Most of the Americans dropped the ladders they carried and took cover . Those ladders brought forward were too short by ten feet . After an hour , the sun rose and as the guns of Cartagena opened fire on the British , casualties mounted . At eight o 'clock , when a column of Spanish infantry coming from the gates of Cartagena threatened to cut the British off from their ships , Wentworth ordered a retreat . The assault failed , with a loss of 600 casualties from a force of approximately 2 @,@ 000 . Sickness and disease increased the casualties of the expedition . During the period surrounding the attack on Fort San Lazaro , Wentworth 's land forces were reduced from 6 @,@ 500 effectives to 3 @,@ 200 .
= = = British withdrawal = = =
Don Blas de Lezo 's plan had been that , given the overwhelming force against him , he would attempt to conduct a fighting withdrawal and delay the British long enough until the start of the rainy season at the end of April . The tropical downpours would delay campaigning for another 2 months . Further , the longer the enemy had to remain mostly crowded on ships at sea and in the open on land , the more likely that insufficient supply , discomfort and especially disease would become his allies and the deadly enemies of the British . De Lezo was aided by the contempt that Vernon and Wentworth had for each other , which prevented their cooperation after the initial landing .
Another important factor in the defeat of the British force was the fact that Cartagena 's defensive fortifications had been repaired and improved over the past year . Although De Lezo was pressed to the limit , his plan worked and the Spanish prevailed . The rains came and the British had to board their ships , where close quarters made disease even more deadly . By April 25 , Vernon and the council decided to retreat to Jamaica , and by mid @-@ May they were gone . By May 7 , only 1 @,@ 700 men of the land forces were fit for service and no more than 1 @,@ 000 in condition to land against the enemy ; within a month of leaving Cartagena , another 1 @,@ 100 died . British strength was reduced to 1 @,@ 400 and American to 1 @,@ 300 .
The expedition and battle lasted for 67 days and ended with the British fleet withdrawing in defeat , with 18 @,@ 000 dead or incapacitated , mostly by disease . The Spanish also suffered severely from disease including Blas de Lezo himself , who died a few weeks after falling ill from the plague from unburied bodies . In addition a total of 50 British ships were lost , badly damaged , disabled or abandoned for lack of crews . There were nineteen ships of the line damaged , four frigates and twenty @-@ seven transports lost . Of the 3 @,@ 600 American colonists , who had volunteered , lured by promises of land and mountains of gold , most died of yellow fever , dysentery , and outright starvation . Only 300 returned home , including Lawrence Washington , who renamed his Virginia plantation , Mount Vernon after Admiral Vernon .
During the early stage of the battle , when the Spanish forces had retreated from different defense points to regroup in the larger fortress of San Lazaro , feeling victory in his hands Vernon dispatched a messenger , Captain Laws , to Britain to inform King George of the British forces ' entry to the inner bay on May 17 . The souvenir industry , in expectation of a triumph that never came , had been busily manufacturing commemorative medals for the occasion . They were mainly made by button @-@ makers , who copied a few basic designs and are generally of very poor quality . The largest collections of these medals can be found in the UK and the US . Commemorative china was also produced but its survival has been rarer . In one of the medals Admiral Vernon was shown looking down upon the " defeated " Spanish admiral Don Blas de Lezo who appeared kneeling down . A contemporary song was composed by a sailor from the Shrewsbury that prematurely celebrated the victory :
VERNON 'S GLORY ; OR , THE SPANIARDS DEFEAT .
Being an account of the taking of Carthagena by Vice @-@ Admiral Vernon ... " ... and the town surrender [ ed ]
To Admiral Vernon , the scourge of Spain " .
The main reasons for the British defeat were the failure of the British to find united leadership after the commander in chief , General Charles Cathcart , died of dysentery en route ; the logistic inability to land siege artillery and ammunition near to Cartagena ; the impediments made by Vernon that prevented involvement of his line ships to support the infantry forces ; and the effective Spanish maneuvers carried out by the viceroy Sebastián de Eslava , Admiral Blas de Lezo and Colonel Carlos Suivillars .
After the defeat , Admiral Vernon sent a letter to Blas de Lezo : " We have decided to retreat , but we will return to Cartagena after we take reinforcements in Jamaica " , to which Blas de Lezo ironically responded : " In order to come to Cartagena , the English King must build a better and larger fleet , because yours now is only suitable to transport coal from Ireland to London " .
= = Aftermath = =
Following the news of the disaster Robert Walpole 's government soon collapsed . Spain retained control over its most strategically important colonies , including the vitally crucial port in the Caribbean that helped secure the defense of the Spanish Main and its trans @-@ Atlantic trade with Spain .
News of Britain 's defeat reached Europe at the end of June , 1741 and had immense repercussions . It caused George II of Great Britain , who had been acting as mediator between Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa supporting Austria over Prussian seizure of Silesia in December 1740 , to withdraw Britain 's guarantees of armed support for the Pragmatic Sanction . That encouraged France and Spain , the Bourbon allies , revealed to also be allied with Prussia , to move militarily against a now isolated Austria . A greater and wider war , the War of the Austrian Succession , now began .
The staggering losses suffered by the British compromised all the subsequent actions by Vernon and Wentworth in the Caribbean and most ended in acrimonious failure despite reinforcements of 1 @,@ 000 troops from Jamaica and 3 @,@ 000 regular infantry from Britain . Vernon and Wentworth were both recalled to Britain in September 1742 , with Chaloner Ogle taking command of a very sickly fleet that had less than half its sailors fit for duty . By the time the Caribbean campaign ended in May 1742 ninety percent of the army had died from combat and sickness . Several other British attacks took place in the Caribbean with little consequence on the geopolitical situation in the Atlantic . The weakened British forces led by Charles Knowles made raids upon the Venezuelan coast , attacking La Guaira in February 1743 and Puerto Cabello in April , though neither operation was particularly successful .
The failure to take Cartagena caused what was left of the naval forces assigned to Vernon to remain in the Caribbean longer . This resulted in the weakened Mediterranean squadron being unable to prevent the Spanish from twice convoying troops totalling 25 @,@ 000 to Italy in November and December 1741 . It was not until Commodore Richard Lestock , commander of one of Vernon 's divisions at Cartagena , returned to Europe with ships from the Caribbean fleet , that Britain reinforced its presence in the Mediterranean .
Historian Reed Browning describes the British Cartagena expedition as " stupidly disastrous " and quotes Horace Walpole , whose father was Vernon 's bitter enemy , writing in 1744 : " We have already lost seven millions of money and thirty thousand men in the Spanish war and all the fruit of all this blood and treasure is the glory of having Admiral Vernon 's head on alehouse signs . "
In spite of his defeat the inscription on Vernon 's marble memorial in Westminster Abbey credits him for victory in Cartagena in a deliberately elliptical style : " He subdued Chagre , and at Carthagena conquered as far as naval forces could carry victory " that probably also reflects ironically his conflict with Wentworth .
= = Popular Culture = =
Scottish folk / pirate metal band Alestorm , has a song entitled ' 1741 ( The Battle of Cartagena ) ' on their 2014 album ' Sunset on the Golden Age ' , which chronicles the battle .
= = Additional reading = =
= = = Fiction = = =
Smollet , Tobias . The Adventures of Roderick Random . 1748 . Historical novel based on Smollett 's own experiences at Cartagena .
Hall , Charles W .. Cartagena or the Lost Brigade . 1898 . Historical novel of the North American contingent at Cartagena .
Régniez , Philippe . Blas de Lezo . In French . Les Editions de La Reconquête , 2012 , Assomption .
In the detective / historical novel " Watery Grave " by Bruce Alexander © 1996 , the main character , the blind judge Sir John Fielding , describes how , as a junior officer , he was blinded at the battle of Cartagena ( 3 pages )
= Dr. Dre =
Andre Romelle Young ( born February 18 , 1965 ) , better known by his stage name Dr. Dre , is an American rapper , record producer , and entrepreneur . He is the founder and current CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics . Dre was previously the co @-@ owner of , and an artist on , Death Row Records . He has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many rappers , including 2Pac , The D.O.C. , Snoop Dogg , Eminem , Xzibit , Knoc @-@ turn 'al , 50 Cent , The Game and Kendrick Lamar . He is credited as a key figure in the popularization of West Coast G @-@ funk , a style of rap music characterized as synthesizer @-@ based with slow , heavy beats . In 2014 , Dr. Dre was ranked as the second richest figure in the American hip hop scene by Forbes with a net worth of $ 550 million ; he is at the top of the 2015 Forbes list , with an estimated pre @-@ tax take of $ 620 million in 2014 .
Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin ' Cru and later found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A with Eazy @-@ E , Ice Cube , MC Ren , and DJ Yella , which popularized the use of explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life . His 1992 solo debut The Chronic , released under Death Row Records , led him to become one of the best @-@ selling American performing artists of 1993 and to win a Grammy Award for the single " Let Me Ride " . That same year he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Dogg 's quadruple platinum debut Doggystyle , and even molded artists into top @-@ notch producers such as his step @-@ brother Warren G , which led to his multi @-@ platinum debut Regulate ... G Funk Era in 1994 , and Snoop Dogg 's cousin Daz Dillinger which led to the double platinum debut album Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995 .
In 1996 , he left Death Row Records to establish his own label , Aftermath Entertainment . He produced a compilation album titled Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath in 1996 , and released a solo album titled 2001 in 1999 . During the 2000s , he focused on production for other artists , while occasionally contributing vocals to songs . Dr. Dre signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002 to his record label respectively , while contributing production on their albums . He has won six Grammy Awards , including Producer of the Year . Dr. Dre has also had acting roles in movies such as Set It Off , The Wash and Training Day . Rolling Stone ranked Dre at 56 on their list of " 100 Greatest Artists of All @-@ Time " .
= = Early life = =
Young was born in Compton , California , the first child of Theodore and Verna Young . His middle name , Romelle , is derived from his father 's amateur R & B singing group , The Romells . His parents married in 1964 , separated in 1968 , and divorced in 1972 . His mother later remarried and had three children : sons Jerome and Tyree ( both deceased ) and daughter Shameka . In 1976 , Young began attending Vanguard Junior High School in Compton , but due to gang violence , he transferred to the safer suburban Roosevelt Junior High School . His mother later married Warren Griffin , whom she met at her new job in Long Beach , which added three stepsisters and one stepbrother to the family ; the stepbrother would eventually become rapper Warren G.
Young is the cousin of producer Sir Jinx . He attended Centennial High School in Compton during his freshman year in 1979 , but transferred to Fremont High School in South Central Los Angeles due to poor grades . Young attempted to enroll in an apprenticeship program at Northrop Aviation Company , but poor grades at school made him ineligible . Thereafter , he focused on his social life and entertainment for the remainder of his high school years . Young fathered a son with Cassandra Joy Greene named Curtis ( born December 15 , 1981 ) . Curtis was brought up by his mother and first met his father 20 years later , when Curtis became rapper Hood Surgeon .
= = Music career = =
= = = 1984 – 85 : World Class Wreckin ' Cru = = =
Inspired by the Grandmaster Flash song " The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel " , he often attended a club called Eve After Dark to watch many DJs and rappers performing live . He subsequently became a DJ in the club , initially under the name " Dr. J " , based on the nickname of Julius Erving , his favorite basketball player . At the club , he met aspiring rapper Antoine Carraby , later to become member DJ Yella of N.W.A. Soon afterwards he adopted the moniker Dr. Dre , a mix of previous alias Dr. J and his first name , referring to himself as the " Master of Mixology " . Eve After Dark had a back room with a small four @-@ track studio . In this studio , Dre and Yella recorded several demos . In their first recording session , they recorded a song entitled " Surgery " , with the lyrics " calling Dr. Dre to surgery " serving as the chorus to the song . He later joined the musical group World Class Wreckin ' Cru under the independent Kru @-@ Cut Records in 1984 . The group would become stars of the electro @-@ hop scene that dominated early 1980s West Coast hip hop . " Surgery " , which was officially released after being recorded prior to the group 's official formation , would prominently feature Dr. Dre on the turntable . The record would become the group 's first hit , selling 50 @,@ 000 copies within the Compton area .
Dr. Dre and DJ Yella also performed mixes for local radio station KDAY , boosting ratings for its afternoon rush @-@ hour show The Traffic Jam . Dr. Dre 's earliest recordings were released in 1994 on a compilation titled Concrete Roots . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the website Allmusic described the compiled music , released " several years before Dre developed a distinctive style " , as " surprisingly generic and unengaging " and " for dedicated fans only " .
His frequent absences from school jeopardized his position as a diver on his school 's swim team . After high school , he attended Chester Adult School in Compton following his mother 's demands for him to get a job or continue his education . After brief attendance at a radio broadcasting school , he relocated to the residence of his father and residence of his grandparents before returning to his mother 's house . He later dropped out of Chester to focus on performing at the Eve 's After Dark nightclub .
= = = 1986 – 91 : N.W.A and Ruthless Records = = =
In 1986 , Dr. Dre met rapper O 'Shea Jackson — nicknamed Ice Cube — who collaborated with Dr. Dre to record songs for Ruthless Records , a rap record label run by local rapper Eazy @-@ E. N.W.A and fellow West Coast rapper Ice @-@ T are widely credited as seminal artists of the gangsta rap genre , a profanity @-@ heavy subgenre of hip hop , replete with gritty depictions of urban crime and gang lifestyle . Not feeling constricted to racially charged political issues pioneered by rap artists such as Public Enemy or Boogie Down Productions , N.W.A favored themes and uncompromising lyrics , offering stark descriptions of violent , inner @-@ city streets . Propelled by the hit " Fuck tha Police " , the group 's first full album Straight Outta Compton became a major success , despite an almost complete absence of radio airplay or major concert tours . The Federal Bureau of Investigation sent Ruthless Records a warning letter in response to the song 's content .
After Ice Cube left N.W.A in 1989 over financial disputes , Dr. Dre produced and performed for much of the group 's second album Efil4zaggin . He also produced tracks for a number of other acts on Ruthless Records , including Eazy @-@ E 's 1988 solo debut Eazy @-@ Duz @-@ It , Above the Law 's 1990 debut Livin ' Like Hustlers , Michel 'le 's 1989 self title 'd debut , The D.O.C. ' s 1989 debut No One Can Do It Better , J.J. Fad 's 1988 debut Supersonic and funk rock musician Jimmy Z 's 1991 album Muzical Madness
= = = 1992 – 96 : The Chronic and Death Row Records = = =
After a dispute with Eazy @-@ E , Dre left the group at the peak of its popularity in 1991 under the advice of friend , and N.W.A lyricist , The D.O.C. and his bodyguard at the time , Suge Knight . Knight , a notorious strongman and intimidator , was able to have Eazy @-@ E release Young from his contract and , using Dr. Dre as his flagship artist , founded Death Row Records . In 1992 Young released his first single , the title track to the film Deep Cover , a collaboration with rapper Snoop Dogg , whom he met through Warren G. Dr. Dre 's debut solo album was The Chronic , released under Death Row Records with Suge Knight as executive producer . Young ushered in a new style of rap , both in terms of musical style and lyrical content , including introducing a number of artists to the industry including Snoop Dogg , Kurupt , Daz Dillinger , RBX , The Lady of Rage , Nate Dogg and Jewell .
On the strength of singles such as " Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang " , " Let Me Ride " , and " Fuck wit Dre Day ( and Everybody 's Celebratin ' ) " ( known as " Dre Day " for radio and television play ) , all of which featured Snoop Dogg as guest vocalist , The Chronic became a cultural phenomenon , its G @-@ funk sound dominating much of hip hop music for the early 1990s . In 1993 the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album triple platinum , and Dr. Dre also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for his performance on " Let Me Ride " . For that year , Billboard magazine also ranked Dr. Dre as the eighth best @-@ selling musical artist , The Chronic as the sixth best @-@ selling album , and " Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang " as the 11th best @-@ selling single .
Besides working on his own material , Dr. Dre produced Snoop Dogg 's debut album Doggystyle , which became the first debut album for an artist to enter the Billboard 200 album charts at number one . In 1994 Dr. Dre produced some songs on the soundtracks to the films Above the Rim and Murder Was the Case . He collaborated with fellow N.W.A member Ice Cube for the song " Natural Born Killaz " in 1995 . For the film Friday , Dre recorded " Keep Their Heads Ringin ' " , which reached number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the Hot Rap Singles ( now Hot Rap Tracks ) charts .
In 1995 , Death Row Records signed rapper 2Pac , and began to position him as their major star : he collaborated with Dr. Dre on the commercially successful single " California Love " , which became both artists ' first song to top the Billboard Hot 100 . However , in March 1996 Young left the label amidst a contract dispute and growing concerns that label boss Suge Knight was corrupt , financially dishonest and out of control . Later that year , he formed his own label , Aftermath Entertainment , under the distribution label for Death Row Records , Interscope Records . Subsequently , Death Row Records suffered poor sales by 1997 , especially following the death of 2Pac and the racketeering charges brought against Knight .
Dr. Dre also appeared on the single " No Diggity " by R & B group Blackstreet in 1996 : it too was a sales success , topping the Hot 100 for four consecutive weeks , and later won the award for Best R & B Vocal by a Duo or Group at the 1997 Grammy Awards . After hearing it for the first time , several of Dr. Dre 's former Death Row colleagues , including 2Pac , recorded and attempted to release a song titled " Toss It Up " , containing numerous insults aimed at Dr. Dre and using a deliberately similar instrumental to " No Diggity " , but were forced to replace the production after Blackstreet issued the label with a cease and desist order stopping them from distributing the song .
= = = 1996 – 98 : Move to Aftermath Entertainment = = =
The Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath album , released on November 26 , 1996 , featured songs by Dr. Dre himself , as well as by newly signed Aftermath Entertainment artists , and a solo track " Been There , Done That " , intended as a symbolic farewell to gangsta rap . Despite being classified platinum by the RIAA , the album was not very popular among music fans . In October 1996 , Dre performed " Been There , Done That " on Saturday Night Live . In 1997 , Dr. Dre produced several tracks on The Firm 's The Album ; it was met with largely negative reviews from critics . Rumors began to abound that Aftermath was facing financial difficulties . Aftermath Entertainment also faced a trademark infringement lawsuit by the underground thrash metal band Aftermath . First Round Knock Out , a compilation of various tracks produced and performed by Dr. Dre was also released in 1996 , with material ranging from World Class Wreckin ' Cru to N.W.A to Death Row recordings . Dr. Dre chose to take no part in the ongoing East Coast – West Coast hip hop rivalry of the time , instead producing for , and appearing on , several New York artists ' releases , such as Nas ' " Nas Is Coming " , LL Cool J 's " Zoom " and Jay @-@ Z 's " Watch Me " .
The turning point for Aftermath came in 1998 , when Jimmy Iovine , the head of Aftermath 's parent label Interscope , suggested that Dr. Dre sign Eminem , a white rapper from Detroit . Dre produced three songs and provided vocals for two on Eminem 's successful and controversial debut album The Slim Shady LP , released in 1999 . The Dr. Dre @-@ produced lead single from that album , " My Name Is " , brought Eminem to public attention for the first time , and the success of The Slim Shady LP – it reached number two on the Billboard 200 and received general acclaim from critics – revived the label 's commercial ambitions and viability .
= = = 1999 – 2000 : 2001 = = =
Dr. Dre 's second solo album , 2001 , released on November 16 , 1999 , was considered an ostentatious return to his gangsta rap roots . It was initially titled The Chronic 2000 to imply being a sequel to his debut solo effort The Chronic but was re @-@ titled 2001 after Death Row Records released an unrelated compilation album with the title Chronic 2000 : Still Smokin in May 1999 . Other tentative titles included The Chronic 2001 and Dr. Dre . The album featured numerous collaborators , including Devin the Dude , Snoop Dogg , Kurupt , Xzibit , Nate Dogg , Eminem , Knoc @-@ turn 'al , King T , Defari , Kokane , Mary J. Blige and new protégé Hittman , as well as co @-@ production between Dre and new Aftermath producer Mel @-@ Man . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the website AllMusic described the sound of the album as " adding ominous strings , soulful vocals , and reggae " to Dr. Dre 's style . The album was highly successful , charting at number two on the Billboard 200 charts and has since been certified six times platinum , validating a recurring theme on the album : Dr. Dre was still a force to be reckoned with , despite the lack of major releases in the previous few years . The album included popular hit singles " Still D.R.E. " and " Forgot About Dre " , both of which Dr. Dre performed on NBC 's Saturday Night Live on October 23 , 1999 . Dr. Dre won the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year , Non @-@ Classical in 2000 , and joined the Up in Smoke Tour with fellow rappers Eminem , Snoop Dogg , and Ice Cube that year as well .
During the course of 2001 's popularity , Dr. Dre was involved in several lawsuits . Lucasfilm Ltd . , the film company behind the Star Wars film franchise , sued him over the use of the THX @-@ trademarked " Deep Note " . The Fatback Band also sued Dr. Dre over alleged infringement regarding its song " Backstrokin ' " in his song " Let 's Get High " from the 2001 album ; Dr. Dre was ordered to pay $ 1 @.@ 5 million to the band in 2003 . The online music file @-@ sharing company Napster also settled a lawsuit with him and heavy metal rock band Metallica in the summer of 2001 , agreeing to block access to certain files that artists do not want to have shared on the network .
= = = 2001 – 07 : Focus on production and Detox = = =
Following the success of 2001 , Dr. Dre focused on producing songs and albums for other artists . He co @-@ produced six tracks on Eminem ’ s landmark Marshall Mathers LP , including the Grammy @-@ winning lead single , “ The Real Slim Shady ” . The album itself earned a Grammy and proved to be the fastest @-@ selling rap album of all time , moving 1 @.@ 76 million units in its first week alone . He produced the single " Family Affair " by R & B singer Mary J. Blige for her album No More Drama in 2001 . He also produced " Let Me Blow Ya Mind " , a duet by rapper Eve and No Doubt lead singer Gwen Stefani and signed R & B singer Truth Hurts to Aftermath in 2001 . Dr. Dre was the executive producer of Eminem ’ s 2002 release , The Eminem Show . He produced three songs on the album , one of which was released as a single , and he appeared in the award @-@ winning video for “ Without Me ” . He also produced The D.O.C. ' s 2003 album Deuce , where he made a guest appearance on the tracks " Psychic Pymp Hotline " , " Gorilla Pympin ' " and " Judgment Day " .
Another copyright @-@ related lawsuit hit Dr. Dre in the fall of 2002 , when Sa Re Ga Ma , a film and music company based in Calcutta , India , sued Aftermath Entertainment over an uncredited sample of the Lata Mangeshkar song " Thoda Resham Lagta Hai " on the Aftermath @-@ produced song " Addictive " by singer Truth Hurts . In February 2003 , a judge ruled that Aftermath would have to halt sales of Truth Hurts ' album Truthfully Speaking if the company would not credit Mangeshkar .
Another successful album on the Aftermath label was Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , the 2003 major @-@ label debut album by Queens , New York @-@ based rapper 50 Cent . Dr. Dre produced or co @-@ produced four tracks on the album , including the hit single " In da Club " , a joint production between Aftermath , Eminem 's boutique label Shady Records and Interscope . Eminem 's fourth album since joining Aftermath , Encore , again saw Dre taking on the role of executive producer , and this time he was more actively involved in the music , producing or co @-@ producing a total of eight tracks , including three singles . In November 2004 , at the Vibe magazine awards show in Los Angeles , Dr. Dre was attacked by a fan named Jimmy James Johnson , who was supposedly asking for an autograph . In the resulting scuffle , then @-@ G @-@ Unit rapper Young Buck stabbed the man . Johnson claimed that Suge Knight , president of Death Row Records , paid him $ 5 @,@ 000 to assault Dre in order to humiliate him before he received his Lifetime Achievement Award . Knight immediately went on CBS 's The Late Late Show to deny involvement and insisted that he supported Dr. Dre and wanted Johnson charged . In September 2005 , Johnson was sentenced to a year in prison and ordered to stay away from Dr. Dre until 2008 .
Dr. Dre also produced " How We Do " , a 2005 hit single from rapper The Game from his album The Documentary , as well as 50 Cent 's successful sophomore album The Massacre . For an issue of Rolling Stone magazine in April 2005 , Dr. Dre was ranked 54th out of 100 artists for Rolling Stone magazine 's list " The Immortals : The Greatest Artists of All Time " . Kanye West wrote the summary for Dr. Dre , where he stated Dr. Dre 's song " Xplosive " as where he " got ( his ) whole sound from " .
In November 2006 , Dr. Dre began working with Raekwon on his album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II . He also produced tracks for the rap albums Buck the World by Young Buck , Curtis by 50 Cent , Tha Blue Carpet Treatment by Snoop Dogg , and Kingdom Come by Jay @-@ Z. Dre also appeared on Timbaland 's track " Bounce " , from his 2007 solo album , Timbaland Presents Shock Value alongside , Missy Elliott , and Justin Timberlake . During this period , The D.O.C. stated that Dre had been working with him on his fourth album Voices through Hot Vessels , which he planned to release after Detox arrives .
Planned but unreleased albums during Dr. Dre 's tenure at Aftermath have included a full @-@ length reunion with Snoop Dogg titled Breakup to Makeup , an album with fellow former N.W.A member Ice Cube which was to be titled Heltah Skeltah , an N.W.A reunion album , and a joint album with fellow producer Timbaland titled Chairmen of the Board .
In 2007 , Dr. Dre 's third studio album , formerly known as Detox , was slated to be his final studio album . Work for the upcoming album dates back to 2001 , where its first version was called " the most advanced rap album ever " , by producer Scott Storch . Later that same year , he decided to stop working on the album to focus on producing for other artists , but then changed his mind ; the album had initially been set for a fall 2005 release . Producers confirmed to work on the album include DJ Khalil , Nottz , Bernard " Focus " Edwards Jr . , Hi @-@ Tek , J.R. Rotem , RZA , Jay @-@ Z , Warren G , and Boi @-@ 1da . Snoop Dogg claimed that Detox was finished , according to a June 2008 report by Rolling Stone magazine . After another delay based on producing other artists ' work , Detox was then scheduled for a 2010 release , coming after 50 Cent 's Before I Self Destruct and Eminem 's Relapse , an album for which Dr. Dre handled the bulk of production duties . In a Dr Pepper commercial that debuted on May 28 , 2009 , he premiered the first official snippet of Detox . 50 Cent and Eminem asserted in an interview on BET 's 106 & Park that Dr. Dre had around a dozen songs finished for Detox .
= = = 2008 – 14 : The Planets , a break and Coachella = = =
On December 15 , 2008 , Dre appeared in the remix of the song " Set It Off " by Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall ( also with Pusha T ) ; the remix debuted on DJ Skee 's radio show . At the beginning of 2009 , Dre produced , and made a guest vocal performance on , the single " Crack a Bottle " by Eminem and the single sold a record 418 @,@ 000 downloads in its first week. and reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart on the week of February 12 , 2009 . Along with this single , in 2009 Dr. Dre produced or co @-@ produced 19 of 20 tracks on Eminem 's album Relapse . These included other hit singles " We Made You " , " Old Time 's Sake " , and " 3 a.m. " ( the only track Dre did not produce was the Eminem @-@ produced single " Beautiful " ) .
On April 20 , 2010 , " Under Pressure " , featuring Jay @-@ Z and co @-@ produced with Scott Storch , was confirmed by Jimmy Iovine and Dr. Dre during an interview at Fenway Park as the album 's first single . The song leaked prior to its intended release in an unmixed , unmastered form without a chorus on June 16 , 2010 : however , critical reaction to the song was lukewarm , and Dr. Dre later announced in an interview that the song , along with any other previously leaked tracks from Detox 's recording process , would not appear on the final version of the album . Two genuine singles – " Kush " , a collaboration with Snoop Dogg and fellow rapper Akon , and " I Need a Doctor " with Eminem and singer Skylar Grey – were released in the United States during November 2010 and February 2011 respectively : the latter achieved international chart success , reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and later being certified double platinum by the RIAA and the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) .
On June 25 , 2010 , the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers honored Dr. Dre with its Founders Award for inspiring other musicians .
In an August 2010 interview , Dr. Dre stated that an instrumental album titled The Planets is in its first stages of production ; each song being named after a planet in the Solar System . On September 3 , Dr. Dre showed support to longtime protégé Eminem , and appeared on his and Jay @-@ Z 's Home & Home Tour , performing hit songs such as " Still D.R.E. " , " Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang " , and " Crack a Bottle " , alongside Eminem and another protégé , 50 Cent . Sporting an " R.I.P. Proof " shirt , Dre was honored by Eminem telling Detroit 's Comerica Park to do the same . They did so , by chanting " DEEE @-@ TOX " , to which he replied , " I 'm coming ! "
On November 14 , 2011 , Dre announced that he would be taking a break from music after he finished producing for artists Slim the Mobster and Kendrick Lamar . In this break , he stated that he would " work on bringing his Beats By Dre to a standard as high as Apple " and would also spend time with his family .
On January 9 , 2012 , Dre headlined the final nights of the 2012 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , on the weekends of April 13 – 15 and April 20 – 22 , 2012 .
In a June 2014 interview with RapUpTV , Marsha Ambrosius talked about working on Dr. Dre ’ s third album . She stated that she had gone to Hawaii before the end of 2013 for a few weeks to work with him on “ so many things ” including his upcoming album and a project of her own among other unspecified projects . Ambrosius also told RapUpTV that Dr. Dre ’ s third album is no longer called Detox , but didn ’ t reveal the new title . In a September interview with Shots Fired that same year , Aftermath Entertainment in @-@ house producer Dawaun Parker confirmed the title change . Parker also refrained from revealing the new title because of the fact that the title hadn ’ t been leaked online . He also told Shots Fired that there are as many as 300 beats that have been created for the album over the years , but few of them have had vocals recorded over them .
The length of time that Detox had been record for , as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions , had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry . Numerous release dates ( including the ones mentioned above ) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced , although none of them transpired to be genuine . Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre , including Snoop Dogg , fellow rappers 50 Cent and Game and producer DJ Quik , had speculated in interviews that the album will never be released , due to Dr. Dre 's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work , as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material .
= = = 2015 – present : Straight Outta Compton film and Compton album = = =
On his Beats 1 radio show " The Pharmacy " on August 1 , 2015 , Dre announced that he would release what would be his final album , titled Compton . It is inspired by the N.W.A biopic Straight Outta Compton and is a compilation @-@ style album , featuring a number of frequent collaborators , including Eminem , Snoop Dogg , Kendrick Lamar , Xzibit and The Game , among others . It was released exclusively for iTunes and Apple Music on August 7 . A physical version was published on August 21 . In an interview with Rolling Stone , he revealed that he had about 20 to 40 tracks for Detox but he didn 't release it because it didn 't meet his standards and he thought he was done being an artist . He also revealed that he suffers from social anxiety and due to this he remains secluded and out of attention .
On February 12 , 2016 it was revealed that Apple would create its first original scripted television series and it will star Dr. Dre . Called " Vital Signs " , it is set to reflect the life of Dr. Dre . Dr. Dre will additionally be an executive producer on the show .
= = Other ventures = =
= = = Film career = = =
Dr. Dre made his first on screen appearance as a weapons dealer in the 1996 bank robbery movie Set It Off . In 2001 , Dr. Dre also appeared in the movies The Wash and Training Day . A song of his , " Bad Intentions " ( featuring Knoc @-@ Turn 'Al ) and produced by Mahogany , was featured on The Wash soundtrack . Dr. Dre also appeared on two other songs " On the Blvd . " and " The Wash " along with his co @-@ star Snoop Dogg . In February 2007 it was announced that Dr. Dre would produce dark comedies and horror films for New Line Cinema @-@ owned company Crucial Films , along with longtime video director Phillip Atwell . Dr. Dre announced " This is a natural switch for me , since I 've directed a lot of music videos , and I eventually want to get into directing . " Along with fellow member Ice Cube , Dr. Dre produced Straight Outta Compton ( 2015 ) , a biographical film about N.W.A.
= = = Entrepreneurship = = =
In July 2008 , Dr. Dre released his first brand of headphones , Beats by Dr. Dre . The line consisted of Beats Studio , a circumaural headphone ; Beats Tour , an in @-@ ear headphone ; Beats Solo & Solo HD , a supra @-@ aural headphone ; Beats Spin ; Heartbeats by Lady Gaga , also an in @-@ ear headphone ; and Diddy Beats . In autumn 2009 , Hewlett @-@ Packard participated in a deal to bundle Beats By Dr. Dre with some HP laptops and headsets . HP and Dr. Dre announced the deal on October 9 , 2009 , at a press event in Santa Monica , California . An exclusive laptop , known as the HP ENVY 15 Beats limited edition , was released for sale October 22 . In May 2014 , technology giant Apple Inc. made a bid for the Beats by Dre brand for a reported $ 3 billion . This makes the takeover Apple 's most expensive purchase by far . The deal reportedly made Dr. Dre the " Richest Man in Hip @-@ Hop " , surpassing former leader , Diddy .
= = = Philanthropy = = =
During the May of 2013 , Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine donated a $ 70 million endowment to the University of Southern California to create the USC Jimmy Iovine and Andre Young Academy for Arts , Technology and the Business of Innovation . The goal of the Academy has been stated as " to shape the future by nurturing the talents , passions , leadership and risk @-@ taking of uniquely qualified students who are motivated to explore and create new art forms , technologies , and business models . " The first class of the Academy began in September 2014 .
= = = Endorsements = = =
" St. Ides "
" Coors Light "
" Dr. Pepper "
" Chrysler 300S " - Imported From Detroit
= = = Dr. Dre started Burning Man rumors = = =
In 2011 , a tumblr blog titled Dr. Dre Started Burning Man began proliferating the notion that the producer , rapper and entrepreneur had discovered Burning Man in 1995 during a music video shoot and offered to cover the cost of the event 's permit from the Nevada Bureau of Land Management under an agreement with the festival 's organizers that he could institute an entrance fee system , which had not existed before his participation . This claim was supported by an alleged letter from Dre to Nicole Threatt Young that indicated that Dre had shared his experience witnessing the Burning Man festival with her .
Business Insider mentions the portion of the letter where Dr. Dre purportedly states " someone should get behind this ... and make some money off these fools " and compares Dr. Dre 's potential entrepreneurial engagement with Burning Man as a parallel to Steve Jobs ' efforts to centralize and profit from the otherwise unorganized online music industry . According to Salon , Dr. Dre 's ethos seems to be aligned with seven of the ten principles of the Burning Man community : " radical self @-@ reliance , radical self @-@ expression , communal effort , civic responsibility , leaving no trace , participation and immediacy . "
= = Musical influences and style = =
= = = Production style = = =
Dr. Dre is renowned for constantly evolving his production style through the years , while always keeping in touch with his roots and re @-@ shaping elements from previous work . In the start of his career as a producer for the World Class Wreckin Cru in the mid @-@ 1980s , his beats were in the electro @-@ hop style pioneered by The Unknown DJ , and that of early hip @-@ hop groups like the Beastie Boys and Whodini . These influences are evident in Eazy E 's 1986 song Boyz @-@ n @-@ the @-@ Hood , which Dre produced . Sampling was at the time a key element of Dre 's production , the E @-@ mu SP @-@ 1200 being his primary instrument in the N.W.A days .
In 1987 , Dr. Dre sampled the Ohio Players ' ARP synth riffs from their 1973 funk hit " Funky Worm " in the N.W.A song " Dopeman " . Being the first hip @-@ hop producer to sample the song , Dre both paved the way for the future popularization of the G @-@ funk style within hip @-@ hop , and established heavy synthesizer solos as an integral part of his production style . Dr. Dre was also one of the very first producers to interpolate the then little @-@ known drum break from The Winstons ' " Amen , Brother " in the N.W.A song " Straight Outta Compton " . This break has since becοme a staple in not only hip @-@ hop , but all popular music , having been used in over 1700 songs .
From Straight Outta Compton on , Dre uses live musicians to replay old melodies rather than sampling them . In Ruthless Records , collaborators included guitarist Mike " Crazy Neck " Sims , multi @-@ instrumentalist Colin Wolfe , DJ Yella and sound engineer Donovan " The Dirt Biker " Sound . Dre is receptive of new ideas from other producers , one example being his fruitful collaboration with Above the Law 's producer Cold 187um while at Ruthless . Cold 187 um was at the time experimenting with 1970s P @-@ Funk samples ( Parliament , Funkadelic , Bootsy Collins , George Clinton etc . ) , that Dre also utilized . Dre has since been accused of " stealing " the concept of G @-@ funk from Cold 187 um .
Upon leaving Ruthless and forming Death Row Records in 1991 , Dre called on veteran West Coast DJ Chris " The Glove " Taylor and sound engineer Greg " Gregski " Royal , along with Colin Wolfe , to help him on future projects . His 1992 album The Chronic is thought to be one of the most well @-@ produced hip @-@ hop albums of all time . Musical themes included hard @-@ hitting synthesizer solos played by Wolfe , bass @-@ heavy compositions , background female vocals and Dre fully embracing 1970s funk samples . Dre used a minimoog synth to replay the melody from Leon Haywood 's 1972 song " I Wanna Do Somethin ' Freaky to You " for the Chronic 's first single " Nuthin ' but a " G " Thang " which became a global hit . For his new protégé Snoop Doggy Dogg 's album Doggystyle , Dre collaborated with then 19 @-@ year @-@ old producer Daz Dillinger , who received co @-@ production credits on songs " Serial Killa " and " For all My Niggaz & Bitches " , as well as Warren G and Sam Sneed , who are credited with bringing several samples to the studio .
The influence of The Chronic and Doggystyle on the popular music of the 1990s went not only far beyond the West Coast , but beyond hip @-@ hop as a genre . Artists as diverse as Master P ( " Bout It , Bout It " ) , George Michael ( " Fastlove " ) , Luis Miguel ( " Dame " ) , and The Spice Girls ( " Say You 'll Be There " ) , used G @-@ funk instrumentation in their songs . Bad Boy Records producer Chucky Thompson stated in the April 2004 issue of XXL magazine that the sound of Doggystyle and the Chronic was the basis for the Notorious B.I.G. ' s 1995 hit single " Big Poppa " :
In 1994 , starting with the Murder was the Case soundtrack , Dre attempted to push the boundaries of G @-@ funk further into a darker sound . In songs such as " Murder was the Case " and " Natural Born Killaz " , the synthesizer pitch is higher and the drum tempo is slowed down to 91 BPM ( 87 BPM in the remix ) to create a dark and gritty atmosphere . Percussion instruments , particularly sleigh bells , are also present . Dre 's frequent collaborators from this period included Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania natives Stuart " Stu @-@ B @-@ Doo " Bullard , a multi @-@ instrumentalist from the Ozanam Strings Orchestra , Sam Sneed , Stephen " Bud 'da " Anderson , and percussionist Carl " Butch " Small . This style of production has been influential far beyond the West Coast . The beat for the Houston @-@ based group Geto Boys 1996 song " Still " follows the same drum pattern as " Natural Born Killaz " and Eazy E 's " Wut Would U Do " ( a diss to Dre ) is similar to the original " Murder was the Case " instrumental . This style of production is usually accompanied by horror and occult @-@ themed lyrics and imagery , being crucial to the creation of horrorcore .
By 1996 , Dre was again looking to innovate his sound . He recruited keyboardist Camara Kambon to play the keys on " Been There , Done That " , and through Bud 'da and Sam Sneed he was introduced to fellow Pittsburgh native Melvin " Mel @-@ Man " Bradford . At this time , he also switched from using the E @-@ mu SP @-@ 1200 to the Akai MPC3000 drum kit and sampler , which he still uses today . Beginning with his 1996 compilation Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath , Dre 's production has taken a less sample @-@ based approach , with loud , layered snare drums dominating the mix , while synthesizers are still omnipresent . In his critically acclaimed sophomore effort , 2001 , live instrumentation takes the place of sampling , a famous example being " The Next Episode " , in which keyboardist Camara Kambon re @-@ played live the main melody from David McCallum 's 1967 jazz @-@ funk work " The Edge " . For every song on 2001 , Dre had a keyboardist , guitarist and bassist create the basic parts of the beat , while he himself programmed the drums , did the sequencing and overdubbing and added sound effects , and later mixed the songs . During this period , Dre 's signature " west coast whistle " riffs are still present albeit in a lower pitch , as in " Light Speed " , " Housewife " , " Some L.A. Niggaz " and Eminem 's " Guilty Conscience " hook . The sound of " 2001 " had tremendous influence on hip @-@ hop production , redefining the West Coast 's sound and expanding the G @-@ funk of the early 1990s . To produce the album , Dre and Mel @-@ Man relied on the talents of Scott Storch and Camara Kambon on the keys , Mike Elizondo and Colin Wolfe on bass guitar , Sean Cruse on lead guitar and sound engineers Richard " Segal " Huredia and Mauricio " Veto " Iragorri .
From the mid @-@ 2000s , Dr. Dre has taken on a more soulful production style , using more of a classical piano instead of a keyboard , and having claps replace snares , as evidenced in songs such as Snoop Dogg 's " Imagine " and " Boss ' Life " , Busta Rhymes ' " Get You Some " and " Been Through the Storm " , Stat Quo 's " Get Low " and " The Way It Be " , Jay Z 's " Lost One " , Nas ' " Hustlers " , and several beats on Eminem 's Relapse album . Soul and R & B pianist Mark Batson , having previously worked with The Dave Matthews Band , Seal and Maroon 5 has been credited as the architect of this sound . Besides Batson , Aftermath producer and understudy of Dre 's , Dawaun Parker , who has named Q @-@ Tip and J Dilla as his primary influences , is thought to be responsible for giving Dre 's newest beats an East Coast feel .
= = = Production equipment = = =
Dr. Dre has said that his primary instrument in the studio is the Akai MPC3000 , a drum machine and sampler , and that he often uses as many as four or five to produce a single recording . He cites 1970s funk musicians such as George Clinton , Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield as his primary musical influences . Unlike most rap producers , he tries to avoid samples as much as possible , preferring to have studio musicians re @-@ play pieces of music he wants to use , because it allows him more flexibility to change the pieces in rhythm and tempo . In 2001 he told Time magazine , " I may hear something I like on an old record that may inspire me , but I 'd rather use musicians to re @-@ create the sound or elaborate on it . I can control it better . " Other equipment he uses include the E @-@ mu SP @-@ 1200 drum machine and other keyboards from such manufacturers as Korg , Rhodes , Wurlitzer , Moog , and Roland . Dr. Dre also stresses the importance of equalizing drums properly , telling Scratch magazine in 2004 that he " used the same drum sounds on a couple of different songs on one album before but you 'd never be able to tell the difference because of the EQ . " Dr. Dre also uses the digital audio workstation , Pro Tools and uses the software to combine hardware drum machines and vintage analog keyboards and synthesizers .
After founding Aftermath Entertainment in 1996 , Dr. Dre took on producer Mel @-@ Man as a co @-@ producer , and his music took on a more synthesizer @-@ based sound , using fewer vocal samples ( as he had used on " Lil ' Ghetto Boy " and " Let Me Ride " on The Chronic , for example ) . Mel @-@ Man has not shared co @-@ production credits with Dr. Dre since approximately 2002 , but fellow Aftermath producer Focus has credited Mel @-@ Man as a key architect of the signature Aftermath sound .
In 1999 , Dr. Dre started working with Mike Elizondo , a bassist , guitarist , and keyboardist who has also produced , written and played on records for female singers such as Poe , Fiona Apple and Alanis Morissette , In the past few years Elizondo has since worked for many of Dr. Dre 's productions . Dr. Dre also told Scratch magazine in a 2004 interview that he has been studying piano and music theory formally , and that a major goal is to accumulate enough musical theory to score movies . In the same interview he stated that he has collaborated with famed 1960s songwriter Burt Bacharach by sending him hip hop beats to play over , and hopes to have an in @-@ person collaboration with him in the future .
= = = Work ethic = = =
Dr. Dre has stated that he is a perfectionist and is known to pressure the artists with whom he records to give flawless performances . In 2006 , Snoop Dogg told the website Dubcnn.com that Dr. Dre had made new artist Bishop Lamont re @-@ record a single bar of vocals 107 times . Dr. Dre has also stated that Eminem is a fellow perfectionist , and attributes his success on Aftermath to his similar work ethic . He gives a lot of input into the delivery of the vocals and will stop an MC during a take if it is not to his liking . However , he gives MCs that he works with room to write lyrics without too much instruction unless it is a specifically conceptual record , as noted by Bishop Lamont in the book How to Rap .
A consequence of his perfectionism is that some artists who initially sign deals with Dr. Dre 's Aftermath label never release albums . In 2001 , Aftermath released the soundtrack to the movie The Wash , featuring a number of Aftermath acts such as Shaunta , Daks , Joe Beast and Toi . To date , none have released full @-@ length albums on Aftermath and have apparently ended their relationships with the label and Dr. Dre . Other noteworthy acts to leave Aftermath without releasing albums include King Tee , 2001 vocalist Hittman , Joell Ortiz , Raekwon and Rakim .
= = = Collaborators and co @-@ producers = = =
Over the years , word of other collaborators who have contributed to Dr. Dre 's work has surfaced . During his tenure at Death Row Records , it was alleged that Dr. Dre 's stepbrother Warren G and Tha Dogg Pound member Daz made many uncredited contributions to songs on his solo album The Chronic and Snoop Doggy Dogg 's album Doggystyle ( Daz received production credits on Snoop 's similar @-@ sounding , albeit less successful album Tha Doggfather after Young left Death Row Records ) .
It is known that Scott Storch , who has since gone on to become a successful producer in his own right , contributed to Dr. Dre 's second album 2001 ; Storch is credited as a songwriter on several songs and played keyboards on several tracks . In 2006 he told Rolling Stone :
Current collaborator Mike Elizondo , when speaking about his work with Young , describes their recording process as a collaborative effort involving several musicians . In 2004 he claimed to Songwriter Universe magazine that he had written the foundations of the hit Eminem song " The Real Slim Shady " , stating , " I initially played a bass line on the song , and Dr. Dre , Tommy Coster Jr. and I built the track from there . Eminem then heard the track , and he wrote the rap to it . " This account is essentially confirmed by Eminem in his book Angry Blonde , stating that the tune for the song was composed by a studio bassist and keyboardist while Dr. Dre was out of the studio but Young later programmed the song 's beat after returning .
A group of disgruntled former associates of Dr. Dre complained that they had not received their full due for work on the label in the September 2003 issue of The Source . A producer named Neff @-@ U claimed to have produced the songs " Say What You Say " and " My Dad 's Gone Crazy " on The Eminem Show , the songs " If I Can 't " and " Back Down " on 50 Cent 's Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , and the beat featured on Dr. Dre 's commercial for Coors beer .
Although Young studies piano and musical theory , he serves as more of a conductor than a musician himself , as Josh Tyrangiel of TIME magazine has noted :
Although Snoop Dogg retains working relationships with Warren G and Daz , who are alleged to be uncredited contributors on the hit albums The Chronic and Doggystyle , he states that Dr. Dre is capable of making beats without the help of collaborators , and that he is responsible for the success of his numerous albums . Dr. Dre 's prominent studio collaborators , including Scott Storch , Elizondo , Mark Batson and Dawaun Parker , have shared co @-@ writing , instrumental , and more recently co @-@ production credits on the songs where he is credited as the producer .
Anderson Paak also praised Dr. Dre in a 2016 interview with Music Times , telling the publication that it was a dream come true to work with Dre .
= = = Ghostwriters = = =
It is acknowledged that most of Dr. Dre 's raps are written for him by others , though he retains ultimate control over his lyrics and the themes of his songs . As Aftermath producer Mahogany told Scratch : " It 's like a class room in [ the booth ] . He 'll have three writers in there . They 'll bring in something , he 'll recite it , then he 'll say . ' Change this line , change this word , ' like he 's grading papers . " As seen in the credits for tracks Young has appeared on , there are often multiple people who contribute to his songs ( although often in hip hop many people are officially credited as a writer for a song , even the producer ) .
In the book How to Rap , RBX explains that writing The Chronic was a " team effort " and details how he ghostwrote " Let Me Ride " for Dre . In regard to ghostwriting lyrics he says , " Dre doesn 't profess to be no super @-@ duper rap dude – Dre is a super @-@ duper producer " . As a member of N.W.A , The D.O.C. wrote lyrics for him while he stuck with producing . New York City rapper Jay @-@ Z ghostwrote lyrics for the single " Still D.R.E. " from Dr. Dre 's album 2001 .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Relationships and family = = =
Dr. Dre has four sons and a daughter :
In 1981 , Dr. Dre and Cassandra Joy Greene had a son named Curtis Young when Dr. Dre was 16 years old and Greene was 15 years old . Curtis Young is an aspiring rapper who goes by the rap moniker " Hood Surgeon " .
In 1988 , Dr. Dre and Jenita Porter had a son , Andre Young Jr . In 1990 , Porter sued Dr. Dre in Orange County Superior Court seeking $ 5 @,@ 000 of child support per month . On August 23 , 2008 , Andre Young Jr. died at the age of 20 at his mother 's Woodland Hills home . The coroner determined that he died from an overdose of heroin and morphine .
From 1990 to 1996 , Dr. Dre dated singer Michel 'le , who frequently contributed vocals to Ruthless Records and Death Row Records albums . In 1991 , the couple had a son , Marcel .
In 1996 , Dr. Dre married Nicole Threatt , the ex @-@ wife of NBA player Sedale Threatt . They have two children together : a son named Truice ( born 1997 ) and a daughter named Truly ( born 2001 ) .
= = = Violence against women = = =
Dr. Dre has been accused of violence against women in the past .
On January 27 , 1991 , at a music industry party at the Po Na Na Souk club in Hollywood , Dr. Dre assaulted television host Dee Barnes of the Fox television program Pump it Up , because he felt dissatisfied with her news report about the feud between the remaining N.W.A members and Ice Cube . Barnes filed a 22 @.@ 7 million dollar lawsuit in response to the incident . Subsequently , Dr. Dre was fined $ 2 @,@ 500 and given two years ' probation and 240 hours of community service , as well as a spot on an anti @-@ violence public service announcement on television . The civil suit was settled out of court . Barnes stated that Young " began slamming her face and the right side of her body repeatedly against a wall near the stairway . " Dr. Dre later commented " People talk all this shit , but you know , somebody fucks with me , I 'm gonna fuck with them . I just did it , you know . Ain 't nothing you can do now by talking about it . Besides , it ain 't no big thing – I just threw her through a door . "
In March 2015 , singer Michel 'le accused him of physical abuse during their time together as a couple , but did not initiate legal action . Former labelmate Tairrie B also claimed that Dre assaulted her at a post @-@ Grammy party in 1990 , in response to her track Ruthless Bitch .
During press for the popular 2015 film Straight Outta Compton , questions about the portrayal and behavior of Dr. Dre and other prominent figures in the rap community about violence against women - and the question about its absence in the film - were raised . The discussion about the film led to Dr. Dre addressing his past behavior in the press . In August 2015 , in an interview with Rolling Stone , Dre lamented his abusive past , saying , " I made some fucking horrible mistakes in my life . I was young , fucking stupid . I would say all the allegations aren 't true — some of them are . Those are some of the things that I would like to take back . It was really fucked up . But I paid for those mistakes , and there 's no way in hell that I will ever make another mistake like that again . "
In a statement to The New York Times on August 21 , 2015 , Dre addressed his abusive past saying , " Twenty @-@ five years ago I was a young man drinking too much and in over my head with no real structure in my life . However , none of this is an excuse for what I did . I 've been married for 19 years and every day I 'm working to be a better man for my family , seeking guidance along the way . I 'm doing everything I can so I never resemble that man again . " He went on to apologise to all the women he abused , saying , " I apologize to the women I 've hurt . I deeply regret what I did and know that it has forever impacted all of our lives . "
= = = Other convictions = = =
Dr. Dre pleaded guilty in October 1992 in a case of battery of a police officer and was convicted on two additional battery counts stemming from a brawl in the lobby of the New Orleans hotel in May 1991 .
On January 10 , 1994 , Dr. Dre was arrested after leading police on a 90 mph pursuit through Beverly Hills in his 1987 Ferrari . It was revealed Dr. Dre had a blood @-@ alcohol of 0 @.@ 16 , twice the state 's legal limit . The conviction violated Dre 's battery conviction in 1991 and he was sentenced to 8 months in prison in September 1994 .
= = = Income = = =
In 2001 , Dr. Dre earned a total of about US $ 52 million from selling part of his share of Aftermath Entertainment to Interscope Records and his production of such hit songs that year as " Family Affair " by Mary J. Blige . Rolling Stone magazine thus named him the second highest @-@ paid artist of the year . Dr. Dre was ranked 44th in 2004 from earnings of $ 11 @.@ 4 million , primarily from production royalties from such projects as albums from G @-@ Unit and D12 and the single " Rich Girl " by singer Gwen Stefani and rapper Eve . Forbes estimated his net worth at US $ 270 million in 2012 . The same publication later reported that he acquired US $ 110 million via his various endeavors in 2012 , making him the highest – paid artist of the year .
Income from the 2014 sale of Beats to Apple , contributing to what Forbes termed " the biggest single @-@ year payday of any musician in history " , made Dr. Dre the world 's richest musical performer of 2015 .
= = = Suge Knight Conspiracy Accusation = = =
April 4 , 2016 TMZ and the New York Daily News reported Knight as having accused Dre and the LAPD Sheriff 's department of a hire for kill plot in the 2014 shooting of Knight in club 1 OAK
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
The Chronic ( 1992 )
2001 ( 1999 )
Compton ( 2015 )
Soundtrack album
The Wash ( 2001 )
Collaboration albums
World Class ( as part of World Class Wreckin ' Cru ) ( 1985 )
Rapped in Romance ( as part of World Class Wreckin ' Cru ) ( 1986 )
N.W.A. and the Posse ( as part of N.W.A ) ( 1987 )
Straight Outta Compton ( as part of N.W.A ) ( 1988 )
100 Miles and Runnin ' ( as part of N.W.A ) ( 1990 )
Niggaz4Life ( as part of N.W.A ) ( 1991 )
= = Awards and nominations = =
Dr. Dre has won six Grammy Awards . Three of them are for his production work .
= = = Grammy Awards = = =
= = = MTV Video Music Awards = = =
= = Filmography = =
= Melina Perez =
Melina Perez ( born March 9 , 1979 ) is an American professional wrestler , valet , model and actress . She is best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name Melina .
Perez began her career as a beauty pageant contestant , winning several modelling competitions .
In 2000 , Perez began training to be a professional wrestler at Jesse Hernandez 's School of Hard Knocks , and made her debut in 2002 under the ring name " Kyra " . In late 2002 , Perez auditioned for World Wrestling Entertainment 's reality show Tough Enough III , but was eliminated in first round , and was inspired by Al Snow to continue pursuing her wrestling career . Perez became the most successful and decorated female contestant in Tough Enough history , as the only contestant to ever hold the WWE Women 's and Divas titles respectively . In March 2004 , Perez signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , and was assigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , WWE 's developmental territory , where she began managing Johnny Nitro and Joey Mercury , dubbed MNM , to three reigns as WWE Tag Team Champions , as well as Nitro to two reigns as WWE Intercontinental Champion . Perez is a three @-@ time WWE Women 's Champion , and a two @-@ time WWE Divas Champion . This makes her a five @-@ time champion overall . In 2009 , Perez became the first woman to have won the WWE Women 's Championship and the WWE Divas Championship in a single calendar year . Perez also became the first WWE Women 's Champion to be traded in a WWE draft in 2009 , and thus became the first woman to hold the title as a SmackDown @-@ exclusive championship . After winning her second WWE Divas Championship in 2010 , Perez became the first woman in WWE history to become a multiple @-@ time champion with both the Women 's and Divas titles . Perez is also the first Latina to win the WWE Women 's and Divas titles . Famed for her flexibility utilized during her entrance and in her in @-@ ring maneuvers , Perez was called " one of the best wrestlers in the world " by Bret Hart , and cited by WWE as having " perhaps the most impressive arsenal of offensive maneuvers in WWE history . "
= = Modeling career = =
Perez began her career as a beauty pageant contestant , winning Miss Hawaiian Tropic Anaheim . During her modelling career , she has won many modelling competitions such as Group USA Bridal Show , Group USA Fashion Show , Ms. California Belleza Latina . Melina was body painted by artist Mark Greenawalt for a modeling photo shoot in 2007 where she posed with her WWE Women 's Championship belt .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = Early career ( 2001 – 2004 ) = = =
Perez began training at Jesse Hernandez 's School of Hard Knocks in San Bernardino , California , and made her in @-@ ring debut in April 2002 . Many officials stated that she had the most natural ability of any woman who came through their school . In late 2002 , Perez auditioned for World Wrestling Entertainment 's reality show Tough Enough III , making it through to the final twenty @-@ one , before being eliminated in the final cut of the first episode . After she was eliminated from the contest , trainer Al Snow encouraged her to keep trying to pursue her dream as a wrestler .
= = = World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE = = =
= = = = Ohio Valley Wrestling ( 2004 ) = = = =
Perez debuted in WWE 's then @-@ developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) in March 2004 , being placed in a storyline as John Hennigan 's ex @-@ girlfriend . The storyline had Matt Cappotelli introduce her to the ring as a way to taunt Hennigan . Melina , however , turned on Cappotelli and aligned herself with Hennigan , who later changed his ring name to Johnny Nitro . Soon after , the duo began teaming with Joey Matthews , later known as Joey Mercury . The trio became known as MNM and on November 10 , Melina managed Mercury and Nitro to win the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship , holding it for over two months . During her time in OVW , Melina , Nitro , and Steven Adkins came up with Melina 's trademark split ring entrance .
Melina made her first Raw appearance on November 29 , 2004 , when Randy Orton was the guest General Manager and hosted a Diva lingerie fashion show . She made another Raw appearance in December , participating in a limbo contest when Chris Jericho was General Manager for the night .
= = = = MNM ( 2005 – 2006 ) = = = =
Melina made her official debut in WWE as a villainess , resuming her role as the manager of MNM , on the April 14 , 2005 episode of SmackDown ! . The team interrupted the first ever Carlito 's Cabana interview segment , where one half of the WWE Tag Team Champions , Rey Mysterio , was a guest . Melina insulted Mysterio and had Mercury and Nitro attack him , leading to MNM 's in @-@ ring debut the next week on SmackDown ! in a title match . The team won the match against Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero , starting their first WWE Tag Team Title reign .
While managing the Tag Team Champions , Melina 's character was developed to be more egotistical , as she declared herself " the most @-@ dominant Diva in WWE " . She made her official in @-@ ring debut on June 30 against Michelle McCool , and had her first pay @-@ per @-@ view match against Torrie Wilson at The Great American Bash in a bra and panties match , winning both matches . In the same night , MNM dropped their championships to the Legion of Doom , prompting a new storyline where Melina hired Jillian Hall , a fixer , to assist them . MNM regained the titles on October 28 in a fatal four @-@ Way tag team match . On the Eddie Guerrero Tribute Show , Melina won a Divas battle royal by eliminating the Women 's Champion Trish Stratus . The next week , as a part of a new storyline , MNM kidnapped Stratus , tied her up and gagged her for Melina , who then challenged her to a match for the Women 's Championship . The two fought at Survivor Series , with Melina losing to Stratus with the help of Mickie James .
During this time , MNM defended their titles against Rey Mysterio and the World Heavyweight Champion Batista . Melina was placed in a storyline where she tried to make Batista call off the match by visiting him in his locker room and attempting to seduce him . The storyline had the two engage in sexual intercourse , after which he simply thanked her for the " warm @-@ up " before leaving to take part in the match , where he and Mysterio defeated MNM for the titles . The storyline played over to the next episode of SmackDown ! when , before MNM invoked their rematch clause , Melina held a press conference in the ring where she claimed that Batista had sexually harassed her . During the tag team match , Mark Henry aided MNM in winning back the WWE Tag Team Championship . The storyline with Henry continued into the next year . On the first SmackDown ! of 2006 , Melina announced that Henry was her personal protection against Batista . He accompanied her and aided the other members of MNM in matches against Batista and Mysterio .
At Judgment Day on May 21 , 2006 , MNM lost their titles to Paul London and Brian Kendrick . After the match , Melina and Nitro , as part of the storyline , attacked Mercury , blaming him for the loss . Later that night , Melina lost a singles match against Jillian Hall , and after slapping General Manager Theodore Long in anger , she and Nitro were fired from the SmackDown ! brand . The team then broke up because off @-@ screen , Nitro and Mercury did not get along , and WWE management decided to send Nitro and Melina to the Raw brand . Melina and Nitro debuted onRaw on May 29 , with Nitro losing to WWE Champion John Cena . Melina continued to manage Nitro during his successful hunt for the WWE Intercontinental Championship , and in another storyline with Trish Stratus . The storyline turned into a tag team feud when Carlito teamed with Stratus after he saved her from the attacks of Melina and Nitro . At Saturday Night 's Main Event on July 15 , Melina and Nitro lost to Carlito and Stratus in a mixed tag team match .
= = = = Singles competition and Women 's Champion ( 2006 – 2009 ) = = = =
After Melina 's arrival on Raw , Mick Foley began to mention her in promos and on his WWE.com columns , playing on their real @-@ life friendship , and they soon formed an on @-@ screen friendship . At SummerSlam , Melina was involved in Foley 's " I Quit " match against Ric Flair , when Flair threatened to hit her with a barbed wire baseball bat , causing Foley to quit the match to save her . The next night on Raw , the storyline had Vince McMahon order Foley to join the Kiss My Ass club . After begging Foley not to go through with it , Foley " joined the club " to save Melina 's job , only to have her suddenly turn on him by delivering a low blow and firing him at the behest of McMahon . The storyline was concocted by Foley to refresh the idea of the Kiss My Ass club . It was also around this time that Melina added another characteristic to her gimmick : screaming loudly at ringside while managing or in tag team action , which became known as the " primal scream " .
On January 29 , 2007 , Melina became the number one contender for the WWE Women 's Championship after defeating Maria in a number one contender 's match . On the February 5 episode of Raw , Melina received her title match against Mickie James but was unsuccessful . After pinning James in a mixed tag team match , Melina was granted another title match . On the February 19 episode of Raw , as part of her first major singles push , Melina defeated James to win the WWE Women 's Championship for the first time in her career . The feud between the two Divas continued and Melina later retained the title in a rematch during the first ever Women 's Falls Count Anywhere match in WWE history .
In March , Melina was placed in an angle where she became jealous of SmackDown ! Diva Ashley Massaro , who was receiving attention because of her appearance in Playboy . The angle had Melina claim in her blogs that no Playboy cover models were capable of fighting her . This resulted in scheduled matches against former Playboy cover girls Torrie Wilson and Candice Michelle , with both women losing to Melina . The storyline came to an end at WrestleMania 23 , where Melina pinned Ashley in a Lumberjill match to retain her Women 's Championship . After WrestleMania , Melina organized a photo op with the Women 's Championship belt in the ring , but was interrupted by Mickie James , resulting in another storyline feud between the two Divas . On April 24 , at a house show in Paris , France , Melina lost the Women 's Championship in a Triple Threat match to James when James pinned Victoria , but on the orders of Jonathan Coachman she was entitled to a rematch on the same night , where she pinned James by putting her hands on the ropes to regain the title and become a two @-@ time WWE Women 's Champion .
In May 7 , 2007 , Melina began feuding with Playboy cover girl Candice Michelle , after she was defeated in a tag team match alongside Victoria against Candice Michelle and Mickie James . Melina continued to lose to Candice in various tag team matches , as well as in non @-@ title bouts over the next few weeks . At Vengeance , Melina lost the Women 's Championship to Candice , and failed to recapture the title at The Great American Bash .
In April 2008 , Melina , along with then @-@ ally Beth Phoenix , competed at WrestleMania XXIV in a tag team match , defeating Maria and Ashley . On the May 5 episode of Raw ! , Melina unintentionally attacked Phoenix with her boot during a lumberjill match with Mickie James . The following week , Phoenix walked out on Melina during a tag match against James and Maria , when Melina accidentally bumped Phoenix off the apron . Melina was then attacked by Phoenix during a backstage segment following the match , leading to Melina turning into a face for the first time in her WWE career . On the May 19 episode of Raw , Melina commentated during Beth Phoenix 's match against Maria , which Phoenix won , and Melina would
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the station , although there are instances where they can be found within the concourse . Some stations , such as Monumento , Libertad and Araneta Center @-@ Cubao , are directly connected to shopping malls . LRT @-@ 2 stations have two restrooms , but LRT @-@ 1 restrooms have been the subject of criticism not only because of the provisioning of a single washroom at each station expected to serve all passengers ( whether male , female , disabled or otherwise ) , but also because of the impression that the lavatories are poorly maintained and unsanitary .
Originally , the LRT Line 1 was not built with accessibility in mind . This is reflected in the LRT @-@ 1 's lack of barrier @-@ free facilities such as escalators and elevators . It is also inconvenient in other ways : for one , because of the use of side platforms , passengers wishing to access the other platform for the train bound in the opposite direction at single @-@ level LRT @-@ 1 stations need to exit the station ( and by extension , the system ) and pay a new fare . The newer LRT Line 2 , unlike its counterpart , is designed to be barrier @-@ free and allows seamless transfer between platforms . Built by a joint venture between Hanjin and Itochu , LRT @-@ 2 stations have wheelchair ramps , braille markings , and pathfinding embossed flooring leading to and from the boarding platforms in addition to escalators and elevators .
In cooperation with the Philippine Daily Inquirer , copies of the Inquirer Libre — a free , tabloid @-@ size , Tagalog version of the Inquirer broadsheet — are available at selected LRTA stations from 6 : 00 am until the supply runs out .
= = Rolling stock = =
Four types of rolling stock run on the system , with three types used on the LRT Line 1 and another used on the LRT Line 2 . The LRT Line 1 railway cars were made either in Belgium by La Bruggeoise et Nivelle , South Korea by Hyundai Precision and Adtranz ( La bruggeoise et Nivelle and Adtranz are now part of Bombardier Transportation ) , or Japan by Kinki Sharyo and Nippon Sharyo . The LRT Line 2 , unlike the LRT Line 1 , runs heavy rail metro cars made in South Korea by Hyundai Rotem and provided by the Asia @-@ Europe MRT Consortium led by Marubeni Corporation that have higher passenger capacity and maximum speed . All four types of rolling stock are powered by electricity supplied through overhead wires .
Of the two LRTA lines , the LRT Line 2 prominently employs wrap advertising in its rolling stock . The LRT Line 1 have begun using wrap advertising as well initially for their second @-@ generation trains , followed by their third @-@ generation trains .
= = = LRT Line 1 = = =
The LRT Line 1 at various stages in its history has used a two @-@ car , three @-@ car , and four @-@ car train . The two @-@ car trains are the original first @-@ generation BN trains ( railway cars numbered from 1000 ) . Most were transformed into three @-@ car trains , although some two @-@ car trains remain in service . The four @-@ car trains are the more modern second @-@ generation Hyundai Precision and Adtranz ( numbered from 1100 ) and third @-@ generation Kinki Sharyo / Nippon Sharyo ( 1200 ) trains . There are 139 railway cars grouped into 40 trains serving the line : 63 of these are first @-@ generation cars , 28 second @-@ generation , and 48 third @-@ generation . One train car ( 1037 ) was severely damaged in the Rizal Day bombings and was subsequently decommissioned . The maximum speed of these cars is 80 kilometers per hour ( 50 mph ) .
As part of the second phase of expansion on the Yellow Line , 12 new trains made in Japan by Kinki Sharyo and provided by the Manila Tren Consortium were shipped in the third quarter of 2006 and went into service in the first quarter of 2007 . The new air @-@ conditioned trains have boosted the capacity of the line from 27 @,@ 000 to 40 @,@ 000 passengers per hour per direction .
= = = LRT Line 2 = = =
The LRT Line 2 fleet runs eighteen heavy rail four @-@ car trains with lightweight stainless car bodies and 1 @,@ 500 volt electric motors . They have a top speed of 80 kilometers per hour ( 50 mph ) and usually take around thirty minutes to journey from one end of the line to the other . Each train measures 3 @.@ 2 meters ( 10 ft 6 in ) wide and 92 @.@ 6 meters ( 303 ft 10 in ) long allowing a capacity of 1 @,@ 628 passengers : 232 seated and 1 @,@ 396 standing . Twenty sliding doors per side facilitate quick entry and exit . The line 's trains also feature air conditioning , driverless automatic train operation from the Operations Control Center ( OCC ) in Santolan , low @-@ noise control , enabled electric and regenerative braking , and closed @-@ circuit television inside the trains . Special open spaces and seats are designated for wheelchair users and elderly passengers , and automatic next station announcements are made for the convenience of passengers , especially for the blind .
= = Safety and security = =
The system has always presented itself as a safe system to travel on , and despite some incidents a World Bank paper prepared by Halcrow deemed the running of metro rail transit operations overall as " good " . Safety notices in both English and Tagalog are a common sight at the stations and inside the trains . Security guards with megaphones can be seen at boarding areas asking crowds to move back from the warning tiles at the edge of platforms to avoid falling onto the tracks . In the event of emergencies or unexpected events aboard the train , alerts are used to inform passengers about the current state of the operations . The LRTA uses three alerts : Codes Blue , Yellow , and Red .
Smoking , previously banned only at station platforms and inside trains , has been banned at station concourse areas since June 24 , 2008 . Hazardous chemicals , such as paint and gasoline , as well as sharp pointed objects that could be used as weapons , are forbidden . Full @-@ sized bicycles and skateboards are also not allowed on board the train , although the ban on folding bicycles was lifted on November 8 , 2009 . Those under the influence of alcohol may be denied entry into the stations .
In response to the Rizal Day bombings , a series of attacks on December 30 , 2000 that included the bombing of a LRT @-@ 1 train among other targets , and in the wake of greater awareness of terrorism following the September 11 attacks , security has been stepped up on board the system . The Philippine National Police has a special police force assigned at LRT @-@ 1 and LRT @-@ 2 and security police provided by private companies are assigned to all stations with each having a designated head guard . Closed @-@ circuit televisions have been installed to monitor stations and keep track of suspicious activities . To better prepare for and improve response to any adverse incidents , drills simulating terror attacks and earthquakes have been conducted . It is standard practice for bags to be inspected upon entry into stations by guards equipped with hand @-@ held metal detectors . Those who refuse to submit to such inspection may be denied entry . Since May 1 , 2007 , the LRTA has enforced a policy against making false bomb threats , a policy already enforced at airports nationwide . Those who make such threats can face penalties in violation of Presidential Decree No. 1727 , as well as face legal action . Posted notices on station walls and inside trains remind passengers to be careful and be wary of criminals who may take advantage of the crowding aboard the trains . To address concerns of inappropriate contact on crowded trains , the first coach of Yellow Line trains have been designated for females only .
= = Fares = =
The Manila Light Rail Transit System is one of the least expensive rapid transit systems in Southeast Asia , costing significantly less to ride than other systems in the region . Fares are distance @-@ based , ranging from 15 to 30 Philippine pesos ( ₱ ) , or about 29 to 47 U.S. cents ( at US $ 1 = ₱ 42 as of September 2011 ) , depending on the number of stations traveled to reach the destination . Unlike other transportation systems , in which transfer to another line occurs within a station 's paid area , passengers have to exit and then pay a new fare for the line they are entering . This is also the case on the Yellow Line when changing boarding platforms to catch trains going in the opposite direction .
The Line 1 uses two different fare structures : one for single journey tickets and another for stored value tickets . Passengers using single journey tickets are charged ₱ 12 , ₱ 15 , or ₱ 20 depending on the number of stations traveled or whether the newly opened Balintawak or Roosevelt station is part of their trip . Stored value tickets are charged on a more finely graduated basis with fares ranging from ₱ 12 to ₱ 19 . The Line 2 , on the other hand , has only one fare structure . Passengers are charged ₱ 12 for the first three stations , ₱ 13 for a journey of four to six stations , ₱ 14 for seven to nine stations and ₱ 15 for a trip along the entire line .
= = = Ticketing = = =
Before 2001 , passengers on the LRT Line 1 would purchase a token to enter the station . Subsequent upgrades in the fare collection system eventually transitioned the Yellow Line from a token @-@ based system to a ticket @-@ based system , with full conversion to a ticket @-@ based system achieved on September 9 , 2001 . Starting September 2015 , the old magnetic tickets were decommissioned and replaced by contactless @-@ based smart card technology . Passengers can enter the system paid areas with either a single journey or stored value Beep Card . The Beep Card can be used on all LRT and MRT lines . Tickets can be sold from ticket booths manned by station agents or on ticket machine / s .
= = = = Beep card = = = =
Beep is a reloadable contactless smart card aimed to be a replacement for the magnetic card @-@ based system in paying rail based rapid transit transportation fares in and around Metro Manila . Beep is also aimed to be used in lieu of cash in some convenience stores and other businesses . The Beep system is implemented and operated by AF Payments Incorporated , which is primarily owned by Ayala Corporation and Metro Pacific Investments Corporation .
= = = = Magnetic ticket = = = =
Previously , the system uses two types of tickets : a single journey ( one @-@ way ) ticket whose cost is dependent on the destination , and a stored value ( multiple @-@ use ) ticket available for ₱ 100 . Senior citizens and disabled passengers can receive fare discounts as mandated by law . Tickets would normally bear a picture of the incumbent president , though some ticket designs have done away with this practice .
Single journey tickets are only valid on the day of purchase and will be unusable afterward . They expire if not used to exit the same station after 30 minutes from entry or if not used to exit the system after 120 minutes from entry . If the ticket expires , the passenger will be required to buy a new one .
Stored value tickets are usable on either the LRT @-@ 1 or LRT @-@ 2 lines although a new fare will be charged when transferring from one line to the other . To reduce ticket queues , the LRTA is promoting the use of stored value tickets . Aside from benefitting from a lower fare structure on the LRT @-@ 1 , stored value ticket users can avail of a scheme called the Last Ride Bonus that grants the use of any residual amount in a stored value ticket less than the usual minimum ₱ 12 fare , or the appropriate fare for the station of arrival from the station of departure , as a full fare . Stored value tickets are not reloadable and are captured by the fare gate after the last use . They expire six months after the date of first use .
Tickets are used both to enter and exit the paid area of the system . A ticket inserted into a fare gate at the station of origin is processed and then ejected allowing a passenger through the turnstile . The ejected ticket is then retrieved while passing through so that it can be used at the exit turnstile at the destination station to leave the premises . Tickets are captured by the exit turnstiles to be reused by the system if they no longer have any value . If it is a stored value ticket with some value remaining , however , it is once again ejected by the fare gate to be taken by the passenger for future use .
= = = = Flash Pass = = = =
To better integrate the LRTA and MRTC networks , a unified ticketing system utilizing contactless smart cards , similar to the Octopus card in Hong Kong and the EZ @-@ Link card in Singapore , was made a goal of the SRTS . In a transitional move towards such a unified ticketing system , the Flash Pass was implemented on April 19 , 2004 , as a stopgap measure . However , plans for a unified ticketing system using smart cards have languished , leaving the Flash Pass to fill the role for the foreseeable future . Originally sold by both the LRTA and the Metro Rail Transit Corporation , the Blue Line operator , the pass was discontinued with the election of Benigno Aquino III as President of the Philippines in 2010 .
The pass consisted of two parts : the Flash Pass card and the Flash Pass coupon . A nontransferable Flash Pass card used for validation had to be acquired before a Flash Pass coupon can be purchased . To obtain a card , a passenger needed to visit a designated station and fill out an application form . Although the card is issued free of charge and contains no expiry date , it is expected to be issued only once . Should it be lost , an affidavit of loss had to be submitted before a replacement can be issued . The Flash Pass coupon , which served as a ticket , was linked to the passenger 's Flash Pass card through the card number printed on the coupon . Coupons were sold for ₱ 250 and were valid for unlimited rides on all three lines of the LRTA and MRTC for one week . The card and coupon were used by showing them to a security guard at an opening along the fare gates , who after checking their validity allowed the holder to pass through .
= = Future expansion = =
Plans for expanding the LRTA network have been formulated throughout its history , and successive administrations have touted trains as one of the keys to relieving Metro Manila of its long @-@ standing traffic problems . Expansion of the system was one of the main projects mentioned in a ten @-@ point agenda laid out by former President Gloria Macapagal @-@ Arroyo in 2005 .
= = = Extensions = = =
A southern extension of LRT @-@ 1 is planned . The envisioned line would have 10 stations over 11 @.@ 7 kilometers ( 7 @.@ 3 mi ) ending in Bacoor in the province of Cavite . It would be the first line extending outside the Metro Manila area . An unsolicited bid to build and operate this project from Canada 's SNC @-@ Lavalin was rejected by the Philippine government in 2005 . The government is working with advisers ( International Finance Corporation , White & Case , Halcrow , and others ) to conduct an open @-@ market invitation to tender for the construction of the extension and a 30 @-@ year concession to run it . An additional extension from Bacoor to Imus and from there a further extension to Dasmariñas , both in Cavite , are also being considered .
As of March 2012 , the government announced that the P60 billion LRT @-@ 1 south extension project has already been approved by the National Economic and Development Authority ( NEDA ) with the bidding expected to take place by the end of March or early April 2012 .
The LRTA is also currently conducting studies on the feasibility of a 6 @.@ 2 @-@ kilometer ( 3 @.@ 9 mi ) , four @-@ station LRT @-@ 1 spur from Baclaran towards Terminal 3 of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport , with a projected daily capacity of 40 @,@ 000 passengers . Funding for the project could be sourced from either official development assistance or a public @-@ private partnership .
There is also a proposal for a 4 @-@ kilometer ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) eastern extension of the LRT Line 2 from Marikina , crossing into Cainta in Rizal and finally to Masinag Junction in Antipolo , also in Rizal . The line could later be extended as far west as Manila North Harbor and as far east as Cogeo in Antipolo . The construction of the eastern extension to Masinag was approved by the National Economic and Development Authority ( NEDA ) in September 2012 .
= = = New lines = = =
A second extension of the LRT @-@ 1 from Bacoor to Dasmariñas in Cavite has been proposed . It is planned to be a separate line to be known as LRT @-@ 6 which would run for an additional 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from the future LRT @-@ 1 terminus at Niog Station to Governor 's Drive in Dasmariñas along the Aguinaldo Highway . It would have 7 stations namely , Niog , Tirona , Imus , Daang Hari , Salitran , Congressional Avenue and Governor 's Drive .
LRT @-@ 4 , or the Ortigas – Taytay LRT Line , is a proposed 11 @-@ kilometre ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) line , crossing through the eastern parts of Metro Manila to the southern parts of the province of Rizal . Six stations would be built along Ortigas Avenue and Taytay Diversion Road from the Ortigas MRT Station on EDSA to SM City Taytay in Taytay . This project was approved last June 2015 and will be implemented as a public @-@ private partnership project .
MRT @-@ 7 is a planned 13 @-@ station , 21 @-@ kilometer ( 13 mi ) line that starts in Quezon City and traverses Commonwealth Avenue , passing through Caloocan City and ending in the city of San Jose del Monte in Bulacan . This line finished the bidding stage and has been approved by the Department of Justice and the Department of Transportation and Communications . As of August 2010 the MRT @-@ 7 project is under review due to various concerns from several local governments where the rail project is proposed to run through , and may undergo major changes from the original . On May 2012 , the consortium of Marubeni @-@ DMCI won the contract to build MRT @-@ 7 for around $ 1 billion and would take an estimated 42 months to build starting early 2013 .
= = = Transfer of line operations = = =
DOTC Undersecretary for Public Information Dante Velasco has unveiled a study being conducted by the DOTC looking at the possibility of transferring operations of Line 3 ( MRT 3 ) from Metro Rail Transit Corporation ( MRTC ) to LRTA thus uniting Lines 1 , 2 , and 3 under one operator to improve maintenance costs and to form a more integrated transportation system . According to DOTC Undersecretary For Rails Glicerio Sicat , the transfer is set by the government in June 2011 .
As of January 13 , 2011 , Light Rail Transit Authority Chief Rafael S. Rodriguez took over as officer @-@ in @-@ charge of MRT @-@ 3 in preparation for the integration of operations of LRT @-@ 1 , LRT @-@ 2 , and MRT @-@ 3 Lines .
= Partial Terms of Endearment =
" Partial Terms of Endearment " is the 21st and final episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . Directed by Joseph Lee and written by Danny Smith , the episode originally aired on BBC Three in the United Kingdom on June 20 , 2010 , and has not been allowed to air in the United States on Fox , the original television network of the series , due to its controversial nature . This is the last episode that is presented in standard format , the rest of the series uses high definition format and it is the final episode to have the current opening sequence which was updated during the second season . In the episode , Lois is approached by an old friend from college who asks her to become a surrogate mother . After arguing with her husband Peter who is against the idea , Lois decides to become a gestational carrier and undergoes in vitro fertilisation . However , while Lois is pregnant , the biological parents are killed in an automobile accident . Lois and Peter have to decide whether to abort the fetus , or carry it to term and give the baby up for adoption . Peter attempts to persuade his wife to get an abortion but changes his mind after pro @-@ life activists convince him that abortion is murder . Despite Peter 's objections , Lois goes ahead with the abortion .
The episode was banned from airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company due to concerns over its portrayal of the controversial subject of abortion . This is the second episode of Family Guy to be prevented from airing during the episode 's respective regular season run ; the first episode was the third season 's " When You Wish Upon a Weinstein " . Unlike that episode , Cartoon Network 's adult @-@ oriented block Adult Swim refused to air it upon Fox 's request . It was first announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
Critical responses to the episode were mostly positive ; critics praised the storyline , cultural references and its assessment of the subject of abortion . The episode was watched in just under a million homes in its original airing in the United Kingdom . Guest performances included Gary Beach , Jackson Douglas , Phil LaMarr , Will Sasso , Julia Sweeney , Wil Wheaton and Michael York , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . " Partial Terms of Endearment " was released on DVD in the United States , along with Seth and Alex Almost @-@ Live Comedy Show , on September 28 , 2010 . Even though this episode was placed at the end of season 8 , the episode was placed between " Go Stewie Go " and " Peter @-@ assment " in the UK .
= = Plot = =
While attending her college reunion at Salve Regina University with Peter , Lois spots her old roommate , Naomi Robinson , with whom she had a brief lesbian relationship in college . Peter is shocked but excited to discover that Lois was bisexual in college . Naomi indicates that she would like to discuss an important matter with them at their home . Assuming that he will participate in a threesome with Lois and Naomi , Peter sends Chris , Meg , Stewie , and Brian out of the house . After Naomi arrives , she introduces her husband Dale . Peter expects that they will now be participating in an orgy , and tries to seduce the three of them while dressed in various costumes . When they clear the air to a dismayed Peter that they 're not there for sex , Naomi and Dale tell Lois and Peter they 've had trouble conceiving and ask Lois to be a surrogate mother for them , and Lois considers the matter .
As the family eats breakfast the next morning , Lois reveals her intention to become a surrogate mother for Naomi and Dale , causing Peter to become upset at the thought of her being pregnant for nine months . Despite this , Lois decides to go to Dr. Hartman to have the in vitro fertilization performed , enduring more of Dr. Hartman 's shtick involving celebrity crossbreeds and having a tribe of bush men implant the egg with blowguns . A pregnancy test comes back positive the next day , and a furious Peter attempts to cause Lois to have a miscarriage before ultimately confronting her about the pregnancy . While she continues asserting her intention to provide a child to Naomi and Dale , Quahog 5 News suddenly reveals that Naomi and Dale died in a car crash . Devastated by the announcement , Lois questions whether she should have an abortion or continue with the pregnancy and put the baby up for adoption .
In an attempt to come to a decision , Lois and Peter decide to visit the local family @-@ planning center , and ultimately decide to abort the embryo . However , as Peter exits the center he encounters an anti @-@ abortion rally , where he is shown an anti @-@ abortion video by one of the protesters . The video causes him to reconsider about aborting the unborn baby . Returning home , Lois continues to advocate her right to choose , while Peter now attempts to argue the unborn child 's right to life and whether Lois has the responsibility of carrying it to term . At their wits ' end , the two decide to discuss the matter , once and for all . The next day , Lois talks with the family about " the wonderful new member of the Griffin family " , but then , after a few seconds of silence , Peter turns to the camera and says to the audience " We had the abortion " , promptly ending the episode .
= = Production and development = =
The episode was first announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International on July 25 , 2009 , by series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane . It was written by fellow executive producer and series regular Danny Smith and directed by Joseph Lee , during the show 's eighth production season . The storyline was pitched by series regular Tom Devanney , and periodically references Billions and Billions ( 1997 ) , a book of essays by Carl Sagan . Seth MacFarlane asked Danny Smith to read Sagan 's essay , " Abortion : Is It Possible to Be Both ' Pro @-@ Life ' and ' Pro @-@ Choice ' " , before beginning to write the script . The episode was originally intended to air along with the rest of the eighth season schedule , and was approved for production by 20th Century Fox . However , the Fox Broadcasting Company asserted their right not to air the episode due to the subject matter . This was the second time that MacFarlane had been warned by Fox about the sensitive nature of an episode 's subject . Previously , the network had also disapproved of the season 3 episode " When You Wish Upon a Weinstein " , which was originally prevented from airing on Fox , but finally aired on Adult Swim , and eventually on Fox more than four years after it was rejected . Thinking the same would happen with " Partial Terms of Endearment " , MacFarlane believed that Fox would eventually run the episode on their network , stating , " Most of the time these things turn out to be nothing . " In a statement released by Fox , they noted their full support of " the producers ' right to make the episode and distribute it in whatever way they want . "
At the 2009 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , MacFarlane announced that the episode would become available on a special DVD release , with series producer Kara Vallow confirming the release would be available on September 28 , 2010 , along with Seth and Alex 's Almost Live Comedy Show . A month after the announcement , Kevin Reilly , President of Fox Entertainment , stated that the final decision not to air the episode was largely due to concerns about finances and advertisers : " Of all the issues , [ abortion ] is the one that seems to be the most of a hot button . Particularly at that moment in time , the economy was really struggling and there were a lot of very tough conversations going on with clients . " Reilly said that " the advertisers know what they ’ re getting " with Family Guy , and he thought that the episode handled the subject fine , but " this one felt like it could cause trouble , and it was just not worth it . " Despite the concerns in the U.S. about the episode , it aired on June 20 , 2010 , on BBC Three in the UK , as a part of the season 's regularly scheduled Sunday night run on the station . Although it was originally speculated that Adult Swim might air the episode , Fox stated that there were no plans to air it on their network . Several months before the episode debuted on television , the script was performed in a live table read at the Ricardo Montalbán Theatre in Hollywood , California on August 12 , 2009 . The special reading was attended by Academy of Television Arts and Sciences voters on the heels of the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards . Family Guy was nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series , becoming the first animated program to be nominated in the category since The Flintstones in 1961 . Commenting about the event , MacFarlane said , " We did this to drum up Emmy votes , so we could lose by fewer votes . "
In addition to the regular cast , actor Jackson Douglas , husband of Alex Borstein , appeared in the episode as Dale Robinson , actress Julia Sweeney appeared as Naomi Robinson , actress Rutina Wesley appeared as Cheryl , actor Wil Wheaton cameoed as an anti @-@ abortion protester and actor Michael York voiced the nature narrator . Actor Gary Beach , voice actor Phil LaMarr , and comedian / actor Will Sasso guest starred as various characters . Recurring guest voice actress Alexandra Breckenridge , actor Ralph Garman , and writers Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin and John Viener made minor appearances throughout the episode . Recurring guest cast member Patrick Warburton guest appeared in the episode as well . This episode marked Sweeney 's first guest appearance since the season two episode " Wasted Talent " .
" Partial Terms of Endearment " , along with Seth and Alex Almost @-@ Live Comedy Show , was released on DVD in the United States on September 28 , 2010 . The set includes a brief audio commentary by Seth MacFarlane , voice actress Alex Borstein , writer Danny Smith and director Joseph Lee , as well as animatics , a table read of the episode , and nine downloadable original Family Guy songs . It was also released for digital retail in the United States the same day without the bonus features included on the DVD .
= = Cultural references = =
In the opening scene of the episode , Peter and Lois are shown entering her alma mater at Salve Regina University in Newport , Rhode Island . Later , after they are approached by Lois 's ex @-@ roommate Naomi and her husband Dale , Lois announces her intention to carry the couple 's baby , causing Peter to question why Lois is the one who has to become the couple 's surrogate . Their daughter , Meg , suggests that she could carry the baby herself , but Lois objects due to Meg 's inability to have a boyfriend " for more than a few weeks . " Meg notes her relationship with Sesame Street character Count von Count , who only left her after discovering she had at least three nipples .
Before Lois prepares to undergo in vitro fertilization , Dr. Hartman shows her several photos of babies conceived by celebrity couples , including actress Shelley Duvall and singer @-@ songwriter James Blunt ; actress Hilary Swank and actor Gary Busey ; Olympic medalist Florence Griffith @-@ Joyner and physicist Stephen Hawking ; and actress , writer and comedian Tina Fey and actor Joaquin Phoenix . Beginning the procedure , Lois objects to Dr. Hartman 's method of embryonic insertion . In response , he replies , " Well , perhaps you could tell them — if only you spoke Hovitos , " a reference to Raiders of the Lost Ark . Later , in an attempt to cause Lois to have a miscarriage , Peter lays down a series of Grey 's Anatomy DVDs in order to lure Lois into being punched in the stomach by the " Acme Miscarriage Kit " , a boxing glove attached to a crossbow . In a reference to the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoon series Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner , Peter ultimately ends up missing with the crossbow , causing the glove to bounce and hit a large rock and land inches in front of him as he is standing on a narrow cliff . The ground then drops out from underneath his feet , causing him to fall like Wile E. Coyote .
As Peter exits the abortion clinic , he notices a pro @-@ life rally nearby . At the rally , a protester shows Peter a video tape discouraging abortion ( as a reference to the cult classic 1936 American propaganda exploitation film Reefer Madness ) , portraying it as murder , larceny , jaywalking and securities fraud . The tape claims that abortion prevented Nazi leader Adolf Hitler 's would @-@ be assassin , a fourth Stooge brother , of The Three Stooges , and Islamic extremist Osama bin Laden 's America @-@ loving brother from being born .
= = Reception = =
The episode was viewed in just under a million homes in its original airing on BBC Three in the United Kingdom , earning an audience share of 5 @.@ 7 percent , despite airing simultaneously with Desperate Housewives on E4 . The reception of the episode represented a slight decrease from the previous week 's ratings . In a review of the episode 's original broadcast , The Mail on Sunday rated the double bill of " Partial Terms of Endearment " and " Go Stewie Go " as four out of five stars .
Reviews of the episode 's release on DVD were mostly positive , calling the episode " wickedly funny , no matter how offensive . " Frazier Moore of the Associated Press commented that " What , in other hands , could have been a serious , even heart @-@ wrenching story is on Family Guy a devilish burlesque — not to mention a wickedly astute examination of the current abortion clash . " Moore also noted , however , that " the uninitiated , the faint @-@ of @-@ heart and , most of all , the anti @-@ abortion crowd should maybe choose to take a pass . " Dave Itzkoff of The New York Times deemed the episode " typical of that audacious Fox animated comedy , teeming with rapid @-@ fire jokes and willfully offensive non sequiturs about disabled animals , God , Nazis , bodily functions and the sexual habits of ' Sesame Street ' characters . " In a slightly more mixed review of the DVD release , Cindy White of IGN criticized the episode for its shock value , but appreciated " that the writers didn 't cop out in the end , and actually picked a side . " White went on to comment that it was " hard to believe that the writers ever expected ' Partial Terms of Endearment ' to make it to air " and that " even devoted , longtime fans of the show may be a little uncomfortable with the subject matter . " White gave the release a 7 out of 10 rating . Assessing Family Guy 's impact on television , Mary Elizabeth Williams of Salon commented on the portrayal of abortion : " That Family Guy , that doofy , generally unfunny bastion of sophomoric jokes , should be one of the few shows brave enough to even address the topic is bananas [ ... ] And that Fox wouldn 't air the episode says we 're still a long way from having anybody on ' Glee ' or ' The Office ' or ' House ' look at those telltale lines on the stick and finally decide what millions of American women have — that they 're just not ready for motherhood . "
= SMS Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie =
SMS Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie was an ironclad warship built for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in the 1880s , the last vessel of that type to be built for Austria @-@ Hungary . The ship , named for Archduchess Stephanie , Crown Princess of Austria , was laid down in November 1884 , was launched in April 1887 and completed in July 1889 . She was armed with a pair of 30 @.@ 5 @-@ centimeter ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns in open barbettes and had a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . Her service was limited , in large part due to the rapid pace of naval development in the 1890s , which quickly rendered her obsolescent . As a result , her career was generally limited to routine training and the occasional visit to foreign countries . In 1897 , she took part in an international naval demonstration to force a compromise over Greek and Ottoman claims to the island of Crete . Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie was decommissioned in 1905 , hulked in 1910 , and converted into a barracks ship in 1914 . After Austria @-@ Hungary 's defeat in World War I , the ship was transferred to Italy as a war prize and was eventually broken up for scrap in 1926 .
= = Design = =
In the decades that followed the Austrian victory at the Battle of Lissa in 1866 , naval expenditure in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire were drastically reduced , in large part due to the veto power the Hungarian half of the empire held . Surrounded by potentially hostile countries powers on land , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire was more concerned with these threats , and so naval development was not prioritized . Admiral Friedrich von Pöck argued for several years to improve the strength of the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet , finally winning authorization to build the center battery ship Tegetthoff in 1875 . He spent another six years trying in vain to secure a sister ship to Tegetthoff . In 1881 , he called for a fleet of eleven armored warships in 1881 . Pöck ultimately had to resort to budgetary sleight of hand , appropriating funds that had been allocated to modernize the ironclad Erzherzog Ferdinand Max to build an entirely new vessel . He attempted to conceal the deception by referring to the ship officially as Ferdinand Max , though the actual Ferdinand Max was still anchored in Pola as a school ship .
= = = General characteristics and machinery = = =
Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie was 85 @.@ 36 meters ( 280 ft 1 in ) long between perpendiculars and 87 @.@ 24 m ( 286 ft 3 in ) long overall . She had a beam of 17 @.@ 06 m ( 56 ft 0 in ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 6 m ( 21 ft 8 in ) , and she displaced 5 @,@ 075 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 995 long tons ) . Her hull was constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames and was extensively subdivided into watertight compartments to improve the ship 's resistance to flooding . The ship was equipped with a ram bow that was manufactured in Germany by Krupp . She was fitted with two pole masts equipped with fighting tops for some of her light guns . Her crew number 430 officers and enlisted men .
The ship was powered by a pair of compound steam engines driving two screw propellers ; the engines were built by Maudslay , Sons and Field of Britain . The number and type of the coal @-@ fired boilers that provided steam for the engines have not survived , though they were trunked into two funnels . Her propulsion system was rated to provide 8 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 000 kW ) for a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) .
= = = Armament and armor = = =
Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie was armed with a main battery of two 30 @.@ 5 @-@ centimeter ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) 35 @-@ caliber guns mounted singly in an open barbette . They were placed forward in sponsons over the battery deck to maximize end @-@ on fire . The guns were manufactured by Krupp , while the carriages that carried them were built by Armstrong Mitchell & Co . The guns fired a 450 @-@ kilogram ( 990 lb ) shell using a 140 kg ( 310 lb ) charge of brown powder , which produced a muzzle velocity of 530 metres per second ( 1 @,@ 700 ft / s ) . While the open barbettes provided a wide field of fire for the slow @-@ firing guns , they were rapidly rendered obsolete by the successful application of quick @-@ firing ( QF ) technology to large @-@ caliber artillery pieces .
The main battery was supported by a secondary battery of six 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) 35 @-@ caliber guns , also built by Krupp . These were mounted in gun ports amidships , three on each side . She carried nine 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) QF guns for close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats ; seven were 44 @-@ caliber guns and the other two were shorter 33 @-@ caliber pieces , all built by Hotchkiss . Her gun armament was rounded out by a pair of 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 44 @-@ caliber QF guns and a pair of 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) 15 @-@ caliber landing guns for use by landing parties . As was customary for capital ships of the period , she carried four 40 cm ( 16 in ) torpedo tubes ; one was mounted in the bow , another in the stern , and one on each broadside .
Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie was protected with compound armor manufactured by the Dillinger Hütte works in Germany . The ship was protected by an armored belt that was 229 mm ( 9 @.@ 0 in ) thick . The barbette for the main battery was 283 mm ( 11 @.@ 1 in ) thick , and the conning tower had sides that were 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick .
= = Service history = =
Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie was built by the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino shipyard in Trieste . Her keel was laid down on 12 November 1884 , the last ironclad to be laid down for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . She was launched on 14 April 1887 and completed in July 1889 . The following year , the German emperor , Kaiser Wilhelm II , invited the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet to take part in the annual fleet training exercises in August . Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie , the ironclad Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf , and the protected cruiser Kaiser Franz Joseph I were sent to Germany under the command of Rear Admiral Johann von Hinke . While en route , the squadron made visits in Gibraltar and Britain ; during the latter stop , the ships took part in the Cowes Regatta , where they were reviewed by Queen Victoria . The ships also stopped in Copenhagen , Denmark and Karlskrona , Sweden . During the voyage back to Austria @-@ Hungary , the squadron visited Cherbourg , France and Palermo , Italy .
Celebrations to honor the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's first trans @-@ Atlantic voyage were held in several countries ; Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie , Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf , and Kaiser Franz Joseph I represented Austria @-@ Hungary during the ceremonies in Genoa , Italy , Columbus 's birthplace . During the 1893 fleet maneuvers , Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie was mobilized to train alongside the ironclads Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf , Prinz Eugen , Kaiser Max , and Don Juan d 'Austria , among other vessels . Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie took part in an international naval demonstration off Crete in 1897 during a period of tension between Greece and the Ottoman Empire that culminated in the Greco @-@ Turkish War . The Austro @-@ Hungarian contingent , which also included the armored cruiser Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia , and the torpedo cruisers Tiger , Leopard , and Sebenico , three destroyers , and eight torpedo boats , was the third largest squadron to take part in the demonstration , after the British and Italian fleets . Austria @-@ Hungary , displeased with the settlement that left Crete with a Greek ruler but nominally under Turkish control , withdrew its ships in March 1898 , before the other members of the international fleet .
Already by 1898 , the ship was regarded by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy as a second @-@ rate vessel , after less than 10 years in service . The rapid pace of naval development in the late 19th century had quickly rendered her obsolescent . She was decommissioned in 1905 , In 1908 , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy attempted to sell the ship , Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf , and Tegetthoff to Uruguay in an attempt to raise funds for new projects , but the deal fell through . In 1910 , she was hulked and became a barracks ship for the mine warfare school in 1914 , and served in this role for the duration of World War I. Following the conclusion of the conflict , Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie was ceded to Italy as a war prize in 1920 and eventually broken up for scrap in 1926 .
= Yank Adams =
Frank B. Adams ( December 19 , 1847 – after January 1923 ) , commonly known as Yank Adams , was a professional carom billiards player who specialized in finger billiards , in which a player directly manipulates the balls with his or her hands , instead of using an implement such as a cue stick , often by twisting the ball between one 's thumb and middle finger . Adams , who was sometimes billed as the " Digital Billiard Wonder " , has been called the " greatest of all digit billiards players " , and the " champion digital billiardist of the World . " George F. Slosson , a top billiards player of Adams ' era , named him the " greatest exhibition player who ever lived . " Adams ' exhibitions drew audiences of 1 @,@ 000 or more , leaving standing room only , even in small venues .
Adams ' career began when he found his aptitude for bowling translated to the playing of billiards . One day when he was 25 years old , he picked up some billiard balls and began to " bowl " on the table and soon discovered he could manipulate the balls with great accuracy in this manner . Largely self @-@ taught , Adams thereafter amassed a large repertoire of finger billiards shots . He engaged a manager and began to give performances , his first was at an engagement in New York City . Later , Adams traveled extensively , giving exhibitions and taking on challengers in cities across the United States and some in Europe . During his travels , Adams performed before the Vanderbilts , the Goulds , three U.S. Presidents , the Prince of Wales in London , and the Comte de Paris in Paris . One of the largest matches ever played of any form of billiards took place at Manhattan 's Gilmore 's Gardens in 1878 . Adams played using his fingers against William Sexton , the reigning cue champion of the world , who used a cue ; Adams won the three @-@ day competition in the game of straight rail .
= = Early life = =
Adams was raised in Norwich , Connecticut , which led to him being nicknamed " Yank " later in life . From a young age , he exhibited the substantial hand strength required for finger billiards . When he was less than a year old , he could hurt his mother with his grip ; she gave him chunks of bread to squeeze instead . Adams was large for his age , and in 1863 , he disguised his youth , and joined the Eighteenth Connecticut Volunteers , with whom he served for three years , fighting for the Union in the American Civil War . After being discharged , Adams worked as a carpenter from 1872 to 1875 , and then became a traveling salesman for the American Sterling @-@ Silver Company .
= = = Beginnings in billiards = = =
Adams finger billiards and exhibition work had its germination in his early bowling interest . By the time he was 17 , Adams was an adept bowler ; he often gave informal exhibitions of bowling tricks such as " cocked hat " , " back frame " , and letting the head pin remain standing . In a 1913 interview , Adams said that , " [ i ] n those days we rolled what was termed ' skew ball ' , similar to the english put on a cue ball in Billiards . "
When Adams was 25 he was employed as a traveling salesman for the Derby Silver Company in New York . One day , while he was waiting for customers in a Poughkeepsie hotel , he strolled into a billiard room , took six pool balls over to a billiard table , and commenced to " bowl " . The attention of everyone in the room was attracted by the manner in which Adams made the ball travel . One man asked for the privilege of placing the balls in a certain position for Adams to bowl at ; Adams made the shot easily . This started Adams ' career as a finger billiard expert . In the next town he traveled to , he hired a table , performed the same stunts with the balls , and added a few new shots . For three months after that Adams practiced various shots each day , and some of the shots he developed during that time became part of his regular exhibition repertoire .
When he returned to New York , Adams met with Maurice Daly , then the " dean of billiards " . Daly listened to Adams ' story , and said that he was not aware that any startling shots could be accomplished using only the hands . Daly offered Adams a set of four balls , and sat down to watch Adams . After 12 shots , Daly became greatly interested , often asking Adams to repeat shots . At the end of the performance , Daly told Adams that if he ever entertained any idea of entering the billiards field he would give Adams an engagement at his room .
= = Professional career = =
= = = International success = = =
As Adams became more involved with billiards , he gave up his job with the silver company . Adams went to Sexton 's billiard parlor in the Bowery and Sexton employed Adams at Miner 's Bowery Theater at $ 115 a week . Adams sought to employ a manager as was typical of billiards professionals of the time ; he was taken on by Billy O 'Brien , a well known sports authority and one @-@ time pugilist who managed Dominick McCaffrey later in his career . O 'Brien organized an exhibition tour of the United States for Adams . Three months into the tour , Adams reached Chicago , where he played a three @-@ week engagement for Billy Emmett at $ 500 a week . After leaving the stage , Adams opened at O 'Connor 's billiard room , at Fourteenth Street and Fourth Avenue , where he played nightly for a year . Adams then resumed traveling , and gave exhibitions in nearly every city in the United States and a large number of cities in Europe .
In 1868 Adams appeared before the Prince of Wales in London and the Comte de Paris in Paris . While in London , John Roberts , Jr. offered Adams $ 300 per week for one year to play afternoon and evening at his Argyle Rooms . After playing for the Comte de Paris , the Frenchmen wanted Adams to state his figures for an indefinite period . Adams also played for three Presidents of the United States ; while in New York he was paid $ 100 per night by the Vanderbilt and Gould families . Bullocks Billiard Guide said that Adams had earned more than $ 70 @,@ 000 for exhibition alone over seven years , which was more than the combined earnings of all other listed billiardists . Though champion players with cues sometimes dabbled in finger billiards , it was said even of such greats as Jacob Schaefer , George Slosson , and Eugene Carter that " their work , compared with that of the Finger Wonder , is like a novice playing an expert . "
= = = Public exhibitions = = =
Adams ' first major public exhibition in New York was held on January 31 , 1878 , at the Union Square Billiard Rooms before a large audience ; he performed there nightly for a week . Reporting on the first night of the event , The New York Times wrote :
The intricacy of the various shots he played , as well as the marvelous accuracy with which they were executed , frequently roused the spectators to an unusual pitch of enthusiasm .... Many of Adams ' shots are entirely new , never having been attempted before by any billiards expert . Among them may be mentioned the wonderful " bottle " shot with which last evening 's exhibition was brought to a close . Two soda @-@ water bottles were placed at the head of the left @-@ hand rail , about a foot apart , a red ball being placed in the mouth of each bottle . A white ball was next placed against the right @-@ hand rail , directly opposite the lower bottle . Everything being in readiness , Adams then took the remaining white ball in his hand , and masseing upon the ball in the mouth of the upper bottle , jumped his ball to the ball in the mouth of the other bottle , whence , falling upon the table it was carried by a reverse " English " to the middle of the top rail , whence it glided with unerring accuracy to the right @-@ hand rail and caromed upon the first @-@ mentioned white ball , its successful execution being greeted with great applause .
= = = Competitive play and rivalries = = =
= = = = M. Adrian Izar = = = =
Prior to Adams ' performances , finger billiards had been demonstrated in New York by French player M. Adrien Izar , who had astonished spectators with an exhibition held on September 20 , 1875 , before which the game was little known in the United States . In France and England , Izar was considered the game 's champion player . The night before his 1878 exhibition , Adams received a telegram in which Izar challenged him to play for the championship and named Chicago as the venue for contest . Adams replied that he was unwilling to leave New York at that time , but that he would pay Izar 's expenses to travel to New York . Adams later issued the following statement to newspapers :
I have never intended to play a public match in my line , having never arrogated to myself a superiority above other hand billiard players , although I have deemed myself the equal of any one living in my line , not excepting Mons . Izar , by whom continually letters are written , whose contents have for their purpose a derogation of my skill . That this may be checked , and summarily , I would state that I am willing to play Mons . Izar a match game for $ 500 a side , in New York City , Boston or Chicago , on a 5x10 table , full size balls and Collender cushion ; the championship and gate money to be awarded the player showing the greatest variety of shots in connection with accuracy , and in all giving the most interesting exhibition of finger billiards .
= = = = William Sexton = = = =
On March 15 , 1878 , a billiards match of straight rail began that lasted three days at the game The match was between Adams and William Sexton , then the cue champion of the world , at Manhattan 's Gilmore 's Gardens — the predecessor venue of Madison Square Garden . The match pitted Adams ' finger billiards against Sexton using a cue , for a purse of $ 500 . The audience was one of the largest that had ever witnessed a billiards game . The terms of the contest stated that on each day of the match , Adams was required to score 2 @,@ 000 points , while Sexton needed only 1 @,@ 000 .
On the first day of the match , Adams scored 1 @,@ 110 points using finger billiards . Despite Adams ' impressive opening performance , by the third day of the match , Sexton was far in the lead . In Dewey @-@ Defeats @-@ Truman @-@ style , many newspapers reported that Sexton won the tournament , as their reporters left the venue at a time when Sexton had a seemingly indomitable lead and before the match was over . The New York Times , for example , reported that Sexton won the match , though they leavened the result by reporting that despite the prize fund , it was a " friendly match " , geared toward exhibition , and that " Adams could undoubtedly have run the game out on three occasions , but preferred to make ' display ' shots in place of his usual " nurse " play , against which a cue player stands no chance whatever . " However , with Sexton needed only seven points to win the championship , Adams stepped to the table and ran out , making 1 @,@ 181 points in a row to win the match .
= = = = Louis Shaw = = = =
Adams ' chief professional rivalry in later years was with Louis Shaw . In 1891 Adams and Shaw disagreed about the format of the finger billiards championship which they would both contest that year . Adams wanted the match to be played for a $ 500 stake , while Shaw wanted the receipts to be donated to the local firemen 's fund .
= = = Other accomplishments = = =
In 1879 , Adams was chosen to be the official referee for the championship Collender Billiard Tournament held at Tammany Hall . It was contested by top players Marice Daly , Albert Garnier , Eugene Carter , A. P. Rudolphe , Randolph Heiser , William Sexton , George F. Slosson , and " the Wizard " , Jacob Schaefer , Sr. at the newly introduced carom billiards discipline called the champion 's game , an intermediary game between straight rail and balkine .
In 1889 , Adams broke the world record run for successive straight rail points in a match with champion player Jacob Schaefer , Sr. , in which Adams scored 4 @,@ 962 counts in a row , which was 2 @,@ 400 points more than any prior competition high run , albeit with his fingers rather than with a cue . Adams stated in an interview in his later years that his personal high run was 6 @,@ 900 consecutive straight rail counts .
In 1890 , Adams returned to Paris after signing a contract with Eugene Carter to play at Carter 's billiard academy for thirteen weeks at 1 @,@ 000 francs ( approximately $ 200 ) per week . Afterwards , Adams went in London , under the management of M. Farini , to play at the room of John Roberts , Jr . On a previous trip to London in 1887 , Roberts offered Adams £ 60 a week for six months to give exhibitions , but Adams declined , citing a need to superintend his sporting journal .
Adams was the editor and proprietor of The Chicago Sporting Journal , and the general manager of the New York Sporting and Theatrical Journal . Through his association with the sporting journals , Adams was an intermediary for the issuance of challenge matches , such as boxing bouts . He held the winning stake and distributed the winnings upon the event 's conclusion . Adams owned a number of billiard parlors during his lifetime , including two in Chicago — one named the White Elephant , another called the Academy Billiard Hall , and one on Union Square at 60 East 14th Street in New York City . Adams ' business cards , in 1877 , said , " Yank Adams , champion finger billiardist of the world . Residence immaterial . "
= = = Later life = = =
Adams continued to give exhibitions and was still able to perform well into his later years . For example , the New Rochelle Pioneer newspaper reported that Adams gave an exhibition on December 21 , 1915 at 68 years of age , at Chamberlain 's Derby Billiard Academy in New Rochelle , New York , and that he was " at his best and made some exceptionally brilliant shots in the presence of 300 lovers of the game . While at the table he kept up a continuous humorous monologue to the great pleasure of his audience . " In 1919 , when Adans was 71 , the Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported that he gave an exhibition before a large audience at Lawler Brothers Billiard Academy of Brooklyn .
In 1923 , when Adams was 76 , the following newspaper story appeared in The Salt Lake Tribune , telling of his whereabouts :
Perhaps you old fellows , too , thought Yank had passed on , but he turned up in New York the other day and is now spending his last days in a Bronx flat . There was a time when Yank Adams was known in every billiard room in America . He was as much at home in Eddie Graney 's room at San Francisco as at Tom Foley 's in Chicago of Maurice Daly 's in New York , and he knew all the billiard players and big and little room keepers from coast to coast . When the history of billiards is written and the names of Willie Hoppe , old and young Jake Schaefer and Welker Cochran are included with others of the great exponents of the indoor sport , there will be a distinct division for one man — the man who did the impossible , who could make the ivories travel the wrong way , or , in the language of the billiard realm , " make ' em talk all languages . " That man is Frank B. Adams , known the world over as " Yank " Adams , at one time and even now the world 's only finger billiardist who can make all the apparently impossible shots on the table without the aid of a cue . Adams is 76 years old , and after fifty years of exhibitions all over the world has retired from active work to live in the Bronx and conduct a billiard academy of his own at Burnside and Creston avenues in New York with his business manager for the last ten years , Samuel Polakoff . Yank now lives at 635 West 136th street In New York . When I told Tom Foley , the daddy of all the roommkeepers , that Yank Adams was back in the business he laughed and said : " I thought Yank had cashed in . But he 's like all those billiard players . They never die . "
= = Style of play = =
Adams played only with his fingers , disdaining the cue stick entirely . He was known for his skill at finger billiards and for the quickness of his play . In exhibitions it was sometimes advertised that Adams would attempt to make 100 shots in 100 seconds . He would always begin by " feeling out " the cushions on the table , as the speed of the tables varied almost nightly , some fast and some slow .
Adams would sometimes accept challenge matches at his performances . For example , at an exhibition held in Omaha , Nebraska , on November 20 , 1889 , Adams played against twenty of the best players in the city . Adams manipulated the balls with his fingers , while his opponents used cues and were given a handicap equivalent to a 1 @,@ 000 point lead .
Adams performed about 80 shots per exhibition . He had a large repertoire of practiced shots — more than 500 — affording him the luxury to not having to repeat a single shot during a week @-@ long exhibition . The abundance of shots was unusual , and was described by one sports writer as " more extensive than the entire billiard fraternity put together " . The following description of Adams ' shots appeared in an 1891 newspaper article , which highlighted them as , " among his difficult feats " :
Two quart wine bottles are placed at the short end of the table , three feet apart ; a ball is placed on the top of each bottle , and a third ball , six feet from the bottles in the opposite corner . Adams makes the hand ball jump from bottle to bottle then to take an English in space , counting on the third bail , a double shot .
Fifteen balls are placed in a line , three inches apart . On the last ball is placed a piece of chalk , while two feet from the other end , at a square angle , is placed a single ball . Yank drops the hand ball with a Massé twist , which , after hitting the single ball , describes a semi @-@ circle , taken the cushion first , then makes a carrom on the fifteen balls , but is played with such a delicate calculation as barely to reach the last ball ; in fact , freezes against it so gently as not to dislodge the chalk previously placed thereon .
A derby hat is placed on the table , under which is a ball . One foot from the hat are two balls a foot apart , which he carroms on , the hand ball continues striking the rim of the hat , forces it up , and goes under making the stroke on the third ball , then returns from under the hat when it rocks the second time .
He also stand at the head of the table , throwing the balls with a hundred @-@ yard force but has them stop eight feet away in such a position as to spell his name .
In an article in the St. Paul Daily Globe , the reporter summed up the events of Adams ' exhibition on April 26 , 1888 :
The great finger billiard exhibition came off last night at the Standard billiard hall to a packed house , and those who saw Yank Adams handle the spheres were more than delighted .... Shot after shot were made in lightning rapidity , spotting the ball , running the whole length of the rail , crossing over , with two cushions and counting , going under hats and in between them , cutting the letter S and making the carom , jump shots , masses and hundreds of others too complicated to put in type . Mr. A.M. Doherty played a game with the exhibitor , and at twenty @-@ eight points left the balls in a scattered position , which were gathered at one shot by Mr. Adams , who made fifty shots in sixty seconds . What seemed his most difficult shot was that of placing fifteen balls in a line , and a piece of chalk on the last ball . The hand ball was then dropped a distance of two feet , described a semi @-@ circle , making a carom on all of the balls and freezing against the last ball . Adams ' finger shots discount Schaeffer , Slosson and J. Carter combined .
The public flocked to Adams ' exhibitions ; often the pool room where he was performing could barely contain the crowd . When Adams performed in Rochester , New York in 1892 , the local paper reported that " [ n ] o man in these broad acres can draw the crowd " Yank " Adams does when an exhibition with the ivories is the card . Last night 's crowd was banked up , against the walls , twenty deep in someplaces and many witnessed the exhibition from the table tops and window ledges . "
= James I of Scotland =
James I ( late July 1394 – 21 February 1437 ) , King of Scotland from 1406 , was the son of King Robert III and Annabella Drummond . He was the last of three sons . By the time he was eight , both of his elder brothers were dead — Robert had died in infancy but David , Duke of Rothesay died suspiciously in Falkland Castle while being detained by his uncle , Robert , Duke of Albany . Although parliament exonerated Albany , fears for James 's safety grew during the winter of 1405 – 1406 and plans were made to send him to France . In February 1406 , James was accompanying nobles close to his father when they clashed with supporters of Archibald , 4th Earl of Douglas , forcing the prince to take refuge in the castle of the Bass Rock , a small islet in the Firth of Forth . He remained there until mid @-@ March , when he boarded a vessel bound for France , but on 22 March while off the English coast , pirates captured the ship and delivered James to Henry IV of England . Two weeks later , on 4 April the ailing Robert III died , and the 12 @-@ year @-@ old uncrowned King of Scots began his 18 @-@ year detention .
James was given a good education at the English Court , where he developed respect for English methods of governance and for Henry V to the extent that he served in the English army against the French during 1420 – 1421 . The Scottish King 's cousin , Murdoch Stewart , Albany 's son , a captive in England since 1402 , was traded for Henry Percy , Earl of Northumberland in 1416 . Eight more years passed before James was ransomed , by which time Murdoch had succeeded his father to the dukedom and the governorship of Scotland . James married Joan Beaufort , daughter of the Earl of Somerset in February 1424 shortly before his release in April when they journeyed to Scotland . This was not altogether a popular re @-@ entry to Scottish affairs , since James had fought on behalf of Henry V and at times against Scottish forces in France . Noble families would now not only have to pay increased taxes to cover the £ 40 @,@ 000 ransom repayments but would also have to provide hostages as security . Despite this , James held qualities that were admired . The contemporary Scotichronicon by Walter Bower described James as excelling at sport and appreciative of literature and music . Unlike his father and grandfather he did not take mistresses , but had many children by his consort , Queen Joan . The King had a strong desire to impose law and order on his subjects , but applied it selectively at times .
To bolster his authority and secure the position of the crown , James launched pre @-@ emptive attacks on some of his nobles beginning in 1425 with his close kinsmen the Albany Stewarts resulting in the execution of Duke Murdoch and his sons . In 1428 James detained Alexander , Lord of the Isles , while attending a parliament in Inverness . Archibald , 5th Earl of Douglas , was arrested in 1431 , followed by George , Earl of March , in 1434 . The plight of the ransom hostages held in England was ignored and the repayment money was diverted into the construction of Linlithgow Palace and other grandiose schemes .
In August 1436 , James failed humiliatingly in his siege of the English @-@ held Roxburgh Castle and then faced an ineffective attempt by Sir Robert Graham to arrest him at a general council . James was murdered at Perth on the night of 20 / 21 February 1437 in a failed coup by his uncle and former ally Walter Stewart , Earl of Atholl . Queen Joan , although wounded , managed to evade the attackers and was eventually reunited with her son James II in Edinburgh Castle .
= = Prince and Steward of Scotland = =
James was probably born in late July 1394 at Dunfermline Abbey , 27 years after the marriage of his parents Robert III and Annabella Drummond . It was also at Dunfermline under his mother 's care that James would have spent most of his early childhood . The prince was seven years old when his mother died in 1401 and a year later his elder brother David , Duke of Rothesay was probably murdered by their uncle Robert Stewart , Duke of Albany after being held at Albany 's Falkland Castle . Prince James , now heir to the throne , was the only impediment to the transfer of the royal line to the Albany Stewarts . In 1402 Albany and his close Black Douglas ally Archibald , 4th Earl of Douglas were absolved of any involvement in Rothesay 's death clearing the way for Albany 's re @-@ appointed as the king 's lieutenant . Albany rewarded Douglas for his support by allowing him to resume hostilities in England . The Albany and Douglas affinity received a serious reversal in September 1402 when their large army was defeated by the English at Homildon and numerous prominent nobles and their followers were captured . These included Douglas himself , Albany 's son Murdoch , and the earls of Moray , Angus and Orkney . That same year , as well as the death of Rothesay , Alexander Leslie , Earl of Ross and Malcolm Drummond , lord of Mar had also died . The void created by these events was inevitably filled by lesser men who had not previously been conspicuously politically active . In the years between 1402 and 1406 , the northern earldoms of Ross , Moray and Mar were without adult leadership and with Murdoch Stewart , the Justiciar for the territory north of the Forth , a prisoner in England , Albany found himself reluctantly having to form an alliance with his brother Alexander Stewart , Earl of Buchan and Buchan 's son , also called Alexander to hold back the ambitions of the Lord of the Isles . Douglas 's absence from his power base in the Lothians and the Scottish Marches encouraged King Robert 's close allies Henry Sinclair , Earl of Orkney and Sir David Fleming of Biggar to take full advantage to become the principal political force in that region .
In December 1404 the king granted the royal Stewart lands in the west , in Ayrshire and around the Firth of Clyde , to James in regality protecting them from outside interference and providing the prince with a territorial centre should the need arise . Yet , in 1405 James was under the protection and tutelage of Bishop Henry Wardlaw of St Andrews on the country 's east coast . Douglas animosity was intensifying because of the activities of Orkney and Fleming who continued to expand their involvement in border politics and foreign relations with England . Although a decision to send the young prince to France and out of Albany 's reach was taken in the winter of 1405 – 06 , James 's departure from Scotland was unplanned . In February 1406 Bishop Wardlaw released James to Orkney and Fleming who , with their large force of Lothian adherents , proceeded into hostile Douglas east Lothian . James 's custodians may have been giving a demonstration of royal approval to further their interests in Douglas country . This provoked a fierce response from James Douglas of Balvenie and his supporters who , at a place called Long Hermiston Muir , engaged with and killed Fleming while Orkney and James escaped to the comparative safety of the Bass Rock islet in the Firth of Forth . They endured more than a month there before boarding the France @-@ bound Maryenknyght , a ship from Danzig . On 22 March 1406 the ship was taken by English pirates and James became the hostage of King Henry IV of England . Robert III was at Rothesay Castle when he learned of his son 's capture , and he died soon after on 4 April 1406 and was buried in the Stewart foundation abbey of Paisley .
= = King in captivity = =
James , now the uncrowned King of Scots , began what proved to be his 18 @-@ year period as a hostage while at the same time Albany transitioned from his position of lieutenant to that of governor . Albany took James 's lands under his own control depriving the king of income and any of the regalia of his position and was referred to in records as ' the son of the late king ' . The king had a small household of Scots that included Henry Sinclair , Earl of Orkney , Alexander Seaton , the nephew of Sir David Fleming , and Orkney 's brother John Sinclair following the earl 's return to Scotland . In time , James 's household — now paid for by the English — changed from high ranking individuals to less notable men . Henry IV treated the young James well , providing him with a good education . James was ideally placed to observe Henry 's methods of kingship and political control having probably been admitted into the royal household on reaching adulthood . James used personal visits from his nobles coupled with letters to individuals to maintain his visibility in his kingdom . Henry died in 1413 and his son , Henry V , immediately ended James 's comparative freedom initially holding him in the Tower of London along with the other Scottish prisoners . One of these prisoners was James 's cousin , Murdoch Stewart , Albany 's son , who had been captured in 1402 at the Battle of Homildon Hill . Initially held apart but from 1413 until Murdoch 's release in 1415 they were together in the Tower and at Windsor Castle .
By 1420 , James 's standing at Henry V 's court improved greatly ; he ceased to be regarded as a hostage and more of a guest . James 's value to Henry became apparent in 1420 when he accompanied the English king to France where his presence was used against the Scots fighting on the Dauphinist side . Following the English success at the siege of Melun , a town southeast of Paris , the contingent of Scots were hanged for treason against their king . After his return to England , James attended Queen Catherine 's coronation on 23 February 1421 receiving an honoured position of sitting immediately on the queen 's left at the coronation banquet . In March , Henry began a circuit of the important towns in England as a show of strength and it was during this tour that James was knighted on Saint George 's day . By July , the two kings were back campaigning in France where James , evidently approving of Henry 's methods of kingship , seemed content to endorse the English king 's desire for the French crown . Henry appointed the Duke of Bedford and James as the joint commanders of the siege of Dreux on 18 July 1421 and on 20 August they received the surrender of the garrison . Henry died of dysentery on 31 August 1422 and in September James was part of the escort taking the English king 's body back to London .
The regency council of the infant King Henry VI was inclined to have James released as soon as possible . In the early months of 1423 their attempts to resolve the issue met with little response from the Scots , clearly influenced by the Albany Stewarts and adherents . Archibald , Earl of Douglas was an astute and adaptable power in Southern Scotland whose influence even eclipsed that of the Albany Stewarts . Despite his complicity in James 's brother 's death in Albany 's castle in 1402 Douglas was still able to engage with the king . From 1421 , Douglas had been in regular contact with James and they formed an alliance that was to prove pivotal in 1423 . Although Douglas was the pre @-@ eminent Scottish magnate his position in the borders and Lothians was jeopardized — not only did he have to forcibly retake Edinburgh Castle from his own designated warden but was very likely under threat from the earls of Angus and March . In return for James 's endorsement of Douglas 's position in the kingdom , the earl was able to deliver his affinity in the cause of the king 's home @-@ coming . Also , the relationship between Murdoch — now Duke of Albany following his father 's death in 1420 — and his own appointee Bishop William Lauder seemed to be under strain perhaps evidence of an influential grouping at odds with Murdoch 's stance . Pressure from these advocates for the king almost certainly compelled Murdoch to agree to a general council in August 1423 when it was agreed that a mission should be sent to England to negotiate James 's release . James 's relationship with the House of Lancaster changed in February 1423 when he married Joan Beaufort , a cousin of Henry VI and the niece of Thomas , Duke of Exeter and Henry , Bishop of Winchester . A ransom treaty of £ 40 @,@ 000 sterling ( less a dowry remittance of 10 @,@ 000 marks ) was agreed at Durham on 28 March 1424 to which James attached his own seal . The king and queen escorted by English and Scottish nobles reached Melrose Abbey on 5 April and were met by Albany who relinquished his governor 's seal of office .
= = Personal rule = =
= = = First acts = = =
Throughout the 15th century , Scottish kings suffered from a lack of crown revenue and James 's reign was no exception . The Albany regency had also been constrained with Duke Robert owed his fees of governorship . For the nobility , royal patronage ceased entirely following James 's capture ; irregular forms of political favours emerged with Albany allowing nobles such as the earl of Douglas and his brother James to remove funds from the customs . It was against this backdrop that James 's coronation took place at Scone on 21 May 1424 . The coronation parliament of the Three Estates witnessed the king perform a knighthood ceremony for eighteen prominent nobles including Alexander Stewart , Murdoch 's son ; an event probably intended to foster loyalty to the crown within the political community . Called primarily to discuss issues surrounding the finance of the ransom payments , the parliament heard James underline his position and authority as monarch . He ensured the passing of legislation designed to substantially improve crown income by revoking the patronage of royal predecessors and guardians . The earls of Douglas and Mar were immediately affected by this when their ability to remove large sums from the customs was blocked . Despite this , James was still dependent on the nobility — especially Douglas — for its support and initially adopted a less confrontational stance . The early exception to this was Walter Stewart , Albany 's son . Walter was the heir to the earldom of Lennox and had been in open revolt against his father during 1423 for not giving way to his younger brother Alexander for this title . He also disagreed with his father 's acquiescence to the return of James to Scotland . James had Walter arrested on 13 May 1424 and imprisoned on the Bass Rock — at this time , this was probably in Murdoch 's interests as well as James 's . It is probable that the king felt unable to move against the rest of the Albany Stewarts while Murdoch 's brother , John Stewart , Earl of Buchan and Archibald , Earl of Douglas were fighting the English on the Dauphinist cause in France . Buchan , a leader with an international reputation , commanded the large Scottish army but both he and Douglas fell at the Battle of Verneuil in August 1424 and the Scottish army routed . The loss of his brother and the large fighting force left Murdoch politically exposed .
= = = A ruthless and acquisitive king = = =
Douglas 's death at Verneuill was to weaken the position of his son Archibald , the 5th earl . On 12 October 1424 , the king and Archibald met at Melrose Abbey ostensibly to agree the appointment of John Fogo , a monk of Melrose , to the abbacy . The meeting may also have been intended as an official acceptance of Douglas but it signalled a change in the Black Douglas predominance vis @-@ a @-@ vis the crown and other nobles . Important Douglas allies died in France and some of their heirs realigned with rival nobles through blood ties while at the same time Douglas experienced a loosening of allegiances in the Lothians and , with the loss of his command over Edinburgh Castle , this all served to improve James 's position . Even though , James continued to retain Black Douglas support allowing him to begin a campaign of political alienation of Albany and his family . The king 's rancor directed at Duke Murdoch had its roots in the past — Duke Robert was responsible for his brother David 's death and neither Robert nor Murdoch exerted themselves in negotiating James 's release and must have left the king with the suspicion that they held aspirations for the throne itself . Buchan 's lands did not fall to the Albany Stewarts but were forfeited by the crown , Albany 's father @-@ in @-@ law , Duncan , Earl of Lennox was imprisoned and in December the duke 's main ally Alexander Stewart , Earl of Mar settled his differences with the king . An acrimonious sitting of parliament in March 1425 precipitated the arrest of Murdoch , Isabella , his wife , and his son Alexander — of Albany 's other sons Walter was already in prison and James , his youngest , also known as James the Fat , escaped into the Lennox .
James the Fat led the men of Lennox and Argyll in open rebellion against the crown and this may have been what the king needed to bring a charge of treason against the Albany Stewarts . Murdoch , his sons Walter and Alexander and Duncan , Earl of Lennox were in Stirling Castle for their trial on 18 May at a specially convened parliament . An assize of seven earls and fourteen lesser nobles were appointed to hear the evidence that linked the prisoners to the rebellion in the Lennox . The four men were condemned , Walter on 24 May and the others on 25 May and immediately beheaded in ' front of the castle ' . James demonstrated a ruthless and avaricious side to his nature in the destruction of his close family , the Albany Stewarts , that yielded the three forfeited earldoms of Fife , Menteith and Lennox . An enquiry set up by James in 1424 into the dispersal of crown estates since the reign of Robert I exposed legal defects in a number of transactions where the earldoms of Mar , March and Strathearn together with the Black Douglas lordships of Selkirk and Wigtown were found to be problematic . Strathearn and March were forfeited in 1427 and 1435 respectively . Mar was forfeited in 1435 on the earl 's death without heir which also meant that the lordships of Garioch and Badenoch reverted to the crown . James sought to boost his income further through taxation and succeeded in getting parliament to pass legislation in 1424 for a tax to go towards paying off the ransom — £ 26 @,@ 000 was raised but James sent only £ 12 @,@ 000 to England . By 1429 , James stopped the ransom payments completely and used the remainder of the taxation on buying cannons and luxury goods from Flanders . Following a fire in the castle of Linlithgow in 1425 , funds were also diverted to the building of Linlithgow Palace which continued until James 's death in 1437 and absorbed an estimated one tenth of royal income .
= = = Relations with the church = = =
James asserted his authority not only over the nobility but also upon the Church and lamented that King David I 's benevolence towards the Church proved costly to his successors and that he was ' a sair sanct to the croun ' . James also considered that the monastic institutions in particular needed improvement and that they should return to being strictly ordered communities . Part of James 's solution was to create an assembly of overseeing abbots and followed this up by establishing a Carthusian priory at Perth to provide other religious houses with an example of internal conduct . He also sought to influence Church attitudes to his policies by having his own clerics appointed to the bishoprics of Dunblane , Dunkeld , Glasgow and Moray . In March 1425 , James 's parliament directed that all bishops must instruct their clerics to offer up prayers for the king and his family ; a year later , parliament toughened up this edict insisting that the prayers be given at every mass under sanction of a fine and severe rebuke . This same parliament legislated that every person in Scotland should ' be governed under the king 's laws and statutes of this realm only ' . From this , laws were enacted in 1426 to restrict the actions of prelates whether it was to regulate their need to travel to the Roman Curia or their ability to purchase additional ecclesiastical positions while there . In James 's parliament of July 1427 , it is evident that statute being enacted had the purpose of reducing the powers of the church jurisdiction .
On 25 July 1431 , the general council of the Church convened in Basel but its initial full meeting did not take place until 14 December by which time Pope Eugenius and the council were in complete disagreement . It was the council and not the pope who requested that James send representatives of the Scottish church and it is known that two delegates — Abbot Thomas Livingston of Dundrenanan and John de Winchester , canon of Moray and a servant of the king — were in attendance in November and December 1432 . In 1433 James , this time in response to a summons by the pope , appointed two bishops , two abbots and four dignatories to attend the council . Twenty – eight Scottish ecclesiasts attended at intervals from 1434 to 1437 but the majority of the higher ranking churchmen sent proxy attendees but Bishops John Cameron of Glasgow and John de Crannach of Brechin attended in person as did Abbot Patrick Wotherspoon of Holyrood . Even in the midst of the Basel general council , Pope Eugenius instructed his legate , Bishop Antonio Altan of Urbino , to meet with James to raise the issue of the king 's controversial anti @-@ barratry laws of 1426 . The Bishop of Urbino arrived in Scotland in December 1436 and apparently a reconciliation between James and the papal legate had taken place by the middle of February 1437 but the events of 21 February when James was assassinated prevented the legate from completing his commission .
= = = The Highland problem = = =
In July 1428 , the king convened a general council at Perth aimed at obtaining finance for an expedition to the Highlands against the semi @-@ autonomous Lord of the Isles . The council initially resisted granting James the funds — even with royal support from the powerful Earls of Mar and Atholl — it eventually gave in to the king ’ s wishes . Although it seemed that an all @-@ out attack on the Gaels of the north was not the king 's intention , James had resolved to use a degree of force to strengthen royal authority . He told the assembly :
The leaders of the Gaelic kindreds in the north and west were summoned by James ostensibly to a sitting of parliament in Inverness . Of those assembled the king arrested around 50 of them including Alexander , the third Lord of the Isles and his mother , Mary , Countess of Ross around 24 August . A few were executed but the remainder , with the exception of Alexander and his mother , quickly released . During Alexander ’ s captivity James attempted to split Clann Dòmhnall — Alexander 's uncle John Mór was approached by an agent of the king to take the clan leadership but his refusal to have any dealings with the king while his nephew was held prisoner led to John Mór 's attempted arrest and death .
The king 's need for allies in the west and north led him to soften his approach towards the Lord of the Isles and , hoping that Alexander would now become a loyal servant of the crown , he was given his freedom . Alexander , probably under pressure from his close kinsmen Donald Balloch , John Mór 's son , and Alasdair Carrach of Lochaber , led a rebellion attacking the castle and burgh of Inverness in spring 1429 . The crisis deepened when a fleet from the Lordship was dispatched to bring James the Fat back from Ulster ' to convey him home that he might be king ' . With James ’ s intention to form an alliance with the Ulster O 'Donnells of Tyreconnell against the MacDonalds , the English became distrustful of the Scottish king ’ s motives and they themselves tried to bring James the Fat to England . Before he could become an active player , James the Fat died suddenly releasing James to prepare for decisive action against the Lordship .
The armies met on 21 June in Lochaber and Alexander , suffering the defection of Clan Chattan ( the MacKintoshes ) and Clan Cameron , was heavily defeated . Alexander escaped probably to Islay but James continued his assault on the Lordship by taking the strongholds of Dingwall and Urquhart castles in July . The king pushed home his advantage when an army reinforced with artillery was dispatched to the isles . Alexander probably realised that his position was hopeless and tried to negotiate terms of surrender but James demanded and received his total submission . From August 1429 the king delegated royal authority to Alexander Stewart , Earl of Mar for the keeping of the peace in the north and west . The Islesmen rose again in September 1431 and inflicted two important defeats on the king 's men — Mar 's army was beaten at Inverlochy and Angus Moray ’ s in a fierce battle near Tongue in Caithness . This was a serious setback for James and his credibility was adversely affected . In 1431 , before the September uprising , the king had arrested two of his nephews , John Kennedy of Carrick and Archibald , Earl of Douglas possibly as a result of a conflict between John and his uncle , Thomas Kennedy in which Douglas may have become involved . Douglas 's arrest had raised tensions in the country and James acted to reduce the unrest by freeing the earl on 29 September — it was quite likely that the king made the earl 's release conditional on support at the forthcoming parliament at Perth at which James intended to push for further funding for the campaign against the Lordship . Parliament was in no mood to allow James unconditional backing — he was allowed a tax to fund his Highland campaign but parliament retained full control over the levy . The rules parliament attached to the taxation indicated a robust stand against further conflict in the north and probably led to the turnaround that took place on 22 October when the king ' forgave the offence of each earl , namely Douglas and Ross [ i.e. Alexander ] ' . For Douglas this was a formal acknowledgement of his having already been freed three weeks earlier but for Alexander this was a total reversal of crown policy towards the Lordship . Four summer campaigns against the Lordship were now officially at an end with James 's wishes having effectively been blocked by parliament .
= = = Foreign policy = = =
James 's release in 1424 did not herald a new Scottish relationship with its southern neighbour . He didn 't become the submissive king that the English council had hoped for but instead emerged as a confident and independently @-@ minded European monarch . The only substantive matters of contention between the two kingdoms were the payments due under the terms of James 's release and the renewal of the truce that would expire in 1430 . In 1428 after setbacks on the battlefield Charles VII of France sent his ambassador Regnault of Chartres , Archbishop of Rheims to Scotland to persuade James to renew the Auld Alliance — the terms were to include the marriage of the princess Margaret to Louis , the dauphin of France , and a gift of the province of Saintonge to James . The ratification of the treaty by Charles took place in October 1428 and James , now with the intended marriage of his daughter into the French royal family and the possession of French lands , had his political importance in Europe boosted .
The effectiveness of the alliance with France had virtually ceased after Verneuil and its renewal in 1428 did not alter that — James adopted a much more non @-@ aligned position with England , France and Burgandy while at the same time opening up diplomatic contacts with Aragon , Austria , Castile , Denmark , Milan , Naples and the Vatican . Generally , Scotto – English relations were relatively amiable and an extension of the truce until 1436 helped the English cause in France and the promises made in 1428 of a Scottish army to help Charles VII and the marriage of James 's eldest daughter to the French king 's son Louis were unrealised . James had to balance his European responses carefully – England 's ally , the Duke of Burgundy whose possessions included Scotland 's major trading partners , the Low Countries , ensured support for France would be muted . The truce with England expired in May 1436 but James 's perception of the Anglo @-@ French conflict changed following a realignment of the combatants . The breakdown of the talks between England and France in 1435 precipitated an alliance between Burgundy and France and a request from France for Scottish involvement in the war and for the fulfilment of the promised marriage of Princess Margaret to the Dauphin . In the spring of 1436 Princess Margaret sailed to France and in August Scotland entered the war with James leading a large army to lay siege to the English enclave of Roxburgh Castle . The campaign was to prove pivotal , the Book of Pluscarden describes ' a detestable split and most unworthy difference arising from jealosy ' within the Scottish camp and the historian Michael Brown explains that a contemporary source has James appointing his young and inexperienced cousin Robert Stewart of Atholl as the constable of the host ahead of the experienced march wardens , the earls of Douglas and Angus . Brown explains that both earls possessed considerable local interests and that the effects of such a large army living off the land may have created considerable resentment and hostility in the area . When the militant prelates of York and Durham together with the Earl of Northumberland took their forces into the marches to relieve the fortress , the Scots swiftly retreated — a chronicle written a year later said that the Scots ' had fled wretchedly and ignominiously ' — but the effects and the manner of the defeat and the loss of their expensive artillery was a major reversal for James both in terms of foreign policy and internal authority .
= = Assassination = =
= = = Background = = =
Walter Stewart was the youngest of Robert II 's sons and the only one not to have been provided with an earldom during his father 's lifetime . Walter 's brother , David , earl of Strathearn and Caithness had died before 5 March 1389 when his daughter Euphemia was first recorded as countess of Strathearn . Walter , now ward to his niece , administered Strathearn for the next decade and a half during which time he aided his brother Robert , Earl of Fife and Guardian of Scotland by enforcing law and order upon another brother Alexander , lord of Badenoch — he again supported Robert ( now Duke of Albany ) against their nephew , David , Duke of Rothesay in 1402 . Albany most likely engineered the marriage of Euphemia to one of his affinity , Patrick Graham and by doing so ended Walter 's involvement in Strathearn . Duke Robert , possibly to make up for the loss of the fruits of Strathearn , made Walter earl of Atholl and Lord of Methven . In 1413 , Graham was killed in a quarrel with his own principal servant in the earldom , John Drummond .
The Drummond kindred were close to Atholl and the earl 's renewed involvement in Strathearn as ward to Graham 's son despite strong opposition from Albany hint at Atholl 's possible party to the murder . The bad blood now existing between Albany and Atholl led James on his return to Scotland in 1424 to ally himself with Earl Walter , his uncle . Atholl participated at the assize that sat over the 24 / 25 May 1425 that tried and found the prominent members of the Albany Stewarts guilty of rebellion — their executions followed swiftly .
James granted Atholl the positions of Sheriff of Perth and Justicier and also the earldom of Strathearn but this , significantly , in life @-@ rent only — acts that confirmed Earl Walter 's policing remit given by Albany and his already effective grip on Strathearn . Atholl 's elder son , David had been one of the hostages sent to England as a condition of James 's release and had died there in 1434 — his younger son , Alan died in the king 's service at the Battle of Inverlochy in 1431 . David 's son Robert was now Atholl 's heir and both were now in line to the throne after the young Prince James . James continued to show favour to Atholl and appointed his grandson Robert as his personal chamberlain but by 1437 , after a series of setbacks at the hands of James , the earl and Robert probably viewed the king 's actions as a prelude to further acquisitions at Atholl 's expense . Atholl 's hold on the rich earldom of Strathearn was weak and both he and Robert would have realised that after the earl 's death Strathearn would have reverted to the crown . This meant that Robert 's holdings would have been the relatively impoverished earldoms of Caithness and Atholl and amounted to no more than what was in the Earl Walter 's possession in the years between 1406 and 1416 .
The retreat from Roxburgh exposed the king to questions regarding his control over his subjects , his military competence and his diplomatic abilities yet he remained determined to continue with the war against England . Just two months after the Roxburgh fiasco , James called a general council in October 1436 to finance further hostilities through more taxation . The estates firmly resisted this and their opposition was articulated by their speaker Sir Robert Graham , a former Albany attendant but now a servant of Atholl . The council then witnessed an unsuccessful attempt by Graham to arrest the king resulting in the knight 's imprisonment followed by banishment but James did not see Graham 's actions as part of any extended threat . In January 1437 , Atholl received yet another rebuff in his own heartlands when James overturned the chapter of Dunkeld Cathedral whose nominee was replaced by the king 's nephew and firm supporter , James Kennedy .
= = = Conspiracy and regicide = = =
The reaction against the king at the general council had shown Atholl that James was not only on the back @-@ foot but his political standing had received a huge set @-@ back and may have convinced the earl that James 's death was now a viable course of action . Atholl had seen how assertive action by two of his brothers at different times had allowed them to take control of the kingdom and that as James 's nearest adult relative , the earl must have considered that decisive intervention on his part at this time could prove to be equally successful .
The destruction of the Albany Stewarts in 1425 appears to have played a significant part in the conspiracy against the king . Their judicial killing and forfeiture of their lands impacted on the servants who administered and depended on these estates for their living . The vacuum left by this was filled by Atholl in whose employment many of these disaffected Albany men appear . These included Sir Robert Graham who only three months earlier had attempted to arrest the king at the Perth council , and the brothers Christopher and Robert Chambers . Even although Robert Chambers was a member of the Royal household , the old Albany ties were stronger .
A general council was held in Atholl 's heartland in Perth on 4 February 1437 and crucially for the conspirators , the king and queen had remained in the town at their lodgings in the Blackfriars monastery . In the evening of 20 February 1437 the king and queen were in their rooms and separated from most of their servants . Atholl 's grandson and heir Robert Stewart , the king 's chamberlain , allowed his co @-@ conspirators — thought to number about thirty — led by Robert Graham and the Chambers brothers access to the building . James was alerted to the men 's presence giving the king time to hide in a sewer tunnel but with its exit recently blocked off to prevent tennis balls getting lost , James was trapped and killed .
= = = Aftermath = = =
The assassins had achieved their priority in killing the king but the queen , although wounded , had escaped . Importantly , the six @-@ year @-@ old king , now James II , had been safeguarded from Atholl 's control by the removal of the earl 's associate , John Spens , from his role as James 's custodian . Spens vanished from the records following the regicide but the re @-@ allocation of his positions and lands immediately following the murder indicate his part in the plot . Yet , in the chaos following the murder , it appeared that the queen 's attempt to position herself as regent was not guaranteed . No surviving documentation exists that suggest that there was any general feeling of horror or condemnation aimed at the murderers . It was possible that had the botched attempt at killing the queen succeeded and had Atholl taken control of the young king then his attempted coup might have succeeded . The queen 's small group of loyal supporters that included the Earl of Angus and William Crichton ensured her continued hold of James . This in itself greatly reinforced her situation but Atholl still had followers . By the first week of March neither side seemed to have ascendancy and the Bishop of Urbino , the pope 's envoy , called for the council to pursue a peaceful outcome .
Despite this by the middle of March it is probable that both Angus and Crichton had mobilised to move against Atholl . It is equally likely that Atholl had gathered his forces to resist encursions into his heartlands — on 7 March the queen and the council entreated the burgess ' of Perth to resist the forces of the ' feloune traitors ' .
The position of Atholl and his circle of close supporters only collapsed after Earl Walter 's heir Robert Stewart had been captured and who , in Shirley 's account , confessed to his part in the crime . Walter was taken prisoner by Angus and held at the Edinburgh Tolbooth where he was tried and beheaded on 26 March 1437 , the day after the coronation of the young James II . Sir Robert Graham , the leader of the band of assassins was captured by former Atholl allies and was tried at a session of the council sitting at Stirling castle and subsequently executed sometime shortly after 9 April .
Queen Joan 's pursuit of the regency ended probably at the council of June 1437 when Archibald , 5th Earl of Douglas was appointed to act as lieutenant @-@ general of the kingdom .
King James ' embalmed heart may have been taken on pilgrimage to the Holy Land following his interment at Perth Charterhouse , as the Exchequer Rolls of Scotland for 1443 note the payment of £ 90 to cover the costs of a knight of the Order of St John who had returned it to the Charterhouse from the Island of Rhodes .
= = Historiography = =
James was a paradoxical figure . Although a prisoner of England he still received a good education and developed into a cultured individual becoming a poet , an accomplished musician and skilled in sports . Walter Bower , abbot of Inchcolm , lists James 's qualities as a musician — ' not just as an enthusiastic amateur ' but a master , ' another Orpheus . ' His mastery included the organ , drum , flute and lyre . James 's sporting abilities such as wrestling , hammer throwing , archery and jousting are also listed by Bower . He described James as possessing an ' eagerness ' in ' literary composition and writing ' , the best known of which is his love poem , The Kingis Quair . Bower characterised the king as ' a tower , a lion , a light , a jewel , a pillar and a leader ' and was ' our law giver king ' who ended the ' thieving , dishonest conduct and plundering ' .
Abbot Bower also described the king as capable of stabbing a near relative through the hand for creating a disturbance at court . The abbot was generally supportive of James but that he and others ' regretted the demise of the Albany Stewarts and that he was confounded by James 's greed for territory and wealth . Although Bower didn 't dwell at length on the negative aspects of James 's character he alluded to the dismay of even those close to the king at his harsh regime . John Shirley 's account of the events leading up to James 's murder in the work The Dethe of the Kynge of Scotis provided an accurate narrative of politics in Scotland and which must have depended upon knowledgeable witnesses . The Dethe describes James as ' tyrannous ' and whose actions were motivated by revenge and ' covetise . . . than for anny laweful cawse ' . Shirley agrees with Bower as far as the Albany Stewarts were concerned when he wrote that the Albanys ' whos dethe the people of the land sore grutched and mowrned ' . Writing nearly a century later both the chroniclers John Mair and Hector Boece relied extensively on Bower for their own narratives . They described James as the embodiment of good monarchy with Mair 's eulogy that James ' ... indeed excelled by far in virtue his father , grandfather and his great @-@ grandfather nor will I give precedence over the first James to any of the Stewarts ' while Boece in similar vein calls James the ' maist vertuous Prince that evir was afoir his days ' . Late in the 16th century the early historians George Buchanan and Bishop John Lesley from opposite ends of the religious spectrum both looked favourably on James 's reign but were uneasily mindful of an enduring aggressive history regarding the king .
The first 20th century history of James I was written by E.W.M. Balfour @-@ Melville in 1936 and continued the theme of James as the strong upholder of law and order and when describing Albany 's trial and execution he writes ' the King had proved that high rank was no defence for lawlessness ; the crown was enriched by the revenues of Fife , Menteith and Lennox ' . Balfour @-@ Melville views James as a lawmaker and a ' reformer ' whose legislation was aimed at not only increasing the position of the king but of parliament . Michael Lynch describes how James 's positive reputation began immediately after his death when the Bishop of Urbino kissed James 's wounds and declared him to be a martyr . He suggests that the praise of the pro @-@ James Scottish chroniclers and also of some modern historians to ' find strong king 's to applaud ' should not diminish the extent of parliament 's ability to restrain the king nor minimise the confrontation that took place between James and a more self @-@ assured parliament . Stephen Boardman takes the view that by the time of his death James had succeeded in breaking down the constraints on the exercise of royal authority which were rooted in the ' settlement of the kingdom ' by Robert II . Christine McGladdery describes how opposing views were the result of ' competing propaganda after the murder ' . To those who were glad to see the king dead , James was a tyrant who without reason aggressively assailed the nobility imposing forfeiture on their estates and who ' failed to deliver justice to his people ' . She also provides the opposite viewpoint that the king was seen as giving ' strong leadership against magnate excesses ' and that the murder ' was a disaster for the Scottish people , leaving them to endure the instability of years of consequent faction fighting ' . McGladdery continues that James was the example for the Stewart kings to follow by putting ' Scotland firmly within a European context ' . Michael Brown describes James as an ' able , aggressive and opportunistic politician ' whose chief aim was to establish a monarchy that had stature and was free from the confrontations that had beset his father 's reign . He characterises James as ' capable of highly effective short @-@ term interventions ' yet had failed to achieve a position of unqualified authority . Brown writes that James had come to power after ' fifty years when kings looked like magnates and magnates acted like kings ' and succeeded in completely changing the outlook and objectives of the monarchy . His policy of reducing the power and influence of the magnates , continued by his son James II , led to a more subordinate nobility . Alexander Grant repudiates James 's reputation as the ' law giver ' and explains that nearly all of the king 's legislation were reconstructs of laws laid down by previous monarchs and concludes that ' the idea of James 's return in 1424 marks a turning @-@ point in the development of Scots law is an exaggeration ' . At James 's death only the Douglases of the predominant magnatial houses was left and , according to Grant , this reduction was the most far @-@ reaching change to the nobility and was ' by far the most important consequence of James I 's reign ' .
= = Marriage and issue = =
On February 2 , 1424 , he married , in London , Joan Beaufort , daughter of John Beaufort , 1st Earl of Somerset and Margaret Holland . Together they had eight children :
Margaret Stewart ( 1424 - 16 August 1445 ) , married the Dauphin Louis , future Louis XI of France , at Tours , 24 June 1436 .
Isabella Stewart ( 1426 - 13 October 1494 / 5 March 1499 ) , married Francis I , Duke of Brittany , at Auray , 30 October 1442 .
Joan Stewart ( 1428 - aft . 16 October 1486 ) ; she was deaf and dumb , known as " the dumb lady of Dalkeith " . Married on 1459 to James Douglas , 1st Earl of Morton ( + 1493 ) .
Alexander Stewart , Duke of Rothesay ( born and died 16 October 1430 ) , elder twin of James II .
James II of Scotland ( 16 October 1430 - 3 August 1460 ) .
Eleanor Stewart ( 1433 - 20 November 1480 ) , married Sigismund , Archduke of Austria , at Merano , 12 February 1449 .
Mary Stewart , Countess of Buchan ( 1434 / 35 – 20 March 1465 ) , married Wolfert VI of Borselen in 1444 .
Annabella Stewart ( 1436 - 1509 ) , married firstly 14 December 1447 Louis of Savoy , Count of Geneva , secondly in 1458 George Gordon , 2nd Earl of Huntly .
= = Ancestry = =
= = Fictional portrayals = =
James I has been depicted in plays , historical novels and short stories . They include :
The Caged Lion ( 1870 ) by Charlotte Mary Yonge . The novel depicts the captivity of James I in the Kingdom of England , with the main events taking place in 1421 @-@ 1422 . A friendly relationship with Henry V of England is prominently featured . Catherine of Valois and Richard Whittington are the most prominent among the secondary characters .
A King 's Tragedy ( 1905 ) by May Wynne . The novel depicts events of the years 1436 @-@ 1437 . The action leads to the assassination of James I. Catherine Douglas is among the characters featured .
Lion Let Loose ( 1967 ) by Nigel Tranter . Covers the life of James I from c . 1405 to his death in 1437 .
A Royal Poet ( 1819 ) by Washington Irving . The author muses over the greatness of James I while on an excursion to Windsor Castle , mentioning two of his poems : " The Kingis Quair " and " Christ ’ s Kirk of the Green " .
James I : The Key Will Keep The Lock ( 2014 ) by Rona Munro . A co @-@ production between the National Theatre of Scotland , Edinburgh International Festival and the National Theatre of Great Britain . The James Plays – James I , James II and James III – are a trio of history plays by Rona Munro . Each play stands alone as a vision of a country tussling with its past and future . This play focuses on the personal development of James I after his release by Henry V of England , his marriage to Joan and the struggles with the noble families in order to establish his authority in Scotland .
= = Explanatory notes = =
= PlayStation =
PlayStation ( Japanese : プレイステーション , Hepburn : Pureisutēshon , officially abbreviated PS ) is a series of video game consoles created and owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment . The brand was first introduced on December 3 , 1994 in Japan with the launch of the original PlayStation console . It now consists of four home consoles , as well as a media center , an online service , a line of controllers , two handhelds and a phone , as well as multiple magazines .
The original console in the series , the PlayStation , was the first video game console to ship 100 million units , 9 years and 6 months after its initial launch . Its successor , the PlayStation 2 , was released in 2000 . The PlayStation 2 is the best @-@ selling home console to date , having reached over 155 million units sold as of December 28 , 2012 . Sony 's next console , the PlayStation 3 , was released in 2006 and has sold over 80 million consoles worldwide as of November 2013 . Sony 's latest console , the PlayStation 4 , was released in 2013 , selling 1 million consoles in its first 24 hours on sale , becoming the fastest selling console in history .
The first handheld game console in the PlayStation series ( called the PlayStation Portable , or PSP ) , sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013 . Its successor , the PlayStation Vita , which launched in Japan on December 17 , 2011 and in most other major territories in February 2012 , had sold over 4 million units by January 2013 . PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non @-@ portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console . Other hardware released as part of the PlayStation series includes the PSX , a digital video recorder which was integrated with the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 , though it was short lived due to its high price and was never released outside Japan , as well as a Sony Bravia television set which has an integrated PlayStation 2 . The main series of controllers utilized by the PlayStation series is the DualShock , which is a line of vibration @-@ feedback gamepad having sold 28 million controllers as of June 28 , 2008 .
The PlayStation Network is an online service with over 110 million users worldwide ( as of July 2013 ) . It comprises an online virtual market , the PlayStation Store , which allows the purchase and download of games and various forms of multimedia , a subscription @-@ based online service known as PlayStation Plus and a social gaming networking service called PlayStation Home , which had over 41 million users worldwide at the time of its closure in March 2015 . PlayStation Mobile ( formerly PlayStation Suite ) is a software framework that provides PlayStation content on mobile devices . Version 1.xx supports both PlayStation Vita , PlayStation TV and certain devices that run the Android operating system , whereas version 2 @.@ 00 released in 2014 would only target PlayStation Vita and ( optionally ) PlayStation TV . Content set to be released under the framework consist of only original PlayStation games currently .
7th generation PlayStation products also use the XrossMediaBar , which is an award @-@ winning graphical user interface . A new touch screen @-@ based user interface called LiveArea was launched for the PlayStation Vita , which integrates social networking elements into the interface . Additionally , PlayStation 2 and original PlayStation 3 consoles also featured support for Linux @-@ based operating systems , though this has since been discontinued . The series has also been known for its numerous marketing campaigns , the latest of which being the " Greatness Awaits " commercials in the United States .
The series also has a strong line @-@ up of first @-@ party titles due to Sony Interactive Entertainment Worldwide Studios , a group of fifteen first @-@ party developers owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment which are dedicated to developing first @-@ party games for the series . In addition , the series features various budget re @-@ releases of titles by Sony with different names for each region ; these include the Greatest Hits , Platinum , Essentials , Favorites ( this in Latin America ) and The Best ranges of titles .
= = History = =
= = = Origins = = =
PlayStation was the brainchild of Ken Kutaragi , a Sony executive who had just finished managing one of the company 's hardware engineering divisions at that time and would later be dubbed as " The Father of the PlayStation " .
The console 's origins date back to 1988 where it was originally a joint project between Nintendo and Sony to create a CD @-@ ROM for the Super Famicom . Although Nintendo denied the existence of the Sony deal as late as March 1991 , Sony revealed a Super Famicom with a built @-@ in CD @-@ ROM drive , that incorporated Green Book technology or CD @-@ i , called " Play Station " ( also known as SNES @-@ CD ) at the Consumer Electronics Show in June 1991 . However , a day after the announcement at CES , Nintendo announced that it would be breaking its partnership with Sony , opting to go with Philips instead but using the same technology . The deal was broken by Nintendo after they were unable to come to an agreement on how revenue would be split between the two companies . The breaking of the partnership infuriated Sony President Norio Ohga , who responded by appointing Kutaragi with the responsibility of developing the PlayStation project to rival Nintendo .
At that time , negotiations were still on @-@ going between Nintendo and Sony , with Nintendo offering Sony a " non @-@ gaming role " regarding their new partnership with Philips . This proposal was swiftly rejected by Kutaragi who was facing increasing criticism over his work with regard to entering the video game industry from within Sony . Negotiations officially ended in May 1992 and in order to decide the fate of the PlayStation project , a meeting was held in June 1992 , consisting of Sony President Ohga , PlayStation Head Kutaragi and several senior members of Sony 's board . At the meeting , Kutaragi unveiled a proprietary CD @-@ ROM @-@ based system he had been working on which involved playing video games with 3D graphics to the board . Eventually , Sony President Ohga decided to retain the project after being reminded by Kutaragi of the humiliation he suffered from Nintendo . Nevertheless , due to strong opposition from a majority present at the meeting as well as widespread internal opposition to the project by the older generation of Sony executives , Kutaragi and his team had to be shifted from Sony 's headquarters to Sony Music , a completely separate financial entity owned by Sony , so as to retain the project and maintain relationships with Philips for the MMCD development project ( which helped lead to the creation of the DVD ) .
According to SCE 's producer Ryoji Akagawa and chairman Shigeo Maruyama , there was uncertainty over whether the console should primarily focus on 2D sprite graphics or 3D polygon graphics . It was only after witnessing the success of Sega 's Virtua Fighter in Japanese arcades that " the direction of the PlayStation became instantly clear " and 3D polygon graphics became the console 's primary focus .
= = = Formation of Sony Computer Entertainment = = =
At Sony Music , Kutaragi worked closely with Shigeo Maruyama , the CEO of Sony Music , and with Akira Sato to form Sony Computer Entertainment , Inc . ( SCEI ) on November 16 , 1993 . A building block of SCEI was its initial partnership with Sony Music which helped SCEI attract creative talent to the company as well as assist SCEI in manufacturing , marketing and producing discs , something that Sony Music had been doing with Music Discs . The final two key members of SCEI were Terry Tokunaka , the President of SCEI from Sony 's headquarters , and Olaf Olafsson . Olafsson was CEO and president of New York @-@ based Sony Interactive Entertainment which was the mother company for the 1994 @-@ founded Sony Computer Entertainment of America ( SCEA ) .
The PlayStation project , SCEI 's first official project , was finally given the green light by Sony executives in 1993 after a few years of development . Also in 1993 , Phil Harrison , who would later become President of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios , was recruited into SCEI to attract developers and publishers to produce games for their new PlayStation platform .
After a demonstration of Sony 's distribution plan as well as tech demos of its new console to game publishers and developers in a hotel in Tokyo in 1994 , numerous developers began to approach PlayStation . Two of whom later became major partners were Electronic Arts in the West and Namco in Japan . One of the factors which attracted developers to the platform was the use of a 3D @-@ capable , CD @-@ ROM @-@ based console which was much cheaper and easier to manufacture for in comparison to Nintendo 's rival console , which used cartridge systems . The project eventually hit Japanese stores in December 1994 and gained massive sales due to its lower price point than its competitor , the Sega Saturn . Popularity of the console spread after its release worldwide in North America and Europe .
= = Home consoles = =
= = = PlayStation = = =
The original PlayStation , released on December 3 , 1994 , was the first of the ubiquitous PlayStation series of console and hand @-@ held game devices . It has included successor consoles and upgrades including the Net Yaroze ( a special black PlayStation with tools and instructions to program PlayStation games and applications ) , " PSone " ( a smaller version of the original ) and the PocketStation ( a handheld which enhances PlayStation games and also acts as a memory card ) . It was part of the fifth generation of video game consoles competing against the Sega Saturn and the Nintendo 64 . By December 2003 , the PlayStation and PSone had shipped a combined total of 102 @.@ 49 million units , eventually becoming the first video game console to sell 120 million units .
= = = = PSone = = = =
Released on July 7 , 2000 , concurrently with its successor the PlayStation 2 , the PSone was a considerably smaller , redesigned version of the original PlayStation video game console . The PSone went on to outsell all @-@ other consoles , including its successor , throughout the remainder of the year . It featured two main changes from its predecessor , the first being a cosmetic change to the console and the second being the home menu 's Graphical User Interface ; a variation of the GUI previously used only on PAL consoles up to that point .
= = = PlayStation 2 = = =
Released in 2000 , 15 months after the Dreamcast and a year before its other competitors , the Xbox and the Nintendo GameCube , the PlayStation 2 is part of the sixth generation of video game consoles , and is backwards @-@ compatible with most original PlayStation games . Like its predecessor , it has received a slimmer redesign , and was also released built into the PSX DVR and the Sony BRA
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
a North American release on the basis that it would not sell . Around Mother 3 's 2006 release , Itoi stated that he had no plans to make Mother 4 , which he has reaffirmed repeatedly . IGN described the series as neglected by Nintendo in North America , as Mother 1 , Mother 1 + 2 , and Mother 3 were not released outside Japan . Despite this , Ness ' recurrence in the Super Smash Bros. series signaled favorable odds for the future of the Mother series .
At the outset of the Wii 's Virtual Console platform in 2006 , IGN rated EarthBound as having a " very high " probability of a release on the digital distribution platform , adding that " Nintendo is listening " . Though the game was rated the most desired Virtual Console release in a Nintendo Power poll , rated for release by the ESRB , and able to be published with little effort , the Wii version did not materialize . The game was commonly believed to be withheld from rerelease due to music licensing concerns , and the Starmen.net community was told that " undisclosed legal hangups " were preventing the release . English localizer Marcus Lindblom instead hypothesized that Nintendo did not realize the magnitude of the game 's popular support and did not consider it a priority project . In 2008 , Nintendo removed the game 's demo from the Masterpieces collection of the North American release of Super Smash Bros. Brawl .
At the end of 2012 , Itoi announced that the rerelease was moving forward , and a January 2013 Nintendo Direct presentation announced the Japanese rerelease for the Wii U Virtual Console as part of a celebration of anniversaries of the NES and Mother 2 . Following the Japanese March 20 , 2013 release and citing fan interest on Nintendo 's Miiverse social platform , company president Satoru Iwata announced a North American and European release of EarthBound , which was released July 18 , 2013 alongside a digitized and free online version of the game 's original Player 's Guide . The game was a " top @-@ seller " on the Wii U Virtual Console . Kotaku users and first @-@ time EarthBound players had an " overwhelmingly positive " response to the game . Simon Parkin wrote that the game 's rerelease was a " momentous occasion " as the return of " one of Nintendo 's few remaining lost classics " after 20 years . EarthBound was later released as a Virtual Console title on the New Nintendo 3DS on March 3 , 2016 in Europe , and on March 24 , 2016 in North America .
= Darvin Moon =
Darvin Moon ( born October 1 , 1963 ) is an American self @-@ employed logger and amateur poker player who was the runner @-@ up of the 2009 World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) US $ 10 @,@ 000 no @-@ limit Texas hold 'em main event . It was his first time playing in the World Series of Poker . Moon , who taught himself how to play poker , ran a small logging company in the Maryland Panhandle before earning a 2009 World Series seat by winning a $ 130 satellite tournament .
Moon earned the chip lead early in the tournament , and eventually entered the final table as the chip leader , with about 30 percent of the chips in play . Although Moon briefly lost the lead , he eventually regained it after eliminating veteran players like Steve Begleiter and Phil Ivey . Moon ultimately lost heads up against Joe Cada , earning Moon US $ 5 @.@ 18 million for his second @-@ place finish .
Although some criticized his playing style and lack of experience , Moon was also praised for his working stiff personality and self @-@ deprecating manner . Moon participated in the 2010 National Heads @-@ Up Poker Championship , but lost in the second round to Annie Duke . He also competed in the 2010 World Series of Poker main event , but was eliminated on the second day .
= = Early life = =
Darvin Moon lives in the western Maryland town of Oakland , at the foot of Backbone Mountain . Prior to entering the World Series of Poker , Moon lived in a 14 by 70 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 by 21 @.@ 3 m ) trailer with his wife , Wendy . Moon owns and operates a small logging company with other family members . Most of his days were spent in pine forests scattered throughout the Maryland Panhandle . Moon taught himself how to play poker , and he first started playing with his grandfather at a young age . He started playing frequently around 2006 and studied the game by watching televised poker . Moon regularly played home games at such places as fire departments , Elks Lodges and American Legion buildings .
= = 2009 WSOP = =
Darvin Moon earned his seat in the 2009 World Series of Poker no @-@ limit Texas hold 'em main event by winning a $ 130 satellite tournament at the Wheeling Island Casino in Wheeling , West Virginia . He lost two Wheeling Island tournaments before finishing in first place on his third attempt , winning a $ 10 @,@ 000 main event seat and $ 6 @,@ 000 for expenses . The event marked Moon ’ s first time playing in the WSOP , as well as visiting Las Vegas , Nevada and riding in a commercial plane . Due to the poor economy 's impact on the logging business , Moon considered keeping the $ 10 @,@ 000 instead of entering the tournament , but decided to play after visiting the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino and watching World Series games there .
On the first day of the tournament , Moon was dealt pocket aces six times and got three @-@ of @-@ a @-@ kind on the flop three times . He performed well on the first day and continued a successful streak throughout the tournament , although he himself proclaimed it was luck . He eliminated several professional poker players during the tournament , including David Benyamine . He eventually obtained the chip lead and kept it until the seventh day of play . At that time he fell to tenth place , but won a few big hands to recover and ended the day back in the lead . He eliminated Billy Kopp in one of the biggest hands in the tournament when his Q ♦ J ♦ led to a higher flush than Kopp 's 5 ♦ 3 ♦ . Moon entered the final table as the chip leader , holding 58 @.@ 6 million chips , or about 30 percent of the chips in play .
During the final table , Moon eliminated Steve Begleiter and seasoned pro Phil Ivey . In both cases , Moon was behind but caught cards to win ; Ivey lost with A @-@ K to Moon 's A @-@ Q when a queen came up on the flop , and Begleiter 's pocket queens lost to Moon 's A @-@ Q when he caught an ace on the river . Moon lost the chip lead during the November Nine game , but his knockout win against Begleiter brought him back into the chip lead with 63 @.@ 9 million chips . He made it to the final two players and went heads up against Joe Cada , with Moon at 58 @.@ 85 million and Cada at 135 @.@ 95 million . Moon briefly recovered the chip lead from Cada , but lost it during the 79th heads @-@ up hand , where Cada bet 3 million chips with his J @-@ 9 on a 10 @-@ 5 @-@ 9 @-@ 10 turn after the flop was checked , Moon check @-@ raised all in with 8 @-@ 7 . Cada called with his remaining 58 million chips , won the hand and regained the chip lead and the momentum for the duration of the match .
Commentators later criticized Moon for making such an expensive bluff for a small pot , and Moon seemed visibly disappointed after the game . Storms Reback , of All In Magazine , said the hand was a crucial moment for Moon , and that his fatigue from it may have resulted in a bad call at the final hand of the tournament . After 18 hours of play , Moon ended up finishing second against Cada when his Q ♦ J ♦ succumbed to Cada 's 9 ♦ 9 ♣ . He won $ 5 @,@ 182 @,@ 601 for his second @-@ place finish .
After the tournament ended , Moon was congratulated by professional poker player Phil Hellmuth , who said , " I 'm proud of you , Darvin . " Some were critical of both Moon and Cada . Mike Matusow , a professional poker player with a reputation for trash @-@ talking , called the heads @-@ up contest between the two " a new low for poker as a skilled game " . Storms Reback , of All In Magazine , said Moon was " out of his league " at the tournament , and made a number of questionable calls and bets . As an example , Reback cited a hand in which Moon attempted to bluff by re @-@ raising a bet by Begleiter for 15 million chips , then folding when Begleiter went all in for an additional 6 million , even though Moon was getting better than 7 @-@ to @-@ 1 odds on his money . Moon said he planned to spend some of his World Series winnings on putting relatives through college and charitable contributions to his home town , including a new youth ball field and recreation center . Moon said of his victory , " We ain 't gonna change . The next time you see us , we 'll be wearing jeans and everything else , like we always have . "
= = Post @-@ WSOP poker career = =
Moon played few major poker games since the 2009 World Series of Poker , preferring instead to play local games among friends in the Oakland area . When asked how he had done in those games , Moon replied , " I 've done all right . I 've held my own . " Moon joined 63 other players in the 2010 National Heads @-@ Up Poker Championship at the Caesars Palace in Las Vegas . He paid the $ 20 @,@ 000 buy @-@ in from his personal funds . Moon was paired against online qualifier William Huntress in the first round of the tournament on March 5 . ESPN writer Gary Wise said Huntress stood " as good a chance of toppling an invited player as any qualifier ever has " , and questioned why Moon participated in the tournament given Moon 's past claims of disinterest in media exposure and sponsorship . However , PokerNews.com writer Mickey Doft predicted Moon would do well in the tournament due to his unpredictable play . Moon defeated Huntress when his K ♦ 10 ♣ held out against Huntress ' J ♣ 8 ♠ . The flop was A ♣ Q ♣ 4 ♣ , giving Huntress the better draw , but Moon won with king @-@ high when another club failed to come on the turn or river , advancing Moon to the second round . He lost in that round to Annie Duke , whose three Kings bested Moon 's two pair of Queens and Tens . Duke went on to win the tournament .
In August 2010 , Moon joined Chris Moneymaker and Jonathan Duhamel in hosting the Mega Stack Series XVII , a live poker tournament at Foxwoods Resort Casino that drew 2 @,@ 200 participants and had a total prize pool of more than $ 1 million . The next month , Moon entered the 2010 World Series of Poker no @-@ limit Texas hold @-@ em main event . Early in the tournament , Moon doubled up with pocket kings against a player with pocket jacks . He was eliminated on day two , however , after moving all in with 10 ♦ 9 ♦ on a 9 ♣ 4 ♣ 2 ♣ flop . His opponent had pocket aces , and Moon received no help with a K ♦ turn and 5 ♦ river . Leaving the poker room , he said to his wife , " At least the pressure 's off , honey . "
In 2011 , Moon accepted a deal to become Tour Ambassador for Heartland Poker Tour , wearing the patch of the nationally @-@ televised tour and playing in several HPT events . HPT President Todd Anderson of Moon : " Darvin is our kind of guy . He 's worked hard his entire life and now lives the dream that attracts so many to the game . " Moon became a fan favorite among HPT 's tour regulars when he declined an invitation for the November Nine taping in 2010 to play an HPT stop in Iowa . A last minute replacement for an ill Scotty Nguyen , Moon bonded with HPT ’ s crew and players . Moon said , " I 'm very comfortable with the HPT folks . They 're like family . "
= = Personality and style = =
Moon displayed what he described as a humble and self @-@ deprecating manner during the World Series of Poker , repeatedly acknowledging his lack of poker experience throughout the tournament , and often attributing his success to luck and a high number of strong cards , rather than talent . Moon adopted a phrase , " If I win , I win . If I lose , I lose , " which reflected his casual approach to the game . Moon also said one of his philosophies was , " Make the other guy pay to see the cards " , a strategy attributed to many re @-@ raises Moon made during the 2009 WSOP despite weak hands . Moon had almost no experience in heads @-@ up poker , which some commentators said factored into his loss against Cada in the final hours of the 2009 World Series . Many fans and commentators praised his working stiff style , with some dubbing him " Darvin Gump " , a reference to the underdog protagonist of the 1994 drama film , Forrest Gump . Moon has also been nicknamed the " Luddite Logger " because of his distaste for anything technological , including credit cards and online poker . Moon refused to sign a sponsorship deal with an Internet poker company during the 2009 tournament because he said he did not want to answer to anybody . Moon wore a New Orleans Saints hat throughout the tournament because , " I like cheering for the underdog . " Moon was invited to guest at the Saints games for their entire playoff run , and watched them win Super Bowl XLIV against the Indianapolis Colts in Miami .
= Synchrony ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Synchrony " is the nineteenth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It was written by Howard Gordon and David Greenwalt and directed by James Charleston . The episode aired in the United States on April 13 , 1997 on the Fox network . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Synchrony " earned a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 3 , being watched by 18 @.@ 09 million people upon its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed to positive reviews from television critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate a murder for which the suspect presents an incredible alibi — that the death was foretold by an old man able to see into the future . Upon investigating the case , the duo discover an increasingly bizarre series of events that leads Mulder to believe time travel is involved .
Gordon and Greenwalt wrote the episode after being inspired by an article in Scientific American about time travel and quantum physics . The idea of a scientist trying to stop the invention of something terrible was inspired by Manhattan Project physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer , who complained to Harry S. Truman about the 1945 atomic bombings of Japan .
= = Plot = =
In Cambridge , Massachusetts , MIT cryogenics researchers Jason Nichols ( Joseph Fuqua ) and Lucas Menand ( Jed Rees ) become embroiled in an argument as they walk down a city street . They are approached by an old man ( Michael Fairman ) , who warns Menand that he will be run over by a bus at 11 : 46 pm that evening , but Menand ignores him . After the man is arrested by campus security , his prophecy is proven true when Jason tries , but fails , to save Menand , who is promptly run over by a bus and killed at the exact time ( 11 : 46 pm ) .
Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) investigate the case , learning that Jason was taken into custody after the bus driver told police that he pushed Menand into the path of his vehicle . However , Jason tells authorities that he was trying to save Menand . The security guard who arrested the old man is found frozen to death after exposure to a chemical refrigerant . Mulder interviews Jason , who explains Menand threatened to go public with a claim that Jason had falsified data on a research paper .
The old man kills Dr. Yonechi ( Hiro Kanagawa ) , a Japanese researcher , by pricking him with a metallic stylus , introducing an unknown chemical into his body . The agents approach Nichols ' girlfriend and colleague , Lisa Ianelli ( Susan Lee Hoffman ) , who recognizes the chemical compound as a rapid freezing agent that Jason had been engineering for years . However , she claims that the compound has not yet been invented and that if Yonechi was injected with the chemical , he may not be dead . With Lisa 's help , Scully and a team of medical personnel successfully resuscitate Yonechi , only for his body temperature to rapidly increase until he bursts into flames . Police receive a tip that the old man is living at a nearby hotel . Inside the old man 's room , the agents discover a faded color photograph picturing Jason , Yonechi and Lisa toasting champagne glasses in the cryology lab . Mulder realizes from the picture that the old man is a time traveller who is attempting to alter that future , and that he is none other than Jason Nichols .
Lisa locates the elderly man and confronts him ; however , he injects her with the chemical after explaining that Lisa will be responsible for the coming future . Scully successfully resuscitates Lisa . Jason confronts his elderly self in the computer mainframe room at the cryogenic lab , where the old man has erased all of Jason 's files from the computer . The old man tells Jason that the success of their research made time travel possible , but also plunged the world into chaos . Jason lunges at the old man , choking him . Wrapping his arms around his younger self , the old man bursts into flames , and the fire consumes them both . Later , Lisa sets to work at the cryonics lab , attempting to reconstruct the chemical compound .
= = Development = =
After Howard Gordon and Chris Carter finished their work on " Unrequited " , Carter introduced Gordon to David Greenwalt , who had been added to The X @-@ Files producers , and asked the duo to create a script for an upcoming episode . Gordon and Greenwalt got together in Simi Valley and had difficulties in creating a good plot ; the one they initially worked with the most , involving a prisoner that gets free by changing his body with another man , was eventually discarded as Gordon felt it was too similar to other episodes written by him . Eventually the duo saw an article in Scientific American about time travel and decided to work with that , following the magazine 's reports that , while classical physics does not allow for temporal displacement to happen , quantum physics does allow for the possibility .
Gordon decided that to make " time travel in an X @-@ Files way " , the best way was with " a guy that turns out to be you " . He therefore added the plot about a regretful scientist trying to stop developments from ever occurring . The scientist 's character was inspired by a story Gordon heard about Manhattan Project physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer berating Harry S. Truman on the 1945 atomic bombings of Japan , and the writer wondered " What if Oppenheimer could go back to the past and ' uninvent ' the bomb ? " . Eventually Gordon and Greenwalt found another philosophical question that becomes Jason 's motivation to halt his own research — " Life itself is about the unknown and discovering what is in front of us . But if everyone , or maybe some people , knew what would happen , that would create a new set of horrors , and it would need to be stopped " . The script took over a week of writing , with sessions of 15 daily hours and the contributions of John Shiban , Frank Spotnitz and Ken Horton . Gordon was still reworking the teleplay the weekend before shooting began in Vancouver , including the removal of two " useless characters " that included a Stephen Hawking @-@ inspired scientist in a wheelchair . David Duchovny declared that a few scenes were created during production " because no one could know if the audience understood what was happening " .
Gordon stated that " In the end , I think it worked , but it 's getting there that 's really difficult . " The experience was hard enough for Gordon to consider giving up and not delivering the script at all , and he eventually swore he would never work with time travel again .
= = Reception = =
" Synchrony " originally aired on the Fox network on April 13 , 1997 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 3 , with an 18 share , meaning that roughly 11 @.@ 3 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 18 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 18 @.@ 01 million viewers .
The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen rated the episode a " B- " . Handlen considered that while " ' Synchrony ' has all the pieces of my favorite kind of episode , [ it ] doesn 't really work as well as it should " due to an emotional detachment that made him not care about the scientists and their story , and his finding Old Jason 's actions to be illogical . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave " Synchrony " two out of four stars , considering it a middling episode with some effective moments , but complaining about plot holes , " not particularly compelling " supporting characters , and feeling that time travel " takes away from the reality that is this show 's foundation " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode two and a half stars out of five , praising the " high concept that is told without pretension " . The two also called the episode " solid and watchable " despite flaws such as the underdevelopment of the script and not fully exploring the " concept with such potential " that is time travel .
= Old Trafford =
Old Trafford is a football stadium in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , and the home of Manchester United . With a capacity of 75 @,@ 635 , it is the largest club stadium of any football team in the United Kingdom , the third @-@ largest stadium and the second @-@ largest football stadium in the United Kingdom , and the eleventh @-@ largest in Europe . It is about 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 800 m ) from Old Trafford Cricket Ground and the adjacent tram stop .
Nicknamed " The Theatre of Dreams " by Bobby Charlton , Old Trafford has been United 's home ground since 1910 , although from 1941 to 1949 the club shared Maine Road with local rivals Manchester City as a result of Second World War bomb damage . Old Trafford underwent several expansions in the 1990s and 2000s , including the addition of extra tiers to the North , West and East Stands , almost returning the stadium to its original capacity of 80 @,@ 000 . Future expansion is likely to involve the addition of a second tier to the South Stand , which would raise the capacity to around 95 @,@ 000 . The stadium 's record attendance was recorded in 1939 , when 76 @,@ 962 spectators watched the FA Cup semi @-@ final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town .
Old Trafford has hosted FA Cup semi @-@ finals , England fixtures , matches at the 1966 World Cup and Euro 96 and the 2003 Champions League Final , as well as rugby league 's annual Super League Grand Final and the final of two Rugby League World Cups . It also hosted football matches at the 2012 Summer Olympics , including women 's international football for the first time in its history .
= = History = =
= = = Construction and early years = = =
Before 1902 , Manchester United were known as Newton Heath , during which time they first played their football matches at North Road and then Bank Street in Clayton . However , both grounds were blighted by wretched conditions , the pitches ranging from gravel to marsh , while Bank Street suffered from clouds of fumes from its neighbouring factories . Therefore , following the club 's rescue from near @-@ bankruptcy and renaming , the new chairman John Henry Davies decided in 1909 that the Bank Street ground was not fit for a team that had recently won the First Division and FA Cup , so he donated funds for the construction of a new stadium . Not one to spend money frivolously , Davies scouted around Manchester for an appropriate site , before settling on a patch of land adjacent to the Bridgewater Canal , just off the north end of the Warwick Road in Old Trafford .
Designed by Scottish architect Archibald Leitch , who designed several other stadia , the ground was originally designed with a capacity of 100 @,@ 000 spectators and featured seating in the south stand under cover , while the remaining three stands were left as terraces and uncovered . Including the purchase of the land , the construction of the stadium was originally to have cost £ 60 @,@ 000 all told . However , as costs began to rise , to reach the intended capacity would have cost an extra £ 30 @,@ 000 over the original estimate and , at the suggestion of club secretary J. J. Bentley , the capacity was reduced to approximately 80 @,@ 000 . Nevertheless , at a time when transfer fees were still around the £ 1 @,@ 000 mark , the cost of construction only served to reinforce the club 's " Moneybags United " epithet , with which they had been tarred since Davies had taken over as chairman .
In May 1908 , Archibald Leitch wrote to the Cheshire Lines Committee ( CLC ) – who had a rail depot adjacent to the proposed site for the football ground – in an attempt to persuade them to subsidise construction of the grandstand alongside the railway line . The subsidy would have come to the sum of £ 10 @,@ 000 , to be paid back at the rate of £ 2 @,@ 000 per annum for five years or half of the gate receipts for the grandstand each year until the loan was repaid . However , despite guarantees for the loan coming from the club itself and two local breweries , both chaired by club chairman John Henry Davies , the Cheshire Lines Committee turned the proposal down . The CLC had planned to build a new station adjacent to the new stadium , with the promise of an anticipated £ 2 @,@ 750 per annum in fares offsetting the £ 9 @,@ 800 cost of building the station . The station – Trafford Park – was eventually built , but further down the line than originally planned . The CLC later constructed a modest station with one timber @-@ built platform immediately adjacent to the stadium and this opened on 21 August 1935 . It was initially named United Football Ground , but was renamed Old Trafford Football Ground in early 1936 . It was served on match days only by a shuttle service of steam trains from Manchester Central railway station . It is currently known as Manchester United Football Ground .
Construction was carried out by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester and development was completed in late 1909 . The stadium hosted its inaugural game on 19 February 1910 , with United playing host to Liverpool . However , the home side were unable to provide their fans with a win to mark the occasion , as Liverpool won 4 – 3 . A journalist at the game reported the stadium as " the most handsomest [ sic ] , the most spacious and the most remarkable arena I have ever seen . As a football ground it is unrivalled in the world , it is an honour to Manchester and the home of a team who can do wonders when they are so disposed " .
Before the construction of Wembley Stadium in 1923 , the FA Cup Final was hosted by a number of different grounds around England including Old Trafford . The first of these was the 1911 FA Cup Final replay between Bradford City and Newcastle United , after the original tie at Crystal Palace finished as a no @-@ score draw after extra time . Bradford won 1 – 0 , the goal scored by Jimmy Speirs , in a match watched by 58 @,@ 000 people . The ground 's second FA Cup Final was the 1915 final between Sheffield United and Chelsea . Sheffield United won the match 3 – 0 in front of nearly 50 @,@ 000 spectators , most of whom were in the military , leading to the final being nicknamed " the Khaki Cup Final " . On 27 December 1920 , Old Trafford played host to its largest pre @-@ Second World War attendance for a United league match , as 70 @,@ 504 spectators watched the Red Devils lose 3 – 1 to Aston Villa . The ground hosted its first international football match later that decade , when England lost 1 – 0 to Scotland in front of 49 @,@ 429 spectators on 17 April 1926 . Unusually , the record attendance at Old Trafford is not for a Manchester United home game . Instead , on 25 March 1939 , 76 @,@ 962 people watched an FA Cup semi @-@ final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town .
= = = Wartime bombing = = =
In 1936 , as part of a £ 35 @,@ 000 refurbishment , an 80 @-@ yard @-@ long roof was added to the United Road stand ( now the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand ) for the first time , while roofs were added to the south corners in 1938 . Upon the outbreak of the Second World War , Old Trafford was requisitioned by the military to be used as a depot . Football continued to be played at the stadium , but a German bombing raid on Trafford Park on 22 December 1940 damaged the stadium to the extent that a Christmas day fixture against Stockport County had to be switched to Stockport 's ground . Football resumed at Old Trafford on 8 March 1941 , but another German raid on 11 March 1941 destroyed much of the stadium , notably the main stand ( now the South Stand ) , forcing the club 's operations to move to Cornbrook Cold Storage , owned by United chairman James W. Gibson . After pressure from Gibson , the War Damage Commission granted Manchester United £ 4 @,@ 800 to remove the debris and £ 17 @,@ 478 to rebuild the stands . During the reconstruction of the stadium , Manchester United played their " home " games at Maine Road , the home of their cross @-@ town rivals , Manchester City , at a cost of £ 5 @,@ 000 a year plus a percentage of the gate receipts . The club was now £ 15 @,@ 000 in debt , not helped by the rental of Maine Road , and the Labour MP for Stoke , Ellis Smith , petitioned the Government to increase the club 's compensation package , but it was in vain . Though Old Trafford was reopened , albeit without cover , in 1949 , it meant that a league game had not been played at the stadium for nearly 10 years . United 's first game back at Old Trafford was played on 24 August 1949 , as 41 @,@ 748 spectators witnessed a 3 – 0 victory over Bolton Wanderers .
= = = Completion of the master plan = = =
A roof was restored to the Main Stand by 1951 and , soon after , the three remaining stands were covered , the operation culminating with the addition of a roof to the Stretford End ( now the West Stand ) in 1959 . The club also invested £ 40 @,@ 000 in the installation of proper floodlighting , so that they would be able to use the stadium for the European games that were played in the late evening of weekdays , instead of having to play at Maine Road . In order to avoid obtrusive shadows being cast on the pitch , two sections of the Main Stand roof were cut away . The first match to be played under floodlights at Old Trafford was a First Division match between Manchester United and Bolton Wanderers on 25 March 1957 .
However , although the spectators would now be able to see the players at night , they still suffered from the problem of obstructed views caused by the pillars that supported the roofs . With the 1966 FIFA World Cup fast approaching , this prompted the United directors to completely redesign the United Road ( north ) stand . The old roof pillars were replaced in 1965 with modern @-@ style cantilevering on top of the roof , allowing every spectator a completely unobstructed view , while it was also expanded to hold 20 @,@ 000 spectators ( 10 @,@ 000 seated and 10 @,@ 000 standing in front ) at a cost of £ 350 @,@ 000 . The architects of the new stand , Mather and Nutter ( now Atherden Fuller ) , rearranged the organisation of the stand to have terracing at the front , a larger seated area towards the back , and the first private boxes at a British football ground . The east stand – the only remaining uncovered stand – was developed in the same style in 1973 . With the first two stands converted to cantilevers , the club 's owners devised a long @-@ term plan to do the same to the other two stands and convert the stadium into a bowl @-@ like arena . Such an undertaking would serve to increase the atmosphere within the ground by containing the crowd 's noise and focusing it onto the pitch , where the players would feel the full effects of a capacity crowd . Meanwhile , the stadium hosted its third FA Cup Final , hosting 62 @,@ 078 spectators for the replay of the 1970 final between Chelsea and Leeds United ; Chelsea won the match 2 – 1 . The ground also hosted the second leg of the 1968 Intercontinental Cup , which saw Estudiantes de La Plata win the cup after a 1 – 1 draw . The 1970s saw the dramatic rise of football hooliganism in Britain , and a knife @-@ throwing incident in 1971 forcing the club to erect the country 's first perimeter fence , restricting fans from the Old Trafford pitch .
1973 saw the completion of the roof around the circumference of the stadium , along with the addition of 5 @,@ 500 seats to the Scoreboard End and the replacement of the old manual scoreboard with an electronic one in the north @-@ east corner . Then , in 1975 , a £ 3 million expansion was begun , starting with the addition of the Executive Suite to the Main Stand . The suite 's restaurant overlooked the pitch , but the view was still obstructed by the roof pillars . Therefore , in kind with the roofs of the United Road Stand and the Scoreboard End , the Main Stand roof was replaced with a cantilever design . The Executive Suite and cantilever roof were then extended to the full length of the stand , allowing for the relocation of the club offices from the south @-@ east corner to the Main Stand . The south @-@ east quadrant was then removed and replaced in 1985 with a seated section bringing the total seating capacity of the stadium to 25 @,@ 686 ( 56 @,@ 385 overall ) . The completion of the cantilever roof around three sides of the stadium allowed for the replacement of the old floodlight pylons , and the attachment of a row of floodlights around the inner rim of the roof in 1987 .
= = = Conversion to all @-@ seater = = =
With every subsequent improvement made to the ground since the Second World War , the capacity steadily declined . By the 1980s , the capacity had dropped from the original 80 @,@ 000 to approximately 60 @,@ 000 . The capacity dropped still further in 1990 , when the Taylor Report recommended , and the government demanded that all First and Second Division stadia be converted to all @-@ seaters . This meant that £ 3 – 5 million plans to replace the Stretford End with a brand new stand with an all @-@ standing terrace at the front and a cantilever roof to link with the rest of the ground had to be drastically altered . This forced redevelopment , including the removal of the terraces at the front of the other three stands , not only increased the cost to around £ 10 million , but also reduced the capacity of Old Trafford to an all @-@ time low of around 44 @,@ 000 . In addition , the club was told in 1992 that they would only receive £ 1 @.@ 4 million of a possible £ 2 million from the Football Trust to be put towards work related to the Taylor Report .
The club 's resurgence in success and increase in popularity in the early 1990s ensured that further development would have to occur . In 1995 , the 30 @-@ year @-@ old North Stand was demolished and work quickly began on a new stand , to be ready in time for Old Trafford to host three group games , a quarter @-@ final and a semi @-@ final at Euro 96 . The club purchased the Trafford Park trading estate , a 20 @-@ acre ( 81 @,@ 000 m2 ) site on the other site of United Road , for £ 9 @.@ 2 million in March 1995 . Construction began in June 1995 and was completed by May 1996 , with the first two of the three phases of the stand opening during the season . Designed by Atherden Fuller , with Hilstone Laurie as project and construction managers and Campbell Reith Hill as structural engineers , the new three @-@ tiered stand cost a total of £ 18 @.@ 65 million to build and had a capacity of about 25 @,@ 500 , raising the capacity of the entire ground to more than 55 @,@ 000 . The cantilever roof would also be the largest in Europe , measuring 58 @.@ 5 m ( 192 ft ) from the back wall to the front edge . Further success over the next few years guaranteed yet more development . First , a second tier was added to the East Stand . Opened in January 2000 , the stadium 's capacity was temporarily increased to about 61 @,@ 000 until the opening of the West Stand 's second tier , which added yet another 7 @,@ 000 seats , bringing the capacity to 68 @,@ 217 . It was now not only the biggest club stadium in England but the biggest in all of the United Kingdom . Old Trafford hosted its first major European final three years later , playing host to the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final between Milan and Juventus .
From 2001 to 2007 , following the demolition of the old Wembley Stadium , the England national football team was forced to play its games elsewhere . During that time , the team toured the country , playing their matches at various grounds from Villa Park in Birmingham to St James ' Park in Newcastle . From 2003 to 2007 , Old Trafford hosted 12 of England 's 23 home matches , more than any other stadium . The latest international to be held at Old Trafford was England 's 1 – 0 loss to Spain on 7 February 2007 . The match was played in front of a crowd of 58 @,@ 207 .
= = = 2006 expansion = = =
Old Trafford 's most recent expansion , which took place between July 2005 and May 2006 , saw an increase of around 8 @,@ 000 seats with the addition of second tiers to both the north @-@ west and north @-@ east quadrants of the ground . Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006 , when an attendance of 69 @,@ 070 became a new Premier League record . The record continued to be pushed upwards before reaching its current peak on 31 March 2007 , when 76 @,@ 098 spectators saw United beat Blackburn Rovers 4 – 1 , meaning that just 114 seats ( 0 @.@ 15 % of the total capacity of 76 @,@ 212 ) were left unoccupied . In 2009 , a reorganisation of the seating in the stadium resulted in a reduction of the capacity by 255 to 75 @,@ 957 , meaning that the club 's home attendance record would stand at least until the next expansion .
Old Trafford celebrated its 100th anniversary on 19 February 2010 . In recognition of the occasion , Manchester United 's official website ran a feature in which a memorable moment from the stadium 's history was highlighted on each of the 100 days leading up to the anniversary . From these 100 moments , the top 10 were chosen by a panel including club statistician Cliff Butler , journalist David Meek , and former players Pat Crerand and Wilf McGuinness . At Old Trafford itself , an art competition was run for pupils from three local schools to create their own depictions of the stadium in the past , present and future . Winning paintings were put on permanent display on the concourse of the Old Trafford family stand , and the winners were presented with awards by artist Harold Riley on 22 February . An exhibition about the stadium at the club museum was opened by former goalkeeper Jack Crompton and chief executive David Gill on 19 February . The exhibition highlighted the history of the stadium and features memorabilia from its past , including a programme from the inaugural match and a 1 : 220 scale model hand @-@ built by model artist Peter Oldfield @-@ Edwards . Finally , at Manchester United 's home match against Fulham on 14 March , fans at the game received a replica copy of the programme from the first Old Trafford match , and half @-@ time saw relatives of the players who took part in the first game – as well as those of the club chairman John Henry Davies and stadium architect Archibald Leitch – taking part in the burial of a time capsule of Manchester United memorabilia near the centre tunnel . Only relatives of winger Billy Meredith , wing @-@ half Dick Duckworth and club secretary Ernest Mangnall could not be found .
Old Trafford was used as a venue for several matches in the football competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics . The stadium hosted five group games , a quarter @-@ final and a semi @-@ final in the men 's tournament , and one group game and a semi @-@ final in the women 's tournament , the first women 's international matches to be played there . Since 2006 , Old Trafford has also been used as the venue for Soccer Aid , a biennial charity match initially organised by singer Robbie Williams and actor Jonathan Wilkes ; however , in 2008 , the match was played at Wembley Stadium .
= = Structure and facilities = =
The Old Trafford pitch is surrounded by four covered all @-@ seater stands , officially known as the Sir Alex Ferguson ( North ) , East , Sir Bobby Charlton ( South ) and West Stands . Each stand has at least two tiers , with the exception of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , which only has one tier due to construction restrictions . The lower tier of each stand is split into Lower and Upper sections , the Lower sections having been converted from terracing in the early 1990s .
= = = Sir Alex Ferguson Stand = = =
The Sir Alex Ferguson Stand , formerly known as the United Road stand and the North Stand , runs over the top of United Road . The stand is three tiers tall , and can hold about 26 @,@ 000 spectators , the most of the four stands . It can also accommodate a few fans in executive boxes and hospitality suites . It opened in its current state in 1996 , having previously been a single @-@ tiered stand . As the ground 's main stand , it houses many of the ground 's more popular facilities , including the Red Café ( a Manchester United theme restaurant / bar ) and the Manchester United museum and trophy room . Originally opened in 1986 as the first of its kind in the world , the Manchester United museum was in the south @-@ east corner of the ground until it moved to the redeveloped North Stand in 1998 . The museum was opened by Pelé on 11 April 1998 , since when numbers of visitors have jumped from 192 @,@ 000 in 1998 to more than 300 @,@ 000 visitors in 2009 .
The North Stand was renamed as the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand on 5 November 2011 , in honour of Alex Ferguson 's 25 years as manager of the club . A 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) statue of Ferguson , sculpted by Philip Jackson , was erected outside the stand on 23 November 2012 in recognition of his status as Manchester United 's longest @-@ serving manager .
= = = Sir Bobby Charlton Stand = = =
Opposite the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand is the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , formerly Old Trafford 's main stand and previously known as the South Stand . Although only a single @-@ tiered stand , the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand contains most of the ground 's executive suites , and also plays host to any VIPs who may come to watch the match . Members of the media are seated in the middle of the Upper South Stand to give them the best view of the match . The television gantry is also in the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , so the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand is the one that gets shown on television least often . Television studios are located at either end of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , with the club 's in @-@ house television station , MUTV , in the East studio and other television stations , such as the BBC and Sky , in the West studio .
The dugout is in the centre of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , raised above pitch level to give the manager and his coaches an elevated view of the game . Each team 's dugout flanks the old players ' tunnel , which was used until 1993 . The old tunnel is the only remaining part of the original 1910 stadium , having survived the bombing that destroyed much of the stadium during the Second World War . On 6 February 2008 , the tunnel was renamed the Munich Tunnel , as a memorial for the 50th anniversary of the 1958 Munich air disaster . The current tunnel is in the South @-@ West corner of the ground , and doubles as an entrance for the emergency services . In the event that large vehicles require access , the seating above the tunnel can be raised by up to 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) . The tunnel leads up to the players ' dressing room , via the television interview area , and the players ' lounge .
On 3 April 2016 , the South Stand was renamed the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand before kick @-@ off of the Premier League home match against Everton , in honour of Manchester United legend Sir Bobby Charlton who made his Manchester United debut 60 years ago .
= = = West Stand = = =
Perhaps the best @-@ known stand at Old Trafford is the West Stand , also known as the Stretford End . Traditionally , the stand is where the hard @-@ core United fans are located , and also the ones who make the most noise . Originally designed to hold 20 @,@ 000 fans , the Stretford End was the last stand to be covered and also the last remaining all @-@ terraced stand at the ground before the forced upgrade to seating in the early 1990s . The reconstruction of the Stretford End , which took place during the 1992 – 93 season , was carried out by Alfred McAlpine . When the second tier was added to the Stretford End in 2000 , many fans from the old " K Stand " moved there , and decided to hang banners and flags from the barrier at the front of the tier . So ingrained in Manchester United culture is the Stretford End , that Denis Law was given the nickname " King of the Stretford End " , and there is now a statue of Law on the concourse of the stand 's upper tier .
= = = East Stand = = =
The East Stand at Old Trafford was the second to be converted to a cantilever roof , following the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand . It is also commonly referred to as the Scoreboard End , as it was the location of the scoreboard . The East Stand can currently hold nearly 12 @,@ 000 fans , and is the location of both the disabled fans section and the away section ; an experiment involving the relocation of away fans to the third tier of the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand was conducted during the 2011 – 12 season , but the results of the experiments could not be ascertained in time to make the move permanent for the 2012 – 13 season . The disabled section provides for up to 170 fans , with free seats for carers . Old Trafford was formerly divided into sections , with each section sequentially assigned a letter of the alphabet . Although every section had a letter , it is the K Stand that is the most commonly referred to today . The K Stand fans were renowned for their vocal support for the club , and a large array of chants and songs , though many of them have relocated to the second tier of the West Stand .
The East Stand has a tinted glass façade , behind which the club 's administrative centre is located . These offices are the home to the staff of Inside United , the official Manchester United magazine , the club 's official website , and its other administrative departments . Images and advertisements are often emblazoned on the front of the East Stand , most often advertising products and services provided by the club 's sponsors , though a tribute to the Busby Babes was displayed in February 2008 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Munich air disaster . Above the megastore is a statue of Sir Matt Busby , who was Manchester United 's longest @-@ serving manager until he was surpassed by Sir Alex Ferguson in 2010 . There is also a plaque dedicated to the victims of the Munich air disaster on the south end of the East Stand , while the Munich Clock is at the junction of the East and South Stands . On 29 May 2008 , to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Manchester United 's first European Cup title , a statue of the club 's " holy trinity " of George Best , Denis Law and Bobby Charlton , entitled " The United Trinity " , was unveiled across Sir Matt Busby Way from the East Stand , directly opposite the statue of Busby .
The Manchester United club shop has had six different locations since it was first opened . Originally , the shop was a small hut near to the railway line that runs alongside the ground . The shop was then moved along the length of the South Stand , stopping first opposite where away fans enter the ground , and then residing in the building that would later become the club 's merchandising office . A surge in the club 's popularity in the early 1990s led to another move , this time to the forecourt of the West Stand . With this move came a great expansion and the conversion from a small shop to a " megastore " . Alex Ferguson opened the new megastore on 3 December 1994 . The most recent moves came in the late 1990s , as the West Stand required room to expand to a second tier , and that meant the demolition of the megastore . The store was moved to a temporary site opposite the East Stand , before taking up a 17 @,@ 000 square feet ( 1 @,@ 600 m2 ) permanent residence in the ground floor of the expanded East Stand in 2000 . The floor space of the megastore was owned by United 's kit sponsors , Nike , who operated the store until the expiry of their sponsorship deal at the end of July 2015 , when ownership reverted to the club .
= = = Pitch and surroundings = = =
The pitch at the ground measures approximately 105 metres ( 115 yd ) long by 68 metres ( 74 yd ) wide , with a few metres of run @-@ off space on each side . The centre of the pitch is about nine inches higher than the edges , allowing surface water to run off more easily . As at many modern grounds , 10 inches ( 25 cm ) under the pitch is an underground heating system , composed of 23 miles ( 37 km ) of plastic pipes . Former club manager Alex Ferguson often requested that the pitch be relaid , most notably half @-@ way through the 1998 – 99 season , when the team won the Treble , at a cost of about £ 250 @,@ 000 each time . The grass at Old Trafford is watered regularly , though less on wet days , and mowed three times a week between April and November , and once a week from November to March .
In the mid @-@ 1980s , when Manchester United Football Club owned the Manchester Giants , Manchester 's basketball franchise , there were plans to build a 9 @,@ 000 @-@ seater indoor arena on the site of what is now Car Park E1 . However , the chairman at the time , Martin Edwards , did not have the funds to take on such a project , and the basketball franchise was eventually sold . In August 2009 , the car park became home to the Hublot clock tower , a 10 @-@ metre ( 32 ft 10 in ) -tall tower in the shape of the Hublot logo , which houses four 2 @-@ metre ( 6 ft 7 in ) -diameter clock faces , the largest ever made by the company .
The east side of the stadium is also the site of Hotel Football , a football @-@ themed hotel and fan clubhouse conceived by former Manchester United captain Gary Neville . The building is located on the east side of Sir Matt Busby Way and on the opposite side of the Bridgewater Canal from the stadium , and can accommodate up to 1 @,@ 500 supporters . It opened in the summer of 2015 . The venture is conducted separately from the club and was funded in part by proceeds from Neville 's testimonial match .
= = Future = =
In 2009 , it was reported that United continued to harbour plans to increase the capacity of the stadium further , with the next stage pointing to a redevelopment of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , which , unlike the rest of the stadium , remains single tier . A replication of the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand development and North @-@ East and North @-@ West Quadrants would see the stadium 's capacity rise to an estimated 95 @,@ 000 , which would give it a greater capacity than Wembley Stadium ( 90 @,@ 000 ) . Any such development is likely to cost around £ 100m , due to the proximity of the railway line that runs adjacent to the stadium , and the corresponding need to build over it and thus purchase up to 50 houses on the other side of the railway . Nevertheless , the Manchester United group property manager confirmed that expansion plans are in the pipeline – linked to profits made from the club 's property holdings around Manchester – saying " There is a strategic plan for the stadium ... It is not our intention to stand still " . One criticism of the plans , however , is that increasing the height of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand would further reduce the amount of light coming onto the pitch , which has caused problems in similarly large stadia – such as Wembley Stadium , the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and the San Siro ; according to Alex Ferguson , the developments on the other stands have already caused problems . It was also suggested that , should such an expansion take place , Old Trafford could be used instead of Wembley for big matches such as England internationals – in order to increase the ability of fans in the north of the country to watch England play ; and FA Cup semi @-@ finals – to maintain the prestige of the national stadium for the final .
In March 2016 ( ten years after the previous redevelopment ) , talk of the redevelopment of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand re @-@ emerged . The stadium 's provision for disabled fans is below standards required by regulations . Increasing capacity for disabled supporters is estimated to reduced overall capacity by 3 @,@ 000 . Five different solutions have been considered for the summer of 2017 . One option is to increase the capacity up to 80 @,@ 000 by adding a second tier to the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand , bringing it to a similar height to the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand opposite but without a third level . Replication of the corner stands on the other side of the stadium would further increase the stadium 's capacity to 88 @,@ 000 and increase the number of executive facilities . Housing on Railway Road and the railway line itself have previously impeded improvements to this stand but the demolition of housing and engineering advances mean that the additional tier could now be built at reduced cost .
= = Other uses = =
Old Trafford has also been used for purposes other than football . Before the Old Trafford football stadium was built , the site was used for games of shinty , the traditional game of the Scottish Highlands . During the First World War , the stadium was used by American soldiers for games of baseball . On 17 September 1981 , the North Section of cricket 's Lambert & Butler Floodlit Competition was played there ; in the semi @-@ finals , Nottinghamshire defeated Derbyshire and Lancashire beat Yorkshire , before Lancashire beat Nottinghamshire by 8 runs in the final to reach the national final , played between the other regional winners at Stamford Bridge the next day .
Old Trafford has played host to both codes of rugby football , although league is played there with greater regularity than union . The Super League grand final has been played at Old Trafford every year since the introduction of the playoff system in 1998 , and is set to continue to do so until 2017 ; the first rugby league match to be played at Old Trafford was held during the 1924 – 25 season , when a Lancashire representative side hosted the New Zealand national team , with Manchester United receiving 20 per cent of the gate receipts . The first league match to be held at Old Trafford came in November 1958 , with Salford playing against Leeds under floodlights in front of 8 @,@ 000 spectators .
The first rugby league Test match played at Old Trafford came in 1986 , when Australia beat Great Britain 38 – 16 in front of 50 @,@ 583 spectators in the first test of the 1986 Kangaroo tour . The 1989 World Club Challenge was played at Old Trafford on 4 October 1989 , with 30 @,@ 768 spectators watching Widnes beat the Canberra Raiders 30 – 18 . Old Trafford also hosted the second Great Britain vs Australia Ashes tests on both the 1990 and 1994 Kangaroo Tours . The stadium also hosted the semi @-@ final between England and Wales at the 1995 Rugby League World Cup ; England won 25 @-@ 10 in front of 30 @,@ 042 fans . The final rugby league international played at Old Trafford in the 1990s saw Great Britain record their only win over Australia at the ground in 1997 in the second test of the Super League Test series in front of 40 @,@ 324 fans .
When the Rugby League World Cup was hosted by Great Britain , Ireland and France in 2000 , Old Trafford was chosen as the venue for the final ; the match was contested by Australia and New Zealand , and resulted in a 40 – 12 win for Australia , watched by 44 @,@ 329 spectators . Old Trafford was also chosen to host the 2013 Rugby League World Cup Final . The game , played on 30 November , was won by Australia 34 – 2 over defending champions New Zealand , and attracted a crowd of 74 @,@ 468 , a world record for a rugby league international . During the game , Australia winger Brett Morris suffered a heavy crash into the advertising boards at the Stretford End , emphasising questions raised pre @-@ match over the safety of Old Trafford as a rugby league venue , in particular the short in @-@ goal areas and the slope around the perimeter .
Old Trafford hosted its first rugby union international in 1997 , when New Zealand defeated England 25 – 8 . A second match was played at Old Trafford on 6 June 2009 , when England beat Argentina 37 – 15 . The stadium was one of 12 confirmed venues set to host matches of the 2015 Rugby World Cup ; however , in April 2013 United pulled out of the contract over concerns about pitch quality and not wanting to compromise their relationship with the 13 @-@ man code . In October 1993 , a WBC – WBO Super @-@ Middleweight unification fight was held at the ground , with around 42 @,@ 000 people paying to watch WBO champion Chris Eubank fight WBC champion Nigel Benn .
Aside from sporting uses , several concerts have been played at Old Trafford , with such big names as Bon Jovi , Genesis , Bruce Springsteen , Status Quo , Rod Stewart and Simply Red playing . An edition of Songs of Praise was recorded there in September 1994 . Old Trafford is also regularly used for private functions , particularly weddings , Christmas parties and business conferences . The first wedding at the ground was held in the Premier Suite in February 1996 .
= = Records = =
The highest attendance recorded at Old Trafford was 76 @,@ 962 for an FA Cup semi @-@ final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town on 25 March 1939 . However , this was before the ground was converted to an all @-@ seater stadium , allowing many more people to fit into the stadium . Old Trafford 's record attendance as an all @-@ seater stadium currently stands at 76 @,@ 098 , set at a Premier League game between Manchester United and Blackburn Rovers on 31 March 2007 . This is also the Premier League 's record attendance . Old Trafford 's record attendance for a non @-@ competitive game is 74 @,@ 731 , set on 5 August 2011 for a pre @-@ season testimonial between Manchester United and New York Cosmos . The lowest recorded attendance at a competitive game at Old Trafford in the post @-@ War era was 11 @,@ 968 , as United beat Fulham 3 – 0 on 29 April 1950 . However , on 7 May 1921 , the ground hosted a Second Division match between Stockport County and Leicester City for which the official attendance was just 13 . This figure is slightly misleading as the ground also contained many of the 10 @,@ 000 spectators who had stayed behind after watching the match between Manchester United and Derby County earlier that day .
The highest average attendance at Old Trafford over a league season was 75 @,@ 826 , set in the 2006 – 07 season . The greatest total attendance at Old Trafford came two seasons later , as 2 @,@ 197 @,@ 429 people watched Manchester United win the Premier League for the third year in a row , the League Cup , and reach the final of the UEFA Champions League and the semi @-@ finals of the FA Cup . The lowest average attendance at Old Trafford came in the 1930 – 31 season , when an average of 11 @,@ 685 spectators watched each game .
= = Transport = =
Adjacent to the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand of the stadium is Manchester United Football Ground railway station . The station is between the Deansgate and Trafford Park stations on the Southern Route of Northern Rail 's Liverpool to Manchester line , and is only open on matchdays . The ground is also serviced by both the Altrincham , Eccles and East Didsbury lines of the Manchester Metrolink network , with the nearest stops being Exchange Quay at nearby Salford Quays , and Old Trafford , which it shares with the Old Trafford Cricket Ground . Both stops are a five @-@ minute walk from the football ground . There are plans for the Wharfside tram stop to be built on Trafford Wharf Road , which is within close proximity of the stadium . The stop will link the proposed Trafford Park Line to the existing Pomona station , on the Eccles – Piccadilly Line .
Buses 255 and 256 , which are run by Stagecoach Manchester and 263 , which is run by Arriva North West run from Piccadilly Gardens in Manchester to Chester Road , stopping near Sir Matt Busby Way , while Stagecoach 's 250 service stop outside Old Trafford on Wharfside Way and X50 service stops across from Old Trafford on Water 's Reach . There are also additional match buses on the 255 service , which run between Old Trafford and Manchester city centre . Other services that serve Old Trafford are Arriva 's 79 service ( Stretford – Swinton ) , which stops on Chester Road and 245 ( Altrincham – Exchange Quay ) , which stops on Trafford Wharf Road , plus First Greater Manchester service 53 ( Cheetham – Pendleton ) and Stagecoach 's 84 service ( Withington Hospital – Manchester ) , which stop at nearby Trafford Bar tram stop . Visitors to the ground travelling by car can park in any of the ground 's car parks , which are all within 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) of the stadium .
= Jonathon Band =
Admiral Sir Jonathon Band GCB , DL ( born 2 February 1950 ) was the First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff from 2006 to 2009 , the most senior serving officer in the Royal Navy . Before serving as First Sea Lord he was Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Fleet . Since becoming First Sea Lord , Band had been a firm advocate of the creation of new ships to meet new threats and maintain the status of the Royal Navy as one of the world 's leading naval forces .
= = Early life = =
Born the son of Victor and Muriel Band , Band attended two independent schools : Brambletye School , a preparatory school , in Ashurst Wood , West Sussex , and from the age of thirteen , Haileybury and Imperial Service College . He entered the Royal Navy in 1967 , before undertaking sea training in the Far East . He returned to the UK on an undergraduate programme and studied for three years at the University of Exeter , gaining a BA in 1972 .
= = Early naval career = =
After graduating from Exeter , Band served in junior officer appointments in HMS Lewiston and HMS Rothesay . He was confirmed in the rank of sub @-@ lieutenant on 1 September 1971 . In the mid 1970s , he undertook an exchange programme with the United States Navy and served on board the guided missile cruiser , USS Belknap , which is now no longer in service . He was promoted to lieutenant on 30 January 1974 . Following warfare training in 1976 and 1977 he served for two years as the principal warfare officer and operations officer on board the frigate HMS Eskimo . This appointment included deployments to the West Indies and South Atlantic .
From 1979 and 1981 he commanded the minesweeper HMS Soberton for nearly two years in the Fishery Protection Squadron around the British coast . Between 1981 and 1983 he also served as flag lieutenant to Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Fleet , a period where he was involved in the Falklands War . Promoted to the rank of commander on 30 June 1983 , he assumed command of the frigate HMS Phoebe . The frigate operated in NATO waters , at the time of the RN ’ s first operational experience with surface ship towed passive sonar . In 1985 he attended the Joint Services Defence College and was soon appointed to the Defence Staff in the Ministry of Defence in the Directorate of Defence Policy . Promoted to captain on 30 June 1988 , he left the Directorate of Policy and commanded HMS Norfolk . He was also responsible for helping re @-@ equip 9th Frigate Squadron , the first Type 23 frigate squadron .
In 1991 , he became the Assistant Director Navy Plans and Programmes in the Ministry of Defence , a period that saw the implementation of the “ Options for Change ” Review . In 1994 he was a member of the Defence Costs Study ( Front Line First ) Secretariat . He was appointed Aide @-@ de @-@ Camp to the Queen on 9 April 1995 . His last sea command was that of HMS Illustrious , the aircraft carrier , between 1995 and 1997 . The period included two operational deployments to the Adriatic in which he and Illustrious supported the intervention of the U.S. , the United Nations , and NATO operations in Bosnia .
In May 1997 he was elevated to flag rank and promoted to rear admiral . He returned to the Ministry of Defence as Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff . This appointment included the period of the Strategic Defence Review , in which he was heavily involved in the Royal Navy 's contributions to the review . He left this appointment in December 1999 and assumed the position of team leader of the Defence Education and Training Study in January 2000 with the rank of vice admiral .
= = Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Fleet = =
After a tour as Deputy Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Fleet from May 2001 , Band was promoted to full admiral and served as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Fleet , responsible for the preparation and operation of the ships , submarines and aircraft of the Royal Navy based at Northwood between August 2002 and November 2005 . In that post he was involved in the planning of the Iraq War and also had a NATO command as Commander Allied Maritime Component Command , Northwood . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 2002 New Year Honours .
In 2003 he spoke out for the crew of the HMS Turbulent , for their efforts on achieving the longest deployment time of a submarine . Turbulent was away for more than ten months and he stated " They are a huge credit . The submarine has done the equivalent of going twice around the world . " In March 2004 he spent several weeks touring naval facilities and ships in the Caribbean , including Antigua .
In the Trafalgar 200 celebrations , celebrating the British victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 , Band attended the ceremonies and the fleet review in the UK . In an interview , he stated :
Trafalgar 200 is important internationally . It celebrates the fact that mariners are a great club of people who have a joint respect for the sea . There is no greater connecting medium in the world than the ocean , and it unites us
= = First Sea Lord = =
In February 2006 Band took over the positions of First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff from Admiral Sir Alan West and in a press statement set out the Navy 's priorities in the 21st century . Upon taking up the post of First Sea Lord he became the professional head of the Royal Navy . Band is a proponent for the Sustained surface combatant capability and the creation of new ships to maintain the Royal Navy as one of the world 's leading navies . These include the new Type 45 destroyer and the Royal Navy CVF programme , designed to replace the UK 's current aircraft carriers .
In June 2006 he went on a fact finding and diplomatic mission to Pakistan where he met the head of the Pakistan Air Force , the head of the Pakistan Navy and the Army Chief of Staff . On the following day he met with the President of Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa . In November 2006 he attended a press conference on HMS Illustrious , which was moored in the River Thames at Greenwich . He announced that the 25th anniversary of the Falklands War would be commemorated across 8 @,@ 000 miles and four time zones – in London , Pangbourne and the Falkland Islands – from 14 to 17 June 2007 .
In February 2007 , at a journalists ' briefing , he warned that the Royal Navy needed another £ 1 billion to meet future foreign policy demands and appealed to the Government for additional funding , a third of the navy 's annual operating budget , to spend on building more modern ships . In a later interview with the Daily Telegraph he said that an increase of more than 30 per cent in the fleet 's day @-@ to @-@ day budget was necessary to pay for better sailors ' wages , the running of ships and improved accommodation . He threatened to resign as head of the navy if the Government failed to agree to pay for two new aircraft carriers – the Royal Navy CVF programme , which it had previously promised .
In May 2007 the Government gave the £ 3.9bn go @-@ ahead for the new aircraft carriers . Band said :
This is a significant decision to invest in the future , to be able to deliver air power around the world . I am entirely content that the country will get the navy it deserves ; a powerful navy for the future ; which is entirely right because we are a large player on the world scene .
In 2007 he was awarded an honorary degree in law from the University of Portsmouth . He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 2008 Birthday Honours and succeeded by Mark Stanhope as First Sea Lord on 21 July 2009 .
= = Later professional life = =
In early 2009 Band became a patron for the International Scott Centenary Expedition 2012 ; their aim is to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Scott 's race to the South Pole and the subsequent deaths of the polar party on the Ross Ice Shelf . He became a Deputy Lieutenant of Hampshire on 27 November 2009 and a non @-@ executive director of the cruise company , Carnival Corporation & plc , in April 2010 .
Band has also become a non @-@ executive director of the British arm of the American defense contractor Lockheed Martin who produce the F35 @-@ B aircraft which will be utilized on the new aircraft carriers . He is also a Younger Brother of Trinity House and a liveryman of the Shipwrights ' Company .
= = Personal life = =
In 1979 he married Sarah Asbury : they have two daughters and live in Southsea , Portsmouth .
= Arsenal Stadium =
Arsenal Stadium was a football stadium in Highbury , North London , which was previously the home ground of Arsenal Football Club between 6 September 1913 and 7 May 2006 . It was mainly known as " Highbury " due to its location and was given the affectionate nickname of the " Home of Football " by the club .
It was originally built in 1913 on the site of a local college 's recreation ground and was significantly redeveloped twice . The first reconstruction came in the 1930s from which the Art Deco East and West Stands date . There was a second development ; the first phase was completed in 1989 which added executive boxes to the Clock End , and afterward in 1993 a new North Bank Stand was constructed , both following the recommendations of the Taylor Report which replaced the terraces to make the stadium an all @-@ seater with four stands . However , further attempts to expand the stadium were blocked by the community , and the resulting reduction in capacity and matchday revenue eventually led to Arsenal opting to build a new stadium , to become known as the Emirates Stadium in nearby Islington . After the club moved to their new stadium upon the conclusion of the 2005 @-@ 06 season , Highbury was redeveloped as a residential development known as Highbury Square , with the Clock End and North Bank stands being demolished ; parts of the East and West Stands remained and were incorporated into the new development due to their listed status .
The stadium also hosted international matches – both for England and in the 1948 Summer Olympics – and FA Cup semi @-@ finals , as well as boxing , baseball and cricket matches . Its presence also led to the local London Underground station being renamed to Arsenal in 1932 , making it the only station on the Underground network to be named after a football club .
In addition to its architecture , the stadium was known for its small but immaculate pitch and for the famous clock which was positioned in the southern side of the ground since its introduction in 1930 .
= = History = =
The original stadium was built in 1913 , when Woolwich Arsenal moved from the Manor Ground in Plumstead , South East London to Highbury , leasing the recreation fields of St John 's College of Divinity for £ 20 @,@ 000 . The lease negotiation also agreed that no matches were to be played on " holy days " and that no " intoxicating liquor " would be sold at the stadium ; however , these stipulations were dropped within a year . The stadium was hurriedly built over the summer of that year , and was designed by Archibald Leitch , architect of many other football grounds of that era . It featured a single stand on the eastern side and the other three sides had banked terracing . The new stadium cost £ 125 @,@ 000 . It opened whilst not fully complete , with Arsenal 's first match of the 1913 – 14 season , a 2 – 1 Second Division win against Leicester Fosse on 6 September 1913 . Leicester 's Tommy Benfield scored the first goal at the new ground while George Jobey was the first Arsenal player to do so . Highbury hosted its first England match in 1920 .
The Australian rugby league team suffered the first loss of their 1921 – 22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain at Highbury to an English side 4 points to 5 before approximately 12 @,@ 000 spectators .
Arsenal bought the stadium site outright in 1925 , for £ 64 @,@ 000 .
No significant portion of Leitch 's original stadium remains today following a series of bold redevelopments during the 1930s . The idea was to create a ground for London that could capture the grandeur of Villa Park , home of Birmingham club Aston Villa . The Highbury project was ambitious in its scale and reach , the first stand completed being the West Stand , designed by Claude Waterlow Ferrier and William Binnie in the Art Deco style which opened in 1932 . On 5 November the same year the local Tube station was renamed from Gillespie Road to Arsenal . Leitch 's main stand was demolished to make way for a new East Stand , matching the West , in 1936 . The West Stand cost £ 45 @,@ 000 while the East Stand went far over budget and ended up costing £ 130 @,@ 000 , mainly thanks to the expense of the facade . The North Bank terrace was given a roof and the southern terrace had a clock fitted to its front , giving it the name the Clock End .
During the 1948 Summer Olympics , the stadium hosted the football preliminaries . For the next 50 years , the stadium changed little , although during the Second World War the North Bank terrace was bombed and had to be rebuilt ; the roof was not restored until 1956 . Floodlights were fitted in 1951 , with the first floodlit match being a friendly against Hapoel Tel Aviv on 19 September of that year . The floodlights that adorn Dalymount Park , once stood at the Arsenal stadium . They were shipped to Dublin in 1962 . The inaugural floodlit match saw Arsenal beat Bohemians 3 – 8 . Undersoil heating was added in 1964 . Unlike at many other grounds , Arsenal refused to install perimeter fencing , even at the height of hooliganism in the 1980s , which made it ineligible for use as an FA Cup semi @-@ final venue .
Before the Taylor report and the era of all @-@ seater stadiums in Britain , both the North Bank and Clock End consisted of terracing , and the stadium often saw crowds of up to 60 @,@ 000 or more ; its largest attendance was 73 @,@ 295 on 9 March 1935 when Arsenal played Sunderland in the First Division ; the game finished 0 – 0 . When the ground was initially constructed , it was to " accommodate 90 @,@ 000 spectators " .
The Clock End was redeveloped in 1988 / 89 with the addition of a roof and 48 executive boxes [ 4 ] , while seating was fitted into the remaining standing area in 1993 .
In the early 1990s , the Taylor report on the Hillsborough disaster was published , which recommended that football stadia become all @-@ seater . The North Bank , which had become home of Arsenal 's most passionate supporters , was demolished at the end of the 1991 – 92 season . During redevelopment , a giant mural of fans was placed behind the goal at that end , to give the illusion that the players were kicking towards a crowd rather than a construction site . The mural initially attracted criticism for its absence of black fans , which was quickly rectified . Populous ( then LOBB Partnership ) designed all @-@ seater two @-@ tier North Bank Stand , the last area of Highbury to be refurbished , which was opened in August 1993 at a cost of £ 20 million amid strong opposition from local residents . The new North Bank Stand contained a museum and a concourse with video arcades , bars , confectionery counters , souvenir shops and fast @-@ food stands . The old stand had received a fitting send off with a 5 – 1 defeat of Southampton , though the new stand had a less auspicious start , the first game being a surprise 0 – 3 defeat to Coventry City with all 3 goals coming from striker Micky Quinn . The first victory came 10 days later against Leeds United .
= = Structure = =
At the time of its closure , the stadium consisted of four separate all @-@ seater stands ; the pitch was aligned north @-@ south , with the North Bank Stand ( formerly the Laundry End ) and South Stand ( popularly known as the Clock End ) at the ends of the field . The East and West Stands ran alongside the pitch and are two of the few examples of British football stands designed in the Art Deco style . The East Stand incorporated the club 's offices and was well known for its marble halls ( though the floors were actually terrazzo ) which are often cited in media depictions of the stadium , and the facade that faces onto Avenell Road . The East Stand is considered architecturally significant enough to have been designated a Grade II listed building .
The stadium 's main entrances were on Gillespie Road , Avenell Road and Highbury Hill . When it closed , Highbury had a capacity of 38 @,@ 419 ( approximately 12 @,@ 500 in the North Bank , 11 @,@ 000 in the West Stand , 9 @,@ 000 in the East Stand and 6 @,@ 000 in the Clock End ) , all seated , and had Jumbotron screens in the south @-@ east and north @-@ west corners .
Arsenal Stadium was well known for its very small immaculately @-@ kept pitch , which measured only 109 × 73 yards ( 100 × 67 metres ) . Arsenal 's groundsmen , Steve Braddock and his successor Paul Burgess , have won the FA Premier League 's Groundsman of the Year award several times for their work on the stadium .
= = Closure and redevelopment = =
The post @-@ Taylor capacity of Highbury was limited to 38 @,@ 419 , while Arsenal 's success during the 1990s and 2000s meant that virtually every home match was filled to near capacity . Restrictions , such as the East Stand 's status as a listed building and the fact the stadium was surrounded on all sides by a residential area , made any future expansion of Highbury difficult and expensive , although the club 's directors would have liked to have kept Arsenal at a modernized and expanded Highbury . In October 2004 , it was confirmed that the new stadium would be called the Emirates Stadium as part of a sponsorship deal with Emirates Airlines .
In October 1998 , just after Arsenal started playing Champions League games at Wembley , the club made an unsuccessful bid to buy the stadium and make it their permanent home to share with the England national football team , although at the time Wembley was two years away from closure for a redevelopment which was not completed until more than six years later .
In November 1999 , Arsenal decided to leave Highbury and construct a new 60 @,@ 000 @-@ seat stadium in nearby Ashburton Grove , which opened in July 2006 . Arsenal 's offices were moved to a new building , Highbury House , which was named in commemoration of the former stadium .
For their final season at Highbury ( 2005 – 06 ) Arsenal ran a series of promotions honouring the stadium 's legacy . A commemorative logo was designed featuring the club 's traditional Art Deco crest from the 1930s , and the club 's history at Highbury was celebrated through a series of themed matchdays . On the field , Arsenal temporarily set aside their traditional red shirts with white sleeves for the season and adopted a solid redcurrant shirt , the colour they wore during their first season at Highbury in 1913 – 14 .
Arsenal 's final game at the stadium was their FA Premier League match on 7 May 2006 against Wigan Athletic , the last game of the season . The team needed to better the result of neighbours Tottenham Hotspur to again secure qualification for the Champions League . Having been 2 – 1 behind , a hat trick by captain and all @-@ time leading goal scorer Thierry Henry secured qualification , with Henry kneeling down to kiss the turf on scoring what proved to be the final goal seen at the stadium . The last goal scored in a regulation game at the stadium came in a Football Aid charity match when lifelong fan Alan Alger scored a penalty in the final minute of a fixture played on Thursday 8 June 2006 ( exactly one month and one day after Henry 's goal ) . After the stadium 's closure , Arsenal held an auction to sell off many of the stadium 's parts , including pieces of the pitch , the goalposts and former manager George Graham 's desk . Sale of the stadium 's seats had to be cancelled after it was found they contained trace amounts of the toxic metal cadmium .
As of 2010 , Arsenal Stadium was redeveloped and converted into flats in a project known as " Highbury Square " , a scheme that had 711 properties built on the site . The North Bank and Clock End stands were demolished . The exteriors of the listed Art Deco East Stand and the matching West Stand were preserved and incorporated into the new developments , while the rest of the stands ' structures were removed , and the pitch became a communal garden . In October 2005 the proposed flats went on sale ; as of May 2006 all properties in the North , East and West Stands had been taken .
Arsenal 's famous clock was moved from Highbury to the outer side of the new stadium , with a new larger version of the feature added inside the ground in August 2010 . At the same time as the unveiling of the new clock , the south stands at the venue were also renamed Clock End inline with the same name previously used at Highbury .
= = Other roles = =
As well as being home to Arsenal , it also hosted games as home stadium for England matches ; 12 internationals were played at Highbury from 1920 to 1961 , most of them being friendlies . These included both England 's first full home international against opposition outside of Great Britain and Ireland ( Belgium in 1923 ) , and the " Battle of Highbury " , England 's 3 – 2 win over World Champions Italy in 1934 , where a record seven Arsenal players started the match , the most players from a single club to play in an England fixture . Highbury was also used as a football venue for two matches in the 1948 London Olympics – a first @-@ round match and a quarter @-@ final . It was also provisionally named as one of London 's two host stadiums for the 1966 FIFA World Cup ( along with Wembley ) , but was eventually dropped with White City Stadium taking the role instead . By the time of Euro 96 , the pitch had been ruled too small for international football and the stadium would have been ineligible .
Highbury was the venue for twelve FA Cup semi @-@ finals as a neutral ground , the first in 1929 and the last in 1997 , although between 1984 and 1992 it was off the FA 's list of approved venues , after Arsenal 's refusal to install perimeter fencing following a pitch invasion by Everton fans during their semi @-@ final against Southampton . It also hosted the London XI 's home leg against Lausanne Sports in the 1955 – 58 Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup semi @-@ finals ; London won 2 – 0 on the night and 3 – 2 on aggregate .
Arsenal did not always play their home matches at Highbury in the 93 years they were based there . During the Second World War the stadium was used as an ARP station and was bombed ; Arsenal played their matches at White Hart Lane , home of North London rivals Tottenham Hotspur , until Highbury re @-@ opened in 1946 . More recently , Arsenal 's home UEFA Champions League matches in the 1998 – 99 and 1999 – 00 seasons were played at Wembley Stadium , as Highbury 's already limited capacity had to be reduced to accommodate advertising hoardings . Arsenal 's record at Wembley ( P6 W2 D1 L3 ) was relatively poor , and after two seasons the club switched back to playing at Highbury , not least because since Wembley closed for rebuilding in October 2000 , it would not have been able to host their 2000 – 01 campaign .
Highbury has also hosted several cricket games and also baseball matches involving American servicemen between 1916 and 1919 . It was the venue for the 1966 World Heavyweight boxing title bout between Henry Cooper and Muhammad Ali , which Ali won . It has featured on the silver screen as well , having been the backdrop for at least two movies : The Arsenal Stadium Mystery , and Fever Pitch .
= = Record scorelines = =
Arsenal 's biggest win at Highbury came on 9 January 1932 , with an 11 – 1 victory over Darwen in the FA Cup . Their biggest defeats were 0 – 5 losses to Huddersfield Town in the First Division on 14 February 1925 and against Chelsea in the League Cup on 11 November 1998 .
= = Final record of results = =
= = = Arsenal = = =
Arsenal 's complete competitive record at Highbury is as follows :
= = = England = = =
England 's record at Highbury is as follows :
= = = FA Cup semi @-@ finals = = =
FA Cup semi @-@ finals held at Highbury are listed below . Arsenal never played a semi @-@ final at their own stadium . Teams in bold went on to win the competition that year
= = In popular culture = =
In Charlie Higson 's post @-@ apocalyptic young adult horror novel The Enemy ( 2009 ) , nine @-@ year @-@ old " Small Sam " is kidnapped by a group of grownups and taken to a spectator box in which they have set up camp , in Arsenal Stadium , after a worldwide sickness has infected adults turning them into something akin to zombies . Sam ultimately escapes , only after setting his captors afire ( which ultimately sets the structure afire ) , and dodging various groups of adults scattered throughout the stadium structure and playing field .
= Rachel Bradley =
Rachel Louise Bradley is a fictional character portrayed by Helen Baxendale in the British comedy @-@ drama television series Cold Feet . Rachel is introduced in the pilot episode ( 1997 ) , where she begins a relationship with Adam Williams ( James Nesbitt ) . Their relationship has highs and lows throughout the series ; Rachel reveals a secret husband in the first series ( 1998 ) and has an abortion in the second ( 1999 ) , which supposedly prevents her from conceiving a child in the future . She and Adam marry in the third series ( 2000 ) and are surprised to discover that she is pregnant in the fourth ( 2001 ) . They both begin raising their child in the fifth series ( 2003 ) , but Rachel 's life is cut short when she is killed in a car crash .
The character was originally devised as " the fantasy girlfriend " , and was constructed as an amalgamation of writer Mike Bullen 's female friends . As the series was developed , input into Rachel 's storylines was provided by Cold Feet 's producers Andy Harries and Christine Langan ; Rachel and Adam attempt in vitro fertilisation in the third series , which Harries and his wife had also tried . It was originally planned for Rachel and Adam to adopt a child during the fourth series , but Helen Baxendale 's real @-@ life pregnancy meant the storyline had to be rewritten .
Both character and actress received mixed reviews from critics throughout the series ; Baxendale received the Best Actress award from the Broadcasting Press Guild for her portrayal of Rachel in the pilot and was nominated for a British Comedy Award . However , television reviewers criticised the character when the series began . Rachel 's diagnosis with Asherman 's syndrome in the fourth series drew criticism from the British Pregnancy Advisory Service , which had been consulted during the writing of the storyline . When the series ended , there was a 20 % increase in the number of people taking out life insurance policies with one provider , Tesco Personal Finance , which a spokesperson for the company attributed to Rachel 's premature death .
= = Creation and backstory = =
Rachel Bradley was devised by writer Mike Bullen as one of the two central characters in the pilot episode of Cold Feet , the other being Adam Williams . Bullen conceived her as " the fantasy girlfriend " by incorporating elements of a man 's perfect girlfriend , such as actress Cameron Diaz . He also incorporated elements of a female friend whom he had known since the age of four .
Helen Baxendale , then popularly known for her starring role as Dr Claire Maitland in the BBC medical drama Cardiac Arrest , became available halfway through the casting process of the pilot , and was invited to audition . Baxendale was initially reluctant to read for the role , as she believed that she would not be able to give a good comic performance . Executive producer Andy Harries persuaded her that she had already performed black comedy in Cardiac Arrest , and so would be well @-@ suited to the part of Rachel . Producer Christine Langan described Baxendale as " perfect for the idolized Rachel " and her reading with Nesbitt as having " unmistakable chemistry " . Hermione Norris also auditioned for the role , but Baxendale was eventually cast . By the time of the third series , Baxendale 's initial concerns had gone and she felt comfortable acting with the comic actors . Speaking retrospectively , she found Rachel difficult to play :
I was playing the nice girl . It 's really hard to play . All the other characters came from somebody and I said to Mike [ the writer ] , ' Where do I come from ? ' And he said , ' You were the fantasy girl . ' I found it hard to make anything of that . In the end I felt the only thing I could do was to make it as hyper real as I could . I 'm not a natural comedienne .
The character 's backstory is presented in Cold Feet : A Man 's / Woman 's Guide to Life , which was compiled by Jonathan Rice from Mike Bullen 's scripts . Rachel read French at the University of Manchester , then spent a season working as a chalet girl in the French Alps . There she met Karen ( Hermione Norris ) who became her best friend . When both returned to England , Karen married David Marsden ( Robert Bathurst ) and Rachel began a career in the advertising industry .
= = Character arc = =
= = = Relationship with Adam = = =
At the beginning of the pilot episode , Rachel is dumped by her boyfriend Simon Atkinson ( Stephen Mapes ) , who has recently taken a job in Hong Kong and does not want to " burden " Rachel with deciding whether to emigrate with him . Shortly afterwards , her car collides with that of Adam Williams on a supermarket car park . The two get into a row over whose fault the crash was and he smoothes things over by giving him her phone number , ostensibly in case there is a problem with the insurance . She writes her number in the muck on his rear windscreen but it later washes off in the rain . Some time later , Rachel 's friend Karen advises her to call Adam and go on a date with him . Their first date does not go well , but they see each other again . Three months later , they row , and Rachel gets back together with Simon , who has returned to Hong Kong . Adam wins her back by serenading her while wearing nothing but a rose between his buttocks .
The first series begins nine months later . Rachel and Adam move into their first house together . He is horrified to discover that she has been married for over six years . She contacts her husband Kris Bumstead ( Lennie James ) and after briefly considering going back to him and dumping Adam , she gets the divorce . After a misunderstanding with Karen , Rachel worries that Adam has stopped finding her sexually attractive , and they agree to indulge in each other 's sexual fantasies . Rachel shares her with Adam : to have sex in a shop window . Adam arranges to get the keys to a shop , and he and Rachel act out her fantasy , though are arrested when a ramraider leads the police to them .
In Series 1 , Episode 6 , Rachel reveals to Karen that she is pregnant , but is unsure whether the father is Adam or Kris , whom she had sex with while he was in Manchester . She devastates Adam by first turning down his proposal of marriage , after he believes he is the father of the child , and then by leaving Manchester on a train . Adam arrives at the station shortly before her train leaves and pledges to love the child regardless of who it 's father is . Rachel demonstrates that he does not mean it , and the train departs for London .
= = = Abortion and infertility = = =
Six months later , Rachel returns to Manchester , and moves into Karen and David 's spare room . After Pete spots her at the supermarket , Adam prepares for what he thinks will be her homecoming with his child . Instead , Rachel reveals that she had the pregnancy terminated , unable to cope with not knowing whether the father was Adam or Kris . The abortion story was devised to avoid having all three couples in the series having children . Bullen and the executive producers Andy Harries and Christine Langan all agreed that having Rachel suffer a miscarriage would be a " cop out " but they split on whether she should terminate the pregnancy ; Harries worried about the effect it would have on the character within the narrative , and what the audience would think of her , while Langan convinced him that it would be braver and more realistic for the character to go through with it .
Rachel ponders whether to get back together with Adam but is left humiliated when she arrives at his house in the middle of the night and finds him apparently in the middle of an orgy with his new girlfriend Amy ( Rosie Cavaliero ) and lodger " Rachel 2 " ( Rachel Fielding ) . She resolves to get her old job back , and starts dating a co @-@ worker , the much younger Danny Burke ( Hugh Dancy ) . After a short fling , she dumps Danny and agrees to be friends with Adam , even accompanying him to his school reunion . She then has a brief flirtation with David 's younger wayward brother Nick Marsden ( Stephen Moyer ) before getting back together with Adam after learning he has had treatment for testicular cancer . On a trip away to Lindisfarne to see in the year 2000 , Rachel feels she is ready to put their past incidents behind her .
Now in a committed relationship , Rachel and Adam begin trying for a baby . The storyline was devised because Harries wanted Cold Feet to reflect relevant issues in contemporary society ; in vitro fertilisation featured heavily in the news during 2000 , and Harries felt that incorporating it into the series would help to raise awareness of it , as well as provide fodder for the characters ' story arcs . Rachel 's intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment incorporated aspects of the real life IVF treatment experienced by Harries and his wife Rebecca Frayn , and eminent fertility scientist Sammy Lee was consulted extensively throughout the development of the plot . After spending several thousand pounds on IVF treatment , Rachel 's doctor informs her that she is infertile due to Asherman 's syndrome , most likely caused by her abortion . Despite being unable to have children naturally , Rachel and Adam are determined to continue their relationship ; Adam proposes to her and they are married in a civil ceremony in Series 3 , Episode 8 . In the same episode , she is reunited with her estranged parents , Brian and Mary ( Paul Ridley and Sue Holderness ) . Before the episode , Rachel had not spoken to them for years ; her father because of his bigotry and abuse of her mother , and her mother for staying with him . She refuses to allow Paul to give her away , and instead asks David to , despite learning that he has been having an extra @-@ marital affair . At the reception , she inadvertently reveals to her parents that her sister , their other daughter Lucy , has come out as a lesbian .
= = = Son , death and funeral = = =
At the beginning of Series 4 , Rachel is broody and upset that she is infertile . She and Adam begin an application process for an adoption , and are soon paired up with eight @-@ year @-@ old Laura ( Katie Riddoch ) , the daughter of a drug addict . Adam and Laura bond at their first meeting at her foster home , and Adam and Rachel begin plans for her to move in with them . However , after a routine hospital appointment reveals that Rachel is four months pregnant , social worker Ruth Wylie ( Samantha Spiro ) retracts the adoption application , concerned about the effect a new baby will have on Laura if she moves in with Adam and Rachel . Adam and Rachel vow to take legal action against the adoption agency but change their minds after Laura 's foster mother Jean ( Jacqueline Pilton ) persuades them to think of the effect it will have on Laura . Reluctantly , Adam and Rachel walk away from the adoption and instead plan for their own baby . The original Series 4 story arc for Adam and Rachel was radically different , and had to be changed considerably after Helen Baxendale learned she was pregnant . Mike Bullen quipped at the time , " We 're looking at a number of ideas , including alien abduction " . Though heavily pregnant , Rachel 's doctor advises her that it is safe to fly to Australia for Pete and Jo 's ( John Thomson and Kimberley Joseph ) wedding in Series 4 , Episode 8 . On the day of the wedding ceremony , Rachel collapses outside the hotel , having gone into labour two months prematurely , and is rushed to hospital . She gives birth to a boy , whom she names Matthew Sydney Williams .
At the beginning of Series 5 , set three months after the birth , Rachel appears overprotective of Matthew ; she refuses to let Adam hold him and never lets him out of her sight . After Adam abruptly leaves Matthew 's naming ceremony , feeling unable to love his child because he is coming between him and his wife , Rachel reveals that the baby fell off the kitchen table when she left him unattended for a matter of seconds . Baxendale said of the story , " Rachel 's take on motherhood is quite real in my experience because she 's had such trouble conceiving for a start and then all the problems with the birth [ ... ] She becomes obsessed with the baby and excludes Adam from everything . They have to work hard to resolve their differences and there is a big transition . I can see why she behaves the way she does — you do become over @-@ protective with a baby . It 's amazing what your body does to you and the instincts that suddenly take over . Being a mum myself , I have got real empathy with Rachel . " However , Observer television reviewer Kathryn Flett criticised the plot as unrealistic :
As an obsessive new mother who has spent many an hour hovering over my son with a thermometer and a pre @-@ emptive bottle of Calpol , Rachel 's contention that she didn 't want to go out for dinner with Adam because she couldn 't bear to leave three @-@ month @-@ old Matthew in the care of their best friend 's children 's nanny was just one niggling implausibility too far . After three months of being on baby duty 24 hours a day , every woman I 've ever come across has , ordinary guilt aside , all but wept with joy at the prospect of a bowl of pasta and a glass of wine consumed somewhere other than Babyville . None of which would matter a jot , of course , had Cold Feet not been feted for reflecting the lives of its target audience .
After her revelation to Adam , Rachel is more willing to leave Matthew in some else 's care ; after her maternity leave ends and she returns to work , Adam looks after Matthew during his period of unemployment . When they discover their rented house is being put up for sale , Rachel and Adam find the perfect family home to buy . As Rachel drives to the auction , her car is hit by a highway maintenance truck . She is taken to hospital for emergency treatment but dies later that night . A church funeral service is held for her and her ashes are scattered in Portmeirion , the location being where Adam states Matthew was conceived . Although the character dies in the penultimate episode , Baxendale appears in the final episode as an apparition of Rachel . Baxendale believed the character was being punished by divine retribution for the " terrible sin " of terminating her pregnancy .
In 2011 , Baxendale told Digital Spy that she had been involved in discussions with Cold Feet 's creative staff about how to incorporate Rachel into a possible revival of the series .
= = Reception = =
For her performance in the pilot episode , Helen Baxendale was nominated for Top TV Comedy Actress at the British Comedy Awards 1997 . At the Broadcasting Press Guild Awards 1998 , she was presented with the Best Actress award , for her performance in Cold Feet and An Unsuitable Job for a Woman . Her portrayal received mixed reviews from television critics when the series began . In the Daily Record , Kathleen Morgan wrote that Baxendale had lost her edge since playing Dr Maitland in Cardiac Arrest ; " Instead of making a triumphant return to British television as a tough @-@ talking woman , she has been cast as another spineless character . " Sara Villiers wrote in The Scotsman , " Rachel is so unfeasibly bland and nice that she has consigned Baxendale to the title Most Irritating Woman on the Telly . "
The plot of Rachel 's infertility was analysed on an episode of BBC Radio 4 's Woman 's Hour . Ann Furedi of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service , which had supplied information to the writing team during the research stages , stated that there had not been a recorded case of Asherman 's syndrome in the United Kingdom since the second world war . Further to that , she stated that the consensus among medical groups was that there was no real direct link between abortions and infertility ; rather an untreated infection could increase the chances of fertility problems if it interfered with an abortion . Christine Geraghty , then senior lecturer in film and TV at Goldsmith 's College , countered that the factual accuracy of the storyline depended on how the producers wanted to portray the issue to viewers . Her opinion was backed up by an ITV statement , which said that " stories for Cold Feet are not just chosen in order to make people aware of the issues involved ; they 're also chosen for their dramatic potential and relevance to modern living " . Woman 's Hour presenter Jenni Murray developed the discussion in an article for The Guardian ; she mentioned that no impression was given that Rachel had suffered an incorrectly performed operation or had had to travel to eastern Europe for it , and that it was improbable that Rachel managed to conceive a child after all .
Critics were retrospective of both Rachel and of Baxendale 's performance when the series ended . In the New Statesman , Andrew Billen wrote that Rachel " was as near to a sex symbol as this comedy drama about six cold @-@ footed yuppies produced . She was also materialistic , unfaithful , self @-@ absorbed , tricky and had not the first clue about men [ ... ] Yet her death , caused by a moment of carelessness behind the wheel , was powerful and shocking , a tribute to the extent to which we have invested and believed in her . " Observer critic Kathryn Flett noted that Baxendale 's high @-@ profile role in Friends made her the " star " of Cold Feet in the first series , but both she and Rachel had been " eclipsed " by the other actors and characters by the time of the final series . Spectator critic Simon Hoggart wrote , " I wasn 't as sorry about poor old Rachel as I should have been . It was one of those deaths which makes you think , ' Oh , her poor baby boy , ' rather than ' Goodness , how we 'll miss her . ' " Hoggart attributed his ambivalence to Baxendale 's portrayal of the character as a " fraught , snippy " woman . Matt Greenhalgh , who co @-@ wrote the episode featuring Rachel 's death , called killing off the character " a privilege " .
Tesco Personal Finance recorded a 20 % increase in people taking out life insurance policies , which a spokesman attributed to the accident scenes being " portrayed in such a dramatic and realistic way " . Following the broadcast of the final episode , Portmeirion information services received 50 requests for wedding packs , at a time when three weddings a week were being held there .
The character 's death was and continues to be ranked in public polls of various opinions . It was voted Best Drama Moment on the BBC 's annual TV Moments broadcast in 2004 . The same year , a poll conducted for National Pub Week ranked the scene where a barman scoops some of Rachel 's ashes into a bucket the fifth best of various pub @-@ related television scenes . In 2008 , the death was ranked at number three in Sky One 's 50 Greatest TV Endings programme . In a 2010 public poll to promote Freeview HD , Rachel 's death was ranked as the seventh most emotional TV moment . In 2011 , Rachel 's wedding to Adam was placed at number nine in Channel 5 's Greatest TV Weddings programme . Colin McAllister opined that every woman 's heart broke when they married .
= Action of 7 May 1794 =
The Action of 7 May 1794 was a minor naval action fought between a British ship of the line and a French frigate early in the French Revolutionary Wars . The French Navy sought to disrupt British trade by intercepting and capturing merchant ships with roving frigates , a strategy countered by protecting British convoys with heavier warships , particularly in European waters . On 5 May 1794 , the British escorts of a convoy from Cork sighted two French ships approaching and gave chase . The ships , a frigate and a corvette , outmatched by their opponents , separated and the convoy escorts did likewise , each following one of the raiders on a separate course .
By the evening one of the French ships had successfully escaped , but the other was still under pursuit , Captain Charles Linois of Atalante attempting a number of tactics to drive off his opponent but without success . Eventually , after a chase lasting nearly two days , the French ship came within range of the much larger British 74 @-@ gun third rate HMS Swiftsure and despite a brave defence was soon forced to surrender after suffering more than 40 casualties . Although he had surrendered his ship , Linois was widely praised for his actions in defending his ship against such heavy odds .
In the aftermath of the engagement , a French battle squadron that formed part of the developing Atlantic campaign of May 1794 pursued both ships for the rest of the day ; their quarry eventually escaped after dark . Atalante was later taken into the Royal Navy as HMS Espion .
= = Background = =
The outbreak of war between Britain and France in the spring of 1793 came at a time of differing fortunes for the navies of the two countries . The Royal Navy had been at a state of heightened readiness since 1792 in preparation for the conflict , while the French Navy had still not recovered from the upheavals of the French Revolution , which had resulted in the collapse of the naval hierarchy and a dearth of experienced officers and seamen . French naval strategy early in the war was to send squadrons and light vessels to operate along British trade routes , in order to disrupt British mercantile operations . This resulted in Britain forming its merchant ships into convoys for mutual protection , escorted by warships while in European waters to defend against roving attacks by French ships .
By the spring of 1794 , France was in turmoil following the failure of the harvest , which threatened the country with starvation . In order to secure food supplies , France turned to its American colonies and the United States , which assembled a large grain convoy in Hampton Roads . To ensure the security of this convoy , the French Navy dispatched most of its Atlantic Fleet to sea during May 1794 , operating in a series of large squadrons , independent cruisers and one major fleet under Villaret de Joyeuse . On 5 May , two French ships operating independently , the 36 @-@ gun frigate Atalante under Captain Charles Linois and the corvette Levrette , spied a British convoy sailing south @-@ west , three days out from Cork , and closed to investigate .
= = Pursuit = =
The convoy that Linois had sighted was under the protection of two ships of the line , the Swiftsure under Captain Charles Boyles and the 64 @-@ gun HMS St Albans under Captain James Vashon . At 17 : 45 , with the French frigates closing from the west and aware that they could not defend the whole convoy without immediate direct action , Boyles turned Swiftsure and St Albans towards the newcomers , hoisting their colours and Swiftsure firing three shots in the direction of the larger ship , Atalante . Together the British ships hugely outweighed and outmatched the French vessels , and as soon as Linois realised his mistake he gave orders for his ships to turn and make all sail to escape pursuit , raising the French tricolour and firing his stern @-@ chasers , guns fitted in the rear of the ship , at his pursuers .
The French ships immediately separated . St Albans then followed Levrette while Swiftsure concentrated on Atalante . Throughout the rest of the evening the two chases continued . Then after darkness fell Levrette was able to outrun and escape from St Albans . Swiftsure however remained in touch with Atalante so that by 04 : 00 on 6 May the French frigate was approximately 2 @.@ 5 nautical miles ( 4 @.@ 6 km ) ahead of the ship of the line to the northwest , with the wind direction to the north @-@ northeast . For the entire following day Linois could not escape Boyles ' pursuit , and at 17 : 30 Swiftsure was close enough to open fire again , using the bow @-@ chasers for an hour and a half until Atalante once more pulled out of range . During the evening the French frigate was able to keep 2 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) in front of Swiftsure , but at midnight Linois switched his course to the south , hoping that the darkness would cloak the manoeuvre and that Atlante would be able to escape Boyles .
At 02 : 00 it became clear that Linois 's ploy had failed and that Swiftsure was still following Atalante . More importantly , the manoeuvre had severely slowed the frigate . Although Linois hauled closer to the wind , Boyles was able to come within range at 02 : 30 , firing his starboard guns into the smaller ship . Although his crew were exhausted by the extended chase Linois returned fire , the warships exchanging shot at long @-@ range and the frigate suffering far more serious damage during the brief engagement . By 03 : 25 Linois was forced to surrender , his ship 's rigging in tatters and casualties mounting among his crew . Boyles then provided a prize crew to the frigate and took most of the surviving French crew aboard his own ship as prisoners of war . Casualties on the French ship were heavy , with ten killed and 32 wounded from the 274 men aboard , compared to a single man lost on Swiftsure , which had also suffered some damage to its rigging .
= = Aftermath = =
Boyles was not long able to enjoy his victory undisturbed : at 10 : 00 on 7 May , shortly after the removal of the French prisoners had been completed , sails were spotted on the horizon . These were rapidly identified as three French ships of the line that were making all haste to intercept and capture Swiftsure and Atalante . These ships were part of a squadron under Contre @-@ Admiral Joseph @-@ Marie Nielly that had sailed from Rochefort the day before in search of the American grain convoy shortly due in European waters . Issuing rapid orders , Boyles instructed Atalante 's prize crew to separate their ship from Swiftsure in order to force the French to split their forces ; the frigate and the ship of the line fleeing on different courses . Atalante soon outran pursuit and escaped into the Atlantic , the prize crew even managing to replace the damaged main topsail in the midst of the chase with the assistance of the French prisoners on board . Swiftsure was slower but Boyles was still able to increase the distance between his vessel and the French during the day , finally losing sight of his pursuers at 22 : 00 .
Both ships arrived safely at Cork on 17 May , Rear @-@ Admiral Robert Kingsmill informing the Admiralty of the action by letter . Atalante subsequently served the Royal Navy as a 36 @-@ gun frigate under the name HMS Espion as there was already a ship named HMS Atalanta in service . For his lengthy and brave resistance , Linois was highly praised , particularly by the historian William James , who wrote in 1827 that Linois ' " endeavours . . . were highly meritorious " and considered that in an engagement against a British frigate " the Atalante , if conquered at all , would have been dearly purchased . " Shortly after his arrival in Britain , Linois was exchanged and returned to France .
= BBD ( song ) =
" BBD " ( Bad Bitches Doit ) is a song recorded by American rapper Azealia Banks for her debut studio album Broke with Expensive Taste ( 2014 ) . It was released as the first promotional single from the album on January 1 , 2013 . Production of the song was handled by Apple Juice Kid , with Sup Doodle providing co @-@ production for the track . Banks , Jonathan Harris and Kevin James all contributed to the song 's writing . Critical reception of the song was generally positive , with critics claiming the song to be the one of the first party anthems of the new year . Banks clarified on her Twitter account that " BBD " was not the first official single from Broke with Expensive Taste , writing " Y 'all know i love dropping songs tho ! Lol " .
= = Background = =
In 2011 , it was reported that Banks was working on her debut studio album with British producer Paul Epworth , despite not being signed to a record label at the time . In January 2012 , Banks signed a deal with Interscope and Polydor Records to work on new music , and a month later , she announced the title of the album to be Broke with Expensive Taste . Banks released " BBD " on New Year 's Day , premiering the song on her SoundCloud account , with it later being sent to radio the same month . The track was confirmed to be apart of Broke with Expensive Taste , when Banks posted the track listing of the album to her Instagram account . Approximately a year later , she handed a complete version of the album in to the labels , which included " BBD " . Banks initially thought it would receive favorable reception from the labels ; however , the representatives told Banks that she had not recorded a " hit " single for the album . Ultimately , Banks ended the record deal with Interscope and Polydor in July 2014 . She later approached Jeff Kwatinetz and signed a contract with his company , Prospect Park , which ultimately led to the long @-@ awaited release of Broke with Expensive Taste on November 7 , 2014 .
Throughout December 2014 , Banks released a series of videos in which she gave a track @-@ by @-@ track commentary for all of the songs from Broke with Expensive Taste , and revealed how each song came to be , dubbed the ' 16 Days of Azealia ' . During the commentary video for " BBD " , Banks described the song as " another one of those records " , going on to compare it to her earlier " rowdy " songs such as Fantasea 's " Fuck up the Fun " and " L8R " . She described the creation of the song as a process , summing it up in as " I was like , ok , I 'm gonna make a trap record " .
= = Composition = =
" BBD " is a hip @-@ hop song with heavy trap influences , that runs for a total duration of three minutes and eighteen seconds . Manny Faces from BirthPlace described the track as " a musically frantic , bass heavy stuttery @-@ snare Apple Juice Kid / Sup Doodle @-@ co @-@ production " , while one The Huffington Post writer described the song as " Chicago rave meets southern rap " . HipHopWired writer Kazeem Famuyide thought that the track was " EDM @-@ inspired " , which allowed Banks to " show off of her rapid @-@ fire flow " , whereas MTV writer Phillip Mlynar described the tracks instrumental as a " slinky bopping beat " . Genevieve Oliver from Pretty Much Amazing thought that the track " effortlessly amalgamates hip @-@ hop and dance trends ( a little trap @-@ y , a little rave @-@ y , Azealia said on Twitter ; not to mention the song 's title appears to reference Bell Biv Devoe ) with her own already @-@ classic rapid @-@ fire , sassy wordplay " . Maura Johnston from Pop Dust described the track as witch @-@ hop , calling the song " minimalist and dark " .
= = Critical reception = =
The song received general acclaim from critics . Manny Faces from BirthPlace cited the song as an improvement from her previous material , writing " It ’ s a little harder , a little less sloppy and a little more promising than some of her previous efforts , many of which have drowned in sonic experimentation that , in some opinions ( mine ) , haven ’ t done her any favors " . A writer for PAPER hailed the track as " [ The ] first 2013 party jam " , adding that the song " will jolt you awake this Wednesday morning more quickly than that venti coffee you 've been nursing since 9 am " . Rolling Stone writer Jody Rosen gave " BBD " three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , describing the song as " a typically fleet , flashy collection of disses and boasts that glory in estrogen power , Sapphic delights , and the fun of cuckolding stupid dudes " . Spin writer Marc Hogan thought that the track reflected well on Banks ' sense of style , writing " With the squiggly high @-@ end and wobbly sub @-@ bass of what we ’ re really calling trap @-@ rave now , huh , plus some masterfully timed quiet @-@ loud dynamic shifts , the track displays the virtuosically foul @-@ mouthed rapper ’ s usual immaculately stylish beat selection " .
= = Live performances = =
Banks first performed " BBD " at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival , on June 29 , 2013 . She later performed the track during her set at the 2013 Reading Festival , on August 25 , 2013 . One writer for NME deemed " BBD " to be a highlight of Banks ' set , citing its " explicit , bumping rhyme " . Banks also included " BBD " on the set list to her Broke with Expensive Taste World Tour ( 2014 – 15 ) . According to Dianca Potts , during Banks ' gig at the Irving Plaza , " ' BBD ' and ' Wallace ' were similarly received , the audience 's enthusiasm building as each second passed " . The track was also well received when performed in Europe , with The Independent writer David Pollock highlighting it as one of the best received numbers of the night , along with " No Problems " and " 212 " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from Broke with Expensive Taste liner notes .
= = = Credits = = =
" BBD " contains excerpts from " Swoop " , as originally performed by ETX ! ETC ! and Brillz .
" BBD " contains excerpts from " Trap Shit V9 " , as originally performed by UZ .
= = = Locations = = =
Recorded at Glenwood Place Studios ( Burbank , California )
Mixed at Germano Studios ( New York City , New York )
= = = Personnel = = =
Vocals – Azealia Banks
Songwriting – Azealia Banks , Jonathan Harris , Kevin James
Production – Apple Juice Kid
Co @-@ production – Sup Doodle
Engineering – Rick McRae
Recording – Rick McRae
Mixing – Rick McRae
= = Release history = =
= The Wild and the Innocent ( Millennium ) =
" ' The Wild and the Innocent " is the tenth episode of the first season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on January 10 , 1997 . The episode was written by Jorge Zamacona , and directed by Thomas J. Wright . " The Wild and the Innocent " featured guest appearances by Heather McComb and Jeffrey Donovan .
Forensic profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) , a member of the private investigative organisation Millennium Group , is following the trail of a murderous couple who are trying to track down a child that had been sold to another family .
" The Wild and the Innocent " makes reference to Ernest Renan , and featured several actors who would later appear in related series . The episode received mixed reviews , and has been compared to the works of Flannery O 'Connor and Cormac McCarthy .
= = Plot = =
Twenty @-@ year @-@ old Maddie Haskel ( Heather McComb ) , attends her mother 's funeral in Creve Coeur , Missouri , and returns to the family home afterwards . There , Jim Gilroy ( John Pyper @-@ Ferguson ) attempts to rape her , but he is beaten unconscious by Haskel 's boyfriend , Bobby Webber ( Jeffrey Donovan ) . Webber and Haskel drive off with Gilroy hostage in the boot of the car , but are later stopped by a state trooper . When the trooper notices noise coming from the car 's trunk , he is shot dead by Webber .
Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) , a member of the private investigative organization the Millennium Group , informs his friend and fellow Group member Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) about the Missouri shooting . Records for the car show it to be registered to Gilroy , but Watts points out that Gilroy is simply an alias , and the man is actually Jake Waterson , a serial rapist who murdered three women several years earlier before disappearing . Searching Waterson 's address — Haskel 's family home — for clues , Black and Watts find the word " angel " carved into a television , but do not know what it means . Black also views footage taken by the trooper 's dashboard camera , realizing that Waterson is not the shooter , but is unable to identify Webber .
Elsewhere , Webber savagely beats Waterson , repeatedly asking him " where is he ? " . Webber and Haskel then break into a farmhouse , confronting the family with the same question . When they do not answer , Webber kills them both before realizing that Waterson had given him the address as a decoy . Webber threatens to kill Waterson unless he tells him the truth . Waterson complies , but is locked in the car 's trunk again , and the car is pushed into a lake . Webber and Haskel steal the dead couple 's car , and drive off .
Waterson 's submerged car is recovered by police before he drowns , and he is charged with the earlier rapes and murders . However , he refuses to reveal anything about the state trooper 's shooting . Black reads several letters found in Haskel 's home , written to her father but never posted , and deduces that " Angel " is Haskel 's son . Waterson 's bank account reveals a $ 7 @,@ 000 deposit shortly after Angel 's birth — Black realizes that Waterson , who is Haskel 's stepfather , sold the child for the money . Investigating the records of the lawyer who brokered the sale reveals the identity of the child 's recipients , a Mr and Mrs Travis .
Meanwhile , Webber storms into the Travis ' house , demanding the child be returned . When Haskel takes hold of her son , he begins to cry , and she realizes he is already in a good home . She hands the child back over to Mrs Travis . However , Webber protests angrily , causing Haskel to snatch his gun from him , and shoot him dead . Black later visits Haskel in jail and comforts her , telling her she did the right thing .
= = Production = =
" The Wild and the Innocent " is the second episode of the series directed by Thomas J. Wright , who had previously helmed " Dead Letters " . Wright would go on to direct twenty @-@ six episodes across all three seasons , as well as directing " Millennium " , the series ' crossover episode with its sister show The X @-@ Files . The episode also marks the second contribution to the series from writer Jorge Zamacona , who had written the earlier " Kingdom Come " ; this would be the last Millennium episode penned by Zamacona .
The episode opens with a quote from the French philosopher Ernest Renan , taken from A Skeptic 's Prayer — " O Lord , if there is a Lord , save my soul , if I have a soul " . Guest star Steve Makaj , who played one of the state troopers in the episode , would have a minor recurring role in The X @-@ Files as assassin Scott Ostelhoff . Fellow guest actor John Pyper @-@ Ferguson would reappear in Millennium 's second season , playing an unrelated character in " Anamnesis " . Pyper @-@ Ferguson also appeared in " Leviathan " , an episode of Millennium creator Chris Carter 's next series , Harsh Realm .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" The Wild and the Innocent " was first broadcast on the Fox Network on January 10 , 1997 ; and earned a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 1 , meaning that roughly 7 @,@ 1 percent of all television @-@ equipped households were tuned in to the episode . The episode was watched by approximately 6 @.@ 9 million households .
" The Wild and the Innocent " received mixed reviews from critics . Writing for The A.V. Club , Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode a B
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
@ west . The most prominent decorative element inside is the hand graining detail on the wood surfaces . An elevated gallery lines the north wall facing the pews which are bisected by 3 ½ ft ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) tall , 5 in ( 13 cm ) wide beaded board partition . The pews , partition , door , and window trim are all hand grained . The interior walls are covered with 6 in ( 15 cm ) pine wainscotting . The original iron stoves have been replaced with oil @-@ burning stoves , set into the original flues .
The building is considered a fine example of traditional Quaker architecture because it contains all of the elements found in the typical meeting house . However , the building does have one major difference on its interior when compared with most meeting houses . Traditionally , Quaker meeting houses had two rooms , divided by a movable partition , termed " shutters , " meant to separate men from women during meetings ; these shutters are noticeably absent on the Benjaminville Meeting House . The members of the meeting at the Benjaminville Meeting House were among " pioneers " within the Society of Friends in that they were one of the first seven groups to allow men and women to meet as one group of Friends . The room inside the Benjaminville building was simply divided with a waist @-@ high partition as opposed to the movable wall .
While most Friends meeting houses were very plain in their designs and ornamentation , individual craftsmen were encouraged to be " guided by ( their ) own inner light " when working on building a meeting house . As such , the dominant decorative element on the Benjaminville building is fine hand graining on most of the interior wood surfaces . The decoration should not be seen as an affront to the traditional and typical Quaker style used in meeting houses . Instead it stands as a testament to the fact that the Society of Friends encouraged craftsmen to create as " the spirit moved them . "
= = Cemetery = =
The cemetery was established soon after the original meeting house was built in 1859 . Burial grounds were typical accompaniments to Friends meeting houses . While burial grounds were encouraged in the 1825 Quaker Rules of Discipline , the burial of non @-@ Quakers in Quaker cemeteries was not . To satisfy this rule burials at Benjaminville were separated into two separate sections to allow an area for non @-@ Quakers . A newer section contains a mix of Quaker and non @-@ Quaker descendants of those originally buried there .
Non @-@ Quaker burials were originally confined to the northern section of the cemetery , the portion directly behind the meeting house . Members of the Society of Friends were buried in the middle portion of the cemetery , today surrounded by a loop in the gravel road that traverses the site . The most recent burials are found in the southernmost section of the cemetery , furthest from the meeting house . The entire burial ground is approximately 160 by 200 ft ( 49 by 61 m ) , for a total area of 32 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 3 @,@ 000 m2 ) .
Burials are oriented east @-@ west . The burial ground covers most of the site 's land and is planted with grass and trees . The surrounding land is predominantly of agricultural use but there are some nearby residences . To the east a wind farm is under construction .
= = Significance = =
The Benjaminville Friends Meeting House is a particularly well @-@ preserved example of a Quaker meeting house . For several years after 1874 the building was the focus of settlement in Benjaminville , a town one author described as " one of the strongest settlements of Friends that is to be found anywhere in the state " in 1879 . The structure is of historical and architectural significance . As an example of the meeting house style used by the Society of Friends , the Benjaminville building is representative of an architectural type that remained virtually unchanged from the colonial American period through the 19th century . The Benjaminville Friends Meeting House and its burial ground were listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on December 13 , 1983 .
= Orme ( horse ) =
Orme ( 1889 – 17 September 1915 ) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse . He was trained at Kingsclere by John Porter for the 1st Duke of Westminster . As a two @-@ year @-@ old he won the Middle Park and Dewhurst Stakes . As a three @-@ year @-@ old he was not well enough to take part in the 2000 Guineas and Epsom Derby , but came back to win the Eclipse Stakes . Orme stayed in training as a four @-@ year @-@ old and won another Eclipse Stakes , becoming the first horse to win the race twice , a feat that has only been repeated four times since . After he had retired from racing , he became a successful sire and was Champion sire of Great Britain in 1899 . His son Flying Fox won the Triple Crown and the Eclipse Stakes . Orme also sired Epsom Derby winner Orby and 1000 Guineas winner Witch Elm . His regular jockeys were George Barrett and Morny Cannon .
= = Background = =
Orme was a bay colt born in 1889 at Eaton Stud in Cheshire . He was bred by the 1st Duke of Westminster . Orme stood 16 hands high and had a large white star , with no other white markings . His sire was the unbeaten 2000 Guineas , Epsom Derby and St. Leger winner Ormonde . Orme was one of Ormonde 's first crop of foals . By the time Orme reached a racecourse , Ormonde had been exported to Argentina . Ormonde did not become a great sire due to fertility problems , producing only a few foals most years . However , he did also sire Goldfinch , a horse that was a top class two @-@ year @-@ old and won the New Stakes . In the United States , he sired Futurity Stakes winner Ormondale . Orme was clear @-@ winded , unlike his sire , who was a roarer .
Orme 's dam Angelica was an unraced sister to the outstanding sire St. Simon . They were progeny of Galopin and St. Angela , a daughter of King Tom . The Duke of Westminster had purchased Angelica in 1886 when she was carrying a foal by Coeruleus . The foal was Blue Green , who went on to win the Queen Alexandra Stakes . Orme was Angelica 's fifth foal .
Orme showed great promise as a yearling , with trainer John Porter saying he had great expectations for him after only having him for a few months . In October 1890 Orme and Orville were described as " [ t ] he two finest yearlings in the Duke of Westminster 's stud . "
= = Racing career = =
= = = 1891 : Two @-@ year @-@ old season = = =
Prior to Orme 's first appearance on a racecourse , John Porter tested him over five furlongs against the three @-@ year @-@ old Massacre and three two @-@ year @-@ olds , including Orville . Ridden by George Barrett , Orme won the trial by half a length from Massacre .
= = = = Early career = = = =
Orme started his racing career in August 1891 at the Glorious Goodwood meeting at Goodwood Racecourse . He was ridden by George Barrett and started the 4 / 5 favourite in the Richmond Stakes . 20 / 1 outsider Ben Avon led the field of eight in the early stages of the race , with Orme in the middle of the pack . Orme took the lead with a quarter of a mile left to run , and despite showing his inexperience , he won easily by three quarters of a length from Flyaway ( who was carrying more weight than Orme ) , the two then colliding as they pulled up . At the same meeting , two days later , Orme also started in the Prince of Wales ' Stakes . He started as the 1 / 2 favourite and led the field from the start . Dunure made some progress from the back of the field into second place , but none of the runners could get to Orme , who won by one length . Dunure was second and Galeopsis was third , four lengths behind Dunure . After these two races , he was already as short as 5 / 1 for the 1892 Epsom Derby . After Goodwood the Duke of Westminster refused a big offer to purchase Orme .
Orme then took on older horses in the valuable Lancashire Plate , where he started the 7 / 4 favourite . In the last few furlongs Orme challenged the four @-@ year @-@ old Signorina for the lead , and as they approached the main stand , Martagon challenged the pair . Orme drew level with Signorina , but the filly edged away slightly again and won an exciting race by half a length from Orme , Martagon a head back in third . Orme received £ 1000 for finishing second .
= = = = October = = = =
He returned to racing against horses of his own age , starting the 8 / 15 favourite of a field of ten runners for the six @-@ furlong Middle Park Plate at Newmarket . As the field neared the finish , Orme was travelling the best , and as soon as Barrett let him go , he immediately took the lead . El Diablo tried to close , but could not get to Orme , with the latter winning easily by a couple of lengths , Gantlet being a neck back from El Diablo in third . Orme then started in the Dewhurst Plate , but his presence deterred many owners from entering and he faced only two rivals . He started as the 6 / 100 favourite , with El Diablo at 20 / 1 and Hatfield at 50 / 1 . Orme led from the start , and with two furlongs to run he began to stride away . El Diablo tried to close , but Orme won by three @-@ quarters of a length from him and was never extended . Hatfield finished well behind Orme and El Diablo in third place . Orme 's final race of the season came on 30 October in the Home @-@ bred Foal Post Stakes over five furlongs and 140 yards at Newmarket . He started as the 3 / 100 favourite and faced three rivals . Orme lead throughout the race and won easily by two lengths from Esmond , with Lucellum a further three lengths back in third place .
He finished his two @-@ year @-@ old season with a record of five wins and a second place from six starts . At the end of the season , some even believed that he was better than his sire Ormonde , the ' horse of the century ' . One writer rated him ten pounds superior to the next best two @-@ year @-@ old La Fleche , with her being one pound superior to Flyaway . Some were more cautious , however , suggesting that Orme had not beaten any top horses .
= = = 1892 : Three @-@ year @-@ old season = = =
Going into the 1892 season Orme was a strong favourite for the Epsom Derby , with odds as short as 2 / 1 in December . In March he was still favourite , but had drifted out slightly to 5 / 2 due to the support for stablemate La Fleche .
= = = = Suspected poisoning = = = =
In late April there were reports that Orme had a sore throat . This caused Orme to drift in the betting for the Derby , and La Fleche became the favourite . Orme was withdrawn from the 2000 Guineas , but returned to doing gentle exercise and it was hoped that he would still be able to make the Derby . The Duke of Westminster hinted that he had been poisoned . In early May , Orme had still not improved , and connections stated that he had been poisoned with mercury . It was suspected that the culprit may have been a well @-@ known backer of Derby rival La Fleche , with the poison being administered in a lozenge that Orme chewed , blistering his tongue . However , a dentist that removed part of a decayed tooth from Orme suggested that the illness was not due to poisoning , but to the decayed tooth .
By mid @-@ May it was clear that he would not make the Derby and he was removed from the race on the 23 May . Orme 's trainer John Porter and Williams , the veterinary surgeon , remained convinced that he had been poisoned and was not just suffering from bad teeth . A reward of £ 1 @,@ 000 was even offered for information that would lead to the conviction of the guilty party . The poisoning was investigated by George Lewis , a solicitor , who concluded that the horse had been poisoned . He stated that the horse was fine on the morning of the 21 April , but a few hours later his tongue was so inflamed he could not hold it in his mouth ; something so sudden , Lewis argued , could not have been caused by a decaying tooth . He suggested that the poison may have in fact been attempted to be administered by some ball being put down his throat , but due to the struggles of the horse , it burst in his mouth , blistering his tongue . The Derby was won by Sir Hugo , but many believed that Orme would have won easily had he made the race .
= = = = Summer return = = = =
Porter ran Orme in a trial four days before the Eclipse Stakes at Sandown Park as preparation . He raced against his five @-@ year @-@ old half @-@ brother Blue Green and the six @-@ year @-@ old Ormuz . Despite conceding weight to both of them , he won by the trial by two lengths from Ormuz . In the Eclipse he faced six rivals and started the 5 / 4 favourite , with Sussex Stakes winner Orvieto next in the betting at 11 / 4 . During the race Orme was ridden in the middle of the field . As they turned into the finishing straight , Orme and Orvieto were close behind the two leaders ; the two then took over the lead in the straight . As they neared the finish , Orvieto had a slight advantage , but as Barrett asked Orme for an effort , he responded and got in front to win by a neck from Orvieto , with St. Damien finishing only three quarters of a length behind Orvieto . The race was worth over £ 9000 . Twelve days later Orme lined up as the 1 / 5 favourite for the Sussex Stakes . In the last few furlongs he battled with Watercress , and it was not until 50 yards from the finish that he came out on top , going on to win by a head from Watercress .
= = = = St. Leger Stakes = = = =
Orme had apparently improved significantly since Goodwood , and jockey George Barrett said , " I would stake my life he can beat Watercress 100 yards . I never was on such a horse in my life . " Orme 's previous wins made him favourite for the race , starting at 10 / 11 , with 1000 Guineas and Epsom Oaks winner La Fleche second favourite at 7 / 2 . Also near the front of the betting were Derby winner Sir Hugo at 10 / 1 and May Duke at 100 / 7 .
In the race the early pace was slow , and Barrett positioned Orme near the front of the field . As they turned into the finishing straight , Orme was just leading from La Fleche , but Barrett soon picked up the whip and it was clear Orme was beaten . La Fleche went on to win easily by two lengths from Sir Hugo , with Watercress a further three lengths back in third , May Duke in fourth and Orme in fifth . The remainder of the field , led by The Lover , were at least twenty lengths behind Orme . After the race Barrett said : " I never was so disappointed in my life . He never took hold of his bit as he used to do ; run as dead as a stone , and wouldn 't make an effort . " Other jockeys in the race agreed , saying Orme was " sulking " throughout the race . After the race , some suggested that Orme simply did not stay , the St Leger distance being too far for him .
= = = = Autumn = = = =
Orme next raced in the Great Foal Stakes at Newmarket . He won easily by 1 ½ lengths from Versailles , with Dunure in third place . He then faced only one rival in the Champion Stakes , Orvieto , whom he defeated in the Eclipse . Orme started the 1 / 3 favourite and made the running , leading by a length with two furlongs to run . Barrett then asked Orme to quicken , and Orvieto could not keep up , with Orme going on to win by a couple of lengths .
Two weeks later he faced Sir Hugo , Orvieto , El Diablo and Frank Marsh in the Limekiln Stakes at the Newmarket Houghton meeting . Orme started the 4 / 5 favourite , and with two furlongs to run he strode into the lead . Without even being asked for an effort , he won easily by three lengths from El Diablo , with Sir Hugo in third . The next day he won the Subscription Stakes easily from Porridge , after leading from the start and never being caught . He raced again the next day , his third race in as many days , in a Free Handicap Sweepstakes over ten furlongs where he faced five opponents . Orme started as the 4 / 6 favourite , Bushey Park was at 5 / 1 . Next in the betting came El Diablo , The Lover and Therapia all priced at 100 / 12 . Bushey Park led in the early stages until Orme went into the lead with about two furlongs left to run . El Diablo overtook Orme in the final 100 yards and beat him by one and a half lengths . The Lover finished in third place , three quarters of a length behind Orme . Orme had to carry 16 pounds more weight than El Diablo and 22 pounds more than The Lover .
= = = 1893 : Four @-@ year @-@ old season = = =
Orme returned to the track as a four @-@ year @-@ old in the Rous Memorial Stakes at Royal Ascot . His only opposition was the four @-@ year @-@ old filly Lady Lena . Lady Lena briefly challenged Orme in the closing stages , but new jockey Morny Cannon only had to shake the reins a couple of times and Orme went away to win easily by a couple of lengths . He then went back to Sandown to attempt to win another Eclipse Stakes . He started the 2 / 1 second favourite , with the evens favourite being La Fleche who beat him in the St Leger . La Fleche was being hard ridden a long way from the finish . Soon after Orme took over the lead , but began to hang left . In the final furlong Medicis passed La Fleche and began to challenge Orme , but could not get on terms and Orme won by half a length , with La Fleche a further three lengths back in third .
Orme and La Fleche met again in the Gordon Stakes at Goodwood with two other opponents , Watercress and Royal Harry . Starting favourite , Orme had La Fleche in trouble with more than a quarter of a mile still to run . He seemed to have the race won , but then veered left forcing Morny Cannon to pull him back and allowing La Fleche to draw level . However Orme pulled away again and won by a neck , with Watercress a further six lengths back in third . Orme 's final race came in the Limekiln Stakes where he had to carry 10 stone . He finished second to Childwick , who was receiving 33 pounds . During the autumn Orme 's legs had started to give him trouble and during the Limekiln a suspensory ligament gave way . This injury brought an end to his racing career , and he was retired to stud . Throughout his racing career he won a total of £ 32 @,@ 528 in prize money .
= = Race record = =
Note : F
= Furlongs , L =
Lengths
= = Assessment = =
At the end of 1891 he was considered by many to be the top two @-@ year @-@ old . During the 1892 season he earned £ 13 @,@ 023 , the second highest of any horse and only bettered by La Fleche . By the time he retired at the end of the 1893 season , he had earned £ 32 @,@ 528 throughout his racing career . This was the third highest of any horse in history , behind only Donovan and Ayrshire . When Orme was at his best , John Porter rated him 7 to 10 pounds inferior to Ormonde , whom Porter also trained . Porter also believed that Orme was a better racehorse at age four than he had been at two and three .
= = Stud record = =
Orme was retired to stud at the end of his four @-@ year @-@ old season , and on 26 October 1893 he left Newmarket for Eaton Stud . His first covering was St. Mary , a daughter of Hermit , which resulted in his first foal ( a chestnut colt ) being born in January 1895 . His stud fee for 1898 was 200 guineas , plus one guinea for the groom . Orme became a successful stallion and was champion sire of Great Britain and Ireland in 1899 , with more than double the winnings of any other sire that year , largely thanks to his son Flying Fox . His son Duke of Westminster was sold for £ 20 @,@ 050 as a two @-@ year @-@ old . His fee was still 200 guineas in 1902 . In total Orme sired 242 winners of races worth a total of £ 122 @,@ 568 .
= = = Notable progeny = = =
s
= stallion , m =
mare , g = gelding
Flying Fox went on to be champion sire in France three times . His progeny included Prix du Jockey Club and Grand Prix de Paris winner Ajax , Prix de Diane winner Flying Star , Poule d 'Essai des Poulains and Prix du Cadran winner Gouvernant , Poule d 'Essai des Poulains and Prix du Jockey Club winner Dagor , Poule d 'Essai des Poulains and Eclipse Stakes winner Val d 'Or and Prix de la Forêt winner Adam .
Orby went on to sire Epsom Derby and St. James 's Palace Stakes winner Grand Parade and 1000 Guineas winner Diadem . Orme 's son Missel Thrush sired July Cup winner Thrush . Orme 's daughter Topiary was the dam of the St Leger and Eclipse winner Tracery . Orme 's daughter Optime was the dam of the American horse Sysonby , who was only defeated once in his career . Another daughter Osella was the dam of Grosser Preis von Baden winner Ossian and Preis der Diana winner Ostrea .
Orme was pensioned from stud duty in 1912 . He died at Eaton Stud on 17 September 1915 aged 26 and was buried near his grandsire Bend Or . Orme 's sire line continues today mainly through Ajax 's son Teddy .
= = Pedigree = =
Note : b .
= Bay , br . =
Brown , ch . = Chestnut
= Goodbye ( Grey 's Anatomy ) =
" Goodbye " is the second episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 104th episode overall . It was written by Krista Vernoff and directed by Bill D 'Elia . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on September 24 , 2009 . In " Goodbye " , the staff at Seattle Grace Hospital come to terms with the death of their colleague Dr. George O 'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . Further storylines include Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) being engaged in a vehicular collision , Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) receiving a job as an attending physician at a neighboring hospital , and Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) ' s marriage with Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) taking a toll after her near @-@ death experience .
The episode was the second part of the two @-@ hour season six premiere special , the first being " Good Mourning " , and was filmed in Los Angeles , California . The special was the first premiere that Knight did not appear in , following an early release from his contract , and Jessica Capshaw ( Dr. Arizona Robbins ) ' first premiere in which she received star billing , having been upgraded from a recurring star from season five . Shannon Lucio reprised her role as a guest star , in addition to Amy Madigan , Martha Plimpton , Zack Shada , Mitch Pileggi , and Zoe Boyle . " Goodbye " opened to generally positive critical reviews , with Chyler Leigh ( Dr. Lexie Grey ) ' s and Ramirez 's performances praised in particular . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed by 17 @.@ 03 million Americans , and garnered a 6 @.@ 7 / 17 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , ranking first for the night .
= = Plot = =
In the episode , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) and Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) are undergoing couples therapy with the hospital 's psychiatrist , Dr. Wyatt ( Amy Madigan ) . The two are instructed not to engage in sexual activity , until their emotional deficits are healed , which they find uneasy to accomplish . Clara Ferguson ( Zoe Boyle ) is no longer depressed , and urges Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , who has given her attentive care , to return home .
Ferguson 's depression returns again , when Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) informs her that she has an infection that requires surgery . She rejects the surgery , and is further disappointed when Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) tells her that the worst @-@ case scenario is that she will need an ostomy pouching system . Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) ' s chronic pain patient , Andy Michaelson ( Zack Shada ) and his mother Pam ( Martha Plimpton ) enter the emergency room , so Robbins and resident Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) order a 3D MRI , which is denied by the chief of surgery Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) .
On his way to a meeting , Webber goes through a red light , and collides with another vehicle , resulting in him becoming T @-@ boned . Webber is taken to the neighboring Mercy West Hospital , where he is treated by former colleague Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , and subsequently discharged . Ferguson finally agrees to the surgery , after constant pleads from Lexie , and makes a start to physical therapy . Lexie returns home to see her sister Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) and her new husband Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) having sex in the kitchen . Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) is at home , begging her husband Karev to spend time with her , but he dismisses her . At Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) ' s apartment , his girlfriend Lexie has moved in , and his bisexual ex @-@ girlfriend Torres walks in on Sloan in the shower . Lexie expresses her concern to Torres about doing this , and she apologizes . Robbins confronts Shepherd , the hospital 's chief of neurosurgery , and asks him to run an expensive test to see if Andy has Tethered spinal cord syndrome , which reveals that he has it , and it is reversed through surgery . Stevens notices the girl Dr. George O 'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) saved , Amanda ( Shannon Lucio ) , sitting outside the hospital , and tells her to go get a life , because O 'Malley did not save her so she could be miserable . At the conclusion of the episode , Stevens unites with Karev , and Webber announces that Seattle Grace will be merging with Mercy West .
= = Production = =
" Goodbye " was written by Krista Vernoff and directed by Bill D 'Elia . Joe Mitacek edited the episode and Donald Lee Harris served as production designer . Featured music includes Fanfarlo 's " Ghosts " , Katie Herzig 's " Hologram " , Lucy Schwartz 's " Gravity " , and Emilíana Torrini 's " Today Has Been OK " . " Today Has Been OK " played while Shepherd ( Dempsey ) was consoling Bailey ( Wilson ) about O 'Malley ( Knight ) ' s death , in the elevator . This song was originally played in the season two episode " Into You Like a Train " , when Bailey was consoling Shepherd . This is the only time the series has reused a song . " Goodbye " is the second hour of the season six premiere . It was the first premiere not to feature Knight 's character , O 'Malley . Knight was released from his contract at the conclusion of season five , following a disagreement with series creator Shonda Rhimes over lack of screen time for his character . When asked to make a ' flashback ' appearance in season six , Knight declined .
The scene in which Yang ( Oh ) and Hunt ( McKidd ) were partaking in couples therapy , was originally planned to be a comical moment . Vernoff commented on this : " I handed them that scene 20 MINUTES BEFORE CAMERAS ROLLED . It was actually a funny scene right up until the last minute . Sandra and Kevin had smart questions – and what became crystal clear to me instantly is that this storyline could not be resolved in a humorous way . It had earned weight . Indeed , it required weight . " In the episode , Meredith ( Pompeo ) grieves her pain through constant sex with Shepherd . Vernoff explained she loves the fact that Meredith is healthy enough to realize what she is doing . At the conclusion of " Goodbye " , Yang finally came to terms with the death of O 'Malley . Vernoff offered her insight :
" Cristina , who as a young child , held her father ’ s heart in her hands as it stopped beating , is perhaps the least " processed " of our core group , the least " healthy , " the least able to handle the impact of George ’ s sudden death . Mer is using sex , Cristina is using her frustration around her lack of sex . So when she finally gets in bed with Owen and she finally has the tension release that comes with that kind of , um … tension release … She can ’ t hold the truth off anymore . That ’ s the thing about the five stages of grief . They truly are different for everyone . Cristina clung to the Denial stage for 40 days . And then she let in the fact that George died . And as much as Mer ’ s tears got to me , that intake of breath from Cristina got to me even more . The sudden realization that George really did … die .
= = Reception = =
= = = Broadcasting = = =
" Goodbye " was originally broadcast on September 24 , 2009 , on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States , following the first part of the season six premiere " Good Mourning " . It was viewed by a total of 17 @.@ 04 million Americans , across its two @-@ hour 9 : 00 Eastern time @-@ slot . The episode was the series ' second least @-@ viewed season premiere , up to that point , just ahead of the season one premiere — " A Hard Day 's Night " . In comparison to the previous episode , " Goodbye " made a 0 @.@ 08 % decrease in terms of viewership . However , the episode 's viewership ranked first in both its time @-@ slot and the entire night , beating out CBS 's CSI . In addition to being a success in viewership , the episode also did well in ratings . " Goodbye " ' s 6 @.@ 7 / 17 Nielsen rating ranked first in its time @-@ slot and the entire night , for both the rating and share percentages of the 18 – 49 demographic . The episode also received a rating of 10 @.@ 9 / 18 in the 18 @-@ 34 demographic , beating out CBS 's The Mentalist , and ranking first in the ratings and shares for the demographic .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode opened to mixed feedback , and aired back @-@ to @-@ back with " Good Mourning " , as a two @-@ hour season premiere special . Alan Sepinwall of NJ.com commented on the two episodes being conjoined into one week : " I keep going back and forth on whether it was a good idea to do that , or if we 'd have been better off spacing out the tearful speeches over two weeks . That isn 't to say that there shouldn 't have been tears , or speeches . George 's death , no matter how marginal he had become last season , is and should be a huge event in the lives of these characters . Had the show raced through Elizabeth Kubler @-@ Ross 's famous five stages of grief , it would have rang false , as if everyone making the show was in a hurry to move past the events of the wildly uneven fifth season . My problem is , when you put two episodes back @-@ to @-@ back , those rhythms - the pace at which the acts build to emotional crescendos and then briefly recede - start to become too predictable , and it sucks some of the life and emotion away . " Sepinwall also praised Wilson 's , Ramirez 's , and Chamber 's performances .
The Huffington Post 's Michael Pascua praised Dempsey 's character , in comparison to his performance in " Good Mourning " , writing : " Derek was set up as a real character in the second half , not just a one @-@ sided McDreamy . First , Arizona and Derek finally fix the problem with Andy , then the two had some genuine interaction . Derek confronted Alex about his problems with Izzie . He took a moment to talk to Mark about the hospital 's situation and ended the episode by confronting a very edgy Bailey . Miraculously , he had the time to have a lot of sex with Meredith . " Pascua also enjoyed Leigh 's performance , commenting : " Lexie continued to evolve . I loved the anxiety that Lexie had with Callie . She wasn 't really a doctor in any sense in this episode , just a friend to lean on . " Though he was impressed with the majority of the episode , Pascua had mixed feelings on the character of Stevens , attributing it to his dislike of Heigl .
= Henry Timberlake =
Henry Timberlake ( 1730 or 1735 – September 30 , 1765 ) was a colonial Anglo @-@ American officer , journalist , and cartographer . He was born in Virginia and died in England . He is best known for his work as an emissary from the British colonies to the Overhill Cherokee during the 1761 – 1762 Timberlake Expedition .
Timberlake 's account of his journeys to the Cherokee , published as his memoirs in 1765 , became a primary source for later studies of their eighteenth @-@ century culture . His detailed descriptions of Cherokee villages , townhouses , weapons , and tools have helped historians and anthropologists identify Cherokee structures and cultural objects uncovered at modern archaeological excavation sites throughout the southern Appalachian region . During the Tellico Archaeological Project , which included a series of salvage excavations conducted in the Little Tennessee River basin in the 1970s , archaeologists used Timberlake 's Draught of the Cherokee Country to help locate important Overhill village sites .
= = Early life and career = =
Henry Timberlake was born in Hanover County , Virginia to Francis and Sarah Austin Timberlake . The Dictionary of American Biography states that Timberlake was born in 1730 , though Timberlake 's age on his marriage license implies that he was born in 1735 . Timberlake was a third @-@ generation American ; his grandfather had emigrated from England . Although he inherited a small fortune when his father died , Timberlake still had to support himself , and sought a military career . In 1756 , at the outset of the French and Indian War , he joined a Virginia militia company known as the " Patriot Blues . " It had embarked on a campaign to expel French and Native American raiders from the western part of the colony . Shortly thereafter , he applied for a commission in the Virginia regiment — then commanded by George Washington — but was denied due to a lack of vacancies .
In 1758 , Timberlake successfully applied for a commission in Colonel William Byrd 's recently formed 2nd Virginia Regiment . Commissioned as an Ensign , Timberlake accompanied the regiment on its march to Fort Duquesne , but illness kept him from proceeding . In 1759 , he took part in several minor operations in the present @-@ day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania area , mostly overseeing the construction of defensive works .
In 1760 , British relations with the Cherokee , which had been moderately friendly for several decades , grew sour after several Cherokee chiefs were imprisoned and killed in South Carolina . In early 1760 , the Cherokee laid siege to Fort Loudoun , a remote outpost in what is now Tennessee . The garrison held out until August of that year , but was forced to surrender due to lack of provisions . A relief column under Archibald Montgomerie failed to reach the fort after burning the Cherokee Lower Towns and being stopped at the Battle of Echoee . In spite of the garrison leaving the fort under a flag of truce , the Cherokee killed 22 of its members on their march home in retaliation for the colonists ' earlier killing of 22 Cherokee held as prisoners at Fort Prince George .
In 1761 , Jeffrey Amherst , the British commander in North America , responded with a larger invasion force , sending James Grant against the Middle Towns and sending Byrd to threaten the Overhill towns .
While Byrd proceeded to destroy the Cherokee Middle towns in North Carolina , he dispatched Colonel Adam Stephen into the Holston River valley to attack the Overhill towns . Timberlake accompanied Stephen to Long Island of the Holston ( in modern @-@ day Sullivan County , Tennessee ) , where they began building a base known as " Fort Robinson " , and made preparations for a march south .
= = Journey to the Overhill country = =
On November 19 , 1761 , as Fort Robinson was nearing completion , a 400 @-@ man Cherokee force led by Chief Kanagatucko ( or " Old Hop " ) arrived at the camp and asked for peace , which was immediately granted by Col. Stephen . Kanagatucko asked for an officer to accompany him to the Overhill towns as proof that hostilities had ended . Stephen was reluctant to allow it , but granted the request when Timberlake volunteered . Timberlake was accompanied by Sergeant Thomas Sumter , an interpreter named John McCormack , and an unnamed servant . The group purchased a canoe and ten days ' worth of provisions with money Sumter had borrowed . The plan was to follow the Holston River to its confluence with the French Broad River , and then proceed to the Little Tennessee River , where the Overhill towns were situated .
Timberlake 's party left Long Island on November 28 , 1761 . The Holston River 's unusually low water levels almost immediately stalled the journey , as the party was forced to drag their canoe over exposed shoals and sandbars . The party ran out of provisions after several days , but McCormack managed to shoot a bear , supplying them with several days ' worth of meat . Around December 7 , the party explored a stalactite @-@ filled cave situated approximately 50 feet above the river . Timberlake described an incident in which Sumter swam nearly a half @-@ mile in the near @-@ freezing river waters to retrieve their canoe , which had somehow drifted away while they were exploring the cave .
On December 13 , the expedition reached a series of treacherous cascades that Timberlake called " Great Falls . " The party spent a whole day carefully maneuvering their way down the cascades only to find the Holston frozen over immediately downstream . The ice slowed the expedition 's progress , but rains on the night of December 14 thawed the ice , and the party passed through the mouth of the Holston ( in modern Knoxville ) into what is now the Tennessee River on December 15 .
= = = The Overhill country = = =
The deeper waters of the Tennessee River allowed the Timberlake expedition to proceed much more quickly . A hunting party led by the Cherokee chief Slave Catcher met the Timberlake expedition near the mouth of the Little Tennessee River , and supplied the weary expedition with provisions of " dried venison , homminy , and boiled corn . " The following day , Slave Catcher guided the expedition by canoe up the Little Tennessee , although the Timberlake party struggled to keep up . Timberlake recalled , " my hands were so galled , that the blood trickled from them , and when we set out the next morning I was scarce able to handle a pole . " The Timberlake party arrived in the Overhill town of Tomotley on December 20 , where they were greeted by the town 's head man , Chief Ostenaco .
After spending several days in Tomotley as guests of Ostenaco , Timberlake and McCormack proceeded to the Overhill mother town of Chota , where a number of chiefs had gathered in the town 's large councilhouse . Ostenaco gave a speech and ceremoniously buried a hatchet in the ground , symbolizing a state of peace between the English and the Cherokee . Afterward , Timberlake partook in a peace ceremony in which he smoked several ceremonial pipes with the gathered chiefs , a practice Timberlake personally found " very disagreeable , " but participated in without openly complaining .
Timberlake and Ostenaco continued southward to Citico , where Timberlake was greeted by a ceremonial dance involving some 400 Cherokee . Timberlake recalled that the dancers were " painted all over in a hideous manner " and that they " danced in a very uncommon figure . " The town 's chief , Cheulah , presented Timberlake with a string of beads and held another pipe @-@ smoking ceremony . The non @-@ stop pipe smoking made Timberlake so sick that he " could not stir for several hours . " The following day , Timberlake and Ostenaco traveled to Chilhowee , the second southernmost of the Overhill towns on Timberlake 's map , where the town 's chief , Yachtino , held a peace procession similar to that at Citico .
= = = Return to Virginia = = =
His assignment largely completed , Timberlake returned to Tomotley with Ostenaco on January 2 , 1762 . He spent the next few weeks studying Cherokee habits and making notes for his map of the Overhill country . At the end of January , rumors began trickling in from Cherokee scouts of renewed hostilities with rival tribes to the north . Although the rumors turned out to be based on a misunderstanding , Timberlake grew anxious and begged Ostenaco to guide him back to Virginia . Ostenaco reluctantly agreed , and the party set out on March 10 , 1762 . Just before departure , Timberlake witnessed the ceremonial return of a war party led by Chief Willinawaw . The party sang " the war @-@ song " and planted a scalp @-@ filled pole next to the councilhouse door .
The Timberlake party had decided to make the return trip overland , having purchased horses from the Cherokee . Ostenaco , accompanied by several hundred Cherokee warriors , guided the Timberlake group northward across what is now known as the Great Indian Warpath , which follows the western base of the Appalachian Mountains . On March 11 , the party arrived at the abandoned village of Elajoy along Little River in what is now Maryville , Tennessee , and crossed the French Broad River the following day . A week later , they reached Fort Robinson , which the Stephen garrison had abandoned but stashed a large supply of flour . The expedition left Long Island on March 22 , continuing northward to an army camp where Timberlake had left some belongings . He was deeply disappointed to find the trunk had been looted and most of his goods had been stolen . The party finally reached Williamsburg , Virginia in early April .
= = Visits to London = =
While in Williamsburg , Timberlake and Ostenaco attended a dinner party at William & Mary College ; that evening Ostenaco said he would like to meet the king of England . Although he feared the trip would break him financially , Timberlake agreed to arrange such a trip and meeting for him . In May 1762 , Timberlake , Sumter , and three distinguished Cherokee leaders , including Ostenaco , departed for London .
Arriving in early June , the Cherokee chiefs were an immediate attraction , drawing crowds all over the city . The poet Oliver Goldsmith waited for three hours to meet the Cherokee , and offered a gift to Ostenaco . They sat for Sir Joshua Reynolds to paint their portraits , and they met personally with King George III . The Cherokee completed their return voyage to North America with Sergeant Sumter on about August 25 , 1762 . Timberlake remained in England dealing with some financial difficulties . He was appointed by Jeffrey Amherst , promoted to Crown Governor of Virginia , as a Lieutenant in the " 42nd or Royal Highland Regiment of foot . " His increased pay from this commission enabled Timberlake to pay for his return voyage to Virginia in March 1763 .
Having reached Virginia , Timberlake set out for New York to meet with Amherst to receive his commission . Not long afterward , he received notice that he was among a number of officers to be reduced to half pay . Having learned this , he left the militia and returned home to Virginia to petition the General Assembly to compensate him for his expenses for the journey , but was denied .
In the summer of 1764 , five Cherokee visited Timberlake , seeking an audience with the governor of Virginia and requesting passage to London . The Cherokee wished to appeal to King George to enforce the Proclamation Line of 1763 , which restricted colonists to east of the Appalachians , due to continuing encroachment by white settlers on Cherokee land . The governor denied their request , but Timberlake agreed to help them . He accompanied three Cherokee to London in the fall of 1764 . Not long after their arrival , the benefactor of the trip fell ill and died . Lord Halifax refused to grant the Cherokee an audience , as the trip was unauthorized . Timberlake was accused of attempting to profit off the public attention given to the Cherokee . The government sent the Cherokee back to North America in March 1765 . Shortly after their departure , Timberlake was arrested for failing to pay the debt for the last bill for lodging of himself and the Cherokee . He likely wrote his Memoirs while incarcerated .
= = Family = =
Timberlake had one child , a son , Richard Timberlake , by one of Ostenaco 's daughters , Sakinney . In his old age , Timberlake 's friend Ostenaco lived in retirement with his grandson , Richard .
= = Legacy = =
Timberlake 's primary legacy is the journal he kept while living with the Cherokee . The volume was published in 1765 , likely following Timberlake 's death in September of that year . The journal is of importance both as an ethnological study , as it contains detailed descriptions of various facets of Cherokee society , and as a historical account , as it gives insight into Cherokee political decision @-@ making and the tribe 's early reactions to the encroaching European colonists .
Along with Cherokee methods of warfare , Timberlake described their agricultural and hunting customs , religious beliefs , birth and death rites , and marital habits . He described Cherokee government as a " mixed aristocracy and democracy , " with chiefs chosen on the basis of merit. he also described Cherokee methods for building canoes and dwellings , and the general size and form of Cherokee summer and winter houses . Timberlake 's description of the Cherokee councilhouse ( the central structure in a typical Cherokee village ) has aided archaeologists in the location of such structures at modern excavation sites .
Timberlake 's map , entitled A Draught of the Cherokee Country , accompanied the journal . On it he located all the Cherokee villages on the lower Little Tennessee River and provided important demographic information about village sizes , populations , and leaders . Modern studies have generally confirmed that Timberlake 's map was remarkably accurate . The journal , simply entitled Memoirs , and his map of the Overhill Cherokee country have been reprinted several times . Timberlake 's Memoirs remains one of the best contemporary accounts of the 18th @-@ century Cherokee .
= 1920 – 21 Burnley F.C. season =
The 1920 – 21 season was the 33rd season of competitive football played by Burnley Football Club . Burnley began the season confidently , despite not having played a match for almost four months before their first league fixture of the season . After losing their first three games , Burnley embarked on a 30 @-@ match unbeaten league run from 4 September 1920 until 26 March 1921 , winning the Football League First Division and becoming English champions for the first time in their history . Burnley 's unbeaten run stood as a Football League record for over 80 years , until it was bettered by Arsenal in the 2003 – 04 season . Burnley ended the 1920 – 21 season on 59 points , having won 23 games , drawn 13 , and lost 6 .
The team reached the third round of the FA Cup , defeating Leicester City away and Queens Park Rangers at home , before unexpectedly losing away to Second Division side Hull City . Burnley won the East Lancashire Charity Cup , beating Blackburn Rovers 8 – 2 over two legs , but fared poorly in the Lancashire Senior Cup , losing to Manchester City . As league champions , Burnley qualified for the Charity Shield , in which they were beaten 0 – 2 by FA Cup winners Tottenham Hotspur . Burnley also played two friendly matches during the season . The first , against Blackburn Rovers , marked the opening of Accrington Stanley 's new stadium ; the other was a benefit match for Patsy Gallacher , against a representative team from the Scottish Football League .
Burnley used 23 different players during the season and had nine different goalscorers . Their top scorer was Scottish forward Joe Anderson , with 31 competitive goals , including 25 in the league . Eight new players were signed by Burnley during the course of the season , and nine were released . Match attendances were the highest they had ever been at Turf Moor , with an average gate of over 30 @,@ 000 . The highest attendance of the campaign was a crowd of 42 @,@ 653 , who saw Burnley beat Bolton Wanderers 3 – 1 on 26 February 1921 ; the lowest was 22 @,@ 000 , for the match against Sunderland on the final day of the season .
= = Background and pre @-@ season = =
The 1920 – 21 campaign was the second season of competitive football in England after the First World War . Burnley 's chairman , Harry Windle , had been elected to the position in 1909 , and manager John Haworth was marking his 11th consecutive year in charge . After finishing as runners @-@ up to West Bromwich Albion in the Football League First Division the previous season , there was a sense of eager anticipation within the club before the season began . Team captain Tommy Boyle claimed that his side was capable of building on its success of the previous season and winning the league championship , despite Burnley not having won a trophy since their FA Cup victory in 1914 .
Burnley did not play any pre @-@ season friendly games other than a practice match between the first team and the reserves , which was watched by a crowd of around 10 @,@ 000 at Turf Moor . The team 's last competitive match had ended in a 0 – 2 defeat against Manchester United in the Lancashire Senior Cup on 8 May 1920 , almost four months earlier . The strip for 1920 – 21 was very little changed from that of the previous season ; the claret jersey with light blue sleeves and a light blue stripe around the collar was kept along with the white shorts , but the claret socks were replaced by black .
= = Transfers = =
The nucleus of the Burnley team remained unchanged from the previous campaign . Eight new players signed for the club , and eleven left during the season . New signings included goalkeeper Frank Birchenough from West Ham United and defender Bob McGrory from Dumbarton . Also brought in were George Richardson from non @-@ league side Horden Athletic and Tom Brophy from St Helens Town . West Bromwich Albion 's Len Moorwood was also signed in October 1920 to provide further goalkeeping backup . Attackers Richard Cragg , Billy Clarkson and Patrick Norris were among those who left the club in pre @-@ season . Defender Tom Bamford , who had not played a match for Burnley since before the First World War thanks to the emergence of Len Smelt , also left the club and joined Rochdale in September 1920 .
Transfer activity continued after the season began . Inside forward Jack Lane was brought in from Cradley Heath in December 1920 , followed by defender John Pearson from the same club two months later . Winger George Douglas was signed from Leicester City in February 1921 . Thomas Jackson , who had made only one first @-@ team appearance for Burnley , left the club in January 1921 to sign for Scottish side Dundee . Two players who had been signed at the beginning of the season left Burnley in April 1921 ; Bob McGrory moved to Stoke City on a free transfer and Frank Birchenough was released after playing two league matches . Bert Freeman left Burnley at the end of the season after nine years service , by which time he had become the club 's all @-@ time leading goalscorer .
= = League campaign = =
Burnley 's league campaign began on 28 August 1920 with a home match against Bradford City , who had finished 15th in the league in 1919 – 20 . The season began inauspiciously for Burnley , beaten 1 – 4 , but the match did see eventual top scorer Joe Anderson score the first of his 25 league goals of the campaign . Two further away defeats followed , 0 – 1 at Huddersfield Town and 0 – 2 at Bradford City , leaving Burnley at the bottom of the league table . This run of defeats was Burnley 's worst start to a league season since 1906 – 07 , when they also lost their opening three matches . Manager Haworth subsequently made several changes to the team ; goalkeeper Jerry Dawson and defender Tommy Boyle were reinstated , while Bert Freeman and James Lindsay were dropped in favour of Billy Nesbitt and Benny Cross respectively . Burnley picked up their first win on 6 September 1920 , beating Huddersfield Town 3 – 0 at Turf Moor ; the goalscorers were Bob Kelly , Tommy Boyle , and Billy Nesbitt . They went on to defeat Middlesbrough 2 – 1 at home , and to draw with them 0 – 0 at Ayresome Park . On 25 September 1920 , four players scored in a 4 – 0 victory against a weakened Chelsea team , giving Burnley their third successive home win .
October began with a 1 – 1 draw with Chelsea at Stamford Bridge , after which the team recorded four straight wins throughout the remainder of the month . Burnley achieved home and away victories against Bradford ( Park Avenue ) , before repeating the feat in the next two matches against Tottenham Hotspur . Burnley beat Tottenham 2 – 1 on 23 October 1920 , then achieved a 2 – 0 victory the following week , the first time in the season that any team had been able to prevent Tottenham from scoring in a league match . The team 's performance at White Hart Lane was met with disapproval from the correspondent from the Daily Mail , who wrote that Burnley set out to stifle their opponents and in doing so " spoilt the match " . Burnley carried on their winning streak into November , with goals from Bob Kelly , Tommy Boyle and Benny Cross helping the side to defeat Newcastle United 3 – 1 at home and 2 – 1 away to lift them to second place in the league . The home fixture was marred by tragedy when a charabanc transporting supporters from Grassington overturned , killing five people . After the next game , a 2 – 2 draw with Oldham Athletic at Boundary Park on 20 November 1920 , Burnley moved to the top of the table on goal average , 11 weeks after having been at the bottom . In the return match at Turf Moor a week later , Oldham were comfortably beaten 7 – 1 ; Bob Kelly scored four goals , and the others were added by Tommy Boyle and Benny Cross .
A win and a draw against Liverpool , followed by a 2 – 0 victory over Preston North End , took Burnley into the Christmas period three points clear at the top of the league . The convincing 6 – 0 win over Sheffield United on Christmas Day , in which forward Joe Anderson scored four times , set a new club record unbeaten streak of 17 games , beating the record set during the 1897 – 98 campaign . Burnley continued their good form into 1921 , beating Preston North End away before achieving two victories against local rivals Blackburn Rovers . The first of these wins , a 4 – 1 success , was watched by 41 @,@ 534 spectators , the biggest home crowd of the season until then . The victory was followed by a 3 – 1 away win a week later . On 5 February 1921 , Anderson scored five goals in a " brilliant " performance against Aston Villa as Burnley recorded their second 7 – 1 win of the season . The result saw Burnley equal the Football League record of 22 matches unbeaten , held by Sheffield United and Preston North End . A new league unbeaten record was set with a 0 – 0 draw with Aston Villa four days later . Despite losing George Halley to an illness which forced him to miss the remainder of the season , Burnley secured a late home win over Derby County in the following game , sending Derby to the bottom of the league table . February ended with a 3 – 1 victory against Bolton Wanderers in front of a crowd of 42 @,@ 653 , the largest attendance ever at Turf Moor at the time . The team took four points from the next three matches . Burnley firstly drew 1 – 1 away against a Bolton Wanderers team who were unbeaten at home , before a then @-@ record crowd of 54 @,@ 609 at Burnden Park , before beating Arsenal at Turf Moor . The following week Burnley secured an away draw at Arsenal , despite their opponents attacking for much of the game .
A late Benny Cross goal gave Burnley a 1 – 0 win over Manchester United at Turf Moor , extending the team 's unbeaten record to 30 matches . In the next match , Burnley lost a league fixture for the first time since 4 September 1920 when they were beaten 0 – 3 by Manchester City at Hyde Road . City were also challenging for the league title and eventually finished as runners @-@ up . More than 37 @,@ 000 spectators attended the match and several people were injured as the stadium became overcrowded . Burnley followed up the setback with successive wins over Manchester City and Manchester United to take the total number of league wins in the season to 23 . The team suffered its fifth league defeat of the campaign on 9 April 1921 , losing 0 – 2 away at West Bromwich Albion .
Burnley played West Bromwich Albion again seven days later , drawing 1 – 1 . The team went into the match against Everton on 23 April 1921 needing a draw to clinch the league championship . Everton took the lead 15 minutes into the game , but Benny Cross scored the equalising goal three minutes later , and Burnley held on to become English champions for the first time in their history . Local newspapers were effusive in their praise of the Burnley side , calling them " the greatest team that ever was " . The draw with Everton was succeeded by another 1 – 1 stalemate against the same team at Turf Moor . In the penultimate game , Burnley were beaten 0 – 1 away at Sunderland , their sixth and final league defeat of the season . The campaign ended with a 2 – 2 draw against Sunderland on 7 May 1921 in front of a season @-@ lowest crowd of 22 @,@ 000 . The draw took Burnley to a tally of 59 points , five points clear of second @-@ placed Manchester City , and one short of West Bromwich Albion 's then @-@ record total of 60 points set in 1919 – 20 .
At half time during the final match of the season , the championship trophy was paraded around the Turf Moor pitch accompanied by a marching band . After the full @-@ time whistle was blown , supporters swarmed the pitch to celebrate the team 's success . The Football League president , John McKenna , made the official presentation of the trophy to the Burnley captain Boyle and congratulated the side on their achievement , particularly praising " their splendid training and their beautiful football " . Medals were awarded to the manager John Haworth , the club trainer Charlie Bates and the eleven players who had featured in the match against Sunderland . Three more medals were later awarded to Mosscrop , Taylor and Basnett .
= = = Match results = = =
Key
Results
= = = Final league position = = =
= = Other first team matches = =
Burnley 's first match outside the league in the 1920 – 21 season was a friendly on 22 September 1920 against a Blackburn Rovers XI to mark the opening of Accrington Stanley 's new stadium at Peel Park . Burnley won the game 10 – 1 with seven goals from Joe Anderson in addition to strikes from James Lindsay , Walter Weaver and Thomas Jackson . Burnley 's opening game in the FA Cup was an away tie at Leicester City on 8 January 1921 . Bob Kelly scored for the fourth game in succession and Joe Anderson scored four goals as Burnley won the match 7 – 3 , the first time the team had scored seven goals in a competitive match away from home . After the match , the Athletic News described Burnley as the best team in the country .
Following the win over Leicester City , Burnley were drawn against Queens Park Rangers at Turf Moor in the Second Round . Despite a good performance by their opponents , Burnley progressed to the Third Round with a 4 – 2 win , in which Bob Kelly struck twice in the first half and Joe Anderson scored either side of half time . In the Third Round , Burnley were handed an away tie at Hull City , who at the time were struggling in the Football League Second Division and had won only two matches in the previous five months . Despite being without first @-@ team regulars George Halley and Joe Anderson through injury , Burnley were expected to win comfortably , not having lost since 4 September 1920 . Hull City played above all expectations and Burnley suffered a 0 – 3 defeat after being 0 – 1 behind at half time .
In April 1921 , Burnley won the East Lancs Charity Cup for the second consecutive season , beating Blackburn Rovers 8 – 2 on aggregate over two legs . The first leg was won 6 – 2 at Turf Moor thanks to goals from Eddie Mosscrop , Joe Anderson , Benny Cross and a hat @-@ trick from Bob Kelly , before strikes from Joe Anderson and James Lindsay gave Burnley a 2 – 0 win at Ewood Park . This success was followed by a 2 – 1 friendly victory over a Scottish Football League XI in a benefit match for Celtic winger Patsy Gallacher . Burnley also participated in the Lancashire Senior Cup ; the league matches against Blackburn Rovers and Preston North End also counted as group stage matches in the competition . The team won all four of these games to qualify for the semi @-@ finals , where they were drawn against Manchester City . The game on 9 May 1921 ended in a 0 – 2 defeat for Burnley , and their opponents went on to win the trophy that year .
As champions of the Football League , Burnley qualified for the Charity Shield , then known as the Dewar Shield . Burnley 's opponents were Tottenham Hotspur , who had finished sixth in the First Division and beaten Wolverhampton Wanderers in the FA Cup final . In what was the last match of the 1920 – 21 campaign , Burnley fell to a 0 – 2 loss at White Hart Lane on 16 May 1921 . The match was not without controversy , as the Burnley players claimed that the second goal should have been disallowed despite the Tottenham goalscorer being onside , maintaining that the whistle had already been blown by the referee .
= = = Match results = = =
Key
Results
= = Player details = =
Burnley manager John Haworth used 23 different players during the 1920 – 21 season , and there were nine different goalscorers . The team played in a 2 – 3 – 5 formation throughout the campaign , with two fullbacks , three halfbacks , two outside forwards , two inside forwards and a centre forward . Billy Watson played the highest number of games , appearing in all 45 First Division and FA Cup matches . Billy Nesbitt and Joe Anderson each played 43 times . Anderson was the top goalscorer for Burnley in the campaign with 31 competitive goals , including 25 in the league , the highest total since Bert Freeman 's 36 goals in 1912 – 13 . With a tally of 23 goals , Bob Kelly was the second @-@ highest scorer , followed by Benny Cross with 15 , including the goal that won the title for Burnley . Club captain Tommy Boyle was the highest @-@ scoring defender , with seven goals in 38 league appearances . Winger Billy Nesbitt scored five times during the season .
England international goalkeeper Jerry Dawson missed three games , two because of an injury sustained in the opening match . Centre forward Bert Freeman , who had become the first ever Burnley player to score 100 league goals , and held the club record for most goals in a season , played only four matches . His final appearance for Burnley came in the FA Cup Third Round defeat to Hull City . Several players made bit @-@ part contributions to the campaign ; Tom Brophy and Bob McGrory each made just three first @-@ team appearances and Frank Birchenough , George Douglas , Jack Lane , Len Moorwood and Bill Taylor played in two matches or fewer . George Richardson and John Pearson , both new signings in the 1920 – 21 season , failed to make a first @-@ team appearance for Burnley during the campaign . Thomas Jackson was a squad member until January 1921 , but he did not play any games for Burnley in the 1920 – 21 campaign .
= = = Player statistics = = =
= = Aftermath = =
The Burnley board had planned a tour of Spain to take place during the summer of 1921 after the culmination of the league campaign . However , the trip had to be cancelled when the club received notice from the Spanish Football Federation that one of their intended opponents , Barcelona , had been suspended from all matches . Further tours of Norway and France were then arranged , but these also had to be abandoned after the Football Association refused to grant permission . At the end of the season five players were given free transfers by the club ; Len Smelt and Frank Birchenough , who had both played for Burnley during the campaign , and three reserve players . Moreover , two players – Bert Freeman and George Thompson – were placed on the transfer list by the manager .
Burnley 's 30 @-@ game unbeaten streak during the 1920 – 21 season stood as a Football League record for 83 years until it was surpassed by Arsenal , who completed the entire season without losing in the 2003 – 04 campaign . After the defeat to Bradford City on 28 August 1920 , Burnley did not lose another match at Turf Moor until 11 February 1922 , when they were beaten 1 – 2 by Blackburn Rovers . In the same match , the halfback line of Tommy Boyle , George Halley and Billy Watson — used in 25 first @-@ team games during 1920 – 21 — was seen for the final time , having played together for the first time in September 1913 . The majority of the championship @-@ winning team remained intact going into the 1921 – 22 season , although players such as David Taylor and Walter Weaver found themselves less involved in first @-@ team matches .
= Commander Keen in Invasion of the Vorticons =
Commander Keen in Invasion of the Vorticons is a three @-@ part episodic side @-@ scrolling platform video game developed by Ideas from the Deep ( a precursor to id Software ) and published by Apogee Software in 1990 for MS @-@ DOS . It is the first set of episodes of the Commander Keen series . The game follows the titular Commander Keen , an eight @-@ year @-@ old child genius , as he retrieves the stolen parts of his spaceship from the cities of Mars , prevents an alien mothership that arrived while he was delayed from destroying landmarks on Earth , and hunts down the leader of the aliens , the Grand Intellect , on the alien home planet . The three episodes feature Keen running , jumping , and shooting through various levels while opposed by aliens , robots , and other hazards .
In September 1990 , John Carmack , while working at programming studio Softdisk , developed a way to implement side @-@ scrolling video games on a personal computers ( PCs ) , which at the time was the province of dedicated home video game consoles . After a demo of a PC version of Super Mario Bros. 3 developed by Carmack and his coworkers John Romero and Tom Hall , along with Jay Wilbur and Lane Roathe , failed to convince Nintendo to invest in a PC port of their game , they were approached by Scott Miller of Apogee Software to develop an original game to be published through the Apogee shareware model . Hall designed the three @-@ part game , Carmack and Romero programmed it , Wilbur managed the team , and artist Adrian Carmack helped later in development . The team worked continuously for almost three months on the game , working late into the night at the office at Softdisk and taking their work computers to John Carmack 's home to continue developing the game .
Released by Apogee on December 14 , 1990 , the trilogy of episodes was an immediate success ; Apogee , whose monthly sales had been around US $ 7 @,@ 000 , made US $ 30 @,@ 000 on Commander Keen alone in the first two weeks and US $ 60 @,@ 000 per month by June , while the first royalty check convinced the development team , then known as Ideas from the Deep , to quit their jobs at Softdisk . The team founded id Software shortly thereafter , and went on to produce another four episodes of the Commander Keen series over the next year . The trilogy was lauded by reviewers due to the graphical achievement and humorous style , and id Software went on to develop other successful games , including early successes Wolfenstein 3D ( 1992 ) and Doom ( 1993 ) .
= = Gameplay = =
The three episodes of Commander Keen in Invasion of the Vorticons make up one side @-@ scrolling platform video game : most of the game features the player @-@ controlled Commander Keen viewed from the side while moving on a two @-@ dimensional plane . The player can move left and right and can jump ; after finding a pogo stick in the first episode , they can also bounce continuously and jump higher than they can normally with the correct timing . The levels are composed of platforms on which Keen can stand , and some platforms allow Keen to jump up through them from below . The second episode introduces moving platforms as well as switches which extend bridges over gaps in the floor . Once entered , the only way to exit a level is to reach the end , and the player cannot save and return to the middle of a level . In between levels the player travels on a two @-@ dimensional map , viewed from above ; from the map the player can enter levels by approaching the entrance or save their progress in the game . Some levels are optional and can be bypassed , while others are secret and can only be reached by following specific procedures .
Each of the three episodes contain a different set of enemies in their levels , which the player must kill or avoid . The first episode includes alien Martians , the second largely uses robots , and the third more species of aliens . All three episodes also include Vorticons , large blue canine @-@ like aliens . Levels can also include hazards , such as electricity or spikes ; touching a hazard or most enemies causes Keen to lose a life , and the game is ended if all of Keen 's lives are lost . After finding a raygun in the first episode , Keen can shoot at enemies using ammo found throughout the game ; different enemies take differing numbers of shots to kill , or in some cases are immune . Some enemies can also be stunned if they are jumped on , such as the one @-@ eyed Yorps , which block Keen 's path but do not harm him . The player can also find food items throughout the levels which grant points , with an extra life awarded every 20 @,@ 000 points . There are also colored keycards which grant access to locked parts of levels , and in the third episode on rare occasions an ankh , which gives Keen temporary invulnerability .
= = Plot = =
The game is broken up into three episodes : " Marooned on Mars " , " The Earth Explodes " , and " Keen Must Die ! " . In the first episode , eight @-@ year @-@ old Billy Blaze , a child genius , builds a spaceship and puts on his older brother 's football helmet to become Commander Keen . One night while his parents are out of the house he flies to Mars to explore ; while away from the ship the Vorticons steal four vital components and hide them in Martian cities . Keen journeys through Martian cities and outposts to find the components , despite the efforts of Martians and robots ; the final component is guarded by a Vorticon . Keen returns to Earth — discovering a Vorticon mothership in orbit — and beats his parents home , though they discover that he now has a pet Yorp .
In the second episode , the Vorticon mothership has locked its " X @-@ 14 Tantalus Ray cannons " on eight of Earth 's landmarks , and Keen journeys to the ship to find and deactivate each of the cannons . Keen does so , fighting more varied enemies and hazards , and a Vorticon at each cannon 's control . At the end of the episode he discovers that the Vorticons are being mind @-@ controlled by the mysterious Grand Intellect , who is actually behind the attack on Earth . In the third episode , Keen journeys to the Vorticon homeworld of Vorticon VI to find the Grand Intellect . He travels through Vorticon cities and outposts to gain access to the Grand Intellect 's lair , fighting mostly against the Vorticons themselves . Upon reaching the lair he discovers that the Grand Intellect is actually his school rival Mortimer McMire , whose IQ is " a single point higher " than Keen 's . Keen defeats Mortimer and his " Mangling Machine " , and frees the Vorticons ; the Vorticon king and " the other Vorticons you haven 't slaughtered " then award him a medal for saving them .
= = Development = =
In September 1990 , John Carmack , a game programmer for the Gamer 's Edge video game subscription service at Softdisk in Shreveport , Louisiana , developed a way to create graphics which could smoothly scroll in any direction in a computer game . At the time , IBM @-@ compatible general @-@ purpose computers were not able to replicate the common feat of video game consoles such as the Nintendo Entertainment System , which were capable of redrawing the entire screen fast enough for a side @-@ scrolling video game due to their specialized hardware . Carmack , rejecting the " clever little shortcuts " that other programmers had attempted to solve the problem , created adaptive tile refresh : a way to slide the majority of the visible screen to the side both horizontally and vertically when the player moved as if it had not changed , and only redraw the newly @-@ visible portions of the screen . Other games had previously redrawn the whole screen in chunks , or like Carmack 's earlier games were limited to scrolling in one direction . He discussed the idea with coworker Tom Hall , who encouraged him to demonstrate it by recreating the first level of the recent Super Mario Bros. 3 on a computer . The pair did so in a single overnight session , with Hall recreating the graphics of the game — replacing the player character of Mario with Dangerous Dave , a character from an eponymous previous Gamer 's Edge game — while Carmack optimized the code . The next morning on September 20 , the resulting game , Dangerous Dave in Copyright Infringement , was shown to their other coworker John Romero . Romero recognized Carmack 's idea as a major accomplishment : Nintendo was one of the most successful companies in Japan , largely due to the success of their Mario franchise , and the ability to replicate the gameplay of the series on a computer could have large implications . The scrolling technique did not meet Softdisk 's coding guidelines , however , as it needed at least a 16 @-@ color EGA graphics processor , and the programmers in the office who did not work on games were not as impressed as Romero .
Romero felt that the potential of Carmack 's idea should not be " wasted " on Softdisk ; while the other members of the Gamer 's Edge team more or less agreed , he especially felt that their talents in general were wasted on the company , which needed the money their games brought in but in his opinion neither understood nor appreciated video game design as distinct from general software programming . The manager of the team and fellow programmer , Jay Wilbur , recommended that they take the demo to Nintendo itself , to position themselves as capable of building a PC version of Super Mario Bros. for the company . The group — composed of Carmack , Romero , Hall , and Wilbur , along with Lane Roathe , the editor for Gamer 's Edge , decided to build a full demo game for their idea to send to Nintendo . As they lacked the computers to build the project at home , and could not work on it at Softdisk , they " borrowed " their work computers over the weekend , taking them in their cars to a house shared by Carmack , Wilbur , and Roathe . The group then spent the next 72 hours working non @-@ stop on the demo , which copied Super Mario Bros. 3 with some shortcuts taken in the artwork , sound , and level design , and a title screen which credited the game to the programmers under the name Ideas from the Deep . The response from Nintendo a few weeks later was not as hoped for , however ; while Nintendo was impressed with their efforts , they wanted the Mario series to remain exclusive to Nintendo consoles .
Around the same time as the group was rejected by Nintendo , Romero was receiving fan mail about some of the games he had developed for Gamer 's Edge . Upon realizing that , despite
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the different names used , all of the letters came from the same address — that of Scott Miller of Apogee Software — he wrote back an angry reply , only to receive a phone call from Miller soon after . Miller explained that he was trying to get in contact with Romero unofficially in order to convince him to publish more levels for his previous Pyramids of Egypt — an adventure game where the player navigates mazes while avoiding Egyptian @-@ themed traps and monsters — through Apogee 's shareware model . Miller was pioneering a model of game publishing where part of a game would be released for free , with the remainder of the game available for purchase from Apogee . Romero said the he could not , as Pyramids of Egypt was owned by Softdisk , but that it did not matter as the game he was now working on was much better , and sent Miller the Mario demo . Miller was impressed , and the two agreed that Ideas from the Deep would create a new game for Apogee . Miller sent the group a US $ 2 @,@ 000 advance in return for an agreement that they would create a game before Christmas of 1990 , only a few months away . The game was planned to be split into three parts to match Apogee 's shareware model of giving away the first part for free to attract interest in the whole .
Ideas from the Deep convened to come up with the design for the game , and Hall suggested a console @-@ style platformer in the vein of Super Mario Bros. , as they had the technology made for it ; he further recommended a science fiction theme . John Carmack added the idea of a genius child protagonist saving the world , and Hall quickly created a short summary for the game : a dramatic introduction about eight @-@ year @-@ old genius Billy Blaze , defending the Earth with his spaceship . When he read out the summary in an over @-@ dramatic voice to the group , they laughed and applauded , and the group agreed to begin work on Commander Keen in the Invasion of the Vorticons .
Billy Blaze , eight year @-@ old genius , working diligently in his backyard clubhouse has created an interstellar starship from old soup cans , rubber cement and plastic tubing . While his folks are out on the town and the babysitter has fallen asleep , Billy travels into his backyard workshop , dons his brother 's football helmet , and transforms into ...
COMMANDER KEEN--defender of Earth !
In his ship , the Bean @-@ with @-@ Bacon Megarocket , Keen dispenses galactic justice with an iron hand !
The Ideas from the Deep team , who referred to themselves as the " IFD guys " , could not afford to leave their jobs to work on the game full @-@ time , so they continued to work at Softdisk , spending their time on the Gamer 's Edge games during the day and on Commander Keen at night . They also continued to take home their work computers to Carmack 's house on the weekends , putting them in their cars at night and bringing them back in the morning before anyone else arrived ; they even began to request upgrades to the computers from Softdisk , nominally for their work . The group split into different roles : Hall became the game designer and creative director , John Carmack and Romero were the programmers , and Wilbur the manager . They invited artist Adrian Carmack from Softdisk to join them late in development , while Roathe was soon kicked out of the group ; Romero , the self @-@ appointed leader of the team , liked him but felt that his work ethic did not match well with the rest of the team , and pushed for his removal . Ideas from the Deep spent nearly every waking moment when they were not working at Softdisk from October through December 1990 working on Commander Keen , with Wilbur forcing them to eat and take breaks . Several members of the team have mentioned in interviews as an example of the team 's commitment a night during development when a heavy storm flooded the path to get to the house , preventing them from working , and John Romero waded through a flooding river to make it to the house anyways .
The game 's design was largely driven by Tom Hall : Romero and especially John Carmack were focused almost exclusively on the programming ; Wilbur was not involved in the game 's design ; and Adrian Carmack joined late in development and found the project 's " cute " art style , till then mostly created by Hall , far @-@ removed from his preferred , darker , style . Consequently , he did not try to implement his own design ideas . Hall 's personal experiences and philosophies , therefore , strongly impacted the game : Keen 's red shoes and Green Bay Packers football helmet were items Hall wore as a child , dead enemies left behind corpses due to his belief that child players should be taught that death had permanent consequences , and enemies were based loosely on his reading of Sigmund Freud 's psychological theories , such as that of the id . Other influences on Hall for the game were Duck Dodgers in the 24 ½ th Century and other Chuck Jones cartoons , and " The Available Data on the Worp Reaction " , a short story about a child constructing a spaceship . Keen 's " Bean @-@ with @-@ Bacon " spaceship was taken from a George Carlin skit about using bay leaves as deodorant so as to smell like soup . Keen was intended to be a reflection of Hall as he had wanted to be as a child . The team separated the game from its Super Mario Bros. roots by adding non @-@ linear exploration and additional mechanics like the pogo stick . A suggestion from Miller that part of the popularity of Super Mario Bros was the presence of secrets and hidden areas in the game led Hall to add several secrets , such as an entire hidden level in the first episode , and a " Galactic Alphabet " in which signs in the game were written , which if deciphered by the players revealed hidden messages , jokes , and instructions .
As the game neared completion , Miller began to market the game to players . Strongly encouraged by the updates the team was sending him , he began heavily advertising the game in all of the bulletin board systems ( BBS ) and game magazines he had access to , as well as sending the team US $ 100 checks every week labelled " pizza bonus " after one of the game 's food items to keep them motivated . The game was completed in early December 1990 , and on the afternoon of December 14 Miller began uploading the completed first episode to BBSs , with the other two episodes listed as available for purchase as a mailed plastic bag with floppy disks for US $ 30 .
= = Reception = =
Commander Keen was an immediate hit for Apogee : the company 's previous sales levels had been around US $ 7 @,@ 000 per month , but by Christmas Keen already had sales of almost US $ 30 @,@ 000 . Miller described the game as " a little atom bomb " to magazine editors and BBS controllers when asked about it , and recruited his mother and hired his first employee to handle sales and phone calls from interested players . By June 1991 , the game was bringing in over US $ 60 @,@ 000 per month . Chris Parker of PC Magazine later in 1991 referred to the game 's release as a " tremendous success " .
A contemporary review by Barry Simon of PC Magazine praised the game 's graphical capabilities as having a " Nintendo feel " , though he termed the graphics as " well drawn " but " not spectacular " in terms of resolution . He noted that the game was very much an arcade game that players would not purchase for " its scintillating plot or ground @-@ breaking originality " , but said that all three episodes were very fun to play and that the scrolling graphics set it apart from similar games . A short summary of the trilogy in 1992 by PC World termed it " one of the most spectacular games available " and praised the " superb " sound and graphics , and a similar summary in CQ Amateur Radio described it as " Nintendo comes to the PC " and the " best action / adventure game " the reviewer had ever seen . In October 1992 , the Shareware Industry Awards gave the Commander Keen series the " Best Entertainment Software and Best Overall " award . A review of the entire Commander Keen series in 1993 by Sandy Petersen in the first " Eye of the Monitor " column for Dragon described the series as action games with " hilarious graphics " . Acknowledging its debt to Super Mario Bros. , he called it , including the Vorticon trilogy , " one of the best games of its type " and praised it for not being " mindlessly hard " , instead requiring some thought to play through , and especially for the humor in the graphics and gameplay .
= = Legacy = =
Ideas from the Deep 's first royalty check from Apogee in January 1991 for US $ 10 @,@ 500 convinced them that they no longer needed their day jobs at Softdisk but could devote themselves full @-@ time to their own ideas . Hall and Wilbur were concerned about the risk of being sued if they did not break the news gently to Softdisk , but Romero and John Carmack were dismissive of the possibility , especially as they felt they had no assets for which they could be sued . Shortly thereafter , John Carmack was confronted by their boss and owner of Softdisk , Al Vekovius , who had become suspicious of the group 's increasingly erratic , disinterested , and surly behavior at work , as well as their multiple requests for computer upgrades . Vekovius had been told by another employee that the group were making their own games , and felt that Carmack was generally incapable of lying ; Carmack in turn bluntly admitted that they had made Keen with Softdisk computers , that they felt no remorse for their actions , and that they were all planning on leaving . Vekovius felt that the company was reliant on the Gamer 's Edge subscriptions , and tried to convince the group to instead form a new company in partnership with Softdisk ; when Ideas from the Deep made no secret of the offer in the office , however , the other employees threatened to all quit if the team was " rewarded " for stealing from the company . After several weeks of negotiation , the Ideas team agreed to produce a series of games for Softdisk , one every two months , and on February 1 , 1991 , founded id Software .
In the summer of 1991 , id hosted a seminar for game developers with the intention of licensing the Commander Keen engine ; they did so , forming the spiritual predecessor to both QuakeCon and id 's standard of licensing their game engines . Id Software also produced several more games in the Commander Keen series ; the first of these , Commander Keen in Keen Dreams , was published in 1991 through their agreement with Softdisk . Commander Keen in Goodbye , Galaxy , composed of the episodes " Secret of the Oracle " and " The Armageddon Machine " , was published through Apogee in December 1991 , and the final id @-@ developed Keen game , Commander Keen in Aliens Ate My Babysitter , was published through FormGen around the same time . Another trilogy of episodes , titled The Universe Is Toast ! , was planned for December 1992 , but was cancelled after the success of id 's Wolfenstein 3D and development focus on Doom . A final Keen game , Commander Keen , was developed for the Game Boy Color in 2001 by David A. Palmer Productions in association with id Software , and published by Activision . The original trilogy has been released as part of several collections since its first release : the id Anthology compilation in 1996 , a compilation release by Apogee in 1998 of Invasion of the Vorticons and Goodbye , Galaxy , and the 3D Realms Anthology in 2014 . They have also been released for modern computers through a DOS emulator , and sold through Steam since 2007 as a part of the Commander Keen Complete Pack . According to Steam Spy , as of June 2016 approximately 200 @,@ 000 copies have been sold through Steam .
= Today Is Your Day =
" Today Is Your Day " is a song performed by Canadian singer @-@ songwriter Shania Twain . It was self @-@ penned by Twain and co @-@ produced by the singer alongside David Foster and Nathan Chapman . The song was released on June 12 , 2011 by Mercury Nashville Records , as a promotional single to accompany the documentary television series Why Not ? with Shania Twain ( 2011 ) . The song marked Twain 's first song release in over six years . Twain wrote the track for self @-@ inspiration , during the development of Why Not ? with Shania Twain . To her , " Today Is Your Day " became the theme song for the series , expressing the purpose behind it via music . Despite feeling apprehensive , Twain decided to record the track , which induced her to create her forthcoming fifth studio album . The track is midtempo ballad in the country pop genre . Lyrically , " Today Is Your Day " regards personal upliftment . " Today Is Your Day " is Twain 's first piece of music to have had no involvement with now ex @-@ husband Robert John " Mutt " Lange in 18 years .
" Today Is Your Day " has received mixed reviews from music critics and mild commercial performance in Canada and the United States . On the Canadian Hot 100 , the song peaked at number 16 , while , in the US Billboard Hot 100 , it peaked at number 66 . It became Twain 's first effort to enter the main @-@ genre chart since " Party for Two " ( 2004 ) . Despite not receiving an official music video , a promotional music video was gathered from footage from Why Not ? with Shania Twain .
= = Background = =
In 1993 , prior to success , Twain released her eponymous debut studio album , which caught the attention of record producer Robert John " Mutt " Lange . The two collaborated on songwriting via phone calls for six months , and later established a romantic relationship . Soon after , they wedded in December 1993 and Twain 's second studio album The Woman in Me ( 1995 ) established Twain as a superstar , selling over 12 million copies in the United States . Twain and Lange continued to collaborate on her subsequent albums Come on Over ( 1997 ) and Up ! ( 2002 ) ; the prior went on to sell over 40 million copies worldwide and became the best @-@ selling album by a female artist . After selling a total of over 75 million records worldwide , making her the top @-@ selling female artist in country music history , Twain decided to take a musical hiatus in 2005 . In 2008 , it was announced that after 14 years of marriage , Twain and Lange were in the process of divorcing . The singer had discovered her husband was infidel with her best friend Marie Anne Thiebaud , although Lange and Thiebaud never admitted to it . The divorce was finalized on June 9 , 2010 .
According to Twain , she became depressed and lost her desire to live following the divorce . As a distraction from it , Twain commenced to write her memoir From This Moment On ( titled after the 1998 song of the same name ) . She then began to re @-@ evaluate her life and noted a pattern of attempting to withhold emotions , which affected her voice ( for both speaking and singing ) . She explained the loss of her voice was attributed to a cumulative stress that began with domestic violence in her childhood , continued with the death of her parents and the stress from her musical career , and finally exploded with the divorce . As a result , the singer developed dysphonia , an impairment in the ability to produce voice sounds using the vocal organs as a result of tightened muscles enveloping her voice box . In order to recover her voice and heal wounds caused by the divorce , Twain embarked on a documented journey with the series Why Not ? with Shania Twain . The goal was executed via Twain performing acts out her comfort zone to once again be able to perform , while inspiring viewers to be proactive about their dilemmas .
= = Writing and recording = =
After repeating to herself , ' Today is your day ! You can do it ! ' , Twain decided to compose a song for self @-@ inspiration . Twain described the decision to write the song as crucial because it was her first since her separation from Lange . She had to " find [ herself ] as a songwriter again " and become independent once again . " I was petrified of writing a new song without Mutt . A whole new world for me . It had been many , many years since I had written by myself so that was new and scary " , Twain said . For Twain , the music was simple to write , only occupying approximately two lines of sheet music . Then , the lyrics began to flow as Why Not ? with Shania Twain progressed . " Today Is Your Day " inspirited her ; consequently , she contemplated sharing it with the series. a concept that frightened her : " Sharing that song with other people , exposing , and basically allowing myself to be vulnerable the and judged , it scared the heck out of me . " She believed it ultimately became " the natural theme song of the series " . She explained the song 's relevance to the television series : " From the inception of documenting the journey , the song was also created at that moment . And it has evolved with it all along the way . "
As part of Why Not ? with Shania Twain , she then arranged an appointment with music producer David Foster , hoping to collaborate on " Today Is Your Day " . In order to prepare with her session with Foster , Twain visited vocal coach Eric Vetro to prepare , although feeling skeptical . Twain and Vetro executed several vocal exercises to loosen her up from the tension and tightness she experienced . " The goal is to free up , to let go . She has to take all of that tension and tightness that she 's been feeling for so long , and transform it to free herself from it . And to start singing from her heart again , the way she did when she was a little girl , when she started " , Vetro stated . He also expressed his belief that Twain was prepared enough to once again record and perform music . Twain felt she learned divergent techniques that were beneficial to her voice and appreciated Vetro 's understanding of her psyche as a performer .
Nevertheless , Twain was apprehensive about collaborating with Foster and frightened that he would dislike the song or her voice . To ease the process , she approached it as if she were introducing " Today Is Your Day " to the producer as a songwriter , rather than a singer . Twain and Foster recorded the demo of " Today Is Your Day " at Foster 's home studio in Los Angeles , California , creating the musical arrangement as the recording prolonged . Background vocals were provided by Twain and her sister , Carrie Ann Twain , using a handheld microphone . Foster then suggested for Twain to record lead vocals in his home 's vocal booth . After agreeing , Twain commenced it nervously , but then enjoyed it . She considered it a " landmark moment in [ her ] journey " through Why Not ? with Shania Twain and described it as second nature and very natural , as if she never put her musical career to a halt . Twain later recorded the studio version of " Today Is Your Day " and co @-@ produced it along Foster and Nathan Chapman . The song " set [ Twain ] off " , allowing her to feel comfortable anew recording music , and triggering her to create her forthcoming fifth studio album .
= = Release = =
The song premiered on OWN : Oprah Winfrey Network on June 12 , 2011 , immediately after the broadcast premiere of Why Not ? with Shania Twain 's final episode , " Endless Love " at 11 P.M. EST . Subsequently on the same night , " Today Was Your Day " was released to country radio and digital retailers in Canada and the United States , with an international release the next day . It became her first song release since " Shoes " ( 2005 ) from the Desperate Housewives soundtrack , and her first self @-@ penned song released since " Leaving Is the Only Way Out " from The Woman in Me ( 1995 ) ; the two are her only self @-@ penned tracks released . It is also Twain 's first promotional single . An official music video for " Today Is Your Day " was not filmed ; instead , the song was given a promotional music video compiled from highlights from Why Not ? with Shania Twain . It premiered on Vevo on June 23 , 2011 , and was released to the iTunes Store on June 28 , 2011 .
= = Composition = =
" Today Is Your Day " is a song with a length of three minutes and 12 seconds . The song is a slow mid @-@ tempo ballad of the country pop genre . Nonetheless , several critics , such as Nicholas Köhler and Ken MacQueen Maclean 's , have described the track to be a piece of pop music , rather than country music . It commences with a sole piano accompanying Twain 's voice , and later progresses to an assortment of banjo , string instruments , and other instrumentation . However , the production is maintained sparse , leaving Twain 's vocals at center . The lyrics are written in second person and discuss optimism and personal upliftment . In the bridge , she sings , " Brush yourself off no regrets / This is as good as it gets / Don ’ t expect more or less / Just go out and give it your best " , meaning one must be able to disregard dreaming for a better day because " today is all you ’ ve got " . Melinda Newman of HitFix presumed , considering Twain 's back story , that Twain wrote " Today Is Your Day " as message for herself .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
The song received mixed reviews from music critics . Melinda Newman of HitFix said it was " a bit snoozy " , however complementing Twain 's reasonably strong vocals . Newman added , " She ’ s not pushing or belting in any way , but she ’ s upfront and center . However , her delivery is hardly the peppy rallying call that the lyrics call for and if a song ever demanded to be uptempo , this would be it . " Sean Daly of the St. Petersburg Times called the song " a shocking stinkeroo every which way . " Daly criticized Twain 's vocal delivery , noting she sounded as though she sang through the side of her mouth much like James Cagney , and said the track reinforced the skeptics who insisted Lange was the reason for Twain 's success . He concluded , " If ' Today Is Your Day ' is a sign of things to come , you might want to hold your breath on that comeback . " Jenna Hally Rubenstein of MTV was disappointed with " Today Is Your Day " , but said she would " take it " following the singer 's long absence from music . Rubenstein commented that the song was undoubtedly saccharine , yet Twain 's lush and rich voice prevailed .
= = = Chart performance = = =
On the week ending July 2 , 2011 , " Today Is Your Day " debuted at number 14 on the Canadian Hot 100 . The following week , it descended to number 45 . Since , the song has spent six weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 . On the week ending July 2 , 2011 , " Today Is Your Day " also entered on the US Billboard Hot 100 , at number 66 with 46 @,@ 000 digital downloads ( its sole week on the chart ) . This marked Twain 's first entry on the Billboard Hot 100 chart since " Party for Two " ( 2004 ) spent its last week on the chart in February 2005 . On the same week , " Today Is Your Day " entered at number 40 on the US Hot Country Songs chart , ranking Twain 's fourth @-@ highest debut . Two weeks later , on the week ending July 16 , 2011 , the track reached its peak at number 36 , and spent a total of six weeks on the chart .
= = Track listing = =
Digital Download
" Today Is Your Day " – 3 : 14
= = Charts = =
= Etchmiadzin Cathedral =
Etchmiadzin Cathedral ( Armenian : Էջմիածնի Մայր տաճար , Ēǰmiatsni Mayr tačar ) is the mother church of the Armenian Apostolic Church , located in the city of Vagharshapat ( Etchmiadzin ) , Armenia . According to scholars it was the first cathedral ( but not the first church ) built in ancient Armenia , and is considered the oldest cathedral in the world .
The original church was built in the early fourth century — between 301 and 303 according to tradition — by Armenia 's patron saint Gregory the Illuminator , following the adoption of Christianity as a state religion by King Tiridates III . It replaced a preexisting temple , symbolizing the conversion from paganism to Christianity . The core of the current building was built in 483 / 4 by Vahan Mamikonian after the cathedral was severely damaged in a Persian invasion . From its foundation until the second half of the fifth century , Etchmiadzin was the seat of the Catholicos , the supreme head of the Armenian Church .
Although never losing its significance , the cathedral subsequently suffered centuries of virtual neglect . In 1441 it was restored as catholicosate and remains as such to this day . Since then the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin has been the administrative headquarters of the Armenian Church . Etchmiadzin was plundered by Shah Abbas I of Persia in 1604 , when relics and stones were taken out of the cathedral in an effort to undermine Armenians ' attachment to their land . Since then the cathedral has undergone a number of renovations . Belfries were added in the latter half of the seventeenth century and in 1868 a sacristy was constructed at the cathedral 's east end . Today , it incorporates styles of different periods of Armenian architecture . Diminished during the early Soviet period , Etchmiadzin revived again in the second half of the twentieth century , and under independent Armenia .
As the main shrine of religious Christian Armenians worldwide , Etchmiadzin has been an important location in Armenia not only religiously , but also politically and culturally . A major pilgrimage site , it is one of the most visited places in the country . Along with several important early medieval churches located nearby , the cathedral was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000 .
= = History = =
= = = Foundation and etymology = = =
According to tradition , the cathedral was built between 301 and 303 near the royal palace in then Armenian capital city of Vagharshapat , on the location of a pagan temple . The Kingdom of Armenia under Tiridates III became the first country in the world to adopt Christianity as a state religion in 301 . According to History of the Armenians ( c . 460 ) by Agathangelos , Armenia 's patron saint Gregory the Illuminator had a vision of Jesus Christ descending from heaven and striking the earth with a golden hammer to show where the cathedral should be built . Hence , the patriarch gave the church the name of Etchmiadzin ( էջ ēĵ " descent " + մի mi " only " + -ա- -a- ( linking element ) + ծին tsin " begotten " ) , which translates to " the Descent of the Only @-@ Begotten [ Son of God ] . " However , the name Etchmiadzin did not come into use until the 15th century , while earlier sources call it " Cathedral of Vagharshapat " ( Վաղարշապատի Կաթողիկե եկեղեցի Vağaršapati Kat 'oğike ekeghetsi ) or simply Kat 'oghike ( Կաթողիկե , literally " Cathedral " ) . The Feast of the Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin ( Տոն Կաթողիկե Սբ . Էջմիածնի ) is celebrated by the Armenian Church 64 days after Easter , during which " a special hymn is sung , written by the 8th century Catholicos Sahak III of Dzorapor , telling of St. Gregory 's vision and the Cathedral 's construction . "
During archaeological excavations at the cathedral in 1955 – 56 and 1959 , led by architectural historian Alexander Sahinian , remains of the original 4th @-@ century building were discovered — including two levels of pillar bases below the current ones and a narrower altar apse under the present one . Based on these findings , Sahinian asserted that the original church had been a three @-@ naved vaulted basilica , similar to the basilicas of Tekor , Ashtarak and Aparan ( Kasakh ) . However , other scholars , have rejected Sahinian 's view . Among them , Suren Yeremian and Armen Khatchatrian held that the original church had been in the form of a rectangle with a dome supported by four pillars . Stepan Mnatsakanian suggested that the original building had been a " canopy erected on a cross [ plan ] , " while architecture researcher Vahagn Grigoryan suggests an " extreme view , " according to which the cathedral has been essentially in the same form as it is today .
= = = Reconstruction and decline = = =
According to Faustus of Byzantium , the cathedral and the city of Vagharshapat were almost completely destroyed during the invasion of Persian King Shapur II in the 360s ( circa 363 ) . Due to Armenia 's bad economic conditions , the cathedral was renovated by Catholicoi Nerses the Great ( r . 353 – 373 ) and Sahak Parthev ( r . 387 – 439 ) only urgently and partially .
In 387 , Armenia was partitioned between the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire . The eastern part of Armenia where Etchmiadzin was located remained under the rule of Armenian vassal kings subject to Persia until 428 , when the Armenian Kingdom was dissolved . In 450 , in an attempt to impose Zoroastrianism on Armenians , Sasanian King Yazdegerd II built a fire temple inside the cathedral . The pyre of the fire temple was unearthed under the altar of the east apse during the excavations in the 1950s .
By the last quarter of the 5th century the cathedral was dilapidated . According to Ghazar Parpetsi , it was rebuilt from the foundations by marzban ( governor ) of Persian Armenia Vahan Mamikonian in 483 / 4 , when the country was relatively stable , following the struggle for religious freedom against Persia . Most researchers have concluded that , thus , the church was converted into cruciform church and mostly took its current form . The new church was very different from the original one and " consisted of quadric @-@ apsidal hall built of dull , grey stone containing four free @-@ standing cross @-@ shaped pillars disdained to support a stone cupola . " The new cathedral was " in the form of a square enclosing a Greek cross and contains two chapels , one on either side of the east apse . " According to Robert H. Hewsen , the design of the new church was a mixture of the design of a Zoroastrian fire temple and a mausoleum of classical antiquity .
Although the seat of the Catholicos was transferred to Dvin sometime in the 460s – 470s or 484 , the cathedral never lost its significance and remained " one of the greatest shrines of the Armenian Church . " The last known renovations until the 15th century were made by Catholicos Komitas in 618 ( according to Sebeos ) and Catholicos Nerses III ( r . 640 – 661 ) . In 982 the cross of the cathedral was reportedly removed by an Arab emir .
During these centuries of neglect , the cathedral 's " condition deteriorated so badly " that it prompted the prominent archbishop Stepanos Orbelian to write one of his most notable poems , " Lament on Behalf of the Cathedral " ( « Ողբ ի դիմաց Կաթողիկէին » Voğb i dimats Katoğikein ) in 1300 . In the poem , which tells about the consequences of the Mongol and Mamluk invasions of Armenia and Cilicia , Orbelian portrays Etchmiadzin Cathedral " as a woman in mourning , contemplating her former splendor and exhorting her children to return to their homeland [ ... ] and restore its glory . "
= = = From revival to plunder = = =
Following the fall of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1375 , the See of Sis experienced decline and disarray . The Catholicosate of Aghtamar and the locally influential Syunik bishops enhanced the importance of the region around Etchmiadzin . In 1441 a general council of several hundred religious figures met in Etchmiadzin and voted to reestablish a catholicosate there . The cathedral was restored by Catholicos Kirakos ( Cyriacus ) between 1441 and 1443 . At that time Etchmiadzin was under the control of the Turkic Kara Koyunlu , but in 1502 , Safavid Iran gained control of parts of Armenia , including Etchmiadzin , and granted the Armenian Church some privileges .
During the 16th and 17th centuries , Armenia suffered from its location between Persia and Ottoman Turkey , and the conflicts between those two empires . Concurrently with the deportation of up to 350 @,@ 000 Armenians into Persia by Shah Abbas I as part of the scorched earth policy during the war with the Ottoman Empire , Etchmiadzin was plundered in 1604 . The Shah wanted to " dispel Armenian hopes of returning to their homeland " by moving the religious center of the Armenians to Iran in order to provide Persia with a strong Armenian presence . He wanted to destroy the cathedral and have its remains brought to Isfahan . In the event , only some important stones — the altar , the stone where Jesus Christ descended according to tradition , and Armenian Church 's holiest relic , the Right Arm of Gregory the Illuminator — were moved to New Julfa , Isfahan in central Iran . They were incorporated in the local Armenian St. Georg Church when it was built in 1611 . Shah Abbas even offered the cathedral to the Pope .
= = = 17th – 18th centuries = = =
Since 1627 , the cathedral underwent major renovation under Catholicos Movses ( Moses ) , when the dome , ceiling , roof , foundations and paving were repaired . At this time , cells for monks , a guesthouse and other structures were built around the cathedral . Additionally , a wall was built around the cathedral , making it a fort @-@ like complex . Eli Smith wrote in 1833 : " The whole of the premises are surrounded by a high wall flanked with circular towers , and have externally the appearance of a fortress . Within , is a city in miniature . " Douglas Freshfield wrote in 1869 that " convent and cathedral are within a large fortified enclosure " and claimed that it " has in its time resisted many attacks from the infidels . "
The renovation works were interrupted by the Ottoman @-@ Safavid War of 1635 – 36 , during which the cathedral remained intact . The renovations resumed under Catholicos Pilippos ( 1632 – 55 ) , who built new cells for monks and renovated the roof . During this century , belfries were added to many Armenian churches . In 1653 / 4 , he started the construction of the belfry in the western wing of Etchmiadzin Cathedral . It was completed in 1658 by Catholicos Hakob IV Jugayetsi . According to Hewsen the bell is of Tibetian origin with a Buddhist inscription , " probably the long @-@ forgotten gift of some Mongol or Ilkhanid khan . " Decades later , in 1682 , Catholicos Yeghiazar constructed smaller bell towers with red tufa turrets on the southern , eastern , and northern wings .
The renovations of Etchmiadzin continued during the 18th century . In 1720 , Catholicos Astvatsatur and then , in 1777 – 83 Simeon I of Yerevan took actions in preserving the cathedral . In 1770 , Simeon I established a publishing house near Etchmiadzin , the first in Armenia . During Simeon 's reign , the monastery was completely walled and separated from the city of Vagharshapat . Catholicos Ghukas ( Lukas ) continued the renovations in 1784 – 86 .
= = = Russian takeover = = =
The Russian influence gradually penetrated into the region by the early 19th century . The Erivan Khanate , in which Etchmiadzin was located , became an arena for rivalry between the Russian and Persian empires . During the Russo @-@ Persian War ( 1804 – 13 ) , Etchmiadzin was twice captured by the Russian troops led by General Pavel Tsitsianov , first in 1804 and then again in 1806 . However , Russia returned it to Persia by the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan . On 13 April 1827 , during the Russo @-@ Persian War ( 1826 – 28 ) , Etchmiadzin was captured by the Russian General Ivan Paskevich 's troops without fight and was formally annexed by Russia , with the Persian @-@ controlled parts of Armenia , roughly corresponding to the territory of the modern Republic of Armenia ( also known as Eastern Armenia ) , according to the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay .
The cathedral prospered under Russian rule , despite the suspicions that the Imperial Russian government had about Etchmiadzin becoming a " possible center of the Armenian nationalist sentiment . " Formally , Etchmiadzin became the religious center of the Armenians living within the Russian Empire by the 1836 statute or constitution ( polozhenie ) .
In 1868 , Catholicos Gevorg ( George ) IV made the last major alteration to the cathedral by adding a sacristy to its east end . In 1874 , he established the Gevorgian Seminary , a theological school @-@ college located on the cathedral 's premises . Catholicos Markar I undertook the restoration of the interior of the cathedral in 1888 .
= = = 20th century and on = = =
In 1903 , the Russian government issued an edict to confiscate the properties of the Armenian Church , including the treasures of Etchmiadzin . Russian policemen and soldiers entered and occupied the cathedral . Due to popular resistance and the personal defiance of Catholicos Mkrtich Khrimian , the edict was canceled in 1905 .
During the Armenian Genocide , the cathedral of Etchmiadzin and its surrounding became a major center for the Turkish Armenian refugees . At the end of 1918 , there were about 70 @,@ 000 refugees in the Etchmiadzin district . A hospital and an orphanage within the cathedral 's grounds were established and maintained by the U.S.-based Armenian Near East Relief by 1919 .
In the spring of 1918 the cathedral was in danger of an attack by the Turks . Prior to the May 1918 Battle of Sardarabad , which took place just miles away from the cathedral , the civilian and military leadership of Armenia suggested Catholicos Gevorg ( George ) V to leave for Byurakan for security purposes , but he refused . The Armenian forces eventually repelled the Turkish offensive and set the foundation of the First Republic of Armenia .
= = = = Soviet suppression = = = =
After two years of independence , Armenia was Sovietized in December 1920 . During the 1921 February Uprising Etchmiadzin was briefly ( until April ) taken over by the nationalist Armenian Revolutionary Federation , which had dominated the pre @-@ Soviet Armenian government between 1918 and 1920 .
In December 1923 , the southern apse of the cathedral collapsed . It was restored under Toros Toramanian 's supervision in what was the first case of restoration of an architectural monument in Soviet Armenia .
During the Great Purge and the radical state atheist policies in the late 1930s , the cathedral was a " besieged institution as the campaign was underway to eradicate religion . " The repressions climaxed in 1938 when Catholicos Khoren I was murdered in April by the NKVD . In August of that year , the Armenian Communist Party decided to close down the cathedral , but the central Soviet government seemingly did not approve of such a measure . Isolated from the outside world , the cathedral barely continued to function and its administrators were reduced to some twenty people . It was reportedly the only church in Soviet Armenia not to have been seized by the Communist government . The dissident anti @-@ Soviet Armenian diocese in the US wrote that " the great cathedral became a hollow monument . "
The religious importance of Etchmiadzin slowly recovered during the Second World War . The Holy See 's official magazine resumed publication in 1944 , while the seminary was reopened in September 1945 . In 1945 Catholicos Gevorg VI was elected after the seven @-@ year vacancy of the position . The number of baptisms conducted at Etchmiadzin rose greatly : from 200 in 1949 to around 1 @,@ 700 in 1951 . Nevertheless , the cathedral 's role was downplayed by the Communist official circles . " For them the ecclesiastical Echmiadzin belongs irrevocably to the past , and even if the monastery and the cathedral are occasionally the scene of impressive ceremonies including the election of a new catholicos , this has little importance from the communist point of view , " wrote Walter Kolarz in 1961 .
= = = = Revival = = = =
Etchmiadzin revived under Catholicos Vasken I since the period known as the Khrushchev Thaw in the mid @-@ 1950s , following Stalin 's death . Archaeological excavations were held in 1955 – 56 and in 1959 ; the cathedral underwent a major renovation during this period . Wealthy diaspora benefactors , such as Calouste Gulbenkian and Alex Manoogian , financially assisted the renovation of the cathedral . Gulbenkian alone provided $ 400 @,@ 000 .
In 2000 Etchmiadzin underwent a renovation prior to the celebrations of the 1700th anniversary of the Christianization of Armenia in 2001 . In 2003 the 1700th anniversary of the consecration of the cathedral was celebrated by the Armenian Church . Catholicos Karekin II issued a pontifical encyclical ( kondak ) on January 30 . On February 3 he declared 2003 the Year of Holy Etchmiadzin . In September of that year an academic conference was held at the Pontifical Residence .
The latest renovation of the cathedral began in 2012 , with a focus on strengthening and restoring the dome and the roof .
= = Architecture = =
Today , Etchmiadzin " has a cruciform plan with a central cupola , four free @-@ standing piers , and four projecting apses which are semicircular on the interior and polygonal on the exterior . The central piers , cruciform in section , divide the interior space into nine equal square compartments . "
= = = Exterior design = = =
The cathedral 's external appearance has been described as " austere " , " ascetic " , " unostentatious " , and as " a massive cube surmounted by a faceted cone on a simple cylinder . " Robert H. Hewsen writes that it is " neither the largest nor the most beautiful of Armenian churches " , nevertheless , " the overall impression presented by the ensemble is inspiring , and Armenians hold the building in great reverence . " James Bryce wrote that the cathedral is " small , that is to say , compared with its fame or importance " . Paul Bloomfield , writing for The Times , expressed a similar view : " [ the ] cathedral , though diminutive by European standards , is immensely important . " Herbert Lottman wrote in a 1976 New York Times article : " Like all ancient Armenian churches , the cathedral is characterized by a disarmingly naive , coneshaped steeple . With a minimum of ornament , the building [ ... ] is a solid stone construction , its arches sober romanesque curves . "
Alexander Sahinian declared that Etchmiadzin holds a unique position in Armenian ( and non @-@ Armenian ) architecture history because it reproduces features of different periods of Armenian architecture . Despite the fact that the cathedral was renovated many times through the centuries and some alterations were made in the 17th and 19th centuries , it retains the form of the building constructed in 483 / 4 . The 5th @-@ century building is the core of the cathedral , while the stone cupola , turrets , belfry , and rear extension are all later additions . Engraved on the exterior of the edifice are decorative geometric and floral patterns as well as blind arcades and medallions depicting saints . Portions of the northern and eastern walls of the original building have survived .
= = = = Reliefs = = = =
Greek reliefs
The northern wall of the cathedral contains two reliefs which depict Paul the Apostle and Saint Thecla and a cross with all arms of equal length with Greek inscriptions . Paul and Thecla are represented in conversation , Paul is shown seated on cross @-@ legged stool . These reliefs have been dated by various authors between the first and sixth centuries . Shahkhatunian and Ghevont Alishan suggested that these reliefs were created before the invention of the Armenian alphabet in 405 . Art historian Sirarpie Der Nersessian believed that they are from the fifth or sixth century . In his 2012 analysis , Grigoryan wrote that " we can insist that the three reliefs of the Echmiadzin Cathedral were created from the very beginning , in 302 – 325 . " According to Hasratyan they are the earliest reliefs on the cathedral 's walls and among the earliest items of Christian Armenian sculpture art .
reliefs and ornaments on the western ( main ) belfry
= = = Interior design = = =
The early frescoes inside the cathedral were restored in the 18th century . Stepanos Lehatsi ( Stephen of Poland ) illustrated the belfry in 1664 . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Armenian painters created frescoes of scenes from the old testament and Armenian saints . Naghash Hovnatan painted parts of the interior between 1712 and 1721 . His paintings on the dome and the painting of the Mother of God under the altar have survived to this day . Other members of the prominent Hovnatanian family ( Hakob , Harutyun and Hovnatan ) created paintings throughout the 18th century . Their work was continued by the succeeding generations of the same family ( Mkrtum and Hakob ) in the 19th century .
The wooden doors of the cathedral were carved in Tiflis in 1889 . The paintings were moved out of the cathedral by the order of Catholicos Mkrtich Khrimian in 1891 and are now kept in various museums in Armenia , including the National Gallery of Armenia . The frescoes inside the cathedral were restored by Lydia Durnovo in 1956 and in 1981 – 82 under the directorship of Vardges Baghdasaryan .
In the 1950s , the stone floor was replaced with one of marble .
= = = Influence = = =
= = = = On Armenian architecture = = = =
The design of Etchmiadzin Cathedral — classified as " a four @-@ apsed square with ciborium , " and called Էջմիածնատիպ Ejmiatsnatip " Etchmiadzin @-@ type " in Armenian architectural historiography — was not common in Armenia in the early Medieval period . The now @-@ destroyed St. Theodore Church of Bagaran , dating from 624 – 631 , was the only known church with a significantly similar plan and structure from that period . In the 19th century , during an architectural revival that looked back to Armenia 's past , the plan of Etchmiadzin Cathedral began to be directly copied in new Armenian churches . Some notable examples from this period include the narthex of the St. Thaddeus Monastery in northern Iran , dating from 1811 or 1819 – 30 , and the Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shusha , dating from 1868 .
= = = = On European architecture = = = =
Art historian Josef Strzygowski , who was the first European to thoroughly study Armenian architecture , and who placed Armenia in the center of European architecture , suggested in his 1918 two @-@ volume book titled Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa ( The Architecture of the Armenians and of Europe ) that several churches and chapels in Western Europe have been influenced by the cathedrals of Etchmiadzin and Bagaran due to similarities found within their plans . According to Strzygowski , some examples of churches influenced by Etchmiadzin and Bagaran are the 9th @-@ century church of Germigny @-@ des @-@ Prés in France ( built by Odo of Metz , probably an Armenian ) and San Satiro of Milan , Italy . This view was later supported by Alexander Sahinian and Varazdat Harutyunyan . Sahinian suggested that the Armenian church architecture was spread in Western Europe in the 8th – 9th centuries by Paulicians , who migrated from Armenia en mase after being suppressed by the Byzantine government during the Iconoclasm period . Sahinian added many other medieval churches in Europe , such as the Palatine Chapel of Aachen in Germany , to the list of churches to have been influenced by the cathedrals of Etchmiadzin and Bagaran and by Byzantine decorative arts . According to Murad Hasratyan , Etchmiadzin 's design was spread to Europe via the Byzantine Empire and served as a model — besides Germigny @-@ des @-@ Prés and San Satiro — for the Nea Ekklesia church in Constantinople and the churches of Mount Athos in Greece .
= = Significance = =
For many centuries , Etchmiadzin was the national and political center of the stateless Armenian people . The locus of Etchmiadzin is considered " a sanctified soil " in a way similar to Temple Mount ( for Jews ) and Harmandir Sahib ( for Sikhs ) . The cathedral complex has been called " Armenian Vatican " or " Armenian Mecca " as it is a major pilgrimage site for religious Armenians worldwide . Because the cathedral has been so important to the development of Armenians ' sense of identity , a pilgrimage to Etchmiadzin is " as much as ethnic as a religious experience . " American journalist and historian Francis Whiting Halsey described the cathedral as " the most treasured possession of the Armenian nation " and " the source of that strength which has held them together through centuries of persecution , warfare and massacre . " Royal Navy Captain James Creagh highlighted its immense role for the Armenian people in his 1880 book , writing that " The monastery and cathedral of Echmiadzin may , without any exaggeration , be described as the heart of the Armenian nation . "
Before the foundation of the First Republic of Armenia and the official designation of Yerevan as its capital in 1918 , Western sources emphasized Etchmiadzin 's political significance . A 1920 book prepared by the Historical Section of the British Foreign Office acknowledged that Etchmiadzin " was regarded as the national capital of the Armenians . " " Deprived of a political head and even a political capital the [ Armenian ] people have , for at least five hundred years , looked to Etchmiadzin as the home of their people , the centre to which they looked for guidance , unfailing sympathy , and practical aid , " wrote Welsh journalist and politician W. Llewelyn Williams in his 1916 book about Armenia .
Italian historian and traveler Luigi Villari wrote about the cathedral in 1906 :
During every critical phase of their history , the Armenians have looked at Etchmiadzin for guidance , to the Church for close on sixteen hundred years has been their beacon and their hope . A visit to Etchmiadzin enables us to understand the tenacity of this people and their devotion to their faith better than a whole library of books .
Mabel Evelyn Elliott , the Medical Director of Near East Relief , wrote about the cathedral 's longevity in 1924 :
Changes in temporal affairs have beaten against the walls of Etchmiadzin for sixteen centuries like little waves against a granite cliff . Now the Tsar has fallen , the Soviets have come . The Soviets may endure for a few years or for a few centuries ; it is all one to Etchmiadzin . Some day the Soviets will go , as all temporal governments do , but Etchmiadzin will stand .
= = Notable visitors = =
Early European visitors to Etchmiadzin who gave descirptions of the cathedral included Jean @-@ Baptiste Tavernier ( before 1668 ) , Jean Chardin ( 1673 ) , Joseph Pitton de Tournefort ( c . 1700 ) , James Morier ( 1810 – 16 ) , Robert Ker Porter ( 1817 – 20 ) , Friedrich Parrot ( 1829 ) , August von Haxthausen ( 1843 ) , Moritz Wagner ( 1843 ) , James Bryce ( 1876 ) , H. F. B. Lynch ( 1893 ) .
Many prominent individuals have visited Etchmiadzin , including Russian diplomat and playwright Alexander Griboedov ( 1828 ) , Russian poet Valery Bryusov , Fridtjof Nansen ( 1925 ) , English composer Benjamin Britten , Russian singer @-@ songwriter Vladimir Vysotsky , Russian @-@ American poet and essayist Joseph Brodsky and many others visited the cathedral .
In the 21st century major religious figures like Pope John Paul II ( 2001 ) , Ignatius Zakka I Iwas ( 2002 ) , Patriarch Kirill of Moscow ( 2010 ) , Pope Francis ( 2016 ) visited Etchmiadzin . Pope Francis gave a prayer at the cathedral on June 24 . He called the cathedral " a witness to the history of your people and the centre from which its spirituality radiates . "
Presidents of several countries , such as Russia ( Vladimir Putin in 2005 ) , France ( Jacques Chirac in 2006 and Nicholas Sarkozy in 2011 ) , Georgia ( Giorgi Margvelashvili in 2014 ) , and royalty , such as Nicholas I of Russia ( 1837 ) , Prince Charles ( 2013 ) have visited the cathedral as part of their state or private visits to Armenia .
= = Heritage designation = =
In 2000 UNESCO added Etchmiadzin Cathedral , the churches of St. Hripsime , St. Gayane , Shoghakat and the ruined Zvartnots Cathedral to the list of World Heritage Sites .
In 2002 , the cathedral complex with over 50 monuments , including many khachkars ( cross @-@ stones ) and graves located around the cathedral , was listed by the Government of Armenia in the list of historical and cultural monuments of the Armavir Province .
= = Cultural depictions = =
The Etchmiadzin weekly ( « Էջմիածին » ամսագիր ) , the official periodical of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin founded in 1944 , features the cathedral on its cover page as newspaper logo .
In the 1991 film Mayrig , directed by French @-@ Armenian director Henri Verneuil , actual footage of the cathedral is shown when Azad Zakarian , the main character and a son of Armenian Genocide survivors , is being questioned about his faith in a Catholic school .
The Soviet Union and Armenia issued postage stamps depicting the cathedral in 1978 and 2009 , respectively . The cathedral is depicted on the obverse side of 50 @,@ 000 @-@ dram banknote ( 2001 ) .
= = = Artistic depictions = = =
= = = Academic articles = = =
= = = Published books = = =
Specific
General
= HNoMS Mjølner ( 1868 ) =
HNoMS Mjølner was the fourth of five ships of the John Ericsson @-@ class monitors built for the Royal Swedish Navy and the Royal Norwegian Navy in the mid @-@ 1860s . Impressed by the use of ironclads during the American Civil War , the design was based on that of the USS Monitor . They were designed under the supervision of the Swedish @-@ born inventor , John Ericsson — coincidentally , designer of the Monitor — , and built in Sweden . Mjølner was delivered in 1868 and ran aground the following year , although she was not seriously damaged . The ship was reconstructed in 1897 and given modern breech @-@ loading guns . Mjølner was sold for scrap in 1909 .
= = Design and description = =
The John Ericsson @-@ class ironclads were designed to meet the need of the Swedish and Norwegian Navies for small , shallow @-@ draft armored ships capable of defending their coastal waters . The standoff between the USS Monitor and the much larger CSS Virginia during the Battle of Hampton Roads in , early 1862 , roused much interest in Sweden in this new type of warship , as it seemed ideal for coastal defense duties . John Ericsson , designer and builder of the Monitor , born in Sweden — although becoming an American citizen in 1848 — offered to share his design with the Swedes . In response , they sent Lieutenant John Christian d 'Ailly to the United States to study monitor design and construction under Ericsson . D 'Ailly arrived in July 1862 and toured rolling mills , gun foundries , and visited several different ironclads under construction . He returned to Sweden in 1863 having completed the drawings of a Monitor @-@ type ship under Ericsson 's supervision .
The ship measured 60 @.@ 88 meters ( 199 ft 9 in ) long overall , with a beam of 13 @.@ 54 meters ( 44 ft 5 in ) . She had a draft of 3 @.@ 4 meters ( 11 ft 2 in ) and displaced 1 @,@ 522 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 498 long tons ) . Mjølner was divided into nine main compartments by eight watertight bulkheads . Over time a flying bridge and , later , a full superstructure , was added to each ship between the gun turret and the funnel . Initially her crew numbered 80 officers and men , but this increased to 104 as she was modified with additional weapons .
= = = Propulsion = = =
The John Ericsson @-@ class ships had one twin @-@ cylinder vibrating lever steam engines , designed by Ericsson himself , driving a single four @-@ bladed , 3 @.@ 74 @-@ meter ( 12 ft 3 in ) propeller . Their engines were powered by four fire @-@ tube boilers at a working pressure of 40 psi ( 276 kPa ; 3 kgf / cm2 ) . The engines produced a total of 380 indicated horsepower ( 280 kW ) which gave the monitors a maximum speed of 6 @.@ 5 knots ( 12 @.@ 0 km / h ; 7 @.@ 5 mph ) in calm waters . The ships carried 110 tonnes ( 110 long tons ) of coal , enough for six day 's steaming .
= = = Armament = = =
Mjølner was armed with a pair of Armstrong 270 @-@ millimeter ( 10 @.@ 6 in ) rifled muzzle @-@ loading guns . Each gun was constructed of steel and weighed 18 @.@ 5 long tons ( 18 @.@ 8 t ) . The ship also carried a 80 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) gun . During Mjølner 's reconstruction in 1897 her gun turret was fixed in place and modified to serve as a barbette for her two new breech @-@ loading Cockerill 120 @-@ millimeter ( 5 in ) guns . She also received two 124 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 9 in ) and 65 @-@ millimeter ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) Cockerill guns mounted in her superstructure . In addition two 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss 5 @-@ barrel revolving guns were mounted in the superstructure . They fired a shell weighing about 1 @.@ 1 lb ( 0 @.@ 50 kg ) at a muzzle velocity of about 2 @,@ 000 ft / s ( 610 m / s ) . This gave them a range of about 3 @,@ 500 yards ( 3 @,@ 200 m ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute
= = = Armor = = =
The John Ericsson @-@ class ships had a complete waterline armor belt of wrought iron that was 1 @.@ 8 meters ( 5 ft 11 in ) high and 124 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 9 in ) thick . The armor consisted of five plates backed by 91 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 6 in ) of wood . The lower edge of this belt was 74 @.@ 2 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 9 in ) thick as it was only three plates thick . The maximum thickness of the armored deck was 24 @.@ 7 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 0 in ) in two layers . The gun turret 's armor consisted of twelve layers of iron , totalling 270 millimeters ( 10 @.@ 6 in ) in thickness on the first four monitors . The inside of the turret was lined with mattresses to catch splinters . The base of the turret was protected with a 127 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) glacis , 520 millimeters ( 20 @.@ 5 in ) high , and the turret 's roof was 127 millimeters thick . The conning tower was positioned on top of the turret and its sides were ten layers ( 250 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) ) thick . The funnel was protected by six layers of armor with a total thickness of 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) up to half its height .
= = Service = =
The Norwegians had built one monitor @-@ type ship of their own , Skorpionen , in 1865 , and laid down several others , but the Norwegian Parliament authorized construction of Mjølner in 1867 in Sweden at the cost of 1 @,@ 102 @,@ 000 Norwegian krone . She was launched in 1868 and completed on 7 September of that year . The ship ran aground at Kragerø on 21 June 1869 . Mjølner could not be pulled off the rocks until the ship 's ammunition , iron ballast and 120 long tons ( 120 t ) of coal were removed . Her repairs were completed on 7 July 1869 by the Royal Dockyard at Horten , at the cost of 5 @,@ 000 krone . The court of inquiry found the ship 's commander and the pilot liable for the repairs , but the parliament released the two from their obligation two years later . She was visited by King Charles XV of Sweden on one occasion when visiting one of Sweden 's west @-@ coast ports in the early 1870s . Mjølner was laid up after her refit in 1897 , but was mobilized during 1905 when the personal union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved . She returned to reserve afterward before being sold for scrap in 1909 .
= Andrew Alberts =
Andrew James Alberts ( born June 30 , 1981 ) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman who is currently an Unrestricted Free Agent , having last played for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He additionally played in the NHL with the Boston Bruins , Philadelphia Flyers and Carolina Hurricanes . A stay @-@ at @-@ home defenseman , he was known for playing a physical style of game .
After a two @-@ year junior career in the United States Hockey League ( USHL ) , he was selected by the Bruins 179th overall in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft . Following the draft , he joined the college ranks with the Boston College Eagles of the Hockey East conference . In four seasons with the Eagles , Alberts was named Hockey East 's Best Defensive Defenseman and was a two @-@ time NCAA All @-@ American . Joining the Bruins in 2005 , he played three seasons with the club before being traded to the Flyers . He played with the Flyers for one year , then with the Hurricanes in 2009 . At the trade deadline the following year , he was dealt to the Canucks . Internationally , Alberts has competed for the American national team at the 2006 and 2007 World Championships .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Amateur = = =
Alberts played high school hockey for Benilde @-@ St. Margaret 's from 1997 to 1999 . In his graduating year , he earned All @-@ Conference honors while leading the Red Knights to a State Class A title . He played the next two seasons at the junior level in the United States Hockey League ( USHL ) with the Waterloo Blackhawks . Recording 4 points over 49 games in his rookie campaign , he was named the team 's Most Improved Player . In 2000 – 01 , he served as an alternate captain while raising his points total to 14 over 54 games . That summer , Alberts was drafted by the Boston Bruins in the sixth round ( 179th overall ) of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft .
Following the draft , Alberts began playing college hockey for Boston College Eagles of the Hockey East conference in 2001 . His first college goal came in the first round of the 2002 Beanpot , a short handed marker against the Boston University Terriers . He scored 12 points his freshman year before improving to 22 points in 2002 – 03 . In his third college year , he recorded 16 points was a co @-@ recipient of Hockey East 's Best Defensive Defenseman award with Prestin Ryan of the Maine Black Bears . He was also named to the Hockey East Second All @-@ Star and NCAA East First All @-@ American Teams .
Alberts did not miss a game during his college career until suffering two knee injuries during his senior year in 2004 – 05 . Limited to 30 games , he again recorded 16 points and was named to the Hockey East First All @-@ Star Team . In the playoffs , he ended what was the longest semifinal game in Hockey East history with a double @-@ overtime goal against the Maine Black Bears . Alberts earned Hockey East All @-@ Tournament honors , as the Eagles defeated the New Hampshire Wildcats 3 – 1 in the final to win the Lamoriello Trophy as conference champions . He also earned his second consecutive NCAA East All @-@ American recognition .
= = = Professional = = =
Following his senior year with the Eagles , Alberts signed an amateur tryout contract with the Boston Bruins ' American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Providence Bruins , on April 1 , 2005 . He appeared in the final eight games of the 2004 – 05 AHL regular season before helping the club to the Conference Finals of the playoffs . He scored his first professional goal in Game 5 of the Conference Finals against goaltender Antero Niittymaki in a 6 – 4 win against the Philadelphia Phantoms .
After signing a one @-@ year NHL contract with Boston in August 2005 , he appeared in his first NHL training camp in September 2005 . Making the Bruins ' roster for the 2005 – 06 season , he made his NHL debut on October 5 , 2005 in a game versus the Montreal Canadiens . A month later , he notched his first NHL point , an assist , in a game against the Buffalo Sabres on November 19 . In December 2005 , Alberts received a brief 10 @-@ day assignment to Providence , notching an assist over 6 games during that span . Returning to the Boston lineup , he scored his first NHL goal late in the campaign during a game against the Buffalo Sabres on March 12 , 2006 . Playing in 73 games , Alberts scored a goal and six assists . During his rookie season , Bruins head coach Mike Sullivan experimented with playing Alberts at the forward position for roughly a month .
After re @-@ signing for another year in July 2006 , he recorded 10 assists over 76 games the following season . He earned his first multi @-@ year contract in the off @-@ season , re @-@ signing with the Bruins . During the 2007 – 08 season , he was limited to 35 games due to a head injury suffered on November 26 , 2007 , during a game against the Philadelphia Flyers . Going down to his knees to block a puck moving into the defensive zone , opposing forward Scott Hartnell bodychecked him , using his elbow to hit Alberts ' head against the boards . Alberts left the game injured , while Hartnell received a five @-@ minute major penalty and a game misconduct ; he was later suspended an additional two games by the league . Alberts recovered in time to make his NHL playoff debut in April 2008 , as the Bruins were eliminated in the first round by the Montreal Canadiens .
After being a healthy scratch for the Bruins ' first two games in the 2008 – 09 season , Alberts was traded to Philadelphia for Ned Lukacevic and a conditional 2009 draft pick on October 13 , 2008 . The emergence of younger defenceman Matt Hunwick was partly responsible for his expandability . Alberts became an integral part of the Flyers ' defensive corps , leading the team in hits ( 157 ) and ranking third in blocked shots ( 133 ) . His 12 assists and 13 points were career @-@ highs .
Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off @-@ season , Alberts signed a two @-@ year deal with the Carolina Hurricanes on July 16 , 2009 . The contract paid him $ 800 @,@ 000 the first year and $ 1 @.@ 3 million the second . After appearing in 62 games for Carolina , he was dealt at the 2009 – 10 trade deadline on March 3 , 2010 , to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for a third round pick in the 2010 draft ( Austin Levi ) . Between Carolina and Vancouver , Alberts finished the regular season with 3 goals and 12 points over 76 games . His defensive play struggled in his initial stint with Vancouver , often being made a healthy scratch . He continued to earn criticism from Vancouver fans and media in the playoffs , particularly for his lack of speed and for taking costly penalties .
Alberts came back to the Canucks with improved play during the 2010 pre @-@ season and beat out Shane O 'Brien for the team 's final spot on defense ( O 'Brien was subsequently traded prior to the start of the season ) . Nearly a month into the season , Alberts suffered a minor knee injury during a game against the Colorado Avalanche , but did not miss any games . Later in the season , he was sucker @-@ punched in the face by enforcer Jody Shelley during a game against the Flyers in December 2010 . The two were being restrained by referees during a scrum when Shelley struck him . As a result , he received a two @-@ game suspension from the league and forfeited $ 26 @,@ 829 @.@ 27 in salary . Though Alberts left the game , he was not injured on the play . The following month , Alberts suffered a right shoulder injury during a game against the Minnesota Wild on January 16 , 2011 . Shortly after recovering and returning to the lineup , he suffered another injury , breaking his wrist while blocking a shot during a game against the St. Louis Blues on February 14 , 2011 . He missed the remainder of the regular season , finishing with a goal and seven assists , while leading Canucks defencemen with 113 hits , over 42 games . Recovering in time for the playoffs , Alberts appeared in nine post @-@ season games ( he did not register any points ) during the Canucks ' run to the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , where they were defeated in seven games by the Boston Bruins . During the off @-@ season , Alberts was re @-@ signed by the Canucks to a two @-@ year , $ 2 @.@ 45 million deal on June 29 , 2011 ( two days prior to his pending unrestricted free agency ) .
During the 2013 off @-@ season , the Canucks signed Alberts to a one @-@ year extension . Alberts suffered a concussion during a December 29 , 2013 game against the Calgary Flames due to a high hit delivered by enforcer Brian McGrattan that sidelined him for the remainder of the Canucks ' season and has placed his career in doubt .
= = International play = =
Alberts first played internationally for the American national team at the 2006 IIHF World Championship in Riga , Latvia . He scored his first international goal in the preliminary round , a 3 – 0 shutout against Denmark . Later in the tournament , the United States were shut out by Sweden in the quarterfinal and finished in seventh place . Alberts returned for the 2007 IIHF World Championship in Moscow , Russia . He notched one assist as the United States finished in fifth place . They were eliminated in the quarterfinal against Finland , a 5 – 4 shootout loss .
= = Personal life = =
Alberts was born in Minneapolis , Minnesota , to Mary and Dale Alberts . The third of four children , he has two older sisters and one younger brother . Alberts attended Eden Prairie High School for his first two years of secondary before graduating from Benilde @-@ St. Margaret 's in June 1999 . While enrolled in Boston College , Alberts earned a communications degree . Prior to his senior year , he was awarded the Morrissey Brothers Memorial Hockey Scholarship .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Awards and honors = =
= WASP @-@ 13 =
WASP @-@ 13 is a star in the Lynx constellation . The star is similar , in terms of metallicity and mass , to the Sun , although it is hotter and most likely older . The star was first observed in 1997 , according to the SIMBAD database , and was targeted by SuperWASP after the star was observed by one of the SuperWASP telescopes beginning in 2006 . Follow @-@ up observations on the star led to the discovery of planet WASP @-@ 13b in 2008 ; the discovery paper was published in 2009 .
= = Observational history = =
According to SIMBAD , WASP @-@ 13 was first observed in 1997 , when it was catalogued by astronomers measuring the proper motion of stars in regions of the sky where galaxies are detected . Between November 27 , 2006 , and April 1 , 2007 , the SuperWASP @-@ North telescope in the Canary Islands observed WASP @-@ 13 ; analysis of the data suggested that a planet could be in the orbit of the star .
Follow @-@ up observations were conducted by a team of British , Spanish , French , Swiss and American astronomers using the photometer on the James Gregory Telescope in Scotland ; using visual comparisons to the nearby bright star HD 80408 , the star 's light curve was better defined . In combination with measurements of WASP @-@ 13 's spectrum measured using the SOPHIE échelle spectrograph at the Haute @-@ Provence Observatory in France , the star 's radial velocity was also discovered . The Fibre @-@ Fed Echelle Spectrograph on the Nordic Optical Telescope gathered additional measurements of WASP @-@ 13 's spectrum , allowing astronomers to determine WASP @-@ 13 's characteristics . Use of SOPHIE 's data led to the discovery of the planet WASP @-@ 13b in 2008 ; the planet was reported in 2009 .
Based on SIMBAD 's archive , WASP @-@ 13 was included in ten more papers between its discovery and 2010 .
= = Characteristics = =
WASP @-@ 13 is a sunlike , G @-@ type star that is situated approximately 156 parsecs ( 509 light years ) in the Lynx constellation . With an apparent magnitude of 10 @.@ 42 , the star cannot be seen with the unaided eye from the perspective of someone on Earth . The star 's effective temperature , at 5826 K , is hotter than that of the Sun . However , its metallicity is similar ; this can be seen in how the concentration of iron , or [ Fe / H ] , is approximately 0 . WASP @-@ 13 's surface gravity is measured at 4 @.@ 04 km / s2 , while the rate at which it rotates is at most 4 @.@ 9 km / s .
WASP @-@ 13 has a mass that is 1 @.@ 03 times the mass of the Sun and a radius that is 1 @.@ 34 times the Sun 's radius . Measurements of its lithium content suggest that the star has used up all of its helium and is now fusing lithium in the shell around its core . With this , its estimated age is 8 @.@ 5 billion years , over twice the age of the Sun , but this age may vary to any point between 4 @.@ 4 and 14 billion years in age because of the high uncertainty surrounding this aspect of the star 's age .
= = Planetary system = =
WASP @-@ 13b is a planet that orbits its host star at a distance of 0 @.@ 0527 AU , or approximately 5 @.@ 27 % of the mean distance between the Earth and Sun . The planet completes an orbit every 4 @.@ 35298 days , or approximately 4 days and 8 @.@ 5 hours . WASP @-@ 13b 's estimated mass is 0 @.@ 46 times the mass of Jupiter , while its radius is about 1 @.@ 21 times that of the planet .
= Oort cloud =
The Oort cloud ( / ˈɔːrt / or / ˈʊərt / , named after the astronomer Jan Oort ) , sometimes called the Öpik – Oort cloud , is a theoretical cloud of predominantly icy planetesimals believed to surround the Sun to as far as somewhere between 50 @,@ 000 and 200 @,@ 000 AU ( 0 @.@ 8 and 3 @.@ 2 ly ) . It is divided into two regions : a disc @-@ shaped inner Oort cloud ( or Hills cloud ) and a spherical outer Oort cloud . Both regions lie beyond the heliosphere and in interstellar space . The Kuiper belt and the scattered disc , the other two reservoirs of trans @-@ Neptunian objects , are less than one thousandth as far from the Sun as the Oort cloud .
The outer limit of the Oort cloud defines the cosmographical boundary of the Solar System and the extent of the Sun 's Hill sphere . The outer Oort cloud is only loosely bound to the Solar System , and thus is easily affected by the gravitational pull both of passing stars and of the Milky Way itself . These forces occasionally dislodge comets from their orbits within the cloud and send them toward the inner Solar System . Based on their orbits , most of the short @-@ period comets may come from the scattered disc , but some may still have originated from the Oort cloud .
Astronomers conjecture that the matter composing the Oort cloud formed closer to the Sun and was scattered far into space by the gravitational effects of the giant planets early in the Solar System 's evolution . Although no confirmed direct observations of the Oort cloud have been made , it may be the source of all long @-@ period and Halley @-@ type comets entering the inner Solar System , and many of the centaurs and Jupiter @-@ family comets as well .
= = Hypothesis = =
In 1932 , the Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik postulated that long @-@ period comets originated in an orbiting cloud at the outermost edge of the Solar System . The idea was independently revived by Dutch astronomer Jan Oort as a means to resolve a paradox . Over the course of the Solar System 's existence the orbits of comets are unstable and eventually dynamics dictate that a comet must either collide with the Sun or a planet or else be ejected from the Solar System by planetary perturbations . Moreover , their volatile composition means that as they repeatedly approach the Sun , radiation gradually boils the volatiles off until the comet splits or develops an insulating crust that prevents further outgassing . Thus , Oort reasoned , a comet could not have formed while in its current orbit and must have been held in an outer reservoir for almost all of its existence .
There are two main classes of comet , short @-@ period comets ( also called ecliptic comets ) and long @-@ period comets ( also called nearly isotropic comets ) . Ecliptic comets have relatively small orbits , below 10 AU , and follow the ecliptic plane , the same plane in which the planets lie . All long @-@ period comets have very large orbits , on the order of thousands of AU , and appear from every direction in the sky . Oort noted that there was a peak in numbers of long @-@ period comets with aphelia ( their farthest distance from the Sun ) of roughly 20 @,@ 000 AU , which suggested a reservoir at that distance with a spherical , isotropic distribution . Those relatively rare comets with orbits of about 10 @,@ 000 AU have probably gone through one or more orbits through the Solar System and have had their orbits drawn inward by the gravity of the planets .
= = Structure and composition = =
The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space from somewhere between 2 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 000 AU ( 0 @.@ 03 and 0 @.@ 08 ly ) to as far as 50 @,@ 000 AU ( 0 @.@ 79 ly ) from the Sun . Some estimates place the outer edge at between 100 @,@ 000 and 200 @,@ 000 AU ( 1 @.@ 58 and 3 @.@ 16 ly ) . The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of 20 @,@ 000 – 50 @,@ 000 AU ( 0 @.@ 32 – 0 @.@ 79 ly ) , and a torus @-@ shaped inner Oort cloud of 2 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 AU ( 0 @.@ 0 – 0 @.@ 3 ly ) . The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long @-@ period ( and possibly Halley @-@ type ) comets to inside the orbit of Neptune . The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud , named after Jack G. Hills , who proposed its existence in 1981 . Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo ; it is seen as a possible source of new comets to resupply the tenuous outer cloud as the latter 's numbers are gradually depleted . The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of years .
The outer Oort cloud may have trillions of objects larger than 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) , and billions with absolute magnitudes brighter than 11 ( corresponding to approximately 20 @-@ kilometre ( 12 mi ) diameter ) , with neighboring objects tens of millions of kilometres apart . Its total mass is not known , but , assuming that Halley 's Comet is a suitable prototype for comets within the outer Oort cloud , roughly the combined mass is 3 × 1025 kilograms ( 6 @.@ 6 × 1025 lb ) , or five times that of Earth . Earlier it was thought to be more massive ( up to 380 Earth masses ) , but improved knowledge of the size distribution of long @-@ period comets led to lower estimates . The mass of the inner Oort cloud has not been characterized .
If analyses of comets are representative of the whole , the vast majority of Oort @-@ cloud objects consist of ices such as water , methane , ethane , carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide . However , the discovery of the object 1996 PW , an object whose appearance was consistent with a D @-@ type asteroid in an orbit typical of a long @-@ period comet , prompted theoretical research that suggests that the Oort cloud population consists of roughly one to two percent asteroids . Analysis of the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in both the long @-@ period and Jupiter @-@ family comets shows little difference between the two , despite their presumably vastly separate regions of origin . This suggests that both originated from the original protosolar cloud , a conclusion also supported by studies of granular size in Oort @-@ cloud comets and by the recent impact study of Jupiter @-@ family comet Tempel 1 .
= = Origin = =
The Oort cloud is thought to be a remnant of the original protoplanetary disc that formed around the Sun approximately 4 @.@ 6 billion years ago . The most widely accepted hypothesis is that the Oort cloud 's objects initially coalesced much closer to the Sun as part of the same process that formed the planets and minor planets , but that gravitational interaction with young gas giants such as Jupiter ejected the objects into extremely long elliptic or parabolic orbits . Recent research has been cited by NASA hypothesizing that a large number of Oort cloud objects are the product of an exchange of materials between the Sun and its sibling stars as they formed and drifted apart , and it is suggested that many — possibly the majority of — Oort cloud objects did not form in close proximity to the Sun . Simulations of the evolution of the Oort cloud from the beginnings of the Solar System to the present suggest that the cloud 's mass peaked around 800 million years after formation , as the pace of accretion and collision slowed and depletion began to overtake supply .
Models by Julio Ángel Fernández suggest that the scattered disc , which is the main source for periodic comets in the Solar System , might also be the primary source for Oort cloud objects . According to the models , about half of the objects scattered travel outward toward the Oort cloud , whereas a quarter are shifted inward to Jupiter 's orbit , and a quarter are ejected on hyperbolic orbits . The scattered disc might still be supplying the Oort cloud with material . A third of the scattered disc 's population is likely to end up in the Oort cloud after 2 @.@ 5 billion years .
Computer models suggest that collisions of cometary debris during the formation period play a far greater role than was previously thought . According to these models , the number of collisions early in the Solar System 's history was so great that most comets were destroyed before they reached the Oort cloud . Therefore , the current cumulative mass of the Oort cloud is far less than was once suspected . The estimated mass of the cloud is only a small part of the 50 – 100 Earth masses of ejected material .
Gravitational interaction with nearby stars and galactic tides modified cometary orbits to make them more circular . This explains the nearly spherical shape of the outer Oort cloud . On the other hand , the Hills cloud , which is bound more strongly to the Sun , has not acquired a spherical shape . Recent studies have shown that the formation of the Oort cloud is broadly compatible with the hypothesis that the Solar System formed as part of an embedded cluster of 200 – 400 stars . These early stars likely played a role in the cloud 's formation , since the number of close stellar passages within the cluster was much higher than today , leading to far more frequent perturbations .
In June 2010 Harold F. Levison and others suggested on the basis of enhanced computer simulations that the Sun " captured comets from other stars while it was in its birth cluster " . Their results imply that " a substantial fraction of the Oort cloud comets , perhaps exceeding 90 % , are from the protoplanetary discs of other stars " .
= = Comets = =
Comets are thought to have two separate points of origin in the Solar System . Short @-@ period comets ( those with orbits of up to 200 years ) are generally accepted to have emerged from either the Kuiper belt or the scattered disc , which are two linked flat discs of icy debris beyond Neptune 's orbit at 30 AU and jointly extending out beyond 100 AU from the Sun . Long @-@ period comets , such as comet Hale – Bopp , whose orbits last for thousands of years , are thought to originate in the Oort cloud . The orbits within the Kuiper belt are relatively stable , and so very few comets are thought to originate there . The scattered disc , however , is dynamically active , and is far more likely to be the place of origin for comets . Comets pass from the scattered disc into the realm of the outer planets , becoming what are known as centaurs . These centaurs are then sent farther inward to become the short @-@ period comets .
There are two main varieties of short @-@ period comet : Jupiter @-@ family comets ( those with semi @-@ major axes of less than 5 AU ) and Halley @-@ family comets . Halley @-@ family comets , named for their prototype , Halley 's Comet , are unusual in that although they are short @-@ period comets , it is hypothesized that their ultimate origin lies in the Oort cloud , not in the scattered disc . Based on their orbits , it is suggested they were long @-@ period comets that were captured by the gravity of the giant planets and sent into the inner Solar System . This process may have also created the present orbits of a significant fraction of the Jupiter @-@ family comets , although the majority of such comets are thought to have originated in the scattered disc .
Oort noted that the number of returning comets was far less than his model predicted , and this issue , known as " cometary fading " , has yet to be resolved . No known dynamical process can explain this undercount of observed comets . Hypotheses for this discrepancy include the destruction of comets due to tidal stresses , impact or heating ; the loss of all volatiles , rendering some comets invisible , or the formation of a non @-@ volatile crust on the surface . Dynamical studies of Oort cloud comets have shown that their occurrence in the outer @-@ planet region is several times higher than in the inner @-@ planet region . This discrepancy may be due to the gravitational attraction of Jupiter , which acts as a kind of barrier , trapping incoming comets and causing them to collide with it , just as it did with Comet Shoemaker – Levy 9 in 1994 .
= = Tidal effects = =
Most of the comets seen close to the Sun seem to have reached their current positions through gravitational perturbation of the Oort cloud by the tidal force exerted by the Milky Way . Just as the Moon 's tidal force deforms Earth 's oceans , causing the tides to rise and fall , the galactic tide also distorts the orbits of bodies in the outer Solar System . In the charted regions of the Solar System , these effects are negligible compared to the gravity of the Sun , but in the outer reaches of the system , the Sun 's gravity is weaker and the gradient of the Milky Way 's gravitational field has substantial effects . Galactic tidal forces stretch the cloud along an axis directed toward the galactic centre and compress it along the other two axes ; these small perturbations can shift orbits in the Oort cloud to bring objects close to the Sun . The point at which the Sun 's gravity concedes its influence to the galactic tide is called the tidal truncation radius . It lies at a radius of 100 @,@ 000 to 200 @,@ 000 AU , and marks the outer boundary of the Oort cloud .
Some scholars theorise that the galactic tide may have contributed to the formation of the Oort cloud by increasing the perihelia ( smallest distances to the Sun ) of planetesimals with large aphelia ( largest distances to the Sun ) . The effects of the galactic tide are quite complex , and depend heavily on the behaviour of individual objects within a planetary system . Cumulatively , however , the effect can be quite significant : up to 90 % of all comets originating from the Oort cloud may be the result of the galactic tide . Statistical models of the observed orbits of long @-@ period comets argue that the galactic tide is the principal means by which their orbits are perturbed toward the inner Solar System .
= = Stellar perturbations and stellar companion hypotheses = =
Besides the galactic tide , the main trigger for sending comets into the inner Solar System is thought to be interaction between the Sun 's Oort cloud and the gravitational fields of nearby stars or giant molecular clouds . The orbit of the Sun through the plane of the Milky Way sometimes brings it in relatively close proximity to other stellar systems . For example , 70 thousand years ago , Scholz 's star passed through the outer Oort cloud ( although its low mass and high relative velocity limited its effect ) . During the next 10 million years the known star with the greatest possibility of perturbing the Oort cloud is Gliese 710 . This process also scatters Oort cloud objects out of the ecliptic plane , potentially also explaining its spherical distribution .
In 1984 , Physicist Richard A. Muller postulated that the Sun has a heretofore undetected companion , either a brown dwarf or a red dwarf , in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud . This object , known as Nemesis , was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years , bombarding the inner Solar System with comets . However , to date no evidence of Nemesis has been found , and many lines of evidence ( such as crater counts ) , have thrown its existence into doubt . Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular , repeating intervals . Thus , the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed .
A somewhat similar hypothesis was advanced by astronomer John J. Matese of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in 2002 . He contends that more comets are arriving in the inner Solar System from a particular region of the Oort cloud than can be explained by the galactic tide or stellar perturbations alone , and that the most likely cause is a Jupiter @-@ mass object in a distant orbit . This hypothetical gas giant was nicknamed Tyche . The WISE mission , an all @-@ sky survey using parallax measurements in order to clarify local star distances , was capable of proving or disproving the Tyche hypothesis . In 2014 , NASA announced that the WISE survey had ruled out any object as they had defined it .
= = Modified Newtonian dynamics within the Oort cloud = =
Modified Newtonian dynamics ( MOND ) suggests that at their distances from the Sun , the objects comprising the Oort cloud should experience accelerations of the order of 10 − 10 m / s2 , and thus should be within the realms at which deviations from Newtonian predictions come into effect . According to this hypothesis , which was proposed to account for the discrepancies in the galaxy rotation curve , which are more commonly attributed to dark matter , acceleration ceases to be linearly proportional to force at very low accelerations . If correct , this would have significant implications regarding the formation and structure of the Oort cloud . However , the majority of cosmologists do not consider MOND a valid hypothesis because it is unable to explain the movement of galactic clusters or account accurately for the cosmic microwave background .
= = Future exploration = =
Space probes have yet to reach the area of the Oort cloud . Voyager 1 , the fastest and farthest of the interplanetary space probes currently leaving the Solar System , will reach the Oort cloud in about 300 years and would take about 30 @,@ 000 years to pass through it . However , around 2025 , the radioisotope thermoelectric generators on Voyager 1 will no longer supply enough power to operate any of its scientific instruments , preventing any exploration by Voyager 1 . The other four probes currently escaping the Solar System either are already or are predicted to be non @-@ functional when they reach the Oort cloud ; however , it may be possible to find an object from the cloud that has been knocked into the inner Solar System .
In the 1980s there was a concept for a probe to reach 1 @,@ 000 AU in 50 years called TAU ; among its missions would be to look for the Oort cloud .
In the 2014 Announcement of Opportunity for the Discovery program , an observatory to detect the objects in the Oort cloud ( and Kuiper belt ) called the " The Whipple Mission " was proposed . It would monitor distant stars with a photometer , looking for transits up to 10 thousand AU away . The observatory was proposed for halo orbiting around L2 with a suggested 5 @-@ year mission . It has been suggested that the Kepler observatory may also be able to detect objects in the Oort cloud .
= Michael Lachanodrakon =
Michael Lachanodrakon ( Greek : Μιχαήλ Λαχανοδράκων ; died 20 July 792 ) was a distinguished Byzantine general and fanatical supporter of Byzantine Iconoclasm under Emperor Constantine V ( r . 741 – 775 ) . As a result of his iconoclast zeal , in 766 he rose to high office as governor of the Thracesian Theme , and instigated a series of repressive measures against iconophile practices , particularly targeting the monasteries . A talented general , he also led a series of campaigns against the Arabs of the Abbasid Caliphate before being dismissed from office in about 782 . Restored to imperial favour in 790 , he fell at the Battle of Marcellae against the Bulgars in 792 .
= = Persecution of the iconophiles = =
Nothing is known of Lachanodrakon 's origins and early life . He receives a very negative treatment in the historical sources , which were written after the final defeat of Byzantine Iconoclasm ; some refer to him solely as ho Drakon ( ὁ Δράκων , " the Dragon " , alluding to his surname and the Biblical Beast ) . Their profoundly iconophile perspective means that reports of his actions , especially those relating to the suppression of icon worship , are potentially untrustworthy .
At the Council of Hieria in 754 , Constantine V had declared the adoration of icons to be a heresy , and had thereby elevated iconoclasm to official imperial policy . No persecution of iconophiles was launched at first , but iconophile resistance grew , until from 765 on , Constantine began persecuting iconophiles , and especially monks . The discovery of a wide @-@ ranging iconophile plot against him involving some of the highest civil and military officials of the state in 766 provoked an extreme reaction . Patriarch Constantine II and other officials were deposed , jailed , publicly humiliated , and finally executed , replaced by new , uncompromisingly iconoclast officials . In addition , the veneration of sacred relics and prayers to the saints and the Virgin Mary were condemned .
By 763 or 764 , according to the iconophile Life of St Stephen the Younger hagiography , Lachanodrakon had already distinguished himself by his iconoclast fervour . On the emperor 's orders , he led a group of soldiers on an invasion of the Pelekete monastery on the Propontis , where he arrested 38 monks and subjected the remainder to various tortures and mutilations . After burning down the monastery , he took the 38 captives to Ephesus , where they were executed . In 766 / 767 , as part of the emperor 's reshuffle of the senior echelons of the Byzantine Empire , Lachanodrakon was rewarded with the important post of strategos ( military governor ) of the Thracesian Theme , and given the rank of patrikios and imperial protospatharios according to his seal . He soon began a harsh repression of the monasteries and iconophiles . According to Theophanes the Confessor , in 769 / 770 he summoned the monks and nuns of his theme to Ephesus , gathered them in the city 's tzykanisterion and forced them to marry , threatening them with blinding and exile to Cyprus if they refused . Although many resisted and " became martyrs " in Theophanes 's words , many complied . Later reports of exiled monks in Cyprus becoming Arab captives seem to partly corroborate this story . Theophanes reports further that in 771 / 772 , Lachanodrakon dissolved all monasteries in the theme , confiscated and expropriated their property , and sent the proceeds to the emperor , who replied with a letter thanking him for his zeal . Lachanodrakon allegedly had relics , holy scriptures , and monks ' beards set on fire , killed or tortured those who venerated relics , and finally prohibited the tonsure . Although highly embellished , these reports probably reflect actual events . At any rate , by 772 , according to historian Warren Treadgold , Lachanodrakon seems to have succeeded in " eradicating monasticism within his theme " .
= = Military activities = =
Lachanodrakon was also a capable general , winning fame for his campaigns against the Abbasids on the Byzantine Empire 's eastern frontier . During the reign of Constantine V 's son Leo IV ( r . 775 – 780 ) he seems to have been the most prominent military commander , repeatedly leading expeditions comprising troops from several themes against the Arabs .
The first such expedition occurred in 778 when , preempting an anticipated Arab raid , Lachanodrakon led a large army against Germanikeia . Although the city did not fall ( Theophanes claims that the Arab commander bribed Lachanodrakon ) , the Byzantine army defeated a relief force , plundered the region , and took many captives , mostly Jacobites , who were then resettled in Thrace . In 780 , Lachanodrakon ambushed and defeated an Arab invasion in the Armeniac Theme , killing the brother of the Arab commander Thumama ibn al @-@ Walid . The Arab historian al @-@ Tabari records that in 781 Lachanodrakon forced another Arab invasion , under ' Abd al @-@ Kabir , to withdraw without battle , although Theophanes ascribes the success to the sakellarios John . In 782 , however , he was defeated by the Arab general al @-@ Barmaqi during a large @-@ scale invasion led by the future caliph Harun al @-@ Rashid ( r . 786 – 809 ) , losing some 15 @,@ 000 men according to Theophanes . In the aftermath of this defeat , and likely because of his iconoclast past , he was apparently removed from his command by the iconophile empress @-@ regent Irene of Athens .
Lachanodrakon reappears in 790 , when the young emperor Constantine VI ( r . 780 – 797 ) conspired to overturn the tutelage of Irene . The general was sent by Constantine to the Armeniac Theme to secure the allegiance of its soldiers . Constantine succeeded in toppling his mother in December 790 ; it was probably then that Lachanodrakon was rewarded with the supreme non @-@ imperial title , that of magistros . According to the account of Theophanes , he participated in the imperial campaign against the Bulgars in 792 that led to the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Marcellae on 20 July , where he was killed . The history of John Skylitzes records his death in the Battle of Versinikia , again against the Bulgars , in 813 , but this is clearly an error .
= House of Music =
House of Music is the fourth studio album by American R & B group Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! , released on November 19 , 1996 , by Mercury Records . It is the follow @-@ up to their critically and commercially successful 1993 album Sons of Soul . Recording sessions for the album took place at several recording studios in San Francisco , Los Angeles , Oakland , and Sacramento during 1995 to 1996 , with production handled primarily by the group members . The album was named after a record store in the group 's native Oakland .
Following their hiatus as a group , Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! members Raphael Saadiq , D 'wayne Wiggins , and Timothy Christian Riley worked on songs for the album independently before putting together their finished recordings . Collectively , they sought to emphasize musicianship rather than production technique during the sessions . House of Music expands on their previous work 's traditional R & B influences with live instrumentation and balladry . Music writers have noted the album for its incorporation of traditional and contemporary musical styles , themes of love and romance , and witty , sensitive lyrics .
House of Music reached number 32 on the Billboard 200 , on which it charted for 31 weeks . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The record received widespread acclaim from critics , who praised its musical style , classic influences , and the group 's musicianship and songwriting . An expected international tour in support of the album did not materialize , and House of Music proved to be the group 's last album together , as they subsequently disbanded due to creative differences and pursued separate music careers .
= = Background = =
Following the commercial and critical success of their 1993 album Sons of Soul , Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! took a hiatus as a group . During their break , the group 's main members Raphael Wiggins , D 'wayne Wiggins , and Timothy Christian Riley worked on songwriting and production for other recording artists , including D 'Angelo , En Vogue , Karyn White , Tevin Campbell , and A Tribe Called Quest . Raphael Wiggins adopted the surname Saadiq for his professional name in 1994 , meaning " man of his word " in Arabic , and released his solo single " Ask of You " in 1995 . Their work outside the group led to rumors of a break @-@ up during the time between albums . House of Music was titled after the name of a record store in the group 's native Oakland , California , which had closed several years prior to the album 's release . In an interview for Billboard , D 'wayne Wiggins said of naming the album , " We title all our albums at the end of the project . We sat back and listened to everything , and it reminded us of this mom @-@ and @-@ pop store around our way in Oakland . " The album 's cover and booklet photos were taken by photographer William Claxton .
= = Recording = =
Recording sessions for the album took place during September 1995 to September 1996 at various recording studios in California , including Brillian Studios and Hyde Street Studios in San Francisco , Coda Studios and Grass Roots Studios in Oakland , Encore Studios , Image Recording , and Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles , and Pookie Labs and Woodshed Studios in Sacramento . The group used vintage recording equipment and , for certain tracks , a 40 @-@ piece orchestra . In contrast to their previous work , each member arranged , composed , and produced songs on their own before putting the finished recordings together . In a 1997 interview , Saadiq said of working independently of Wiggins and Riley , " What I did was write a lot of stuff and rehearse it for about a month , then recorded it live . Then they would add their parts separately . " He worked with his own recording crew , comprising guitarist Chalmers " Spanky " Alford , drummer Tommy Branford , and keyboardists Kelvin Wooten and Cedric Draper .
The album 's opening track , " Thinking of You " , is one song that the group conceived and recorded together . D 'wayne Wiggins recounted its recording in a 1996 interview for USA Today , stating " Usually the first track we start off with sets the pace . We did it at 3 in the morning in Ray 's studio in Sacramento , and we were just having fun with an Al Green vibe . " Saadiq later said of developing the song , " I was just playing around and started singing off the top of my head . I never wrote anything down , it was just what came out . " " Annie May " , one of Wiggins ' songs for House of Music , had Saadiq 's backing vocals pre @-@ recorded and subsequently overdubbed to the track 's final mix .
Wiggins found the group 's hiatus constructive to recording a follow @-@ up , so as not to produce an album derivative of Sons of Soul . He said of the music in an interview for Billboard , " It 's not just a bunch of grooves that we put together and made sure that the tempo fit . Lyrically and musically , it talks about something , and you 're able to feel the emotional buildup that we felt when we were making the songs ... It 's funny though . Even though we did the music separately , when we got together , it all had the same kind of sound . " The group intended on recording with an emphasis on musicianship rather than production . Wiggins noted a lack of synthesizers as distinctive of the music , adding that " On a lot of the songs , you can just imagine a five @-@ piece band performing . " Guest musicians for the album included rapper and producer DJ Quik , percussionist Sheila E. , and the Tower of Power horn section . House of Music was mastered by audio engineer Brian Gardner at Bernie Grundman Mastering in Hollywood , California .
One of Saadiq 's songs for the album , " Me and the Blind Man " , was excluded from the album 's final mix . Originally issued on an album sampler sent by the group 's label to music journalists , the recording is a moody , bluesy song with surreal lyrics about lust , longing , and a fictitious blind man 's secret powers . In a 1997 interview for Yahoo ! Music , Saadiq expressed that he meant to show " a darker side ... some depth " to listeners with the song and said of its significance to the album , " To me songs like ' Blind Man , ' make the whole sound , the House of Music . " He said that it was not included on the album to equally represent each group members ' songwriting , stating " They didn 't want anybody playing favorites , so one of my songs had to come off . "
= = Music and lyrics = =
House of Music expands on the group 's previous traditional R & B @-@ influenced work with live instrumentation and an emphasis on ballads . Dan Kening of the Daily Herald said it is " half a tribute to their ' 60s and ' 70s soul music roots and half a masterful blend of modern smooth balladeering and danceable funk . " Music journalist Jennie Yabroff of Salon felt the songs are mostly " ballads — long , slow , emotional numbers with muted beats " that accentuate the lyrics . Drum wrote that mid @-@ tempo songs such as " Thinking of You " and " Still a Man " " lean heavily on ' 60s soul / R & B given a contemporary face , " while up @-@ tempo songs such as " Lovin ' You " , " Don 't Fall in Love " , and " Let 's Get Down " have elements of funk .
Music critics described the lyrics on House of Music as witty and sensitive . Michaelangelo Matos of the Chicago Reader characterized Saadiq 's songwriting as playful and quirky , while comparing his tenor singing voice to that of a young Michael Jackson . On Wiggins ' songwriting style , Matos said his melodies and rhythms are more subtle than those of Saadiq and observed " burnished obbligatos , hushed burr , and starry @-@ eyed falsetto " in Wiggins ' singing . Saadiq alternated as lead vocalalist with Wiggins throughout the album . Richard Torres of Newsday attributed the group 's lyrics on the album to their " [ belief ] in the power of love and the lure of romance . "
According to Saadiq , the opening track " Thinking of You " is " a really soul , southern , funky song " inspired by Al Green . It has light guitar strokes and Southern twang by Saadiq , while " Top Notch " draws on jazz and psychedelic elements . On " Still a Man " , he sings from the perspective of a man who was left by his wife to raise their children alone . The backing vocalists sing the song 's meditative hook , " Have you ever loved somebody / Who loves you so much it hurts you to hurt them so bad ? " On the lighthearted " Holy Smokes & Gee Whiz " , Saadiq 's older brother Randall Wiggins sings lead . The song was described by one critic as an " update of the Stylistics ' ' Betcha By Golly , Wow , ' " with " a dead @-@ on impression of Russell Thompkins ' unmistakable falsetto and precise diction . " " Annie May " is a salacious , humorous song about a lapdancer , while " Let Me Know " is a love song with Wall of Sound elements . According to Nick Krewen of The Spectator , " Wild Child " is " a ballad in the grand sense of Earth , Wind and Fire 's ' Be Ever Wonderful . ' " " Party Don 't Cry " is a meditation on mortality with jazzy , philosophical tones . Rickey Wright of the Washington City Paper said the song " expresses an overt spirituality unheard in the Tonyies ' past songs . " The closing track is a gospel @-@ influenced instrumental and variation of " Lovin ' You " composed by Saadiq . Its sole lyric is a universalist platitude .
= = Reception and legacy = =
The group 's fourth album , House of Music was released on November 19 , 1996 , by Mercury Records . The label intended on a release date during the peak holiday shopping period and ran ad campaigns scheduled for network cable , syndicated television shows , and radio stations . House of Music charted at number 32 and spent 31 weeks on the Billboard 200 . In its first eight weeks , the album sold 318 @,@ 502 copies in the US . Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! inaugurated its release with a satellite press conference and in @-@ store performance at a small business retailer in the San Francisco Bay Area . They also embarked on a tour of historically black colleges and Black Independent Coalition record shops after " Let 's Get Down " had been sent to R & B and crossover radio on October 28 as the album 's lead single ; its music video was released to outlets such as BET , The Box , and MTV . Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! performed the song as a musical guest on the sketch comedy show All That , while on Soul Train , they performed " Let 's Get Down " and " Annie May " . " Thinking of You " was released as the second single on March 11 , 1997 , by which time House of Music had sold 514 @,@ 000 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan . On August 6 , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) .
Reviewing House of Music in Entertainment Weekly , Ken Tucker found Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! ' s imitations of classic sounds " intelligent , sometimes brilliant " , " witty " , and " tremendously likable " , with " a new recurring theme : what makes a man a man and a woman a woman , explored with both frankness and slyness . " Sonia Murray of The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution hailed it as " the most versatile and efficacious of the trio 's four albums " , while Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot said " they find rapture that is steeped in reality rather than in the upwardly mobile fantasy concocted by many of today 's less tradition @-@ conscious R & B crooners . " " The Tonies serve as a sort of stylistic missing link " , wrote J. D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun , " suggesting what would have happened had the soul styles of the ' 70s continued to evolve , instead of being tossed aside by the synth @-@ driven sound of the ' 80s . " Michael A. Gonzales from Vibe said the album " glows a vision of blackness that is superbad , mad smooth , and crazy sexy . " He described it as " a wonderland of harmonic delights , softcore jollies , and slow @-@ jam fever floating on the tip of Cupid 's arrow " , showing the group " exploring the sensuality of black pop without sounding like boulevard bullies stalking their objects of desire . " Robert Christgau deemed " Thinking of You " a " hilariously gutsy " and spot @-@ on Al Green homage while writing of the group 's artistry in The Village Voice :
After the album 's release , the group dealt with growing tensions stemming from creative differences , business @-@ related problems , and Saadiq 's interest in a solo career . In an interview for Vibe at the time , Saadiq said of the situation within the group , " There 's a quiet stress between us that no one really talks about . And what 's sad about the whole thing is the fact that our friendship is disintegrating . Who knows , House of Music could be the last Tony Toni Toné album . " However , they remained committed to promoting House of Music through 1997 . On February 28 , the group taped a performance for VH1 's Hard Rock Live special . According to an interview with Mercury vice president Marty Maidenberg in October 1996 , an international tour for the album was expected , with concert dates in Japan and the United Kingdom , but it never materialized . In November 1997 , Saadiq told the Philadelphia Daily News " there should have been like four singles from that album . You 'll have to call Mercury on that . It went platinum with no promotional tour . We did our job and they made their money . " They subsequently disbanded and each member pursued an individual music career .
In retrospect , Christgau attributed the album 's success to Saadiq 's lead role in the group while claiming " only with House of Music did they become true sons of the soul revival , the most accomplished r & b act of the ' 90s . That 's still the album to remember them by . " AllMusic editor Leo Stanley points out Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! ' s " traditional soul and R & B values of songwriting , " writing that they " successfully accomplish their fusion of the traditional and contemporary [ ... ] within the framework of memorable , catchy songs . " Stanely noted its influence on neo soul artists such as Tony Rich and Maxwell at the time . Chicago Reader writer Michaelangelo Matos viewed that the album showcased " the contrast between Saadiq 's and Wiggins 's styles " , which " had grown so pronounced that the tension only enhanced what was already the group 's best batch of songs . " Rashod Ollison of The Virginian @-@ Pilot deemed the record " a flawless gem " where the band 's " amalgamation of traditional and contemporary styles coalesced beautifully . " In The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , Fred Schruers said " House of Music consolidates the triumph of Sons of Soul for a masterpiece of 1990s R & B , an album that is as steeped in soul tradition as anything by Maxwell or D 'Angelo , but that mixes the homage with humor and deft contemporary touches , thereby creating a new space all its own " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = = Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! = = =
Timothy Christian Riley – acoustic piano , clarinet , drums , electric pianos , Hammond B @-@ 3 organ , percussion , producer
Raphael Saadiq – bass , guitar , keyboards , producer , vocals
D 'wayne Wiggins – guitar , producer , vocals
= = = Additional musicians = = =
= = = Production = = =
= = Charts = =
= = = Album = = =
= = = Singles = = =
= Teardrops on My Guitar =
" Teardrops on My Guitar " is a song by American country pop singer @-@ songwriter Taylor Swift . The song was co @-@ written by Swift , alongside Liz Rose and produced by Nathan Chapman with Swift 's aid . " Teardrops on My Guitar " was released on February 19 , 2007 by Big Machine Records , as the second single from Swift 's eponymous debut studio album ( 2006 ) . The song was later included on the international release of Swift 's second studio album , Fearless ( 2008 ) , and released as the second pop single from the album in the United Kingdom . It was inspired by Swift 's experience with Drew Hardwick , a classmate of hers for whom she had feelings . He was completely unaware and continually spoke about his girlfriend to Swift , something she pretended to be endeared by . Years afterwards ,
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Hardwick appeared at Swift 's house , but Swift rejected him . Musically , the track is soft and is primarily guided by a gentle acoustic guitar . Critics have queried the song 's classification as country music , with those in agreement ( such as Grady Smith of Rolling Stone ) citing the themes and narrative style as country @-@ influenced and those opposed ( such as Roger Holland of PopMatters ) indicating the pop music production and instrumentation lack traditional country elements .
Critics received the track generally positively , complimenting Swift 's vocal delivery and songwriting style . The song is considered to be Swift 's breakthrough single , as it spread her popularity throughout the United States . " Teardrops on My Guitar " was commercially successful , peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the best @-@ charting single from Taylor Swift on the chart , and being Swift 's debut entry on the Billboard Year @-@ End Hot 100 charts . The single was also certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Its music video was directed by Trey Fanjoy and features Swift as she sees her love interest develop a relationship with another female . The video received a nomination for MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist , but lost to Tokio Hotel 's music video for " Ready , Set , Go ! " . The song was promoted through multiple live performances , some while supporting as opening act for various country artists ' concert tours . She also performed " Teardrops on My Guitar " on her first headlining tour , the Fearless Tour ( 2009 – 10 ) .
= = Background = =
Swift was inspired to write " Teardrops on My Guitar " about her experience with a boy named Drew Hardwick , a classmate of hers whom she had feelings for . Hardwick later went on to join the Navy . During their freshman year of high school at Hendersonville High School , Swift and Hardwick sat beside each other in a class everyday . The two developed a fond friendship , although Swift secretively desired for it to become a romantic relationship . Because of Hardwick 's unawareness , he would frequently speak to Swift about a girl he had feelings for , something Swift pretended to be endeared by , commenting , " How beautiful she was , how nice and smart and perfect she was . And I sat there and listened , never meaning it any of the times I said ' Oh , I 'm so happy for you . ' " Hardwick and his love interest eventually developed a relationship which lasted for a few years . Swift never confessed her feelings to him . By the release of Taylor Swift , he remained unaware of Swift 's intentions or the song and continued his relationship with the same female . Upon " Teardrops on My Guitar " ' s release as a single , Hardwick attempted to contact Swift via phone calls , which Swift did not respond to ; he then left voicemails , but Swift felt too awkward to call back .
Two years after the album 's release , as she was leaving her house to attend a Nashville Predators hockey game with Kellie Pickler and Carrie Underwood , Hardwick appeared at her driveway . A car parked and , out of it , exited Hardwick and a friend of his . After two and a half years of not speaking , the two conversed : " He was like , ' Hey , how 's it going ? ' And I 'm like , ' Wow , you 're late . Good to see you . ' But we were civilized . " Swift conjectured multiple theories as to why Hardwick appeared at her house . One of them was that he was attempting to prove to his friend that he was indeed the subject of " Teardrops on My Guitar " . Other possibilities was that he wanted to amend their friendship or believed Swift was still pining away from him . Swift said it would have been poetic if he approached her upon the album 's release and she would have accepted , but that she had already moved on . Swift cited " Teardrops on My Guitar " as an example of how she expresses her sentiments in songs and sometimes in no other manner . She was not afraid of using Hardwick 's first name on the track and , therefore , believed it was very honest and susceptible , something she adored .
Recently in 2015 , Drew was arrested of child abuse .
= = Composition = =
" Teardrops on My Guitar " is a country pop song with a length of three minutes and 35 seconds . It is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 104 beats per minute . It is written in the key of B ♭ major and Swift 's vocals span one octave , from F3 to B ♭ 4 . Swift sings in a breathless manner . It follows the chord progression B ♭ – Gm – E ♭ – F. The track 's instrumentation is gently guided by mandolin and acoustic guitar , with accents of brushed drums . It ultimately resulting in a simple and tender undertone .
The lyrics of " Teardrops on My Guitar " speak of heartbreak and are direct , referring to the subject by his first name , Drew . The song describes fancying someone who already interested in someone else and , therefore , maintaining the sentiments a secret . To him , Swift acted as though she was happy about his relationship , while crying and lamenting at home . Dave Heaton of PopMatters interpreted the lines " And there she goes , so perfectly / The kind of flawless I wish I could be " to address Swift 's ideal of perfection and her attempting to meet it , but not succeeding , a predominant theme on Fearless .
= = Critical reception = =
" Teardrops on My Guitar " has received generally favorable reviews from contemporary critics . Regarding the song 's musical genre , Roger Holland of PopMatters believed there was no reason for Swift to limit herself into only the country music or why she should be a country artist at all . Holland continued , " Yet this is the channel to market she has chosen , and so she has to be prepared to hear complaints about the way that trademarked Mutt Lange guitar whine has been married to her bright shiny pop songs in order to get them onto CMT , GAC , and country radio . " Bill Lamb of About.com rated " Teardrops on My Guitar " four out of five stars . Lamb complimented Swift 's vocal delivery and songwriting style , but criticized the production and arrangement , perceiving them to be dull . He added that the track 's refrains were most impacting and deemed it among the most memorable songs of 2007 . Sean Dooley , also of About.com , described Swift 's vocals as " nothing less than captivating . "
Fiona Chua of MTV Asia said " Teardrops on My Guitar " demonstrated that with Swift , " what you hear is what you get " , and selected it as one best cuts on Fearless . Deborah Evans Price of Billboard stated that " Teardrops on My Guitar " showcased the same qualities as " Tim McGraw " ( 2006 ) – solid gifts of songwriting and time @-@ halting earnest and pure voice . Price declared that the song made obvious that Swift would have much success for years to come at the time . She believed the track was ultimately relatable and Swift was capable of making the song palpable . Chuck Taylor , also of Billboard , reviewed the pop version release of " Teardrops on My Guitar " , and stated it was a " beautiful mainstream intro to an artist whose rise is ably exemplified by her last name . " An uncredited review from Rolling Stone attributed the track to be one of the reasons why Taylor Swift was so commercially successful . Jon Bream of Star Tribune believed the song was in attempt to empower high school- and college @-@ age females by confronting males .
= = Chart performance = =
On the week ending March 24 , 2007 , " Teardrops on My Guitar " debuted at number ninety @-@ three on the Billboard Hot 100 . " Teardrops on My Guitar " is also Taylor Swift 's first song to debut on the Billboard Year @-@ End Hot 100 charts . After thirty @-@ seven weeks upon the chart , on the week ending March 1 , 2008 , the song reached its peak at number thirteen , becoming the highest @-@ charting single from Taylor Swift on the chart . On the week ending May 17 , 2008 , the song spent its last week on the Billboard Hot 100 at number forty @-@ nine , after a total of forty @-@ eight weeks on the chart . The single was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 2014 . As of November 2014 , " Teardrops on My Guitar " has sold 2 @.@ 9 million copies in the United States .
On Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , " Teardrops on My Guitar " debuted at number forty @-@ six on the week @-@ ending February 24 , 2007 . The song entered the top ten at number eight on the week @-@ ending July 14 , 2007 , and on its twenty @-@ sixth week on the chart , the week @-@ ending August 18 , 2007 , it reached its peak at number two on the Billboard Hot Country Songs . The track spent a total of twenty @-@ five weeks on Hot Country Songs . " Teardrops on My Guitar " was a crossover hit as well , peaking at number seven on Billboard Pop Songs and spending twenty @-@ one weeks on the chart .
" Teardrops on My Guitar " is considered to be Swift 's breakthrough single , as it spread her popularity throughout the United States . In Canada , the song peaked at number forty @-@ five on the week ending August 18 , 2007 . The single was certified platinum by Music Canada for sales of 80 @,@ 000 digital downloads . Released as the third single from Swift 's second studio album Fearless ( 2008 ) , the track debuted at number one hundred on the week ending April 27 , 2009 and peaked at number fifty @-@ one on the week ending May 23 , 2009 in United Kingdom .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying video to " Teardrops on My Guitar " was directed by Trey Fanjoy , who directed the video for " Tim McGraw " . Swift decided to film the video with Fanjoy as a result of how positive the experience was when filming " Tim McGraw " . She appreciated all the preparation techniques that she taught her and stated , " You have to remember the people who were good to you in the beginning " . Swift said the video centered around unrequited love . Some of Swift 's associates first believed the video should have been set in a prior era . They then thought about filming the video at a large city . However , Swift wanted to go back to basics and keep the song 's integrity by filming the video in Nashville , Tennessee . American singer and actor Tyler Hilton portrayed Drew . He was cast because of prior interactions with Swift . They had a mutual fondness for each other 's music . Taking into account his acting on the television series One Tree Hill and the film Walk the Line ( 2005 ) , Swift asked him to participate in the video after he attended and performed at one of her concerts . Swift chose Hilton primarily because he accurately presented Drew Hardwick , the fun , funny , fun @-@ loving , blue @-@ eyed boy whom she was friends with and had a huge crush on during high school . The video was filmed in one day in March 2007 at Hume @-@ Fogg High School ; the drama room was transformed to simulate a bedroom for the performance scenes .
The video commences with Drew asking Swift , " Hey , are you gonna go to the game on Friday ? " Swift responds , " Well , I was thinking about it . Why ? " He then admits it was just curiosity , informs Swift about a girl he met , and walks away . The video then transcends to Swift , wearing a long aquamarine evening gown , lying beside an acoustic guitar on a mattress in a bedroom . She performs the song until the scene transitions to Swift and Drew at the library , where he parodies a novel and she chuckles . The librarian requests for the two to maintain silence , so they converse quietly . Afterwards , Swift is in a chemistry laboratory , where she is mixing substances . Distracted by Drew approaching her , she accidentally pours too much of one substance and causes it to spill . They both rapidly attempt to clean the mess generated . As the song approaches its bridge , Swift and Drew walk towards each other , both smiling , but Drew then kisses his girlfriend , as Swift watches in agony . The video again transcends to the performance scene , where it concludes . Cut @-@ scenes feature Swift lying on the mattress , crying , and standing beside a fireplace in the bedroom . The video received a nomination for " Number One Streamed Music Video " at the web @-@ hosted 2007 CMT Online Awards , but lost to Sugarland 's " Stay " ( 2007 ) . The video received a nomination for MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost to Tokio Hotel 's video for " Ready , Set , Go ! " ( 2007 ) . To date , the video has over 92 million views on YouTube .
= = Live performances = =
She performed " Teardrops on My Guitar " as she opened for Rascal Flatts on several dates , from October 19 to November 3 , 2006 , included on the Me and My Gang Tour ( 2006 – 07 ) . Swift opened the concert with the song and dressed in a black , knee @-@ length dress and red cowboy boots with a design of a scull and cross bones across it , playing an acoustic guitar . She also performed the song when she served as opening act on twenty dates for George Strait 's 2007 United States tour , and selected dates for Brad Paisley 's Bonfires & Amplifiers Tour in 2007 . During mid @-@ 2007 , Swift engaged as the opening act on several dates for Tim McGraw 's and Faith Hill 's joint tour , Soul2Soul II Tour ( 2006 – 07 ) , where she again performed " Teardrops on My Guitar " . Swift performed the song while she was again opening for Rascal Flatts for their Still Feels Good Tour in 2008 .
When promoting the single , Swift performed it on numerous venues , including Total Request Live ( TRL ) , The Engine Room , on the Studio 330 Sessions , and a concert at the Apple Store in SoHo , New York , which was recorded and released as a live extended play ( EP ) , iTunes Live from SoHo , exclusively sold through the iTunes Store . In the United Kingdom , the song was performed at an exclusive performance , hosted by 95 @.@ 8 Capital FM and on The Paul O 'Grady Show . Since completing promotion for Taylor Swift and its corresponding singles , Swift has performed " Teardrops on My Guitar " as a duet with English rock band Def Leppard on CMT Crossroads , the episode was released as a DVD exclusively through Wal @-@ Mart stores in the United States , Clear Channel Communications 's Stripped , at the 2009 CMA Music Festival , at the 2009 V Festival , and at the Australian charity concert Sydney Sound Relief .
Swift performed the song on all venues of her first headlining concert tour , the Fearless Tour , which extended from April 2009 to June 2010 . During each performance , she donned a sparkly cocktail dress and black , leather boots . The performance initiated with Swift sitting in a desk , next to a backup dancer who portrayed Swift 's love interest , at the upper level of the stage , which a library was projected onto . The backup dancers then stood up to slow dance with a female backup dancer as Swift sang from above . Swift then appeared at the main stage to conclude the performance . Jim Abbot of The Orlando Sentinel attended the March 5 , 2010 concert at the Amway Arena in Orlando , Florida . He stated , " Taking a cue from her pal Miley Cyrus , Swift embellishes hits such as ' Teardrops On My Guitar ' and ' Love Story ' with a lot of flashy production in concert . " Brandy McDonnell of The Oklahoman , who attended the March 31 , 2010 concert at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , believed " Teardrops on My Guitar " ' s music video heavily influenced the setting and role she enacted in the performance . Swift performed the song for the first time in three years during The Red Tour 's stop in San Antonio on May 22 , 2013 .
= = Track listings = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Charts = = =
= St Tyfrydog 's Church , Llandyfrydog =
St Tyfrydog 's Church , Llandyfrydog is a small medieval church , in Llandyfrydog , Anglesey , north Wales . The date of establishment of a church on this site is unknown , but one 19th @-@ century Anglesey historian says that it was about 450 . The oldest parts of the present building ( such as the nave and the chancel arch ) are dated to about 1400 , with the chancel dating from the late 15th or early 16th century . It is built from rough , small , squared stones , dressed with limestone . One of the windows on the south side is raised to illuminate the pulpit , a decision that in the eyes of one 19th @-@ century commentator " disfigures the building . "
According to local tradition , a standing stone about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) away is the petrified remains of a man who stole a bible from the church and was punished by St Tyfrydog as a result . The Welsh historian Gerald of Wales said that when the Norman lord Hugh of Montgomery was putting down the Welsh revolt led by Gruffudd ap Cynan in 1098 , he kept his dogs in the church . The dogs had gone mad by the morning , and Montgomery himself was killed within a week .
The church is still in use for worship , as part of the Church in Wales , as one of four churches in a combined parish . It is a Grade II * listed building , a national designation given to " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " , in particular because it is a " good Medieval rural church which retains much of its Medieval fabric " . The circular churchyard walls and an 18th @-@ century sundial in the churchyard have also been given listed building status .
= = History and location = =
St Tyfrydog 's Church is in a wooded circular churchyard in the middle of the hamlet of Llandyfrydog in Anglesey , north Wales . It is about 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) from the county town of Llangefni . Llandyfrydog takes its name from the church : the Welsh word llan originally meant " enclosure " and then " church " , and " -dyfrydog " is a modified form of the saint 's name .
The 19th @-@ century Anglesey historian Angharad Llwyd wrote that a church was supposed to have been first built here around 450 ; Samuel Lewis , writing in 1849 , said that the original church was established by St Tyfyrdog himself . An upright stone about 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) high , which stands in a field about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the village , is known as " the thief of Dyfrydog " . It is said by local tradition to be a man turned into stone by St Tyfyrdog for stealing the church 's bible ; the lump near the top of the stone is said to be the sack on the man 's shoulder .
In his 1191 Itinerarium Cambriae ( " Journey through Wales " ) , Gerald of Wales mentioned the church , saying that when the Normans were ransacking Anglesey during a Welsh revolt led by Gruffudd ap Cynan in 1098 , Hugh of Montgomery , one of the Norman lords , had kept his dogs in Llandyfydog church . He added that the dogs had gone mad by the morning , and the earl had been killed within a week .
A church was recorded here in 1254 during the Norwich Taxation , but the oldest part of the present building is the nave dating from about 1400 . The chancel was rebuilt at the end of the 15th century or in the first part of the following century . Restoration work took place in 1823 , and then again 1862 , when the present porch ( on the west end of the south wall ) and the vestry ( to the north ) were added , along with other alterations .
The church , which is still used for services as part of the Church in Wales , is one of four in the parish of Amlwch , the others being the churches of St Eleth , Amlwch , St Eilian , Llaneilian , and St Gwenllwyfo , Llanwenllwyfo . As of 2012 , the priest in charge is H. V. Jones . The parish is in the deanery of Twrcelyn , the archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor .
People associated with the church include the Welsh botanist Hugh Davies , born in 1739 when his father Lewis was the rector ; Thomas Ellis Owen , rector from 1794 , who wrote anti @-@ Methodist pamphlets ; and James Henry Cotton ( rector in 1814 ; appointed Dean of Bangor Cathedral in 1838 ) . The priest and antiquarian Nicholas Owen was born in Llandyfyrdog when his father was the rector ( from 1750 to 1785 ) . Owen petitioned , unsuccessfully , on three occasions to be given the living , and he was eventually buried here .
= = Architecture and fittings = =
St Tyfrydog 's is built from rough , small , squared stones , dressed with limestone . The nave measures about 24 feet 9 inches by 23 feet 6 inches ( about 7 @.@ 5 m by 7 @.@ 2 m ) ; the chancel is about 23 feet 3 inches by 18 feet 9 inches ( about 7 @.@ 1 m by 5 @.@ 7 m ) . The roof is made of slate , with a stone bellcote at the west end housing one bell . The roof timbers are visible from inside the church . There are buttresses at the east end of the nave and at the entrance to the porch .
The oldest window is to the east side of the porch , on the south wall , which dates from about 1400 ; it has two lights ( sections of window separated by a mullion ) topped by trefoils , set in a rectangular window frame . It is echoed by a 19th @-@ century window on the same wall , set slightly higher to illuminate the pulpit . The north wall has two rectangular windows , one with a pair of lights topped by cinquefoils , the other a single light with a trefoil at the top . One of the windows has been inserted into an opening previously used as a doorway . The east window , which has three lights , dates from the latter part of the 15th century , and is the only window to contain stained glass . Inside , the division between nave and chancel is marked with a pointed arch , dating from about 1400 . Seating is provided in the form of painted box pews , dating from the 19th century , and possibly installed at the time of the restoration work in 1823 .
A survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire in 1937 noted an 18th @-@ century communion table , an engraved Elizabethan silver cup and a silver paten dated 1721 , and a memorial inside the church dated 1791 . A 19th @-@ century writer noted a seat near the altar with " R.B. 1630 " upon it , said to mark it as belonging to the Bulkeley family ( who were prominent and influential landowners , in Anglesey and elsewhere in north Wales , from the 15th to the 19th centuries ) . The churchyard contains a number of slate tombs and a sundial made from brass , dating from the 18th century , standing in the base of a medieval stone cross .
= = Assessment = =
The church has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II * listed building – the second @-@ highest of the three grades of listing , designating " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " . It was given this status on 12 May 1970 , being regarded " as a good Medieval rural church which retains much of its Medieval fabric " . Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and for the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also notes that the church still had " a rich vernacular character . " The churchyard 's stone wall and the sundial have both been given listed building status , at the lower level of Grade II ( for " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " ) .
The 19th @-@ century writer Samuel Lewis said that it was " a lofty and venerable structure , in excellent repair " , and with " a remarkably large chancel . " Writing in 1859 , the priest and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones said that the church was " one of the better sort " in Anglesey . At the time he saw the church , there was an old porch and the north door in the nave was still in use . He described the nave as " unusually high " , and said that the window positioned to light the pulpit " disfigures the building . " He also thought that the " high " chancel walls gave " great effect " to the interior . A 2009 guide to the buildings of the region described it as a " handsomely proportioned church " It particularly noted the nave , describing it as " broad , almost a square " , with the chancel arch " dying into the responds . "
= Herbert Armitage James =
Herbert Armitage James , CH ( 3 August 1844 – 15 November 1931 ) was a Welsh cleric and headmaster of three leading public schools , who ended his " remarkable scholastic career " , as it was later described by Austen Chamberlain , by becoming President of St John 's College , Oxford . After an Oxford education and early teaching career at Marlborough College , he was headmaster of Rossall School from 1875 to 1886 . It was said that he raised the school " to a pitch of all @-@ round excellence which it had not known before " . After suffering from health problems at Rossall , he served as Dean of St Asaph from 1886 to 1889 . He returned to teaching in 1889 , becoming headmaster of Cheltenham College and remaining in this post until 1895 , despite being offered the position of headmaster of Clifton College . He then became headmaster of Rugby School and served there to great acclaim . His Rugby School nickname of " The Bodger " is still in use at the school . He left Rugby School in 1909 to become President of St John 's College , Oxford , a position he held until his death 22 years later .
He was a highly respected teacher and preacher , being described as one of the best preachers of his day . He was widely praised for his work at Rossall , Cheltenham , Rugby and St John 's . He was made a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by King George V in 1926 . At a dinner in his honour held to mark this award , attended by over 200 friends and former students , he was described by Austen Chamberlain ( the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ) as " one of the greatest and most forceful characters who had ever devoted himself to education " . The Lord Chancellor , Viscount Cave , also spoke at the dinner to praise James 's directness in his opinions and decisions , his weighty judgment , his high character and his kindly nature .
= = Early life and education = =
James was born in Kirkdale , Liverpool , the son of the Rev. Dr. David James , who was rector of Panteg , Monmouthshire , from 1856 to 1871 . Herbert James was educated at King Henry VIII Grammar School , Abergavenny , and then studied at two Oxford colleges . He matriculated at Jesus College in 1863 , before winning a scholarship and moving along Turl Street to Lincoln College in 1864 , obtaining a first @-@ class degree in Literae Humaniores in 1867 . He was appointed a Fellow of St John 's College in 1869 and was President of the Oxford Union Society in 1871 ( where he nominated H. H. Asquith to the Standing Committee ) . He was then ordained , and received his Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1874 . Later , on 31 May 1895 , he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity , having previously been excused by the University from satisfying the requirements normally set for the award of the degree .
= = Teaching career = =
He was Assistant Master at Marlborough College from 1872 to 1875 before being appointed Headmaster of Rossall School in 1875 . On the last day of his first year as headmaster , the whole school ( with the exception of a couple of students ) gathered outside the school to hiss and boo at James . Despite this , he held this position until 1886 and was regarded as having been " brilliantly successful , raising the school in the 11 years of his reign to a pitch of all @-@ round excellence which it had not known before " . His students at Rossall included Henry Stuart @-@ Jones , who became a distinguished classical scholar . One of Stuart @-@ Jones 's contemporaries later gave James the credit for making Stuart @-@ Jones an " accurate and industrious scholar " .
The strain of his position at Rossall School having affected his health , he was appointed Dean of St Asaph in 1886 . In 1889 , his health restored , he left St Asaph to become Principal of Cheltenham College ( 1889 – 95 ) . He was again successful in this post , and was offered the position of Headmaster of Clifton College , but was prevailed upon to stay . He made participation in games a compulsory part of the boys ' education in 1889 . He also started the building of a new chapel to mark the college 's centenary in 1891 . When Dr Percival was appointed Bishop of Hereford , James succeeded him in 1895 as Headmaster of Rugby School . He was headmaster for 14 years and was very well regarded : it was said that the school had " seldom stood higher since Arnold 's day " than under his leadership ( in reference to Thomas Arnold , who was headmaster from 1828 to 1841 ) . He was also described in his obituary in The Times as having " once more showed himself a complete master of his profession , equally effective and esteemed in the class @-@ room and the pulpit , in the School House of Dr. Arnold , and on the playing fields . " He was nicknamed " The Bodger " , and this term is still part of Rugby School slang . King Edward VII visited Rugby School towards the end of James 's time as headmaster on 3 July 1909 , the first royal visit to the School .
= = St John 's College = =
He returned to Oxford in 1909 as President of St John 's College ( having been made an honorary fellow in 1895 ) and held this position until his death in 1931 . He was regarded during this time as a leader for the causes of the church and the Conservative Party , and was described as " winning all hearts with his geniality , his good sense , and his readiness to help all with whom he was brought into contact . " In 1918 , during his time as college President , his photograph was taken for inclusion in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery .
He was made a Companion of Honour by King George V in the Birthday Honours List of 1926 . On 15 October 1926 , over two hundred friends and former students attended a dinner held in his honour at the Hotel Victoria to celebrate the award , with Viscount Cave ( who was Lord Chancellor and also Chancellor of Oxford University ) presiding . Other guests included Viscount Lee , Sir Maurice Hankey ( the Cabinet Secretary ) , the sculptor Sir George Frampton , the civil servant Ernest Gowers ( who had been educated at Rugby when James was headmaster ) and the MP Sir James Agg @-@ Gardner . Austen Chamberlain ( the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and a governor of Rugby School ) spoke , along with representatives of the other schools with which he had been associated . Lord Cave praised James 's directness in his opinions and decisions , his weighty judgment , his high character and his kindly nature . He said that membership of the Companionship of Honour had been given only to a few who had rendered " special social service " to the country , and he rejoiced that James had been " enrolled " in this " select band " . He added that St John 's College and Oxford University owed James a " debt of gratitude " for his " wise advice and guidance " . James , he said , " had never dealth in the fine shades , or in the analysis of tendencies , or the exploration of avenues . Whatever was right had to be done . Whatever was wrong he fought with all his might . "
Marlborough School paid tribute to James through a poem by Charles Larcom Graves . One stanza was later quoted in the obituary of James published by The Times :
Chamberlain said that James had had a " remarkable scholastic career " and had exercised a " great and powerful influence " in the schools that he had served , leaving behind " a memory dear to all who had known him " . He said that James was regarded as " one of the greatest and most forceful characters who had ever devoted himself to education . " The dinner itself was reported as a news item in The Times on the following day , with a list of the principal attendees and summaries of the main speeches , and of James 's response , in which he said that he regarded the honour he had received as one bestowed on teaching .
= = Works and interests = =
His publications included an edition with English notes of Cicero 's Pro Plancio ( 1871 ) and a collection of sermons from his time at Rossall School , published as School Ideals ( 1887 ) . He was very highly regarded as a preacher , being appointed as Select Preacher for Oxford University in 1894 , 1897 and 1900 ; he was said to be " undoubtedly one of the best preachers of his day , at school and elsewhere " . He was a keen cricketer and golfer , and had been captain of the Lincoln College XI when a student there . He was also said to have been a useful member of the St John 's College XI , both for his batting and his slow bowling . The story was told at the 1926 dinner in his honour that he had taught A G Steel how to bowl a " twister " , and that Steel had gone on to take many wickets in test matches against the Australians as a result . He was devoted to philately and had what was regarded as one of the best stamp collections in England . On his death , it was estimated as being worth between £ 5 @,@ 000 and £ 6 @,@ 000 ( approximately £ 310 @,@ 000 to £ 370 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) , despite the fact that he had dispersed much of his collection before his death .
= = Death and memorials = =
James died at St John 's College on 15 November 1931 at the age of 87 . After a funeral service at St Giles 's Church , Oxford , he was buried in Wolvercote Cemetery . In his will , he left £ 2 @,@ 000 to the Church in Wales and £ 200 to the Rector of St Mary 's Church , Panteg , to maintain the graves of his parents and for church work in the parish . He also left money to his old school in Abergavenny , Lincoln College , St John 's College and the schools at which he had been headmaster . He also left a sum to the Royal Philatelic Society . After other various bequests , he left the residue of his estate to his brother for life – as James had never married , his brother was his next of kin . After his brother 's death , his estate was to pass to St John 's College to assist undergraduates and to support the work of the choir .
James had been presented with a gold watch and chain when leaving his position as headmaster of Rossall School in 1886 . These were sold after his death , and were donated back to Rossall School by the purchaser ( a former student of the school ) for the use of future headmasters . A memorial tablet to James was erected in 1933 in the chapel of Rossall School ; it was unveiled by Lord Derby , president of the Rossall School Corporation . A oak chancel screen was also erected as a memorial to James in St Mary 's Church , Panteg , with the unveiling in 1935 being carried out by Lord Trevethin , a friend of James since childhood . Rugby School erected the James Pavilion in his memory , which was opened in 1937 with Sir Pelham Warner , an Old Rugbeian , paying tribute to James 's love of cricket .
= Hitoshi Sakimoto =
Hitoshi Sakimoto ( 崎元 仁 , Sakimoto Hitoshi , born February 26 , 1969 ) is a Japanese video game music composer and arranger . He is best known for scoring Final Fantasy Tactics and Final Fantasy XII , though he has composed soundtracks for over 80 other games . He began playing music and video games in elementary school , and began composing video game music for money by the time he was 16 . Sakimoto 's professional career began a few years later in 1988 when he started composing music professionally as a freelancer , as well as programming sound drivers for games . Five years and 40 games later , he achieved his first mainstream success with the score to Ogre Battle : The March of the Black Queen . In 1997 , he joined Square and composed for his first international success , the score to Final Fantasy Tactics .
In 2002 , he resigned from Square to form his own music company , Basiscape , through which he continues to compose music for games , along with some anime series . Basiscape has expanded since its founding to 10 composers , and is currently the largest independent video game music production company . In addition to video game soundtracks , over the years Sakimoto has also worked on projects such as anime series and vocal albums . His music has been played at numerous music concerts by groups such as the Eminence Symphony Orchestra , and his work on Final Fantasy XII has been arranged for the piano and published as sheet music .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Hitoshi Sakimoto was born in Tokyo , Japan . He began developing an interest in music beginning in elementary school , when he taught himself to play the piano and electronic organ and participated in some brass and rock bands . A fan of video games , he began creating his own games in junior high school with some friends . While in his senior high school years , Sakimoto wrote for the computer magazine Oh ! FM and compiled data about pieces of music he liked , becoming a self @-@ professed " computer , games , and music geek " .
Sakimoto started composing for games when he was 16 , and was paid to both create the music and the program to play it for several games . Composing for these games was the first time he had ever composed music for any instrument . His debut as a professional gaming composer came in 1988 , when he and his friend Masaharu Iwata , whom he has worked with on numerous later titles , scored the shooter game Revolter , published by ASCGroup for the NEC PC @-@ 8801 . Sakimoto also created the synthesizer driver " Terpsichorean " to enhance the sound quality of the game 's music ; the synthesizer driver has been implemented into many games throughout the Japanese game market in the early 1990s . Despite Revolter 's success , he continued with his previous goal to become a video game programmer rather than a composer ; however , his friends and colleagues encouraged him to continue composing game music . The recognition he gained within the gaming industry jump @-@ started his career .
= = = Career = = =
After Revolter , Sakimoto 's music and synthesizer driver earned him immediate recognition in the industry , resulting in him being asked to score several PC @-@ 9801 and Mega Drive games such as Starship Rendezvous and Gauntlet IV , as well as use his driver both in the scores he wrote and in other games such as Stone of Deigan in 1989 and The Witch of Barbatus in 1990 . Between 1990 and 1992 , Sakimoto worked on over 20 different video games for several different companies such as Toshiba EMI , Artec , and Data East . It was during this time that he composed his first solo score , for 1990 's Bubble Ghost .
Sakimoto 's first encounter with mainstream success in Japan came about in 1993 when he composed Ogre Battle : March of the Black Queen . The game was directed by Yasumi Matsuno , and since the release of the title , he has chosen Sakimoto as a regular for his development team at Quest and later Square . Sakimoto also worked on 14 other titles that year , including Shin Megami Tensei and Alien vs. Predator . Over the next few years , he would go on to compose for or work on over 40 more titles such as Tactics Ogre and Dragon Quest VI . In 1997 , Sakimoto joined Square and composed the score for Final Fantasy Tactics , which made him internationally famous , and was the score he was best known for outside Japan until at least 2006 . Although he worked on a handful of titles by other companies over the next few years , his next work for Square did not come until 2000 , with the successful Vagrant Story . It was his last score as an employee of Square ; although he went on to first compose Breath of Fire V and Tactics Ogre : The Knight of Lodis for Capcom and Quest , after a couple of years of planning he resigned from Square to form his own company , Basiscape , on October 4 , 2002 .
= = = Basiscape = = =
Basiscape composes and produces music and sound effects for various types of interactive media , most notably video games . Sakimoto says that he left Square to found the company because he did not feel that he had enough " freedom " as an employee of a game company , though he notes that the cost of that freedom is the difficulty in remaining close to the development team . At its founding , it comprised only three members : Sakimoto , Iwata , and Manabu Namiki . Through Basiscape , Sakimoto continued to compose for several different companies , including Square — now Square Enix — with Final Fantasy Tactics Advance . The company expanded in 2005 with the addition of composers Mitsuhiro Kaneda and Kimihiro Abe . After the huge success of 2006 's Final Fantasy XII , which he scored , demand for Sakimoto 's compositions grew stronger with gaming companies and he decided to expand Basiscape again by hiring Noriyuki Kamikura , Yoshimi Kudo , and Azusa Chiba . It is currently the largest independent video game music production company , and continues to work on large titles such as Odin Sphere and Final Fantasy XII : Revenant Wings . The composers for the company are able to procure individual work for themselves as members of Basiscape , as well as collaborate with other staff members on projects that are hired out to Basiscape as a company rather than any one composer , which allows the composers to remain freelancers while having the steady work of a full @-@ time job . The company also handles sound effects and narration in addition to soundtracks for the projects that it works on , and at the end of 2009 expanded to start its own record label .
Sakimoto has also been involved in non @-@ gaming projects during his career . He contributed one track each to the albums Ten Plants ( 1998 ) and 2197 ( 1999 ) , which feature music from various well @-@ known artists . Sakimoto collaborated with singer Lia in 2005 to create the music for the album Colors of Life . He composed the music for two anime series ; Romeo x Juliet ( 2007 ) and The Tower of Druaga : The Aegis of Uruk ( 2008 ) ; as well as the original video animation ( OVA ) Legend of Phoenix ~ Layla Hamilton Monogatari ~ in 2005 .
= = Performances = =
Sakimoto has made numerous appearances at video game concerts that have performed his compositions . On July 12 , 2006 , he , along with Yoko Shimomura and Michael Salvatori , were special guests at a Play ! A Video Game Symphony event at the Orchestra Hall in Detroit , Michigan . He has developed a strong relationship with the Australian @-@ based Eminence Symphony Orchestra , and has attended several of their concerts . Sakimoto and Yasunori Mitsuda made a guest appearance at their Passion event in December 2006 . In April 2007 , he appeared at Eminence 's A Night in Fantasia 2007 : Symphonic Games Edition , which featured three of his compositions . Sakimoto and Mitsuda collaborated with Eminence in July the same year to create Destiny : Reunion , a concert held exclusively in Japan . Eminence released Passion ( 2006 ) and Destiny : Dreamer 's Alliance ( 2007 ) , two studio recorded albums that feature various compositions from the Passion and Destiny : Reunion concerts respectively . " Penelo 's Theme " from Final Fantasy XII and a medley of pieces from Final Fantasy Tactics A2 were played at the Fantasy Comes Alive concert in Singapore on April 30 , 2010 . Although there have been several official Final Fantasy concerts dedicated to the music of the series , none have included music by Sakimoto . A book of sheet music from the music of Final Fantasy XII rewritten by Asako Niwa as beginning to intermediate level piano solos was produced by DOREMI publishing .
= = Musical style and influences = =
Sakimoto composes his music by playing the pieces " briefly on the piano " , and then working on a computer for more detailed arrangements . The style of Sakimoto 's compositions is mostly orchestral ; he creates the orchestral sound by playing the music through a sequencer instead of using a real orchestra due to the high cost . When composing a soundtrack for a video game , Sakimoto first sits down with the director or producer of the game and works out what emotions they want the game to evoke in the player , and after making a demo for them , sets out to create music that fits that feeling . He claims that his style of composition does not change when he works on non @-@ game works such as anime series , saying that only the tone of the pieces is different . He attributes any changes in his style over the years to his desire to constantly keep growing and learning new styles and techniques , saying that if you have not moved forward in your skill and style over time , " you 've wasted your time " .
He has stated that his biggest musical influences are " old techno and progressive rock " groups such as the Japanese synthpop group Yellow Magic Orchestra . When he was starting out in the field of music , he went under the pseudonym " YmoH.S " , a reference to Yellow Magic Orchestra . He also cites the American jazz musician Chick Corea as a major influence . While creating the music for Final Fantasy XII , however , his biggest musical inspiration was former regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu . Sakimoto enjoys listening to techno and jazz fusion in his spare time . While he sometimes gets inspiration while relaxing at home , Sakimoto feels that his best ideas come to him while he is at his studio concentrating . One of his favorite soundtracks he ever composed was the one for Vagrant Story .
= = Works = =
= = = Video games = = =
Composition
Arrangement
= = = Other works = = =
= SM U @-@ 66 =
SM U @-@ 66 was the lead ship of the Type U @-@ 66 submarines or U @-@ boats for the Imperial German Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. The submarine had been laid down in Kiel in November 1913 as U @-@ 7 , the lead ship of the U @-@ 7 class for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( German : Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) . They became convinced after the outbreak of war in August 1914 that none of these submarines could be delivered to the Adriatic via Gibraltar , and sold the entire class , including U @-@ 7 , to the German Imperial Navy in November 1914 .
Under German control , the class became known as the U @-@ 66 type and the boats were renumbered ; U @-@ 7 became U @-@ 66 , and all were redesigned and reconstructed to German specifications . U @-@ 66 was launched in April 1915 and commissioned in July . As completed , she displaced 791 tonnes ( 779 long tons ) when surfaced and 933 tonnes ( 918 long tons ) submerged . The boat was 69 @.@ 50 metres ( 228 ft ) long and was armed with five torpedo tubes and a deck gun .
As a part of the Baltic and 4th Flotillas , U @-@ 66 sank 24 ships with a combined gross register tonnage of 69 @,@ 967 in six war patrols . The U @-@ boat also torpedoed and damaged the British cruiser Falmouth in August 1916 . U @-@ 66 left Emden on her seventh patrol on 2 September 1917 for operations in the North Channel . The following day the U @-@ boat reported her position in the North Sea but neither she nor any of her 40 @-@ man crew were ever heard from again . A postwar German study offered no explanation for U @-@ 66 's loss , although British records suggest that she may have struck a mine in the Dogger Bank area .
= = Design and construction = =
After the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy had competitively evaluated three foreign submarine designs , it selected the Germaniawerft 506d design , also known as the Type UD , for its new U @-@ 7 class of five submarines . The Navy ordered five boats on 1 February 1913 .
The U @-@ 7 class was seen by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy as an improved version of its U @-@ 3 class , which was also a Germaniawerft design . As designed for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , the boats were to displace 695 long tons ( 706 t ) on the surface and 885 long tons ( 899 t ) while submerged . The double @-@ hulled boats were to be 228 @.@ 0 feet ( 69 @.@ 50 m ) long overall with a beam of 20 feet 8 inches ( 6 @.@ 30 m ) and a draft of 12 feet 5 inches ( 3 @.@ 79 m ) . The Austrian specifications called for two shafts with twin diesel engines ( 2 @,@ 269 shp ( 1 @,@ 692 kW ) total ) for surface running at up to 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) , and twin electric motors ( 1 @,@ 223 shp ( 912 kW ) total ) for a maximum of 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) when submerged . The boats were designed with five 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes ; four located in the bow , one in the stern . The boats ' armament was to also include a single 66 mm / 26 ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) deck gun .
U @-@ 7 and sister boat SM U @-@ 67 were both laid down on 1 November 1913 , the first two boats of the class begun . Their construction was scheduled for completion within 29 to 33 months , but neither U @-@ 7 nor any of her sister boats were complete when World War I began in August 1914 . Because the boats were under construction at Kiel on the Baltic Sea , the Austrians became convinced that it would be impossible to take delivery : the boats would need to be transferred into the Mediterranean past Gibraltar , a British territory . As a result , U @-@ 7 and her four sisters were sold to the Imperial German Navy on 28 November 1914 .
U @-@ 7 was renumbered by the Germans as U @-@ 66 when her class was redesignated as the Type U @-@ 66 . The Imperial German Navy had the submarines redesigned and reconstructed to German standards , increasing the surface and submerged displacements by 96 and 48 tonnes ( 94 and 47 long tons ) , respectively . The torpedo load was increased by a third , from 9 to 12 , and the deck gun size was upgraded from the 6 @.@ 6 @-@ centimeter ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) size originally specified to 8 @.@ 8 centimeters ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) .
= = Early career = =
U @-@ 66 was launched on 22 April 1915 . On 23 July , SM U @-@ 66 was commissioned into the Imperial German Navy under the command of Kapitänleutnant ( Kptlt . ) Thorwald von Bothmer , a 31 @-@ year @-@ old , thirteen @-@ year veteran of the Imperial German Navy . U @-@ 66 was assigned to the Baltic Flotilla ( German : U @-@ boote der Ostseestreitkräfte V. Unterseeboots @-@ Halbflottille ) on 17 October .
In late September , the British submarine flotilla in the Baltic began a submarine offensive against German ships , intending to deny free passage of cargo , especially iron ore , from neutral Sweden to Germany . In A Naval History of World War I , author Paul G. Halpern reports on part of the German response , which was an experiment involving U @-@ 66 . The U @-@ boat was towed behind an " innocent @-@ looking vessel " and connected to the host ship by a telephone line in addition to the towline . U @-@ 66 was able to cast off at a moment 's notice to attack an enemy submarine . Halpern does not report on any encounters by U @-@ 66 , nor does he provide any insight into the overall effectiveness of the plan . U @-@ 66 was not credited with the sinking of any vessels of any kind during this time . On 15 January 1916 , she was transferred from the Baltic Flotilla into the 4th Flotilla ( German : IV . Unterseeboots @-@ Halbflottille ) , where she joined her sister boats U @-@ 67 and U @-@ 68 .
= = Second German offensive = =
Germany began its second submarine offensive against shipping the month after U @-@ 66 joined the 4th Flotilla . As in the first submarine offensive , U @-@ boats were sent independently around Scotland to patrol the Irish Sea and the western entrance to the English Channel . The first reported activity of U @-@ 66 during this campaign reveals that she sank her first ship on 5 April 1916 . On that date she was in the vicinity of Fastnet Rock and came upon the 3 @,@ 890 @-@ ton British refrigerated cargo ship Zent headed from Garston to Santa Marta in ballast . U @-@ 66 torpedoed Zent 28 nautical miles ( 52 km ; 32 mi ) from Fastnet and sank the ship with the loss of 49 crewmen ; the master and nine sailors were rescued and landed at Queenstown . Over the next two days , U @-@ 66 dispatched two French sailing vessels , the 151 @-@ ton Binicaise , and the 397 @-@ ton fishing smack Sainte Marie west of the Isles of Scilly . On 8 April , von Bothmer and U @-@ 66 sank the Spanish @-@ flagged Santanderino 18 nautical miles ( 33 km ; 21 mi ) from Ushant . Santanderino , a 3 @,@ 346 @-@ ton ship built in 1890 , was sailing from Liverpool to Havana , and U @-@ 66 gave 15 minutes ' notice for all the passengers and crew to abandon ship ; four drowned during the evacuation . Santanderino 's 36 survivors were rescued by a Danish steamer and landed at a port on the Bay of Biscay .
U @-@ 66 continued her attacks on merchant shipping on 9 April with the sinking of three ships , the British steamers Eastern City and Glenalmond and the Norwegian ship Sjolyst . The 4 @,@ 341 @-@ ton Eastern City was sailing from Saint @-@ Nazaire to Barry Roads in ballast when she was shelled by U @-@ 66 and sent to the bottom 18 nautical miles ( 33 km ; 21 mi ) from Ushant ; all of her crew survived and were landed by 11 April . U @-@ 66 's next victim was the 2 @,@ 888 @-@ ton Glenalmond sailing from Bilbao to Clyde laden with iron ore . Torpedoes from U @-@ 66 sank the ship 27 nautical miles ( 50 km ; 31 mi ) north of Ushant , but all her crew were saved . The 20 @-@ year @-@ old Norwegian steamer Sjolyst was sailing in ballast from Nantes to Manchester when U @-@ 66 sank her about two nautical miles ( four kilometers ) from where Glenalmond went down . Sjolyst 's master and entire crew were picked up by the British steamer Libra and landed at Cardiff .
U @-@ 66 finished out her busy month the next day by sinking one British and one Italian ship . U @-@ 66 sank the British steamer Margam Abbey 55 nautical miles ( 102 km ; 63 mi ) southwest of the Lizard while the ship was en route from Bordeaux to Barry Roads in ballast . Margam Abbey , at 4 @,@ 471 tons , was the largest ship sunk by U @-@ 66 to that time . The Italian freighter Unione was sailing with a load of coal from Clyde for Genoa when U @-@ 66 torpedoed her off Land 's End . The sinking of Unione , with a tonnage of 2 @,@ 367 , raised U @-@ 66 's tally for the month of April to eight ships with a combined tonnage of 22 @,@ 848 , all sunk in a six @-@ day span . Near the end of April 1916 , Admiral Reinhard Scheer , the new commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the High Seas Fleet ( under which U @-@ 66 's 4th Flotilla operated ) , called off the merchant shipping offensive and ordered all boats at sea to return , and all boats in port to remain there .
= = Grand Fleet ambushes = =
In mid @-@ May 1916 , Scheer completed plans to draw out part of the British Grand Fleet . The German High Seas Fleet would sortie for a raid on Sunderland , luring the British fleet across " ' nests ' of submarines and mine @-@ fields " . U @-@ 66 was one of nine U @-@ boats that put out to sea beginning on 17 May to scout the central North Sea for signs of the British fleet . Completing five days of scouting , U @-@ 66 , along with U @-@ 63 , U @-@ 51 , U @-@ 32 , sister boat U @-@ 70 , U @-@ 24 , and U @-@ 52 , took up position off the Firth of Forth on 23 May . The other two boats , U @-@ 43 and U @-@ 44 , were stationed off Pentland Firth , in position to attack the British fleet leaving Scapa Flow . All the boats were to remain on station until 1 June and await a coded message which would report the sailing of the British fleet . Unfortunately for the Germans , the British Admiralty had intelligence reports of the departure of the submarines which , coupled with an absence of attacks on shipping , aroused British suspicions .
A delayed departure of the German fleet for its sortie ( which had been redirected to the Skagerrak ) and the failure of five U @-@ boats , including U @-@ 66 , to receive the coded message warning of the British advance caused Scheer 's anticipated ambush to be a " complete and disappointing failure " . Although she had not received the advance warning of the coded message , U @-@ 66 was one of the two ambush U @-@ boats that actually saw parts of the British fleet . At 09 : 00 on 31 May , U @-@ 66 sent out a wireless report of eight battleships , light cruisers , and destroyers on a northerly course 60 nautical miles ( 110 km ; 69 mi ) east of Kinnaird Head . U @-@ 66 was unable to make any attacks on the ships she reported due to the presence of screening vessels . The failure of the submarine ambush to sink any British capital ships allowed the full Grand Fleet to engage the numerically inferior High Seas Fleet in the Battle of Jutland , which took place 31 May – 1 June .
The next mention of U @-@ 66 in sources is on 11 August , when she sank Inverdruie , a 613 @-@ ton three @-@ masted Norwegian bark . Inverdruie was carrying a load of pit props from Sandefjord to Hartlepool when she was sunk some 160 nautical miles ( 300 km ; 180 mi ) east of Aberdeen .
Later in August , the Germans set up another ambush for the British fleet , when they drew up plans for another High Seas Fleet raid on Sunderland ( as had been the original intention in May ) . The German fleet planned to depart late in the day on 18 August and shell military targets the next morning . U @-@ 66 was one of 24 U @-@ boats that formed five lines ( German : Standlinie ) in the expected paths of any Grand Fleet sorties . Standlinie II , consisting of U @-@ 63 , U @-@ 49 , U @-@ 45 , U @-@ 66 , and U @-@ 64 , formed a 35 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 65 km ; 40 mi ) front 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) off Flamborough Head . The other four Standlinie formed similar lines to the north and south ; all were to be in place by 08 : 00 on 19 August . Once again , British intelligence had given warning of the impending attack and ambush , causing the Grand Fleet to sortie at 16 : 00 on 18 August , five hours before the German fleet sailed .
At 04 : 45 on 19 August , U @-@ 66 fired a spread of two torpedoes at the British light cruiser Falmouth from a distance of 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) . Both torpedoes scored hits on Falmouth 's starboard side , flooding the warship forward and aft . The cruiser 's mechanical spaces — located amidships — remained intact and in working order , so she was steered to the Humber with an escort of three destroyers and an armed trawler . U @-@ 66 tried repeatedly to deal the stricken cruiser a coup de grâce , but narrowly missed with torpedoes on several further attacks . U @-@ 66 broke off her pursuit after two hours , having endured multiple attacks from Falmouth 's screening destroyers . One depth charge attack blew out all the lights on U @-@ 66 and knocked clips off two hatches that caused the boat to flood with a considerable quantity of water before the leaks could be sealed . Falmouth continued under tow at 2 knots ( 3 @.@ 7 km / h ) until she crossed Standlinie II and was attacked and sunk by U @-@ 63 around noon the next day .
Records on U @-@ 66 next appear in late 1916 , when she is reported as one of the U @-@ boat escorts assisting the German merchant raider Wolf into the North Atlantic . Wolf , under the command of Karl August Nerger , began a 15 @-@ month raiding voyage on 30 November that took the ship into the Indian and Pacific Oceans before a safe return to Germany . U @-@ 66 's specific locations for this duty are not reported , but on 11 December she sank a Norwegian steamer and a Swedish sailing ship . U @-@ 66 shelled the 1 @,@ 090 @-@ ton Norwegian steamer Bjor 4 nautical miles ( 7 @.@ 4 km ; 4 @.@ 6 mi ) southwest of the Norwegian island of Ryvingen . The ship and her general cargo , headed from Göteborg to Hull , were sent to the bottom without loss of life , and her crew was safely landed by 14 December . The same day , U @-@ 66 also sank the 311 @-@ ton Swedish sailing ship Palander off the island of Oxö , near the town of Tornio on the Sweden – Finland border .
= = Unrestricted submarine warfare = =
From the early stages of the war the Royal Navy had blockaded Germany , preventing neutral shipping from reaching German ports . By the time of the so @-@ called " turnip winter " of 1916 – 17 , the blockade had severely limited imports of food and fuel into Germany . Among the results were an increase in infant mortality and as many as 700 @,@ 000 deaths attributed to starvation or hypothermia during the war . With the blockade having such dire consequences , Kaiser Wilhelm II personally approved a resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare to begin on 1 February 1917 to help force the British to make peace . The new rules of engagement specified that no ship was to be left afloat .
U @-@ 66 's first victim under the new rules was encountered on 1 March . The Norwegian steamer Gurre , reported as 1 @,@ 733 tons , was crossing the North Sea while steaming from Narvik and Fredrikshald for Hull with a cargo of iron ore . U @-@ 66 torpedoed her at position 59 ° 30 ′ N 2 ° 0 ′ E , sending the doomed Norwegian ship into the murky depths with 20 of her crew . The same day , U @-@ 66 encountered another Norwegian cargo ship , the 1 @,@ 005 @-@ ton Livingstone , headed from Skien to Charente with a cargo of ammonium nitrate . Livingstone 's cargo , used in the making of explosives and munitions , was too valuable to destroy . U @-@ 66 's captain seized the ship as a prize east of Shetland . Further details of the encounter do not appear in sources , but it is known that the 11 @-@ year @-@ old Livingstone not only survived the war , but remained in service under a variety of names until she was scrapped in 1962 .
In late March , U @-@ 66 sank another two vessels . The 3 @,@ 597 @-@ ton cargo ship Stuart Prince was headed from Manchester and Belfast to Alexandria with a general cargo when U @-@ 66 came upon her 85 nautical miles ( 157 km ; 98 mi ) off Broad Haven , County Mayo . U @-@ 66 's torpedo attack was successful , sinking the ship and killing 20 men , including the ship 's master . Five days later , U @-@ 66 encountered the five @-@ masted bark Neath 28 nautical miles ( 52 km ; 32 mi ) south by east of Fastnet Rock . Equipped with an auxiliary triple @-@ expansion steam engine , Neath was the former German bark R. C. Rickmers which had been seized by the Admiralty at Cardiff in August 1914 . After U @-@ 66 torpedoed Neath at 08 : 45 , the bark , en route from Martinique to Le Havre with a load of sugar , sank in seven minutes . The master of Neath was taken prisoner , but had been released and landed at Queenstown two days later .
During April 1917 , German U @-@ boats sank 860 @,@ 334 tons of Allied and neutral shipping , a monthly total unsurpassed in either of the two world wars . U @-@ 66 's sole contribution to this figure came when she torpedoed the tanker Powhatan 25 nautical miles ( 46 km ; 29 mi ) from North Rona in the Outer Hebrides . The 6 @,@ 117 @-@ ton ship , which was carrying fuel oil from Sabine , Texas to Kirkwall , bested Margam Abbey as U @-@ 66 's largest ship sunk when she went down with 36 of her crew . As was done with the master of Neath , Powhatan 's master was taken prisoner aboard U @-@ 66 .
Although the monthly total of tonnage sunk by all U @-@ boats had peaked in April , the losses were over 600 @,@ 000 tons in each of May and June . U @-@ 66 did not contribute to the May tally but , with her most successful month since April 1916 , added to the June figures . On 5 June , U @-@ 66 torpedoed the 3 @,@ 472 @-@ ton Italian steamer Amor which was on her way to Liverpool from Galveston ; Amor sank approximately 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) from Fastnet Rock . The same day , Manchester Miller , a 4 @,@ 234 @-@ ton steamer sailing from Philadelphia for Manchester with a load of cotton , was sunk about 10 nautical miles ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) away from Amor when she was hit by a torpedo from U @-@ 66 . Eight crewmen died in the attack ; the survivors , who included three Americans , were landed on 9 June .
Two days after the attacks on Amor and Manchester Miller , U @-@ 66 attacked two more British steamers . The 4 @,@ 329 @-@ ton Ikalis , carrying wheat from New York to Manchester , was torpedoed and sunk 170 nautical miles ( 310 km ; 200 mi ) from Fastnet Rock . The cargo ship Cranmore , of 3 @,@ 157 tons , was headed to Manchester from Baltimore with a general cargo when torpedoed some 150 nautical miles ( 280 km ; 170 mi ) northwest of Fastnet . Though the ship was damaged , Cranmore 's crew was able to beach her ; the ship was later refloated and re @-@ entered service .
U @-@ 66 sank her largest ship , the 6 @,@ 583 @-@ ton British steamer Bay State on 10 June . The Warren Line cargo steamer had departed from Boston ( the capital of Massachusetts nicknamed , coincidentally , the " Bay State " ) with a $ 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 war cargo destined for Liverpool . U @-@ 66 intercepted the ship 250 nautical miles ( 460 km ; 290 mi ) northwest of Fastnet and sank her , but there were no casualties among her crew of 45 . Four days later , U @-@ 66 encountered the Norwegian bark Perfect , laden with grain , headed from Bahía Blanca for Copenhagen . Perfect , which had been built in 1877 , was dispatched by U @-@ 66 's deck gun at position 60 ° 58 ′ N 2 ° 18 ′ E , east of Shetland .
On 17 June , Kptlt. von Bothmer was replaced by Kptlt . Gerhard Muhle as commander of the U @-@ boat . U @-@ 66 was the first ( and ultimately only ) U @-@ boat command for the 31 @-@ year @-@ old Muhle , who had been a classmate of von Bothmer when both had joined the Kaiserliche Marine in April 1902 . On 9 July , U @-@ 66 sank her first ship under her new commander , when she sent the Spanish steamer Iparraguirre to the bottom . The 1 @,@ 161 @-@ ton steamer was headed to Santander from Piteå and Bergen with a cargo of pitwood , when U @-@ 66 attacked her west of the Orkney Islands .
U @-@ 66 scored another success when she torpedoed and sank the outbound British steamer African Prince on 21 July 60 nautical miles ( 110 km ; 69 mi ) north @-@ northwest of Tory Island . The freighter — a Prince Line line @-@ mate of Stuart Prince , sunk by U @-@ 66 in March — was carrying china clay from Liverpool to Newport News . The same day , U @-@ 66 also sank the 1 @,@ 322 @-@ ton British sailing ship Harold about 5 nautical miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km ; 5 @.@ 8 mi ) from where African Prince went down . These two ships were the last sinkings credited to U @-@ 66 . During six successful patrols , U @-@ 66 had sunk 24 ships and seized a 25th as a prize , for a combined total tonnage of 69 @,@ 967 .
U @-@ 66 began her seventh and what was to be her final patrol on the morning of 2 September when she departed from Emden destined for operations in the North Channel . Shortly after noon on 3 September , U @-@ 66 reported a position in the North Sea that placed her beyond known British minefields , in what was her last known contact . A postwar German study offered no explanation for U @-@ 66 's loss . British records suggest that U @-@ 66 may have either struck a mine in an older minefield in the Dogger Bank area , or that a combination of destroyers , submarines , and anti @-@ submarine net tenders sank U @-@ 66 sometime between 1 and 11 October . Author Dwight Messimer discounts this latter theory as not being supported by operational details .
= = Summary of raiding history = =
= Naturally ( Selena Gomez & the Scene song ) =
" Naturally " is a song performed by American band Selena Gomez & the Scene , taken from their debut studio album Kiss & Tell ( 2010 ) . It was released by Hollywood Records as the album 's second single in the United States and select other countries . The song was produced by Antonina Armato and Tim James who wrote the song with Devrim Karaoglu . Musically , " Naturally " is an uptempo pop song which relies on electropop and dance @-@ pop styles . The song 's lyrics speak of a relationship in which feelings are not forced and the protagonist sings of their happiness . The song officially impacted US mainstream radio on January 19 , 2010 , and was released physically in numerous European countries thereafter .
" Naturally " received generally positive reviews , with critics complementing its electro and club feel . The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom , Slovakia , Hungary , and Ireland , and peaked in the top twenty in multiple other countries . As their first song to impact radio in the US , it reached number twenty @-@ nine on the Billboard Hot 100 , number twelve on the Pop Songs chart , and it topped the Hot Dance Club Play chart . It was later certified Platinum in the United States by the RIAA and in Canada by the CRIA . The song 's accompanying music video sees Gomez sporting several different outfits and styles before a backdrop . Gomez & the Scene performed the song numerous times including on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest among other televised events and live performances . The song was ranked number eighty @-@ four on About.com 's list of " Top 100 Pop Songs of 2010 " .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Naturally " is an electropop and dance @-@ pop song which derives from the style of Hi @-@ NRG while incorporating disco beats . Gomez described the song as " light " , " energetic " , and " poppy " . The song is set in common time , and has an electro @-@ pop tempo of 132 beats per minute . It is written in the key of B ♭ minor , and Gomez 's vocals span from the low note of F3 to high note of F5 . It follows the chord progression B ♭ m – G ♭ – A ♭ According to Chris Ryan of MTV News the song is influenced by Kylie Minogue . According to CBBC , The song is lyrically about meeting someone who is comfortable in their own skin , as the protagonist singing how happy they are to be with them . The lyrics also state that everything in the relationship comes " Naturally " . In an interview with Digital Spy , Gomez said that the song was about " two people who have a connection with each other so they don 't really have to force the feelings - they 're just there . " Overall , she said the song was a great representation of the whole album .
= = Critical reception = =
Bill Lamb of About.com ranked the song amongst the top tracks on Kiss & Tell . Mikael Wood of Billboard gave the song a positive review , stating that it " has a juicy and instantly memorable vocal hook " . In a review of the album , Robert Copsey of Digital Spy coined the song " electro @-@ thumping " , commenting that it was " as innocent as the purity ring on Gomez 's finger and showcases her polished vocals perfectly . " Copsey also stated that the impressive hooks present in the song do not appear on the album anywhere else . In a single review , Nick Levine also of Digital Spy said was the most Disney @-@ affiliated single with club appeal since Miley Cyrus ' " See You Again " . When commenting on whether Gomez would be a mainstay in music , Levine said , " It 's too soon to tell - but most Scando @-@ popettes would dye their locks brunette for this tune . " Although stating that it was very cliche , a writer for Popjustice said that the song " seems like a boundary @-@ smashing avant garde curiosity when you put it alongside most other Hollywood Records output . " Bill Lamb of About.com ranked " Naturally " at number eighty @-@ four on his list of " Top 100 Pop Songs of 2010 " .
= = Chart performance = =
After debuting its first week at sixty @-@ five on Billboard 's US Hot Digital Songs , holiday sales for the single subsequently pushed the song to jump to thirty @-@ four . These digital sales made the song the " Hot Shot Debut " on the Billboard Hot 100 at number thirty @-@ nine for the issue dated January 9 , 2010 , eventually rising to twenty @-@ nine on the Hot 100 and eighteen on the Canadian Hot 100 . On the week labeled February 13 , 2010 , due to radio impact , the song debuted at forty on the US Pop Songs chart , and was the Hot Shot Debut at thirty @-@ nine on the Hot Dance / Club Play Songs chart where it peaked at number one . The song was certified Platinum on July 15 , 2010 in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America for reaching a million in sales , and 4 times Platinum on July 23 , 2014 for sales and streaming . As of August 2014 , the single had sold 2 @,@ 006 @,@ 000 copies . It was also certified Platinum in Canada by the Canadian Recording Industry Association for sales of 80 @,@ 000 units .
" Naturally " debuted at forty @-@ six on the Australian Singles Chart and at twenty on the New Zealand Singles Chart .
In the United Kingdom , " Naturally " entered and peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number seven , the first top ten single for a Disney Channel star since Hilary Duff with her 2005 single " Wake Up " which also charted at number seven . The song further
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
itled A Property of the Clan , it premiered at the Freewheels Theatre in Newcastle in 1992 , and was performed at the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1993 . The title was taken from the controversial quote in the psychological report on Webster made in preparation for his trial . Enright omitted the criminal acts and the murder from the play , instead focusing on the drama , its participants and the aftermath of the murder . The play was shown at various high schools in the Newcastle area , and following its positive reception was shown at high schools nationally , winning several awards . However , Newcastle High School , where both Leigh and Webster had been students , declined to show it . The play is set in the fictional town of Blackrock , and the rape and murder victim is named Tracy . Leigh 's family requested that the name be changed , as ' Tracey ' was the name of Leigh 's cousin and best friend . The name remained , despite other revisions to the script ; the play was retitled Blackrock . It was performed by the Sydney Theatre Company in 1995 and 1996 .
Blackrock was developed into a film of the same name , which was partially filmed in Stockton and released in 1997 . The community of Stockton opposed filming in the area , stating the memories of the events were still fresh and the details of the script were " too close for comfort " . When filmmakers arrived in Stockton the local media treated them with hostility , and locations that had previously been reserved were no longer available . The situation was exacerbated by the filmmakers ' denial that the film was specifically about Leigh , despite the choice of Stockton for filming . Leigh 's family were opposed to the film , saying the filmmakers were " feasting on an unfortunate situation " and portraying Leigh negatively . Associate professor Donna Lee Brien of Central Queensland University stated that some fictional aspects in the film portrayed Leigh in a negative manner , though the book Reel Tracks by Rebecca Doyle credited the film with correcting misinformation reported in the media regarding the murder , as well as with providing a forum for reflection on the events . The film received a mixed @-@ to @-@ positive reception in Australia , but performed poorly when shown elsewhere ; Brien stated that because the film lacked the " poignant and powerful narrative support of Leigh 's tragedy " , it was deemed by critics to be " shallow and clichéd " .
= Lockheed YF @-@ 22 =
The Lockheed / Boeing / General Dynamics YF @-@ 22 was an American single @-@ seat , twin @-@ engine fighter aircraft technology demonstrator designed for the United States Air Force ( USAF ) . The design was a finalist in the USAF 's Advanced Tactical Fighter competition , and two prototypes were built for the demonstration / validation phase of the competition . The YF @-@ 22 won the contest against the Northrop YF @-@ 23 , and entered production as the Lockheed Martin F @-@ 22 Raptor . The YF @-@ 22 has similar aerodynamic layout and configuration as the F @-@ 22 , but with differences in the position and design of the cockpit , tail fins and wings , and in internal structural layout .
In the 1980s , the USAF began looking for a replacement for its fighter aircraft , especially to counter the advanced Su @-@ 27 and MiG @-@ 29 . A number of companies , divided into two teams , submitted their proposals . Northrop and McDonnell Douglas submitted the YF @-@ 23 . Lockheed , Boeing and General Dynamics proposed and built the YF @-@ 22 , which , although marginally slower and having a larger radar cross @-@ section , was more agile than the YF @-@ 23 . Primarily for this reason , it was picked by the Air Force as the winner of the ATF in April 1991 . Following the selection , the first YF @-@ 22 was retired to a museum , while the second prototype continued flying until an accident relegated it to the role of an antenna test vehicle .
= = Design and development = =
In 1981 , the U.S. Air Force developed a requirement for an Advanced Tactical Fighter ( ATF ) as a new air superiority fighter to replace the F @-@ 15 Eagle and F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon . This was made more crucial by the emerging worldwide threats , including development and proliferation of Soviet MiG @-@ 29 and Su @-@ 27 " Flanker " -class fighter aircraft . It would take advantage of the new technologies in fighter design on the horizon including composite materials , lightweight alloys , advanced flight @-@ control systems , more powerful propulsion systems and stealth technology . In 1985 the Air Force sent out technical requests for proposals to a number of aircraft manufacturing teams . The formal request for proposal ( RFP ) was issued in July 1986 , and two contractor teams , Lockheed , Boeing and General Dynamics , along with Northrop and McDonnell Douglas , were selected on 31 October 1986 to undertake a 50 @-@ month demonstration phase , culminating in the flight test of the two teams ' prototypes , the YF @-@ 22 and the YF @-@ 23 .
The YF @-@ 22 was designed to meet USAF requirements for survivability , supercruise , stealth , and ease of maintenance . Because Lockheed 's submission was selected as one of the winners , the company , through its Skunk Works division , assumed leadership of the program partners . It would be responsible for the forward cockpit and fuselage , as well as final assembly at Palmdale , California . Meanwhile , the wings and aft fuselage would be built by Boeing , with the center fuselage , weapons bays , tail and landing gears built by General Dynamics . Compared with its Northrop / McDonnell Douglas counterpart , the YF @-@ 22 has a more conventional design – its wings have larger control surfaces , such as full @-@ span trailing edge , and , whereas the YF @-@ 23 had two tail surfaces , the YF @-@ 22 had four , which made it more maneuverable than its counterpart . Two examples of each prototype air vehicle ( PAV ) were built for the Demonstration @-@ Validation phase : one with General Electric YF120 engines , the other with Pratt & Whitney YF119 engines .
The YF @-@ 22 was given the unofficial name " Lightning II " after Lockheed 's World War II @-@ era fighter , the P @-@ 38 Lightning , which persisted until the mid @-@ 1990s when the USAF officially named the aircraft " Raptor " . The F @-@ 35 later received the Lightning II name in 2006 .
The first YF @-@ 22 ( PAV @-@ 1 , serial number 87 @-@ 0700 , N22YF ) , with the GE YF120 , was rolled out on 29 August 1990 and first flew on 29 September 1990 , taking off from Palmdale piloted by David L. Ferguson . During the 18 @-@ minute flight , PAV @-@ 1 reached a maximum speed of 250 knots ( 460 km / h ; 290 mph ) and a height of 12 @,@ 500 feet ( 3 @,@ 800 m ) , before landing at Edwards AFB . Following the flight , Ferguson said that the remainder of the YF @-@ 22 test program would be concentrated on " ... the manoeuvrability of the aeroplane , both supersonic and subsonic " . The second YF @-@ 22 ( PAV @-@ 2 , s / n 87 @-@ 0701 , N22YX ) with the P & W YF119 made its maiden flight on 30 October at the hands of Tom Morgenfeld .
= = Operational history = =
= = = Evaluation = = =
During the flight test program , unlike the YF @-@ 23 , weapon firings and high ( 60 ° ) angle of attack ( AoA , or high @-@ Alpha ) flights were carried out on the YF @-@ 22 . Though not a requirement , the aircraft fired AIM @-@ 9 Sidewinder and AIM @-@ 120 AMRAAM missiles from internal weapon bays . Flight testing also demonstrated that the YF @-@ 22 with its thrust vectoring nozzles achieved pitch rates more than double that of the F @-@ 16 at low @-@ speed maneuvering . The first prototype , PAV @-@ 1 , achieved Mach 1 @.@ 58 in supercruise , while PAV @-@ 2 reached a maximum supercruise speed of Mach 1 @.@ 43 ; maximum speed was in excess of Mach 2 @.@ 0 . Flight testing continued until 28 December 1990 , by which time 74 flights were completed and 91 @.@ 6 airborne hours were accumulated . Following flight testing , the contractor teams submitted proposals for ATF production .
On 23 April 1991 , the YF @-@ 22 was announced by Secretary of the Air Force Donald Rice as the winner of the ATF competition . The YF @-@ 23 design was stealthier and faster , but the YF @-@ 22 was more agile . It was speculated in the aviation press that the YF @-@ 22 was also seen as more adaptable to the Navy 's Navalized Advanced Tactical Fighter ( NATF ) , but the US Navy abandoned NATF by 1992 . Instead of being retired , as with the case of PAV @-@ 1 , PAV @-@ 2 subsequently flew sorties following the competition – it amassed another 61 @.@ 6 flying hours during 39 flights . On 25 April 1992 , the aircraft sustained serious damage during a landing attempt as a result of pilot @-@ induced oscillations . It was repaired but never flew again , and instead served as a static test vehicle thereafter . In 1991 , it was anticipated that 650 production F @-@ 22s would be procured .
= = = F @-@ 22 production = = =
As the Lockheed team won the ATF competition , it was awarded the engineering , manufacturing and development ( EMD ) contract , which would ultimately allow it to proceed with production of operational aircraft . The EMD called for seven single @-@ seat F @-@ 22A and two twin @-@ seat F @-@ 22Bs . On 9 April 1997 , the first of these , Spirit of America , was rolled out . During the ceremony , the F @-@ 22 was officially named " Raptor " . Due to limited funding , the first flight , which had previously been scheduled for mid @-@ 1996 , occurred on 7 September 1997 . Flight testing for the F @-@ 22 continued until 2005 , and on 15 December 2005 the USAF announced that the Raptor had reached its initial operational capability ( IOC ) .
In many respects , the YF @-@ 22s were different from production F @-@ 22s . Contrary to the F @-@ 117 Nighthawk , which was initially difficult to control because of small vertical stabilizers , Lockheed over @-@ specified the fin area on its YF @-@ 22 . Therefore , the company reduced the size of those on F @-@ 22s by 20 – 30 percent . Lockheed recontoured the shape of the wing and stabilator trailing edges to improve aerodynamics , strength , and stealth characteristics ; the wing and stabilitor sweep was reduced by 6 ° from 48 ° . Finally , to improve pilot visibility , the canopy was moved forward 7 inches ( 178 mm ) , and the engine intakes were moved rearward 14 inches ( 356 mm ) .
= = Aircraft disposition = =
87 @-@ 0700 – Air Force Flight Test Center Museum , Edwards Air Force Base , California .
87 @-@ 0701 – used by Lockheed as static test model .
= = Specifications ( YF @-@ 22 ) = =
Note some specifications are estimated .
Data from Baker , Aronstein
General characteristics
Crew : 1 ( pilot )
Length : 64 ft 6 in ( 19 @.@ 65 m )
Wingspan : 43 ft 0 in ( 13 @.@ 1 m )
Height : 17 ft 9 in ( 5 @.@ 39 m )
Wing area : 830 sq ft ( 77 @.@ 1 m ² )
Empty weight : 33 @,@ 000 lb ( 14 @,@ 970 kg )
Loaded weight : 62 @,@ 000 lb ( 28 @,@ 120 kg )
Powerplant : 2 × Pratt & Whitney YF119 @-@ PW @-@ 100 or General Electric YF120 @-@ GE @-@ 100 afterburning turbofans
Dry thrust : YF120 : 23 @,@ 500 lbf ( 104 kN ) each
Thrust with afterburner : 30 @,@ 000 lbf / 35 @,@ 000 lbf ( 133 kN / 156 kN ) each
Performance
Maximum speed : At altitude : Mach 2 @.@ 2 ( 1 @,@ 260 knots , 1 @,@ 450 mph , 2 @,@ 335 km / h )
Supercruise : Mach 1 @.@ 58 ( 910 knots , 1 @,@ 040 mph , 1 @,@ 680 km / h ) ( military power only )
Combat radius : 696 nmi ( 800 mi , 1 @,@ 480 km )
Service ceiling : 65 @,@ 000 ft ( 19 @,@ 800 m )
Maximum g @-@ load : + 7 @.@ 9 g
= Benin at the 2008 Summer Olympics =
Benin took part in the 2008 Summer Olympics , which were held in Beijing , China from 8 to 24 August 2008 . The country 's participation at Beijing marked its eighth consecutive appearance in the summer Olympics since its debut in 1972 , and its ninth Olympic appearance ever . The Benin delegation included five athletes in 2008 , participating in three sports : athletics , swimming and taekwondo . Fabienne Feraez , a sprinter , was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony . None of the Benin athletes progressed further than the heat round .
= = Background = =
Benin participated in eight summer Olympic games between its debut in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Competing under the name Dahomey , Benin made their Olympic debut in 1972 , sending two athletes to the games . The most number of Benin athletes participating in a summer games , is 16 in the 1980 games in Moscow . Five athletes from Benin were selected to compete in the 2008 games : track and field athletes Fabienne Feraez and Mathieu Gnanligo ; swimmers Alois Dansou and Gloria Koussihouede ; and taekwondo practitioner Jean Moloise Ogoudjobi .
= = Athletics = =
= = = Men 's competition = = =
A bronze medalist at the 2007 All @-@ Africa Games , Mathieu Gnanligo , participated in the 400 meters . Gnanligo 's appearance in Beijing marked his first appearance at any Olympic games . Once at the Olympics , Gnanligo was placed in the seventh heat on 18 August . He ran a time of 47 @.@ 10 seconds and finished seventh in the heat against seven other athletes . He finished 49th out of 55 athletes , 6 @.@ 01 seconds ahead of the slowest athlete Xiaosheng Liu , and 2 @.@ 31 seconds behind the quickest athlete Chris Brown . He was 1 @.@ 14 seconds behind Andretti Bain , the slowest athlete who qualified for the semi @-@ finals , and therefore did not progress .
= = = Women 's competition = = =
Competing at her second Olympics , Fabienne Feraez was the oldest competitor for Benin , aged 32 . She competed in the 200 meters on 19 August . Feraez , who also competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics , was drawn into heat three . Feraez ran a time of 24 @.@ 07 seconds and finished last in her heat , exactly a second behind the winner , Marshevet Myers . She finished 40th out of 46 athletes overall and was 8 @.@ 09 seconds faster than the slowest athlete , Samia Yusuf Omar . Feraez was 1 @.@ 36 seconds behind the fastest athlete and 0 @.@ 48 seconds behind the slowest athlete who progressed to the semi @-@ finals , Eleni Artymata .
Key
Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only
Q
= Qualified for the next round
q =
Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR
= National record
N / A =
Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men
Women
= = Swimming = =
= = = Men 's competition = = =
Alois Dansou competed in heat one of the 50 meters freestyle on August 14 . Dansou also competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics , where he did not progress out of the heats . In 2008 Dansou repeated the result and failed to qualify for the semi @-@ finals . He finished first in his heat in a time of 24 @.@ 54 seconds , ahead of Omar Jasim and Yasser Núñez . Overall he finished 62nd of 97 competitors and did not qualify for the semi @-@ finals .
= = = Women 's competition = = =
Benin had one woman competing in swimming at the 2008 Olympics . That athlete was Gloria Koussihouede who competed in the 50 meters freestyle . The 2008 Olympics was Koussihouedes second Olympics after competing in 2004 , and she was selected to compete in heat one . Koussihouede finished second in her heat in a time of 37 @.@ 09 seconds , behind Sameera Al @-@ Bitar and ahead of Pamela Girimbabazi Rugabira and Djene Barry . Her time placed her 87th out of 90 athletes and she did not qualify for the semi @-@ finals .
Men
Women
= = Taekwondo = =
= = = Men 's competition = = =
Benin had one taekwondo practitioner competing in the 2008 Olympics . This man was Jean Moloise Ogoudjobi , a 28 @-@ year @-@ old Beninese athlete , competing at his first Olympic Games . Moloise Ogoudjobi fought in match three against Chutchawal Khawlaor from Thailand in the first round . Moloise Ogoudjobi lost and did not progress to the quarter @-@ finals .
Men
= Gallipoli Campaign =
The Gallipoli Campaign , also known as the Dardanelles Campaign , the Battle of Gallipoli or the Battle of Çanakkale ( Turkish : Çanakkale Savaşı ) , was a campaign of World War I that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula ( Gelibolu in modern Turkey ) in the Ottoman Empire between 25 April 1915 and 9 January 1916 . The peninsula forms the northern bank of the Dardanelles , a strait that provided a sea route to the Russian Empire , one of the Allied powers during the war . Intending to secure it , Russia 's allies Britain and France launched a naval attack followed by an amphibious landing on the peninsula , with the aim of capturing the Ottoman capital of Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ) . The naval attack was repelled and after eight months ' fighting , with many casualties on both sides , the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force was withdrawn to Egypt .
The campaign was one of the greatest Ottoman victories during the war . In Turkey , it is regarded as a defining moment in the nation 's history : a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire crumbled . The struggle formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under Mustafa Kemal ( Kemal Atatürk ) who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli . The campaign is often considered as marking the birth of national consciousness in Australia and New Zealand and the date of the landing , 25 April , is known as " Anzac Day " which is the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in those two countries , surpassing Remembrance Day ( Armistice Day ) .
= = Background = =
= = = Ottoman entry into the war = = =
At the beginning of the 20th century , the Ottoman Empire had the reputation of being the " sick man of Europe " , weakened by political instability , military defeat and civil strife following a century of decline . In 1908 , a group of young officers , known as the Young Turks , seized power in Constantinople , while Mehmed V was later installed as a figurehead Sultan in 1909 . The new régime implemented a program of reform to modernise the outdated political and economic system and to redefine the racial make @-@ up of the empire . An enthusiastic supporter , Germany provided significant investment . German diplomats subsequently found increasing influence , despite Britain previously being the predominant power in the region , while German officers assisted in training and re @-@ equipping the army .
Despite this support , the economic resources of the Ottoman Empire were depleted by the cost of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 and the French , British and Germans had offered financial aid . A pro @-@ German faction influenced by Enver Pasha , the former Ottoman military attaché in Berlin , opposed the pro @-@ British majority in the Ottoman cabinet and tried to secure closer relations with Germany . In December 1913 , the Germans sent a military mission to Constantinople , headed by General Otto Liman von Sanders . The geographical position of the Ottoman Empire meant that Russia and her allies France and Britain had a significant interest in Turkish neutrality in the event of war in Europe .
During the Sarajevo Crisis in 1914 , German diplomats offered Turkey an anti @-@ Russian alliance and territorial gains in Caucasia , north @-@ west Iran and Trans @-@ Caspia . The pro @-@ British faction in the Cabinet was isolated due to the British ambassador taking leave until 18 August . As the crisis deepened in Europe , Ottoman policy was to obtain a guarantee of territorial integrity and potential advantages , unaware that the British might enter a European war . On 30 July 1914 , two days after the outbreak of the war in Europe , the Ottoman leaders agreed to form a secret Ottoman @-@ German Alliance against Russia , although it did not require them to undertake military action .
On 2 August , the British requisitioned two modern battleships — Sultân Osmân @-@ ı Evvel and Reşadiye which British shipyards had started building for the Ottoman Navy — for their own use , alienating pro @-@ British elements in Constantinople , despite the offer of compensation if they remained neutral . This action strained diplomatic relations between the two empires and the German government offered SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau to the Ottoman navy as replacements , in an attempt to gain influence . The Allies tried to intercept the ships , which escaped when the Ottoman government opened the Dardanelles to allow them passage to Constantinople , despite being required under international law , as a neutral party , to block military shipping . By allowing the German ships to enter the Dardanelles , the Ottomans confirmed their links to Germany .
In September , the British naval mission to the Ottomans , which had been established in 1912 under Admiral Arthur Limpus , was recalled due to increasing concern that Turkey would soon enter the war . Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon of the Imperial German Navy took over command of the Ottoman navy . Acting without orders from the Ottoman government , on 27 September the German commander of the Dardanelles fortifications ordered the passage closed , adding to the impression that the Ottomans were " in the German camp " . The German naval presence and the success of German armies on all fronts , gave the pro @-@ German faction in the Ottoman government enough influence to declare war on Russia .
On 27 October , Goeben and Breslau , having been renamed Yavûz Sultân Selîm and Midilli , sortied into the Black Sea , bombarded the Russian port of Odessa and sank several Russian ships . The Ottomans refused an Allied demand that they expel the German missions and on 31 October 1914 , officially entered the war on the side of the Central Powers . Russia declared war on Turkey on 2 November . The next day , the British ambassador left Constantinople and a British naval squadron off the Dardanelles bombarded the outer defensive forts at Kum Kale and Seddulbahir . A shell hit a magazine , knocked the guns off their mounts and killed 86 soldiers .
Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and the Ottomans declared a jihad ( holy war ) later that month , launching an offensive in the Caucasus against the Russians to regain former Turkish provinces there . Fighting also began in Mesopotamia , following a British landing to occupy the oil facilities in the Persian Gulf . The Ottomans prepared to attack Egypt in early 1915 , aiming to occupy the Suez Canal and cut the Mediterranean route to India and the Far East . Strachan wrote that in hindsight Ottoman belligerence was inevitable , once Goeben and Breslau were allowed into the Dardanelles and that delays after that were caused by Ottoman unreadiness for war and Bulgarian neutrality , rather than uncertainty about policy .
= = = Allied strategy and the Dardanelles = = =
The British had planned to invade amphibiously near Alexandretta before the Dardanelles operation with the idea originally presented by Boghos Nubar in 1914 . It was planned by Field Marshal Lord Horatio Kitchener to sever the capital from Syria , Palestine , and Egypt . Alexandretta was an area with a Christian population and was the strategic center of the Empire 's railway network – its capture would have cut the empire in two . Vice Admiral Sir Richard Peirse , East Indies Station , ordered Captain Frank Larkin of HMS Doris to Alexandretta on 13 December 1914 . At the same time , in the same area , the Russian cruiser Askold and the French cruiser Requin were performing similar operations . Kitchener was working on the plan as late as March 1915 . This plan was also the beginning of Britain 's successful effort to start an Arab Revolt . The Alexandretta landing was abandoned because militarily it would have required more resources than France could allocate , and politically France did not want the British operating in their sphere of influence , a position to which Britain had agreed in 1912 .
However , by late 1914 the war on the Western Front had become a stalemate ; the Franco @-@ British counter @-@ offensive of the First Battle of the Marne had ended and the British had suffered many casualties in the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders . Lines of trenches had been dug by both sides , running from the Swiss border to the English Channel as the war of manoeuvre ended and trench warfare began . The German Empire and Austria @-@ Hungary closed the overland trade routes between Britain and France in the west and Russia in the east . The White Sea in the arctic north and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East were icebound in winter and distant from the Eastern Front , the Baltic Sea was blockaded by the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ) and the entrance to the Black Sea through the Dardanelles was controlled by the Ottoman Empire . While the empire remained neutral supplies could still be sent to Russia through the Dardanelles , but prior to the Ottoman entry into the war the straits had been closed and in November they began to mine the waterway .
French Minister of Justice Aristide Briand 's proposal in November to attack the Ottoman Empire was rejected and an attempt by the British to pay the Ottomans to join the Allied side also failed . Later that month , Winston Churchill , First Lord of the Admiralty , proposed a naval attack on the Dardanelles , based in part on erroneous reports of Ottoman troop strength . Churchill wanted to use a large number of obsolete battleships , which could not operate against the German High Seas Fleet , in a Dardanelles operation , with a small occupation force provided by the army . It was hoped that an attack on the Ottomans would also draw Bulgaria and Greece ( both formerly ruled by the Ottomans ) into the war on the Allied side . On 2 January 1915 , Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia appealed to Britain for assistance against the Ottomans , who were conducting an offensive in the Caucasus . Planning began for a naval demonstration in the Dardanelles to divert troops from the Caucasian theatre of operations .
= = Naval campaign = =
= = = Attempt to force the Straits = = =
On 17 February 1915 , a British seaplane from HMS Ark Royal flew a reconnaissance sortie over the Straits . Two days later , the first attack on the Dardanelles began when a strong Anglo @-@ French task force , including the British battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth , began a long @-@ range bombardment of Ottoman artillery along the coast . The British had intended to utilise Ark Royal 's eight aircraft to spot for the bombardment , but harsh conditions rendered all but one of these , a Short Type 136 , unserviceable . A period of bad weather slowed the initial phase but by 25 February the outer forts had been reduced and the entrance cleared of mines . After this , Royal Marines were landed to destroy guns at Kum Kale on the northern Asian coast and at Sedd el Bahr on the southern tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula , while the naval bombardment shifted to batteries between Kum Kale and Kephez .
Frustrated by the mobility of the Ottoman batteries , which evaded the Allied bombardments and threatened the minesweepers sent to clear the Straits , Churchill began pressuring the naval commander , Admiral Sackville Carden , to increase the fleet 's efforts . Carden drew up fresh plans and on 4 March sent a cable to Churchill , stating that the fleet could expect to arrive in Istanbul within 14 days . A sense of impending victory was heightened by the interception of a German wireless message that revealed the Ottoman Dardanelles forts were running out of ammunition . When the message was relayed to Carden , it was agreed a main attack would be launched on or around 17 March . It transpired that Carden , suffering from stress , was placed on the sick list by the medical officer and the fleet was placed under the command of Admiral John de Robeck .
On 18 March 1915 , the main attack was launched . The fleet , comprising 18 battleships with a supporting array of cruisers and destroyers , sought to target the narrowest point of the Dardanelles , where the straits are 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) wide . Despite some damage sustained by ships engaging the Ottoman forts , minesweepers were ordered to proceed along the straits . According to an account by the Ottoman General Staff , by 2 : 00 p.m. " all telephone wires were cut , all communications with the forts were interrupted , some of the guns had been knocked out ... in consequence the artillery fire of the defence had slackened considerably " . The French battleship Bouvet was sunk by a mine , causing it to capsize with her crew of over 600 still aboard . Minesweepers manned by civilians , under the constant fire of Ottoman shells , retreated , leaving the minefields largely intact . HMS Irresistible and HMS Inflexible were critically damaged by mines , although there was confusion during the battle about the cause of the damage — some blamed torpedoes . HMS Ocean , sent to rescue the Irresistible , was also damaged by an explosion , and both ships eventually sank . The French battleships Suffren and Gaulois were also damaged ; the ships had sailed through a new line of mines placed secretly by the Ottoman minelayer Nusret ten days before .
The losses forced de Robeck to sound the " general recall " to save what remained of his force . During the planning of the campaign , naval losses had been anticipated and so it was mainly obsolete battleships , which were unfit to face the German fleet , that had been sent . Some of the senior naval officers , such as the commander of Queen Elizabeth , Commodore Roger Keyes , felt that they had come close to victory , believing that the Ottoman guns had almost run out of ammunition , but de Robeck , Jackie Fisher and others prevailed and ended Allied attempts to force the straits by naval power , citing unacceptable losses and bad weather . The defeat of the British fleet had given the Ottomans a morale boost ; the day would later come to be celebrated in Turkey as a great victory . Planning to capture the Turkish defences by land began . Two Allied submarines tried to traverse the Dardanelles but were lost to mines and strong currents .
= = = Allied preparations for a landing = = =
After the failure of the naval attacks , ground forces were assembled , tasked with eliminating the Ottoman mobile artillery so that minesweepers could clear the way for the larger vessels . The British Secretary of State for War , Lord Kitchener , appointed General Sir Ian Hamilton to command the 78 @,@ 000 @-@ strong Mediterranean Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) that was to carry out the mission . At this time , soldiers from the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) and New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) were encamped in Egypt , undergoing training prior to being sent to France . These troops were formed into the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) , which comprised the all @-@ volunteer Australian 1st Division and the New Zealand and Australian Division under the command of Lieutenant General William Birdwood . The ANZAC troops , along with the regular British 29th Division , the Royal Naval Division and the French Oriental Expeditionary Corps , consisting of " metropolitan " and colonial troops , were subsequently placed under Hamilton 's command . With only five divisions the operation would be complicated by the limited forces available , the rugged terrain of the peninsula and the small number of suitable landing beaches , as well as severe logistical difficulties . As the campaign progressed , the troops of the MEF would eventually be supported by about 2 @,@ 000 civilian labourers from the Egyptian and Maltese Labour Corps .
As a landing under fire had not been foreseen , the force was not prepared for such an undertaking . The British and French divisions subsequently joined the Australians in Egypt , while over the following month Hamilton prepared his plan , choosing to concentrate his force on the southern part of the Gallipoli peninsula at Cape Helles and Sedd el Bahr . The Allies initially discounted the fighting ability of the Ottoman soldiers , but came to respect them during the campaign . The early apathy was illustrated by a leaflet that was issued to the British and Australians while they were still in Egypt : " Turkish soldiers as a rule manifest their desire to surrender by holding their rifle butt upward and by waving clothes or rags of any colour . An actual white flag should be regarded with the utmost suspicion as a Turkish soldier is unlikely to possess anything of that colour . " Erickson has argued that this apathy stemmed from a " sense of superiority " amongst the Allies , which had resulted from the decline of the Ottoman Empire , and perceptions of its performance in earlier conflicts including the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 . As a result , Allied intelligence failed to adequately prepare for the campaign , in some cases relying on information gained from Egyptian travel guides .
The troops earmarked for the assault were required to be loaded on the transports in the order they were to disembark and as a result the landings could not be undertaken until the end of April . Whilst the five @-@ week delay offered the Ottomans the opportunity to strengthen their position on the peninsula , unfavourable weather during March and April might have delayed the landings at any rate and would have prevented any troops ashore from being supplied and reinforced . Australian and New Zealand forces departed Egypt in early April , assembling on the island of Lemnos in Greece , where a small garrison had been established in early March . After arriving on 12 April a number of basic practice landings were undertaken . Meanwhile , on 17 April 1915 , the British submarine HMS E15 under the command of Captain T.S. Brodie had also tried to run the straits , but hit a submarine net and ran aground . The submarine was subsequently shelled by a Turkish fort , killing Brodie and six of the crew and forcing the survivors to surrender .
= = = Ottoman defensive preparations = = =
The Ottomans prepared to repel a landing on either side of the Straits , with the Ottoman Fifth Army . The force , which initially consisted of five divisions with another en route , was a conscript force , commanded by Otto Liman von Sanders , a German officer who had been head of the Military Mission sent to Turkey as advisors . Many of the senior officers in the Fifth Army were also German . Ottoman commanders and senior German officers debated the best means of defending the peninsula . All agreed that the most effective form of defence was to hold the high ground on the ridges of the peninsula . There was disagreement as to where the enemy would land and hence where to concentrate their forces . Mustafa Kemal , a 34 @-@ year @-@ old lieutenant colonel familiar with the Gallipoli peninsula , from his operations against Bulgaria in the Balkan War , believed Cape Helles ( the southern tip of the peninsula ) and Gaba Tepe would be the two most likely areas for landing . In the case of the former , Kemal believed that the British would use their navy to command the land from every side , which the tip of the peninsula would allow ; at Gaba Tepe , the short distance to the eastern coast meant forces could easily reach the Narrows .
Liman von Sanders considered Besika Bay on the Asiatic coast to be the most vulnerable to invasion , since Allied forces would benefit from more accessible terrain and could attack the most important Ottoman batteries guarding the straits . Sanders placed two divisions , one third of the Fifth Army , in this area . Two divisions were concentrated at Bulair at the north end of the Gallipoli peninsula , to protect supply and communication lines to the defences further along the peninsula .
The 19th Division , under the command of Mustafa Kemal and the 9th Division were placed along the Aegean coast and at Cape Helles on the tip of the peninsula . The bulk of the forces , under Sanders , were to be held inland , leaving a minimum of troops guarding the coast . After the 3rd Division and a cavalry brigade arrived from Constantinople in early April , the front line strength of the Ottoman forces on the Bosporus was 60 @,@ 000 – 62 @,@ 077 , which Sanders concentrated in three groups . He ordered the greatest possible effort to improve land and sea communications so that reinforcements could be moved swiftly to danger points ; troops were moved at night to avoid detection by Allied aircraft . Sanders ' strategy was opposed by Ottoman commanders , including Mustafa Kemal , who believed Ottoman forces were too widely dispersed to drive the attackers back into the sea as soon as their invasion began . Sanders was certain that a rigid system of defence would fail and that the only hope of success lay in the mobility of the three groups , particularly Kemal 's 19th Division , which was concentrated near Boghali as a general reserve , ready to move to Bulair , Gaba Tepe or the Asiatic shore .
The delay of the landings by the British allowed Sanders and other German officers such as Colonel Hans Kannengiesser , supported by III Corps commander Esat Pasha , time to prepare their defences . Sanders later noted , " the British allowed us four good weeks of respite for all this work before their great disembarkation ... This respite just sufficed for the most indispensable measures to be taken . " Roads were constructed , small boats assembled to carry troops and equipment across the narrows , beaches were wired and improvised mines were constructed from torpedo warheads . Trenches and gun emplacements were dug along the beaches , while troops went on route marches to avoid lethargy . Kemal , whose 19th Division was vital to the defensive scheme , observed the beaches and awaited signs of an invasion from his post at Boghali , near Maidos . The Ottomans created a small air force with German assistance and had four aircraft operating around Çanakkale in February , conducting reconnaissance and army co @-@ operation sorties and by early April they had established an airfield near Gallipoli .
= = Land campaign = =
= = = Landings = = =
The Allies planned to land and secure the northern shore , capturing the Ottoman forts and artillery batteries there so that a naval force could advance through the Narrows and the Sea of Marmara towards Constantinople . Scheduled for 23 April but postponed until 25 April due to bad weather , landings were to be made at six beaches on the peninsula . The 29th Division was to land at Helles on the tip of the peninsula and then advance upon the forts at Kilitbahir . The Anzacs , with the 3rd Infantry Brigade spearheading the assault , were to land north of Gaba Tepe on the Aegean coast , from where they could advance across the peninsula , cutting off the Ottoman troops in Kilitbahir . The small cove in and around which they landed became known as " Anzac Cove " . This sector of the Gallipoli Peninsula became known as " Anzac " ; the area held by the British and French became known as the " Helles sector " or simply " Helles " . The French made a diversionary landing at Kum Kale on the Asian shore , before re @-@ embarking to hold the eastern area of the Helles sector . There was a diversion by the Royal Naval Division , including a solo effort by New Zealander Bernard Freyberg at Bulair , for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order .
The Helles landing was made by the 29th Division , under the command of Major General Aylmer Hunter @-@ Weston . The division landed on five beaches in an arc about the tip of the peninsula , named from east to west as ' S ' , ' V ' , ' W ' , ' X ' and ' Y ' Beaches . On 1 May , the 29th Indian Brigade ( including the 1 / 6th Gurkha Rifles ) landed , took and secured Sari Bair above the landing beaches , and were later joined by two other Gurkha battalions , the 1st / 5th and the 2nd / 10th ; the Zion Mule Corps landed at Helles on 27 April . At ' Y ' Beach , during the first engagement around the village of Krithia ( First Battle of Krithia ) , the Allies were able to land unopposed and advance inland . There were only a small number of defenders in the village , but lacking orders to exploit the position , the ' Y ' Beach commander withdrew his force to the beach . It was as close as they came to capturing the village throughout the rest of the campaign as the Ottomans brought up a battalion of the 25th Regiment , checking any further movement .
The main landings were made at ' V ' Beach , beneath the old Seddülbahir fortress and at ' W ' Beach , a short distance to the west on the other side of the Helles headland . The covering force from the Royal Munster Fusiliers and Hampshires landed from a converted collier , SS River Clyde , which was run aground beneath the fortress so that the troops could disembark via ramps to the shore . The Royal Dublin Fusiliers landed at ' V ' Beach from open boats . At ' W ' Beach , the Lancashire Fusiliers also landed in open boats , on a shore overlooked by dunes and obstructed with barbed wire . On both beaches the Ottoman defenders occupied good defensive positions and inflicted many casualties on the British infantry as they landed . Troops emerging one by one from sally ports on the River Clyde were shot by machine @-@ gunners at the Seddülbahir fort . Of the first 200 soldiers to disembark , only 21 men reached the beach .
As at Anzac , the Ottoman defenders were too few to defeat the landing but inflicted many casualties and contained the attack close to the shore . By the morning of 25 April 1915 , out of ammunition and left with nothing but bayonets to meet the attackers on the slopes leading up from the beach to the heights of Chunuk Bair , the 57th Infantry Regiment received orders from Kemal , commanding the 19th Division : " I do not order you to fight , I order you to die . In the time which passes until we die , other troops and commanders can come forward and take our places " . Every man of the regiment was either killed in action or wounded . As a sign of respect , the 57th Regiment no longer exists in the Turkish Army .
At ' W ' Beach , thereafter known as Lancashire Landing , the Lancashires were able to overwhelm the defences despite the loss of 600 casualties from 1 @,@ 000 men . The battalions which landed at ' V ' Beach suffered about 70 percent casualties . Six awards of the Victoria Cross were made among the Lancashires at ' W ' Beach . A further six Victoria Crosses were awarded among the infantry and sailors at the ' V ' Beach landing and three more were awarded the following day as they fought their way off the beach . Five squads of Ottoman infantry led by Sergeant Yahya distinguished themselves by repulsing several attacks on their hilltop position , the defenders eventually disengaging under cover of darkness . After the landings , so few remained from the Dublin and Munster Fusiliers that they were amalgamated into " The Dubsters " . Only one Dubliner officer survived the landing , while of the 1 @,@ 012 Dubliners who landed , just 11 survived the Gallipoli campaign unscathed .
After the landings , little was done by the Allies to exploit the situation , and apart from a few limited advances inland by small groups of men , most troops stayed on or close to the beaches . The Allied attack lost momentum and the Ottomans had time to bring up reinforcements and rally the small number of defending troops . Lord Kitchener had ruled that air requirements must be met by the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) and the Allies employed a small force of seaplanes and other aircraft from No. 3 Squadron , RNAS which arrived at Tenedos at the end of March . Under Commander Charles Samson , the aircraft were initially unopposed by the small Ottoman air force and during the planning stages the force had been used to provide aerial reconnaissance , although this ultimately proved inadequate to meet the Allies ' intelligence needs and make up for the lack of adequate maps . Following the landings , Allied aircraft conducted photographic reconnaissance , observed naval gunfire , reported on Ottoman troop movements , and conducted a small number of offensive bombing raids .
The Australian submarine HMAS AE2 under the command of Lieutenant Commander Henry Stoker succeeded in getting through the Straits on the night of 24 / 25 April . As the army began landing soldiers at Cape Helles and Anzac Cove at dawn on the 25th , by 06 : 00 , AE2 reached Chanak and torpedoed a Turkish gunboat believed to be a Peyk @-@ i Şevket @-@ class cruiser while evading a destroyer . The submarine ran aground beneath a Turkish fort but the fort 's guns could not bear and AE2 was manoeuvred free . Shortly after refloating , the submarine 's periscope was sighted by a Turkish battleship , which was firing over the peninsula at Allied landing sites ; the ship ceased fire and withdrew . AE2 advanced toward the Sea of Marmara ; at 08 : 30 Stoker decided to rest the boat on the seabed and wait until nightfall before continuing . At around 21 : 00 , AE2 surfaced to recharge her batteries and sent a wireless report to the fleet . Although the landing at Cape Helles was going well , the landing at Anzac Cove was not as successful and the commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood contemplated the re @-@ embarkation of his troops . The news of the Australian submarine 's success was one of the factors that led to Birdwood 's reconsideration and was relayed to the soldiers ashore to improve morale . Stoker was ordered to " generally run amok " and with no enemies in sight , he sailed into the Sea of Marmara . AE2 cruised the Sea of Marmara for five days to give the impression of greater numbers and made several attacks against Turkish ships , which failed because of mechanical problems with the torpedoes .
= = = Early battles = = =
On the afternoon of 27 April 1915 , the 12 battalions of Mustafa Kemal 's 19th Division , reinforced by six battalions from the 5th Division , launched an attack to drive the six Allied brigades at Anzac back to the beach . With the support of naval gunfire , the Allies held back the Ottomans throughout the night . The following day the British , with the support of French troops , who had been transported north across the Dardanelles from Kum Kale on the Asiatic shore to the right of the line near ' S ' Beach at Morto Bay , attempted to capture Krithia , in what became known as the First Battle of Krithia . The plan for the attack which was formulated by Hunter @-@ Weston , proved overly complex and was poorly communicated to the commanders in the field . The troops of the 29th Division were still exhausted and unnerved by the battles for the beaches and for Seddülbahir village , which was captured after much fighting on 26 April . The Ottoman defenders stopped the Allied advance halfway between the Helles headland and Krithia village , at around 6 : 00 p.m. having inflicted 3 @,@ 000 casualties . As Ottoman reinforcements arrived , the possibility of a swift Allied victory on the peninsula disappeared and the fighting at Helles and Anzac , became a battle of attrition . On 30 April , the Royal Naval Division , under Major General Archibald Paris landed .
The same day , Kemal , believing that the Allies were on the verge of defeat , began moving troops forward through " Wire Gulley " , near the " 400 Plateau " and " Lone Pine " . The following afternoon , as eight battalions of reserves were dispatched from Constantinople , Ottoman troops launched strong counterattacks at Helles and Anzac . Although these briefly broke through in the French sector , the attacks were repulsed by massed Allied machine @-@ gun fire , which inflicted heavy casualties on the attackers . The following night , the ANZAC commander , Lieutenant General William Birdwood , ordered the New Zealand and Australian Division under Major General Alexander Godley , to attack from " Russell 's Top " and " Quinn 's Post " towards " Baby 700 " . Colonel John Monash 's Australian 4th Infantry Brigade , the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and marines from the Chatham Battalion took part in the attack . The troops advanced a short distance during the night , under a combined naval and artillery barrage but in the dark became separated and after coming under heavy fire from their exposed left flank , were eventually forced to withdraw , having suffered about 1 @,@ 000 casualties .
At sea , on 30 April , AE2 began to rise uncontrollably and surfaced near the Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar , then dropped precipitously , below her safe diving depth , then broke the surface again at the stern . Sultanhisar immediately fired on the submarine , puncturing the pressure hull . Stoker ordered the boat 's company to abandon ship and scuttled the submarine before the crew was captured . AE2 's achievements showed that it was possible to force the Straits and soon Ottoman communications were badly disrupted by British and French submarine operations . On 27 April , HMS E14 , commanded by Lieutenant Commander Edward Boyle , entered the Sea of Marmara on a three @-@ week patrol in one of the most successful Allied naval actions of the campaign , sinking four ships including the transport Gul Djemal which was carrying 6 @,@ 000 troops and a field battery to Gallipoli . While the quantity and value of the shipping sunk was minor , the effect on Ottoman communications and morale was significant . On his return , Boyle was immediately awarded the Victoria Cross . Following the success of AE2 and E14 , the French submarine Joule attempted the passage on 1 May but struck a mine and was lost with all hands . ( Several weeks earlier another French boat , Saphir , had run aground near Nagara Point and had also been lost . )
= = = Operations : May 1915 = = =
On 5 May , the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division was dispatched from Egypt . Believing Anzac to be secure , Hamilton moved the Australian 2nd Infantry Brigade and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , along with 20 Australian field artillery pieces , to the Helles front as reserves for the Second Battle of Krithia . Involving a force of 20 @,@ 000 men , it was the first general attack at Helles and was planned as a daylight attack . French troops were to capture Kereves Dere , and the British , Australians and New Zealanders were assigned Krithia and Achi Baba . After 30 minutes of artillery preparation , the assault began at mid @-@ morning on 6 May . The British and French advanced along four spurs dubbed " Gully " , " Fir Tree " , " Krithia " and " Kereves " which were separated by deep gullies and fortified by the Ottoman forces . As the attackers reached the Ottoman defences , the Allied units became separated as they attempted to outflank Ottoman strongpoints and found themselves in unfamiliar terrain . Under heavy artillery and then machine @-@ gun fire from Ottoman outposts that had remained hidden from British aerial reconnaissance , the advance stopped ; the next day , it was resumed by reinforcements .
The attack continued on 7 May , but the success of the Ottoman defences continued . Four battalions of New Zealanders attacked up Krithia Spur the following day and with the 29th Division they managed to reach a position just south of the village . Late in the afternoon , the Australian 2nd Brigade advanced quickly over open ground to the British front line . Amidst heavy small arms and shell fire , the brigade charged towards Krithia and gained 600 metres ( 660 yd ) , about 400 metres ( 440 yd ) short of the objective , with 1 @,@ 000 casualties . Near Fir Tree Spur , the New Zealanders managed to get forward and link up with the Australians , although the British were held up and the French were exhausted , despite having occupied a point overlooking their objective . The attack was suspended and the Allies dug in , having failed to take Krithia or Achi Baba .
A brief period of consolidation followed . Allied stocks of ammunition were almost expended , particularly for artillery , and both sides paused to bring in replenishments and expand their trench systems . The Ottomans relieved troops opposite the Australian line , which was reinforced by the Australian Light Horse operating as infantry . Sporadic fighting continued , with sniping , grenade attacks and raids , with opposing trenches separated in places by only a few metres . The Australians lost a number of officers to sniping , including the commander of the 1st Division , Major General William Bridges , who was wounded while inspecting the 1st Light Horse Regiment 's position near " Steele 's Post " and died of his injuries on the hospital ship HMHS Gascon on 18 May .
= = = Ottoman counter @-@ offensive : 19 May = = =
On 19 May , 42 @,@ 000 Turks launched an attack at Anzac in an effort to push 17 @,@ 000 Australians and New Zealanders " back into the sea " . Lacking sufficient artillery and ammunition , the Turks relied on surprise and weight of numbers for success but their preparations were seen on 18 May by a flight of British aircraft and the defenders forewarned . The Turks had c . 13 @,@ 000 casualties , of which 3 @,@ 000 men were killed ; Australian and New Zealand casualties were 160 killed and 468 wounded . The dead included a stretcher bearer , John Simpson Kirkpatrick , whose efforts to evacuate wounded men on a donkey while under fire , became legendary amongst the Australians at Anzac and later resulted in his story becoming part of the Australian narrative of the campaign . Ottoman losses were so severe that a truce was organised by Aubrey Herbert and others on 24 May , to bury the dead lying in no man 's land , which led to a camaraderie between the armies , much like the Christmas truce of 1914 on the Western Front . The truce was not repeated formally .
The British advantage in ship @-@ to @-@ shore bombardment had diminished by the torpedoing of the battleship HMS Goliath on 13 May by the Ottoman destroyer Muâvenet @-@ i Millîye . A German submarine , U @-@ 21 , sank HMS Triumph on 25 May and HMS Majestic on 27 May . Samson 's aircraft flew more patrols around Gallipoli and U @-@ 21 was forced to leave the area . Unaware of this , the Allies withdrew most of their warships to Imbros , where they were " protectively tethered " between brief sorties ; this greatly reduced the amount of Allied naval fire support , particularly in the Helles sector . Meanwhile , HMS E11 , commanded by Lieutenant Commander Martin Nasmith ( who was awarded a Victoria Cross ) passed through the Dardanelles on 18 May and sank or disabled 11 ships , including three on 23 May , before entering Constantinople harbour , firing on a transport alongside the arsenal , sinking a gunboat and damaging the wharf .
The Ottoman Turkish forces lacked artillery ammunition and Ottoman field batteries were only able to fire c . 18 @,@ 000 shells between early May and the first week of June . After the defeat of the counterattack at Anzac in mid @-@ May , the Ottoman forces ceased frontal assaults . Late in the month the Ottomans began tunnelling around " Quinn 's Post " in the Anzac sector and early in the morning of 29 May , despite Australian counter @-@ mining , the Ottomans detonated a mine and attacked with a battalion from the 14th Regiment . The Australian 15th Battalion was forced back but counterattacked and recaptured the ground later in the day , before being relieved by New Zealand troops . Operations at Anzac in early June returned to consolidation , minor engagements and skirmishing with grenades and sniper @-@ fire .
= = = Operations : June – July 1915 = = =
In the Helles sector , which had been extensively entrenched by both sides , the Allies attacked Krithia and Achi Baba again , in the Third Battle of Krithia on 4 June , with the 29th Division , Royal Naval Division , 42nd Division and two French divisions . After its failure , the possibility of a decisive breakthrough was gone and trench warfare resumed , with objectives being measured in hundreds of yards . Casualties were approximately 25 percent on both sides ; the British lost 4 @,@ 500 from 20 @,@ 000 men and the French 2 @,@ 000 casualties from 10 @,@ 000 troops . Ottoman losses were 9 @,@ 000 casualties according to the Turkish Official History and 10 @,@ 000 according to another account .
In June , a seaplane carrier HMS Ben @-@ my @-@ Chree arrived , and the Allied air force was expanded from one squadron to a full wing designated " No. 3 Wing RNAS " . The 52nd ( Lowland ) Division also landed at Helles in preparation for the Battle of " Gully Ravine " , which was launched on 28 June . This battle advanced the British line along the left ( Aegean ) flank of the battlefield , a limited victory for the Allies . Liman von Sanders credited the defence to two Ottoman officers , Faik Pasa and Albay Refet . On 30 June , the French commander , Henri Gouraud who had earlier replaced Albert d 'Amade , was wounded and replaced by his divisional commander , Maurice Bailloud . Between 1 and 5 July the Ottomans counterattacked the new British line several times but failed to regain the lost ground . Ottoman casualties for the period were estimated at 14 @,@ 000 men . A British action took place at Helles on 12 July , before the Allied main effort was shifted north to Anzac . Two fresh brigades from the 52nd Division attacked at the centre of the line along Achi Baba Nullah ( " Bloody Valley " ) , gained very little ground and lost 2 @,@ 500 casualties out of 7 @,@ 500 men ; the Royal Naval Division lost 600 and French losses were 800 men . Turkish losses were about 9 @,@ 000 casualties and 600 prisoners .
Meanwhile , the submarine campaign continued . Boyle and E14 made two subsequent tours of the Marmara . His third tour began on 21 July , when he passed through the straits despite the newly installed anti @-@ submarine net near the Narrows . The next attempt was made by Mariotte on 27 July . However , Mariotte failed to negotiate the net that E14 had eluded and was forced to the surface . After being shelled from the shore batteries , Mariotte was scuttled . On 8 August , during a subsequent tour of the Marmara , E11 torpedoed the Ottoman battleship Barbaros Hayreddin resulting in the loss of 253 men . During the tour E11 also sank a gunboat , seven transports and 23 sailing vessels .
= = = August offensive = = =
The failure of the Allies to capture Krithia , or make any progress on the Helles front , led Hamilton to pursue a new plan to secure the Sari Bair Range and capture high ground on Hill 971 and Chunuk Bair . Both sides had been reinforced , with Hamilton 's original five divisions increased to 15 , while the six original Ottoman divisions had grown to 16 . Commanded by Godley , the Allies planned to land two fresh infantry divisions from IX Corps , at Suvla , 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north of Anzac , followed by an advance on Sari Bair from the northwest . At Anzac an offensive would be made against the Sari Bair range by advancing through rough and thinly defended terrain , north of the Anzac perimeter . This would be achieved by an attack on " Baby 700 " from the Nek by dismounted Australian light horsemen from the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , in concert with an attack on Chunuk Bair summit by New Zealanders from the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , who would traverse " Rhododendron Ridge " , the " Apex " and the " Farm " . Hill 971 would be attacked by a combined force drawn from the Gurkhas of the 29th Indian Brigade and the Australians of the 4th Infantry Brigade . The Allies had 40 aircraft , mainly of No. 3 Wing , RNAS at Imbros , which had replaced its original Voisin aircraft , with Farmans and Nieuport Xs . A French squadron , Escadrille MF98T , had also been established at Tenedos . Against this the Ottomans had 20 aircraft , of which eight were stationed at Çanakkale . Throughout the offensive the Allied aircraft made reconnaissance flights , spotted for naval gunfire support , and conducted low @-@ level bombing of Ottoman reserves as they were brought up to the battlefield ; they also undertook anti @-@ shipping operations in the Gulf of Saros where a seaplane from HMS Ben @-@ my @-@ Chree sank an Ottoman tug with an air @-@ launched torpedo .
The landing at Suvla Bay took place on the night of 6 August against light opposition ; but the British commander , Lieutenant General Frederick Stopford , had limited his early objectives and then failed to forcefully push his demands for an advance inland , and little more ground than the beach was seized . The Ottomans were able to occupy the Anafarta Hills , preventing the British from penetrating inland , which reduced the Suvla front to static trench warfare . The offensive was preceded on the evening of 6 August by diversions at Helles and Anzac . At Helles , the diversion at Krithia Vineyard became another costly stalemate . At Anzac an attack on the Ottoman trenches at " Lone Pine " , led by the 1st Infantry Brigade , captured the main Ottoman trench line in a diversion to draw Ottoman forces away from the main assaults at the peaks of Chunuk Bair and Hill 971 , both of which failed nonetheless .
The New Zealand Infantry Brigade came within 500 metres ( 550 yd ) of the near peak of Chunuk Bair by dawn on 7 August but was not able to seize the summit until the following morning . This delay had fatal consequences for another supporting attack on the morning of 7 August , by the Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade at the Nek , which was to coincide with the New Zealander attack from Chunuk Bair against the rear of the Ottoman defences . The attack went ahead regardless , ending in a costly failure , after the opening artillery barrage lifted seven minutes early , leaving the assaulting troops to attack alerted Ottoman defenders on a narrow front . An attack on Hill 971 never took place after the Australian 4th Infantry Brigade and an Indian brigade lost direction during the night . Attempts to resume the attack were easily repulsed by the Ottoman defenders , at great cost to the Allies .
The New Zealanders held out on Chunuk Bair for two days before relief was provided by two New Army battalions from the Wiltshire and Loyal North Lancashire Regiments . An Ottoman counterattack on 10 August , led by Mustafa Kemal , swept these two battalions from the heights . Of 760 men in the New Zealand Wellington Battalion who reached the summit 711 became casualties . With the Turkish forces having recaptured the vital ground the Allies ' best chance of victory was lost .
The Suvla landing was reinforced by the arrival of the 10th ( Irish ) Division on 7 August , the 53rd ( Welsh ) Division , which began landing on 8 August , the 54th ( East Anglian ) Division arriving late on 10 August , and the dismounted yeomanry of the 2nd Mounted Division on 18 August . On 12 August the 54th Division attacked Kavak Tepe and Tekke Tepe , crossing the Anafarta Plain . The attack failed and Hamilton 's staff briefly considered the evacuation of Suvla and Anzac . The events of the day later gained significance due to the loss of a company of the Norfolk Regiment . Having been recruited from men who worked on King George V 's Sandringham estate they were dubbed the " Sandringham Company " . After being isolated and destroyed during the 12 August attack it was rumoured that they had advanced into a mist and " simply disappeared " . This gave rise to legends that they had been executed or that they had been taken by some supernatural force , but some members were later found to have been taken prisoner .
Elements of the newly formed Australian 2nd Division began arriving at Anzac from Egypt with the 5th Infantry Brigade landing on 19 – 20 August ; the 6th and 7th arrived in early September . The 29th Division was also shifted from Helles to Suvla . The final British attempt to resuscitate the offensive came on 21 August with attacks at Scimitar Hill and Hill 60 . Control of the hills would have united the Anzac and Suvla fronts but both attacks failed . During the fighting at Hill 60 , which ended on 29 August , Hamilton had requested another 95 @,@ 000 troops on 17 August and on 16 August the French had announced plans to Kitchener for an autumn offensive in France . A meeting of the Dardanelles Committee on 20 August determined that the French offensive would be supported with all the forces at Britain 's disposal , which left only about 25 @,@ 000 reinforcements for the Dardanelles . On 23 August , after news of the failure at Scimitar Hill , Hamilton felt compelled to assume a defensive strategy as Bulgaria 's entry into the war , which would allow the Germans to rearm the Turkish army , was imminent and left little opportunity for the resumption of offensive operations . On 20 September 1915 , the Newfoundland Regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay with the 29th Division in support of the campaign . On 25 September Kitchener demanded three divisions — two British and one French — for service in Salonika in Greece , and this marked the beginning of the end of the Allied campaign at Gallipoli .
Alan Moorehead records that during the stalemate one old Ottoman batman was regularly permitted to hang his platoon 's washing on the barbed wire without attracting fire and that there was a " constant traffic " of gifts being thrown across no @-@ man 's land : dates and sweets from the Ottoman side and cans of beef and cigarettes from the Allied side . Conditions at Gallipoli grew worse for the soldiers on both sides , and summer heat and poor sanitation resulted in an explosion in the fly population . Eating became extremely difficult as unburied corpses became bloated and putrid . The precarious Allied bases were poorly situated , which caused supply and shelter problems . A dysentery epidemic spread through the Allied trenches at Anzac and Helles , while the Ottomans also suffered heavily from disease which resulted in many deaths .
= = = Evacuation = = =
The defeat of Serbia during the autumn 1915 phase of the Serbian Campaign prompted France and Britain to transfer troops from the Gallipoli Campaign to Greek Macedonia . The Macedonian Front was thus established in an effort to support the remnants of the Serbian army to conquer Vardar Macedonia .
Following the failure of the August Offensive , the Gallipoli campaign drifted . Ottoman success began to affect public opinion in the United Kingdom , with news discrediting Hamilton 's performance being smuggled out by journalists like Keith Murdoch and Ellis Ashmead @-@ Bartlett . Disaffected senior officers such as General Stopford also contributed to the overall air of gloom . The prospect of evacuation was raised on 11 October 1915 but Hamilton resisted the suggestion , fearing the damage to British prestige . He was dismissed as commander shortly afterwards and replaced by Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro . Autumn and winter brought relief from the heat but also led to gales , blizzards and flooding , resulting in men drowning and freezing to death , while thousands suffered frostbite .
Meanwhile , on 4 September , the same anti @-@ submarine net that caught Mariotte also trapped E7 as it attempted to commence another tour . Despite such reverses , by mid @-@ September the Allies had succeeded in sealing off the eastern entrance to the Dardanelles to German U @-@ boats using a series of nets and mines , with U @-@ 21 finding the way blocked when it attempted to traverse the strait on its way to Constantinople on 13 September . The first French submarine to enter the Sea of Marmara was Turquoise . However , it was forced to turn back and , on 30 October , when attempting to pass back through the straits , ran aground beneath a fort and was captured intact . The crew of 25 were taken prisoner and documents detailing planned Allied operations were discovered . This included a scheduled rendezvous with HMS E20 on 6 November . However , the rendezvous was kept by the German U @-@ boat U @-@ 14 instead , which torpedoed and sank E20 , killing all but nine of the crew .
The situation at Gallipoli was complicated by the entry of Bulgaria into the war on the side of the Central Powers . In early October 1915 the British and French opened a second Mediterranean front at Salonika , by moving three divisions from Gallipoli , and reducing the flow of reinforcements . A land route between Germany and the Ottoman Empire through Bulgaria was opened , enabling Germany to supply heavy artillery to devastate the Allied trench network , especially on the confined front at Anzac , as well as modern aircraft and experienced crews . In late November an Ottoman crew in a German Albatros C.I shot down a French aircraft over Gaba Tepe and two Austro @-@ Hungarian artillery units , the 36 . Haubitzbatterie and 9 . Motormörserbatterie arrived , providing a substantial reinforcement of the Ottoman artillery . Monro recommended evacuation to Kitchener who in early November visited the eastern Mediterranean . After consulting with the commanders of VIII Corps at Helles , IX Corps at Suvla , and Anzac , Kitchener agreed with Monro and passed his recommendation to the British Cabinet , who confirmed the decision to evacuate in early December .
Due to the proximity of Ottoman forces and the harsh winter weather , many casualties were anticipated during the embarkation . The untenable nature of the Allied position was made apparent when a heavy rainstorm struck on 26 November 1915 . It lasted three days and was followed by a blizzard at Suvla in early December . Rain flooded trenches , drowned soldiers and washed unburied corpses into the lines ; the following snow killed still more men from exposure .
The evacuation was the best @-@ executed segment of the entire Allied campaign . Suvla and Anzac were to be evacuated in late December , the last troops leaving before dawn on 20 December 1915 . Troop numbers had been slowly reduced since 7 December 1915 and ruses , such as William Scurry 's self @-@ firing rifle , which had been rigged to fire by water dripped into a pan attached to the trigger , were used to disguise the Allied departure . At Anzac Cove troops maintained silence for an hour or more , until curious Ottoman troops ventured to inspect the trenches , whereupon the Anzacs opened fire . A mine was detonated at the Nek which killed 70 Ottoman soldiers . The Allied force was embarked , with the Australians suffering no casualties on the final night , but large quantities of supplies and stores fell into Ottoman hands .
Helles was retained for a period but a decision to evacuate the garrison was made on 28 December . Unlike the evacuation from Anzac Cove , Ottoman forces were looking for signs of withdrawal . Having used the intervening time to bring up reinforcements and supplies , Liman von Sanders mounted an attack on the British at " Gully Spur " on 7 January 1916 with infantry and artillery ; the attack failed and heavy casualties were inflicted . Mines were laid with time fuzes and that night and on the night of 7 / 8 January , under the cover of a naval bombardment , the British troops began to fall back 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) from their lines to the beaches , where makeshift piers were used to board boats . The final British troops departed from Lancashire Landing around 04 : 00 on 8 January 1916 . The Newfoundland Regiment was chosen to be a part of the rearguard , finally withdrawing from Gallipoli on 9 January 1916 . Among the first to land , remnants of The Plymouth Battalion , Royal Marine Light Infantry were the last to leave the Peninsula . Despite predictions of up to 30 @,@ 000 casualties , 35 @,@ 268 troops , 3 @,@ 689 horses and mules , 127 guns , 328 vehicles and 1 @,@ 600 long tons ( 1 @,@ 600 t ) of equipment were removed . 508 mules which could not be embarked were killed so as not to fall into Turkish hands , and 1 @,@ 590 vehicles were left behind with destroyed wheels . As at Anzac , large amounts of supplies ( including 15 damaged British and six French artillery pieces which were destroyed ) , gun carriages and ammunition were left behind ; hundreds of horses were also slaughtered , again to prevent them from being utilised by the Ottomans . One sailor was killed by débris from a magazine that exploded prematurely , and a lighter and a picket boat were lost . Shortly after dawn , the Ottoman forces retook Helles . In the final days of the campaign , the Ottoman air defences had been increased by a German @-@ Ottoman fighter squadron which began operations over the peninsula and inflicted the first British flying losses a couple of days after the evacuation of Helles , when three Fokker Eindeckers shot down two RNAS aircraft .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Military repercussions = = =
Historians are divided about how they summarise the campaign 's result . Broadbent describes the campaign as " a close @-@ fought affair " that was a defeat for the Allies , while Carlyon views the overall result as a stalemate . Peter Hart disagrees , arguing that the Ottoman forces " held the Allies back from their real objectives with relative ease " , while Haythornthwaite calls it a " disaster for the Allies " . The campaign did cause " enormous damage to ... [ Ottoman ] national resources " , and at that stage of the war the Allies were in a better position to replace their losses than the Ottomans , but ultimately the Allied attempt at securing a passage through the Dardanelles proved unsuccessful . While it diverted Ottoman forces away from other areas of conflict in the Middle East the campaign also consumed resources the Allies could have employed on the Western Front , and also resulted in heavy losses on the Allied side .
The Allied campaign was plagued by ill @-@ defined goals , poor planning , insufficient artillery , inexperienced troops , inaccurate maps and intelligence , overconfidence , inadequate equipment and logistics , and tactical deficiencies at all levels . Geography also proved a significant factor . While the Allied forces possessed inaccurate maps and intelligence and proved unable to exploit the terrain to their advantage , the Ottoman commanders were able to utilise the high ground around the Allied landing beaches to position well @-@ sited defences that limited the Allied forces ' ability to penetrate inland , confining them to narrow beaches . The campaign 's necessity remains the subject of debate , and the recriminations that followed were significant , highlighting the schism that had developed between military strategists who felt the Allies should focus on fighting on the Western Front and those that favoured trying to end the war by attacking Germany 's " soft underbelly " , its allies in the east .
British and French submarine operations in the Sea of Marmara were the one significant area of success of the Gallipoli Campaign , forcing the Ottomans to abandon the sea as a transport route . Between April and December 1915 , a total of nine British and four French submarines had carried out 15 patrols , sinking one battleship , one destroyer , five gunboats , 11 troop transports , 44 supply ships , and 148 sailing vessels at a cost of eight Allied submarines which were sunk in the strait or in the Sea of Marmara . During the campaign there was always one British submarine in the Sea of Marmara , sometimes two ; in October 1915 , there were four Allied submarines in the region . E2 left the Sea of Marmara on 2 January 1916 , the last British submarine in the region . Meanwhile , four E @-@ class and five B @-@ class submarines remained in the Mediterranean Sea following the evacuation of Helles . By this time the Ottoman navy had been all but forced to cease operations in the area , while merchant shipping had also been significantly curtailed . The official German naval historian , Admiral Eberhard von Mantey , later concluded that had the sea lanes of communication been completely severed the Ottoman 5th Army would likely have faced catastrophe . As it was these operations were a source of significant anxiety , posing a constant threat to shipping and causing heavy losses , effectively dislocating Ottoman attempts to reinforce their forces at Gallipoli , and shelling troop concentrations and railways .
Gallipoli marked the end for Hamilton and Stopford but Hunter @-@ Weston went on to lead VIII Corps on the first day of the Battle of the Somme . The competence of Australian brigade commanders , John Monash ( 4th Infantry Brigade ) and Harry Chauvel ( 1st Light Horse Brigade , New Zealand and Australian Division ) , was recognised by promotion to divisional and corps command . The influence of Kitchener waned after the coalition government was formed in May 1915 , partly because of the growing sense of failure in the Dardanelles and culminated in Kitchener being overruled on support for the French at Salonika in early December 1915 , when his influence on the Cabinet was at its lowest . The campaign gave confidence to the Ottomans in their ability to defeat the Allies . In Mesopotamia , the Turks surrounded a British expedition at Kut Al Amara , forcing their surrender in April 1916 . Ottoman forces in southern Palestine were poised to launch an attack against the Suez Canal and Egypt . Defeat at the Battle of Romani and lack of materials to complete the military railway , necessary for such an operation , marked the end of that ambition . The optimism which came from the victory at Gallipoli was replaced by a gathering sense of despair and the British remained on the offensive in the Middle East for the rest of the war .
The lessons of the campaign had a significant impact upon the development of amphibious operational planning , and have since been studied by military planners prior to operations such as the Normandy Landings in 1944 and during the Falklands War in 1982 . The campaign also influenced US Marine Corps amphibious operations during the Pacific War , and continues to influence US amphibious doctrine .
According to authors such as Theodore Gatchel , during the interwar period the campaign " became a focal point for the study of amphibious warfare " in the United Kingdom and United States , because , as Glenn Wahlert points out , it involved " all four types of amphibious operations : the raid , demonstration , assault and withdrawal " . Russell Weigley has written that analysis of the campaign before World War II led to " a belief among most of the armed forces of the world " that amphibious assaults could not succeed against modern defences and that arguably this perception continued until the Normandy Landings in June 1944 despite some successful examples of amphibious operations earlier in the war , such as those in Italy , and at Tarawa and in the Gilbert Islands in the Pacific . Hart supports Weighley 's supposition , writing that although this negative perception prevailed amongst Allied planners in the interwar years , the war situation after 1940 meant that such operations had to be considered . He also argues that despite early successes in North Africa and Italy , it was not until Normandy that the belief that opposed landings could not succeed was completely excised .
The memory of Gallipoli also weighed heavily upon the Australians during the planning stages of the Huon Peninsula campaign in late 1943 . In September 1943 , Australian forces carried out their first opposed amphibious landing since Gallipoli , when they landed at Finschhafen in New Guinea . The landing was hampered by navigational errors and troops came ashore on the wrong beaches but they had been trained with the lessons of Gallipoli in mind , specifically the need to maintain momentum , and they quickly reorganised and pushed inland .
= = = Political effects = = =
The failure of the landings had significant political repercussions in Britain , which began during the battle . Fisher resigned in May after bitter conflict with Churchill over the campaign . The crisis that followed after the Conservatives learned that Churchill would be staying , forced the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , to end his Liberal Government and form a Coalition Government with the Conservative Party . The Asquith government responded to the disappointment and outrage over Gallipoli and Kut by establishing commissions of inquiry into both episodes which had done much to " destroy its faltering reputation for competence " . The Dardanelles Commission was set up to investigate the failure of the expedition , the first report being issued in 1917 , with the final report published in 1919 . Following the failure of the Dardanelles expedition , Sir Ian Hamilton , commander of the MEF , was recalled to London in October 1915 , ending his military career . Churchill was demoted from First Lord of the Admiralty as a prerequisite for Conservative entry to the coalition but remained in the Cabinet in the sinecure of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster , before resigning in November 1915 and departing for the Western Front , where he commanded an infantry battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers early in 1916 .
Asquith was partly blamed for Gallipoli and other disasters and was overthrown in December 1916 when David Lloyd George proposed a war council under his authority , which led the Conservatives in the coalition to threaten to resign . Lloyd George and then Asquith resigned followed by Lloyd George becoming Prime Minister . Lloyd George formed a new government , in which Churchill , active again in the House of Commons from June 1916 , was given the non @-@ cabinet post of Minister of Munitions despite Conservative opposition . In this role he was later responsible for implementing a number of innovations , including the development of the tank . The Commission 's final report was issued in 1919 , concluding that with the forces available , success was dependent on the government giving priority to the expedition and leaving the British Expeditionary Force in France to make do . The Commissioners found that Hamilton had been over @-@ optimistic from the beginning and had added to Stopford 's difficulties on 8 August 1915 ; but he emerged from the investigation more favourably than perhaps was justified , partly because he made devious attempts to gain collusion from witnesses and obtain leaks from the Commission 's deliberations ; Hamilton was never given another army appointment .
The enormous Gallipoli casualties among Irish soldiers who had volunteered to fight in the British Army was a causal factor in the Irish War of Independence ; as balladeers sang , " Twas better to die ' neath an Irish sky than in Suvla or Sedd el Bahr " .
= = = Casualties = = =
Casualty figures for the campaign vary between sources , but it is believed that by the time the Gallipoli Campaign ended over 100 @,@ 000 men were dead , including 56 @,@ 000 – 68 @,@ 000 Turkish and around 53 @,@ 000 British and French soldiers . Carlyon gives 43 @,@ 000 British killed or missing , including 8 @,@ 709 Australians . Among the dead were 2 @,@ 721 New Zealanders , about a quarter of those who had initially landed on the peninsula . In total there were nearly half a million casualties during the campaign , with the British Official History listing total losses , including sick , as 205 @,@ 000 British , 47 @,@ 000 French and 251 @,@ 000 Turkish . Yet Turkish casualties have been disputed and were likely higher , with another source listing 2 @,@ 160 officers and 287 @,@ 000 other ranks . Included among this may be as many as 87 @,@ 000 killed . Many soldiers became sick due to the unsanitary conditions , especially from typhoid , dysentery and diarrhoea . It is estimated that at least 145 @,@ 000 British soldiers became ill during the campaign . Turkish sick are given as 64 @,@ 000 .
In November 1918 , the Canterbury Mounted Rifles and the 7th Light Horse Regiments , from the Anzac Mounted Division , were sent from Rafa to Gallipoli to " monitor Turkish compliance with the terms of the Armistice " . The 900 troopers , sailed from Kantara in the transport ship Huntscastle to Chanak , camping at Camburnu near Kilid Bahr during three winter months when they reconnoitred the Peninsula , identifying graves and inspecting the Ottoman positions . The troopers returned to Egypt on 19 January 1919 less 11 who had died and 110 who were sick in hospital . Author Lindsay Baly later wrote that it was " a sad mistake to take worn @-@ out men there in such a season " .
There were allegations that Allied forces had attacked or bombarded Ottoman hospitals and hospital ships on several occasions between the start of the campaign and September 1915 . By July 1915 , there were 25 Ottoman hospitals with a total of 10 @,@ 700 beds and three hospital ships in the area . The French Government disputed these complaints through the Red Cross and the British response was that if it happened then it was accidental . Russia in turn claimed that the Ottomans had attacked two of their hospital ships , the Portugal and the Vperiod , but the Ottoman Government responded that the vessels had been the victims of mines . No chemical weapons were used at Gallipoli , although the Allies debated their use throughout the campaign and transported quantities of gas to the theatre , which were used against Ottoman troops in the Middle Eastern theatre two years later , during the second and third battles of Gaza in 1917 .
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) is responsible for developing and maintaining permanent cemeteries for all Commonwealth forces — United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , India , Newfoundland and others . There are 31 CWGC cemeteries on the Gallipoli peninsula : six at Helles ( plus the only solitary grave , that of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty @-@ Wylie VC , Royal Welch Fusiliers ) , four at Suvla and 21 at Anzac . For many of those killed , and those who died on hospital ships and were buried at sea , there is no known grave . These men 's names are recorded on one of five " memorials to the missing " ; the Lone Pine Memorial commemorates Australians killed in the Anzac sector , as well as New Zealanders with no known grave or who were buried at sea , while the Lone Pine , Hill 60 , and Chunuk Bair Memorials commemorate New Zealanders killed at Anzac . The Twelve Tree Copse Memorial commemorates the New Zealanders killed in the Helles sector , while British , Indian and Australian troops who died there are commemorated on the Helles Memorial at Cape Helles . British naval casualties who were lost or buried at sea are not recorded on these memorials but are listed on memorials in the United Kingdom . There are two more CWGC cemeteries on the Greek island of Limnos , the first in the town of Moudros and the second in the village of Portianou . Limnos was the hospital base for the Allied forces and most of the buried were among the men who died of their wounds . There is only one French cemetery on the Gallipoli Peninsula , located at Seddulbahir .
There are no large Turkish military cemeteries on the peninsula but there are numerous memorials , the main ones being the Çanakkale Martyrs ' Memorial at Morto Bay , Cape Helles ( near ' S ' Beach ) , the Turkish Soldier 's Memorial on Chunuk Bair and the memorial and open @-@ air mosque for the 57th Regiment near Quinn 's Post ( Bomba Sirt ) . There are a number of Turkish memorials and cemeteries on the Asian shore of the Dardanelles , demonstrating the greater emphasis that Turkish historians place on the victory of 18 March over the subsequent fighting on the peninsula .
= = = Subsequent operations = = =
Allied troops were withdrawn to Lemnos and then to Egypt . French forces ( renamed the " Corps Expeditionnaire des Dardanelles " in late October ) were subsumed into the Army of the Orient and later employed at Salonika . In Egypt , the British Imperial and Dominion troops from the Dardanelles along with fresh divisions from the United Kingdom and those at Salonika , became the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) , commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Murray . They joined the Force in Egypt to become the strategic reserve for the British Empire , consisting of 13 infantry and mounted divisions with 400 @,@ 000 men . In March 1916 , Murray took command of both these forces , forming them into the new Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) , and reorganising the units for service in Europe , Egypt and elsewhere in the Middle East . While the ANZAC was disbanded , the AIF was expanded with three new Australian divisions being raised , and a New Zealand Division was also formed . These units moved to the Western Front in mid @-@ 1916 .
The British yeomanry units that had fought dismounted at Gallipoli were reinforced and reorganised , forming the 74th ( Yeomanry ) Division and a portion of the 75th Division . Along with the Australian Light Horsemen and New Zealand Mounted Rifles remounted and reorganised into the Anzac Mounted Division , infantry from the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division , 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division , 53rd ( Welsh ) Division and 54th ( East Anglian ) Division , later joined by additional remounted Australian Light Horsemen and British yeomanry from the Australian Mounted Division , participated in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign . The Egyptian Sinai was reoccupied in 1916 , while Palestine and the northern Levant were captured from the Ottoman Empire during 1917 and 1918 , before the Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre on 31 October . The Allies subsequently occupied Gallipoli and Constantinople and partitioned the Ottoman Empire . The occupation ended in 1923 .
= = Legacy = =
The significance of the Gallipoli Campaign is felt strongly in both New Zealand and Australia , despite their being a small minority of the Allied forces ; the campaign is regarded in both nations as a " baptism of fire " and had been linked to their emergence as independent states . Approximately 50 @,@ 000 Australians served at Gallipoli and from 14 @,@ 000 to 17 @,@ 000 New Zealanders . It has been argued that the campaign proved significant in the emergence of a unique Australian identity following the war , which has been closely linked to popular conceptualisations of the qualities of the soldiers that fought during the campaign , which became embodied in the notion of an " Anzac spirit " .
The landing on 25 April is commemorated every year in both countries as " Anzac Day " . The first iteration was celebrated unofficially in 1916 , at churches in Melbourne , Brisbane and London , before being officially recognised as a public holiday in all Australian states in 1923 . The day also became a national holiday in New Zealand in the 1920s . Organised marches by veterans began in 1925 , in the same year a service was held on the beach at Gallipoli ; two years later the first official dawn service took place at the Sydney Cenotaph . During the 1980s it became popular for Australian and New Zealand tourists to visit Gallipoli to attend the dawn service there and since then thousands have attended . Over 10 @,@ 000 people attended the 75th anniversary along with political leaders from Turkey , New Zealand , Britain and Australia . Dawn services are also held in Australia ; in New Zealand , dawn services are the most popular form of observance of this day . Anzac Day remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand , surpassing Remembrance Day ( Armistice Day ) .
In Turkey the battle is thought of as a significant event in the state 's emergence , although it is primarily remembered for the fighting that took place around the port of Çanakkale , where the Royal Navy was repulsed in March 1915 . For the Turks , 18 March has a similar significance as 25 April to Australians and New Zealanders , it is not a public holiday but is commemorated with special ceremonies . The campaign 's main significance to the Turkish people lies in the role it played in the emergence of Mustafa Kemal , who became the first president of the Republic of Turkey after the war . " Çanakkale geçilmez " ( Çanakkale is impassable ) became a common phrase to express the state 's pride at repulsing the attack and the song " Çanakkale içinde " ( A Ballad for Chanakkale ) commemorates the Turkish youth who fell during the battle .
= Doug Ring =
Douglas Thomas Ring ( 14 October 1918 – 23 June 2003 ) was an Australian cricketer who played for Victoria and Australia in 13 Tests from 1948 to 1953 . In 129 first @-@ class cricket matches , he took 426 wickets bowling leg spin , and he had a top score of 145 runs , which was the only century of his career .
Ring made his Test debut against India in the 1947 – 48 season and was picked for Australia 's tour of England in 1948 , the so @-@ called " Invincibles " side , but played in only one Test match on the tour . He had greater success against West Indies in 1951 – 52 , and South Africa the following season and made a second less successful tour of England in 1953 . Following cricket , Ring held positions in industry administration in Victoria , and became a cricket radio commentator and later host of Australia 's World of Sport .
= = Early years and cricket career = =
Born in Hobart , Ring moved to Victoria as a child , and attended Melbourne High School . After playing schoolboy cricket , he played the final matches of the 1935 – 36 season with the first grade side at Prahran . He batted right @-@ handed and bowled right @-@ arm leg breaks . He topped the Victorian Cricket Association 's second @-@ grade bowling averages and joined the Richmond first grade team .
= = = First @-@ class cricket = = =
In 1938 , after five matches with Richmond , he was selected for Victoria . In his first match , in December 1938 , he took four New South Wales wickets , including Sid Barnes , bowling alongside Chuck Fleetwood @-@ Smith . In the following game , batting at No 9 , he put on 112 for the eighth wicket with Lindsay Hassett , making 51 runs himself . He did not appear in Victoria 's other Sheffield Shield matches that 1938 – 39 season , but later , playing against Western Australia in Perth in a first @-@ class non @-@ Shield match – Western Australia did not join the Sheffield Shield until after the Second World War – he took six wickets for 97 runs in Western Australia 's first innings .
In the 1939 – 40 season , Ring played in all of Victoria 's Sheffield Shield matches , and though he did not improve on either his best bowling or best batting figures , he took over as the side 's principal spin bowler from Fleetwood @-@ Smith , with 28 wickets in the six matches against the senior player 's 17 . At the end of the season , he was picked for " The Rest " team , composed of the best players from the other states , for the match against the Shield winners , New South Wales , though he was upstaged by the 48 @-@ year @-@ old Clarrie Grimmett , who took 10 wickets to Ring 's one in the match . Wisden noted in a brief report on the 1939 – 40 Sheffield Shield in its 1940 edition that Bill O 'Reilly , Grimmett and Ring " carried off chief bowling honours in the competition " . Prior to the Second World War , the Australian captain Don Bradman said of Ring : " If I were picking an Australian XI to go to England now , one of the first men on my list would be Doug Ring " .
In the first @-@ class season of 1940 – 41 , with the proposed England tour and the Sheffield Shield competition both cancelled because of the war , Ring played half a dozen first @-@ class matches for Victoria , achieving little with his bowling , but making 72 when promoted to No 3 batsman as a nightwatchman against South Australia at Adelaide and following that up with 60 against Queensland at Brisbane .
The war then interrupted Ring 's first @-@ class career . Ring joined the Australian Army and served with an anti @-@ aircraft regiment in New Guinea . During his military service he injured his back , displacing a disc . The injury flared up from time to time , especially in cold weather , and this affected his ability to bowl to a consistent length .
= = Post @-@ war career = =
Ring 's war service in the Far East meant that he did not appear in the Australian Services XI that made such an impact in England . He resumed his state cricket career in 1946 – 47 , and made the only century of his career , 145 , against Queensland at Melbourne , sharing a sixth wicket partnership of 288 runs with Sam Loxton , who made 232 . The batting success was offset by less effective bowling : he took just 18 Sheffield Shield wickets , barely half the number ( 33 ) achieved by Victoria 's left @-@ arm spinner George Tribe , who was picked for three Tests against England that season , but then turned his back on Australian cricket and moved to England .
Victoria in the 1947 – 48 season was a weak team and finished bottom of the Sheffield Shield table . Ring took 23 wickets , the highest of any Victoria bowler , in Shield matches but at the high average of 33 runs apiece . His best bowling of the season came in a match against Tasmania where he improved his career @-@ best bowling figures by taking six for 84 in the first innings and followed that with five for 59 in the second innings for his first 10 @-@ wicket match haul ( 11 @-@ 143 ) .
= = = Test debut = = =
It was a good time to make an eye @-@ catching performance : the next match at the MCG was the fifth and final Test against India and Ring was selected , replacing Colin McCool , who had taken only four wickets in three matches of the five @-@ Test series , and making his Test debut . After Australia made 575 for eight declared , with Ring making 11 when batting at No 10 , Ring bowled 36 eight @-@ ball overs , taking three for 103 as India reached 331 , and then took three further wickets for just 17 in a second @-@ innings capitulation for just 67 . With match figures of six for 120 in his first game , Ring was picked for the 1948 tour of England , the tour led by Donald Bradman that became known , through its unbeaten record , as " The Invincibles " .
Though the 1948 tour of England was a triumph for the Australians , Ring was not prominent in the success . The faster bowlers , headed by Ray Lindwall and Keith Miller , dominated the bowling attack , and with a new ball allowed after just 55 overs of play , spin bowlers made little impact in the big matches . Ring , said Wisden in its summary of the tour , " was never a trump card in the pack " . Such was the strength of the Australian bowling that Ring 's 60 first @-@ class wickets at an average of 21 @.@ 81 on the tour was the highest bowling average of the regular bowlers . The strength of the batting side also meant that he batted only 14 times in his 19 first @-@ class matches on the tour , and he passed 50 only once . He played in one Test match — the last of the five @-@ match series , at The Oval . He did not bowl in the first innings as England were dismissed for just 52 , and took one wicket — that of Allan Watkins — in 28 economical overs in the second innings as Bradman 's final Test ended in an innings victory .
Ring and fellow fringe members of the squad , Ron Hamence and Colin McCool , would refer themselves as the " ground @-@ staff " as it was unlikely that the tour selectors would include them in the Test team on the 1948 tour .
Over the next three Australian seasons , Ring played regularly for Victoria and appeared also in some lesser representative matches . He figured in both the Donald Bradman Testimonial Match and the Alan Kippax @-@ Bert Oldfield Testimonial , which were the big set @-@ piece matches of the 1948 – 49 season , the latter being used as a " Test trial " for the 1949 – 50 tour of South Africa , for which Ring was not picked . Instead , in early 1950 he went on a non @-@ Test playing tour of New Zealand where , in the three @-@ day match between New Zealand and the touring side , he took seven for 88 in the home side 's first innings , which remained the best figures of his first @-@ class career . By the 1950 – 51 season , when Ring had one of his worst batting but better bowling seasons for Victoria , he had been overtaken in the Test match pecking order by his Victoria team @-@ mate , Jack Iverson , whose quirky all @-@ sorts of spin bowling was used in all five Tests .
= = = Test regular = = =
Iverson 's career turned out to be meteoric on the downward trajectory as well as the upward , and when the West Indies arrived for their 1951 – 52 tour in November 1951 in what was billed as a " cricket championship of the world " , the Australian Test selectors turned to Ring for the spin option to the pace of Lindwall , Miller and Bill Johnston for the first match at Brisbane . With the famous spin twins of Sonny Ramadhin and Alf Valentine in the opposition , Ring was the least experienced main line bowler at this level on either side – but he proved to be the matchwinner . Having taken two wickets in West Indies ' first innings , he took six for 80 runs in the second , and his dismissal of Frank Worrell and captain John Goddard with the last two balls of the second day swung the advantage towards Australia . In the second innings , Wisden reported , West Indies ' batsmen were " guilty of rash strokes against the high @-@ flighted leg @-@ breaks of Ring , whose bowling contained abundant guile " . Ring was also at the wicket when the match was won , by three wickets , though his own contribution was just six runs .
Ring 's main contribution to the second Test , at Sydney , which Australia won by seven wickets , came with bat rather than ball . He took only one wicket in a match made controversial by liberal use of the bumper by the faster Australian bowlers . But batting at No 9 and joining Lindwall at 372 for seven , just 10 ahead of the West Indies ' first innings total , his 65 in 102 minutes helped add 113 before he was ninth out .
In the third Test , too , Ring 's batting made more impact than his bowling . A wet pitch led to 22 wickets falling on the first day , and temporary Australian captain Arthur Morris rejigged his batting order at the end of the day , opening the second innings with Ian Johnson and Gil Langley , sending Geff Noblet in when Johnson was out and then Ring as a second nightwatchman when Noblet was out . Ring lasted into the second day when conditions were easier , and top @-@ scored for the Australian team with 67 , which remained his best score in Tests . He took three of the four wickets that fell as West Indies successfully chased a target of 233 on Christmas Day .
It was the fourth Test at Melbourne that cemented Ring 's place as part of Australian cricket folklore . Again , his bowling was little used , and he failed to take a wicket . But his batting this time proved decisive . Chasing 260 to win , Australia had reached 218 for seven when Ring came in at No 9 . Century @-@ maker Lindsay Hassett departed with no further runs added , and Langley was out at 222 , so when last batsman Bill Johnston joined Ring , 38 were still needed to win . In Wisden 's words , " no one regards Johnston as other than a ' rabbit ' with the bat " . But the West Indies pushed the fielders in nearer the bat , allowing Ring to reach the boundary by clearing the fielders . Wisden reported : " Johnston played a comparatively passive role while Ring hit vigorously , gaining a series of boundaries by lofty drives which may have resulted in catches had the field been set deep enough for this known hitter . " Ring made an unbeaten 32 , and " earned most of the credit " , Wisden said , though Johnston hit the winning run , which also won the series for Australia .
The fifth Test , which saw the debut of Richie Benaud alongside Ring , was an anticlimax , and Ring contributed little with either bat or ball to a large Australian victory . In the series as a whole , among the regular players , Ring finished behind only Hassett and Miller as a batsman , with 197 runs at an average of 28 @.@ 14 , and he took 13 wickets for exactly 30 apiece .
In 1952 – 53 , the South Africans were the visitors to Australia , and Ring got an early sight of the team by captaining Victoria against them , top @-@ scoring in the state 's first innings with 56 . In the first Test at Brisbane , he repeated his performance of a year earlier by taking six wickets , this time for 72 runs , his best Test bowling performance , in South Africa 's first innings . The South Africans " survived Australia 's pace bowling well enough , but few met the leg @-@ breaks of Ring with assurance , " Wisden reported . " His varied flight and pace worried batsmen attempting too often to play him from the crease . " He was unsuccessful in South Africa 's second innings .
Across the rest of the five @-@ match Test series against South Africa , Ring took only seven more wickets , and he tended to be expensive in terms of the number of runs conceded from his bowling . In the second match , which the South Africans won , he took three wickets for 187 , and , batting at No 10 , contributed a quick @-@ fire 53 out of the last 74 runs when the match had already effectively been lost . Two weeks later , in the third match , he took just one wicket in a crushing Australian victory , but contributed 58 out of 75 in just 68 minutes from the unusually lofty batting position of No 8 . The fourth and fifth Tests brought him few runs or wickets . In the series as a whole , Ring scored 184 runs at an average of 23 runs per innings and took 13 wickets at the high average of 48 .
As a proven Test player and the senior spin bowler , Ring was chosen for his second tour of England in 1953 , this time under the captaincy of Hassett . It proved not much happier than his 1948 experience , though in a less strong side his eventual wicket tally , 68 first @-@ class wickets at an average of 19 @.@ 89 , placed him third among the regular bowlers .
Ring was , though , just one of three leg @-@ spin bowlers , alongside Benaud and Ring 's Victoria colleague Jack Hill , and , said Wisden , " none of the three ... was seen to advantage in the Tests " . Indeed , Wisden added , " there was an appreciable weakness due to the absence of top @-@ class spin to support the thrust of Lindwall , Miller and Johnston " .
In the event , Ring played in only one Test , the second of the five @-@ match series , played at Lord 's . He took two wickets , the same number as Benaud , on a pitch allegedly susceptible to spin and scored 18 and 7 as the match ended in a tight draw .
Outside the Tests in England , Ring took five wickets in an innings five times and , though mostly fairly ineffective with the bat , hit 88 against Lancashire , his second highest first @-@ class score . At the end of the England tour , he retired from both first @-@ class and Test cricket .
=
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
= = Later career = = =
Outside cricket , Ring was employed by the Victorian Department of Primary Industries from 1946 to 1982 where his supervisor was Les Menzies , brother of Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies . In 1958 , he entered the media as a cricket commentator on Melbourne radio station 3DB . In 1961 , he moved to television where he was a popular presenter of the HSV @-@ 7 program World of Sport . Ring had three children with his wife Lesley . He died in Melbourne on 23 June 2003 .
= = Style = =
Ring was a large man , 6 feet ( 183 cm ) tall , and with his large hands he was able to impart plenty of spin on the ball , although he was not eager to flight the ball especially in English conditions . As a batsman , he was good enough to be considered a genuine all @-@ rounder however his habit playing the ball in the air prevented him from scoring more runs . Ring never brought himself a bat , choosing to rely on a bat he borrowed from the Victorian Cricket Association practice kit .
= = Test match performance = =
= Mario Vargas Llosa =
Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa , 1st Marquis of Vargas Llosa ( / ˈvɑːrɡəs ˈjoʊsə / ; born March 28 , 1936 ) , more commonly known as Mario Vargas Llosa ( Spanish : [ ˈmaɾjo ˈβaɾgas ˈʎosa ] ) , is a Peruvian writer , politician , journalist , essayist , college professor , and recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature . Vargas Llosa is one of Latin America 's most significant novelists and essayists , and one of the leading writers of his generation . Some critics consider him to have had a larger international impact and worldwide audience than any other writer of the Latin American Boom . Upon announcing the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature , the Swedish Academy said it had been given to Vargas Llosa " for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual 's resistance , revolt , and defeat " .
Vargas Llosa rose to fame in the 1960s with novels such as The Time of the Hero ( La ciudad y los perros , literally The City and the Dogs , 1963 / 1966 ) , The Green House ( La casa verde , 1965 / 1968 ) , and the monumental Conversation in the Cathedral ( Conversación en la catedral , 1969 / 1975 ) . He writes prolifically across an array of literary genres , including literary criticism and journalism . His novels include comedies , murder mysteries , historical novels , and political thrillers . Several , such as Captain Pantoja and the Special Service ( 1973 / 1978 ) and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter ( 1977 / 1982 ) , have been adapted as feature films .
Many of Vargas Llosa 's works are influenced by the writer 's perception of Peruvian society and his own experiences as a native Peruvian . Increasingly- however- he has expanded his range , and tackled themes that arise from other parts of the world . In his essays , Vargas Llosa has made many criticisms of nationalism in different parts of the world . Another change over the course of his career has been a shift from a style and approach associated with literary modernism , to a sometimes playful postmodernism .
Like many Latin American writers , Vargas Llosa has been politically active throughout his career ; over the course of his life , he has gradually moved from the political left towards liberalism . While he initially supported the Cuban revolutionary government of Fidel Castro , Vargas Llosa later became disenchanted with his policies . He ran for the Peruvian presidency in 1990 with the center @-@ right Frente Democrático coalition , advocating classical liberal reforms , but lost the election to Alberto Fujimori . He is the person who , in 1990 , " coined the phrase that circled the globe " , declaring on Mexican television , " Mexico is the perfect dictatorship " , a statement which became an adage during the following decade .
= = Early life and family = =
Mario Vargas Llosa was born to a middle @-@ class family on March 28 , 1936 , in the Peruvian provincial city of Arequipa . He was the only child of Ernesto Vargas Maldonado and Dora Llosa Ureta ( the former a radio operator in an aviation company , the latter the daughter of an old criollo family ) , who separated a few months before his birth . Shortly after Mario 's birth , his father revealed that he was having an affair with a German woman ; consequently , Mario has two younger half @-@ brothers : Enrique and Ernesto Vargas .
Vargas Llosa lived with his maternal family in Arequipa until a year after his parents ' divorce , when his maternal grandfather was named honorary consul for Peru in Bolivia . With his mother and her family , Vargas Llosa then moved to Cochabamba , Bolivia , where he spent the early years of his childhood . His maternal family , the Llosas , were sustained by his grandfather , who managed a cotton farm . As a child , Vargas Llosa was led to believe that his father had died — his mother and her family did not want to explain that his parents had separated . During the government of Peruvian President José Bustamante y Rivero , Vargas Llosa 's maternal grandfather obtained a diplomatic post in the Peruvian coastal city of Piura and the entire family returned to Peru . While in Piura , Vargas Llosa attended elementary school at the religious academy Colegio Salesiano . In 1946 , at the age of ten , he moved to Lima and met his father for the first time . His parents re @-@ established their relationship and lived in Magdalena del Mar , a middle @-@ class Lima suburb , during his teenage years . While in Lima , he studied at the Colegio La Salle , a Christian middle school , from 1947 to 1949 .
When Vargas Llosa was fourteen , his father sent him to the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Lima . At the age of 16 , before his graduation , Vargas Llosa began working as an amateur journalist for local newspapers . He withdrew from the military academy and finished his studies in Piura , where he worked for the local newspaper , La Industria , and witnessed the theatrical performance of his first dramatic work , La huida del Inca .
In 1953 , during the government of Manuel A. Odría , Vargas Llosa enrolled in Lima 's National University of San Marcos , to study law and literature . He married Julia Urquidi , his maternal uncle 's sister @-@ in @-@ law , in 1955 at the age of 19 ; she was 10 years older . Vargas Llosa began his literary career in earnest in 1957 with the publication of his first short stories , " The Leaders " ( " Los jefes " ) and " The Grandfather " ( " El abuelo " ) , while working for two Peruvian newspapers . Upon his graduation from the National University of San Marcos in 1958 , he received a scholarship to study at the Complutense University of Madrid in Spain . In 1960 , after his scholarship in Madrid had expired , Vargas Llosa moved to France under the impression that he would receive a scholarship to study there ; however , upon arriving in Paris , he learned that his scholarship request was denied . Despite Mario and Julia 's unexpected financial status , the couple decided to remain in Paris where he began to write prolifically . Their marriage lasted only a few more years , ending in divorce in 1964 . A year later , Vargas Llosa married his first cousin , Patricia Llosa , with whom he had three children : Álvaro Vargas Llosa ( born 1966 ) , a writer and editor ; Gonzalo ( born 1967 ) , a businessman ; and Morgana ( born 1974 ) , a photographer . As of 2015 , he is in a relationship with Filipina Spanish socialite and TV personality Isabel Preysler and seeking a divorce from Patricia Llosa .
= = Writing career = =
= = = Beginning and first major works = = =
Vargas Llosa 's first novel , The Time of the Hero ( La ciudad y los perros ) , was published in 1963 . The book is set among a community of cadets in a Lima military school , and the plot is based on the author 's own experiences at Lima 's Leoncio Prado Military Academy . This early piece gained wide public attention and immediate success . Its vitality and adept use of sophisticated literary techniques immediately impressed critics , and it won the Premio de la Crítica Española award . Nevertheless , its sharp criticism of the Peruvian military establishment led to controversy in Peru . Several Peruvian generals attacked the novel , claiming that it was the work of a " degenerate mind " and stating that Vargas Llosa was " paid by Ecuador " to undermine the prestige of the Peruvian Army .
In 1965 , Vargas Llosa published his second novel , The Green House ( La casa verde ) , about a brothel called " The Green House " and how its quasi @-@ mythical presence affects the lives of the characters . The main plot follows Bonifacia , a girl who is about to receive the vows of the church , and her transformation into la Selvatica , the best @-@ known prostitute of " The Green House " . The novel was immediately acclaimed , confirming Vargas Llosa as an important voice of Latin American narrative . The Green House won the first edition of the Rómulo Gallegos International Novel Prize in 1967 , contending with works by veteran Uruguayan writer Juan Carlos Onetti and by Gabriel García Márquez . This novel alone accumulated enough awards to place the author among the leading figures of the Latin American Boom . Some critics still consider The Green House to be Vargas Llosa 's finest and most important achievement . Indeed , Latin American literary critic Gerald Martin suggests that The Green House is " one of the greatest novels to have emerged from Latin America " .
Vargas Llosa 's third novel , Conversation in the Cathedral ( Conversación en la catedral ) , was published in 1969 , when he was 33 . This ambitious narrative is the story of Santiago Zavala , the son of a government minister , and Ambrosio , his chauffeur . A random meeting at a dog pound leads the pair to a riveting conversation at a nearby bar known as " The Cathedral " . During the encounter , Zavala searches for the truth about his father 's role in the murder of a notorious Peruvian underworld figure , shedding light on the workings of a dictatorship along the way . Unfortunately for Zavala , his quest results in a dead end with no answers and no sign of a better future . The novel attacks the dictatorial government of Odría by showing how a dictatorship controls and destroys lives . The persistent theme of hopelessness makes Conversation in the Cathedral Vargas Llosa 's most bitter novel .
He lectured Spanish American Literature at King 's College London from 1969 to 1970 .
= = = 1970s and the " discovery of humor " = = =
In 1971 , Vargas Llosa published García Márquez : Story of a Deicide ( García Márquez : historia de un deicidio ) , which was his doctoral thesis for the Complutense University of Madrid . Although Vargas Llosa wrote this book @-@ length study about his then friend , the Colombian Nobel laureate writer Gabriel García Márquez , they did not speak to each other again . In 1976 , Vargas Llosa punched García Márquez in the face in Mexico City at the Palacio de Bellas Artes , ending the friendship . Neither writer had publicly stated the underlying reasons for the quarrel . A photograph of García Márquez sporting a black eye was published in 2007 , reigniting public interest in the feud . Despite the decades of silence , in 2007 , Vargas Llosa agreed to allow part of his book to be used as the introduction to a 40th @-@ anniversary edition of García Márquez 's One Hundred Years of Solitude , which was re @-@ released in Spain and throughout Latin America that year . Historia de un Deicidio was also reissued in that year , as part of Vargas Llosa 's complete works .
Following the monumental work Conversation in the Cathedral , Vargas Llosa 's output shifted away from more serious themes such as politics and problems with society . Latin American literary scholar Raymond L. Williams describes this phase in his writing career as " the discovery of humor " . His first attempt at a satirical novel was Captain Pantoja and the Special Service ( Pantaleón y las visitadoras ) , published in 1973 . This short , comic novel offers vignettes of dialogues and documents about the Peruvian armed forces and a corps of prostitutes assigned to visit military outposts in remote jungle areas . These plot elements are similar to Vargas Llosa 's earlier novel The Green House , but in a different form . As such , Captain Pantoja and the Special Service is essentially a parody of both The Green House and the literary approach that novel represents . Vargas Llosa 's motivation to write the novel came from actually witnessing prostitutes being hired by the Peruvian Army and brought to serve soldiers in the jungle .
From 1974 to 1987 , Vargas Llosa focused on his writing , but also took the time to pursue other endeavors . In 1975 , he co @-@ directed an unsuccessful motion @-@ picture adaptation of his novel , Captain Pantoja and the Secret Service . In 1976 he was elected President of PEN International , the worldwide association of writers and oldest human rights organisation , a position he held until 1979 . During this time , Vargas Llosa constantly traveled to speak at conferences organized by internationally renowned institutions , such as the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Cambridge , where he was Simón Bolívar Professor and an Overseas Fellow of Churchill College in 1977 – 78 .
In 1977 , Vargas Llosa was elected as a member of the Peruvian Academy of Language , a membership he still holds today . That year , he also published Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter ( La tía Julia y el escribidor ) , based in part on his marriage to his first wife , Julia Urquidi , to whom he dedicated the novel . She later wrote a memoir , Lo que Varguitas no dijo ( What Little Vargas Didn 't Say ) , in which she gives her personal account of their relationship . She states that Vargas Llosa 's account exaggerates many negative points in their courtship and marriage while minimizing her role of assisting his literary career . Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter is considered one of the most striking examples of how the language and imagery of popular culture can be used in literature . The novel was adapted in 1990 into a Hollywood feature film , Tune in Tomorrow .
= = = Later novels = = =
Vargas Llosa 's fourth major novel , The War of the End of the World ( La guerra del fin del mundo ) , was published in 1981 and was his first attempt at a historical novel . This work initiated a radical change in Vargas Llosa 's style towards themes such as messianism and irrational human behaviour . It recreates the War of Canudos , an incident in 19th @-@ century Brazil in which an armed millenarian cult held off a siege by the national army for months . As in Vargas Llosa 's earliest work , this novel carries a sober and serious theme , and its tone is dark . Vargas Llosa 's bold exploration of humanity 's propensity to idealize violence , and his account of a man @-@ made catastrophe brought on by fanaticism on all sides , earned the novel substantial recognition . Because of the book 's ambition and execution , critics have argued that this is one of Vargas Llosa 's greatest literary pieces . Even though the novel has been acclaimed in Brazil , it was initially poorly received because a foreigner was writing about a Brazilian theme . The book was also criticized as revolutionary and anti @-@ socialist . Vargas Llosa says that this book is his favorite and was his most difficult accomplishment .
After completing The War of the End of the World , Vargas Llosa began to write novels that were significantly shorter than many of his earlier books . In 1983 , he finished The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta ( Historia de Mayta , 1984 ) . The novel focuses on a leftist insurrection that took place on May 29 , 1962 in the Andean city of Jauja . Later the same year , during the Sendero Luminoso uprising , Vargas Llosa was asked by the Peruvian President Fernando Belaúnde Terry to join the Investigatory Commission , a task force to inquire into the massacre of eight journalists at the hands of the villagers of Uchuraccay . The Commission 's main purpose was to investigate the murders in order to provide information regarding the incident to the public . Following his involvement with the Investigatory Commission , Vargas Llosa published a series of articles to defend his position in the affair . In 1986 , he completed his next novel , Who Killed Palomino Molero ( ¿ Quién mató a Palomino Molero ? ) , which he began writing shortly after the end of the Uchuraccay investigation . Though the plot of this mystery novel is similar to the tragic events at Uchuraccay , literary critic Roy Boland points out that it was not an attempt to reconstruct the murders , but rather a " literary exorcism " of Vargas Llosa 's own experiences during the commission . The experience also inspired one of Vargas Llosa 's later novels , Death in the Andes ( Lituma en los Andes ) , originally published in 1993 in Barcelona .
It would be almost 20 years before Vargas Llosa wrote another major work : The Feast of the Goat ( La fiesta del chivo ) , a political thriller , was published in 2000 ( and in English in 2001 ) . According to Williams , it is Vargas Llosa 's most complete and most ambitious novel since The War of the End of the World . Critic Sabine Koellmann sees it in the line of his earlier novels such as " Conversación en la catedral " depicting the effects of authoritarianism , violence and the abuse of power on the individual . Based on the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo , who governed the Dominican Republic from 1930 until his assassination in 1961 , the novel has three main strands : one concerns Urania Cabral , the daughter of a former politician and Trujillo loyalist , who returns for the first time since leaving the Dominican Republic after Trujillo 's assassination 30 years earlier ; the second concentrates on the assassination itself , the conspirators who carry it out , and its consequences ; and the third and final strand deals with Trujillo himself in scenes from the end of his regime . The book quickly received positive reviews in Spain and Latin America , and has had a significant impact in Latin America , being regarded as one of Vargas Llosa 's best works .
In 2003 he wrote The Way to Paradise where he studies Flora Tristan and Paul Gauguin .
In 2006 , Vargas Llosa wrote The Bad Girl ( Travesuras de la niña mala ) , which journalist Kathryn Harrison argues is a rewrite ( rather than simply a recycling ) of Gustave Flaubert 's Madame Bovary ( 1856 ) . In Vargas Llosa 's version , the plot relates the decades @-@ long obsession of its narrator , a Peruvian expatriate in Paris , with a woman with whom he first fell in love when both were teenagers .
= = Later life and political involvement = =
Like many other Latin American intellectuals , Vargas Llosa was initially a supporter of the Cuban revolutionary government of Fidel Castro . He studied Marxism in depth as a university student and was later persuaded by communist ideals after the success of the Cuban Revolution . Gradually , Vargas Llosa came to believe that Cuban socialism was incompatible with what he considered to be general liberties and freedoms . The official rupture between the writer and the policies of the Cuban government occurred with the so @-@ called ' Padilla Affair ' , when the Castro regime imprisoned the poet Heberto Padilla for a month in 1971 . Vargas Llosa , along with other intellectuals of the time , wrote to Castro protesting the Cuban political system and its imprisonment of the artist . Vargas Llosa has identified himself with liberalism rather than extreme left @-@ wing political ideologies ever since . Since he relinquished his earlier leftism , he has opposed both left- and right @-@ wing authoritarian regimes .
With his appointment to the Investigatory Commission on the Uchuraccay massacre in 1983 , he experienced what literary critic Jean Franco calls " the most uncomfortable event in [ his ] political career " . Unfortunately for Vargas Llosa , his involvement with the Investigatory Commission led to immediate negative reactions and defamation from the Peruvian press ; many suggested that the massacre was a conspiracy to keep the journalists from reporting the presence of government paramilitary forces in Uchuraccay . The commission concluded that it was the indigenous villagers who had been responsible for the killings ; for Vargas Llosa the incident showed " how vulnerable democracy is in Latin America and how easily it dies under dictatorships of the right and left " . These conclusions , and Vargas Llosa personally , came under intense criticism : anthropologist Enrique Mayer , for instance , accused him of " paternalism " , while fellow anthropologist Carlos Iván Degregori criticized him for his ignorance of the Andean world . Vargas Llosa was accused of actively colluding in a government cover @-@ up of army involvement in the massacre . US Latin American literature scholar Misha Kokotovic summarizes that the novelist was charged with seeing " indigenous cultures as a ' primitive ' obstacle to the full realization of his Western model of modernity " . Shocked both by the atrocity itself and then by the reaction his report had provoked , Vargas Llosa responded that his critics were apparently more concerned with his report than with the hundreds of peasants who would later die at the hands of the Sendero Luminoso guerrilla organization .
Over the course of the decade , Vargas Llosa became known as a " neoliberal " , although he personally dislikes the term and considers it " pure nonsense " and only used for derision . In 1987 , he helped form and soon became a leader of the Movimiento Libertad . The following year his party entered a coalition with the parties of Peru 's two principal conservative politicians at the time , ex @-@ president Fernando Belaúnde Terry ( of the Popular Action party ) and Luis Bedoya Reyes ( of the Partido Popular Cristiano ) , to form the tripartite center @-@ right coalition known as Frente Democrático ( FREDEMO ) . He ran for the presidency of Peru in 1990 as the candidate of the FREDEMO coalition . He proposed a drastic economic austerity program that frightened most of the country 's poor ; this program emphasized the need for privatization , a market economy , free trade , and most importantly , the dissemination of private property . Although he won the first round with 34 % of the vote , Vargas Llosa was defeated by a then @-@ unknown agricultural engineer , Alberto Fujimori , in the subsequent run @-@ off . Vargas Llosa included an account of his run for the presidency in the memoir A Fish in the Water ( El pez en el agua , 1993 ) . Since his political defeat , he has focused mainly on his writing , with only occasional political involvement .
A month after losing the election , at the invitation of Octavio Paz , Vargas Llosa attended a conference in Mexico entitled , " The 20th Century : The Experience of Freedom " . Focused on the collapse of communist rule in central and eastern Europe , it was broadcast on Mexican television from 27 August to 2 September . Addressing the conference on 30 August 1990 , Vargas Llosa embarrassed his hosts by condemning the Mexican system of power based on the rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) , which had been in power for 61 years . Criticizing the PRI by name , he commented , " I don 't believe that there has been in Latin America any case of a system of dictatorship which has so efficiently recruited the intellectual milieu , bribing it with great subtlety . " He declared , " Mexico is the perfect dictatorship . The perfect dictatorship is not communism , not the USSR , not Fidel Castro ; the perfect dictatorship is Mexico . Because it is a camouflaged dictatorship . " The statement , " Mexico is the perfect dictatorship " became a cliché in Mexico and internationally , until the PRI fell from power in 2000 .
Vargas Llosa has mainly lived in Madrid since the 1990s , but spends roughly three months of the year in Peru with his extended family . He also frequently visits London where he occasionally spends long periods . Vargas Llosa acquired Spanish citizenship in 1993 , though he still holds Peruvian nationality . The writer often reiterates his love for both countries . In his Nobel speech he observed : " I carry Peru deep inside me because that is where I was born , grew up , was formed , and lived those experiences of childhood and youth that shaped my personality and forged my calling " . He then added : " I love Spain as much as Peru , and my debt to her is as great as my gratitude . If not for Spain , I never would have reached this podium or become a known writer " .
In 1994 he was elected a member of the Real Academia Española ( Royal Spanish Academy ) , he took up seat L on 15 January 1996 . He has been involved in the country 's political arena . In February 2008 he stopped supporting the People 's Party in favor of the recently created Union , Progress and Democracy , claiming that certain conservative views held by the former party are at odds with his classical liberal beliefs . His political ideologies appear in the book Política razonable , written with Fernando Savater , Rosa Díez , Álvaro Pombo , Albert Boadella and Carlos Martínez Gorriarán . He continues to write , both journalism and fiction , and to travel extensively . He has also taught as a visiting professor at a number of prominent universities .
On November 18 , 2010 , Vargas Llosa received the honorary degree Degree of Letters from the City College of New York of the City University of New York , where he also delivered the President 's Lecture .
On 4 February 2011 , Vargas Llosa was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I with the hereditary title of Marqués de Vargas Llosa ( English : Marquis of Vargas Llosa ) .
In April 2011 , the writer took part in the Peruvian general election , 2011 by saying he was going to vote for Alejandro Toledo ( Peruvian former president 2001 – 2006 ) . After casting his vote , he said his country should stay in the path of legality and freedom .
As for hobbies , Vargas Llosa is very fond of association football , and is a renowned supporter of Universitario de Deportes . The writer himself has confessed in his book A Fish in the Water since childhood he has been a fan of the ' cream colored ' team from Peru , which was first seen in the field one day in 1946 when he was only 10 years old . In February 2011 , Vargas Llosa was awarded with an honorary life membership of this football club , in a ceremony which took place in the Monumental Stadium of Lima .
He was named in the Panama Papers released by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists on 10 May 2016 .
= = Style of writing = =
= = = Plot , setting , and major themes = = =
Vargas Llosa 's style encompasses historical material as well as his own personal experiences . For example , in his first novel , The Time of the Hero , his own experiences at the Leoncio Prado military school informed his depiction of the corrupt social institution which mocked the moral standards it was supposed to uphold . Furthermore , the corruption of the book 's school is a reflection of the corruption of Peruvian society at the time the novel was written . Vargas Llosa frequently uses his writing to challenge the inadequacies of society , such as demoralization and oppression by those in political power towards those who challenge this power . One of the main themes he has explored in his writing is the individual 's struggle for freedom within an oppressive reality . For example , his two @-@ volume novel Conversation in the Cathedral is based on the tyrannical dictatorship of Peruvian President Manuel A. Odría . The protagonist , Santiago , rebels against the suffocating dictatorship by participating in the subversive activities of leftist political groups . In addition to themes such as corruption and oppression , Vargas Llosa 's second novel , The Green House , explores " a denunciation of Peru 's basic institutions " , dealing with issues of abuse and exploitation of the workers in the brothel by corrupt military officers .
Many of Vargas Llosa 's earlier novels were set in Peru , while in more recent work he has expanded to other regions of Latin America , such as Brazil and the Dominican Republic . His responsibilities as a writer and lecturer have allowed him to travel frequently and led to settings for his novels in regions outside of Peru . The War of the End of the World was his first major work set outside Peru . Though the plot deals with historical events of the Canudos revolt against the Brazilian government , the novel is not based directly on historical fact ; rather , its main inspiration is the non @-@ fiction account of those events published by Brazilian writer Euclides da Cunha in 1902 . The Feast of the Goat , based on the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo , takes place in the Dominican Republic ; in preparation for this novel , Vargas Llosa undertook a comprehensive study of Dominican history . The novel was characteristically realist , and Vargas Llosa underscores that he " respected the basic facts , ... I have not exaggerated " , but at the same time he points out " It 's a novel , not a history book , so I took many , many liberties . "
One of Vargas Llosa 's more recent novels , The Way to Paradise ( El paraíso en la otra esquina ) , is set largely in France and Tahiti . Based on the biography of former social reformer Flora Tristan , it demonstrates how Flora and Paul Gauguin were unable to find paradise , but were still able to inspire followers to keep working towards a socialist utopia . Unfortunately , Vargas Llosa was not as successful in transforming these historical figures into fiction . Some critics , such as Barbara Mujica , argue that The Way to Paradise lacks the " audacity , energy , political vision , and narrative genius " that was present in his previous works .
= = = Modernism and postmodernism = = =
The works of Mario Vargas Llosa are viewed as both modernist and postmodernist novels . Though there is still much debate over the differences between modernist and postmodernist literature , literary scholar M. Keith Booker claims that the difficulty and technical complexity of Vargas Llosa 's early works , such as The Green House and Conversation in the Cathedral , are clearly elements of the modern novel . Furthermore , these earlier novels all carry a certain seriousness of attitude — another important defining aspect of modernist art . By contrast , his later novels such as Captain Pantoja and the Special Service , Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter , The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta , and The Storyteller ( El hablador ) appear to follow a postmodernist mode of writing . These novels have a much lighter , farcical , and comic tone , characteristics of postmodernism . Comparing two of Vargas Llosa 's novels , The Green House and Captain Pantoja and the Special Service , Booker discusses the contrast between modernism and postmodernism found in the writer 's works : while both novels explore the theme of prostitution as well as the workings of the Peruvian military , Booker points out that the former is gravely serious whereas the latter is ridiculously comic .
= = = Interlacing dialogues = = =
Literary scholar M. Keith Booker argues that Vargas Llosa perfects the technique of interlacing dialogues in his novel The Green House . By combining two conversations that occur at different times , he creates the illusion of a flashback . Vargas Llosa also sometimes uses this technique as a means of shifting location by weaving together two concurrent conversations happening in different places . This technique is a staple of his repertoire , which he began using near the end of his first novel , The Time of the Hero . However , he does not use interlacing dialogues in the same way in all of his novels . For example , in The Green House the technique is used in a serious fashion to achieve a sober tone and to focus on the interrelatedness of important events separated in time or space . In contrast , Captain Pantoja and the Special Service employs this strategy for comic effects and uses simpler spatial shifts . This device is similar to both Virginia Woolf 's mixing of different characters ' soliloquies and Gustave Flaubert 's counterpoint technique in which he blends together conversation with other events , such as speeches .
= = = Literary influences = = =
Vargas Llosa 's first literary influences were relatively obscure Peruvian writers such as Martín Adán , Carlos Oquendo de Amat , and César Moro . As a young writer , he looked to these revolutionary novelists in search of new narrative structures and techniques in order to delineate a more contemporary , multifaceted experience of urban Peru . He was looking for a style different from the traditional descriptions of land and rural life made famous by Peru 's foremost novelist at the time , José María Arguedas . Vargas Llosa wrote of Arguedas 's work that it was " an example of old @-@ fashioned regionalism that had already exhausted its imaginary possibilities " . Although he did not share Arguedas 's passion for indigenous reality , Vargas Llosa admired and respected the novelist for his contributions to Peruvian literature . Indeed , he has published a book @-@ length study on his work , La utopía arcaica ( 1996 ) .
Rather than restrict himself to Peruvian literature , Vargas Llosa also looked abroad for literary inspiration . Two French figures , existentialist Jean @-@ Paul Sartre and novelist Gustave Flaubert , influenced both his technique and style . Sartre 's influence is most prevalent in Vargas Llosa 's extensive use of conversation . The epigraph of The Time of the Hero , his first novel , is also taken directly from Sartre 's work . Flaubert 's artistic independence — his novels ' disregard of reality and morals — has always been admired by Vargas Llosa , who wrote a book @-@ length study of Flaubert 's aesthetics , The Perpetual Orgy . In his analysis of Flaubert , Vargas Llosa questions the revolutionary power of literature in a political setting ; this is in contrast to his earlier view that " literature is an act of rebellion " , thus marking a transition in Vargas Llosa 's aesthetic beliefs . Other critics such as Sabine Köllmann argue that his belief in the transforming power of literature is one of the great continuities that characterize his fictional and non @-@ fictional work , and link his early statement that ' Literature is Fire ' with his Nobel Prize Speech ' In Praise of Reading and Writing ' .
One of Vargas Llosa 's favourite novelists , and arguably the most influential on his writing career , is the American William Faulkner . Vargas Llosa considers Faulkner " the writer who perfected the methods of the modern novel " . Both writers ' styles include intricate changes in time and narration . In The Time of the Hero , for example , aspects of Vargas Llosa 's plot , his main character 's development and his use of narrative time are influenced by his favourite Faulkner novel , Light in August .
In addition to the studies of Arguedas and Flaubert , Vargas Llosa has written literary criticisms of other authors that he has admired , such as Gabriel García Márquez , Albert Camus , Ernest Hemingway , and Jean @-@ Paul Sartre . The main goals of his non @-@ fiction works are to acknowledge the influence of these authors on his writing , and to recognize a connection between himself and the other writers ; critic Sara Castro @-@ Klarén argues that he offers little systematic analysis of these authors ' literary techniques . In The Perpetual Orgy , for example , he discusses the relationship between his own aesthetics and Flaubert 's , rather than focusing on Flaubert 's alone .
= = Impact = =
Mario Vargas Llosa is considered a major Latin American writer , alongside other authors such as Octavio Paz , Julio Cortázar , Jorge Luis Borges , Gabriel García Márquez and Carlos Fuentes . In his book The New Novel in Latin America ( La Nueva Novela ) , Fuentes offers an in @-@ depth literary criticism of the positive influence Vargas Llosa 's work has had on Latin American literature . Indeed , for the literary critic Gerald Martin , writing in 1987 , Vargas Llosa was " perhaps the most successful ... certainly the most controversial Latin American novelist of the past twenty @-@ five years " .
Most of Vargas Llosa 's narratives have been translated into multiple languages , marking his international critical success . Vargas Llosa is also noted for his substantial contribution to journalism , an accomplishment characteristic of few other Latin American writers . He is recognized among those who have most consciously promoted literature in general , and more specifically the novel itself , as avenues for meaningful commentary about life . During his career , he has written more than a dozen novels and many other books and stories , and , for decades , he has been a voice for Latin American literature . He has won numerous awards for his writing , from the 1959 Premio Leopoldo Alas and the 1962 Premio Biblioteca Breve to the 1993 Premio Planeta ( for Death in the Andes ) and the Jerusalem Prize in 1995 . The literary critic Harold Bloom has included his novel The War of the End of the World in his list of essential literary works in the Western Canon . An important distinction he has received is the 1994 Miguel de Cervantes Prize , considered the most important accolade in Spanish @-@ language literature and awarded to authors whose " work has contributed to enrich , in a notable way , the literary patrimony of the Spanish language " . In 2002 , Vargas was the recipient of the PEN / Nabokov Award . Vargas Llosa also received the 2005 Irving Kristol Award from the American Enterprise Institute and was the 2008 recipient of the Harold and Ethel L. Stellfox Visiting Scholar and Writers Award at Dickinson College .
A number of Vargas Llosa 's works have been adapted for the screen , including The Time of the Hero and Captain Pantoja and the Special Service ( both by the Peruvian director Francisco Lombardi ) and The Feast of the Goat ( by Vargas Llosa 's cousin , Luis Llosa ) . Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter was turned into the English @-@ language film , Tune in Tomorrow . The Feast of the Goat has also been adapted as a theatrical play by Jorge Alí Triana , a Colombian playwright and director .
= = Awards and honors = =
1967 – Rómulo Gallegos Prize
1986 – Grinzane Cavour Prize for Fiction foreign
1986 – Prince of Asturias Award for Literature
1993 – Planeta Prize for Death in the Andes , a thriller starring one of the characters in Who Killed Palomino Molero ?
1994 – Miguel de Cervantes Prize , after taking Spanish citizenship
1996 – Peace Prize of the German Book Trade
1999 – Menéndez Pelayo International Prize
2004 – Independent Foreign Fiction Prize
2004 – Grinzane Cavour Prize
2006 – Maria Moors Cabot prize
2010 – Nobel Prize for Literature
2010 – International Award Viareggio @-@ Versilia
2011 - St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates
2012 – " 10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals " of the year – Foreign Policy magazine [ 1 ]
2012 Carlos Fuentes International Prize for Literary Creation in the Spanish Language
2016 Pedro Henríquez Ureña International Prize
Grand Cross with Diamonds of the Order of the Sun ( Peru )
Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art , 1st class
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour ( France )
Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ( France )
Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ( France )
Commander of the Order of the Aztec Eagle ( Mexico )
Grand Cross with Silver Star of the Order of Ruben Dario ( Nicaragua )
Grand Cross with Silver Star of the Order of Christopher Columbus ( Dominican Republic )
= = Selected works = =
Vargas Llosa 's essays and journalism have been collected as Contra viento y marea , issued in three volumes ( 1983 , 1986 , and 1990 ) . A selection has been edited by John King and translated and published as Making Waves . 2003 – " The Language of Passion "
= Len Ford =
Leonard Guy Ford , Jr . ( February 18 , 1926 – March 14 , 1972 ) was an American football player from 1944 to 1958 . He played college football for the University of Michigan and professional football for the Los Angeles Dons , Cleveland Browns and Green Bay Packers . He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1976 and the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1996 .
Ford was an all @-@ city athlete at his high school in Washington , D.C. , and attended Morgan State University after graduating in 1944 . After a brief stint in the U.S. Navy the following year , he transferred to Michigan , where he played on the Michigan Wolverines football team as an offensive and defensive end . He played for Michigan from 1945 to 1947 and was a member of the undefeated 1947 team that has been selected as the best team in the history of Michigan football .
Ford was passed over in all 32 rounds of the 1948 NFL Draft , but was selected by the Los Angeles Dons of the rival All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , where he played for two seasons as an offensive and defensive end . After the AAFC dissolved in 1949 , Ford played eight seasons as a defensive end for the Cleveland Browns . During those eight seasons , the Browns advanced to the NFL championship game seven times , won three championships , and allowed the fewest points in the NFL six times . Ford was one of the dominant defensive players of his era , having a rare combination of size and speed that helped him disrupt opposing offenses and force fumbles . He was selected as a first @-@ team All @-@ NFL player five times and played in four Pro Bowls .
Ford was traded to the Packers in 1958 , but played there just one season before retiring . He worked for the Detroit recreation department from 1963 to 1972 . He suffered a heart attack and died in 1972 at age 46 .
= = Early years = =
Ford was born in Washington , D.C. , in 1926 . His father , Leonard G. Ford , Sr. , was a Virginia native who was employed as a " skilled laborer " by the federal government in 1920 and as a printing operator at the Government Printing Office in 1940 . His mother , Jeraldine , was also a Virginia native who worked as a social worker in a settlement house in 1940 . Ford had an older sister , Anita , and a younger brother , Claude .
As a teenager , Ford attended Armstrong Technical High School , where he played football , basketball and baseball . As a high school athlete , he aspired to play fullback in football , but he later recalled , " I started to grow , and I grew right out of the backfield . " He was chosen by local sportswriters as an all @-@ city athlete in all three sports in his senior year , and he served as captain of all three teams for one season each .
After he graduated in 1944 , Theodore McIntyre , Ford 's high school football coach , suggested he attend Morgan State University , a historically black college in Baltimore , Maryland . Ford played for the Morgan State Bears football team for one year under head coach Edward P. Hurt , while also starring as the center on the school 's basketball team . The basketball team won its league 's championship in 1944 . Ford left Morgan State and joined the U.S. Navy in 1945 , but stayed in the service only briefly as World War II came to an end .
= = University of Michigan = =
After the war , Ford transferred to the University of Michigan to play football in a bigger program than Morgan State 's . He wanted to " get a shot at playing in the Rose Bowl one day " , he later said . While attending Michigan , he was a member of Omega Psi Phi , an all @-@ black fraternity whose membership also included Bob Mann , another Michigan end who went on to play in the NFL .
= = = 1945 and 1946 seasons = = =
In 1945 , Ford was Michigan 's tallest player at 6 feet 5 inches ( 196 cm ) and 190 pounds . Ford played as a backup at the left end for the 1945 Michigan football team that compiled a 7 – 3 win – loss record under head coach Fritz Crisler . When Ford caught a pass from Wally Teninga in Michigan 's 26 @-@ 0 victory over Minnesota in early November 1945 , The New York Times took note and referred to Ford as " a six @-@ foot , five @-@ inch giant . "
As a junior in 1946 , Ford had gained 16 pounds and weighed 206 pounds . That year , he shared the left end position with his fraternity brother Bob Mann , with Ford starting four games and Mann two . With Ford and Mann at the end position , the 1946 Michigan team finished with a 6 – 2 – 1 record . During the 1946 season , Ford established himself as a tenacious tackler on defense and was also a receiving threat as an end on offense . In the first game of the 1946 season , a 21 @-@ 0 victory over Indiana , Ford recovered an Indiana fumble and then scored the game 's second touchdown on a 17 @-@ yard pass from Pete Elliott . Later in the season , he scored a touchdown against Wisconsin on an end @-@ around , a play Michigan employed frequently with Ford .
= = = 1947 season = = =
By 1947 , Ford had grown to 215 pounds , 25 pounds heavier than he had weighed in 1945 . Led by All @-@ American halfbacks Bob Chappuis and Bump Elliott , the undefeated 1947 Michigan team has been selected as the best team in the history of Michigan football . Nicknamed the " Mad Magicians " , the Michigan squad finished with a 10 – 0 record , capped by a 49 – 0 victory in the Rose Bowl over USC on New Year 's Day . Ford started only one game in 1947 , as Bob Mann was the starting left end in eight of Michigan 's 10 games . Even with reduced playing time , Ford caught a 35 @-@ yard touchdown pass in the first game of the season and had two receptions for 82 yards in the 55 – 0 win over Michigan State . He scored again in a game against Pitt . Ford 's defensive performance was credited with shutting down Ohio State in the final game of the 1947 season . After the Wolverines ' 21 @-@ 0 victory over the Buckeyes , The Michigan Daily wrote :
" For the defense it was big Len Ford , who sparked a forward wall that never let the Bucks threaten . His end was practically impregnable . He smashed Ohio interference time and again , he continually harassed Dick Slager and Pandel Savic , the Ohio passers , and he made life miserable for Pete Perini , blocking one punt and rushing the Buckeye punter on nearly all of his kicks . "
Michigan finished first in the AP Poll and won the 1947 college football national championship , sharing the honor with Notre Dame , which had been first in the polls before the Rose Bowl . After the 1947 season , the Associated Press ( AP ) selected Ford as a third @-@ team All @-@ American end and named teammate Bob Mann as a second @-@ team All @-@ American end . The AP also named Ford a second @-@ team all @-@ Big Nine Conference end . In the summer of 1948 , he accepted an invitation to play for the college team in the College All @-@ Star Game , a now @-@ defunct annual matchup between the champion of the professional National Football League ( NFL ) and a selection of the country 's best college players .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Los Angeles Dons ( AAFC ) = = =
Despite his accomplishments in college , Ford was passed over in all 32 rounds of the 1948 NFL Draft during a time when most professional teams did not employ African @-@ Americans . ( The following year , George Taliaferro became the first African @-@ American to be selected in an NFL draft . ) He was selected , however , by the Los Angeles Dons of the rival All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) in the third round of its 1948 draft . He signed with the Dons in April 1948 .
Playing as a right end opposite Joe Aguirre , Ford had 31 catches for 598 yards and seven touchdowns in 1948 . As was the case at Michigan , Ford also worked on defense and was one of the AAFC 's most successful pass @-@ rushers . The Dons , meanwhile , finished the regular season with a 7 – 7 record , good for third place in the AAFC West . Ford played basketball in the off @-@ season for the New York Renaissance , an all @-@ black professional team in the National Basketball League . He did not play basketball at Michigan , the Big Ten Conference having maintained racial segregation of basketball until 1950 .
Ford had 36 catches for 577 yards and one touchdown in 1949 , while the Dons fell to 4 – 8 . The AAFC struggled financially during Ford 's time with the Dons . Its teams competed with NFL franchises for fans ' attention and player talent – the Dons shared a city with the NFL 's Los Angeles Rams . By late 1949 , team owners came to an agreement under which the Cleveland Browns , San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Colts joined the NFL and the rest of the league 's teams , including the Dons , folded .
= = = Cleveland Browns = = =
= = = = 1950 season = = = =
After the AAFC disbanded , the Browns selected Ford in the second round of the 1950 AAFC dispersal draft , created to reallocate former Dons , Buffalo Bills and Chicago Hornets players . Ford signed with the Browns in July 1950 .
Cleveland head coach Paul Brown converted Ford into solely a defensive end as two @-@ platoon systems gained popularity after 1950 . Ford bulked up to 260 pounds and quickly became a fixture of Cleveland 's defense alongside linebacker Bill Willis and defensive back Warren Lahr . He was one of five black players for Cleveland – the others were Willis , punter Horace Gillom and fullbacks Emerson Cole and Marion Motley – at a time when many other teams had never signed a black player . The Browns , in fact , had roughly a third of the black players in the NFL on their roster . Cleveland sports writer Chuck Heaton later recalled that Ford was " a leader , particularly with the black players on the squad . "
Led by an offense that featured Motley , quarterback Otto Graham and ends Mac Speedie and Dante Lavelli , the 1950 Browns finished the regular season with a 10 – 2 record and won the 1950 NFL Championship Game over the Los Angeles Rams .
In a mid @-@ October game against the Chicago Cardinals , an elbow by Pat Harder broke Ford 's nose , cheekbone , and maxilla ( upper jaw ) , knocked out two teeth , loosened several teeth and chipped another . Ford , who had been fighting with Harder throughout the game , punched him following the play , resulting in a penalty , his ejection from the game and a $ 50 ( $ 492 in 2016 dollars ) fine . NFL commissioner Bert Bell withdrew the fine when the damage to Ford 's face was revealed . Ford 's facial injuries were so severe that a plastic surgery was required , " virtually rebuilding the big end 's face . " The Browns ' long @-@ time team doctor , Vic Ippolito , described Ford 's injuries as " a sickening sight . "
Because of the injury , Ford started only four regular season games in 1950 . However , he asked to be reinstated for the 1950 NFL Championship Game . Head coach Paul Brown agreed to allow Ford to suit up after receiving approval from the team doctor and arranging for a special mask to be built to protect Ford from further injury . Ford had been on a liquid diet until late November and dropped from 240 to 215 pound , though he was back up to 223 pounds shortly before the championship game . As the championship game got underway , Ford sat on the bench as the Rams moved the ball 82 yards down the field for a touchdown . Browns head coach Paul Brown knew the defense had to tighten , and he called on Ford to enter the game . The Cleveland Plain Dealer later called this " one of Len Ford 's great moments . " Paul Brown stated that Ford " showed me that day he really was a man . " Brown later recalled that Ford was the team 's " only real hope of plugging a hole " and recalled one sequence as a defining moment in the game :
I 'll always remember one three @-@ play sequence where he threw Vitamin Smith for a 14 @-@ yard loss on a reverse , sacked [ Bob ] Waterfield for another big loss and finally smothered Glenn Davis on an end run . That turned the game around for us .
The Browns ' defense held the Rams scoreless in the fourth quarter , and the Browns won the championship game by a 30 @-@ 28 score in their first season in the league .
= = = = 1951 season = = = =
Ford continued to excel as a pass @-@ rusher in 1951 , when the Browns again advanced to the NFL Championship Game but lost to the Rams . He recovered four fumbles during the season and was named a first @-@ team All @-@ Pro by both the Associated Press ( AP ) and the United Press International ( UPI ) . He was also named to the Pro Bowl , the NFL 's all @-@ star game . Ford 's dominating play allowed Brown to assign him to two offensive linemen , giving Cleveland the latitude to put four men on the line and use three linebackers in what is now known as the 4 – 3 defense . Cleveland 's defensive coach Blanton Collier later recalled the thinking behind moving Ford : " We knew we had to get him in closer where his talents as a pass rusher could best be utilized . So we moved both tackles in and dropped the linebackers off the outside . It may have been the beginning of today 's 4 – 3 defense . " Collier also noted that " Len was very aggressive and had that touch of meanness in him that you find in most defensive players . "
= = = = 1952 season = = = =
The 1952 Browns had eight regular @-@ season wins and won the NFL 's East Division , but lost to the Detroit Lions in the 1952 NFL Championship Game . Ford , meanwhile , extended his run of dominance against opposing offenses in an era before the quarterback sack was a recorded statistic . For the second consecutive year , he was named a first @-@ team All @-@ Pro by both the AP and UPI and was selected for the Pro Bowl .
= = = = 1953 season = = = =
The 1953 Browns compiled an 11 @-@ 1 record and again advanced to the NFL Championship Game , losing to the Detroit Lions . For the third consecutive year , Ford was named a first @-@ team All @-@ Pro by both the AP and UPI and was selected for the Pro Bowl .
= = = = 1954 season = = = =
Willis and Motley retired after the 1953 season , but Ford and Don Colo continued to anchor the defense alongside Lahr in the secondary . The 1954 Browns lost two of their first three games , but finished the season with a 9 – 3 record and returned to win the 1954 NFL Championship Game over the Lions . Ford had two interceptions in the Browns ' 56 – 10 win over the Lions , including one which he returned 45 yards to set a new NFL playoff record . Ford recovered a career @-@ high five fumbles in 1954 , and he was selected as a first @-@ team All @-@ Pro by the AP and UPI for the fourth year in a row . He was also selected to play in his fourth consecutive Pro Bowl .
= = = = 1955 season = = = =
The 1955 Browns compiled a 9 – 2 – 1 record in 1955 and won the 1955 NFL Championship Game against the Los Angeles Rams , helped by a strong defensive effort and six interceptions of quarterback Norm Van Brocklin . Ford was selected as a first @-@ team All @-@ Pro by the UPI , The Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) and the New York Daily News . He was named a second @-@ team All @-@ Pro by the AP .
= = = = 1956 and 1957 seasons = = = =
Graham and many of the players that had helped propel the Browns to a series of championship game appearances retired before the 1956 season . The 1956 team finished 5 – 7 that year , its first @-@ ever losing record .
By 1957 , there was speculation that Ford , then age 31 , might not make the Browns ' roster . Ford arrived at training camp well above his playing weight , and rookie Bob Mischak was given Ford 's spot in August . When Mischak withdrew from the team , the spot was awarded to another rookie , Paul Wiggin . Ford worked to shed pounds during training camp and worked to train the young defensive players , including Wiggin and Bill Quinlan . Rookie running back Jim Brown recalled that Ford pulled him aside during the 1957 training camp and gave him advice on dealing with the Browns ' head coach Paul Brown . Ford advised the rookie to keep his mouth shut and do as the coach set during practice and waiting until game day : " Run it your way in the game and hope it works , and if it does , don 't say anything . Just make your yardage and act like it was a mistake . "
Brown was slowed for several weeks during the 1957 season by a severely bruised shoulder , but the Browns , led by Jim Brown , reached the 1957 NFL Championship Game , losing to the Lions . Cleveland 's defense allowed the fewest points in the NFL in six of Ford 's eight seasons with the team .
= = = Green Bay Packers = = =
In May 1958 , the Browns traded Ford to the Green Bay Packers in exchange for a draft choice . Green Bay coach Ray McLean said at the time that he acquired Ford for his talent at putting pressure on the quarterback and noted that " he 's one of the toughest guys in the league to block because of his speed , size and agility . " The 1958 Green Bay team won just one game in Ford 's lone season there . Ford suffered multiple broken fingers before the last game of the 1958 season , and , because he was unable to play , the Packers refused to pay Ford the final $ 916 @.@ 66 due on his contract . In 1961 , Ford sued the Packers in Wayne County Circuit Court in Detroit to collect the $ 916 @.@ 66 plus $ 10 @,@ 000 for alleged damage to his reputation caused by the Packers ' releasing him .
= = = Career statistics and legacy = = =
Ford had 20 career fumble recoveries at the time of his retirement . Ford was successful in part because of his combination of quickness and size . Few players of his era who were as tall and big as he was could move as fast ; only Larry Brink of the Rams was close to him in proportions .
= = Family and later years = =
In 1951 , Ford married Geraldine Bledsoe Ford ( 1926 – 2003 ) , who was a lawyer in the 1950s , and in the mid @-@ 1960s became the first African @-@ American woman to serve as a judge in Michigan . They had two daughters , Anita and Deborah , and divorced in 1959 .
While playing in the NFL , Ford worked during the off @-@ season in a Detroit real estate office . He developed a reputation for being " cagey with the dollar " and told Jet magazine in 1955 : " In what other sport can a boy just graduated from college make $ 5 @,@ 000 in his first six months , then have a half @-@ year left to make more money ? " After retiring from football , Ford attended the Detroit College of Law for a year @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half , but never received a law degree . From 1963 until at least December 1970 , Ford worked as the assistant director at Considine Recreation Center , the largest recreation center in Detroit . At the time of his death 16 months later , he was described in obituaries as the assistant recreation director for the City of Detroit .
Sports writer Chuck Heaton wrote that Ford 's life was " pretty much down hill " after he retired from professional football . Heaton recalled that , in his later years , Ford seemed in poor physical condition , " only a shadow of the mighty end he once was . " Ford still aspired to obtain his law license , but , according to Heaton , " appeared to have lost the drive which made him such a great football player . " Don Newcombe , who became good friends with Ford , was more blunt . Interviewed in 1980 , Newcombe said that Ford 's life was " decimated " because of alcohol . Newcombe added : " He became a wino , stumbling around in alleys . He gave up his life for alcohol . "
Ford suffered a heart attack in early March 1972 and died the following week in a Detroit hospital . He was age 46 at the time of his death . He was posthumously inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1976 and into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1996 .
= Rembrandt =
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn ( / ˈrɛmbrænt , -brɑːnt / ; Dutch : [ ˈrɛmbrɑnt ˈɦɑrmə ( n ) soːn vɑn ˈrɛin ] ; 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669 ) was a Dutch painter and etcher . He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art and the most important in Dutch history . His contributions to art came in a period of great wealth and cultural achievement that historians call the Dutch Golden Age when Dutch Golden Age painting , although in many ways antithetical to the Baroque style that dominated Europe , was extremely prolific and innovative , and gave rise to important new genres in painting .
Having achieved youthful success as a portrait painter , Rembrandt 's later years were marked by personal tragedy and financial hardships . Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime , his reputation as an artist remained high , and for twenty years he taught many important Dutch painters . Rembrandt 's greatest creative triumphs are exemplified most notably in his portraits of his contemporaries , self @-@ portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible . His self @-@ portraits form a unique and intimate biography , in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and with the utmost sincerity .
In his paintings and prints he exhibited knowledge of classical iconography , which he molded to fit the requirements of his own experience ; thus , the depiction of a biblical scene was informed by Rembrandt 's knowledge of the specific text , his assimilation of classical composition , and his observations of Amsterdam 's Jewish population . Because of his empathy for the human condition , he has been called " one of the great prophets of civilization . "
= = Life = =
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on 15 July 1606 in Leiden , in the Dutch Republic , now the Netherlands . He was the ninth child born to Harmen Gerritszoon van Rijn and Neeltgen Willemsdochter van Zuijtbrouck . His family was quite well @-@ to @-@ do ; his father was a miller and his mother was a baker 's daughter . Religion is a central theme in Rembrandt 's paintings and the religiously fraught period in which he lived makes his faith a matter of interest . His mother was Roman Catholic , and his father belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church . While his work reveals deep Christian faith , there is no evidence that Rembrandt formally belonged to any church , although he had five of his children christened in Dutch Reformed churches in Amsterdam : four in the Oude Kerk ( Old Church ) and one , Titus , in the Zuiderkerk ( Southern Church ) .
As a boy he attended Latin school and was enrolled at the University of Leiden , although according to a contemporary he had a greater inclination towards painting ; he was soon apprenticed to a Leiden history painter , Jacob van Swanenburgh , with whom he spent three years . After a brief but important apprenticeship of six months with the painter Pieter Lastman in Amsterdam , Rembrandt stayed a few months with Jacob Pynas and then started his own workshop , though Simon van Leeuwen claimed that Joris van Schooten taught Rembrandt in Leiden . Rembrandt opened a studio in Leiden in 1624 or 1625 , which he shared with friend and colleague Jan Lievens . In 1627 , Rembrandt began to accept students , among them Gerrit Dou .
In 1629 Rembrandt was discovered by the statesman Constantijn Huygens ( father of the Dutch mathematician and physicist Christiaan Huygens ) , who procured for Rembrandt important commissions from the court of The Hague . As a result of this connection , Prince Frederik Hendrik continued to purchase paintings from Rembrandt until 1646 .
At the end of 1631 Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam , then rapidly expanding as the new business capital of the Netherlands , and began to practice as a professional portraitist for the first time , with great success . He initially stayed with an art dealer , Hendrick van Uylenburgh , and in 1634 , married Hendrick 's cousin , Saskia van Uylenburgh . Saskia came from a good family : her father had been a lawyer and the burgemeester ( mayor ) of Leeuwarden . When Saskia , as the youngest daughter , became an orphan , she lived with an older sister in Het Bildt . Rembrandt and Saskia were married in the local church of St. Annaparochie without the presence of Rembrandt 's relatives . In the same year , Rembrandt became a burgess of Amsterdam and a member of the local guild of painters . He also acquired a number of students , among them Ferdinand Bol and Govert Flinck .
In 1635 Rembrandt and Saskia moved into their own house , renting in fashionable Nieuwe Doelenstraat . In 1639 they moved to a prominent newly built house ( now the Rembrandt House Museum ) in the upscale ' Breestraat ' ( eng . : ' Broadway ' ) , today known as Jodenbreestraat ( Jodenbreestraat 4 @,@ 1011 NK Amsterdam @-@ now ) in what was becoming the Jewish quarter ; then a young upcoming neighborhood . The mortgage to finance the 13 @,@ 000 guilder purchase would be a primary cause for later financial difficulties . Rembrandt should easily have been able to pay the house off with his large income , but it appears his spending always kept pace with his income , and he may have made some unsuccessful investments . It was there that Rembrandt frequently sought his Jewish neighbors to model for his Old Testament scenes . Although they were by now affluent , the couple suffered several personal setbacks ; their son Rumbartus died two months after his birth in 1635 and their daughter Cornelia died at just three weeks of age in 1638 . In 1640 , they had a second daughter , also named Cornelia , who died after living barely over a month . Only their fourth child , Titus , who was born in 1641 , survived into adulthood . Saskia died in 1642 soon after Titus 's birth , probably from tuberculosis . Rembrandt 's drawings of her on her sick and death bed are among his most moving works .
During Saskia 's illness , Geertje Dircx was hired as Titus ' caretaker and nurse and also became Rembrandt 's lover . She would later charge Rembrandt with breach of promise ( a euphemism for seduction under [ breached ] promise to marry ) and was awarded alimony of 200 guilders a year . Rembrandt worked to have her committed for twelve years to an asylum or poorhouse ( called a " bridewell " ) at Gouda , after learning she had pawned jewelry that had once belonged to Saskia and that he had given to her .
In the late 1640s Rembrandt began a relationship with the much younger Hendrickje Stoffels , who had initially been his maid . In 1654 they had a daughter , Cornelia , bringing Hendrickje a summons from the Reformed Church to answer the charge " that she had committed the acts of a whore with Rembrandt the painter " . She admitted this and was banned from receiving communion . Rembrandt was not summoned to appear for the Church council because he was not a member of the Reformed Church . The two were considered legally wed under common law , but Rembrandt had not married Hendrickje . Had he remarried he would have lost access to a trust set up for Titus in Saskia 's will .
Rembrandt lived beyond his means , buying art ( including bidding up his own work ) , prints ( often used in his paintings ) and rarities , which probably caused a court arrangement to avoid his bankruptcy in 1656 , by selling most of his paintings and large collection of antiquities . The sale list survives and gives us a good insight into Rembrandt 's collections , which , apart from Old Master paintings and drawings , included busts of the Roman Emperors , suits of Japanese armor among many objects from Asia , and collections of natural history and minerals . But the prices realized in the sales in 1657 and 1658 were disappointing . Rembrandt was forced to sell his house and his printing @-@ press and move to more modest accommodation on the Rozengracht in 1660 . The authorities and his creditors were generally accommodating to him , except for the Amsterdam painters ' guild , which introduced a new rule that no one in Rembrandt 's circumstances could trade as a painter . To get around this , Hendrickje and Titus set up a business as art dealers in 1660 , with Rembrandt as an employee .
In 1661 Rembrandt ( or rather the new business ) was contracted to complete work for the newly built city hall , but only after Govert Flinck , the artist previously commissioned , died without beginning to paint . The resulting work , The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis , was rejected and returned to the painter ; the surviving fragment is only a fraction of the whole work . It was around this time that Rembrandt took on his last apprentice , Aert de Gelder . In 1662 he was still fulfilling major commissions for portraits and other works . When Cosimo III de ' Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany came to Amsterdam in 1667 , he visited Rembrandt at his house .
Rembrandt outlived both Hendrickje , who died in 1663 , and Titus , who died in 1668 , leaving a baby daughter . He died within a year of his son , on 4 October 1669 in Amsterdam , and was buried as a poor man. in an unknown grave in the Westerkerk . It was in a numbered ' kerkgraf ' ( grave owned by the church ) somewhere under a tombstone in the church . After twenty years , his remains were taken away and destroyed , as was customary with the remains of poor people at that time .
= = Works = =
In a letter to Huygens , Rembrandt offered the only surviving explanation of what he sought to achieve through his art : the greatest and most natural movement , translated from de meeste en de natuurlijkste beweegelijkheid . The word " beweegelijkheid " is also argued to mean " emotion " or " motive . " Whether this refers to objectives , material or otherwise , is open to interpretation ; either way , critics have drawn particular attention to the way Rembrandt seamlessly melded the earthly and spiritual .
Earlier 20th century connoisseurs claimed Rembrandt had produced over 600 paintings , nearly 400 etchings and 2 @,@ 000 drawings . More recent scholarship , from the 1960s to the present day ( led by the Rembrandt Research Project ) , often controversially , has winnowed his oeuvre to nearer 300 paintings . His prints , traditionally all called etchings , although many are produced in whole or part by engraving and sometimes drypoint , have a much more stable total of slightly under 300 . It is likely Rembrandt made many more drawings in his lifetime than 2 @,@ 000 , but those extant are more rare than presumed . Two experts claim that the number of drawings whose autograph status can be regarded as effectively " certain " is no higher than about 75 , although this is disputed . The list was to be unveiled at a scholarly meeting in February 2010 .
At one time about ninety paintings were counted as Rembrandt self @-@ portraits , but it is now known that he had his students copy his own self @-@ portraits as part of their training . Modern scholarship has reduced the autograph count to over forty paintings , as well as a few drawings and thirty @-@ one etchings , which include many of the most remarkable images of the group . Some show him posing in quasi @-@ historical fancy dress , or pulling faces at himself . His oil paintings trace the progress from an uncertain young man , through the dapper and very successful portrait @-@ painter of the 1630s , to the troubled but massively powerful portraits of his old age . Together they give a remarkably clear picture of the man , his appearance and his psychological make @-@ up , as revealed by his richly weathered face .
In his portraits and self @-@ portraits , he angles the sitter 's face in such a way that the ridge of the nose nearly always forms the line of demarcation between brightly illuminated and shadowy areas . A Rembrandt face is a face partially eclipsed ; and the nose , bright and obvious , thrusting into the riddle of halftones , serves to focus the viewer 's attention upon , and to dramatize , the division between a flood of light — an overwhelming clarity — and a brooding duskiness .
In a number of biblical works , including The Raising of the Cross , Joseph Telling His Dreams and The Stoning of Saint Stephen , Rembrandt painted himself as a character in the crowd . Durham suggests that this was because the Bible was for Rembrandt " a kind of diary , an account of moments in his own life . "
Among the more prominent characteristics of Rembrandt 's work are his use of chiaroscuro , the theatrical employment of light and shadow derived from Caravaggio , or , more likely , from the Dutch Caravaggisti , but adapted for very personal means . Also notable are his dramatic and lively presentation of subjects , devoid of the rigid formality that his contemporaries often displayed , and a deeply felt compassion for mankind , irrespective of wealth and age . His immediate family — his wife Saskia , his son Titus and his common @-@ law wife Hendrickje — often figured prominently in his paintings , many of which had mythical , biblical or historical themes .
= = = Periods , themes and styles = = =
Throughout his career Rembrandt took as his primary subjects the themes of portraiture , landscape and narrative painting . For the last , he was especially praised by his contemporaries , who extolled him as a masterly interpreter of biblical stories for his skill in representing emotions and attention to detail . Stylistically , his paintings progressed from the early " smooth " manner , characterized by fine technique in the portrayal of illusionistic form , to the late " rough " treatment of richly variegated paint surfaces , which allowed for an illusionism of form suggested by the tactile quality of the paint itself .
A parallel development may be seen in Rembrandt 's skill as a printmaker . In the etchings of his maturity , particularly from the late 1640s onward , the freedom and breadth of his drawings and paintings found expression in the print medium as well . The works encompass a wide range of subject matter and technique , sometimes leaving large areas of white paper to suggest space , at other times employing complex webs of line to produce rich dark tones .
It was during Rembrandt 's Leiden period ( 1625 – 1631 ) that Lastman 's influence was most prominent . It is also likely that at this time Lievens had a strong impact on his work as well . Paintings were rather small , but rich in details ( for example , in costumes and jewelry ) . Religious and allegorical themes were favored , as were tronies . In 1626 Rembrandt produced his first etchings , the wide dissemination of which would largely account for his international fame . In 1629 he completed Judas Repentant , Returning the Pieces of Silver and The Artist in His Studio , works that evidence his interest in the handling of light and variety of paint application , and constitute the first major progress in his development as a painter .
During his early years in Amsterdam ( 1632 – 1636 ) , Rembrandt began to paint dramatic biblical and mythological scenes in high contrast and of large format ( The Blinding of Samson , 1636 , Belshazzar 's Feast , c . 1635 Danaë , 1636 ) , seeking to emulate the baroque style of Rubens . With the occasional help of assistants in Uylenburgh 's workshop , he painted numerous portrait commissions both small ( Jacob de Gheyn III ) and large ( Portrait of the Shipbuilder Jan Rijcksen and his Wife , 1633 , Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp , 1632 ) .
By the late 1630s Rembrandt had produced a few paintings and many etchings of landscapes . Often these landscapes highlighted natural drama , featuring uprooted trees and ominous skies ( Cottages before a Stormy Sky , c . 1641 ; The Three Trees , 1643 ) . From 1640 his work became less exuberant and more sober in tone , possibly reflecting personal tragedy . Biblical scenes were now derived more often from the New Testament than the Old Testament , as had been the case before . In 1642 he painted The Night Watch , the most substantial of the important group portrait commissions which he received in this period , and through which he sought to find solutions to compositional and narrative problems that had been attempted in previous works .
In the decade following the Night Watch , Rembrandt 's paintings varied greatly in size , subject , and style . The previous tendency to create dramatic effects primarily by strong contrasts of light and shadow gave way to the use of frontal lighting and larger and more saturated areas of color . Simultaneously , figures came to be placed parallel to the picture plane . These changes can be seen as a move toward a classical mode of composition and , considering the more expressive use of brushwork as well , may indicate a familiarity with Venetian art ( Susanna and the Elders , 1637 – 47 ) . At the same time , there was a marked decrease in painted works in favor of etchings and drawings of landscapes . In these graphic works natural drama eventually made way for quiet Dutch rural scenes .
In the 1650s , Rembrandt 's style changed again . Colors became richer and brush strokes more pronounced . With these changes , Rembrandt distanced himself from earlier work and current fashion , which increasingly inclined toward fine , detailed works . His use of light becomes more jagged and harsh , and shine becomes almost nonexistent . His singular approach to paint application may have been suggested in part by familiarity with the work of Titian , and could be seen in the context of the then current discussion of ' finish ' and surface quality of paintings . Contemporary accounts sometimes remark disapprovingly of the coarseness of Rembrandt 's brushwork , and the artist himself was said to have dissuaded visitors from looking too closely at his paintings . The tactile manipulation of paint may hearken to medieval procedures , when mimetic effects of rendering informed a painting 's surface . The end result is a richly varied handling of paint , deeply layered and often apparently haphazard , which suggests form and space in both an illusory and highly individual manner .
In later years biblical themes were still depicted often , but emphasis shifted from dramatic group scenes to intimate portrait @-@ like figures ( James the Apostle , 1661 ) . In his last years , Rembrandt painted his most deeply reflective self @-@ portraits ( from 1652 to 1669 he painted fifteen ) , and several moving images of both men and women ( The Jewish Bride , c . 1666 ) — in love , in life , and before God .
= = = Etchings = = =
Rembrandt produced etchings for most of his career , from 1626 to 1660 , when he was forced to sell his printing @-@ press and practically abandoned etching . Only the troubled year of 1649 produced no dated work . He took easily to etching and , though he also learned to use a burin and partly engraved many plates , the freedom of etching technique was fundamental to his work . He was very closely involved in the whole process of printmaking , and must have printed at least early examples of his etchings himself . At first he used a style based on drawing , but soon moved to one based on painting , using a mass of lines and numerous bitings with the acid to achieve different strengths of line . Towards the end of the 1630s , he reacted against this manner and moved to a simpler style , with fewer bitings . He worked on the so @-@ called Hundred Guilder Print in stages throughout the 1640s , and it was the " critical work in the middle of his career " , from which his final etching style began to emerge . Although the print only survives in two states , the first very rare , evidence of much reworking can be seen underneath the final print and many drawings survive for elements of it .
In the mature works of the 1650s , Rembrandt was more ready to improvise on the plate and large prints typically survive in several states , up to eleven , often radically changed . He now uses hatching to create his dark areas , which often take up much of the plate . He also experimented with the effects of printing on different kinds of paper , including Japanese paper , which he used frequently , and on vellum . He began to use " surface tone , " leaving a thin film of ink on parts of the plate instead of wiping it completely clean to print each impression . He made more use of drypoint , exploiting , especially in landscapes , the rich fuzzy burr that this technique gives to the first few impressions .
His prints have similar subjects to his paintings , although the twenty @-@ seven self @-@ portraits are relatively more common , and portraits of other people less so . There are forty @-@ six landscapes , mostly small , which largely set the course for the graphic treatment of landscape until the end of the 19th century . One third of his etchings are of religious subjects , many treated with a homely simplicity , whilst others are his most monumental prints . A few erotic , or just obscene , compositions have no equivalent in his paintings . He owned , until forced to sell it , a magnificent collection of prints by other artists , and many borrowings and influences in his work can be traced to artists as diverse as Mantegna , Raphael , Hercules Seghers , and Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione .
= = = The Night Watch = = =
Rembrandt painted the large painting The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq between 1640 and 1642 . This picture was called De Nachtwacht by the Dutch and The Night Watch by Sir Joshua Reynolds because by the 18th century the picture was so dimmed and defaced that it was almost indistinguishable , and it looked quite like a night scene . After it was cleaned , it was discovered to represent broad day — a party of musketeers stepping from a gloomy courtyard into the blinding sunlight .
The piece was commissioned for the new hall of the Kloveniersdoelen , the musketeer branch of the civic militia . Rembrandt departed from convention , which ordered that such genre pieces should be stately and formal , rather a line @-@ up than an action scene . Instead he showed the militia readying themselves to embark on a mission ( what kind of mission , an ordinary patrol or some special event , is a matter of debate ) .
Contrary to what is often said , the work was hailed as a success from the beginning . Parts of the canvas were cut off ( approximately 20 % from the left hand side was removed ) to make the painting fit its new position when it was moved to Amsterdam town hall in 1715 ; the Rijksmuseum has a smaller copy of what is thought to be the full original composition ; the four figures in the front are at the centre of the canvas . The painting is now in the Rijksmuseum , Amsterdam .
= = Expert assessments = =
In 1968 the Rembrandt Research Project began under the sponsorship of the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Scientific Research ; it was initially expected to last a highly optimistic ten years . Art historians teamed up with experts from other fields to reassess the authenticity of works attributed to Rembrandt , using all methods available , including state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art technical diagnostics , and to compile a complete new catalogue raisonné of his paintings . As a result of their findings , many paintings that were previously attributed to Rembrandt have been removed from their list , although others have been added back . Many of those removed are now thought to be the work of his students .
One example of activity is The Polish Rider , in New York 's Frick Collection . Rembrandt 's authorship had been questioned by at least one scholar , Alfred von Wurzbach , at the beginning of the twentieth century , but for many decades later most scholars , including the foremost authority writing in English , Julius S. Held , agreed that it was indeed by the master . In the 1980s , however , Dr. Josua Bruyn of the Foundation Rembrandt Research Project cautiously and tentatively attributed the painting to one of Rembrandt 's closest and most talented pupils , Willem Drost , about whom little is known . But Bruyn 's remained a minority opinion , the suggestion of Drost 's authorship is now generally rejected , and the Frick itself never changed its own attribution , the label still reading " Rembrandt " and not " attributed to " or " school of " . More recent opinion has shifted even more decisively in favor of the Frick , with Simon Schama ( in his 1999 book Rembrandt 's Eyes ) and the Rembrandt Project scholar Ernst van de Wetering ( Melbourne Symposium , 1997 ) both arguing for attribution to the master . Those few scholars who still question Rembrandt 's authorship feel that the execution is uneven , and favour different attributions for different parts of the work .
A similar issue was raised by Simon Schama in his book Rembrandt 's Eyes concerning the verification of titles associated with the subject matter depicted in Rembrandt 's works . For example , the exact subject being portrayed in Aristotle with a Bust of Homer ( recently retitled by curators at the Metropolitan Museum ) has been directly challenged by Schama applying the scholarship of Paul Crenshaw . Schama presents a substantial argument that it was the famous ancient Greek painter Apelles who is depicted in contemplation by Rembrandt and not Aristotle .
Another painting , Pilate Washing His Hands , is also of questionable attribution . Critical opinion of this picture has varied since 1905 , when Wilhelm von Bode described it as " a somewhat abnormal work " by Rembrandt . Scholars have since dated the painting to the 1660s and assigned it to an anonymous pupil , possibly Aert de Gelder . The composition bears superficial resemblance to mature works by Rembrandt but lacks the master 's command of illumination and modeling .
The attribution and re @-@ attribution work is ongoing . In 2005 four oil paintings previously attributed to Rembrandt 's students were reclassified as the work of Rembrandt himself : Study of an Old Man in Profile and Study of an Old Man with a Beard from a US private collection , Study of a Weeping Woman , owned by the Detroit Institute of Arts , and Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet , painted in 1640.The Old Man Sitting in a Chair is a further example : in 2014 , Professor Ernst van de Wetering offered his view to The Guardian that the demotion of the 1652 painting Old Man Sitting in a Chair " was a vast mistake ... it is a most important painting . The painting needs to be seen in terms of Rembrandt ’ s experimentation ” . This was highlighted much earlier by Nigel Konstam who has studied Rembrandt throughout his career .
Rembrandt 's own studio practice is a major factor in the difficulty of attribution , since , like many masters before him , he encouraged his students to copy his paintings , sometimes finishing or retouching them to be sold as originals , and sometimes selling them as authorized copies . Additionally , his style proved easy enough for his most talented students to emulate . Further complicating matters is the uneven quality of some of Rembrandt 's own work , and his frequent stylistic evolutions and experiments . As well , there were later imitations of his work , and restorations which so seriously damaged the original works that they are no longer recognizable . It is highly likely that there will never be universal agreement as to what does and what does not constitute a genuine Rembrandt .
= = Painting materials = =
Technical investigation of Rembrandt 's paintings in the possession of the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister and in the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister ( Kassel ) has been conducted by Hermann Kühn in 1977 . The pigment analyses of some thirty paintings have shown that Rembrandt 's palette consisted of the following pigments : lead white , various ochres , Vandyke brown , bone black , charcoal black , lamp black , vermilion , madder lake , azurite , ultramarine , yellow lake and lead @-@ tin @-@ yellow . One painting ( Saskia van Uylenburgh as Flora ) reportedly contains gamboge . Rembrandt very rarely used pure blue or green colors , the most pronounced exception being Belshazzar 's Feast in the National Gallery in London . The book by Bomford ( above reference ) describes more recent technical investigations and pigment analyses of Rembrandt 's paintings predominantly in the National Gallery in London . The best source for technical information on Rembrandt 's paintings on the web is the Rembrandt Database containing all works of Rembrandt with detailed investigative reports , infrared and radiography images and other scientific details .
= = Name and signature = =
" Rembrandt " is a modification of the spelling of the artist 's first name that he introduced in 1633 . Roughly speaking , his earliest signatures ( ca . 1625 ) consisted of an initial " R " , or the monogram " RH " ( for Rembrant Harmenszoon ; i.e. " Rembrant , the son of Harmen " ) , and starting in 1629 , " RHL " ( the " L " stood , presumably , for Leiden ) . In 1632 , he used this monogram early in the year , then added his family name to it , " RHL @-@ van Rijn " , but replaced this form in that same year and began using his first name alone with its original spelling , " Rembrant " . In 1633 he added a " d " , and maintained this form consistently from then on , proving that this minor change had a meaning for him ( whatever it might have been ) . This change is purely visual ; it does not change the way his name is pronounced . Curiously enough , despite the large number of paintings and etchings signed with this modified first name , most of their documents that mentioned him during his lifetime retained the original " Rembrant " spelling . ( Note : the rough chronology of signature forms above applies to the paintings , and to a lesser degree to the etchings ; from 1632 , presumably , there is only one etching signed " RHL @-@ v. Rijn , " the large @-@ format " Raising of Lazarus , " B 73 ) . His practice of signing his work with his first name , later followed by Vincent van Gogh , was probably inspired by Raphael , Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo who , then as now , were referred to by their first names alone .
= = Workshop = =
Rembrandt ran a large workshop and had many pupils . The list of Rembrandt pupils from his period in Leiden as well as his time in Amsterdam is quite long , mostly because his influence on painters around him was so great that it is difficult to tell whether someone worked for him in his studio or just copied his style for patrons eager to acquire a Rembrandt . A partial list should include Ferdinand Bol , Adriaen Brouwer , Gerrit Dou , Willem Drost , Heiman Dullaart , Gerbrand van den Eeckhout , Carel Fabritius , Govert Flinck , Hendrick Fromantiou , Aert de Gelder , Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten , Abraham Janssens , Godfrey Kneller , Philip de Koninck , Jacob Levecq , Nicolaes Maes , Jürgen Ovens , Christopher Paudiß , Willem de Poorter , Jan Victors , and Willem van der Vliet .
= = Museum collections = =
The most notable collections of Rembrandt 's work are at Amsterdam 's Rijksmuseum , including The Night Watch and The Jewish Bride , the Mauritshuis in The Hague , the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg , the National Gallery in London , Gemäldegalerie in Berlin , Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden , The Louvre , Nationalmuseum , Stockholm , and Schloss Wilhelmshöhe in Kassel . The Royal Castle in Warsaw displays two paintings by Rembrandt from Lanckoroński collection in a separate , dedicated room of Renaissance Courtier Lodgings .
Notable collections of Rembrandt 's paintings in the USA are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Frick Collection in New York City , and the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C.
The Rembrandt House Museum in central Amsterdam in the house he bought at the height of his success has furnishings that are mostly not original , but period pieces comparable to those Rembrandt might have had , and paintings reflecting Rembrandt 's use of the house for art dealing . His printmaking studio has been set up with a printing press , where replica prints are printed . The museum has a few Rembrandt paintings , many loaned , but an important collection of his prints , a good selection of which are on rotating display . All major print rooms have large collections of Rembrandt prints , although as some exist in only a single impression , no collection is complete . The degree to which these collections are displayed to the public , or can easily be viewed by them in the print room , varies greatly .
= = Selected works = =
The Stoning of Saint Stephen ( 1625 ) – Musée des Beaux @-@ Arts , Lyon
Andromeda Chained to the Rocks ( 1630 ) – Mauritshuis , The Hague
Jacob de Gheyn III ( 1632 ) – Dulwich Picture Gallery , London
Philosopher in Meditation ( 1632 ) – The Louvre , Paris
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp ( 1632 ) – Mauritshuis , The Hague
Artemisia ( 1634 ) – Oil on canvas , 142 × 152 cm , Museo del Prado , Madrid
Descent from the Cross ( 1634 ) – Oil on canvas , 158 × 117 cm , looted from the Landgrave of Hesse @-@ Kassel ( or Hesse @-@ Cassel ) , Germany in 1806 , currently Hermitage Museum , St. Petersburg
Belshazzar 's Feast ( 1635 ) – National Gallery , London
The Prodigal Son in the Tavern ( c . 1635 ) – Oil on canvas , 161 × 131 cm Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister , Dresden
Danaë ( 1636 – 1643 ) – Hermitage Museum , St. Petersburg
The Night Watch , formally The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq ( 1642 ) – Rijksmuseum , Amsterdam
Christ Healing the Sick ( etching c . 1643 , also known as the Hundred Guilder Print ) , nicknamed for the huge sum paid for it
Boaz and Ruth ( 1643 ) aka The Old Rabbi Old Man – Woburn Abbey / Gemaldegalerie , Berlin
The Mill ( 1645 / 48 ) – National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C.
Old Man with a Gold Chain ( " Old Man with a Black Hat and Gorget " ) ( c . 1631 ) Art Institute of Chicago
Susanna and the Elders ( 1647 ) – Oil on panel , 76 × 91 cm , Gemäldegalerie , Berlin
Aristotle Contemplating a Bust of Homer ( 1653 ) – Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York
Bathsheba at Her Bath ( 1654 ) – The Louvre , Paris
Christ Presented to the People ( Ecce Homo ) ( 1655 ) – Drypoint , Birmingham Museum of Art
Selfportrait ( 1658 ) – Frick Collection , New York
The Three Crosses ( 1660 ) Etching , fourth state
Ahasuerus and Haman at the Feast of Esther ( 1660 ) – Pushkin Museum , Moscow
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis ( 1661 ) – Nationalmuseum , Stockholm ( Claudius Civilis led a Dutch revolt against the Romans ) ( most of the cut up painting is lost , only the central part still exists )
Portrait of Dirck van Os ( 1662 ) - Joslyn Art Museum , Omaha , Nebraska
Syndics of the Drapers ' Guild ( Dutch De Staalmeesters , 1662 ) – Rijksmuseum , Amsterdam
The Jewish Bride ( 1665 ) – Rijksmuseum , Amsterdam
" The Entombment Sketch " ( c . 1639 and reworked c . 1654 ) oil on oak panel Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery , Glasgow
Saul and David ( ca . 1660 @-@ 1665 ) – Mauritshuis , The Hague
= = Exhibitions = =
Feb 12 , 2015 - May 17 , 2015 : Late Rembrandt , The Rijksmuseum , Amsterdam .
Oct 15 , 2014 - Jan 18 , 2015 : Rembrandt : The Late Works , The National Gallery , London .
Oct 19 , 2014 - Jan 4 , 2015 : Rembrandt , Rubens , Gainsborough and the Golden Age of Painting in Europe , Jule Collins Smith Museum of Art .
May 19 , 2014 - Jun 27 , 2014 : From Rembrandt to Rosenquist : Works on Paper from the NAC 's Permanent Collection , National Arts Club .
Sep 16 , 2013 - Nov 14 , 2013 : Rembrandt : The Consummate Etcher , Syracuse University Art Galleries .
Apr 21 , 2011 - Jul 18 , 2011 : Rembrandt and the Face of Jesus , Musée du Louvre .
= = Gallery = =
= = = Self @-@ portraits = = =
= = = Other works = = =
= = = = Drawings and etchings = = = =
= Champion of the Raj =
Champion of the Raj is a turn @-@ based strategy video game developed by Level 9 Computing and published by Personal Software Services . It was released exclusively in the United Kingdom for the Amiga , Atari ST and systems running DOS in 1991 . It is the thirteenth and final instalment to the Strategic Wargmes series . The game revolves around European imperialism and colonialism of India , in which six factions : British , French , Mogul , Sikhs , Gurkhas and Marathas fight to gain overall control of India .
The game contains elements of combat and arcade sequences , including traditional elephant racing and big @-@ game hunting . The core of the gameplay is focused on strategy , in which the player must conquer all territories of India through diplomatic or offensive means . Champion of the Raj received mixed reviews upon release . Critics praised its colourful graphics and storyline ; however strong criticism was directed at the game 's constant use of disk swapping and long loading times .
= = Gameplay = =
The game is a turn @-@ based strategy and revolves around colonialism of India . Before starting the game , the player must pick a player @-@ character and the respective faction they wish to side with . The choices include a viceroy of the British East India Company , a consul of the French East India Company , a Mogul emperor , a Maharajah of the Maruthras , chief of the Gurkhas or a Maharajah of the Sikhs . At the beginning of the game , the player @-@ character is kidnapped by an assassin and is imprisoned inside a prison cell . A woman soon frees the player @-@ character , and informs them of their task to either conquer India or persuade rival political factions to unite through diplomacy . The game begins in 1800 , when the Mogul empire lost control of India . The majority of the game is presented through an in @-@ game headquarters screen which displays a map of India , a book detailing information of individual Indian states , and a group of icons which allows the player to issue commands .
If the player wishes to take over a territory through diplomatic means , they must initiate dialogue with the local leader . If the player has a high enough popularity , the local leader may invite them to a sporting event , such as elephant race or a game hunting session , which will give the player an opportunity to unite that territory under their faction . If the player 's popularity is not high enough , they may hold a Durbar festival in an attempt to impress the local leaders . If diplomacy fails , the player has the option to invade any territory by force . Soldiers can be hired through payments of gold ; however , if the player does not have a sufficient amount of gold at the end of the turn , a rebellion may start . Rebellions will sometimes initiate lethal encounters with assassins , in which the player @-@ character must defend themselves through sword combat . Additionally , the player can bring assassins to their side by successfully launching an attack on their temple . The game will end once either all of the territories are united , or if the player @-@ character is assassinated .
= = Background = =
Personal Software Services was founded in Coventry , England , by Gary Mays and Richard Cockayne in November 1981 . The company was known for creating games that revolved around historic war battles and conflicts , such as Theatre Europe , Bismarck and Falklands ' 82 . The company had a partnership with French video game developer ERE Informatique and published localised versions of their products to the United Kingdom . The Strategic Wargames series was conceptualised by software designer Alan Steel in 1984 . During development of these titles , Steel would often research the topic of the upcoming game and pass on the findings to other associates in Coventry and London . In 1983 , the company received recognition for being " one of the top software houses " in the United Kingdom , and was a finalist for BBC Radio 4 's New Business Enterprise Award for that year .
In 1986 , Cockayne took a decision to alter their products for release on 16 @-@ bit consoles , as he found that smaller 8 @-@ bit consoles , such as the ZX Spectrum , lacked the processing power for larger strategy games . The decision was falsely interpreted as " pulling out " from the Spectrum market by video game journalist Phillipa Irving . Following years of successful sales throughout the mid 1980s , Personal Software Services experienced financial difficulties , in what Cockayne admitted in a retrospective interview that " he took his eye off the ball " . The company was acquired by Mirrorsoft in February 1987 , and was later dispossessed by the company due to strains of debt .
= = Reception = =
The game received mixed reviews upon release . Gordon Houghton of The One for ST Games disliked the arcade sequences in the game , stating that they are " a waste of disk loading time " , despite acknowledging its way of giving the strategy genre a wider appeal . Ed Ricketts of ST Format stated that despite its simplicity , the game was " enjoyable " to play . Fiona Keating of CU Amiga praised the game 's entertaining storyline and colourful graphics , however she criticised its " shortcoming " sound . Jonathan Davies of Amiga Power criticised the simplicity of the gameplay , stating that despite the " impressive " graphics , the game " was not meant for a few minutes of playtime " . Gary White of Advanced Computer Entertainment heavily criticised the visuals , stating that it had an " appalling " presentation and poor sound quality .
The disk loading time was the most criticised aspect from reviewers . Houghton found the loading times " hefty " and recommended that the player use two disk drives instead of one , as constant disk swapping was required in the game . Ricketts similarly found the swapping of " half a dozen " floppy disks a " nightmare " on the Atari ST . Keating found the " huge " amount of disk swapping to be the game 's largest drawback , as well as the long loading times that accompanied it . Davies stated that scrolling times were " painfully slow " due to the excessive disk accessing . White stated that the game had a disk access routine " so bad " that it was almost impossible to access icons during gameplay , as the cursor movement was always a second behind actual mouse movements .
= Fleiss ' kappa =
Fleiss ' kappa ( named after Joseph L. Fleiss ) is a statistical measure for assessing the reliability of agreement between a fixed number of raters when assigning categorical ratings to a number of items or classifying items . This contrasts with other kappas such as Cohen 's kappa , which only work when assessing the agreement between two raters . The measure calculates the degree of agreement in classification over that which would be expected by chance . There is no generally agreed @-@ upon measure of significance , although guidelines have been given .
Fleiss ' kappa can be used only with binary or nominal @-@ scale ratings . No version is available for ordered @-@ categorical ratings .
= = Introduction = =
Fleiss ' kappa is a generalisation of Scott 's pi statistic , [ 1 ] a statistical measure of inter @-@ rater reliability . [ 2 ] It is also related to Cohen 's kappa statistic and Youden 's J statistic which may be more appropriate in certain instances [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . Whereas Scott 's pi and Cohen 's kappa work for only two raters , Fleiss ' kappa works for any number of raters giving categorical ratings , to a fixed number of items . It can be interpreted as expressing the extent to which the observed amount of agreement among raters exceeds what would be expected if all raters made their ratings completely randomly . It is important to note that whereas Cohen 's kappa assumes the same two raters have rated a set of items , Fleiss ' kappa specifically allows that although there are a fixed number of raters ( e.g. , three ) , different items may be rated by different individuals ( Fleiss , 1971 , p.378 ) . That is , Item 1 is rated by Raters A , B , and C ; but Item 2 could be rated by Raters D , E , and F.
Agreement can be thought of as follows , if a fixed number of people assign numerical ratings to a number of items then the kappa will give a measure for how consistent the ratings are . The kappa , <formula> , can be defined as ,
( 1 )
<formula>
The factor <formula> gives the degree of agreement that is attainable above chance , and , <formula> gives the degree of agreement actually achieved above chance . If the raters are in complete agreement then <formula> . If there is no agreement among the raters ( other than what would be expected by chance ) then <formula> .
An example of the use of Fleiss ' kappa may be the following : Consider fourteen psychiatrists are asked to look at ten patients . Each psychiatrist gives one of possibly five diagnoses to each patient . These are compiled into a matrix , and Fleiss ' kappa can be computed from this matrix ( see example below ) to show the degree of agreement between the psychiatrists above the level of agreement expected by chance .
= = Equations = =
Let N be the total number of subjects , let n be the number of ratings per subject , and let k be the number of categories into which assignments are made . The subjects are indexed by i
= 1 , ... N and the categories are indexed by j =
1 , ... k . Let nij represent the number of raters who assigned the i @-@ th subject to the j @-@ th category .
First calculate pj , the proportion of all assignments which were to the j @-@ th category :
( 2 )
<formula>
Now calculate <formula> , the extent to which raters agree for the i @-@ th subject ( i.e. , compute how many rater--rater pairs are in agreement , relative to the number of all possible rater--rater pairs ) :
( 3 )
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
Now compute <formula> , the mean of the <formula> ' s , and <formula> which go into the formula for <formula> :
( 4 )
<formula>
<formula>
( 5 )
<formula>
= = Worked example = =
In the following example , fourteen raters ( <formula> ) assign ten " subjects " ( <formula> ) to a total of five categories ( <formula> ) . The categories are presented in the columns , while the subjects are presented in the rows . Each cell lists the number of raters who assigned the indicated ( row ) subject to the indicated ( column ) category .
= = = Data = = =
See table to the right .
<formula>
= 10 , <formula> =
14 , <formula>
= 5
Sum of all cells =
140
Sum of <formula> = 3 @.@ 780
= = = Calculations = = =
The value <formula> is the proportion of all assignments ( <formula> , here <formula> ) that were made to the <formula> th category . For example , taking the first column ,
<formula>
And taking the second row ,
<formula>
In order to calculate <formula> , we need to know the sum of <formula> ,
<formula>
Over the whole sheet ,
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
= = Interpretation = =
Landis and Koch ( 1977 ) gave the following table for interpreting <formula> values . [ 5 ] This table is however by no means universally accepted . They supplied no evidence to support it , basing it instead on personal opinion . It has been noted that these guidelines may be more harmful than helpful , [ 6 ] as the number of categories and subjects will affect the magnitude of the value . The kappa will be higher when there are fewer categories . [ 7 ]
= Oslac of York =
Oslac ( fl . 966 – 975 ) is regarded as the first ealdorman ( or earl ) of York and its dependent territories . These included but may not have been limited to the southern half of Northumbria . His background is obscure because of poor source documentation . The latter has facilitated disagreement amongst historians regarding his family and ethnicity .
It is believed that he took over the position of ealdorman of York in 966 , holding the position until his downfall in 975 . He may have been the first ealdorman of southern — as opposed to a united — Northumbria , though an alternative tradition puts the division of Northumbria into two ealdormanries after his death . Little is known of his career as ealdorman , except for a legend that he escorted the Scottish king Kenneth II to the English royal court , and that he was expelled from England in 975 . His life is unattested after this . He had one known son , but it is not clear if that son ever succeeded him .
= = Origins = =
Oslac 's origins are unclear and no specific relationship with any previous known figure can be established from available sources . Oslac 's name suggests to some historians that he was a Norseman . Susan Whitelock points out that the name Oslac is often an anglicisation of the Old Scandinavian name Áslákr , while the writers of the Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain entry on Oslac comment that the name suggests an origin in the Danelaw , a suggestion supported by the fact that Thored , Oslac 's son , held lands in Cambridgeshire .
On the other hand Oslac is also a genuine English name , and the common Os element Oslac 's name shared with the name of Osulf of Bamburgh , previous ealdorman of York , points to a connection with the Bamburgh family of the English far north .
= = Accession = =
The Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle recorded for the year 966 that Thored , son of Gunnar , raided Westmorland and that Oslac " took the ealdormanship " . Some historians take this to mean that Oslac became the " senior ealdorman of all Northumbria , including the territory of the high @-@ reeves of Bamburgh . "
Records exist of Oslac witnessing charters as early as 963 ; this may mean he was ealdorman by 963 , and would imply the death or deposition of his predecessor Osulf . Some of these charters are problematic as source documents , having been recorded only in later cartularlies ; there is thus a possibility of interference in their transmission . Moreover , a charter dated 966 of a grant by dux Thored is
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
witnessed by Oslac minister ( i.e. " thegn " ) , suggesting that Oslac had not acceded to the ealdormanship of York before 966 .
= = Division of Northumbria = =
De primo Saxonum adventu , an 11th- or 12th @-@ century compilation from earlier sources , claims that after the death of Osulf Northumbria was divided into two parts : Eadulf Evil @-@ child receiving the lands between the Firth of Forth and the River Tees and Oslac receiving the lands between the Humber Estuary and the Tees .
According to John of Wallingford , King Edgar made this division during a council at York , in order to prevent the whole area becoming the inheritance of one man . The Historia Regum claims that such a division took place not in Oslac 's time but Osulf 's , and that the division line was the River Tyne rather than Tees ; historian Dorothy Whitelock considered this to be apocryphal .
= = Career = =
Oslac frequently attested charters of King Edgar the Peaceable , indicating that Oslac enjoyed some position of trust at court .
De primo Saxonum adventu claims that Oslac , along with Eadulf of Bamburgh and Ælfsige Bishop of Chester @-@ le @-@ Street , escorted the Scottish king Kenneth II to the Wessex @-@ based Edgar :
The two earls [ Oslac and Eadwulf ] along with Ælfsige , who was bishop of St Cuthbert [ 968 — 90 ] , conducted Cinaed to king Edgar . And when he had done homage to him , king Edgar gave him Lothian ; and with great honour sent him back to his own .
This must have occurred — if it happened at all — between 968 and 975 , i.e. between Ælfsige becoming bishop and Edgar dying . Richard Fletcher dated it to 973 .
The historian Geoffrey Barrow believed this to mark the beginning of Scottish control over all the lands between the River Tweed and Firth of Forth ( defining " Lothian " in this manner ) , though another historian , Alex Woolf , has suggested that the part about Lothian may have been fabricated later to give credence to the claim that the Scottish kings owed homage for lands in Lothian .
= = Downfall and legacy = =
In 975 , not long after the death of King Edgar , Oslac was banished from England . No reason is given by the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle 's report of his expulsion . Version C of the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle describes the events thus :
The valiant Oslac was driven from the country , over the tossing waves , the gannet 's bath , the tumult of the waters , the homeland of the whale ; a grey @-@ haired man , wise and skilled in speech , he was bereft of his lands
The historian Richard Fletcher guesses that Oslac 's downfall may have been the result of opposing the succession of Edward the Martyr .
Oslac is said by the Historia Eliensis to have had a son named Thorth , that is , Thored . His successor was indeed a man named Thored , but it is not clear whether this was Thored Oslac 's son or Thored son of Gunner ; historians tend to favour the idea that Thored the successor was son of Gunner .
The Gesta Herwardi tells us that his great @-@ great granddaughter , Aedeva ( Edith ) , was Hereward 's mother .
= Chibi @-@ Robo ! =
Chibi @-@ Robo ! ( ちびロボ ！ , lit . " Mini @-@ Robo ! " ) , fully titled Chibi @-@ Robo ! Plug Into Adventure ! , is a platform @-@ adventure video game for the Nintendo GameCube developed by Skip Ltd. and published by Nintendo . The game was first released in Japan in 2005 , and then released in North America and Europe the following year . Originally conceived as a point @-@ and @-@ click adventure game , it was put on developmental hold until Nintendo producer Shigeru Miyamoto gained interest in the title and overhauled its production .
The player takes on the role of the eponymous character , Chibi @-@ Robo , a 10 @-@ centimeter @-@ tall robot owned by the Sanderson family . Gameplay revolves around navigating a household and collecting " Happy Points " . These points are accumulated by completing various tasks from housework to helping solve the dilemmas of the Sanderson family and the numerous living toys that inhabit their household . Every action by the game 's battery @-@ powered protagonist consumes energy , requiring the player to recharge using the home 's electrical outlets .
Chibi @-@ Robo ! was generally well received by critics , with praise directed towards the premise , charming storyline , and sound design . However , some gameplay mechanics and the quality of the graphics drew some criticism . Sales of Chibi @-@ Robo ! were modest , but it did spawn several sequels . For the Nintendo DS , Chibi @-@ Robo ! : Park Patrol was released in 2007 and Okaeri ! Chibi @-@ Robo ! Happy Richie Ōsōji ! was released in 2009 , the latter being a Japan @-@ exclusive . For the Nintendo 3DS , Chibi @-@ Robo ! Photo Finder was released in Japan in 2013 and in North America in 2014 , and Chibi @-@ Robo ! Zip Lash was released in 2015 . The original Chibi @-@ Robo ! also saw a Japanese re @-@ release in 2009 for the Wii as part of the New Play Control ! series .
= = Plot = =
The plot of Chibi @-@ Robo ! takes place in a 1960s @-@ style American home and revolves around a tiny , highly advanced robot of the same name . He is given as a birthday gift to a socially withdrawn eight @-@ year @-@ old named Jenny Sanderson by her father . This is much to the dismay of Jenny 's mother , a homemaker who is constantly stressed over how much money her husband spends on toys despite his unemployment . Chibi @-@ Robo is packaged with a small " Chibi @-@ House " and an assistant named Telly Vision , who speaks on Chibi @-@ Robo 's behalf . Each of the one million Chibi @-@ Robos in the world is supposed to collect " Happy Points " by doing good deeds for their owners , and must occasionally charge their batteries at electrical outlets . During the night or when humans are not around in the Sandersons ' house , several toys come to life . This cast includes the superhero action figure Drake Redcrest , a group of egg @-@ shaped army men called the Free Rangers , a wooden pirate named Plankbeard , and others . Chibi @-@ Robo eventually finds a large robot in the basement called Giga @-@ Robo , who was once a companion of the Sandersons ' , but had to be deactivated due to its high electricity consumption . Chibi @-@ Robo attempts to bring Giga @-@ Robo back to life by fully charging its massive battery and makes it a goal to find Giga @-@ Robo 's missing leg . At this time , Chibi @-@ Robo is attacked by spider @-@ like robots called Spydorz .
When Mr. Sanderson purchases yet another toy , his wife locks herself in her room and tells him that she wants a divorce , prompting the rest of the family to do the housework . Meanwhile , Chibi @-@ Robo finds a strange pattern in the backyard and uses his radar to contact an alien species . Once the aliens land and greet him , Chibi @-@ Robo uses a time machine made by the visitors to go into the past to find a code to a safe in the master bedroom containing Giga Robo 's leg . He returns to the present to open the safe , but several larger Spydorz are also released from it and capture the Sandersons . It is revealed that Mr. Sanderson originally created the Spydorz to be friends with the Chibi @-@ Robos , but his toy company reprogrammed them to be hostile , causing Mr. Sanderson to quit his job . Mr. Sanderson upgrades Chibi @-@ Robo 's blaster weapon , allowing the small robot to defeat the Queen Spydor , recover Giga @-@ Robo 's missing leg , and rescue the Sandersons . Chibi @-@ Robo reactivates Giga @-@ Robo , and the aliens meet them in the backyard . The aliens explain that the toys are able to walk and talk due to a request from Giga @-@ Robo to the aliens to give them life , and to give all Giga @-@ Robos infinite battery power to prevent their energy consumption . The aliens could not do the latter at the time , and returned to their own planet to obtain the item necessary to grant Giga @-@ Robo 's wish . They then give Giga @-@ Robo this ability , who shares it with Chibi @-@ Robo and the rest of the robots in the world as well , eliminating the energy problem .
= = Gameplay = =
Chibi @-@ Robo ! is a platform @-@ adventure game that puts the player in direct control of a tiny , battery @-@ powered robot that does housework for humans . The objective of the game is to become the top @-@ ranked " Super Chibi @-@ Robo " in the world by accumulating Happy Points , a collectible that is gained by doing good deeds for the family and for various toys within the Sandersons ' home . In order to do this , the player must control the 10 centimeter @-@ tall protagonist and explore the Sandersons ' humble , human @-@ scaled home . During exploration , Chibi @-@ Robo can find a wide variety of things to collect , including " Moolah " , the currency of Chibi @-@ Robo ! . An important task of Chibi @-@ Robo 's in gaining Happy Points is to clean up messes around the house , such as disposing of trash or scrubbing dirty footprints . The player can also interact with and help with the personal problems of the Sandersons and the toys . This ranges from solving a plot @-@ driving crisis or completing a subquest of simply locating a lost object as a favor . With Chibi @-@ Robo 's assistant Telly Vision as his speaker , the player is often prompted to give either a positive or negative response to each question or request . The player loses battery power with every step and action . If his battery is not charged before it empties , Chibi @-@ Robo will collapse and re @-@ emerge in the Chibi @-@ House , having lost half of his Moolah . Throughout the house are electrical outlets , which the player can plug into to recharge his battery or save his progress . The player 's exploration is limited by a timer representing a full day or full night . Once the timer expires , Chibi @-@ Robo automatically returns to the Chibi @-@ House .
At the start of both day and night , the player always begins in the Chibi @-@ House . Within it , the player can charge Chibi @-@ Robo 's battery and save at the electrical outlet . The player can also connect to the Citrusoft " Chibi @-@ PC " to purchase a variety of items and power @-@ ups with Moolah , as well as use scrap metal to build " Utilibots " , robotic helpers that ease the navigation of the Sandersons ' home . The gear available from Citrusoft includes the " Chibi @-@ Copter " , used to reach far @-@ off points or to fly down from a high place safely ; the " Chibi @-@ Blaster " , used to eliminate obstacles and fend off the hostile Spydorz ; and the " Chibi @-@ Radar " , used to detect hidden objects . There are several other items of the Sandersons ' that Chibi @-@ Robo can find and use . These include the toothbrush , used to clean up stains ; the coffee mug , used for protection ; the spoon , used to dig holes ; and the squirter , used to hold fluids and squirt them . Chibi @-@ Robo can also gain special costumes throughout the game , each of which has its own unique function . For instance , if the player poses for Mr. Sanderson while wearing The Drake Redcrest costume , he will give Chibi @-@ Robo Happy Points . As more Happy Points are acquired , the player 's rank increases among all the Chibi @-@ Robos in the world . At certain ranks , Citrusoft will send the player bonus batteries , allowing Chibi @-@ Robo to roam longer without having to recharge .
= = Development = =
Chibi @-@ Robo ! was developed by skip Ltd . , the creators of the Japan @-@ exclusive Giftpia for the Nintendo GameCube . Chibi @-@ Robo ! was first announced in early 2003 with publishing rights held by Bandai . Its original projected release date was June 2003 in Japan and spring 2004 in North America . Unlike the released version of Chibi @-@ Robo ! , the beta version entailed the player training Chibi @-@ Robo to defend the home of his inventor from a pair of burglars . The gameplay was different as well ; instead of a platform @-@ adventure game , it played like a point @-@ and @-@ click adventure title , where the player was not in direct control of Chibi @-@ Robo , but was rather conveying commands to him clicking a cursor around the area . The protagonist was also to learn and develop depending on the choices the player made for him . However , this incarnation of Chibi @-@ Robo ! was ultimately put on " indefinite hold " and disappeared from the media . Shigeru Miyamoto was eventually introduced to the game by fellow Nintendo producer Kensuke Tanabe . Miyamoto took a personal interest in the character of Chibi @-@ Robo and signed on as the game 's senior producer . The development of Chibi @-@ Robo ! was revamped with Nintendo acting as its new publisher . Chibi @-@ Robo ! was in development for four years from start to finish .
Director Kenichi Nishi has previous development credits such as Chrono Trigger , Moon : Remix RPG Adventure and Incredible Crisis . Nishi 's approach to game design , even with Chibi @-@ Robo ! , was to always take a standard , orthodox method and " crash it , twist it , or create a totally different direction " . The reason Nishi chose to make the majority of the cast toys is because humans are " too big to interact with [ Chibi @-@ Robo ] and create all the drama " and that it added a sense of fantasy to the experience . The family dog Tao had appeared in Nishi 's previous games : Moon : Remix RPG Adventure and L.O.L. : Lack of Love . The director based the dog on his own pet because he felt that the " black @-@ and @-@ white color is very simple and universal " . Despite the game 's overall happy attitude , the game designers put some emphasis on serious topics such as divorce , loneliness , pollution , and loss . " If we only concentrate on cheerful fun , we 'll lose depth , " Nishi explained . " There 's nothing surprising for people if the game looks cheerful and the experience is cheerful . There are no surprises or unexpected things . " Still , rather than use these topics as major themes for the player , Nishi felt it would be more effective to bring them in as " ordinary things to enhance the adventure of daily life " .
All the music and sound in Chibi @-@ Robo ! was composed by Hirofumi Taniguchi . He wanted to make unique sound patterns and motifs for each character , and even used human voices to create the system sounds , such as on the menu selections . All of the noises made by Chibi @-@ Robo 's actions were phrased . Taniguchi used both woodwind and electronic instruments for the character 's actions , the former because " Chibi 's actions are not ordinary robotlike actions " and the latter because he did not want to totally eliminate his mechanical characteristics . Different background music is played for the day and night cycles , but they lack melody because Chibi @-@ Robo 's footsteps create a melody at random . The tempo of his footsteps was designed to match the background music ; if he picks up his plug to walk faster , the music speeds up . All of the game 's music was compiled on the Chibi @-@ Robo ! Limited Soundtrack , a CD released alongside an official 142 @-@ page guidebook and published by Shogakukan in Japan in August 2005 .
= = Reception = =
Chibi @-@ Robo ! has enjoyed a mostly favorable critical reception . The GameCube version currently holds an aggregate score of 79 @.@ 33 % based on 43 reviews on GameRankings . Official Nintendo Magazine ranked it the 88th best game available on Nintendo platforms . The staff felt that it was the GameCube 's " last classic . " Critics Greg Mueller of GameSpot , Mathew Kumar of Eurogamer , Bryn Williams of GameSpy , Shane Satterfield of G4 , and Matt Casamassina of IGN all applauded the game 's charming setting , compelling storyline , and complex characters . Casamassina found that the fashion in which the main plot and objectives are sewn together is part of the reason the game is enjoyable . Mueller , Kumar , and Satterfield noted endearing , charismatic qualities among the various toy characters . Kumar heeded Chibi @-@ Robo ! as " honestly one of the most touching games I 've played in ages " in which the player often becomes engrossed in " events that pan out like miniature plays , with love triangles ( nay , love dodecahedrons ) between toys , and some scenes with a real pathos behind them " . Considering the joyous atmosphere of Chibi @-@ Robo ! , Satterfield was pleasantly surprised at its inclusion of controversial topics like divorce and its possible distortion of a target audience . This attribute was criticized by Jinny Gudmundsen , a columnist for USA Today , who thought that the interpersonal issues negate the game 's overall charm and render it inappropriate for younger children . Writers for Computer Games Magazine praised Chibi @-@ Robo by interpreting deep , symbolic meaning in its more subtle aspects . The publication found the game to use " overarching narrative arcs " and " stock melodramatic devices " among the Sandersons ' dysfunctional interactions , " emotional crisis points , downtime , and rhythms and cycles of action " between its day and night events , and " evocative music " as a way for characters to communicate their feelings .
Opinions on the gameplay of Chibi @-@ Robo ! have been mixed . Among the more positive reactions , Casamassina assessed the cleaning mechanics as " very fun and very rewarding " , while Kumar compared the game to the Story of Seasons series due to both entities convert seemingly boring tasks into something fun . James Mielke of 1UP.com similarly enjoyed the " near @-@ constant sense of discovery " and the tiny details included by Skip with earning Happy Points and Moolah . Casamassina , Mielke , and Williamson were satisfied that they had to frequently recharge Chibi @-@ Robo , but Mueller was dismayed to have to stop one 's current task in order to find an outlet . The GameSpot contributor was also aggravated with the mere five @-@ minute intervals for the day and night cycles , which he considered a major interruption of the game 's pacing . Contrarily , Kumar felt the pacing was appropriate and Williamson viewed the feature as a " flexible difficulty level setting " . Satterfield proclaimed that although the gameplay is somewhat varied , most of it is constituted by the tedious location and collection of objects for the non @-@ player characters . Jeremy Zoss of Game Informer was displeased with the game as whole and wrote that it was " not a platformer , but more of a 3D adventure game composed entirely of fetch @-@ quests and repetitive menial labor " .
The audio design of Chibi @-@ Robo ! , particularly its integration of different instrumental tones for the hero 's various actions , was lauded by the press . Kumar felt that its utilization of sound could be " the seed of a new way of using music in games " . Casamassina commented , " Few developers would be brave enough to create a title whose main character generates varying musical notes whenever he takes a step , but this is exactly what Chibi does - and it 's actually very whimsical and cute . " Although many critics appreciated the bright and colorful features of the accompanying aesthetics , they also judged the graphical presentation as dated . Casamassina encountered low @-@ polygon 3D models and a below @-@ average frame rate ; Satterfield stated the game operated at " Dreamcast level " . Other portions of Chibi @-@ Robo ! were assessed as unpolished as well . Several sources noted the game 's default camera system to be unwieldy , combersome , or frustrating at times . However , Mueller noted that switching to the top @-@ down or first @-@ person viewpoints and the ability to center the camera behind Chibi @-@ Robo alleviates most of its problems . Satterfield and Casamassina regarded the cutscenes as awkward and repetitive ; the former of the two claimed that they " amount to ugly characters recycling the same animation routine over and over while gibberish comes from their gaping maws " . Kumar perceived the game 's combat to be " messy " , " uninteresting " , and " entirely unnecessary " .
Chibi @-@ Robo ! was not a significant commercial success . According to Media Create , the GameCube version was the fourth best @-@ selling game in Japan for its week ending June 26 , 2005 with nearly 29 @,@ 000 copies sold . The game managed to sell 97 @,@ 879 units in Japan alone by the end of 2005 . The Wii port of the game did not fare as well ; it only sold 11 @,@ 000 copies in Japan for the week ending June 14 , 2009 and a total of 38 @,@ 573 copies throughout the remainder of that year .
= = Legacy = =
Chibi @-@ Robo ! received a sequel in 2007 for the Nintendo DS called Chibi @-@ Robo ! : Park Patrol , which follows a different Chibi @-@ Robo as it attempts to revitalize a park . Nintendo established a deal with Wal @-@ Mart for the exclusive rights to sell it in the United States . A second sequel for the DS , titled Okaeri ! Chibi @-@ Robo ! Happy Richie Ōsōji ! , saw a Japanese release in 2009 . It involves yet another Chibi @-@ Robo vacuuming dirt for money within the home of an adult Jenny . The original Chibi @-@ Robo ! was re @-@ released as part of New Play Control ! , a selection of Wii remakes of GameCube games . The remake features special Wii Remote controls for the game 's tools . Aiming the remote allows the player to change perspective , while pointing it at interactive objects with will be identified with a sound . The remake was released in Japan on June 11 , 2009 , but Nintendo of America did not permit an English release . A fourth game in the series , Chibi @-@ Robo ! Photo Finder , was released in 2013 for the Nintendo 3DS . The fifth game in the series , titled Chibi @-@ Robo ! Zip Lash was announced on May 31 , 2015 and released in October 2015 for the Nintendo 3DS .
= Igman Olympic Jumps =
Igman Olympic Jumps , also known as Malo Polje , is a ski jumping hill on the mountain of Igman in Ilidža , Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina . It consists of a large hill with a construction point ( K @-@ point ) of 112 meters ( 367 ft ) and a normal hill with a K @-@ point of 90 meters ( 295 ft ) . Construction started in 1980 and the venue opened in 1982 to host ski jumping and Nordic combined at the 1984 Winter Olympics . The large hill event saw Finland 's Matti Nykänen set the hill record of 116 @.@ 0 meters ( 381 ft ) in front of 90 @,@ 000 spectators . No other International Ski Federation ( FIS ) sanctioned competitions have taken place at the hills . During the Siege of Sarajevo , the hills became a battleground and have since not been used . However , there are plans to rebuild the in @-@ run , expand the large hill and build new spectator stands and visitor facilities .
= = History = =
The Malo Polje area of Igman has traditionally been used for recreational cross @-@ country skiing . During Sarajevo 's Olympic bid , the two ski jumps were proposed as separate venues . However , after the games were awarded , the plans changed in favor of a single venue , which would allow better post @-@ Olympic use . The area plan for the jumps were presented by the Organizing Committee 's executive board on 30 April 1979 and was passed by Sarajevo City Council in September 1979 . The design of the ski jump was approved by FIS on 18 October 1979 . Work on auxiliary infrastructure started in mid @-@ 1979 , including a new road from the city to Igman .
Construction of the hill and judge 's tower started on 1 July 1980 and was completed on 1 December 1982 . Construction of the ski lift started on 1 October 1982 and was completed on 30 October 1983 . The jumps were inaugurated in 1983 . After the Olympics , Sarajevo experienced a boom in recreational skiing among locals , including ski jumping .
During the Siege of Sarajevo , Igman became part of the buffer zone between the belligerents of the Bosnian government and the Army of Republika Srpska . The area around the ski jumping hill saw heavy fighting during the civil war and was also used for executions by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ARBiH ) . Since , the structures have been littered with bullet holes . With the war , the hills were no longer able to be used .
In 2010 , the Olympic legacy company ZOI ' 84 , which owns the hills , launched plans to renovate the venue . Estimated to cost between € 7 million and € 10 million , the in @-@ runs would have been completely rebuilt , as they are in too poor condition to be renovated . The large hill would be expanded to give a K @-@ point of 120 meters ( 390 ft ) . Designs have been made by Austrian architect firm Hofrichter @-@ Ritter and financing is planned through European Union or Austrian grants . The project includes natural stands on the sides of the landing slope and a combination of permanent and temporary stands around the out @-@ run . At a later date , part of stands could be covered with a roof . A panorama restaurant has been proposed for the top of the in @-@ runs . The new venue was scheduled to open in 2013 ; however , no work was done and the site is mostly derelict .
= = Facilities = =
The large hill has a construction point ( K @-@ point ) of 112 meters ( 367 ft ) and the normal hill of 90 meters ( 295 ft ) . During the Olympics , 45 @,@ 000 people attended the normal hill event while 90 @,@ 000 spectated the large hill event . The large hill record jump of 116 @.@ 0 meters ( 381 ft ) was set by Matti Nykänen during the Olympics . The normal hill record of 95 @.@ 0 meters ( 312 ft ) was set by Yugoslavia 's Primož Ulaga in 1983 .
= = Events = =
= = = Men = = =
The only FIS @-@ sanctioned event to take place at Igman was ski jumping and Nordic combined at the 1984 Winter Olympics . The ski jumping competitions doubled as a part of the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup . The normal hill event was won by East Germany 's Jens Weißflog ahead of Nykänen . The two reversed top places in the large hill event . The Nordic combined event was won by Norway 's Tom Sandberg ahead of Finland 's Jouko Karjalainen and Jukka Ylipulli .
Igman was included in the Sarajevo bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics . Despite Sarajevo being the only previous host city to bid , it was largely regarded as the weakest bid , primarily due to its lack of infrastructure after the war .
= Washington Park ( Chicago park ) =
Washington Park ( formerly Western Division of South Park , also Park No. 21 ) is a 372 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 5 km2 ) park between Cottage Grove Avenue and Martin Luther King Drive , ( originally known as " Grand Boulevard " ) located at 5531 S. Martin Luther King Dr. in the Washington Park community area on the South Side of Chicago in Cook County , Illinois . It was named for President George Washington in 1880 . Washington Park is the largest of four Chicago Park District parks named after persons surnamed Washington ( the others are Dinah Washington Park , Harold Washington Park and Washington Square Park , Chicago ) . This park was the proposed site of the Olympic Stadium and the Olympic swimming venue for Chicago 's bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics . Washington Park was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 20 , 2004 .
= = Formation = =
Washington Park was conceived by Paul Cornell , a Chicago real estate magnate who had founded the adjoining town of Hyde Park . Cornell had lobbied the Illinois General Assembly to establish the South Park Commission . After his efforts succeeded in 1869 , the South Park Board of Commissioners identified more than 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @.@ 0 km2 ) south of Chicago for a large park and boulevards that would connect it with downtown and the extant West Park System . Originally called South Park , the property was composed of eastern and western divisions , now bearing the names Jackson and Washington Parks and the Midway Plaisance . Cornell hired Frederick Law Olmsted and his partner , Calvert Vaux , to lay out the park in the 1870s . Their blueprints were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 .
When Olmsted first examined the property , he saw a field filled with bare trees and decided to maintain its character by creating a meadow surrounded by trees . His plan for the park called for sheep to graze as a means of keeping the grass short . Cornell convinced Olmsted to include sporting areas , although Olmsted wanted a more natural feel to the park , which included a 13 @-@ acre ( 53 @,@ 000 m2 ) lake . The Western division was renamed Washington Park in 1881 .
Olmsted designed the park to have two broad boulevards cutting through it , making it part of Chicago 's boulevard system . From Washington Park , one can take the Midway east to Jackson Park , Garfield Boulevard west to Chicago Midway International Airport , or Drexel Boulevard north to the central city .
Horace William Shaler Cleveland executed the plans within the limitations of the financial setbacks from the fire ( including the loss of tax rolls ) and the 1873 depression . Olmsted 's vision for Washington Park was generally realized . However , since spending for the park was diverted after the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 . The loss of financial backing and difficulty in levying taxes after the fire meant that a water park could not be built on the property . From 1897 until the 1930s the park housed an impressive conservatory and ornate sunken garden designed by D. H. Burnham & Co. at 56th Street and Cottage Grove . The Washington Park Conservatory , like those of other city parks such as Humboldt and Douglas Parks , was torn down in the 1930s due to limited resources as a result of the Great Depression . This left Lincoln Park and Garfield Park as Chicago 's main Conservatories . One of the earliest improvements was the " South Open Green , " a pastoral meadow with grazing sheep , also used as a ball field . Architect Daniel H. Burnham 's firm designed the 1880 limestone round stables , the 1881 refectory , and the 1910 administrative headquarters for the South Park Commission . Other early attractions to the park included riding stables , cricket grounds , baseball fields , a toboggan slide , archery ranges , a golf course , bicycle paths , row boats , horseshoe pits , greenhouses , a rose garden , a bandstand , a small zoo featuring six alligators , and a lily pond . The lily pond ( pictured left ) was a particularly enticing attraction because few had seen such a site . Today , the administrative building houses DuSable Museum of African American History . The park has retained its environmental appeal with continuing visionary support of the Burnham Plan which supported the maintenance of a park system .
= = History = =
On December 6 , 1879 , former U.S. President Ulysses Grant took part in a tree planting ceremony in the park . A memorial boulder with a plaque ( both of which have been removed from the park , along with the tree ) commemorated the event . In the 1920s black semiprofessional baseball teams played at Washington Park . George Lott began playing tennis at the park .
Washington Park was a site of tension and conflict arising from the demographic changes resulting from the African American expansion into the neighborhood in the period following the First World War . The park has since 1961 hosted the DuSable Museum of African American History , a leader in the promotion of the history , art and culture of African American heritage .
= = Today = =
Washington Park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a United States Registered Historic District . Its National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submission consisted of 3 @,@ 670 acres ( 14 @.@ 9 km2 ) containing 15 contributing buildings , 28 contributing structures , and 8 contributing objects . Interesting sights in the Park include the DuSable Museum of African American History and its sculpture garden , the Lorado Taft sculpture Fountain of Time , and an architecturally distinctive National Guard armory . Washington Park is a social center of the South Side and hosts many festivals in the summer , including Chicago 's best organized cricket league and the terminus of the Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic . The largest 16 " softball league in Chicago is played there on Sundays ( called " Sunday 's Best Softball League " ) . There are 34 teams who play on 13 diamonds . There is also a weekday evening league .
= = 2016 Olympic bid = =
On September 21 , 2006 , Mayor Richard M. Daley announced that an Olympic Stadium was being proposed for Washington Park as part of Chicago 's bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics ( The International Olympic Committee requires cities have a dome with a seating capacity of at least 80 @,@ 000 in order to be considered as summer Olympics hosts ) . The stadium would have seated 95 @,@ 000 initially for the games , and would have been converted to a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ seat below @-@ ground arena for track @-@ and @-@ field and cultural events after the Olympics . The cost was estimated to be at least $ 300 – 400 million ( USD ) . The plan replaced the initial dual stadium opening ceremony facility .
Additional details about the plan included new permanent hockey fields , use of Jones Armory , and new pedestrian juncture between the two halves of the park by tunneling part of Morgan Drive ( 55th ) . A later December 2008 plan added the olympic swimming venue to the park . The plan faced opposition from those holding the view that Washington Park 's listing on the National Register of Historic Places could not have survived the execution of this Olympic plan . In addition to the opposition , the plan faced constraints because of the park 's landmark status , which precluded federal money from being used to build a temporary stadium in the park . The decision , in October 2009 , to award the 2016 Summer Games to Rio de Janeiro halted these plans .
= Tenjho Tenge =
Tenjho Tenge ( Japanese : 天上天下 , Hepburn : Tenjō Tenge , lit . " Heaven and Earth " ) , also written as Tenjo Tenge , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Oh ! great . The story primarily focuses on the members of the Juken Club and their opposition , the Executive Council , which is the ruling student body of a high school that educates its students in the art of combat . As the story unfolds , both groups become increasingly involved with an ongoing battle that has been left unresolved for four hundred years .
Tenjho Tenge was serialized in the magazine Ultra Jump from 1998 to 2010 , and collected into 22 volumes by Shūeisha . It was adapted into a twenty @-@ four episode anime series and aired on TV Asahi between April 1 , 2004 to September 16 , 2004 . A two @-@ episode original video animation was also made and aired on March 16 , 2005 . Both versions of the series have been licensed for release in the English language by two different companies . The manga was licensed and released by CMX beginning in 2005 , which came under criticism by fans for editing its sexual content . When CMX closed down in 2010 , after releasing 18 volumes , Viz Media picked up the rights and completed their own uncut release of the series in 2013 . The anime was licensed and released by Geneon Entertainment , also beginning in 2005 , however , it is now licensed by Discotek Media .
= = Etymology = =
The Japanese phrase Tenjho Tenge ( Japanese : 天上天下 , Hepburn : Tenjō Tenge , lit . " Heaven and Earth " ) also is part of the full phrase Tenjō Tenge Yui Ga Doku Son ( Japanese : 天上天下唯我独尊 ) which can be translated literally as " There is no equal to me in this entire world ( i.e. below the heaven and on this earth ) " , and in daily parlance now , the shortened form ( yui ga dokuson ) coming to mean a heavy @-@ handed egotism . Traditionally the phrase is attributed to the Buddha Sakyamuni , purported to have said this whilst taking seven steps immediately after being born , supposed to assert his unparalleled status .
= = Plot = =
The plot begins with Souichiro Nagi and his friend Bob Makihara going to their first day of high school at Toudou Academy . They had intended to rule the school by beating up anybody that got in their way , as they had done at their previous schools . They soon learn that Toudou is no ordinary high school , but rather a school that was founded to teach and integrate different fighting styles . Its students are skilled in the various arts of combat with some students possessing supernatural abilities , such as pyrokinesis , precognition , and superhuman strength based on the abilities to use their " spirit " or " ki " in Japanese . After an altercation with the Executive Council , Souichiro and Bob join the only surviving club that opposes them , the Juken club . As the storyline develops , both groups find they are becoming increasingly involved in a long enduring conflict that was left unresolved from the Japanese Feudal era by some of the characters ' ancestors .
= = Characters = =
Maya Natsume ( 棗 真夜 , Natsume Maya )
A third year student and the current leader of the Juken Club . She is very skilled in various martial arts , but does not possess the Dragon 's Eye like her siblings . For this reason her father entrusted her with the cursed sword Reiki . Early in the series , she would use a body manipulation technique to revert herself into her childhood form to conserve her ki . She also has an argument to settle with Mitsuomi Takayanagi .
Masataka Takayanagi ( 高柳 雅孝 , Takayanagi Masataka )
A second year student and Mitsuomi 's younger brother . Most of the time he has an easy going personality and is somewhat shy , but his demeanor changes when he becomes angered or serious . When this happens , he becomes a very formidable combatant .
Aya Natsume ( 棗 亜夜 , Natsume Aya )
A first year student and the youngest of the Natsume family . In the manga she has brown ankle @-@ length hair , although her hair is ginger for the anime . Like her brother Shin , she has the power of the Dragon 's Eye . Although she has problems consciously activating it , she seems to have better control of the power than her brother . She also is in love with Souichiro , she constantly tries to win his heart . She is mostly seen fighting with swords whenever possible .
Souichiro Nagi ( 凪 宗一郎 , Nagi Sōichiro )
A first year student and self proclaimed hoodlum . He always wear a black long coat . He is very resilient and manages to surprise watchers by battling against the odds . He is the heir of the Demon Exorcist family . His family 's supernatural power is called the Dragon 's Fist , which gives them the ability to take supernatural powers from others and use it as their own . This power is often feared and misunderstood by others which caused Souichiro to be socially rejected . He is actually stronger than Bob .
Bob Makihara ( ボブ 牧原 , Bobu Makihara )
A first year student of African descent . He has been friends with Souichiro since elementary school . He is athletic and practices the Afro @-@ Brazilian martial art of Capoeira . He often has a cool head and always looks after his girlfriend Chiaki . Chiaki is the most important person for him .
Mitsuomi Takayanagi ( 高柳 光臣 , Takayanagi Mitsuomi )
The current president of the Executive Council and of the head of the Takayanagi family . He is a third year student and the top ranked fighter of the whole school . He is a highly skilled and dedicated martial artist . Because of an incident with Shin and the Dragon 's Eye , he is only able to use his formidable abilities for about three minutes at a time .
= = Media = =
= = = Manga = = =
Tenjho Tenge was serialized in the Japanese monthly manga magazine Ultra Jump from 1997 to 2010 . It was author and illustrator Oh ! great 's first crossover mainstream manga from writing and illustrating pornographic series . About twice a year , its publisher Shueisha compiled five of the chapters into tankōbon volumes , with the first released on May 19 , 1998 and the twenty @-@ second and final volume on November 19 , 2010 .
Tenjho Tenge was licensed for an English language publication by CMX , an imprint of DC Comics , as one of their launch titles in 2004 . Their version of the manga is heavily edited / censored in order for them to give it a Teen " rating " " ... to give it the widest possible distribution in the United States " . According to CMX , these changes were made in conjunction with Shueisha and Tenjho Tenge creator Oh ! great , who examines each of their changes . This censorship however garnered quite a bit of controversy , see Controversy section for more info . CMX released eighteen volumes in North America before the company was shut down in July 2010 .
In November 2010 , Viz Media acquired the rights to the Tenjho Tenge manga , stating that their version would be 100 % uncut and faithful to the original Japanese . From June 21 , 2011 to February 5 , 2013 , they released the series bi @-@ monthly in eleven 2 @-@ in @-@ 1 volumes , which collects two individual volumes into a single large one . Viz 's releases also includes omake , color pages from the series ' original run in Ultra Jump , and since each release will cover two volumes , the second cover will be printed in as a color page . The manga is also published in many other countries , such as in Taiwan by Sharp Point Press , in France and Germany by Panini Comics , in Mexico by Grupo Editorial Vid , in Brazil by Editora JBC , and in Spain by Norma Editorial .
= = = Anime = = =
The Tenjho Tenge anime was directed by Toshifumi Kawase , animated by Madhouse , and produced by TV Asahi and Avex Mode , the animation division of the Avex group of companies . The twenty @-@ four episodes were originally aired weekly on TV Asahi in Japan on Thursdays from April 1 , 2004 to September 16 , 2004 . These episodes were made into eight @-@ volume DVD box sets . Two additional episodes were broadcast by TV Asahi in Japan on March 16 , 2005 and released in the form of an original video animation named Tenjho Tenge : Ultimate Fight . The anime follows closely to its source material up to the manga 's eighth volume with the exception of the sexual content which was toned down . The anime has been dubbed into English , French , German and the Tagalog language . The anime series has been licensed for the English language by Geneon Entertainment , and has released all episodes except the DVD special named Tenjho Tenge : The Past Chapter , which is the back @-@ story told through flashbacks in the second half of the anime TV series condensed into the size of four episodes . The series was broadcast in North America by the cable channel Fuse TV .
Although not mentioned on the Geneon Entertainment 's website , or the Tenjho Tenge mini @-@ site , the OVA is available on the last volume , sometimes listed as Episodes 25 and 26 . In Australia and the UK , the series was released over seven volumes , and include the OVA on the seventh disc . Almost 5 years after the closure of Geneon USA , Discotek Media re @-@ licensed the series for a DVD release in 2013 .
= = = Music = = =
The anime 's music , including the background music and theme songs , were composed and performed by various artists , such as m.c.A.T and Aiko Kayo who provided the opening and closing themes songs of the anime . In 2004 , Avex record label released the Tenjho Tenge soundtrack and a single . In 2005 , Avex released two character collection albums .
= = Reception = =
= = = Manga = = =
The Tenjho Tenge manga is described by Chris Beveridge of AnimeOnDVD as an " ... engaging mix of action and comedy together while wrapping it all up in a large plot that 's fairly dark and really violent at times " . Its creator , Oh ! great , is known to flavor his works with wanton sex and violence . Oh ! great uses sex as an important aspect of the storyline by using it as a powerful motivator both negatively and positively . He often has his characters contemplate the significance and importance of fighting as well as the meaning of strength . This conscious deliberation of subjective reasoning and objective truth between characters is the most imperative aspect of story and is considered to be rare in manga . Dani Moure of AnimeOnDVD said readers may find that Oh ! great 's narrative is occasionally hard to follow and at times the plot moves slowly . Oh ! great is known for his characters to have unrealistic body proportions , and Tenjho Tenge is no different . The majority of the female characters have " ... ultra large breasts ... " and the males characters are extraordinarily muscular , but this facilitates the characters personalities to come through in their distinctive features . Overall , the Tenjho Tenge manga is well received having sold over 10 @.@ 7 million copies , and its volumes regularly being in the top twenty best @-@ selling manga for Japanese Tohan charts and North American Diamond Comic Distributors charts .
= = = Anime = = =
The Tenjho Tenge anime is described as a significantly toned down version of the Japanese manga , but still retains most of the spirit of its predecessor . Much of the nudity was removed by the animators , but was made up in the way of sexual innuendos , gratuitous cleavage , and panty shots . Since the anime is a close adaptation to the manga , critique of the plot is comparable to the manga 's . Some reviewers felt that the anime was handled in a frantic and ill planned manner that made the conclusion not satisfactory even with the original video animation . The animation done by Madhouse is considered to be well done . They used bright vibrant colors , solid backgrounds and plenty of visible detail with very little pixelation or jagged movement , but at times used repeated character shots and animations . The animation done during the fight scenes is done in real time and is done as close to reality as possible while still bending , and often violating , the laws of physics . The early fight scenes are thought to be the " ... most intense seen in recent anime " by Kevin Gilvear of DVD Times . Carlo Santos of Anime News Network affirmed the quality of animation in these scenes does drop somewhat over time , but the action still looks better than the average fighting anime . Both the Japanese and English voice acting are considered to be good , but the English dub at times can be a little uneven . The English dub on occasion has poor dialogue , according to Anime News Network 's Patrick King , which causes it to lose much of the anime 's sincerity . Overall , the anime is considered to be above average , but suffers from a lack of a good ending , mainly because the anime only covered the first arc of the story .
The series ' original soundtrack is considered to be average . Most of the music does well with setting the tone within the anime , although some reviewers found it to be somewhat repetitive . Some found the drama tracks to be unsatisfactory , even though they were " well executed " . For many , the highlight of the soundtrack is m.c.A.T 's " Bomb A Head ! " , which was used as the anime 's opening song .
= = Controversy = =
CMX came under a great deal of criticism for its edits from readers . These edits included the length and breadth of the book , censoring out anything they felt was questionable for a teen audience such as covering up or removing nudity , fanservice , and sexual innuendo as well as a removal of an omake chapter . This was done by a brand whose promotional material asserts that it offers " pure manga — 100 % the way the original Japanese creators want you to see it . " One of grievances made against CMX is that the edits are not only severe , but very noticeable . One review states it is " possibly the most heavily censored title in the history of the North American manga industry . "
In response , protesters boycott the edited version and even started up their own website . Immediately following the controversy , Jake Tarbox , group editor of CMX , resigned from the company . " Tarbox was widely blamed by the fan community for the censoring of Tenjho Tenge , although inside sources suggest that Tarbox was not responsible for the decision to censor the manga . " In the face of complaints , CMX had internal discussions about the possibility of publishing an unedited version of Tenjho Tenge , but decided to complete the current version . At the 2007 Anime Expo , CMX announced that they planned to change Tenjho Tenge 's rating to Mature beginning with volume fifteen , but warned that it still would be edited , but more lightly . Jason Thompson declared CMX 's censorship of the series one of " The Greatest Censorship Fails " in manga .
= Game 39 =
" Game 39 " or the international round was a proposed extra round of matches in the Premier League to be played at neutral venues outside England . The top football league in England , the Premier League is currently played on a double round robin basis , with each team playing the other 19 home and away , giving a total of 38 games . The international round was proposed at a meeting of the 20 Premier League clubs on 7 February 2008 , with a view to being introduced for the 2010 – 11 season , when a new television broadcasting rights contract would be in place . The proposed start date was later put back to 2013 – 14 . The proposal was reportedly endorsed by the chairmen of a number of Premier League clubs .
Game 39 resulted in opposition from several club managers . The proposal also met with strong condemnation from supporters ' organisations , who saw it as solely motivated by money to the detriment of fans . Sepp Blatter , president of the sport 's global governing body at that time , expressed a negative opinion of the proposal and stated that it could affect England 's bid to host the 2018 World Cup , and the football authorities in a number of the areas suggested as possible venues for the matches were also opposed . In May 2010 , the Premier League said that it was no longer actively considering game 39 , but in October 2014 it was said to be re @-@ considering the idea .
= = Proposal = =
The Premier League , the top @-@ level football league in England , contains 20 member clubs , with each playing the others once at home and once away for a total of 38 games per season . The proposal envisaged each team playing one further match , a total of ten extra matches , over one weekend in January . Two matches would be played in each of five cities , one each on Saturday and Sunday . Cities would bid for the right to stage matches , but would not be able to specify which teams would be involved . The matches would be held at staggered start times , with venues in different timezones , making it possible in theory to watch live television coverage of all ten . There are conflicting reports about whether the draw for the extra fixtures would be seeded or not .
The week prior to the international round would be free of matches , to allow for travel and acclimatisation . The week after the international round would see each team face one of the teams which had played at the same foreign venue , to avoid any disadvantage for teams with a longer round @-@ trip . Possible venues suggested for international @-@ round matches were Australia , East Asia , Southeast Asia , the Gulf States , and North America . All are wealthy regions where interest in English football is strong relative to the level of the domestic game . Venues would have warm , predictable weather , unlike England in January .
Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore initially said there would not be more than one international round per season , stating " I stress that on my watch , there will be no 40th game . The value [ of a 39th game ] is in its uniqueness , in that festival weekend , so there 's no point in diluting it " . Subsequently he suggested the initial plan would last six to ten years and might be altered .
= = Development = =
Foreshadowing the plan were the Premier League Asia Trophy , started in 2003 , and the NFL International Series American football game played at Wembley Stadium in London in 2007 . Rod Eddington pitched the idea of an international round to the Premier League in autumn 2007 . Eddington was chairman of Victorian Major Events Company and a friend of Rupert Murdoch , owner of Sky Sports and other networks with broadcasting rights to the Premier League . He suggested his home city of Melbourne as an inaugural host city . A presentation to the Premier League 's audit @-@ and @-@ remuneration committee was made two weeks before the public announcement . An initial business plan predicted extra earnings from the international round of between £ 40 million and £ 80 million per year .
The Premier League put in place a working party to negotiate with the various concerned parties . It initially stated that , to proceed with the plan , it needed the support only of the Football Association ( FA ) and the football governing bodies of the countries of the host cities . It attempted to secure the support of the FA for the proposal by promising to rearrange club fixtures for better convenience to players called up to the England team . Scudamore planned to meet officials from the sport 's global governing body , the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ) , before its executive committee meeting in Zurich on 14 March 2008 . On 27 February , after several weeks of mostly negative reaction , Scudamore agreed with Jérôme Valcke , general secretary of FIFA , that the meeting would be postponed indefinitely . The Premier League presented this as an opportunity to rethink its proposals , and said that it would not proceed without FIFA approval .
In May 2008 , Scudamore told BBC Radio 5 Live that the proposal was " not over " , but that the League would " come up with something that ticks more boxes " by January 2009 . In August 2008 , Scudamore said that the League had " a whole host of ideas , some more radical than others , but none quite as radical as the original concept " . In October 2008 , he said Game 39 was still a possibility , although the timing of TV contracts meant it would be in the 2013 – 14 season at the earliest . An agreement in December 2008 between the Premier League and the Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) was linked to Game 39 by the media .
= = Reactions = =
= = = In England = = =
Richard Scudamore defended the plan as consolidating the Premier League 's global reputation , saying " if we didn 't do it , another sport will come and do it to us " . Scudamore said that the chairmen of all 20 Premier League clubs supported the proposal , and disputed claims by the Daily Mail that Randy Lerner of Aston Villa and Dave Whelan of Wigan Athletic were opposed . David Gold , chairman of Birmingham City , endorsed the plan in part because the larger clubs have in any case already been exploiting foreign markets , with pre @-@ season and even mid @-@ season tours ; Game 39 would distribute its revenue among all the clubs . On 15 February , Liverpool F.C. chief executive Rick Parry stated that the proposal had " never been on Liverpool 's club agenda " and acknowledged the concern of the club 's fans and manager . Paul Hayward , writing in The Guardian , said that the proposal would destroy the balance of the home @-@ and @-@ away round @-@ robin league . The Football Supporters ' Federation ( FSF ) condemned the proposal as being motivated by money , and dubbed it Gam £ 39 . It launched a petition , with the support of the Daily Mail , to oppose the " outrageous desecration of the national game " . In March 2008 , the campaign was ended as the FSF declared the proposal " effectively dead " . Many die @-@ hard fans who pride themselves on travelling to all their teams ' away matches would have been unable to travel abroad for " Game 39 " . On the other hand , exotic foreign venues would potentially be more appealing destinations for fans than a mundane English city . Managers of Premier League clubs reported to be opposed to or sceptical of the plans included Steve Bruce , Roy Hodgson , Gareth Southgate , and Rafael Benítez . Alex Ferguson criticised the club owners for lack of consultation with managers . Arsène Wenger , Roy Keane , Kevin Keegan , and Avram Grant supported the proposal . ' Game 39 ' was also defended as a move to head off plans for a World League involving only elite clubs such as those formerly in the G @-@ 14 group .
Andy Burnham , the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport , cautioned that football should " not forget its roots " . Gordon Taylor of the Professional Footballers ' Association expressed concern about increased pressure on players . The FA on 15 February expressed " serious reservations " that the proposal might damage England 's bid to host the 2018 World Cup . An FA board meeting on 21 February concluded that the plan was " unsustainable in its current format " .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
The proposal was condemned by Sepp Blatter , president of FIFA , who said it brought the game into disrepute and would adversely affect England 's bid for the 2018 World Cup . He also said " Football cannot be like the Harlem Globetrotters or a circus " . Michel Platini of the sport 's European governing body , UEFA , called it a " nonsense idea " . Strong reservations were expressed by the Korean FA , and the Japanese FA opposed the plan . Middle @-@ eastern FAs were reportedly more positive . In February 2008 AFC president Mohammed Bin Hammam said he would " vote strongly against " the proposal ; in June he was prepared to reconsider if the plan had FA support ; in October he said he would welcome it if the League shared revenue with the AFC . The Hong Kong FA said it was " very interested " in hosting games . Football Federation Australia said it would oppose it if it impacted its own A @-@ League . Ivan Gazidis , deputy commissioner of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) in the United States , said that MLS would welcome the plan if it had FIFA approval . Sunil Gulati , the president of the US Soccer Federation , said the USSF would be guided by FIFA about approving any matches .
= HMS Engadine ( 1911 ) =
HMS Engadine was a seaplane tender which served in the Royal Navy ( RN ) during World War I. Converted from the cross @-@ Channel packet ship SS Engadine , she was initially fitted with temporary hangars for three seaplanes for aerial reconnaissance and bombing missions in the North Sea . She participated in the unsuccessful Cuxhaven Raid in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft . Engadine was transferred to the Battlecruiser Fleet in late 1915 and participated in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier @-@ than @-@ air reconnaissance mission during a naval battle . She was transferred to the Mediterranean in 1918 .
She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role . Engadine was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS Corregidor . She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a mine in December 1941 during the invasion of the Philippines at the beginning of the Pacific War .
= = Description = =
Engadine had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 41 feet ( 12 @.@ 5 m ) , and a mean draught of 13 feet 8 inches ( 4 @.@ 2 m ) . She displaced 2 @,@ 550 long tons ( 2 @,@ 590 t ) at deep load and was rated at 1 @,@ 676 gross register tons ( GRT ) . Each of the ship 's three sets of direct @-@ drive steam turbines drove one propeller shaft . The ship 's six boilers generated enough steam to produce 13 @,@ 800 shaft horsepower ( 10 @,@ 300 kW ) from the turbines , enough for a designed speed of 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ; 24 @.@ 7 mph ) . Engadine carried 400 tonnes ( 390 long tons ) of coal , enough to give her a range of 1 @,@ 250 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 320 km ; 1 @,@ 440 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) .
= = Construction and service = =
SS Engadine was laid down by William Denny and Brothers at their Dumbarton , Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the South East and Chatham Railway 's Folkestone @-@ Boulogne run . The ship was launched on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year . She was requisitioned for service by the Admiralty on 11 August 1914 , and was commissioned on 1 September after she was modified to handle seaplanes by Chatham Dockyard . Three canvas hangars were installed , one forward and two aft , and there was no flight deck , the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly installed derricks . In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men , including 53 aviation personnel .
Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September , Engadine was assigned to the Harwich Force along with the seaplane tenders Empress and Riviera . On Christmas Day 1914 , nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing Zeppelin airships . Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack , but they inflicted little damage . Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered , but the crews of the other three ditched safely and were recovered by a British submarine and the Dutch trawler Marta van Hattem . A notable member of her crew was Robert Erskine Childers who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots . He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid , for which he was mentioned in despatches .
Engadine was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty and she was modified by Cunard at Liverpool from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent , four @-@ aircraft , hangar in the rear superstructure and a pair of cranes were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out of the water . Four quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt guns , each with 130 rounds , and two Vickers QF 3 @-@ pounder anti @-@ aircraft guns , each with 65 rounds , were fitted for self @-@ defence . She also carried a pigeon loft that housed carrier pigeons to be used by her aircraft if their wireless was broken .
Upon completion of the conversion , she rejoined the Harwich Force ; on 3 July , Engadine and Riviera attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the River Ems and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked . Of Engadine 's three Sopwith Schneider floatplanes that she attempted to launch , two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged . She was transferred to Vice Admiral David Beatty 's Battlecruiser Fleet ( BCF ) , based at Rosyth in October . Later that month Engadine carried out trials on high @-@ speed towing of kite balloons for gunnery observations , although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet 's seaplanes .
= = = Battle of Jutland = = =
On 30 May 1916 , Engadine was attached to the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron , commanded by Rear Admiral Trevylyan Napier , and carried two Short Type 184 and two Sopwith Baby floatplanes aboard . The two @-@ seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low @-@ power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins . Engadine accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet . For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans . Her position in the vanguard was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft ; turbulent water from ships ' wakes was enough to ruin a take off attempt . She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch , a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor . Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet .
Beatty ordered Engadine to make a search to the north @-@ northeast at 14 : 40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north @-@ east to find calmer water . At 15 : 07 Lieutenant Frederick Rutland took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled Engadine that they had spotted three German cruisers and five destroyers at 15 : 30 . These were ships from the II Scouting Group , leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper . This was the first time that a heavier @-@ than @-@ air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action . After a few other spot reports were transmitted , the aircraft 's fuel line ruptured around 15 : 36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down . He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again , but he was ordered to taxi to the carrier on the surface . The aircraft reached the ship at 15 : 47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16 : 04 . By this time , a pair of destroyers , Moresby and Onslow , that had been ordered to protect Engadine while she was stationary had reached her . Engadine attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty 's flagship and the flagship of the 5th Battle Squadron , but was unsuccessful . She trailed Beatty 's force during the " Run to the South " , during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the " Run to the North " .
The 14 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 14 @,@ 000 t ) armoured cruiser Warrior had been crippled by numerous hits by German battleships around 18 : 30 and fell in with Engadine 10 minutes later . The former 's rudder had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted . At 19 : 45 Engadine attempted to take her in tow , but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships . By 21 : 30 she was making 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 @.@ 2 mph ) while her turbines were making revolutions for 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . Early the following morning Warrior 's progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking . Captain Vincent Molteno ordered his ship abandoned after Engadine came alongside to take them off at 08 : 00 . One of Warrior 's guns punctured Engadine 's hull below the waterline as the former ship rolled in the moderate seas , but this was quickly patched . About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller Engadine which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from capsizing . Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers ; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships , but was rescued by Rutland against orders . For his bravery he was awarded the First Class Albert Medal for Lifesaving in gold and briefly became the only living recipient . The transfer was completed before 09 : 00 and Warrior sank shortly afterwards . Engadine remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet . She was based out of Malta , conducting anti @-@ submarine patrols , for the remainder of the war .
= = = Postwar career = = =
She was sold back to her original owners , the South Eastern and Chatham Railway , in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross @-@ Channel ferry . Engadine was transferred to the Southern Railway in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated . Passing through the hands of a ship broker , she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos , Inc. in the Philippines in 1933 and renamed SS Corregidor .
= = = = Sinking = = = =
At 22 : 00 on 16 December 1941 , Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness , loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started . It has been estimated that between 1 @,@ 200 and 1 @,@ 500 people were on board , including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers , 7 Americans , 5 Philippine legislators , and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed . Also aboard were military supplies as well the entire artillery complement of the Visayan @-@ Mindanao Force of the Philippine Army . The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy 's Inshore Patrol of the ship 's plan to leave Manila Bay .
Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the Corregidor had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay ( the mines had been in place since July ) , the Navy had changed its procedures on that day . Rather than post a gunboat near the safe channel as they had in days previous , lighted buoys were used to guide boats through . As the Corregidor sailed close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 01 : 00 , the ship was observed turning toward the electrically @-@ controlled minefield . Some officers posted at the Army 's Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the minefield . A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active .
When the Corregidor entered the minefield , there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel . The overcrowded ship quickly began to sink , with many people trapped below @-@ deck . Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large @-@ scale panic to set in . Searchlights from Corregidor Island illuminated the scene which aided the rescue effort . Sailors of MTB Squadron 3 posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three PT boats ( PT @-@ 32 , PT @-@ 34 and PT @-@ 35 ) to investigate . When the boats arrived they found survivors in the water and were able to retrieve 282 survivors . Seven of the rescued passengers later died from their injuries .
The incident was never investigated due to the Japanese invasion . Later , some Army officers reported that the remote @-@ controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred . The total number of victims is unknown . It has been estimated that 900 – 1 @,@ 200 lost their lives . Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew , two of the legislators , and one of the American passengers . At the time , the sinking of the Corregidor was the most significant maritime disaster in Philippine history , and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or naval action .
= Basin , Montana =
Basin is a census @-@ designated place ( CDP ) in Jefferson County , Montana , United States . It lies about 10 miles ( 16 km ) southeast of the Continental Divide in a high narrow canyon along Interstate 15 about halfway between Butte and Helena . Basin Creek flows roughly north to south through Basin and enters the Boulder River on the settlement 's south side . The population was 255 at the 2000 census .
Archaeologists have discovered evidence of human habitation from 10 @,@ 000 years ago at a site near Clancy , 20 miles ( 32 km ) from Basin . From about 2000 BCE through the mid @-@ 19th century , nomadic tribes hunted bison in the grassy valleys that trend east , away from the Rocky Mountains and into the plains . By the time miners found gold in the streams in and near Basin , most of these tribes of Indians had been forced onto reservations by the U.S. government .
Basin rests above the Boulder Batholith , the host rock for many valuable mineral ores found in this part of Montana . After the town became a hub of gold and silver mining , Basin 's population peaked at about 1 @,@ 500 in first decade of the 20th century but gradually declined as the mines were depleted . Abandoned mining equipment , closed or barricaded mine portals , and the ruins of a smelter and ore concentrator remain in Basin in the 21st century .
Historic buildings from Basin 's heyday form much of the core of the CDP 's small business district , which includes a fire station , a post office , two restaurants , a bar , a commercial gallery , small specialty shops . Basin has a small elementary school , its own water system , and a low @-@ power radio station . Local volunteers and elected trustees provide limited services to the settlement , but it relies on the government of Jefferson County , Montana , for law enforcement and other services . From 1993 through 2011 Basin was home to the Montana Artists Refuge .
= = Geography and geology = =
Basin , in Jefferson County , is part of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area . It lies at an elevation of 5 @,@ 364 feet ( 1 @,@ 635 m ) above sea level along Interstate 15 about 27 miles ( 43 km ) north of Butte and 35 miles ( 56 km ) south of Helena in the narrow canyon of a small river . The community is largely surrounded by the Beaverhead @-@ Deerlodge National Forest . Basin Creek flows south through the center of Basin to its confluence with a larger stream , the Boulder River , which flows east along the south side of Basin . No paved roads except the interstate highway , which runs along the river canyon , connect Basin to other towns . About 10 miles ( 16 km ) upstream on Basin Creek lies the Continental Divide . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 12 @.@ 8 square miles ( 33 km2 ) , all land .
In the late Cretaceous ( roughly 81 to 74 million years ago ) , molten rock ( magma ) rose to the Earth 's surface in and near what later became Jefferson County and eventually formed an intrusive body of granitic rock up to 10 miles ( 16 km ) thick and 100 miles ( 161 km ) in diameter . This body , known as the Boulder Batholith , extends from Helena to Butte , and is the host rock for the many valuable ores mined in the region . As the granite cooled , it cracked , and hot solutions infiltrated the cracks to form mineral veins bearing gold and other metals . Millions of years later , weathering allowed gold in the veins to wash down to the gravels in Basin Creek , Cataract Creek , and the other creeks near Basin , as well as the Boulder River .
The Basin area is underlain by the quartz monzonite of the Boulder Batholith . The batholith is overlain by dacite from the Paleogene and Neogene periods ( roughly 66 million to 1 @.@ 8 million years
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the dark side of human nature , that I begin to have painful doubts of my fellow man ; and look back with regret to the confiding period of my literary career , when , poor as a rat , but rich in dreams , I beheld the world through the medium of my imagination and was apt to believe men as good as I wished them to be .
With the political situation in Spain relatively settled , Irving continued to closely monitor the development of the new government and the fate of Isabella . His official duties as Spanish Minister also involved negotiating American trade interests with Cuba and following the Spanish parliament 's debates over slave trade . He was also pressed into service by the American Minister to the Court of St. James 's in London , Louis McLane , to assist in negotiating the Anglo @-@ American disagreement over the Oregon border that newly elected president James K. Polk had vowed to resolve .
= = = Final years and death = = =
Returning from Spain in 1846 , Irving took up permanent residence at Sunnyside and began work on an " Author 's Revised Edition " of his works for publisher George Palmer Putnam . For its publication , Irving had made a deal that guaranteed him 12 percent of the retail price of all copies sold . Such an agreement was unprecedented at that time . On the death of John Jacob Astor in 1848 , Irving was hired as an executor of Astor 's estate and appointed , by Astor 's will , as first chairman of the Astor library , a forerunner to the New York Public Library .
As he revised his older works for Putnam , Irving continued to write regularly , publishing biographies of the writer and poet Oliver Goldsmith in 1849 and the 1850 work about the Islamic prophet Muhammad . In 1855 , he produced Wolfert 's Roost , a collection of stories and essays he had originally written for The Knickerbocker and other publications , and began publishing at intervals a biography of his namesake , George Washington , a work which he expected to be his masterpiece . Five volumes of the biography were published between 1855 and 1859 . Irving traveled regularly to Mount Vernon and Washington , D.C. for his research , and struck up friendships with Presidents Millard Fillmore and Franklin Pierce .
He continued to socialize and keep up with his correspondence well into his seventies , and his fame and popularity continued to soar . " I don 't believe that any man , in any country , has ever had a more affectionate admiration for him than that given to you in America " , wrote Senator William C. Preston in a letter to Irving . " I believe that we have had but one man who is so much in the popular heart " . By 1859 , author Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. noted that Sunnyside had become " next to Mount Vernon , the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land " .
On the night of November 28 , 1859 , at 9 : 00 pm , only eight months after completing the final volume of his Washington biography , Washington Irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside at the age of 76 . Legend has it that his last words were : " Well , I must arrange my pillows for another night . When will this end ? " He was buried under a simple headstone at Sleepy Hollow cemetery on December 1 , 1859 .
Irving and his grave were commemorated by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his 1876 poem , " In The Churchyard at Tarrytown " , which concludes with :
= = Legacy = =
= = = Literary reputation = = =
Irving is largely credited as the first American Man of Letters , and the first to earn his living solely by his pen . Eulogizing Irving before the Massachusetts Historical Society in December 1859 , his friend , the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , acknowledged Irving 's role in promoting American literature : " We feel a just pride in his renown as an author , not forgetting that , to his other claims upon our gratitude , he adds also that of having been the first to win for our country an honourable name and position in the History of Letters " .
Irving perfected the American short story , and was the first American writer to place his stories firmly in the United States , even as he poached from German or Dutch folklore . He is also generally credited as one of the first to write both in the vernacular , and without an obligation to the moral or didactic in his short stories , writing stories simply to entertain rather than to enlighten . Irving also encouraged would @-@ be writers . As George William Curtis noted , there " is not a young literary aspirant in the country , who , if he ever personally met Irving , did not hear from him the kindest words of sympathy , regard , and encouragement " .
Some critics , however — including Edgar Allan Poe — felt that while Irving should be given credit for being an innovator , the writing itself was often unsophisticated . " Irving is much over @-@ rated " , Poe wrote in 1838 , " and a nice distinction might be drawn between his just and his surreptitious and adventitious reputation — between what is due to the pioneer solely , and what to the writer " . A critic for the New @-@ York Mirror wrote : " No man in the Republic of Letters has been more overrated than Mr. Washington Irving " . Some critics noted especially that Irving , despite being an American , catered to British sensibilities and , as one critic noted , wrote " of and for England , rather than his own country " .
Other critics were inclined to be more forgiving of Irving 's style . William Makepeace Thackeray was the first to refer to Irving as the " ambassador whom the New World of Letters sent to the Old " , a banner picked up by writers and critics throughout the 19th and 20th centuries . " He is the first of the American humorists , as he is almost the first of the American writers " , wrote critic H.R. Hawless in 1881 , " yet belonging to the New World , there is a quaint Old World flavor about him " .
Early critics often had difficulty separating Irving the man from Irving the writer — " The life of Washington Irving was one of the brightest ever led by an author " , wrote Richard Henry Stoddard , an early Irving biographer — but as years passed and Irving 's celebrity personality faded into the background , critics often began to review his writings as all style , no substance . " The man had no message " , said critic Barrett Wendell . Yet , critics conceded that despite Irving 's lack of sophisticated themes — Irving biographer Stanley T. Williams could be scathing in his assessment of Irving 's work — most agreed he wrote elegantly .
= = = Impact on American culture = = =
Irving popularized the nickname " Gotham " for New York City , later used in Batman comics and movies as the name of Gotham City , and is credited with inventing the expression " the almighty dollar " .
The surname of his Dutch historian , Diedrich Knickerbocker , is generally associated with New York and New Yorkers , and can still be seen across the jerseys of New York 's professional basketball team , albeit in its more familiar , abbreviated form , reading simply Knicks . In Bushwick , Brooklyn , a neighborhood of New York City , there are two parallel streets named Irving Avenue and Knickerbocker Avenue ; the latter forms the core of the neighborhood 's shopping district .
One of Irving 's most lasting contributions to American culture is in the way Americans perceive and celebrate Christmas . In his 1812 revisions to A History of New York , Irving inserted a dream sequence featuring St. Nicholas soaring over treetops in a flying wagon — a creation others would later dress up as Santa Claus . In his five Christmas stories in The Sketch Book , Irving portrayed an idealized celebration of old @-@ fashioned Christmas customs at a quaint English manor , that depicted harmonious warm @-@ hearted English Christmas festivities he experienced while staying in Aston Hall , Birmingham , England , that had largely been abandoned . He used text from The Vindication of Christmas ( London 1652 ) of old English Christmas traditions , he had transcribed into his journal as a format for his stories . The book contributed to the revival and reinterpretation of the Christmas holiday in the United States .
In his biography of Christopher Columbus , Irving introduced the erroneous idea that Europeans believed the world to be flat prior to the discovery of the New World . Borrowed from Irving , the flat @-@ Earth myth has been taught in schools as fact to many generations of Americans .
The American painter John Quidor based many of his paintings on scenes from the works of Irving about Dutch New York , including such paintings as Ichabod Crane Flying from the Headless Horseman ( 1828 ) , The Return of Rip Van Winkle ( 1849 ) , and The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane ( 1858 ) .
= = = Memorials = = =
= = = = Artwork = = = =
As noted below , his portrait appeared on the bank notes of Irving Trust and contributed to their wide appeal .
As pictured above , a 1940 USPS stamp is dedicated to Washington Irving .
The Washington Irving Memorial by Daniel Chester French stands near the entrance to Sunnyside in the next village over , Irvington , which renamed itself from Dearman in his memory .
= = = = Literature = = = =
His name is frequently mentioned in Joseph Heller 's novel Catch @-@ 22 ( 1961 ) , in a recurring theme wherein his name is signed by other people to documents , which triggers several military investigations as to who Washington Irving is .
= = = = Municipalities = = = =
( Ordered alphabetically , by state )
The Chicago , Illinois neighborhood of Irving Park is also named after him .
The Indianapolis , Indiana neighborhood of Irvington is named after Washington Irving .
In 1854 , the village of Dearman , New York changed its name , by popular vote , to " Irvington " , to honor Washington Irving , who was still alive at that time and living in nearby " Sunnyside " – which is today preserved as a museum . Influential residents of the village prevailed upon the Hudson River Railroad , which had reached the village by 1849 , to change the name of the train station to " Irvington " , and also convinced the Postmaster to change the name of the local post office as well . It was thus under the name of " Irvington " that the village incorporated on April 16 , 1872 .
The city of Irving , Texas , states that it is named for Washington Irving . Local historians believe that Irving co @-@ founders Otis Brown and J. O. Schulze decided in 1902 to name the city after the favorite author of Otis Brown 's wife , Netta Barcus Brown . Schulze , a graduate engineer from the University of Iowa and member of the Washington Irving Literary Society , also was partial to the name Irving . The Irving City Council officially adopted author Washington Irving as the city 's namesake in 1998 .
The town of Knickerbocker , Texas , was founded by two of Irving 's nephews who named the town in honor of their uncle 's literary pseudonym .
= = = = Organizations and enterprises = = = =
West of Irvington and Tarrytown , New York , over the Catskills and in the Finger Lakes , Cornell University 's oldest continuous student @-@ run organization , The Irving Literary Society , is named for Washington Irving .
The Irving Trust Corporation ( now the Bank of New York Mellon Corporation ) was named after him . Since there was not yet a federal currency in 1851 , each bank issued its own paper and those institutions with the most appealing names found their certificates more widely accepted . His portrait appeared on the bank 's notes and contributed to their wide appeal .
= = = = Outdoor areas and structures = = = =
Visitors to Christ Episcopal Church in Tarrytown , where Irving served as a vestryman in the last years of his life , can see his pew .
Washington Irving 's home , Sunnyside , is still standing , just south of the Tappan Zee Bridge in Tarrytown , New York . The original house and the surrounding property were once owned by 18th @-@ century colonialist Wolfert Acker , about whom Irving wrote his sketch Wolfert 's Roost ( the name of the house ) . The house is now owned and operated as a historic site by Historic Hudson Valley and is open to the public for tours .
Throughout the United States , there are many schools named after Irving or after places in his fictional works .
The Community Area of Irving Park in Chicago was named in Irving 's honor .
A Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum is located in Bixby , Oklahoma .
Washington Street and Irving Street in Birmingham , England .
= = Works = =
= = Coordinates = =
= Chamba , Himachal Pradesh =
Chamba ( Hindi : चम ् बा ) is an ancient town in the Chamba district in the state of Himachal Pradesh , in northern India . According to the 2001 Indian census , Chamba has a population of 20 @,@ 312 people . Located at an altitude of 996 metres ( 3 @,@ 268 ft ) above mean sea level , the town is situated on the banks of the Ravi River ( a major tributary of the Trans @-@ Himalayan Indus River ) , at its confluence with the Sal River . Chambial were the Rulers of Chamba dynasty Chambials use suffix Varmans .
Though historical records date the history of the Chamba region to the Kolian tribes in the 2nd century BC , the area was formally ruled by the Maru dynasty , starting with the Raju Maru from around 500 AD , ruling from the ancient capital of Bharmour , which is located 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) from the town of Chamba . In 920 , Raja Sahil Varman ( or Raja Sahil Verma ) shifted the capital of the kingdom to Chamba , following the specific request of his daughter Champavati ( Chamba was named after her ) . From the time of Raju Maru , 67 Rajas of this dynasty have ruled over Chamba until it finally merged with the Indian Union in April 1948 , although Chamba was under British suzerainty from 1846 to this time .
The town has numerous temples and palaces , and hosts two popular jatras ( fairs ) , the " Suhi Mata Mela " and the " Minjar Mela " , which last for several days of music and dancing . Chamba is also well noted for its arts and crafts , particularly its Pahari paintings , which originated in the Hill Kingdoms of North India between the 17th and 19th century , and its handicrafts and textiles .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
Chamba has an ancient history , which is inseparable from that of the surrounding district of Chamba . The earliest rulers were Kolian tribes . In the 2nd century BC the Khasas and Audumbaras were in power in the region . In the 4th century AD during the Gupta period , the Thakurs and Ranas ruled . From the 7th century , the Gurjara Pratiharas or the Rajput dynasty came into power .
The recorded history of the Rajput rulers is traced to an eminent individual named Maru who is said to have moved to northwest India from Kalpagrama , around 500 AD . He founded his capital in the Budhal river valley at a place called Brahmaputra , which later became known as Bharmour or Bhramaur , which is situated 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) to the east of the present day Chamba town . For three hundred years , kings of Rajput Dynasty ruled from their capital in Bharmour .
However , in 920 , Raja Sahil Varman ( or Raja Sahila Verma ) , King of Bharmour , shifted his capital from Bharmour to a more centrally located plateau in the lower Ravi valley , and named the city Champavati , after his daughter . There is some variation in the story to how exactly this transition came about in the historical records of Chamba . One version tells how Varman , who , after being childless for a significant period , was blessed with ten sons and a daughter , named " Champavati " . It was Champavati who urged her father to build a new capital town in the valley . However , obstacles stood in the way to relocating his capital , given that the king had previously granted the land in the modern Chamba vicinity to the Kanwan Brahmins . A solution was found in the form of offering a gift of eight copper coins called chaklis on the occasion of every marriage that took place in the Brahmin family , if they would agree to surrender their land to pave the way for the new capital . With the land thus obtained , the new capital was built and named as Champa after Chamapavati , the King ’ s daughter , which , over the years , was simply shortened to " Chamba ' .
A variation of this origin of Chamba is that it originated as a hermitage which Champavati , a devout Hindu , used to frequent . The king , being suspicious of his daughter 's fidelity , one day investigated and followed her to the hermitage , but surprisingly he found neither his daughter nor the hermit there . Suddenly he was said to have heard a voice which informed him that his suspicions were ill founded , admonishing him and informing him that his daughter had been taken away from him permanently as a punishment of his lack of trust in her morals . The King , fully chastened , sought redemption for his sin by expanding the hermitage into a temple , named in his daughter ’ s honour and built a city around the temple . Today this temple , called the Champavati Temple , belongs to the Royal family and the King ’ s daughter is venerated as a goddess . Every year , since 935 , the Minjar festival or fair has been held . It lasts for 21 days , coinciding with the first day of Baisakhi .
Since Raja Sahil Varman , the dynasty ruled without successful invasion for around a millennium , until the British gained power . The isolation of the town and its rugged hilly terrain is believed to have been a contributing factor to this unusual state of security . Later , Mughal emperors Akbar and Aurangzeb did attempt to annex Chamba but were unsuccessful in subjugating this territory into their kingdoms . Raja Prithvi Singh ( 1641 @-@ 1664 AD ) , who was on amiable terms with Emperor Shahjahan was instrumental in introducing the court life styles of the Mughals .
= = = Modern history = = =
In 1806 A.D. , the combined forces of Gurkhas and local hills chiefs attacked the forces of Raja Sansar Chand in the battle and forced a crushing defeat on him along with family took shelter in the Kangra fort . The Gurkhas sieged the Kangra fort and ruthlessly looted the area between the fort of Kangra and Mahal Mohrian and virtually destroyed the villages . The siege of the fort continued for three years . In 1809 A.D. , Raja Ranjit Singh , the Sikh ruler of Lahore , on the request of Sansar Chand , waged war against the Gurkhas and defeated them in But Sansar Chand had to pay a heavy price whereby he had to lose Kangra fort and 66 villages to the Sikhs . Ranjit Singh controlled the region and had even placed a garrison at Chamba , forced the hill states to pay tribute to them . Ranjit Singh deposed the hill princes , including the more powerful Kangra ruler , Sansar Chand Katoch , but spared Chamba , given that the Wazir Nathu of Chamba had been important as an ambassador in negotiations with Katoch in 1809 and had saved his life in 1817 by succumbing his horse to King Singh to escape during a winter campaign in Kashmir .
In 1845 , the Sikh army invaded the British territory . The result was disastrous , with the British defeating the army , leaving Chamba in a poor position . Wazir Bagha of Chamba was important in negotiations in its aftermath , and the Rajas of Chamba , on the advice of Bagha , agreed to the British suzerainty as part of Jammu and Kashmir in favour of an annuity of Rs 12 @,@ 000 . The Treaty of Lahore was signed in 1846 , in which the Rajas agreed to ceding the territory of Chamba district . From then on , relations with the British were cordial , and all of the Rajas of Chamba under the British rule , Sri Singh , Gopal Singh , Sham Singh , Bhuri Singh , Ram Singh , and Laxman Singh , were on good terms with the British army officers .
Many progressive reforms and developments were made in Chamba under the British . In 1863 , the first Post office was established in Chamba and a daily mail service and a primary school . In December , 1866 , a hospital was opened by Doctor Elmslie of the Kashmir Medical Mission . In the late 1860s two new roads to Dalhousie via Kolri and Khajiar were built . Gopal Singh , who ruled from 1870 to 1873 , after abdicating , was responsible for building the grand Jandarighat Palace as his summer residence .
After India becoming an independent nation in August 1947 , the princely state of Chamba finally merged with India on April 15 , 1948 along with the other princedoms of Mandi @-@ Suket State , Sirmour State and all of those in the Shimla hills .
= = Geography and climate = =
Chamba is the headquarters of the Chamba district , bordered by Jammu and Kashmir to the north @-@ west and west , the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir and Lahaul and Bara Banghal to the north @-@ east and east , Kangra to the south @-@ east and Pathankot district of Punjab to the south . It has an average elevation of 1 @,@ 006 metres ( 3 @,@ 301 ft ) .
The town , the district and the valley where the town is located , share the name of Chamba . The town of Chamba is located at the junction of Ravi River and its tributary , the Sal River , with the Shah Madar hill forming the backdrop on its eastern side . The Ravi flows in east @-@ west direction forming deep canyons . During the spring and summer months , the levels of the river rise significantly from snow melt and pose a flooding risk . Record levels were experienced in early July 2005 , when the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation was forced to shut down the power generation on its 300 @-@ MW Chamera Power Station .
Located on the right bank of the Ravi river valley , built on successive flat terraces , the town is bounded topographically by the Dhauladhar and Zanskar ranges , south of the inner Himalayas . Chamba , despite its hill location , is well connected by road to the rest of the state and country , including Shimla , Delhi and Chandigarh along several routes . The nearest broad gauge railway stations are at Chakki Bank and Pathankot , the latter of which is 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) away by road .
The temperatures in summer vary between 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) and 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and in winter : 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . The maximum temperature recorded in summer is 39 ° C ( 102 ° F ) and the minimum temperature in winter is − 1 ° C ( 30 ° F ) . Climatically March to June is said to be the best period to visit Chamba , which is a well known hill station . The average annual rainfall in the town is 785 @.@ 84 millimetres ( 30 @.@ 939 in ) .
= = Demographics = =
As of 2001 India census , Chamba had a population of 20 @,@ 312 . Males constituted 52 % of the population and females 48 % . Chamba has an average literacy rate of 81 % , higher than the national average of 59 @.@ 5 % ; with a male literacy of 85 % and female literacy of 77 % . The administrative language is Hindi , the local language of Pahari , and Himachali is common language spoken by inhabitants . There are some speakers of Punjabi , mostly of Sikh and Hindu descent .
Away from the urban centre , the tribal people of Chamba are divided into two major groups ; the Gujjars and the Gaddis . The Gujjars , mainly nomads , came to Chamba across the state border from Kashmir along the trade routes . They belong to nomadic herdsmen of the Islamic community , and travel to lowland Punjab in the autumn with their livestock to avoid the harsh winter of the Chamba hills . Their features are Turkic and have a distinct language and culture aloof from the main town .
The Gaddis comprise several ethnic groups ; namely the Brahmans , Rajputs , Thakkurs , Rathis and the Khatris , who form the majority . They are agricultural peoples , and the name " Gaddi " means " shepherd " . They mainly inhabit an area of the Chamba district in the Dhaula Dhar mountains , known as Brahmaur Wazarat or " Gadaran " , located between Chamba and Kangra . " Gadar " means sheep , so their land is informally referred to as " Gadaran " , literally meaning " sheep country " . They are believed to have come to Chamba in the 10th century , although an influx of Gaddi people migrated to Chamba from Lahore in the 18th century , during the Mughal Empire . They are said to practice animism combined with the worship of Lord Shiva .
= = Administration = =
There have been a total of 67 rajas who have ruled Chamba district since the Principality of Bharmour was established in the 6th century , beginning with Raja Maru . Indeed , it is believed to have been an isolated case in the history of India that the Chamba kingdom remained independent without interference for over 1000 years . Before Raja Sahila Varman , however , the territorial extent of the state of Chamba was ill @-@ defined and was more a loosely based territory , marked by disunity . Chamba state was run by Ranas , petty rulers who were allocated locally governed areas known as " fiefdoms " and treated them as their own virtually independent kingdoms . It wasn 't until the reign of Sahila Varman that these Raja lords were subjugated and the district of Chamba was consolidated formally as a unified entity . The rajas of the Chamba Kingdom , ruling from the capital in Chamba divided the kingdom into 5 mandalas , later termed wazarats . These sub @-@ territories consisted of Chamba , Bharmour , Bhatti , Churah and Pangi .
= = Landmarks and cityscape = =
The city layout can be distinctly demarcated into two zones ; namely the ' Old Town ' before the British introduced their urban architectural styles and the British period of contemporary monuments , bridges and buildings . In a study of the architecture of Chamba , instituted by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ( INTACH ) , with the objective of conserving and restoring individual heritage buildings , it has been observed that the urban architecture of Chamba evolved under three distinct phases . The first phase from 930 , dating from the Rajput dynasty establishing the capital at Chamba until 1846 , the second phase during the British period ; and the third phase constituting the post independent period after its merger with the Indian Union in April 1948 .
= = = Monuments built prior to 1846 = = =
Buildings in Chamba were traditionally constructed using local materials . Buildings were made out of dry stone masonry , with the walls and floors of the older houses plastered with a concoction of clay and cow @-@ dung . Thick wooden beams were used to support the walls , paying attention to durability and to withstand earthquakes , and wooden cantilever construction was often used to support the verandas . The staircases and doors were made from wood , with the doors often decorated in religious reliefs and flanked by two lamps to light it at night . Before the arrival of the British , who introduced slate roofs to Chamba , roofs were covered with planks , coated in clay . Few of these houses remiain today , although a number still have wood @-@ clay roofs in villages in the suburbs .
The old heritage monuments , which are palaces and temples are located in the old town ( east of the Chaugans ) , on the lower slopes of Shah Madar hill . They were built in the lower valley where the two rivers and steep thickly forested hillsides provided a strong defense . Located here is the 10th century Champavati Temple , said to have marked the birth of the town , the Lakshmi Narayan group of temples ( built from 10th @-@ 19th century ) , the 10th century Sita Ram Temple , Bansi Gopal temple , Kharura Mohalla and Hari Rai temple , the 11th century Sui Mata Temple and Chamunda Devi Temple , and the Akhand Chandi palace , overlooking the Chaugan , which has since been converted into a college . Additions were made to the palace in the form of the Zenana Mahal and the Rang Mahal in the 18th century . The temples built in Chamba demonstrate a strong Kashmiri influence with their stone temple architecture and temple iconography . Given their age however , only their unicellular layout with fluted pillars has been retained .
= = = = Champavati Temple = = = =
This temple was built by Raja Sahil Varman in memory of his daughter Champavati . The temple , located near the Police Post and the Treasury building , is built in the Shikhara style , with intricate stone carvings . It has a wheel roof and is large as the Laxmi Narayan Temple . An idol of the goddess Mahishasuramardini ( Durga ) is worshipped in the temple . The walls of the temple are full of exquisite stone sculptures . On account of its historical and archaeological importance , the temple is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India . Champavati Temple , located in the heart of the city of Chamba , is a pilgrim destination for many Hindus . It is named after Champavati , the daughter of King Sahil Varman , the founder of the temple . The temple holds great historical and religious relevance for many Hindus . Champavati Temple enshrines an idol of Goddess Mahisasuramardini , the avatar of Goddess Durga . According to the legend , the daughter of King Sahil Varman Champavati was a religious person and used to visit temples and sadhu ’ s ashrams regularly .
The king , after getting suspicious of her actions , once followed her to a sadhu ’ s place , with a dagger in his cloak . Once he reached the ashram , he found that there was no one inside . To his surprise , both the sadhu and his daughter Champavati had vanished . When he was about to return , he heard a voice saying that his daughter had been taken away as a punishment of his suspicion . The voice also asked him to build a temple , on the name of his daughter Champavati , if he wanted to avoid further familial calamities .
The king ordered the construction of the Champavati Temple . Now , the temple is under the Archaeological Survey of India , for its historical and archaeological importance . The major attraction of the temple is its Shikhara style architecture . Stone carved walls , full with sculptures , make the temple an attractive tourist spot . The temple has a large wheel on the rooftop , which adores it and makes it a distinguished temple in North India . The Champavati Temple is often compared with Laxmi Narayan Temple , in its grandeur .
= = = = = Banni Mata Temple = = = = =
See Banni Mata Temple
= = = = Lakshmi Narayan temples = = = =
The Lakshmi Narayan temples complex , devoted to the Vaishnavite sect , includes the main Lakshmi Narayan temple , built in the 10th century by Raja Sahil Verman . It has been built to suit the local climatic conditions with wooden chatries and has a shikara , and a sanctum sanctorum ( Garbhagriha ) , with an antarala and a mantapa . A metallic image of Garuda , the vahana ( mount ) of Vishnu is installed on the dwajastamba pillar at the main gate of the temple . In 1678 , Raja Chhatra Singh adorned the temple roof with gold plated pinnacles , as a riposte to Auranagzeb , who had ordered demolition of this temple .
= = = = Chamunda Devi Temple = = = =
Chamunda Devi Temple is located in a prominent position on the spur of Shah Madar range of hills , opposite to the Chamba town . It was built by Raja Umed Singh , and was completed in 1762 . It is the only wooden temple with gabled roof ( single storied ) in Chamba , while all others in the town are built from stone in the north Indian Nagara architectural style .
In the past , the temple was accessed through a stone paved steep path laid with 378 steps , but it is now approached by a 3 kilometres ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) motorable road . The temple , a trabeated structure , is built on a high raised plinth , buttressed on all four sides , and has a rectangular layout on the outside . It exterior measures 9 @.@ 22 metres ( 30 @.@ 2 ft ) x 6 metres ( 20 ft ) , the inner square sanctum measures 3 @.@ 55 metres ( 11 @.@ 6 ft ) x 3 @.@ 55 metres ( 11 @.@ 6 ft ) and has a parikrama path ( circumambulatory path ) of 1 @.@ 67 metres ( 5 @.@ 5 ft ) around the perimeter .
There is a mandap in the foreground of the temple of 5 @.@ 1 metres ( 17 ft ) x 6 metres ( 20 ft ) size with an agni @-@ kund or fire pit in the centre and a gable roof covered with slates . The mandapa has carvings in wood in its multi paneled ceiling with reliefs of human figures on the pillars and brackets . Votive bells are provided in the mandap entrance and it has a Nagari inscription , which records it as the offering from Pandit Vidhadhara to the goddess Chamunda deified in the temple on April 2 , 1762 , the date when the temple was consecrated .
= = = = Akhand Chandi Palace = = = =
The Akhand Chandi Palace , noted for its distinct green roof , was built by Raja Umed Singh between 1747 and 1765 and used as his residence . Later , Raja Sham Singh refurbished it with the assistance of British engineers . In 1879 , the Darbar Hall ( also named ' Marshal Hall ' after the builder ) was built . Raja Bhuri Singh added the Zenana Mahal ( residence of Royal ladies ) . The building was exemplary of the fusion of Mughal and British architectural influences . In 1973 , the Royal family of Chamba sold the palace to the Government of Himachal Pradesh , who in turn converted it into a Government College and District Library . Maintenance of the attractive palace , however , which has painted walls and glass work and intricate woodwork , has not been satisfactory , due to the lack of funds allocated to refurbish it . The palace provides scenic views of the Chaugan , Laxmi Narayana Temple , Sui Mata , Chamunda Devi Temple , Rang Mehal , Hari Rai Temple and Bansi Gopal Temple .
= = = Monuments built after 1846 = = =
In the second half of the nineteenth century , the British administration drew up an urban plan for the development of Chamba . They laid emphasis on the building of civic buildings around the Chaugan to conceal the unorthodox structural layout of the residential complexes . The western oriented development programme grew particularly active after the arrival of Major Blair Reid in January 1863 , during the reign of Raja Shri Singh . The next fourteen years in particular , until his retirement in March 1877 , were characterised by large scale building projects in Chamba , with Reid fully revising the administrative and revenue departments of Chamba and reorganizing the state machinery to make development more efficient .
Orderly new building complexes with " simple visual discipline with white plastered walls , lancer arch windows , cornices , sloping sheet roofs , wooden eaves and deep verandahs were planned and built " . Road communications were dramatically improved , with the approach road to the town being diverted , to provide a way for vehicular traffic to enter from the western end of the chaugan . A cabled suspension bridge was built across the Ravi River in the lower outskirts of the town , and many important public welfare projects were started , and well as many temples , gates , gardens and churches between 1863 and 1910 . Notable works built during the colonial period include the temples in the Jansali Bazar , Gandhi Gate ( Curzon Gate ) , Shiva Temple , the Chaugans , the Police Lines , the Church of Scotland , the Shyam Singh Hospital ( built in 1891 ) , Chamba Library , the Post Office building , Bhuri Singh Museum , the State Forces barracks , and the administrative buildings of the British period . Today , architectural materials have evolved considerably since ancient times and reinforced concrete structures are rapidly changing the skyline of the town .
= = = = Chaugan = = = =
The Chaugan ( a Sanskrit word meaning : “ four sided ” ) is the nucleus of all activity in Chamba , surrounded by impressive administrative buildings and a shopping arcade built during the British period , with the old Akhand Chandi palace standing nearby . It has a terraced grass green , and is exceptionally large for a hill station , measuring 800 metres ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) length and 80 metres ( 260 ft ) width . In 1890 , the British converted five small chaugans into a single chaugan for use as an esplanade and sports complex , and today it is commonly used for cricket matches , picnics and promenades during the mid summer months . During the annual ‘ Minjar Mela ’ fair , the entire ground becomes a flea market . After the Dussera festival , the grounds are closed to the public until April , for maintenance purposes .
= = = = Church of Scotland = = = =
The Church of Scotland , a Presbyterian Church , known as ' St. Andrew ’ s Church ' , was established by the first missionary in Chamba , the Reverend William Ferguson , who served there between 1863 and 1873 . The foundation stone for building the new church was laid by the Raja of Chamba on 17 February 1899 , in the presence of the Scottish reverend Dr. M ’ Clymont who had come from Scotland . The Raja had contributed a generous grant to build the church and ensured that it was exquisitely built in fine stone masonry . The walls are supported by buttresses , and lancer arch windows provide the light and ventilation . Several schools are run by the Mission located within the church precincts .
= = = = Bhuri Singh Museum = = = =
The Bhuri Singh Museum at Chamba was established on September 14 , 1908 in honour of the raja at the time , Raja Bhuri Singh , who ruled Chamba from 1904 to 1919 . J. Ph. Vogel , an eminent indologist , and expert on the history of Chamba state , proposed the museum to preserve a number of valuable inscriptions , mostly in Sarda script , which contained some rare information about the medieval history of Chamba ; the Prashastis ( Inscriptions ) of Sarahan , Devi @-@ ri @-@ kothi and mul Kihar ( fountain inscription ) are still preserved in the museum . Bhuri Singh donated his family collection of paintings to the museum , including royal portraits which ranged from Basohli to Guler @-@ Kangra in style , and embroidered Pahari miniatures . Numerous artifacts , important to the heritage of Chamba were added , including coins , hill jewelry and royal and tradiitional costumes , arms and armour , musical instruments and other items . The current museum was built in 1975 in concrete .
= = Culture = =
= = = Arts = = =
= = = = Chamba miniature paintings = = = =
Chamba is noted for its miniature Pahari paintings , where Basohli style of Pahari paintings took roots with Nikku , the artist of Basohli migrating from Guler to Chamba in the eighteenth century . Raja Udai Singh and Raja Jai Singh patronized this school of painting . During the reign of Raja Charhat Singh , folk art developed and had a lasting influence on local artists . The paintings of Chamba encompass both miniatures and murals and the Mughal influence is clearly discerned in these paintings . Distinguished artists of Chamba who have painted in this art form include Lehru , Durga and Miyan Jara Singh . The paintings were generally painted with Hindu religious themes , particularly the legends of Hindu mythology such as Radha Krishna , Shiva @-@ Parvati , Rama Darbar , Yashoda and Krishna , Gopis , love scenes , deer , birds and women , Daya Saptashati and Krishna - Sudama . Romantic ambiance of the monsoon season in Chamba has also been painted by the artists of Pahari miniature art , in various moods and styles in Basholi colours . They are displayed in the museums at Chamba and also at Shimla and Dharamsala .
= = = = Handicrafts and musical instruments = = = =
Chamba is an important centre for the making of traditional handicrafts , and the town has numerous small workshops maintained by the artisans . Many of the items produced are exquisite and lavish , testament to the towns ' aristocratic heritage .
Casting metalware in Chamba is an ancient tradition , dating back to the Bronze Age period , with items typically made out of copper or brass , and also iron , especially in the traditional making of implements and weapons by blacksmiths . Of particular note in this trade are the large plaques with reliefs , commonly used for wall decoration . The temple cupolas in Chamba district are often furnished with copper and brass items made in Chamba and often the golden kalasha or vessel crowning them is produced here .
Chamba has its own unique traditional system of men ’ s and women ’ s foot wares . The foot wares were originally made from locally produced leather but is today transported to Chamba from the south of India . Women 's foot wares are embroidered as are the " vegetarian " foot wares which are purposefully made without leather for use in places where leather is prohibited for religious reasons . Handkerchiefs and shawls are also made in abundance in Chamba . Traditionally handspun , they are designed in such a way as to make both sides of the cloth look identical , and are beautifully embroidered . Chamba shawls are woven on hand looms in wool and typically have a bright border in a traditional design . A similar woven design is used for making caps .
Traditional jewellery is made in gold and silver in Chamba as its pottery , typically kitchenware , utensils and earthen pots . Given Chamba 's history of new immigration from other parts of the country and Tibet , a variety of influences can be seen in the pieces of jewellery that are produced in Chamba . Chamba is also noted for its wood carvings , which , like the metalware is often used for iconography in temples , such as Chamunda Devi . A “ Nagara ” , a form of kettle drum is produced in Chamba as are cymbals , bells and " Singa ” or " Ransinga " ( horns ) produced in both straight and curved styles . Other instruments include Shankh , Nad , Beiunsuli , Saihna , Nag Pheni , Thali Ghada , Bhana , Karnal , Pohol , Dhons , Kahal , Kansi , Hasat Ghanta and Drugg .
= = = Festivals , fairs and dances = = =
Chamba is one of those places where Basohli effect actually reached . Two melas or fairs , also known as Jatras , are of particular note in Chamba ; " Suhi Mata Mela " and " Minjar Mela " . A notable event of such fairs is when the ‘ chela ’ . a subordinate of the deity who is being worshipped goes into a trance and answers the queries and prayers of the devotees .
An important festival held in Chamba is known as the " Suhi Mata Mela " . It is held annually in March – April for four days to commemorate the sacrifice made by the queen of Chamba with her life , to bring water to the town . The legend associated with this festival and the Sui Mata temple , built in memory of the queen ( wife of Raja Sahil Varman ) , relates to the sacrifice she made to fulfill a prophecy in a dream , which said that water from the Sarota stream could only be accessed through an aqueduct if the queen or her son was sacrificed . Rather than kill her own son she sacrificed her own life for the town . To commemorate this event , women and children take a lead role in the festival . An image of Champavati , with banners of the Rajput solar emblem , are taken by them in a procession , dancing and singing , through the Chaugan to the Suhi Mata temple .
Another popular festival held in Chamba is the " Minjar Mela " , held on the second Sunday of the Shravana month , corresponding to the month of August in the Gregorian calendar . It marks the triumph of the Raja of Chamba over the ruler of Trigarta ( now called as Kangra ) , in 935 AD and also celebrates the paddy and maize crops grown at this time of the year . The festival commences with offerings of ' minjar ' , consisting of a bunch of paddy plant and golden silk wrapped in red fabric . The offerings also include a rupee , a seasonal fruit , and a coconut . This occasion is also celebrated with a flag hoisting ceremony at the Chaugan that initiates a week of cultural and social programmes . The image of the deity , Lord Raghuvira , and more than 200 other deities , are taken in a procession , in a chariot pulled by ropes . Folk dances and music performances known as ' Kunjari Malhar ' are part of the festivities . On the last day of the festival , a parade is held from the Akhand Chandi Palace to Ravi River , where offerings are made to the river . This commemorates an event in which Raja Sahil Verman changed the course of the river , to make the Hari Rai temple accessible to all devotees .
Chamba and the surrounding district have many local customs in dancing , illustrating the differences in geographical , anthropological and social cultures and religious beliefs in the area . A solo dance or a dance of two people such as the Pharati or Khad @-@ dumbi is commonly performed during the Nuwala ceremony and other important occasions , such as marriages etc. and the Dangri and Sikri are said to be of note . Notable male dances include the Gaddi and Gujjar dances , Dandaras , Nat , Ghorda , Nachan , Dharumsde , the Khad @-@ dumbi and the Chhinjhati . Notable female dances include the Ghurei , Dangi and Kikli , whilst dances such as the Shain , Dhamal , Sohal , Sal Kukdi Nachan , Ratege and Til @-@ Chauti are performed by both sexes . Several forms of masked dance are also performed in Chamba , such as the Chhatradhi Jatar .
= = = Costumes = = =
Ancient people of Chamba were known to have worn a fine woolen blanket or chadar around the waist , to keep warm in the cold climate . It was often tied or girdled with a band or patka , as evidenced by some archaeological discoveries in the area depicting this fashion . The Gaddi people have traditionally worn white embroidered caps and loose @-@ fitting white woolen garments known as a chola , tied around the waist with a black wool rope . A local custom in Chamba was to give the Jogi of the Natha sect a cotton maikhal sheet to wear over the head during the Nuwala ceremony to honour Lord Siva . Chamba and the surrounding district have been well documented as being a producer of fine cloth and embroidered dresses for centuries .
" The Jakatas , the Milinda Panha and the Vinaya of the Mulasarvastivadins mention the beautifully embroidered Kotumbara clothes of the Audumbara country ( Pathankot and Chamba ) and the fine textiles captured in the lot of Kangra Fort in 1009 around the astonishment of the soldiers of Mahmud of Ghazni . A heavier , though not less luxurious type of embriodered dresses can be traced on the fountain stones , which had been erected by the local aristocracy of Churah , in western Chamba in the 11th to 12th centuries . " - Hermann Goetz
Given the history of migrants arriving in Chamba from across Kashmir and Tibet over the centuries , today Chamba has a variety of traditional dresses , defined by the region to which they belong . The most traditional dress worn by Hindu women , on special occasions , is the pashwaj . Pashwaj is a gown with a short bodice ( blouse ) covering up to the waist . A shirt is worn , below which the dress falls in many folds , nearly touching the ground . The typical casual dress though , however , is a pairahan , with a chadar or dupatta ( stoll ) worn over the head . The lower half of the body is covered by a pyjama , known as a suthan .
Muslim women also generally wear similar dresses as the Hindu women . However , the one difference is that the tunic they wear is considerably shorter , just touching the knee . They don a small vest called a angi , worn beneath the bodice . A small shirt or kurta is also common . Hindu men wear an angrakha , long tunic that touches the knees . A cloth waist @-@ band and tight fitting pajama and a small pagri ( top hat ) worn on top of the head completes their ensemble .
= = Music of Chamba = =
Devotional songs known as ' Ainchali ' are sung throughout the night . The ' Chella ' is summoned who goes into a Tranceas soon as the sacrifices are referred to Lord Shiva . He is said to be possessed of the Lord himself . He answers the questions put to him by members of the family and their friends .
Chambyal ( people of Chamba ) enjoy traditional folk music of their area . This consists of folk songs , dances and folk lores and these are accompanied by various musical instruments . Their love for folk music is evident from their keen interest in folk music which is different from that of other regions . Folk songs of Gaddis can be categorized as marriage songs , festivity songs , love songs .
Marriage Songs The theme of the marriage songs is mostly related to the selection of groom and the girl 's wishes regarding it . The songs which are sung at the time of wedding ceremony are known as ' Charlai ' and these songs depict that the relatives of the bride and groom seek the blessings from the God .
Festivity Songs Chambyals celebrate many fairs and festivals with great pump and show . They sing many songs which are usually accompanied by folk dances . Major folk songs are - ' Sukart and Ghanihar ' , ' Kunjadi Malhar ' during Minjar Mela , ' Ainchali ' on Nuala , songs related to Baisakhi at the time of ' Basoa ' and ' Kunjadi ' songs of the rainy season are sung during Patroru festival .
Love Songs These songs are of Shrinagar rasa . Mostly the feelings of separation , hard life of Gaddis , their social bindings and the tales of sacrifice , unsuccessful love etc. are depicted through these songs . Famous Love songs are , ' Kunju and Chanchlo ' , ' Phulmu and Ranjhu ' , ' Raja Gaddan ' and ' Bhunku Gaddi ' that are very popular among the city and the state .
Major notable music artists and producers at Chamba are Late Sh . Sher Singh , Karnail Rana , Prakash Bhardwaj , Kakku Ram etc .
= Shrek =
Shrek is a 2001 American computer @-@ animated fantasy @-@ comedy film directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson at their directorial debut . It features the voices of Mike Myers , Eddie Murphy , Cameron Diaz , and John Lithgow . It is loosely based on William Steig 's 1990 fairy tale picture book Shrek ! , and somewhat serves as a parody film , targeting other films adapted from numerous children 's fantasies ( mainly animated Disney films ) . The film 's soundtrack includes music by Smash Mouth , Eels , Joan Jett , The Proclaimers , Jason Wade , Baha Men , and John Cale ( covering Leonard Cohen ) .
The rights to the books were originally bought by Steven Spielberg in 1991 , before the founding of DreamWorks , when he thought about making a traditionally animated film based on the book . However , John H. Williams convinced him to bring the film to DreamWorks in 1994 , the time the studio was founded , and the film was put quickly into active development by Jeffrey Katzenberg after the rights were bought by the studio in 1995 . Shrek originally cast Chris Farley to do the voice for the title character , recording about 80 % – 90 % of his dialogue . After Farley died in 1997 before he could finish , Mike Myers was brought in to work for the character , who after his first recording decided to record his voice in a Scottish accent . The film was also originally planned to be motion @-@ captured , but after poor results , the studio decided to get PDI to help Shrek get its final computer @-@ animated look .
The film grossed $ 484 @.@ 4 million at the worldwide box office , and an estimated 47 million tickets were sold in the US . Shrek also received promotion from food chains such as Baskin @-@ Robbins ( promoting the film 's DVD release ) and Burger King . It was acclaimed as an animated film worthy of adult interest , with many adult @-@ oriented jokes and themes but a simple enough plot and humour to appeal to children . Shrek won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . The film was also nominated for six British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards , including the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Eddie Murphy for his voice @-@ over performance as Donkey , and won the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . The film 's main ( and title ) character was awarded his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in May 2010 .
Shrek established DreamWorks Animation as a prime competitor to Pixar in feature film animation , particularly in computer animation . The film 's success prompted DreamWorks to create three sequels — Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) , Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) , and Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) , two holiday specials — Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) and Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) , and a spin @-@ off film — Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) . A fifth film , planned as the last of the series , was cancelled in 2009 with the announcement that the fourth film would conclude the series . The film 's success also inspired other merchandise , such as video games , a stage musical , and even a comic book by Dark Horse Comics .
= = Plot = =
Shrek , a green ogre who loves the solitude in his swamp , finds his life interrupted when many fairytale characters are exiled there by order of the fairytale @-@ hating Lord Farquaad . Shrek tells them that he will go ask Farquaad to send them back . He brings along a talking Donkey who is the only fairytale creature who knows the way to Duloc .
Meanwhile , Farquaad tortures the Gingerbread Man into giving the location of the remaining fairytale creatures until his guards rush in with something he has been searching for : the Magic Mirror . He asks The Mirror if his kingdom is the fairest of them all but is told that he is not even a king . To be a king he must marry a princess and is given three options , from which he chooses Princess Fiona , who is locked in a castle tower guarded by lava and a dragon . The Mirror tries to mention " the little thing that happens at night " but is unsuccessful .
Shrek and Donkey arrive at Farquaad 's palace in Duloc , where they end up in a tournament . The winner gets the " privilege " of rescuing Fiona so that Farquaad may marry her . Shrek and Donkey easily defeat the other knights in wrestling @-@ match fashion , and Farquaad accepts his offer to move the fairytale creatures from his swamp if Shrek rescues Fiona .
Shrek and Donkey travel to the castle and split up to find Fiona . Donkey encounters the dragon and sweet @-@ talks the beast before learning that it is female . Dragon takes a liking to him and carries him to her chambers . Shrek finds Fiona , who is appalled at his lack of romanticism . As they leave , Shrek saves Donkey , caught in Dragon 's tender clutches , and forces her to chase them out of the castle . At first , Fiona is thrilled to be rescued but is quickly disappointed when Shrek reveals he is an ogre .
As the three journey to Duloc , Fiona urges the two to camp out for the night while she sleeps in a cave . Shrek and Donkey stargaze while Shrek tells stories about great ogres and says that he will build a wall around his swamp when he returns . When Donkey persistently asks why , he says that everyone judges him before knowing him ; therefore , he feels he is better off alone , despite Donkey 's admission that he did not immediately judge him when they met .
Along the way , Shrek and Fiona find they have more in common and fall in love . The trio is almost at Duloc , and that night Fiona shelters in a windmill . When Donkey hears strange noises coming from it , he finds Fiona turned into an ogre . She explains her childhood curse and transforms each night , which is why she was locked away , and that only her true love 's kiss will return her to her " love 's true form " . Shrek , about to confess his feelings for Fiona with a sunflower , partly overhears them , and is heartbroken as he mistakes her disgust with her transformation to an " ugly beast " as disgust with him . Fiona makes Donkey promise not to tell Shrek , vowing to do it herself . The next morning , Shrek has brought Lord Farquaad to Fiona . The couple return to Duloc , while a hurt Shrek angrily leaves his friendship with Donkey and returns to his now @-@ vacated swamp , remembering what Fiona " said " about him .
Despite his privacy , Shrek is devastated and misses Fiona . Furious at Shrek , Donkey comes to the swamp where Shrek says he overheard Donkey and Fiona 's conversation . Donkey keeps his promise to Fiona and tells Shrek that she was talking about someone else . He accepts Shrek 's apology and tells him that Fiona will be getting married soon , urging Shrek into action to gain Fiona 's love . They travel to Duloc quickly , thanks to Dragon , who had escaped her confines and followed Donkey .
Shrek interrupts the wedding before Farquaad can kiss Fiona . He tells her that Farquaad is not her true love and only marrying her to become king . The sun sets , which turns Fiona into an ogre in front of everyone in the church , causing a surprised Shrek to fully understand what he overheard . Outraged by Fiona , Farquaad orders Shrek killed and Fiona detained . Shrek whistles for Dragon who bursts in along with Donkey and devours Farquaad . Shrek and Fiona profess their love and share a kiss ; Fiona is bathed in light as her curse is broken but is surprised that she is still an ogre , as she thought she would become beautiful , to which Shrek replies that she is beautiful . They marry in the swamp and leave on their honeymoon while the rest celebrate by singing " I 'm a Believer " .
= = Cast = =
Mike Myers as Shrek
Eddie Murphy as Donkey
Cameron Diaz as Princess Fiona
John Lithgow as Lord Farquaad
Vincent Cassel as " Monsieur " Robin Hood
Conrad Vernon as Gingerbread Man
Chris Miller as Geppetto / Magic Mirror
Cody Cameron as Pinocchio / The Three Little Pigs
Simon J. Smith as Three Blind Mice
Christopher Knights as Three Blind Mice and Thelonius
Aron Warner as Big Bad Wolf
Jim Cummings as Captain of the Guards
Kathleen Freeman as Old Woman ( Donkey 's ex @-@ owner )
Andrew Adamson as Duloc Mascot ( a man dressed in a suit that looks like Lord Farquaad )
Bobby Block as Baby Bear from the Three Bears
Michael Galasso as Peter Pan
Elisa Gabrielli as additional voices
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
At the time DreamWorks was founded , producer John H. Williams got hold of the book from his children and when he brought it to DreamWorks , it caught Jeffrey Katzenberg 's attention and the studio decided to make it into a film . Recounting the inspiration of making the film , Williams said :
" Every development deal starts with a pitch and my pitch came from my then kindergartner , in collaboration with his pre @-@ school brother . Upon our second reading of Shrek , the kindergartner started quoting large segments of the book pretending he could read them . Even as an adult , I thought Shrek was outrageous , irreverent , iconoclastic , gross , and just a lot of fun . He was a great movie character in search of a movie . "
After buying the rights to the film , Katzenberg quickly put it in active development in November 1995 . Steven Spielberg had thought about making a traditionally animated film adaption of the book before , when he bought the rights to the book in 1991 before the founding of DreamWorks , where Bill Murray would play Shrek and Steve Martin would play Donkey . In the beginning of production , co @-@ director Andrew Adamson refused to be intimidated by Katzenberg and had an argument with him how much should the film appeal to adults . Katzenberg wanted both audiences , but he found some of Adamson 's ideas about adding sexual jokes and Guns N ' Roses music to the soundtrack a bit too outrageous . Adamson and Kelly Asbury joined in 1997 to co @-@ direct the film . However , Asbury left a year later for work on the 2002 film Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , and was replaced with story artist Vicky Jenson . Both Adamson and Jenson decided to work on the film in half , so the crew could at least know who to go to with specific detail questions about the film 's sequences ; " We both ended up doing a lot of everything , " Adamson said . " We 're both kinda control freaks , and we both wanted to do everything . "
Some early sketches of Shrek 's house were done between 1996 and 1997 using Photoshop , with the sketches showing Shrek first living in a garbage dump near a human village called Wart Creek . It was also thought one time that he lived with his parents and kept rotting fish in his bedroom . Donkey was modeled after Pericles ( born 1994 ; also known as Perry ) , a real miniature donkey from Barron Park in Palo Alto , California . Raman Hui , supervising animator of Shrek , stated that Fiona " wasn 't based on any real person . " and he did many different sketches for her . He had done over 100 sculptures of Fiona before the directors chose the final design . In early development , the art directors visited Hearst Castle , Stratford upon Avon , and Dordogne for inspiration . Art Director Douglas Rogers visited a magnolia plantation in Charleston , South Carolina for inspiration of Shrek 's swamp . Planned characters not used in the film include Goldilocks and Sleeping Beauty .
= = = Casting = = =
Nicolas Cage was initially offered the role of Shrek but he turned it down because he did not want to look like an ogre . In 2013 , Cage explained furthermore : " When you 're drawn , in a way it says more about how children are going to see you than anything else , and I so care about that . "
Chris Farley was planned to do the voice for Shrek which he recorded 80 to 90 % ( or 95 % according to Farley 's brother Tom ) of the dialogue for the character , but died before completing the project . A story reel featuring a sample of Farley 's recorded dialogue was leaked to the public in August 2015 . DreamWorks then re @-@ cast the voice role to Mike Myers , who insisted on a complete script rewrite , to leave no traces of Farley 's version of Shrek . According to Myers , he wanted to voice the character " for two reasons : I wanted the opportunity to work with Jeffrey Katzenberg ; and [ the book is ] a great story about accepting yourself for who you are . "
After Myers had completed providing the voice for the character , when the film was well into production , he asked to re @-@ record all of his lines with a Scottish accent , similar to that his mother used when she told him bedtime stories and also used for his roles in other films , such as So I Married an Axe Murderer and Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me . According to the DVD commentary , he had also tried using country and Canadian accents . After hearing the alternative , Katzenberg agreed to redo scenes in the film , saying , " It was so good we took $ 4m worth of animation out and did it again . " A point Myers disputes , saying " it didn ’ t cost the studio “ millions of dollars , ” as rumored . “ What it meant is instead of me going in for ten sessions , I went in for twenty sessions . I got paid the same . " . Because of Myers voicing the character , more ideas began to come . There were clearer story points , fresher gags and comedy bits . " I got a letter from Spielberg thanking me so much for caring about the character " Myers said . " and he said the Scottish accent had improved the movie . "
Another person planned to voice a character in the film was Janeane Garofalo , who was set to star alongside Farley as Princess Fiona . However , she was fired from the project with little explanation . Years later , Garofalo stated " I was never told why [ I was fired ] . I assume because I sound like a man sometimes ? I don 't know why . Nobody told me ... But , you know , the movie didn 't do anything , so who cares ? "
= = = Animation = = =
Shrek was originally set up to be a live @-@ action / CG animation hybrid with background plate miniature sets and the main characters composited into the scene as motion @-@ captured computer graphics , using an ExpertVision Hires Falcon 10 camera system to capture and apply realistic human movement to the characters . A sizable crew was hired to run a test , and after a year and a half of R & D , the test was finally screened in May 1997 . The results were not satisfactory , with Katzenberg stating " It looked terrible , it didn 't work , it wasn 't funny , and we didn 't like it . " The studio then turned to its production partners at PDI , who began production with the studio in 1998 and helped Shrek get to its final , computer @-@ animated look . At this time , Antz was still in production by the studio and Effects Supervisor Ken Bielenberg was asked by Aron Warner " to start development for Shrek . " Similar to previous PDI films , PDI used its own proprietary software ( like its own Fluid Animation System ) for its animated movies . For some elements , however , it also took advantage of some of the powerhouse animation software in the market . This is particularly true with Maya , which PDI used for most of its dynamic cloth animation and for the hair of Fiona and Farquaad .
" We did a lot of work on character and set @-@ up , and then kept changing the set up while we were doing the animation , " Hui noted . " In Antz , we had a facial system that gave us all the facial muscles under the skin . In Shrek , we applied that to whole body . So , if you pay attention to Shrek when he talks , you see that when he opens his jaw , he forms a double chin , because we have the fat and the muscles underneath . That kind of detail took us a long time to get right . " One of the most difficult parts of creating the film was making Donkey 's fur flow smoothly so that it didn 't look like that of a Chia Pet . This fell into the hands of the surfacing animators who used flow controls within a complex shader to provide the fur with many attributes ( ability to change directions , lie flat , swirl , etc . ) . It was then the job of the visual effects group , led by Ken Bielenberg , to make the fur react to environment conditions . Once the technology was mastered , it was able to be applied to many aspects of the Shrek movie including grass , moss , beards , eyebrows , and even threads on Shrek 's tunic . Making human hair realistic was different from Donkey 's fur , requiring a separate rendering system and a lot of attention from the lighting and visual effects teams .
Shrek has 31 sequences , with 1 @,@ 288 shots in every sequence total . Aron Warner said that the creators " envisioned a magical environment that you could immerse yourself into . " Shrek includes 36 separate in @-@ film locations to make the world of the film , which DreamWorks claimed was more than any previous computer @-@ animated feature before . In @-@ film locations were finalized and as demonstrated by past DreamWorks animated movies , color and mood was of the utmost importance .
= = = Music = = =
Shrek is the third DreamWorks animated film ( and the only film in the Shrek series ) to have Harry Gregson @-@ Williams team up with John Powell to compose the score ( after Antz ( 1998 ) and Chicken Run ( 2000 ) ) . John Powell was left out to compose scores for later Shrek films with Williams due to a conflict . The score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios by Nick Wollage and Slamm Andrews , with the latter mixing it at Media Ventures and Patricia Sullivan @-@ Fourstar handling mastering .
Shrek introduced a new element to give the film a unique feel . The film used pop music and other Oldies to make the story more forward . Covers of songs like " On the Road Again " and " Try a Little Tenderness " were integrated in the film 's score . As the film was about to be completed , Katzenberg suggested to the filmmakers to redo the film 's ending to " go out with a big laugh " ; Instead of ending film with just a storybook closing over Shrek and Fiona as they ride off into the sunset , they decided to add a song " I 'm a Believer " covered by Smash Mouth and show all the fairytale creatures in the film .
Although Rufus Wainwright 's version of the song " Hallelujah " appeared in the soundtrack album , it was John Cale 's version that appeared in the film ; in a radio interview , Rufus Wainwright suggested that his version of " Hallelujah " did not appear in the film due to the " glass ceiling " he was hitting because of his sexuality . An alternate explanation posits that because Wainwright was an artist for DreamWorks and John Cale was not , thus licensing issues prohibited Cale 's version from appearing in the soundtrack album , despite having the filmmakers wanting to have Cale 's version appear in the film .
= = Cultural references = =
In many places the film references classic movies , predominantly those by Disney . When Tinker Bell falls on Donkey and he says " I can fly " and people around including the Three Little Pigs say " He can fly , he can fly " ; this is a reference to Disney 's Peter Pan . This scene is also a reference to the Disney film Dumbo , where Donkey says , while flying , " You might have seen a house fly , maybe even a super fly , but I bet you ain 't never seen a Donkey fly " The scene where Fiona is singing to the blue bird is a reference to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . The transformation scene at the end of the film strongly references to Disney 's Beauty and the Beast .
When Shrek crosses the bridge to the Castle and says , " That 'll do , Donkey , that 'll do , " this is a reference to the movie Babe . The scene where Princess Fiona is fighting the Merry Men is a lengthy reference to the film The Matrix . At the end of the film , the Gingerbread Man at the end with a crutch ( and one leg ) says " God bless us , everyone " which is a reference to Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol .
In the scene where the Magic Mirror gives Lord Farquaad the option to marry three princesses , it parodies popular American television show The Dating Game featuring : Cinderella and Snow White . In addition , Lord Farquaad 's theme park style kingdom Duloc heavily mimics Disneyland , even in so far as parodying the famous ' It 's A Small World Afterall ' musical ride in the scene with the singing puppets .
= = Release = =
= = = Marketing = = =
In 2000 , IMAX released CyberWorld onto its branded large @-@ screen theaters . It was a compilation film that featured stereoscopic conversions of various animated shorts and sequences , including the bar sequence in Antz . DreamWorks was so impressed by the technology used for the sequence 's " stereoscopic translation " , that the studio and IMAX decided to plan a big @-@ screen 3D version of Shrek . The film would have been re @-@ released during the Christmas season of 2001 , or the following summer , after its conventional 2D release . The re @-@ release would have also included new sequences and an alternate ending . Plans for this was dropped due to " creative changes " instituted by DreamWorks and resulted in a loss of $ 1 @.@ 18 million , down from IMAX 's profit of $ 3 @.@ 24 million .
Radio Disney was told not to allow any ads for the film to air on the station , stating , " Due to recent initiatives with The Walt Disney Company , we are being asked not to align ourselves promotionally with this new release Shrek . Stations may accept spot dollars only in individual markets . " The restriction was later relaxed to allow ads for the film 's soundtrack album onto the network .
On May 7 , 2001 , Burger King began promotions for the film , giving out a selection of nine exclusive Candy Caddies based on the Shrek characters , in Big Kids Meal and Kids Meal orders . Ice cream chain Baskin @-@ Robbins also ran an 8 @-@ week promotion of the film , selling products such as Shrek 's Hot Sludge Sundae , a combination of Oreo Cookies ' n Cream ice cream , hot fudge , crushed chocolate cookies , whipped cream and squiggly gummy worms , and Shrek Freeze Frame Cake , featuring an image of Shrek and Donkey framed by sunflowers . This was to support the film 's DVD / VHS release .
= = = Home media = = =
The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 2 , 2001 . Both releases included Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party , a 3 @-@ minute musical short film , that takes up right after Shrek 's ending , with film 's characters performing a medley of modern pop songs .
Shrek was released to video the same day that Pixar 's Monsters , Inc. hit theaters . Since videos were traditionally released on Tuesdays , Disney 's executives did not receive this well , saying that the move " seemed like an underhanded attempt to siphon off some of their film 's steam " . DreamWorks responded that it " simply shifted the release to a Friday to make it more of an event and predicted that it and other studios would do so more frequently with important films . " Monsters , Inc. earned that weekend more than $ 62 million , breaking the record for an animated film , while Shrek 's video release made more than $ 100 million , and eventually became the biggest selling DVD of all time with over 5 @.@ 5 million sales .
A 3D version of the film was released on Blu @-@ ray 3D on December 1 , 2010 , along with its sequels . The films were sold separately in 2012 .
In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation and transferred to 20th Century Fox .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 88 % of critics have given the film a positive review based on 201 reviews ; the weighted average score is 7 @.@ 8 / 10 . The critical consensus is " While simultaneously embracing and subverting fairy tales , the irreverent Shrek also manages to tweak Disney 's nose , provide a moral message to children , and offer viewers a funny , fast @-@ paced ride . " On Metacritic the film has a rating of 84 % based on 34 reviews , indicating " universal acclaim " .
Roger Ebert praised the film , giving it four stars out of a possible four and describing it as " jolly and wicked , filled with sly in @-@ jokes and yet somehow possessing a heart . " USA Today 's Susan Wloszczyna praised Eddie Murphy 's performance , stating it " gives the comic performance of his career , aided by sensational digital artistry , as he brays for the slightly neurotic motormouth . " Richard Schickel of Time also enjoyed Murphy 's role , stating " No one has ever made a funnier jackass of himself than Murphy . " Peter Rainer of New York magazine liked the script , also stating " The animation , directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson , is often on the same wriggly , giggly level as the script , although the more " human " characters , such as Princess Fiona and Lord Farquaad , are less interesting than the animals and creatures -- a common pitfall in animated films of all types . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote " Shrek is a world @-@ class charmer that could even seduce the Academy when it hands out the first official animation Oscar next year . " James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Shrek is not a guilty pleasure for sophisticated movie @-@ goers ; it is , purely and simply , a pleasure . " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote " The witty , fractured fairy tale Shrek has a solid base of clever writing . " Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A- , saying " A kind of palace coup , a shout of defiance , and a coming of age for DreamWorks . " Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel wrote " It 's a pleasure to be able to report that the movie both captures and expands upon the book 's playful spirit of deconstruction . "
Steven Rosen of The Denver Post wrote " DreamWorks Pictures again proves a name to trust for imaginative , funny animated movies that delight kids and adults equally . " Susan Stark of The Detroit News gave the film four out of four stars , saying " Swift , sweet , irreverent , rangy and as spirited in the writing and voice work as it is splendid in design . " Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film four out of four stars , saying " A fat green ogre with a grouchy disposition and worse manners , Shrek is the sort of unlikely hero that nobody could love -- except just about everyone who sees this hip and hilarious animated delight . " Jami Bernard of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of four stars , saying " The brilliance of the voice work , script , direction and animation all serve to make Shrek an adorable , infectious work of true sophistication . " Rene Rodriguez gave the film three out of four stars , calling it " a gleefully fractured fairy tale that never becomes cynical or crass " . Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times gave the film four out of five stars , saying " Beating up on the irritatingly dainty Disney trademarks is nothing new ; it 's just that it has rarely been done with the demolition @-@ derby zest of Shrek . " William Steig , the author of the original book , and his wife Jeanne Steig also enjoyed the film , stating " We all went sort of expecting to hate it , thinking , ' What has Hollywood done to it ? ' But we loved it . We were afraid it would be too sickeningly cute and , instead , Bill just thought they did a wonderful , witty job of it . "
John Anderson of Newsday wrote " The kind of movie that will entertain everyone of every age and probably for ages to come . " John Zebrowski of The Seattle Times gave the film three out of four stars , saying " The movie is helped immensely by its cast , who carry it through some of the early , sluggish scenes . But this is Murphy 's movie . Donkey gets most of the good lines , and Murphy hits every one . " Jay Carr of The Boston Globe wrote " In an era when much on film seems old , Shrek seems new and fresh and clever . " Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post gave the film five out of five stars , saying " Despite all its high @-@ tech weirdness , it is really that most perdurable of human constructions , a tale told well and true . " Joe Baltake of The Sacramento Bee wrote that it " isn 't so much a fractured spoof of everything Disney , but actually a Monty Python flick for kids – kids of all ages " . Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer wrote " What gives Shrek its special artistic distinction is its witty and knowingly sassy dialogue , delivered by vocally charismatic performers whose voices remind us of their stellar screen personae in live @-@ action movies . " Lisa Alspector of the Chicago Reader wrote " This romantic fantasy complicates the roles of beauty and beast , making it hard to guess what form a sensitive resolution will take . " Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal wrote " The charms of Shrek , which is based on the children 's book by William Steig , go far beyond in @-@ jokes for adults . "
A mixed review came from Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune , who gave the film two and a half stars out of four and compared the film to Toy Story 2 , saying it " had a higher in @-@ jokes / laughs ratio without straining to demonstrate its hipness or to evoke heartfelt emotions . " On the more negative side , Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice said he was " desperately avoiding the risk of even a half @-@ second of boredom " , and said " the movie is wall @-@ to @-@ window @-@ to @-@ door noise , babbling , and jokes ( the first minute sees the first fart gag ) , and demographically it 's a hard @-@ sell shotgun spray . " Christy Lemire of the Associated Press described Shrek as a " 90 @-@ minute onslaught of in @-@ jokes " , and said while it " strives to have a heart " with " a message about beauty coming from within " , " somehow [ the message ] rings hollow . " Anthony Lane of The New Yorker said , despite the film " cunning the rendering of surfaces , there 's still something flat and charmless in the digital look , and most of the pleasure rises not from the main romance but from the quick , incidental gags . "
= = = Box office = = =
Shrek opened on around 6 @,@ 000 screens across 3 @,@ 587 theaters ; eleven of them showed the film digitally , made possible by the THX Division of Lucasfilm . This was the first time that DreamWorks had shown one of its films digitally . The film earned $ 11 @,@ 573 @,@ 015 on its first day and $ 42 @,@ 347 @,@ 760 on its opening weekend , topping the box office for the weekend and averaging $ 11 @,@ 805 from 3 @,@ 587 theaters . In its second weekend , due to the Memorial Day Weekend holiday , the film gained 0 @.@ 3 percent to $ 42 @,@ 481 @,@ 425 and $ 55 @,@ 215 @,@ 620 over the four @-@ day weekend , resulting in an overall 30 percent gain . Despite this , the film finished in second place behind Pearl Harbor and had an average of $ 15 @,@ 240 from expanding to 3 @,@ 623 sites . In its third weekend , the film retreated 34 percent to $ 28 @,@ 172 @,@ 869 for a $ 7 @,@ 695 average from expanding to 3 @,@ 661 theaters . The film closed on December 6 , 2001 , after grossing $ 267 @,@ 665 @,@ 011 domestically , along with $ 216 @,@ 744 @,@ 207 overseas , for a worldwide total of $ 484 @,@ 409 @,@ 218 . Produced on a $ 60 million budget , the film was a huge box office smash and is the fourth highest @-@ grossing film of 2001 behind Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , and Monsters , Inc .. The film sold an estimated 47 @,@ 290 @,@ 600 tickets in North America .
Shrek became the highest @-@ grossing animated film ever to be released in Australia , passing the mark set by The Lion King in 1994 . In the United Kingdom , Shrek regained the top spot at the British box office after being beaten out the previous week by Lara Croft : Tomb Raider , earning a $ 20 @.@ 3 million since its opening in the UK .
= = = Accolades = = =
At the 74th Academy Awards , Shrek won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , beating Monsters , Inc. and Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade , " best @-@ of " list , saying , " Prince Charming ? So last millennium . This decade , fairy @-@ tale fans — and Princess Fiona — fell for a fat and flatulent Ogre . Now , that 's progress . " It was nominated for The Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy .
Shrek was also nominated for 6 BAFTA Awards , including the BAFTA Award for Best Film . Eddie Murphy became the first actor to ever receive a BAFTA nomination for a voice @-@ over performance . The film was also nominated for Best Visual Effects , Best Sound , Best Film Music , and won the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Shrek was nominated for a dozen Annie Awards from ASIFA @-@ Hollywood , and won eight Annies including Best Animated Feature and Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production .
In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its " Ten top Ten " ; the best ten films in ten " classic " American film genres — after polling over 1 @,@ 500 people from the creative community Shrek was acknowledged as the eighth best film in the animated genre , and the only non @-@ Disney · Pixar film in the Top 10 . Shrek was also ranked second in a Channel 4 poll of the " 100 Greatest Family Films " , losing out on the top spot to E.T. the Extra @-@ Terrestrial . In 2005 , Shrek came sixth in Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Cartoons poll behind The Simpsons , Tom and Jerry , South Park , Toy Story and Family Guy . In November 2009 , the character , Lord Farquaad , was listed # 14 in IGN UK 's " Top 15 Fantasy Villains " . In 2006 , it was ranked third on Bravo 's 100 funniest films list .
American Film Institute recognition :
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains :
Shrek - Nominated Hero
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs :
I 'm a Believer - Nominated
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - Nominated
AFI 's 10 Top 10 - # 8 Animated film
= = = Festivals = = =
The film was entered into the 2001 Cannes Film Festival , and was the first animated film since Disney 's Peter Pan ( 1953 ) to receive that honour .
= = = Influence = = =
Previous films and TV shows , such as Fractured Fairy Tales and The Princess Bride , have parodied the traditional fairy tale . However , Shrek itself has noticeably influenced the current generation of mainstream animated films . Particularly after Shrek 2 , animated films began to incorporate more pop culture references and end @-@ film musical numbers . Such elements can be seen in films like Robots and Chicken Little . It also inspired a number of computer animated films which also spoofed fairy tales , or other related story genres , often including adult @-@ oriented humor , most of which were not nearly as successful as Shrek , such as Happily N 'Ever After , Igor , and Hoodwinked ! .
= = Other media = =
Several video game adaptations of the film have been published on various game console platforms , including Shrek ( 2001 ) , Shrek : Hassle at the Castle ( 2002 ) , Shrek : Extra Large ( 2002 ) , Shrek : Super Party ( 2002 ) and Shrek SuperSlam ( 2005 ) . Shrek was also included as a bonus unlockable character in the video game Tony Hawk 's Underground 2 ( 2004 ) .
In 2003 , Dark Horse Comics released a Shrek three @-@ issue mini @-@ series comic book adaptation , written by Mark Evanier , which were collected into a trade paperback .
A musical version , based on the film , with music by Jeanine Tesori and a book and lyrics by David Lindsay @-@ Abaire , opened on Broadway on December 14 , 2008 , and closed January 3 , 2010 , running for a total of 441 performances . It starred Brian d 'Arcy James in the title role , Sutton Foster as Princess Fiona , Christopher Sieber as Lord Farquaad , Daniel Breaker as Donkey , and John Tartaglia as Pinocchio . The Broadway production was recorded and released on DVD , Blu @-@ ray and digital media . A North American Tour opened July 25 , 2010 , in Chicago . A London production opened in the West End on June 7 , 2011 . The musical received
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
is located further west , forming a saddle with Ben Nevis which contains a small loch , Lochan Meall an t @-@ Suidhe . The popular tourist path from Glen Nevis skirts the side of this hill before ascending Ben Nevis ' broad western flank .
= = = Geology = = =
Ben Nevis is all that remains of a Devonian volcano that met a cataclysmic end in the Carboniferous period around 350 million years ago . Evidence near the summit shows light coloured granite ( which had cooled in subterranean chambers several kilometres beneath the surface ) lies among dark basaltic lavas ( that only form on the surface ) . The two lying side @-@ by @-@ side is evidence the huge volcano collapsed in on itself creating an explosion comparable to Thera ( 2nd millennium BC ) or Krakatoa ( 1883 ) . The mountain is now all that remains of the imploded inner dome of the volcano . Its form has been extensively shaped by glaciation .
Research has shown igneous rock from the Devonian period ( around 400 million years ago ) intrudes into the surrounding metamorphic schists ; the intrusions take the form of a series of concentric ring dikes . The innermost of these , known as the Inner Granite , constitutes the southern bulk of the mountain above Lochan Meall an t @-@ Suidhe , and also the neighbouring ridge of Càrn Mòr Dearg ; Meall an t @-@ Suidhe forms part of the Outer Granite , which is redder in colour . The summit dome itself , together with the steep northern cliffs , are composed of andesite and basaltic lavas .
= = = Climate = = =
Ben Nevis has a highland ( alpine ) maritime ( oceanic ) Polar climate ( ET climate in Köppen 's classification ) . Ben Nevis ' altitude , maritime location and topography frequently lead to cool and cloudy weather conditions , which can pose a danger to ill @-@ equipped walkers . According to the observations carried out at the summit observatory from 1883 – 1904 , fog was present on the summit for almost 80 % of the time between November and January , and 55 % of the time in May and June . The average winter temperature was around − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) , and the mean monthly temperature for the year was − 0 @.@ 5 ° C ( 31 @.@ 1 ° F ) . In an average year the summit sees 261 gales , and receives 4 @,@ 350 millimetres ( 171 in ) of rainfall , compared to only 2 @,@ 050 millimetres ( 81 in ) in nearby Fort William , 840 millimetres ( 33 in ) in Inverness and 580 millimetres ( 23 in ) in London . Rainfall on Ben Nevis is about twice as high in the winter as it is in the spring and summer . Snow can be found on the mountain almost all year round , particularly in the gullies of the north face – with the higher reaches of Observatory Gully holding snow until September most years and sometimes until the new snows of the following season .
= = History = =
The first recorded ascent of Ben Nevis was made on the 17 August 1771 by James Robertson , an Edinburgh botanist , who was in the region to collect botanical specimens . Another early ascent was in 1774 by John Williams , who provided the first account of the mountain 's geological structure . John Keats climbed the mountain in 1818 , comparing the ascent to " mounting ten St. Pauls without the convenience of a staircase " . The following year William MacGillivray , who was later to become a distinguished naturalist , reached the summit only to find " fragments of earthen and glass ware , chicken bones , corks , and bits of paper " . It was not until 1847 that Ben Nevis was confirmed by the Ordnance Survey as the highest mountain in Britain and Ireland , ahead of its rival Ben Macdhui .
The summit observatory was built in the summer of 1883 , and would remain in operation for 21 years . The first path to the summit was built at the same time as the observatory and was designed to allow ponies to carry up supplies , with a maximum gradient of one in five . The opening of the path and the observatory made the ascent of the Ben increasingly popular , all the more so after the arrival of the West Highland Railway in Fort William in 1894 . Around this time the first of several proposals was made for a rack railway to the summit , none of which came to fruition .
In 2000 , the Ben Nevis Estate , comprising all of the south side of the mountain including the summit , was bought by the Scottish conservation charity the John Muir Trust .
= = Ascent routes = =
The 1883 Pony Track to the summit ( also known as the Ben Path , the Mountain Path or the Tourist Route ) remains the simplest and most popular route of ascent . It begins at Achintee on the east side of Glen Nevis about 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from Fort William town centre , at around 20 metres above sea level . Bridges from the Visitor Centre and the youth hostel now allow access from the west side of Glen Nevis . The path climbs steeply to the saddle by Lochan Meall an t @-@ Suidhe ( also known as the ' Halfway Lochan ' ) at 570 m , then ascends the remaining 700 metres up the stony west flank of Ben Nevis in a series of zig @-@ zags . The path is regularly maintained but running water , uneven rocks and loose scree make it hazardous and slippery in places . Thanks to the zig @-@ zags , the path is not unusually steep apart from in the initial stages , but inexperienced walkers should be aware that the descent is relatively arduous and wearing on the knees .
A route popular with experienced hillwalkers starts at Torlundy , a few miles north @-@ east of Fort William on the A82 road , and follows the path alongside the Allt a ' Mhuilinn . It can also be reached from Glen Nevis by following the Pony Track as far as Lochan Meall an t @-@ Suidhe , then descending slightly to the CIC Hut . The route then ascends Càrn Mòr Dearg and continues along the Càrn Mòr Dearg Arête ( " CMD Arête " ) before climbing steeply to the summit of Ben Nevis . This route involves a total of 1 @,@ 500 metres of ascent and requires modest scrambling ability and a head for heights . In common with other approaches on this side of the mountain , it has the advantage of giving an extensive view of the cliffs of the north face , which are hidden from the Pony Track .
It is also possible to climb Ben Nevis from the Nevis Gorge car park at Steal at the head of the road up Glen Nevis , either by the south @-@ east ridge or via the summit of Càrn Dearg ( south @-@ west ) . These routes require mild scrambling , are shorter and steeper than the Pony Track , and tend only to be used by experienced hill walkers .
= = Summit = =
The summit of Ben Nevis comprises a large stony plateau of about 40 hectares ( 100 acres ) . The highest point is marked with a large , solidly built cairn atop which sits an Ordnance Survey trig point . The summit is the highest ground for over 400 miles ( 644 kilometres ) , before the Scandinavian Mountains in western Norway are reached , which contain many peaks higher than Ben Nevis . The summit is much higher than the Faroe Islands and well as the rest of the British Isles .
The ruined walls of the observatory are a prominent feature on the summit . An emergency shelter has been built on top of the observatory tower for the benefit of those caught out by bad weather , and , although the base of the tower is slightly lower than the true summit of the mountain , the roof of the shelter overtops the trig point by several feet , making it the highest man @-@ made structure in the UK . A war memorial to the dead of World War II is located next to the observatory .
On 17 May 2006 , a piano that had been buried under one of the cairns on the peak was uncovered by the John Muir Trust , which owns much of the mountain . The piano is believed to have been carried up for charity by removal men from Dundee over 20 years earlier .
The view from the UK 's highest point is extensive . Under ideal conditions , it can extend to over 190 kilometres ( 120 mi ) , including such mountains as the Torridon Hills , Morven in Caithness , Lochnagar , Ben Lomond , Barra Head and to Knocklayd in County Antrim , Northern Ireland .
= = = Observatory = = =
A meteorological observatory on the summit was first proposed by the Scottish Meteorological Society ( SMS ) in the late 1870s , at a time when similar observatories were being built around the world to study the weather at high altitude . In the summer of 1881 , Clement Lindley Wragge climbed the mountain daily to make observations ( earning him the nickname " Inclement Rag " ) , leading to the opening on 17 October 1883 of a permanent observatory run by the SMS . The building was manned full @-@ time until 1904 , when it was closed due to inadequate Government funding . The twenty years ' worth of readings still provide the most comprehensive set of data on mountain weather in Great Britain .
In September 1894 , C. T. R. Wilson was employed at the observatory for a couple of weeks , as temporary relief for one of the permanent staff . During this period , he witnessed a Brocken spectre and glory , caused by the sun casting a shadow on a cloud below the observer . He subsequently tried to reproduce these phenomena in the laboratory , resulting in his invention of the cloud chamber , used to detect ionising radiation .
Marjory Roy , a member of the Scottish Meteorological Society is the author of the book The Ben Nevis Weathermen which is in print and available from SMC or from the West Highland Museum in Fort William . This tells the story of the funding , building and operating of the Ben Nevis Observatory in Fort William , Scotland
= = Navigation and safety = =
Ben Nevis ' popularity , climate and complex topography contribute to a high number of mountain rescue incidents . In 1999 , for example , there were 41 rescues and four fatalities on the mountain . Some accidents arise over difficulties in navigating to or from the summit , especially in poor visibility . The problem stems from the fact that the summit plateau is roughly kidney @-@ shaped , and surrounded by cliffs on three sides ; the danger is particularly accentuated when the main path is obscured by snow . Two precise compass bearings taken in succession are necessary to navigate from the summit cairn to the west flank , from where a descent can be made on the Pony Track in relative safety .
In the late 1990s , Lochaber Mountain Rescue Team erected two posts on the summit plateau , to assist walkers attempting the descent in foggy conditions . These posts were subsequently cut down by climbers , sparking controversy in mountaineering circles on the ethics of such additions . Critics argued that cairns and posts are an unnecessary man @-@ made intrusion into the natural landscape , which create a false sense of security and could lessen mountaineers ' sense of responsibility for their own safety . Supporters of navigational aids pointed to the high number of accidents that occurred on the mountain ( between 1990 and 1995 alone there were 13 fatalities , although eight of these were due to falls while rock climbing rather than navigational error ) , the long tradition of placing such aids on the summit , and the potentially life @-@ saving role they could play . A series of solidly @-@ constructed cairns currently ( September 2009 ) marks the upper reaches of the Pony Track .
= = Climbing on Ben Nevis = =
The north face of Ben Nevis is riven with buttresses , ridges , towers and pinnacles , and contains many classic scrambles and rock climbs . It is of major importance for British winter climbing , with many of its routes holding snow often until late April . It was one of the first places in Scotland to receive the attention of serious mountaineers , with a descent of Tower Ridge in 1892 the earliest documented climbing expedition on the Ben . ( It was not climbed from bottom to top for another two years ) . The Scottish Mountaineering Club 's Charles Inglis Clark hut was built below the north face in Coire Leis in 1929 . Because of its remote location , it is said to be the only genuine alpine hut in Britain . It remains popular with climbers , especially in winter .
Tower Ridge is the longest of the north face 's four main ridges , with around 600 metres of ascent . It is not technically demanding ( its grade is Difficult ) , and most pitches can be tackled unroped by competent climbers , but it is committing and very exposed . Castle Ridge ( Moderate ) , the northernmost of the main ridges , is an easier scramble , while Observatory Ridge ( Very Difficult ) , the closest ridge to the summit , is " technically the hardest of the Nevis ridges in summer and winter " . Between the Tower and Observatory Ridges are the Tower and Gardyloo Gullies ; the latter takes its name from the cry of " garde à l 'eau " ( French for " watch out for the water " ) formerly used in Scottish cities as a warning when householders threw their slops ( and worse ) out of a tenement window into the street . The gully 's top wall was the refuse pit for the now @-@ disused summit observatory . The North @-@ east Buttress ( Very Difficult ) is the southernmost and bulkiest of the four ridges ; it is as serious as Observatory Ridge but not as technically demanding , mainly because an " infamous " rock problem , the ' Man @-@ trap ' , can be avoided on either side .
The north face contains dozens of graded rock climbs along its entire length , with particular concentrations on the Càrn Dearg Buttress ( below the Munro top of Càrn Dearg NW ) and around the North @-@ east Buttress and Observatory Ridge . Classic rock routes include Rubicon Wall on Observatory Buttress ( Severe ) – whose second ascent in 1937 , when it was considered the hardest route on the mountain , is described by W. H. Murray in Mountaineering in Scotland – and , on Càrn Dearg , Centurion and The Bullroar ( both HVS ) , Torro ( E2 ) , and Titan 's Wall ( E3 ) , these four described in the SMC 's guide as among " the best climbs of their class in Scotland " .
Many seminal lines were recorded before the First World War by pioneering Scottish climbers like J N Collie , Willie Naismith , Harold Raeburn , and William and Jane Inglis Clark . Other classic routes were put up by G. Graham Macphee , Dr James H. B. Bell and others between the Wars ; these include Bell 's ' Long Climb ' , at 1 @,@ 400 ft ( 430 m ) reputedly the longest sustained climb on the British mainland . In summer 1943 conscientious objector Brian Kellett made a phenomenal seventy @-@ four repeat climbs and seventeen first ascents including fourteen solos , returning in 1944 to add fifteen more new lines , eleven solo , including his eponymous HVS on Gardyloo buttress . Much more recently , an extreme and as @-@ yet ungraded climb on Echo Wall was completed by Dave MacLeod in 2008 after two years of preparation .
The north face is also one of Scotland 's foremost venues for winter mountaineering and ice climbing , and holds snow until quite late in the year ; in a good year , routes may remain in winter condition until mid @-@ spring . Most of the possible rock routes are also suitable as winter climbs , including the four main ridges ; Tower Ridge , for example , is grade IV on the Scottish winter grading system , having been upgraded in 2009 by the Scottish Mountaineering Club after requests by the local Mountain Rescue Team , there being numerous benightments and incidents every winter season . Probably the most popular ice climb on Ben Nevis is The Curtain ( IV , 5 ) on the left side of the Càrn Dearg Buttress . At the top end of the scale , Centurion in winter is a grade VIII , 8 face climb .
In February 1960 James R. Marshall and Robin Clark Smith recorded six major new ice routes in only eight days including Orion Direct ( V , 5 400m ) ; this winter version of Bell 's Long Climb was " the climax of a magnificent week 's climbing by Smith and Marshall , and the highpoint of the step @-@ cutting era . "
= = Ben Nevis Race = =
The history of hill running on Ben Nevis dates back to 1895 . William Swan , a barber from Fort William , made the first recorded timed ascent up the mountain on or around 27 September of that year , when he ran from the old post office in Fort William to the summit and back in 2 hours 41 minutes . The following years saw several improvements on Swan 's record , but the first competitive race was held on 3 June 1898 under Scottish Amateur Athletic Association rules . Ten competitors ran the course , which started at the Lochiel Arms Hotel in Banavie and was thus longer than the route from Fort William ; the winner was 21 @-@ year @-@ old Hugh Kennedy , a gamekeeper at Tor Castle , who finished ( coincidentally with Swan 's original run ) in 2 hours 41 minutes .
Regular races were organised until 1903 , when two events were held ; these were the last for 24 years , perhaps due to the closure of the summit observatory the following year . The first was from Achintee , at the foot of the Pony Track , and finished at the summit ; It was won in just over an hour by Ewen MacKenzie , the observatory roadman . The second race ran from new Fort William post office , and MacKenzie lowered the record to 2 hours 10 minutes , a record he held for 34 years .
The Ben Nevis Race has been run in its current form since 1937 . It now takes place on the first Saturday in September every year , with a maximum of 500 competitors taking part . It starts and finishes at the Claggan Park football ground on the outskirts of Fort William , and is 14 kilometres ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) long with 1 @,@ 340 metres ( 4 @,@ 400 ft ) of ascent . Due to the seriousness of the mountain environment , entry is restricted to those who have completed three hill races , and runners must carry waterproofs , a hat , gloves and a whistle ; anyone who has not reached the summit after two hours is turned back . As of 2010 the records have stood unbroken since 1984 , when Kenny Stuart and Pauline Haworth of Keswick Athletic Club won the men 's and the women 's races with times of 1 : 25 : 34 and 1 : 43 : 25 respectively .
= = Environmental Issues & Nevis Landscape Partnership = =
Ben Nevis ' popularity and high profile have led to concerns in recent decades over the impact of humans on the fragile mountain environment . These concerns contributed to the creation of The Nevis Landscape Partnership , a five @-@ year programme which aims to protect , enhance and future @-@ proof Ben Nevis by delivering nineteen ambitious environmental projects between 2014 and 2019 . The Nevis Landscape Partnership is supported by five partner organisations ( John Muir Trust , Forestry Commission Scotland , The Highland Council , Scottish Natural Heritage & The Nevis Partnership ) and has been made possible by Heritage Lottery Funding .
Now in project year three ( March 2016 – March 2017 ) , there have been significant positive changes implemented by Nevis Landscape Partnership and their projects , most significantly the upgrades to the Ben Nevis Mountain Track . Work to upgrade the mountain track started in November 2015 after two contracts were awarded to McGowan Ltd . & Cairngorm Wilderness Contracts . Both contractors immediately started bagging stone from high up Ben Nevis to be brought down to by helicopter to replace crumbling steps and stabilise eroding parts of the path . The project will eventually upgrade 3 @.@ 5 km of the mountain track from the starting point at Achintee all the way up to John 's Wall ; this year the maintenance was focused on a difficult middle section which was most in need of attention . After six months of hard work and battling with the weather , the contractors have now upgraded 1 km of the mountain track which is roughly 30 % of the overall maintenance this project will carry out . The next contracted works will resume towards the end of September , after the Ben Nevis Race , for stage two of the project .
Volunteer effort has already been a huge help and will continue to be a large contributing factor to the overall upgrade of the mountain track . Nevis Landscape Partnership are working closely with National Trust for Scotland to run Thistle Camp Working Holidays which will focus on much @-@ needed maintenance on the first section of the Ben Nevis footpath and allow outdoor enthusiasts to actively be a part of maintaining and protecting the United Kingdom 's highest mountain for this generation and many more to come .
= = Ben Nevis Distillery = =
The Ben Nevis Distillery is a single malt whisky distillery at the foot of the mountain , located by Victoria Bridge to the north of Fort William . Founded in 1825 by John McDonald ( known as " Long John " ) , it is one of the oldest licensed distilleries in Scotland , and is a popular visitor attraction in Fort William . The water used to make the whisky comes from the Allt a ' Mhuilinn , the stream that flows from Ben Nevis ' northern corrie . " Ben Nevis " 80 / - organic ale is , by contrast , brewed in Bridge of Allan near Stirling .
= = Other uses = =
Ben Nevis was the name of a White Star Line packet ship which in 1854 carried the group of immigrants who were to become the Wends of Texas . At least another eight vessels have carried the name since then .
A mountain in Svalbard is also named Ben Nevis , after the Scottish peak . It is 922 meters high , and located south of the head of Raudfjorden , Albert I Land , in the northwestern part of the island of Spitsbergen .
A comic strip character , Wee Ben Nevis , about a Scottish Highlands boarding school student with superhuman strength and his antics were featured in the British comic The Beano from 1974 to 1977 , was named after the mountain .
Hung Fa Chai , a 489 @-@ metre hill in Northeast New Territories of Hong Kong was marked as Ben Nevis on historical colonial maps .
= Hurricane Gladys ( 1975 ) =
Hurricane Gladys was the farthest tropical cyclone from the United States to be observed by radar in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Carla in 1961 . The seventh named storm and fifth hurricane of the 1975 Atlantic hurricane season , Gladys developed from a tropical wave while several hundred miles southwest of Cape Verde on September 22 . Initially , the tropical depression failed to strengthened significantly , but due to warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear , it became Tropical Storm Gladys by September 24 . Despite entering a more unfavorable environment several hundred miles east of the northern Leeward Islands , Gladys became a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scaleon September 28 . Shortly thereafter , the storm reentered an area favorable for strengthening . Eventually , a well @-@ defined eye became visible on satellite imagery .
As the storm tracked to the east of the Bahamas , a curve to the north began , at which time an anticyclone developed atop the cyclone . This subsequently allowed Gladys to rapidly intensify into a Category 4 hurricane , reaching maximum sustained winds of 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) on October 2 . Thereafter , Gladys began to weaken and passed very close to Cape Race , Newfoundland before merging with a large extratropical cyclone the next day . Effects from the system along the East Coast of the United States were minimal , although heavy rainfall and rough seas were reported . In Newfoundland , strong winds and light precipitation were observed .
= = Meteorological history = =
On September 17 , a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean off the western coast of Africa . The disturbance followed another tropical wave which became Hurricane Faye several days later , before turning west near the 11th parallel . Based on estimates from the Dvorak Technique , the wave was designated a tropical depression at 18 : 00 UTC on September 22 . Due to favorable conditions such as low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures , the depression strengthened into a tropical storm and was named Gladys by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) on September 24 . After becoming a tropical storm , Gladys slowly intensified as winds increased to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . The storm then moved west @-@ northwest , and on September 25 , Gladys strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale ( SSHWS ) . Despite strong wind shear , the storm maintained minimal hurricane status . However , early on September 28 , the barometric pressure increased to 1 @,@ 000 mb ( 30 inHg ) ; the NHC notes that Gladys may have briefly weakened into a tropical storm at this time .
After passing through the trough that generated the wind shear , the storm began to strengthen again . While moving about 350 miles ( 560 km ) north of Puerto Rico on September 30 , the winds of the storm increased to 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) . By this time , an eye was clearly visible on satellite imagery . After holding steady for 36 hours , the storm recurved around a ridge on October 1 . Gladys then began to undergo rapid deepening , becoming a Category 2 hurricane at 18 : 00 UTC and Category 3 hurricane the following day . Early on October 2 , the storm strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane . At 08 : 46 UTC on October 2 , Hurricane Hunters measured maximum sustained winds of 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 939 mbar ( 27 @.@ 7 inHg ) . Moving northeast , the hurricane hunters soon observed a pressure of 940 mbar ( 28 inHg ) , making it the one of the most intense high @-@ latitude storms ever observed . Despite its distance from Cape Hatteras , the system was briefly observed on radar . It became one of few hurricanes at the time to be seen on radar over 150 mi ( 240 km ) from the continental United States . Thereafter , the storm weakened slightly , and was downgraded to a Category 3 hurricane early on October 3 . Accelerating at unusually high speeds , Gladys passed 70 miles ( 115 km ) southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland on October 3 . The storm finally merged with a large extratropical cyclone on October 4 .
= = Observation , preparations and impact = =
While over the Atlantic Ocean , a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) C @-@ 130 hurricane hunter aircraft flew into Gladys on October 1 on a research mission . The mission was to study the storm and use the information to improve seeding operations for the now @-@ defunct Project Stormfury .
Gladys was the strongest storm to threaten the East Coast of the United States since Hurricane Hazel in 1954 . Although initially not expected to threaten , meteorologists at the NHC forecast the storm to make landfall along the East Coast of the United States within three days . A hurricane watch was issued for North Carolina 's Outer Banks on October 1 , extending from Cape Lookout to Kitty Hawk . However , the watch discontinued as Gladys pulled away , though the storm was still considered a threat to the nation . In Manteo , residents began laying sandbags and filling their cars up with fuel in anticipation for possible evacuation , and the United States Coast Guard sent a plane equipped with a loudspeaker to warn fishermen of the hurricane . However , despite warnings , about 40 fishermen went to Cape Point near Cape Hatteras due to the " increased feeding activities " of fish during rough seas . All small crafts were advised to stay out of the water . Elsewhere in the Outer Banks , residents evacuated to hotels in Elizabeth City and four United States Coast Guard servicemen stationed at a lighthouse in Cape Hatteras were evacuated .
While passing the Outer Banks , a campground and road was closed due to 8 ft ( 2 m ) waves . As the cyclone moved northward . In all , the effects of the storm on North Carolina were minimal . While tracking rapidly to the southeast of Newfoundland , light rainfall was observed , including 1 @.@ 46 in ( 37 mm ) of precipitation in St. John 's . Strong winds were also reported on the island .
= No. 1 Initial Flying Training School RAAF =
No. 1 Initial Flying Training School ( No. 1 IFTS ) was a flying training school of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . It was formed in 1951 as No. 1 Initial Training School , in response to increased demand for aircrew during the Korean War and Malayan Emergency . Headquartered at RAAF Station Archerfield , Queensland , and operating de Havilland Tiger Moths , the unit was renamed No. 1 Initial Flying Training School in 1952 . Ground staff from the school won the Hewitt Trophy for small arms proficiency in 1953 . Aircrew training requirements eased following the end of the Korean War , and No . IFTS merged with No. 1 Basic Flying Training School at RAAF Base Uranquinty , New South Wales , in 1955 .
= = History = =
Prior to World War II , all aircrew training in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) was conducted under the auspices of one unit , No. 1 Flying Training School ( No. 1 FTS ) , at RAAF Point Cook , Victoria . With the dramatic expansion of pilot training under the wartime Empire Air Training Scheme , No. 1 FTS was supplanted in 1940 – 41 by twelve elementary flying training schools ( EFTS ) and eight service flying training schools ( SFTS ) . Rationalisation as the war progressed and came to an end saw all the EFTSs and SFTSs disbanded . No. 1 FTS , re @-@ formed using the personnel and equipment of No. 5 Service Flying Training School in Uranquinty , New South Wales , returned to Point Cook and again became the RAAF 's sole facility for training new pilots .
In response to demands for more aircrew to fulfil Australia 's commitments to the Korean War and Malayan Emergency , flying training in the RAAF was again expanded in 1951 – 52 , with the functions of No. 1 FTS being split among three separately located units . On 28 November 1951 , No. 1 Initial Training School ( No. 1 ITS ) was raised at RAAF Station Archerfield , Queensland , to impart students with general aeronautical and military knowledge , after which they received their flight grading during twelve hours on de Havilland Tiger Moths . Graduate pilots of No. 1 ITS went on to another new unit , No. 1 Basic Flying Training School ( No. 1 BFTS ) at RAAF Base Uranquinty , New South Wales , where they underwent further aerial instruction that included instrument , formation and night flying on Tiger Moths and CAC Wirraways . Successful students finally transferred to No. 1 FTS , which was renamed No. 1 Applied Flying Training School in March 1952 , for advanced weapons and combat training on Wirraways , before graduating as sergeant pilots .
No. 1 ITS 's inaugrual commanding officer was Wing Commander Wilfred Lampe . Tiger Moths began arriving at Archerfield on 4 January 1952 , and the first course commenced two days later . It graduated on 27 March , having flown a total of some 1 @,@ 000 hours . The unit was renamed No. 1 Initial Flying Training School on 28 May . As well as RAAF pilots , the school trained students from the Royal Australian Navy 's Fleet Air Arm , and gave Air Training Corps cadets flying experience . Six of its Tiger Moths went on a recruiting drive around Kingaroy and Bundaberg in August 1952 , the same month that its first graduates commenced the next phase of their training at No. 1 BFTS . Those students selected to be navigators rather than pilots went on to the School of Air Navigation at RAAF Base East Sale , Victoria . No. 1 IFTS was responsible for staging aerial pageants as part of Air Force Week in September 1952 , and again in September 1953 . Ground staff from the school won the Hewitt Trophy for small arms proficiency held at Liverpool , New South Wales , in December 1953 . In April 1954 , the Tiger Moths practised bombing and strafing troops in an exercise with the Australian Army 's 9th Battalion .
By November 1954 , following the end of the Korean War , the RAAF 's need for further aircrew to help meet the Australian military 's international obligations had eased and the decision was made to combine the syllabus of No. 1 IFTS with No. 1 BFTS starting in the new year . No. 1 IFTS was disbanded on 24 January 1955 , and its base facilities handed over to No. 23 Squadron .
= Lionel Luthor =
Lionel Luthor is a fictional character portrayed by John Glover in the television series Smallville . The character was initially a recurring guest in season one , and became a series regular in season two and continued until being written out of the show in season seven . The character returned to the show in season ten again as a recurring guest role as the Earth @-@ 2 version of the character . In Smallville , Lionel Luthor is the father of Lex Luthor ( Michael Rosenbaum ) , and founder and CEO of LuthorCorp . Lex Luthor 's father was first introduced in Superman comics by Jerry Siegel in 1961 and has since appeared in other Superman @-@ related media under different names . Smallville is the first appearance in which the character has been an intricate part of a Superman adaptation . Series developers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar created Lionel Luthor for Smallville to provide an antithesis to the parenting style of Jonathan Kent ( John Schneider ) and Martha Kent ( Annette O 'Toole ) .
During the story of Smallville , Lionel evolves from being a nemesis of Clark Kent ( Tom Welling ) who develops multiple schemes to uncover Clark 's secrets , to becoming an ally who eventually dies to protect Clark 's secret from his own son . Lionel has a strained relationship with Lex and regularly tries to test him . He attempts to develop a romantic relationship with Martha Kent following the death of Jonathan Kent , helping her advance toward the United States Senate .
Lionel 's development from a main antagonist to an ally was difficult for the writers , who felt the character 's arc failed to achieve the status they wanted . Although they continued with the story arc , Lionel returned to using deception to protect Clark rather than exploit him . He is characterized as a sinister character who tried hard to further his own ambitions . Lionel 's relationship with his son has been likened to that of Harry Osborn and Norman Osborn from Spider @-@ Man comics .
= = Role in Smallville = =
In 1989 , Lionel visits Smallville to buy the Ross Creamed Corn company immediately before a meteor shower occurs . Twelve years later during season one , Lionel exiles his son Lex Luthor ( Michael Rosenbaum ) to Smallville to run LuthorCorp 's local fertilizer plant as a test . When Lex makes a profit for the first time in years , Lionel closes the plant and blames Lex 's poor managerial skills . Lionel later confronts his son at the Luthor mansion when Lex tries to orchestrate an employee buyout to save the fertilizer plant . When strong winds force debris to smash through the mansion , Lionel is pinned under a fallen support beam and Lex hesitates to save his father . In Season two , Lex saves Lionel but loses his sight because of Lex 's judgment to rush into surgery . Season two 's first half shows Lionel as blind . Lex and Lucas Luthor ( Paul Wasilewski ) — Lionel 's illegitimate son — devise a plan to uncover Lionel 's deception ; it is revealed that Lionel was blind but that his eyes healed and he intentionally neglected to tell anyyone so he could watch how they acted around him . Season two 's second half shows Lionel is aware of the Kawatche caves and tries to unlock the mysterious symbols there , to the dismay of Clark Kent ( Tom Welling ) .
Season three revealed that Lionel conspired with Morgan Edge ( Rutger Hauer ) to murder Lionel 's parents and use the insurance money to fund the start of LuthorCorp . Lionel has Lex committed to a mental institution , when his son discovers what Lionel did . When Chloe Sullivan ( Allison Mack ) discovers the truth , that evidence is used to assist Lex have Lionel arrested for his parents ' murder . Season three also revealed why Lionel is angry with Lex ; he blames his son for the death of his youngest son Julian Luthor , although Lex took the blame to protect the true killer , the mentally unwell Lillian Luthor ( Alisen Down ) , Lionel 's wife and Lex 's mother . Lionel also learns that he has a terminal liver disease , which he divulges to Lex while awaiting arraignment .
Lionel is sentenced to prison for his parents ' murder in season four . Lionel attempts to switch bodies with Lex using a stone from Clark 's homeworld of Krypton but Clark intervenes and Lionel switches bodies with Clark instead . When he and Clark switch back , Lionel discovers his terminal liver disease is healed . Lionel is released from prison by Genevieve Teague ( Jane Seymour ) , and begins searching for three stones of knowledge . During this quest , Lionel falls into a catatonic state after being uploaded with Kryptonian knowledge . Lionel recovers from his catatonic state in season five when the Kryptonian artificial intelligence Jor @-@ El takes over his body to speak with Clark . With Jor @-@ El guiding him , Lionel begins helping Clark by making excuses for Clark 's behavior and unexplained disappearances throughout seasons five and six . Season seven revealed that Lionel and three other wealthy families formed the secret society called Veritas to protect an alien visitor known as the Traveler ( Clark ) . When the secret is uncovered , Lex murders his father , realizing he has been covering up the Traveler 's existence .
Season ten reveals that Tess Mercer ( Cassidy Freeman ) is Lionel 's illegitimate daughter . The same season also features a parallel universe where a version of the character found and adopted Clark 's counterpart as his adopted son raised to be a killer , favoring Clark 's counterpart over his own son in his reality . Clark visits this world and unintentionally allows for the alternate doppelganger to follow . Posing as his own doppelganger , Lionel tries to make amends when he attempts twice to bring " Alexander Luthor " / Conner Kent ( Lucas Grabeel ) , a hybrid clone of Clark and Lex that develops Clark 's powers , to his side but fails . Lionel also assumes control of LuthorCorp from Tess but loses the company when his daughter proves he is an imposter . At his nadir , Lionel is approached by the evil alien entity Darkseid . In the series finale , Lionel discovers Lex 's defective clones were grafted to create a perfect composite clone , but a compatible heart could not be found among the clones . Lionel tries to give Tess 's heart to Lex , but when Tess shoots Lionel and escapes . Lionel surrenders his soul to Darkseid , giving Lionel 's heart to restore Lex . Afterward , Darkseid possesses Lionel 's corpse to attack Clark , however , Clark destroy Lionel 's body , dispelling the threat posed by Darkseid .
= = Portrayal = =
Lionel Luthor was created by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar specifically for " Smallville " to provide a parallel to the Kents as an " experiment in extreme parenting " . The character Chloe Sullivan ( Allison Mack ) was also created for the show . Lex 's father has previously been depicted in other media .
Lionel Luthor is portrayed in the program by John Glover ; Glover said he appreciates the " clear canvas " he had to work with when developing his portrayal of Lionel . In season one , Glover traveled from New York to Vancouver every week while filming his scenes because he was already committed to stage appearances in New York at the time . When portraying the character 's struggle with terminal liver disease , Glover was inspired by a friend 's battle with cancer ; he said his friend was a " cheerleader to people " , who supported and boosted others when they were feeling bad . When Glover 's friend learned he had cancer he fought hard to get over it , but when he learned that it was terminal he went to bed and stopped eating until he died about ten days later . This helped Glover understand how someone powerful and full of life could commit suicide — which Lionel prepares to do when he learns his illness is terminal .
= = Character development = =
= = = Storyline progression = = =
In season two , Lionel moves from being recurring figure to a regular character . This season features the gradual unveiling of Lionel 's increasing involvement with the characters of the show . It begins with more direct involvement when Luthor hires Martha Kent as his assistant , and then indirectly when he becomes the conservator of the Kawatche caves and tries to unlock the mystery of the symbols on the cave walls . During season three , Lionel becomes the villain of the show when he tries to discover Clark 's secret and drives Lex into a psychotic breakdown . This allows Lionel to use electroshock therapy on Lex to erase his knowledge of Lionel 's co @-@ opting of Morgan Edge to kill Lionel 's parents for their life insurance . The creative team experimented with Lionel 's character in season four , creating a storyline in which Lionel is reformed . Executive producer Greg Beeman said the character development failed , and as a result Lionel returned to his normal self . John Glover found playing Lionel as a straight arrow was " boring " .
Season five explores the relationship between Martha and Lionel . Both Annette O 'Toole and Al Gough said Lionel was slightly attracted to Martha , but that she would never act on that feeling . The producers had no intentions to create a romantic relationship between the two characters . Most of Lionel 's motivations in season five are shrouded in mystery . Glover said he could not determine whether his character is good or bad , so when he is portraying him in season five he tried to present everything as if it was " good " . Glover said he believes Lincoln Cole 's ( Ian Tracey ) actions in " Mercy " made Lionel rethink everything his past behavior and his own character . By the end of the fifth season , Lionel has learned that people have a responsibility to each other .
Smallville 's writer and executive producer Brian Peterson said the creative team wanted to remind the audience that Lionel was still the same Lionel Luthor they had come know , so they delayed revealing Lionel 's usual antics until season six 's " Promise " in which he blackmails Lana into marrying Lex . Peterson wanted to " slap [ the audience ] in the face " with a reminder of Lionel 's former character . Although Lionel blackmails Lana into marrying Lex , John Glover said Lionel was trying to protect Clark , for which he needed Lana 's help . By the time season six began airing , John Glover realized Lex was starting to become more villainous and that his time on the show would be limited . Glover hoped Lionel would still be able to influence his son as the show progressed ; he believed his character would be useless on the show without such influencing abilities . Glover said the conflict between Lex and his father is very positive for the show because Lionel 's attempt to bond with Lex and the distrust between them " makes drama " .
= = = Characterization = = =
John Glover characterizes Lionel as a businessman who is disappointed with his son . To Glover , Lionel is this " rich and powerful businessman " who sees his son as a " wuss " and " fraidy @-@ cat " . It was important to Glover that Lionel appear as human as possible ; Glover said he does not want to simply " twirl [ his ] mustache " . Glover described Lionel as a man who will do whatever he needs to do to get what he wants . He characterizes Lionel as an intelligent man who can read people easily . Lionel uses that ability to further his goals . The character can also get past people 's defenses and manipulate them . Glover thinks that type of power would be great if it could be used to help someone other than Lionel . Lionel 's character is also connoted by the color scheme that surrounds him ; the use of cold blue tones helps to evoke the " sinister " nature of the character . Lionel is also often portrayed in front of a white or " clinical blue " background . Lionel 's signature mane of hair is used to symbolize his power — by growing it out and refusing to style it , Lionel attempts to show he is so powerful that he can do whatever he wants without any backlash .
= = = Relationships = = =
The relationship between Lionel and his son Lex is strained ; it has been likened to the relationship between Norman and Harry Osborn in the Spider @-@ Man movie . Glover tried to make Lionel appear as though he is trying to " toughen [ Lex ] up " . The character is made to " go out of his way , to give [ Lex ] tests , so [ Lex ] can prove himself " . Glover sees the character as a rich and powerful businessman who is disappointed in his son . Glover 's goal for season one was to show Lionel 's attempts to make Lex tougher ; he interprets the character 's motto in his raising of Lex as " no risk , no rewards " .
Glover believes Lionel has two competing agendas with Lex — for Lex to become his own man and for Lex to follow in his father 's steps . This becomes frustrating for Lex because Lionel wants his son to be both " loyal follower " and the " best person he can be " . This all plays into Lionel 's " pretty huge ego " . John Glover believes if Lionel and Lex were not related Lionel would have " destroyed " Lex early on because he views his son as " weak " . Lionel is also bound by the fact that Lex is his heir , although he does not trust Lex . Lionel 's distrust of Lex partially arises because he believes Lex is a coward . John Glover said , " It 's not that [ Lionel is ] meant to be a foe ; it 's just that the poor boy 's weak , so [ Lionel must ] mold him . Lionel is continually trying to strengthen his son , to teach him . [ Lex is ] just a hard student . "
Lionel also has a key relationship with Martha Kent , Clark Kent 's adoptive mother . This relationship first develops in season two when Lionel hires Martha to be his assistant ; it is further developed in season five . Glover felt Lionel 's attraction to Martha grows in season five when Jonathan Kent dies because he now sees Martha as a single woman and is now more attainable ; Glover believes Lionel was seeking to attain Martha 's " goodness " and the attraction is not based on lust . When Lionel is in Martha 's company he tries to present himself as a man she could be with ; he consciously attempts to change years of selfish behavior . Writer Holly Harold said his relationship with Martha parallels Lex 's relationship with Lana ; both men believe these two women will be their saving grace and pull them back from the dark side . Annette O 'Toole said Martha 's interest in Lionel is like watching a dangerous animal ; " It 's that attraction you have for a very beautiful , dangerous animal . You know you can 't stop watching it , but at the same time you feel , ' Oh my God , he 's going to kill me . ' " O 'Toole also said she believes Martha 's motivation is to get close enough to Lionel to know what he is planning to do to Clark . When Martha left the show , writer Todd Slavkin said they wanted to give the character " more of a send @-@ off " than they achieved on screen . Slavkin said they could do nothing equivalent to what they gave John Schneider because there were so many storylines by the season six finale they could fit nothing else in . The writers realized they could not kill off the character so they sent her to the U.S. Senate , creating a parallel to Clark where Martha fights injustice on the political stage . O 'Toole and Al Gough said Martha has a small attraction to Lionel and that nothing serious would come from it .
Glover believes Martha influenced Lionel to start believing that sacrifice is necessary to make the world a better place . When she leaves at the end of season six , Lionel no longer has that influence . He is constantly battling the dark and light sides of his personality . According to series writer Caroline Dries , the audience never really know his motivations because of this balancing act . Dries said this is embodied when he threatens Lana into marrying Lex , later revealing it was to protect Clark . Glover describes his off @-@ screen relationship with Annette O 'Toole the reason Martha and Lionel have such good chemistry . Glover said that when Martha and Lionel are talking to each other it feels as though he and O 'Toole are sharing a conversation , and that trust is visualized on the camera .
= = Reception = =
For his portrayal of Lionel Luthor on Smallville , John Glover has been nominated for two Saturn Awards in the category of Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series . The first came in 2003 , following his upgrade to series regular status , and the second in 2004 . By season four , one reviewer said Lionel should have left the show after succumbing to his terminal liver disease in season three . Maurice Cobbs of DVD Verdict said Lionel was taking away from the primary characters ' screen time in season four , and the producers should have killed him at the end of season three .
= = Smallville tie @-@ ins = =
= = = Novels = = =
Lionel makes his first appearance outside the television series in the Aspect book Smallville : Strange Visitors . In this title , Lionel is concerned that confidence trickster Donald Jacobi will draw too much attention to the meteor rocks in Smallville and ruin his plans to use the rocks for experiments . Lionel has the life of Jacobi 's partner put in jeopardy when he threatens to alert some mobsters who are looking for Lionel . He makes a brief appearance in Smallville : Dragon , in which he tells Lex he used Lex 's ex @-@ girlfriend Renata to get close to Lex to test him for unknown reasons . The Smallville version of Lionel makes a brief appearance in the second volume of the internet series Smallville : Chloe Chronicles ; he threatens Chloe after she discovers he is involved with the deaths of several people .
= = = Comics = = =
In the television series ' comic book continuation written by the show 's writer Bryan Q. Miller , it is revealed that Lionel had tried to recruit Bruce Wayne 's father Thomas Wayne into the secret society Veritas with Virgil Swann , months prior to Wayne and his wife 's mugging and murder by Joe Chill .
= = Other versions = =
= = = Comics = = =
Before Smallville , Lex 's father either made brief appearances in the Superman comics or was mentioned . Lex 's father first appears in Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane # 23 ( 1961 ) , in the story " The Curse of Lena Thorul ! " , written by Superman co @-@ creator Jerry Siegel . In this story he is named Jules and has disowned his criminal son Lex and changed the family name to " Thorul " . Jules Thorul and his wife Arlene are later killed in a car accident . In the 2004 miniseries Superman : Birthright , Lex 's father is not a billionaire but immediately puts Lex to work making millions for him after he discovers his son 's astronomical IQ . Lex 's father dies in a fire caused accidentally by Lex in an experiment that causes Lex 's permanent hair loss .
A different version of Lex Luthor 's history is presented in Adventure Comics # 6 ( March 2010 ) , in which Lionel is an abusive alcoholic single parent who terrorizes Lex and his sister Lena . He dies of a heart @-@ attack , leaving Lena in the care of an aunt and causes Lex to leave Smallville . It is later revealed that Lex had caused his father 's heart attack to cash in a sizable life insurance policy , which he would use as the basis for his fortune . In Blackest Night # 6 , Lionel Luthor is revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps . Lionel Luthor appears with Lex Luthor in the Flashpoint reality where they tour General Sam Lane 's facility of aliens .
= = = Film , television and web = = =
In the 1988 – 1992 television series Superboy , Lex 's father appears in season four 's " Know Thine Enemy " ( Part 1 ) , in which Superboy becomes Lex Luthor in a virtual reality and watches Lex grow up with an abusive father ; Lex 's father is unnamed . In Richard Donner 's Superman : The Movie and Bryan Singer 's Superman Returns , Lex briefly mentions his father — but not his father 's name — as the inspiration of Lex 's real estate schemes . Lex also says his father was a harsh man who ejected him from the family home .
= Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla =
Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla Abu ' l @-@ Ma 'ali Sharif , more commonly known by his laqab ( honorific epithet ) , Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla ( Arabic : سعد الدولة ) , was the second ruler of the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo , encompassing most of northern Syria . The son of the emirate 's founder , Sayf al @-@ Dawla , he inherited the throne at a young age and in the midst of a major Byzantine offensive that within two years conquered the western portions of his realm and turned Aleppo into a tributary state . Facing a multitude of rebellions and desertions until 977 , Sa 'd was unable even to enter his own capital , which was in the hands of his father 's chief minister , Qarquya . By maintaining close relations with the Buyids , he managed to re @-@ establish his authority in parts of the Jazira , but his rule was soon challenged by the rebellion of his governor Bakjur , who was supported by the Fatimids of Egypt . In turn , Sa 'd came to rely increasingly on Byzantine assistance , although he continued to fluctuate in his allegiance between Byzantium , the Buyids , and the Fatimids .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early years = = =
Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla was the son of Sayf al @-@ Dawla , the first Emir of Aleppo , and Sakhinah , the sister of Sayf al @-@ Dawla 's cousin and court poet , Abu Firas . At the time of his father 's death , in February 967 , he was only fifteen , and resided at the emirate 's Jaziran capital , Mayyafariqin . His succession to the emirate was unopposed , but the state his father had left him was crumbling : the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II had just conquered Cilicia and was raiding its northern and western provinces , while rebellions of his closest lieutenants had plagued Sayf al @-@ Dawla 's last years .
Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla reached Aleppo , which for years had been governed by Sayf al @-@ Dawla 's chief minister and chamberlain ( hajib ) , Qarquya , in June / July 967 . Almost immediately he was confronted by a rebellion of his uncle , Abu Firas , at the time governor of Homs , which lasted until the latter 's death in battle in April 968 . At the same time , Aleppo itself was threatened by the Byzantines , and Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla , on the advice of Qarquya , left the city . The Byzantines did not attack the city , but Qarquya and his fellow ghilman ( military slaves ) seized the moment to claim the city for themselves . Accompanied by 300 faithful followers , Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla was thus reduced to wandering from city to city across the lands that were nominally his , hoping to gain entry : Saruj , Manbij and Harran refused to support him , while at Mayyafariqin his own mother refused to let him in . Finally , he found refuge at Homs . In the meantime , many of his father 's old supporters left to join his cousin Abu Taghlib , Emir of Mosul , who used the opportunity to expand his own territory . Immediately after Sayf al @-@ Dawla 's death , he captured al @-@ Raqqah , and by 971 extended his control over the provinces of Diyar Bakr and Diyar Mudar . Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla , unable to offer any resistance , tacitly accepted these losses as well as his cousin 's suzerainty .
The year 969 was a crucial one in Syrian history , as it marked the climax of the Byzantine advance . In October , the generals Michael Bourtzes and Peter captured Antioch , securing their control over the north Syrian littoral . Soon after , the Byzantines marched against Aleppo itself and forced Qarquya to sign a treaty ( December 969 or January 970 ) making Aleppo a tributary Byzantine protectorate with Qarquya as emir and his deputy , Bakjur , as his designated successor . At the same time , in Egypt , the Fatimids defeated the Ikhshidids and gained control of the country , from where they advanced into southern Syria . The competition between these two powers , Byzantium and the Fatimids , would shape the history of Syria and of Aleppo for the next fifty years .
= = = Recovery of Aleppo , conflicts with Bakjur , the Fatimids and Byzantium = = =
It was not until 977 that Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla managed to regain his capital , which by now was under the control of Bakjur , who in 975 had deposed and imprisoned Qarquya . Aided by some of his father 's ghilman , and , crucially , the powerful Banu Kilab tribe living around Aleppo , Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla besieged Aleppo and captured it . Qarquya was set free and again entrusted with the affairs of state until his death a few years later , while Bakjur was given the governorship of Homs . Soon after , in 979 , he was able to capitalize upon Abu Taghlib 's conflict with the Buyids of Iraq to recover some of his father 's domains in the Jazira : after acknowledging Buyid suzerainty , he received governorship of the Diyar Mudar , except for al @-@ Raqqah and Rahba . At the same time , he also received from the Abbasid Caliph — who was a puppet of the Buyids — the honorific laqab by which he is known .
Bakjur , in the meantime , had used his new post at Homs to open contacts with the Fatimids , who intended to use him as a pawn to subdue Aleppo and complete their conquest of the entirety of Syria . Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla himself oscillated between the Fatimids and Byzantium : on the one hand he resented Byzantine overlordship and was willing to acknowledge the Fatimid Caliph , but on the other hand was did not want to see his domain become merely another Fatimid province like southern Syria . His first attempt to shake free of the Byzantine protectorate , in 981 , thus ended in failure due to lack of outside support , when a Byzantine army appeared before Aleppo 's walls to enforce compliance . The Fatimids now induced Bakjur to act , and in September 983 , the latter launched an attack on Aleppo with the support of Fatimid troops . Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla was forced to appeal to the Byzantine emperor Basil II for help , and the siege was raised by a Byzantine army under Bardas Phokas the Younger . The Byzantines then proceeded to sack Homs in October . The city was returned to Hamdanid control , while Bakjur fled to Fatimid territory , where he assumed the governorship of Damascus . It is an indication of the strained relations between Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla and his " saviours " that after Bakjur 's flight , there were clashes between Byzantine and Hamdanid troops , which were settled only when the Hamdanid emir agreed to pay twice the usual yearly amount of tribute of 20 @,@ 000 gold dinars .
Hamdanid relations with Byzantium collapsed completely in 985 – 986 , after the Fatimids took the Byzantine fortress of Balanyas . Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla refused to continue paying tribute . As a result , the Byzantines under Bardas Phokas invaded his territory and sacked Killis before retracing their steps and marching south to an unsuccessful siege of Apamea . In retaliation , Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla sent his troops to raze the famous monastery of Qal 'at Sim 'an . However , soon after that , in May 986 , the prospect of an imminent conclusion of a peace between Byzantium and Egypt forced Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla to return to his earlier allegiance , and he re @-@ affirmed his tributary status on the same terms as before . This did not prevent Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla from supporting the Byzantine general Bardas Skleros in his second rebellion against Basil II , once he was released from Buyid captivity in December 896 , nor of recognizing Fatimid suzerainty in the same month , especially as Byzantium now descended into a civil war that lasted until 989 .
Warfare with the Fatimids once again threatened in 991 , again because of Bakjur . He had governed Damascus until 988 , when he was deposed , and then fled to Raqqah . From there , though with little support from the Fatimids , he tried to attack Aleppo . Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla , with Byzantine assistance in the form of troops under the doux of Antioch , Michael Bourtzes , was able to defeat and capture Bakjur at Na 'ura east of Aleppo in April 991 , and later had him executed . Nevertheless , relations with the Fatimids soured over Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla 's arrest of Bakjur 's children , and it was only his death of hemiplegia in December 991 that stopped him from attacking Fatimid possessions .
Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla was succeeded by his son , Sa 'id Abu ' l @-@ Fada 'il Sa 'id al @-@ Dawla , but real power rested in the hands of Sa 'd al @-@ Dawla 's former chamberlain , Lu 'lu ' . Several of the Hamdanid ghilman , resenting the influence of Lu 'lu ' , went over to the Fatimids , who now launched a sustained offensive against Aleppo under the Turkish general Manjutakin . Only the personal intervention of Basil II in 995 and again in 999 would save the emirate from Fatimid conquest . Warfare lasted until 1000 , when a peace treaty was concluded guaranteeing Aleppo 's continued existence as a buffer state between the two powers . Finally , in 1002 , Lu 'lu ' assassinated Sa 'id al @-@ Dawla and assumed control of Aleppo in his own name .
= Black Holes and Revelations =
Black Holes and Revelations is the fourth studio album by English alternative rock band Muse , released on 3 July 2006 in the United Kingdom . It gets its title from a line in the song " Starlight " , which is the second track on the album . Recording was split between New York and France , and it was the first time Muse had taken a more active role in the album 's production . The album was a change in style from Muse 's previous albums , and the band cited influences that included Depeche Mode , Millionaire , Lightning Bolt , Sly and the Family Stone , and music from southern Italy .
Black Holes and Revelations was placed at number 34 in a public vote conducted by Q Magazine for " The Best British Albums of all time " in February 2008 .
Like their two previous albums , Black Holes and Revelations has political and science @-@ fiction undertones , with the lyrics covering topics as varied as political corruption , alien invasion , revolution and New World Order conspiracies as well as more conventional love songs .
= = Background and recording = =
Muse 's previous album , Absolution , was released in 2003 to critical acclaim . Absolution had brought the band mainstream exposure in the United States for the first time .
The band retired to an old château in France to write for a new album . Lead singer Matthew Bellamy said that this was because the band wanted to be free from distractions so that they could " concentrate , spend time and be surrounded by different musical influences " . The album was partially recorded in the same studio in France as Pink Floyd 's album The Wall , of which fact bassist Chris Wolstenholme said it was a " great feeling to know that something big had been done [ there ] " . However , the band found recording there very slow and had difficulties deciding which songs to include on the album . They travelled to New York to finish the recording .
Wolstenholme considered writing and recording for Black Holes and Revelations more relaxed than it had been for previous albums , as the band did not have a deadline to work to . It was the first time they had learned about the technology in the studio , having previously left the use of it to the sound engineers . Bellamy said that this was the first time Muse made an album without being concerned about how they would play it live .
" Soldier 's Poem " , stood out as being " quite unlike anything [ they 'd ] ever done before " . Drummer Dominic Howard said they were originally going to record it with a " massive , epic " approach , but then decided to strip it down and record it in a small studio with vintage equipment and a few microphones . Muse were pleased with the result and Howard described it as a " real highlight " , describing the vocals as " some of the most amazing vocals I 've ever heard Matt do " .
= = Lyrical content = =
Black Holes and Revelations was said by some reviewers to carry a political message . The album begins with the track " Take a Bow " , which is an " attack on an all but unnamed political leader " , incorporating lyrics such as " Corrupt , you corrupt and bring corruption to all that you touch " . These themes are carried through the album in the tracks " Exo @-@ Politics " and " Assassin " . The album often touches on controversial subject matters , such as " The New World Order conspiracy , unjustifiable war , abusive power , conspiratorial manipulation and populist revolt , " and is influenced by the conspiracy theories that the band are interested in . Matt Bellamy stated that he finds " the unknown in general a stimulating area for the imagination " , and this interest is reflected throughout the album , which features alien invasion ( in " Exo @-@ Politics " ) and rebellious paranoia ( particularly during " Assassin " ) . The album also includes more emotional themes , including regret , ambition , and love .
The title , taken from lyrics in " Starlight " , is explained by Bellamy in his September 2006 interview for Q magazine : " Black holes and revelations – they 're the two areas of songwriting for me that make up the majority of this album . A revelation about yourself , something personal , something genuine of an everyday nature that maybe people can relate to . Then the black holes are these songs that are from the more ... unknown regions of the imagination . "
= = Artwork = =
The sleeve 's designer Storm Thorgerson said : " This design was executed on location in Bardenas … The central motif came from ' galloping ' horses ( ' Knights of Cydonia ' , ' Invincible ' ) and from the biblical allusion to horsemen , namely the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , now represented in contemporary mode . "
= = Release = =
The album was released on 3 July 2006 in the UK , followed by releases in the US , Australia , Taiwan and Japan . The album was also available as a limited edition CD / DVD combination , that featured videos and live renditions of the band playing " Supermassive Black Hole " , " Knights of Cydonia " and " Starlight " . In addition , the album was re @-@ released in the USA on vinyl LP on 18 August 2009 . The album received double platinum certification in the UK on 22 December 2006 and triple platinum on 6 December 2010 . Singles were released in both the UK and the US , though they were released in different orders in each country . All singles excepting " Map of the Problematique " were available on vinyl LP , CD , DVD ( containing the music video for the single ) and as a digital download .
In the UK , the first single from the album was " Supermassive Black Hole " and it was released prior to the album , on 19 June 2006 . The single reached number four in the UK Singles Chart , making it the highest charting single in the UK for the band to date . The single was followed by " Starlight " , " Knights of Cydonia " , " Invincible " and " Map of the Problematique " , the only one of which to reach the top 10 was " Knights of Cydonia " at number ten . The album itself charted at number one for two straight weeks in the UK album chart , with the band 's largest sales up to that point .
The first single released in the U.S. was " Knights of Cydonia " , on 13 June 2006 , which peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . It was followed by " Starlight " and " Supermassive Black Hole " . " Starlight " was their most popular single in the U.S. at that point , reaching number two on the Modern Rock Tracks . The album became Muse 's first top ten entry in the U.S. , debuting at number nine .
= = Critical reception = =
Black Holes and Revelations was met with positive reviews from critics . Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating based on a range of reviews from mainstream critics , aggregated the album 's average review score to 75 out of 100 , based on 32 reviews . The album received top ratings from Observer Music Monthly , Q , E ! Online , and Alternative Press . Planet Sound named Black Holes and Revelations their Album of the Year for 2006 and the album was placed third in the NME Albums of the Year list for 2006 , as well as being named Q 's second @-@ best album of the year . The album also received a Mercury Prize nomination . It was featured in the updated 2007 version of the music reference book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die , edited by Robert Dimery . The album was named as one of Classic Rock ‘ s 10 essential progressive rock albums of the decade .
In contrast , several critics called the album " overblown " , including RTÉ 's Bill Lehane , NME 's Anthony Thornton , and Rolling Stone 's Christian Hoard . Hoard went on to describe " Knights of Cydonia " and " City of Delusion " " ridiculous " , but concluded that it was " surprising " , that the album worked . The A.V. Club 's Noel Murray , on the other hand , gave the band credit for reworking themselves , but called the album a " nightmare " and gave it a D + . The album also garnered some crossover appeal , with Oakland hip hop group Zion I releasing a notable remix of " Knights of Cydonia " in 2008 .
= = Commercial reception = =
The album sold 115 @,@ 144 copies in its first week in the UK , which was more than the first week sales of Muse 's previous album , Absolution . The album is also a BPI triple platinum album , and was nominated for a Mercury Prize . It has sold 1 @,@ 060 @,@ 765 copies in the UK as of June 2015 .
Five singles were released in the UK , of which three were released in the US . A world tour followed the release of the album that included dates in the UK , the US , Canada , Australia and most of Europe and Asia .
= = Tour = =
In July 2006 the band announced that they would be going on their " biggest ever tour " in support of the album . The first shows included the Leeds and Reading Carling Weekend festivals , followed by a tour that visited most of the world 's major continents . The tour saw them travelling over most of the world , including countries such as the UK , most of Europe , the USA , Canada , Australia , Japan , China and Korea . Some dates that were booked to play in support of My Chemical Romance in the USA were cancelled after members of both bands were affected by food poisoning . The USA stretch of the tour included dates at Madison Square Garden and a headlining slot at Lollapalooza .
The biggest concert of the tour was the two nights that they played in the new Wembley Stadium on 16 and 17 June 2007 . They were the first band to sell @-@ out the newly built stadium and play there . The show incorporated extensive special effects that included huge satellite dishes , " futuristic " antennas , giant white balls and thousands of lights . The encore featured two acrobats that floated high above the crowd suspended on floating white balloons . Footage of the latter concert was released on DVD whilst a live CD album contained a selection of recorded tracks from the two nights . Both discs were released as a joint package under the title HAARP .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Matt Bellamy .
= = = Tracks featured on limited edition DVDs = = =
" Supermassive Black Hole " ( video )
" Starlight " ( video )
" Knights of Cydonia " ( video )
" Supermassive Black Hole " ( Live from Paris )
" Starlight " ( Live from Copenhagen at the MTV Awards )
" Knights of Cydonia " ( Live from London )
A longer and heavier version of " Assassin " , dubbed the " Grand Omega Bosses Version " was also recorded and is available on the vinyl issue of " Knights of Cydonia " single .
= = = In the media = = =
" Take a Bow " was featured on an episode of Top Gear , when Richard Hammond tested the Noble M15 . The song also featured prominently in the second released trailer for Watchmen and a John Debney 's orchestrated remix of the song was used in the second trailer for the 2016 Universal / Columbia / Legendary Pictures / MGM co @-@ production film The Jungle Book while the original version will be used for the film 's TV spots and featurette . " Knights of Cydonia " was featured as a playable track in Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock and Rocksmith 2014 and " Assassin " was featured as a playable track in Guitar Hero World Tour . " Knights of Cydonia " was also featured in a trailer for Series 5 of the TV show Merlin , as well featured in the launch trailer for the videogame Halo 5 : Guardians . " Assassin " was also featured in the Torchwood episode entitled " Combat " . " Supermassive Black Hole " was featured at the start of the Series 6 Doctor Who episode , " The Rebel Flesh " , in the baseball scene of the film Twilight , and in the season 2 episode of Supernatural , " Hunted " . " Map of the Problematique " was featured in trailer for The Tourist .
= = Personnel = =
Muse
Matthew Bellamy – lead vocals , lead and rhythm guitars , piano , synthesizers , production
Christopher Wolstenholme – bass , backing vocals , double bass on " Soldier 's Poem " , some synthesizers on " Map of the Problematique " and " Hoodoo " , production
Dominic Howard – drums , percussion , brief vocals and electronic drums on " Supermassive Black Hole " , Buchla 200e on " Take a Bow " , production
Additional personnel
Edoardo de Angelis – first violin on " Take a Bow " , " City of Delusion " , " Hoodoo " and " Knights of Cydonia "
Around Art – strings on " Take a Bow " , " City of Delusion " , " Hoodoo " and " Knights of Cydonia "
Marco Brioschi – trumpet on " City of Delusion " and " Knights of Cydonia "
Tommaso Colliva – engineer
Myriam Correge – assistant engineer
Rich Costey – production
Max Dingle – mixing assistant
Tom Kirk – antique items crushed on " Exo @-@ Politics "
Roger Lian – mastering assistant
Vlado Meller – mastering
Mauro Pagani – string arrangements , string conductor
Ross Peterson – assistant engineer
Audrey Riley – string arrangements , string conductor
Mark Rinaldi – mixing assistant
Ryan Simms – assistant engineer
Derrick Santini – photography
Storm Thorgerson – cover photo
Rupert Truman – cover photo
Howie Weinberg – mastering
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Single releases = =
= Brawl in the Family ( The Simpsons ) =
" Brawl in the Family " is the seventh episode of The Simpsons ' thirteenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 6 , 2002 . In the episode , the Simpsons family get arrested for domestic violence , prompting social worker Gabriel to move in and make the family functional . After the family is declared acceptable , Amber and Ginger , the cocktail waitresses Homer and his neighbor Ned Flanders married in Las Vegas , show up at their doorsteps .
" Brawl in the Family " was directed by Matthew Nastuk and was the first full episode Joel H. Cohen received a writing credit for . It was the first episode on which Al Jean served as sole showrunner . The idea for the episode was pitched by Jean , who wanted to produce a sequel to the season 10 episode " Viva Ned Flanders " , which he thought had a " loose end " . The episode features Jane Kaczmarek as Judge Constance Harm , and Delroy Lindo as Gabriel .
In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 12 @.@ 8 million viewers , making it the 28th most watched program the week it aired . Later that year , the episode was nominated for an Environmental Media Awards in the category " Television Episodic - Comedy " , which it ultimately lost to the Dharma & Greg episode " Protecting the Ego @-@ System " . Following its home video release , " Brawl in the Family " received negative reviews from critics .
= = Plot = =
The Simpsons end up staying inside during an acid rainstorm caused by The Republican Party 's latest decision to make caring for the environment a felony offense to play a game of Monopoly . When it is revealed that Bart has been cheating by using Lego bricks as hotel pieces , Bart threatens Lisa and Homer assaults him . Marge and Lisa try to pry them apart , but this escalates to Lisa fighting with Marge . Despite her inability to talk , Maggie calls the police on her family . With help from an edible taffy @-@ like substance , the entire Simpson family is arrested for causing a domestic disturbance .
After a short time in jail , they are released by a man named Gabriel , whom Homer mistakes for an angel sent from Heaven , moves in with the family to help them be functional again . After observing the family 's quirks , Gabriel takes the family to a forest and diagnoses the family 's problems accordingly : Marge tries to prove her self @-@ worth to the family by medicating them with food , Bart is addicted to doing crazy stunts for attention , and Homer is simply a drunken buffoon . Gabriel then sets up a challenge to teach the Simpsons the importance of teamwork by setting up a picnic basket in a tree . The object is for the family to work together as a team to get it down . After a harrowing rescue involving Bart driving the family car and Homer nearly becoming prey for wild predators , the Simpsons succeed and Gabriel congratulates them on working together as a family and becoming functional during their drive home .
Before the family can call it a day , they arrive home and find Amber and Ginger waiting in their driveway . Amber shows Marge and the kids video footage of a drunk Homer marrying Amber in Vegas , while Ginger is next door with the widowed Ned Flanders . Homer tries to get his marriage to Amber annulled by the court , but Judge Constance Harm refuses , stating that Homer married Amber in Nevada and the marriage still stands , since Homer never officially divorced Amber . Marge is so angry that she banishes Homer , who takes up residence in Bart 's treehouse with Amber . Homer still loves Marge and refuses to sleep with Amber , so he tries to sleep in Santa 's Little Helper 's kennel , but ends up getting its doorway stuck to his head and spends the rest of the night trying to get it off . The next day , Marge finds Homer asleep amid the broken remains of the doghouse , and she tells Homer that she is still angry at Homer over what he did , but she has a plan to get Amber out of their house .
While Amber is lounging in a kiddie pool , she overhears Homer and Marge arguing , with Homer ultimately announcing that he is leaving Marge and the kids . Homer then invites Amber to Moe 's for a night of drinking . The next day , a hungover Amber discovers that she is now married to Grampa Simpson , with the Simpsons have video evidence of the event about her vowing to forsake all other husbands when married to Grampa . Amber and Ginger , who escapes because she is fed up with Ned Flanders , drive away and vow never to return .
= = Production = =
" Brawl in the Family " was directed by Matthew Nastuk and was the first episode Joel H. Cohen received a sole writing credit for . Cohen had previously received a credit for " Hex and the City " , the first segment of " Treehouse of Horror XII " which aired the previous year . " Brawl in the Family " originally aired on January 6 , 2002 on the Fox network . It was the first episode for which current showrunner Al Jean served as sole showrunner . It was the second of his episodes to air however , since the Christmas @-@ themed " She of Little Faith " , the second episode he produced , was chosen to air first as it would coincide with the holiday . The idea for the episode was pitched by Jean , who wanted to make a follow @-@ up to the season 10 episode " Viva Ned Flanders " . In it , Homer takes Ned to Las Vegas to teach him how to have fun . While there , the two get intoxicated and wake up the next morning to find that they have gotten married to two cocktail waitresses , Amber and Ginger . The episode ends with Homer and Ned walking home from Vegas . Jean felt that the ending to " Viva Ned Flanders " was " a bit loose " because " ... if you leave a wife in Vegas , they track you down . " He pitched " Brawl in the Family " in order to " resolve it [ the ending to ' Viva Ned Flanders ' ] . " Amber and Ginger were portrayed by Pamela Hayden and Tress MacNeille respectively .
" Brawl in the Family " features British actor and theater director Delroy Lindo as Gabriel , the social worker . According to Jean , Lindo was chosen to guest star because of his " great voice . " Gabriel was then designed to match Lindo 's voice . In the DVD commentary for the episode , Lindo expressed dissatisfaction with the character 's design . He said " Were I an audience member , looking at this [ the episode ] I 'd think , ' That guy doesn 't sound like he looks . ' " However , he added that his appearance in the episode earned him " much cred " among his nieces and nephews . In an interview with The A.V. Club , he said " After I did that voiceover , I was very aware of the power of The Simpsons , because in certain quarters , I got instant credibility . " The episode also features Jane Kaczmarek as Judge Constance Harm .
= = Release = =
On its original American broadcast on January 6 , 2002 , " Brawl in the Family " was watched by approximately 12 @.@ 8 million viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . It became the 28th most watched program of the week it aired , beating such shows as ABC 's 8 Simple Rules and NBC 's Crossing Jordan and Mister Sterling . Later that year , the episode was nominated for an Environmental Media Award in the category " Television Episodic - Comedy " , which it ultimately lost to the Dharma & Greg episode " Protecting the Ego @-@ System " . Its nomination was based solely on a scene in which " a bigger fish eats a smaller three @-@ eyed fish " , according to Jean , and because the award show was short on nominees . On August 24 , 2010 , " Brawl in the Family " was released as part of The Simpsons : The Complete Thirteenth Season DVD and Blu @-@ ray set . Al Jean , Joel H. Cohen , Max Pross , Delroy Lindo , Matt Warburton and David Silverman participated in the audio commentary of the episode .
Following its home video release , " Brawl in the Family " received negative reviews from critics . Aaron Peck of High @-@ Def Digest criticized the episode for being unoriginal , writing " Homer is always doing something that jeopardizes his marriage to Marge . When Homer 's ' Vegas Wife ' shows up unexpectedly [ ... ] the same thing happens . This is a storyline that has worn out its welcome , but it still continues . " 411Mania 's Ron Martin described the episode as having a " ridiculous set up " . Andre Dellamorte of Collider thought negatively of the episode as well , calling it " Mannered to the point of ridiculousness . " While he didn 't consider it the worst episode he 's ever seen , he criticized the episode 's pacing and lack of satire , writing " it ’ s just that the plates spin so fast and so pointlessly that it becomes just about the gags . [ ... ] the satire is gone ; it ’ s just incident after incident to set up gags ( some of which are funny ) and get the show to an end time . "
Writing for DVD Movie Guide , Colin Jacobson wrote that the episode " seems like two story fragments combined into one ; it ’ s like the writers couldn ’ t flesh out either tale for an entire 22 minutes so they just stuck two half @-@ programs together . " He added that it still " manages some laughs " , and also argued that the episode was very similar to the season 1 episode " There 's No Disgrace Like Home " , which was also noted by Ryan Keefer of DVD Talk . Despite receiving negative reviews , " Brawl in the Family " is often considered a fan favourite , and R. L. Shaffer of IGN called it one of the season 's " gems " .
= Helmuth Raithel =
Helmuth Raithel ( 9 April 1907 – 12 September 1990 ) was a German officer who held the rank of SS @-@ Standartenführer ( colonel ) in the Waffen @-@ SS during World War II . While still at school , Raithel was swept up in the excitement of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch of 9 November 1923 led by Adolf Hitler , and was subsequently awarded the coveted Blood Order , even though he was not a member of the Nazi Party . He joined the Reichswehr ( interwar German Army ) in 1926 . After World War II broke out he fought in the invasion of Greece in summer 1941 , then against the Soviet Red Army in northern Finland before transferring to the Waffen @-@ SS in 1943 .
Raithel subsequently commanded a regiment of the newly formed 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar ( 1st Croatian ) and led it during fighting against the Yugoslav Partisans in the Independent State of Croatia . Raithel was seriously wounded in mid @-@ 1944 and was replaced . When a new Waffen @-@ SS division was to be raised in June 1944 , the cadre was provided by the 13th SS Division and Raithel was appointed as the divisional commander . The 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama ( 2nd Croatian ) never reached full divisional strength and did not see action as a formation , but elements of the division fought briefly in southern Hungary in early October 1944 . Raithel quickly suppressed a mutiny by the Bosnian Muslim soldiers of the division in mid @-@ October 1944 , but it was disbanded and its reliable troops were absorbed by the 13th SS Division and the 31st SS Volunteer Grenadier Division . Raithel was then appointed to command a regiment of 6th SS Mountain Division Nord in Alsace , where his regiment fought the United States Army . He received a serious head wound during fighting northeast of Frankfurt in early April 1945 and was captured by the Americans .
Raithel recovered from his wounds and had a career in agriculture after the war , working in South Africa for many years . He returned to Bavaria when he retired and earned a doctorate of history from the University of Munich . His interest in mountaineering continued and he regularly climbed in the Alps into his seventies . He maintained contact with his former comrades from the 6th SS Division , attending many reunions . On 12 September 1990 at the age of 82 , he was returning home from the Semmering Pass in eastern Austria when he was killed in a traffic accident .
= = Early life = =
Born Helmuth Hans Walter Paul Raithel in Ingolstadt , Kingdom of Bavaria , a federated state of the German Empire , on 9 April 1907 , he was the second son of a Bavarian Army officer . Raithel attended primary school then the Wittelsbacher @-@ Gymnasium München ( secondary school ) until 1926 . On 9 November 1923 at the age of 16 , Raithel was walking his bicycle in Munich when he stumbled across the Beer Hall Putsch being led by Adolf Hitler . Swept up in the excitement , he fell in with a group led by Freikorps veteran Gerhard Roßbach . After shots were fired , he took cover with some of the group in an alley , one of whom wrote down Raithel 's name as one of the " party faithful " present that day . He was subsequently awarded the highly prized Nazi Party Blood Order , although he apparently did not have any political beliefs and was not a member of the Party at the time .
After he successfully completed secondary school in early 1926 , he joined the Reichswehr as a offizieranwärter ( officer cadet ) on 1 April 1926 . He was posted to the 19th Infantry Regiment during which he spent four years commanding a Gebirgsjäger ( mountain infantry ) platoon . While he was with the regiment , the Reichswehr was absorbed by the Wehrmacht . Now part of the Gebirgs Brigade , Raithel gained experience as a signals officer and company commander , and was promoted to Hauptmann ( captain ) . With the creation of the 1st Gebirgs Division in April 1938 he was appointed as the adjutant of the 99th Gebirgsjäger Regiment . At the outbreak of war in September 1939 he was an instructor at the mountain infantry school at Fulpmes in the Stubai Alps . He was married and he and his wife had two daughters .
= = World War II = =
= = = Greece and Finland = = =
In August 1940 , Raithel was transferred from instructional duties to command a battalion of the newly formed 6th Gebirgs Division , which had been deployed to France on occupation duty in anticipation of involvement in the planned invasion of the United Kingdom , Operation Sealion . When Sealion was abandoned , the division was sent first to Poland then in spring 1941 took part in the invasion of Greece . During the Battle of Metaxas Line in early April 1941 , the division , led by Generalmajor ( Brigadier ) Ferdinand Schörner , breached the formidable Greek defences by crossing a 2 @,@ 100 @-@ metre ( 6 @,@ 900 ft ) snow @-@ covered mountain pass considered inaccessible by the Greeks . This enabled the division to cut the rail line to Thessaloniki .
Raithel was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class in late April 1941 . Following the defeat of Greece and its allies , the division was deployed to Lapland in northern Finland in September 1941 . Raithel remained as a battalion commander with the 143rd Gebirgsjäger Regiment of the division in Finland and was promoted to Major on 1 November 1941 . Schörner became Raithel 's mentor during their service with the 6th Gebirgs Division . In January 1942 he was awarded the German Cross in Gold . In August 1942 he was transferred to the Oberkommando des Heeres ( Army Headquarters ) reserve pool for an extended period , during which he returned to the mountain infantry school then served briefly with the 133rd Fortress Division on Crete . He was promoted to Oberstleutnant ( lieutenant colonel ) on 1 October 1943 .
= = = Yugoslavia = = =
In 1943 , his mentor Schörner , now a General der Gebirgstruppe ( lieutenant general ) , advised him to transfer to the quickly expanding Waffen @-@ SS where regimental command would be easier to come by , particularly as his Blood Order was especially prized in the Waffen @-@ SS . Raithel subsequently transferred to the Waffen @-@ SS ( and Allgemeine SS ) on 30 November 1943 , but still did not join the Nazi Party . He was immediately appointed to command a regiment of the newly formed 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar ( 1st Croatian ) , the rank @-@ and @-@ file of which were mostly Bosnian Muslims . Initially appointed as an SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer ( lieutenant colonel ) commanding the 28th Waffen Gebirgsjäger Regiment , he oversaw the completion of his regiment 's training at the Neuhammer training grounds in the Silesian region of Germany ( present @-@ day Poland ) then led his regiment to fight the Yugoslav Partisans in the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) in February 1944 . The division was given the primary role of securing around 6 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 2 @,@ 300 sq mi ) of territory ( the designated security zone ) in north @-@ eastern Bosnia within the NDH . The security zone encompassed the Posavina , Semberija and Majevica regions between the Sava , Bosna , Drina and Spreča rivers . Reichsführer @-@ SS Heinrich Himmler saw this task as critical to the safeguarding of important agricultural areas and Volksdeutsche ( ethnic German ) settlements in the Syrmia region to the north .
Between March and June 1944 Raithel commanded his regiment during several major operations , including what may have been the largest anti @-@ Partisan sweep of the war , Operation Maibaum ( Maypole ) . He was promoted to SS @-@ Standartenführer ( colonel ) on 1 April 1944 . Raithel led his regiment well , resulting in a serious wound in June 1944 . On 11 June 1944 , he was recommended for an award of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross citing his leadership and courage while commanding the regiment , but it was not approved . While it achieved successes and proved itself competent in counter @-@ insurgency operations against the Partisans in eastern Bosnia between March and August 1944 , the 13th SS Division earned a reputation for brutality and savagery , not only during combat operations , but also through atrocities committed against Serb civilians in the security zone .
When a second Bosnian Muslim Waffen @-@ SS division was to be raised in June 1944 , the cadre was provided by the 13th SS Division and Raithel was appointed as the divisional commander . The 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama ( 2nd Croatian ) never reached full divisional strength and did not see action as a formation , but elements of the division fought briefly in southern Hungary in early October 1944 . The Bosnian Muslim members of the division mutinied on 17 October 1944 , but Raithel quickly gained control over the situation . Following the mutiny , the division was formally disbanded on 31 October and reliable elements were absorbed by the 13th SS Division and the 31st SS Volunteer Grenadier Division .
= = = Germany = = =
After a short time convalescing as part of the SS Führungshauptamt ( SS headquarters ) reserve pool , Raithel was appointed to command the 11th Gebirgsjäger Regiment of the 6th SS Mountain Division Nord in December 1944 . In early January 1945 , the division was located around Pirmasens near the French @-@ Reich border , reeling from their losses in what was the last major German offensive of World War II on the Western Front , Operation Nordwind . Committed to a series of desperate counterattacks against the United States Army XV Corps , on one occasion Raithel 's regiment infiltrated the American positions , surrounding five US infantry companies and taking 450 prisoners of war . The fighting depleted the already understrength regiment , with one company numbering only eight men by 20 January . The commander of one of the US battalions they fought in January 1945 ruefully described Raithel 's regiment as , " the best men we ever ran into , extremely aggressive , and impossible to capture . There was no driving them out , for they fought until they were killed " .
After a quiet period in February 1945 absorbing replacements , the division was withdrawn from the defensive line and ordered to recapture Trier from the US Army . This attack started on 7 March in freezing conditions but after limited success a fresh US offensive struck the division and forced them back north of Mainz . By 19 March , Raithel 's regiment had been converted into a kampfgruppe ( battlegroup ) consisting of two gebirgsjäger battalions , a mountain artillery battalion , a pioneer company and eight anti @-@ tank guns . Two weeks later they were fighting their way out of encirclement near Limburg . On 1 April 1945 , " Kampfgruppe Raithel " and the rest of what remained of the division drove east . Shortly afterwards , Raithel received a serious head wound and was captured . The remnants of the division disintegrated over the next few days and weeks and were captured by the Americans .
= = Personal life = =
Raithel recovered from his wounds and had a career in agriculture after the war , working in South Africa for many years . He returned to Bavaria when he retired and earned a doctorate of history from the University of Munich . He continued with mountaineering and regularly climbed in the Alps into his seventies . He maintained contact with his former comrades from the 6th SS Division Nord and attended many reunions . On 12 September 1990 at the age of 82 , he was returning home from the Semmering Pass in eastern Austria when he was killed in a traffic accident .
= = Career = =
Raithel received the following promotions during his career , after joining the Reichswehr as an officer cadet on 1 April 1926 :
= = = Reichswehr = = =
Leutnant - 1 June 1930
Oberleutnant - 1 July 1932
= = = Wehrmacht = = =
Hauptmann - 1 April 1937
Major - 1 November 1941
Oberstleutnant - 1 October 1943
= = = Waffen @-@ SS = = =
SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer - 1 December 1943
SS @-@ Standartenführer - 2 April 1944
= = Awards = =
Raithel received the following awards during his service :
German Cross in Gold
Iron Cross First Class
Infantry Assault Badge
Eastern Front Medal
Order of Bravery ( Fourth Grade , First Class ) ( Kingdom of Bulgaria )
= Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men =
The Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men comprised ten volumes of Dionysius Lardner 's 133 @-@ volume Cabinet Cyclopaedia ( 1829 – 46 ) . Aimed at the self @-@ educating middle class , this encyclopedia was written during the 19th @-@ century literary revolution in Britain that encouraged more people to read .
The Lives formed part of the Cabinet of Biography in the Cabinet Cyclopaedia . Within the set of ten , the three @-@ volume Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy , Spain and Portugal ( 1835 – 37 ) and the two @-@ volume Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of France ( 1838 – 39 ) consist of biographies of important writers and thinkers of the 14th to 18th centuries . Most of them were written by the Romantic writer Mary Shelley . Shelley 's biographies reveal her as a professional woman of letters , contracted to produce several volumes of works and paid well to do so . Her extensive knowledge of history and languages , her ability to tell a gripping biographical narrative , and her interest in the burgeoning field of feminist historiography are reflected in these works .
At times Shelley had trouble finding sufficient research materials and had to make do with fewer resources than she would have liked , particularly for the Spanish and Portuguese Lives . She wrote in a style that combined secondary sources , memoir , anecdote , and her own opinions . Her political views are most obvious in the Italian Lives , where she supports the Italian independence movement and promotes republicanism ; in the French Lives she portrays women sympathetically , explaining their political and social restrictions and arguing that women can be productive members of society if given the proper educational and social opportunities .
The Lives did not attract enough critical attention to become a bestseller . A fair number were printed and sold , however , and far more copies of the Lives circulated than of Shelley 's
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
novels . Some of the volumes were illegally copied in the United States , where they were praised by the poet and critic Edgar Allan Poe . Not reprinted until 2002 , Mary Shelley 's biographies have until recently received little academic appreciation .
= = Lardner 's Cabinet Cyclopaedia = =
During the first quarter of the 19th century , self @-@ improvement literature became an important portion of the book market : " it was the age of the ' Family Library ' edition " . In his article on the Cabinet Cyclopaedia , Morse Peckham writes that this " revolution in literacy , [ was ] partly the result of the spread of liberal ideas by the French Revolution , [ and ] partly of the desire to combat those ideas by teaching the poor to read the Bible and religious tracts [ ... It ] was to have an effect on modern society almost as profound as the industrial and agricultural revolutions " . Dionysius Lardner 's Cabinet Cyclopaedia , published between 1829 and 1846 , was one of the most successful of these enterprises , which also included John Murray 's Family Library and the publications of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . Although intended for the " general reader " , the series was aimed specifically at the middle class rather than the masses : each volume cost six shillings , prohibiting purchase by the poor . The advertisements for the Cyclopaedia describe the expected audience as " merchants , captains , families , [ and ] new @-@ married couples " . The prospectus assured its readers that " nothing will be admitted into the pages of the ' CABINET CYCLOPAEDIA ' which can have the most remote tendency to offend public or private morals . To enforce the cultivation of religion and the practice of virtue should be a principal object with all who undertake to inform the public mind . "
The series was divided into five " Cabinets " : Arts and Manufactures , Biography , History , Natural History , and Natural Philosophy . The advertisement claimed these covered " all the usual divisions of knowledge that are not of a technical and professional kind " . Unlike other encyclopedias of the time , Lardner 's Cabinet Cyclopaedia arranged its articles topically rather than alphabetically . The series eventually contained 61 titles in 133 volumes and customers could purchase a single volume , a single cabinet , or the entire set . The first volume was published in December 1829 by Longman , Reese , Orme , Browne , Greene , and John Taylor . Thirty @-@ eight identified authors contributed ( others are unidentified ) ; Mary Shelley was the only female contributor and the eighth most productive .
Reverend Dr. Dionysius Lardner , a science lecturer at University College London , started the Cabinet Cyclopaedia in 1827 or 1828 . The authors who contributed to the volumes spanned the political spectrum and included many luminaries of the day . James Mackintosh , Walter Scott , Thomas Moore , and Connop Thirlwall wrote histories ; Robert Southey wrote naval biographies ; Henry Roscoe wrote legal biographies ; John Herschel wrote on astronomy and the philosophy of science ; August de Morgan wrote on mathematics ; David Brewster wrote on optics ; and Lardner himself wrote on mathematics and physics . Authors were usually paid about £ 200 for each volume , though some contracts were much higher or lower . For example , Irish poet Thomas Moore was contracted to write a two @-@ volume History of Ireland for £ 1 @,@ 500 . One of the reasons the overall project ran into difficulty may have been that it overpaid well @-@ known writers . Peckham speculates that the reason many of the famous writers listed on the prospectus never participated was because of the project 's financial problems . The 19 substitute contributors were , he writes , " at the time and subsequently a far less distinguished group than Lardner had originally announced " .
The books were relatively expensive to print , because of the Corbould and Finden illustrations , the images for the scientific volumes , and the use of Spottiswoode 's printing house . In order to cut costs , the publishers decided to use small print and narrow margins . An estimated 4 @,@ 000 copies of the first edition of the early volumes were printed , but the print run would probably have fallen to 2 @,@ 500 since the sales did not pick up after 1835 . As it became clear that the series was not going to take off , fewer review copies were sent out and advertisements became smaller . Lardner 's interest in the project may also have waned , as he paid less attention to its business dealings . However , some volumes of the Cabinet Cyclopaedia remained in print until 1890 .
Because of the popularity of encyclopedias at the beginning of the 19th century , the Cabinet Cyclopaedia did not receive enough critical notice to make it a bestseller . Often the reviews were " perfunctory " . However , some individual writers received attention . Moore , for example , was given a front @-@ page spread in the Literary Gazette for his history of Ireland . Shelley 's volumes received 12 reviews in total — a good number — but " her name was never fully exploited " in the project ; whether by her choice or Lardner 's , it is unclear . Nevertheless , Peckham writes that " the Cyclopaedia on the whole was a distinguished and valuable work " , and some of the individual volumes became famous .
= = Mary Shelley 's contributions = =
Written during the last productive decade of Mary Shelley 's career , her contributions fill about three @-@ quarters of these five volumes and reveal her to be a professional woman of letters . They demonstrate her knowledge of several languages and historical research covering several centuries , her ability to tell a gripping biographical narrative , and her interest in the burgeoning field of feminist historiography . She " wrote with many books to hand – reading ( or rereading ) some , consulting others , cross @-@ referring , interweaving abridged and paraphrased source material with her own comment " . Shelley combined secondary sources with memoir and anecdote and included her own judgments , a biographical style made popular by the 18th @-@ century critic Samuel Johnson in his Lives of the Poets ( 1779 – 81 ) . She describes this technique in her " Life of Metastasio " :
It is from passages such as these , interspersed in his letters , that we can collect the peculiar character of the man – his difference from others – and the mechanism of being that rendered him the individual that he was . Such , dr Johnson [ sic ] remarks , is the true end of biography , and he recommends the bringing forward of minute , yet characteristic details , as essential to this style of history ; to follow which precept has been the aim and desire of the writer of these pages .
William Godwin 's theories of biographical writing significantly influenced Shelley 's style . Her father believed that biography could tell the history of a culture as well as serve a pedagogical function . Shelley felt that her nonfiction works were better than her fiction , writing in 1843 to publisher Edward Moxon : " I should prefer quieter work , to be gathered from other works — such as my lives for the Cyclopedia — & which I think I do much better than romancing . "
The 18th century had seen a new kind of history emerge , with works such as David Hume 's History of England ( 1754 – 63 ) . Frustrated with traditional histories that highlighted only military and monarchical history , Hume and others emphasised commerce , the arts , and society . Combined with the rise of sensibility at the end of the 18th century , this " produced an unprecedented historical interest in the social , the inward , and particularly the realm of affect " . These topics and this style explicitly invited women into the discussion of history as both readers and writers . However , since this new history often subordinated the private sphere to the public , women writers took it upon themselves to bring " sentimental and private elements " to the centre of historical study . In this way , they argued for the political relevance of women , claiming , for example , that women 's sympathy for those who suffered enabled them to speak for marginalised groups , such as slaves or the poor .
Shelley practised this early form of feminist historiography . Biographical writing was , in her words , supposed to " form as it were a school in which to study the philosophy of history " and to teach " lessons " . These " lessons " consisted , most frequently and importantly , of criticisms of male @-@ dominated institutions , such as primogeniture . She also praises societies that are progressive with regard to gender relations — she wrote , for example , " No slur was cast by the [ Renaissance era ] Italians on feminine accomplishments ... Where abstruse learning was a fashion among men , they were glad to find in their friends of the other sex , minds educated to share their pursuits " .
Shelley was particularly interested in tying private , domestic history to public , political history . She emphasises romance , the family , sympathy , and compassion in the lives of the people she writes about . This is particularly true in her essays on Petrarch and Vincenzo Monti . Her belief that these domestic influences would improve society , and that women could be at the forefront of them , ties her approach to that of other early feminist historians such as Mary Hays and Anna Jameson . Shelley argues that women possess a " distinctive virtue " in their ability to sympathise with others and should use this ability to improve society . She castigates Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , for example , for abandoning his children at a foundling hospital , decrying the " masculine egotism " associated with his philosophy — a criticism similar to the one she makes of Victor Frankenstein in Frankenstein ( 1818 ) .
Unlike most of her novels , which had a print run of only several hundred copies , the Lives 's print run of about 4 @,@ 000 for each volume became , in the words of one scholar , " one of her most influential political interventions " . However , Shelley 's biographies have not been fully appreciated until recently . The Lives were not reprinted until 2002 , and little study has been made of them because of a critical tradition that " dismiss [ es ] the Lives as hack work churned out rapidly in order to pay off debts " .
= = Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy , Spain and Portugal = =
The three @-@ volume Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy , Spain and Portugal contains numerous biographies of writers and thinkers of the 14th to 18th centuries . The first volume was published on 1 February 1835 , the second on 1 October 1835 , and the third on 1 November 1837 . An unlicensed edition of the first two volumes was published in the United States by Lea and Blanchard in 1841 .
= = = Italian Lives = = =
The Italian Lives constitute the first two volumes of Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy , Spain and Portugal . The poet , journalist , and literary historian James Montgomery contributed the biographies of Dante , Ariosto , and Tasso . Historian of science Sir David Brewster contributed that of Galileo . Mary Shelley contributed the rest : Petrarch , Boccaccio , Lorenzo de 'Medici , Marsiglio Ficino , Giovanni Pico della Mirandola , Angelo Poliziano , Bernardo Pulci , Luca Pulci , Luigi Pulci , Cieco Da Ferrara , Burchiello , Bojardo , Berni , Machiavelli , Guicciardini , Vittoria Colonna , Guarini , Chiabrera , Tassoni , Marini , Filicaja , Metastasio , Goldoni , Alfieri , Monti , and Ugo Foscolo . Although there has been some confusion regarding the attribution of these biographies , the Lives 's recent editor , Tilar Mazzeo , notes that Shelley claimed authorship of all of these and granted Montgomery and Brewster 's authorship of the others in her letters .
Shelley began the Italian Lives on 23 November 1833 and by December was working methodically : she wrote the Lives in the morning and read novels and memoirs in the evening . She added the revision of her novel Lodore ( 1835 ) and the checking of its proofs to this already busy schedule . She worked on the Italian Lives for two years and was probably paid £ 140 for each volume . By the time she began working on the Lives , Shelley had spent 20 years studying Italian authors and had lived in Italy for five years . Her major sources for the biographies were first @-@ person memoirs and literature by the authors , aided by scholarly works . Shelley had gained much of her knowledge of these authors in Italy when she was researching her historical novel Valperga ( 1823 ) ; the rest she obtained from her own books or those of her father , the philosopher William Godwin . She had limited access to books at this time and was thus restricted to those she owned or could borrow from friends . Shelley copied sections from some of these works in a manner that would today be termed plagiarism , but , as Mazzeo explains , because the standards of intellectual property and copyright were so different in the early 19th century , Shelley 's practice was common and not considered unethical . She writes , " Mary Shelley 's objectives in the Italian Lives were to gather what had been said by these authors and about them and to infuse the work with her own judgements on their interest and credibility . "
To supplement her printed sources , Shelley interviewed Gabriele Rossetti and other Italian expatriates in London for the modern biographies . Mazzeo writes that " her lives of the contemporary Italian poets – Alfieri , Monti and Foscolo – are unquestionably the most personal and most inspired of the two volumes " . Of all of the volumes Shelley contributed to the Cabinet Cyclopaedia , Italian Lives is , according to editor Nora Crook , the " most overtly political " . Shelley was a friend to the Italian exiles and a proponent of the Risorgimento ; she reveals her republicanism by depicting Machiavelli as a patriot . She continually praises writers who resist tyranny by " cultivat [ ing ] private virtue and inner peace " . In the first volume of the Italian Lives her primary goal was to introduce lesser @-@ known Italian writers to English readers and build up the reputation of those who were already known , reflecting the view she expressed in her travel narrative Rambles in Germany and Italy ( 1844 ) : " Italian literature claims , at present , a very high rank in Europe . If the writers are less numerous , yet in genius they equal , and in moral taste they surpass France and England " .
Shelley specifically addressed gender politics in her biography of the 16th @-@ century poet Vittoria Colonna , highlighting her literary achievements , her " virtues , talents , and beauty " , and her interest in politics . However , Shelley was careful to describe feminine virtues in their historical context throughout the Italian Lives . For example , her analysis of the cavalier servente system in Italy , which allowed married women to take lovers , was rooted in an understanding that many marriages at the time were made not for love , but for profit . She refused to indict any particular woman for what she saw as the faults of a larger system .
Little has been written on the contributions by Montgomery or Brewster . According to Mazzeo , Montgomery 's biographies , which draw a picture of the subject 's character and incorporate autobiographical material , are written in a " digressive though not unengaging manner " . He is less concerned with factual accuracy , although he identifies his sources , and more interested in developing " extended parallels between Italian and English literature " . Brewster includes descriptions of 16th @-@ century scientific experiments in his formally written biography of Galileo , as well as information on other Renaissance natural philosophers . According to Mazzeo , " Brewster 's pious religiosity infuses the work and his opinions " .
Ninety @-@ eight review copies of the first two volumes were distributed , eliciting five reviews . Some of these were simply short advertisements for the Cabinet Cyclopaedia . Mazzeo writes that the " commentary on both volumes was mixed and often contradictory , but on balance positive ; prose style , organisation and use of source materials were the three most often identified points of discussion " . The first volume was declared to be unorganised , the second volume less so . Reviewers did not agree on the value of frequently using primary sources , nor on the elegance of the writing style . The Monthly Review dedicated the most substantial review and extracts to the volumes , writing that " we by no means think highly of the volume as a whole " , complaining that it presented facts and dates without context . However , the reviewer praised two of Mary Shelley 's biographies : Petrarch and Machiavelli . According to Mazzeo , the reviewer " notes , in particular , her efforts to question conventional assumptions about Machiavelli by returning to autobiographical materials and credits her with originality on this point " . Graham 's Magazine , in a piece probably by its co @-@ editor , Edgar Allan Poe , positively reviewed the unauthorized American edition .
= = = Spanish and Portuguese Lives = = =
The Spanish and Portuguese Lives constitute the third volume of the Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy , Spain and Portugal . Except for the biography of Ercilla , whose author is unknown , Mary Shelley wrote all of the entries in this volume : Boscán , Garcilaso de la Vega , Diego Hurtado de Mendoza , Luis de León , Herrera , Sá de Miranda , Jorge de Montemayor , Castillejo , Cervantes , Lope de Vega , Vicente Espinel , Esteban de Villegas , Góngora , Quevedo , Calderón , Ribeiro , Gil Vicente , Ferreira , and Camoens .
During the two or three years that Mary Shelley spent writing the Spanish and Portuguese Lives from 1834 or 1835 to 1837 , she also wrote a novel , Falkner ( 1837 ) , experienced the death of her father , William Godwin , started a biography of him , and moved to London after her son , Percy Florence Shelley , entered Trinity College , Cambridge . She had more difficulty with these Lives than with the other volumes ' biographies , writing to her friend Maria Gisborne : " I am now about to write a Volume of Spanish & Portugeeze [ sic ] Lives – This is an arduous task , from my own ignorance , & the difficulty of getting books & information " . According to Lisa Vargo , a recent editor of the Spanish and Portuguese Lives , Spanish books were hard to come by in England and not much was known regarding Shelley 's subjects . However , Shelly ended one plaintive letter to another friend : " The best is that the very thing which occasions the difficulty makes it interesting – namely – the treading in unknown paths & dragging out unknown things – I wish I could go to Spain . " While living in Harrow , she refused to go to the British Library in London , writing : " I would not if I could – I do not like finding myself a stray bird among strange men in a character assimililating [ sic ] to their own " . At this time , the British Library had special tables for women in the reading room . While some scholars see her refusal to work there as a mark of " feminist protest " others see it as " matter of comfort and practicality " , since the reading rooms were " noisy , badly lit , and poorly ventilated " . Shelley 's continual problems with finding sources mean that her biographies are based on relatively few works . However , Vargo writes that " there is always a sense of an engaged and intelligent mind at work weighing what should be included , what seems accurate " . Shelley tended to focus on obtaining accounts written by people who knew the authors , and when translations of the authors ' works were unavailable or poor , she provided her own .
Shelley 's biographies begin by describing the author , offering examples of their writings in the original language and in translation , and end by summarising their " beauties and defects " . She also discusses the problems of writing biography itself , engaging in a written dialogue with the theories of her now @-@ dead father . In " Of History and Romance " Godwin had written that for the genius , " I am not contented to observe such a man upon the public stage , I would follow him into his closet . I would see the friend and the father of a family , as well as the patriot " . Shelley and Godwin had seen the negative effects of this approach when Godwin published Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1798 ) , his biography of Shelley 's mother , Mary Wollstonecraft . Its frank description of Wollstonecraft 's affairs and suicide attempts shocked the public and sullied her reputation . Shelley criticises this technique in her biographies , concerned that such works perpetuate " follies " . She is even more concerned that often an absence of information regarding a particular writer is interpreted as evidence that the writer was insignificant .
Overall , the Spanish Lives , according to Vargo , " tells a story of the survival of genius and moral independence in spite of oppression by public institutions , both individually and nationally " . Shelley argues that Spain 's literature is directly related to its politics and seeks to inspire her readers by outlining a national literature stretching back to Lucan which represents the best characteristics of Spanish identity : " originality " , " independence " , " enthusiasm " , and " earnestness " .
= = Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of France = =
The two @-@ volume Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of France includes the following works by Mary Shelley : Montaigne , Corneille , Rochefoucauld , Molière , Pascal , Madame de Sévigné , Boileau , Racine , Fénelon , Voltaire , Rousseau , Condorcet , Mirabeau , Madame Roland , and Madame de Staël . Rabelais and La Fontaine are by an as yet unidentified author . Shelley was the only contributor to Lardner 's Cabinet Cyclopaedia to give such pride of place to female biographical subjects . In these volumes , " she stretched the definition of ' Eminent Literary Men ' not just by including two more women but by her choice of a quartet of French revolutionary personalities who were political actors more than , or as much as writers : Condorcet and Mirabeau , Mme Roland and Mme de Staël " . As Clarissa Campbell Orr , a recent editor of the French Lives , explains , this choice " represents a concerted attempt to disassociate the early ideals of the French Revolution from its subsequent extremism and state @-@ authored bloodshed " .
Mary Shelley worked on the French Lives from the end of 1837 until the middle of 1839 and she was paid £ 200 upon their completion . No other substantial projects occupied her during this time and research materials were easily accessible ; she even subscribed to a specialist circulating library to acquire books . She wrote to her friend Leigh Hunt of the project , " I am now writing French Lives . The Spanish ones interested me — these do not so much – yet , it is pleasant writing enough – sparing one imagination yet occupying one & supplying in some small degree the needful which is so very needful . "
Mary Shelley spoke French fluently and was knowledgeable about 17th- and 18th @-@ century French literature . Although she was distilling other works , the biographies are still deeply personal works and have autobiographical elements . Orr writes that they " are the culmination of her work for Lardner , and represent the final stage of a sustained overview of four literatures . Few British women of letters in the 1830s could command this extensive range and write so confidently about four national cultures . " Orr compares Shelley to the 19th @-@ century historical writers Lady Morgan , Frances Trollope , Anna Jameson , and Agnes and Eliza Strickland . Shelley 's assessment of French literature was not as generous as her evaluation of Italian literature . She criticized its artificiality , for example . However , the biographies are " written with a sprightly narrative thrust and an agreeable tone " . She also often provided her own translations and focused on themes that resonated with her own life .
The French Lives provided Shelley with a way to celebrate literary women , particularly salonniéres . In her life of Madame de Sévigné , Shelley celebrates " her chaste widowhood ; her loyalty as a friend ; [ and ] her maternal devotion " . However , Orr writes that it is difficult to see a pattern in the way Shelley addresses gender issues in these volumes . She argues that " the most consistent ' feminism ' displayed throughout [ the second volume of French Lives ] lies in her examination of French attitudes toward love , marriage , and sexuality " . Shelley sympathetically portrays customs such as taking lovers , explaining the custom in the context of France 's arranged marriages . Overall , Orr explains , Shelley 's " historical sympathy for the varied circumstances of women 's relationships mirrors her personal practice of understanding and assisting those of her women friends who transgressed moral norms " . The biographies of Roland and Staël focus on their abilities and the social forces that both helped and hindered them from succeeding . Shelley argues that women are as intellectually capable as men , but lack a sufficient education and are trapped by social systems such as marriage that restrict their rights . The emphasis that Shelley places on education and reading reflect the influence of her mother 's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) . In these two biographies , Shelley reinforces contemporary gender roles while at the same time celebrating the achievements of these women . She describes Roland through traditionally feminine roles :
She was her husband 's friend , companion , amanuensis ; fearful of the temptations of the world , she gave herself up to labour ; she soon became absolutely necessary to him at every moment , and in all the incidents of his life ; her servitude was thus sealed ; now and then it caused a sigh ; but the holy sense of duty reconciled her to every inconvenience .
Shelley also defends Roland 's " unwomanly " actions , however , by arguing that they were " beneficial " to French society . Shelley 's most overt feminist statement in the French Lives comes when she criticises Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau 's novel Julie , or the New Heloise ( 1761 ) , writing " his ideas ... of a perfect life are singularly faulty . It includes no instruction , no endeavours to acquire knowledge and refine the soul by study ; but is contracted to mere domestic avocations " .
Sixty review copies of each volume were sent out , but only one short notice of the first volume of French Lives has been located , in the Sunday Times . The volumes were bootlegged in the United States by Lea and Blanchard of Philadelphia and reviewed by Edgar Allan Poe in Graham 's Lady 's and Gentleman ’ s Magazine in 1841 . He wrote , " a more valuable work , when considered solely as an introduction to French literature , has not , for some time , been issued from the American press " .
= Agent Carter ( season 1 ) =
The first season of the American television series Agent Carter , which is inspired by the film Captain America : The First Avenger and the Marvel One @-@ Shot short film of the same name , features the Marvel Comics character Peggy Carter as she must balance doing administrative work and going on secret missions for Howard Stark while trying to navigate life as a single woman in 1940s America . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season , which aired on ABC from January 6 to February 24 , 2015 , over 8 episodes , was produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and F & B Fazekas & Butters , with Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas , and Chris Dingess serving as showrunners .
Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the film series and One @-@ Shot as Carter , with James D 'Arcy , Chad Michael Murray , Enver Gjokaj , and Shea Whigham also starring . In May 2014 , ABC bypassed a pilot , ordering a show based on the One @-@ Shot straight to series for an eight episode season . Filming took place in Los Angeles from September 2014 to January 2015 , and Industrial Light & Magic provided visual effects . The season introduces the origins of several characters and storylines from MCU films , while other characters from the films and Marvel One @-@ Shots also appear .
The season aired during the season two mid @-@ season break of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Despite steadily dropping viewership , critical response to Agent Carter was positive , with much praise going to Atwell 's performance , the series ' tone and setting , and its relative separation from the rest of the MCU . The series was renewed for a second season on May 7 , 2015 .
= = Episodes = =
= = Cast and characters = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
By September 2013 , Marvel Television was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One @-@ Shot short film , featuring the Marvel Comics character Peggy Carter . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC officially ordered the series , bypassing a pilot order , and later confirmed that Agent Carter would air between the 2014 finale and 2015 premiere of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , beginning January 6 , 2015 . Later in May , star Hayley Atwell stated that the season would consist of eight episodes . Executive producers for the season include Tara Butters , Michelle Fazekas , Christopher Markus , Stephen McFeely , Chris Dingess , Kevin Feige , Louis D 'Esposito , Alan Fine , Joe Quesada , Stan Lee , and Jeph Loeb . Butters , Fazekas , and Dingess serve as showrunners on the season .
= = = Writing = = =
Markus & McFeely , writers on the Captain America films , had written a script for the first episode by January 2014 . They stated in March that the series would be set in 1946 , occurring in the middle of the timeline established in the One @-@ Shot . In July , Butters and Fazekas revealed that writing for the rest of the season would begin in August 2014 .
In July 2014 , Fazekas stated that it was " fabulous from a writing perspective " to have an eight episode order , as " it 's a really nice number where you can plan it and know where you 're heading ... They 're all their own stories and they all have their own drive , but it 's sort of building toward a big thing at the end of the eight episodes . " Elaborating on this , Atwell said , " it 's incredibly tight , the script , which is great . It 's fast moving and fast paced but luckily because it 's not stretched out of 22 episodes , nothing is diluted . Every line is vital to not only moving the story and the action [ along ] but also developing the characters . So you get to know these characters incredibly quickly . You get to know who you should be trusting , who you shouldn 't be , and then it takes you on this adventure with a lot of surprises and twists and turns which are a surprise to Peggy and they 'll also be a surprise to the audience . " Also in July , it was revealed that Carter 's husband would be explored in the series . However , it was not explored much in the first season , with McFeely saying , " This was the season where she says goodbye to Steve [ Rogers ] ... But we knew by the end [ of season one ] that she should say goodbye to him . In a second season , she could be freer to have those conversations about a life after him . "
Speaking about the season 's use of 1940s terminology , Fazekas stated that terms like " broad " and " dame " were preferably avoided , while research was done to ensure terms that were used in the series were actually in use during that time , with Fazekas giving the example , " you know what didn 't exist in 1946 ? Smart ass . I looked up the etymology on that , didn 't exist in 1946 . Turns out it was a term that came around in the 60s . But for instance , I wrote a line that said , " Oh I think someone 's yanking your chain . " And I had to look it up , did that exist in 1946 ? And actually it did ; it 's a mining term that exists from a long time ago . That 's our research that we do . " Research was also done on radio shows of the time to ensure realism when creating the fictional Captain America Adventure Program , with details discovered and replicated on the series including the use of lobsters and ham to create sound effects for the radio show . The Griffith Hotel , the all @-@ women boarding house where Carter lives , is based on the real @-@ life Barbizon Hotel for Women . Butters felt that while working in the time period , it became an issue to not sound " too period " . Additionally , it was difficult to write British people from the time in order to avoid stereotypes such as the " typical British butler " . However , D 'Arcy , who is British , felt the writing staff wrote the British characters better than anyone else he had worked with , despite there not being any British writers on the staff .
= = = Casting = = =
The main cast for the season includes Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter , reprising her role from the film series , James D 'Arcy as Edwin Jarvis , Chad Michael Murray as Jack Thompson , Enver Gjokaj as Daniel Sousa , and Shea Whigham as Roger Dooley .
In March 2014 , Markus and McFeely stated that Howard Stark would be a recurring character , contingent on Dominic Cooper 's involvement . In June 2014 , Atwell confirmed that Cooper would be involved with the series . Kyle Bornheimer , Ralph Brown , Meagen Fay , Lyndsy Fonseca , and Bridget Regan also recur as Ray Krzeminski , Johann Fennhoff , Miriam Fry , Angie Martinelli , and Dottie Underwood , respectively , throughout the series .
In November 2014 , it was announced that Costa Ronin would portray a younger version of Anton Vanko , who was portrayed in Iron Man 2 by Yevgeni Lazarev . Chris Evans appears as Steve Rogers / Captain America via archive footage from The First Avenger . Neal McDonough and Toby Jones also reprise their roles of Timothy " Dum Dum " Dugan and Arnim Zola from previous MCU films , One @-@ Shots , and / or television series during the season .
= = = Filming = = =
Filming began in Los Angeles around late September / early October 2014 and was completed on January 20 , 2015 . Cinematographer Gabriel Beristain , returning from the One @-@ Shot , used a combination of modern digital technology and traditional analog techniques to replicate the feel of classic films that are set in the 1940s , but to also have the convenience and consistency of modern technology . Beristain uses the Arri Alexa digital camera , along with Leica Lenses and silk @-@ stocking diffusion nets , the latter on which he recalled " I had last used in the 1980s in England on videos and commercials . I remembered that they were fantastic . In combination with the Leica lenses , the look is very classic , very much like a 1940s film . When I saw it , I said , ' This is absolutely Marvel , ' and [ D 'Esposito ] agreed . " For the series ' lighting , Beristain again mixed modern and traditional , using LED fixtures to recreate classic Hollywood lighting . He called his lighting of Atwell " an homage to the great cinematographers who lit Lauren Bacall and Grace Kelly . "
= = = Visual effects = = =
Sheena Duggal , who served as visual effects supervisor on the Agent Carter One @-@ Shot , returned to the position for the series , while the companies Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) and Base FX created the visual effects . Work by ILM includes the creation of backdrops for the series , including matte paintings , depicting 1940s New York . DNeg TV also created visual effects , with ILM coordinating with them and Base to maintain a " seamless workflow " . The season had 1038 visual effects shots , with multiple episodes being worked on in post @-@ production simultaneously to complete the work . In addition to all the set extensions required to depict the period ( the series filmed at " every back lot in LA , including Universal , Paramount and Warner Bros. , relying on a tremendous amount of green screen and matte paintings to create the show 's authentic @-@ looking locations " ) , Duggal also noted difficulty in simulating the imploding bombs and creating a fully CG truck that drives off a cliff .
= = = Music = = =
In September 2014 , Christopher Lennertz officially signed on to compose for the series , having previously composed the Agent Carter One @-@ Shot . Lennertz combined all the different style elements of the show in the music , such as mixing jazz and period elements , with orchestra and electronic elements . In his research of the music of the time period , Lennertz learned that jazz was shifting from big band to smaller ensembles , and bebop was being introduced . This allowed him to incorporate trumpets in his scores , to harken to the time period and because they are " also very sneaky , and it lends itself to espionage " . Lennertz used the alto flute to capture " Carter 's aura " , saying , " It feels like a strong woman 's voice , especially as she 's sneaking around .... it also has that spy quality . " Additionally , Lennertz was able to reorchestrate " Star @-@ Spangled Man " for the season , which is originally by Alan Menken for Captain America : The First Avenger , and introduced a folk choral piece performed by a Russian men 's choir during " The Iron Ceiling " . A soundtrack album for the season was released on iTunes on December 11 , 2015 .
All music composed by Christopher Lennertz .
= = = Marvel Cinematic Universe tie @-@ ins = = =
Markus , talking about the series place in the greater architecture of the MCU in January 2015 said " you really only need to drop the tiniest bit of hint and its connected . You don 't have to go , " Howard Stark 's wearing the same pants that Tony wears ! " ... Everything is enhanced just by the knowledge that its all connected . " The season introduces the Red Room and the origins of the Black Widow program , which will eventually produce Natasha Romanoff , who appears in multiple MCU films portrayed by Scarlett Johansson . Although the origins of the program are explored , the term " Black Widow " is never used in the series . Agent Carter also explores the origins of the Hydra @-@ led Winter Soldier program , as seen by the end tag in " Valediction " when Zola approaches Faustus about mind control .
= = Release = =
= = = Broadcast = = =
Agent Carter debuted in the United States and Canada as a two @-@ hour series premiere on January 6 , 2015 , on ABC and CTV , respectively . It began airing in New Zealand on TV2 on February 11 , 2015 . In October 2014 , Channel 4 , the channel that airs Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. in the United Kingdom , stated that they did not " have any current plans [ to air ] Agent Carter " . In June 2015 , FOX UK purchased the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom , with the series premiering on July 12 , 2015 .
= = = Marketing = = =
In the lead up to the airing of the series , Atwell made several appearances as Carter in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' s second season . Footage from the first episode was shown at New York Comic Con on October 10 , 2014 , and again in ABC 's one @-@ hour television special , Marvel 75 Years : From Pulp to Pop ! , which aired in November 2014 . The first teaser for the series debuted during Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on October 28 , 2014 , with the tagline " Sometimes the best man for the job ... is a woman . " Though the trailer itself was received positively , the tagline was criticized as " awful " and " ridiculous " , and Alan Sepinwall of HitFix said " I get that one of the themes of the show will be Peggy dealing with the sexism of the time , but these ads exist in 2014 , not 1945 . Please find a new tagline . "
= = = Home media = = =
The season was released on Blu @-@ ray and DVD on September 18 , 2015 , as an Amazon.com exclusive .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 95 % approval rating with an average rating of 7 @.@ 9 / 10 based on 42 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , " Focusing on Peggy Carter as a person first and an action hero second makes Marvel 's Agent Carter a winning , stylish drama with bursts of excitement and an undercurrent of cheeky fun " . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 73 out of 100 based on 27 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews . "
Brian Lowry , reviewing the two @-@ part premiere for Variety , felt that giving Atwell her own television series was " a pretty smart bet " by Marvel , and he called the episodes " considerable fun " . He noted the period setting as contributing to this , and positively mentioned the score by composer Christopher Lennertz . Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly felt that " the show isn 't as retro @-@ stylish as it thinks it is ... the first hour of Agent Carter feels like an above @-@ average episode of Young Indiana Jones Chronicles " , noting that it tonally aims for His Girl Friday , Dick Tracy , and Alias ( " A tough tonal mixture on a weekly broadcast budget , but also an ambition worth pursuing " ) , but praised Atwell 's performance , calling her " a delight " and " firing on all cylinders " . Franich was negative about what he saw to be common MCU tropes , notably " Somebody named Stark invented something dangerous ; everyone wants an All @-@ Important Glowing Thing ; there 's an implicit promise that nothing will be solved for weeks / years to come . " Though he was wary about the series being forced to contribute to the rest of the MCU , he did note that " Agent Carter feels pleasantly segmented off from the greater Marvel Machinery " .
Eric Goldman of IGN gave the first season an 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 , saying , " Agent Carter didn 't need to succeed by setting up something to pay off in Guardians of the Galaxy 2 – it just needed to be an entertaining , involving show . And boy , was it . " He also praised the Peggy / Jarvis dynamic , the MCU tie @-@ ins and connections the series included , such as the Black Widow program , and the strong portrayals of the season 's supporting characters . Amy Ratcliffe at Nerdist called the season " a memorable splash " a noted that the lack of filler in the short season lead to " action @-@ packed but not overstuffed " episodes . She praised the " period aspect that 's defined so well by music , sets , and costumes " as placing the series " head and shoulders above others " , and called the cast " eminently talented " . On the other hand , Lowry ultimately found the series " just didn 't have legs " , saying that after the premiere it " meandered through several episodes that merely seemed to inch the story along , rallying only slightly in the not wholly satisfying conclusion . " He felt that outside of Atwell 's Carter and D 'Arcy 's Jarvis that characters were not developed enough , and said that the MCU tie @-@ in with Toby Jones ' Arnim Zola made the series seem like " a footnote " .
= = = Accolades = = =
Maureen Ryan of Variety named the show one of the Top 20 Best New Shows of 2015 , while Digital Spy ranked it 10th on their Best TV Shows of 2015 list . The A.V. Club named Atwell 's performance as one of the " Best Individual Performances " of 2015 .
= Banksia aquilonia =
Banksia aquilonia , commonly known as the northern banksia , is a tree in the family Proteaceae native to north Queensland on Australia 's northeastern coastline . With an average height of 8 m ( 26 ft ) , it has narrow glossy green leaves up to 20 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) long and 6 to 10 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 3 @.@ 9 in ) high pale yellow flower spikes , known as inflorescences , appearing in autumn . As the spikes age , their flowers fall off and they develop up to 50 follicles , each of which contains two seeds .
Alex George described the plant in his 1981 monograph of the genus Banksia as a variety of Banksia integrifolia , but later reclassified it as a separate species . Genetic studies show it to be related to Banksia plagiocarpa , Banksia oblongifolia and Banksia robur . The species is found in wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest margins on sandy soils . Banksia aquilonia regenerates after bushfire by regrowing from epicormic buds under its bark . It is rarely cultivated .
= = Description = =
Banksia aquilonia grows as a tall shrub or small tree up to 8 m ( 26 ft ) high , though plants up to 15 m ( 49 ft ) have been recorded . It has hard , fissured , grey bark , and narrow elliptic or lanceolate leaves measuring 5 – 20 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 7 @.@ 9 in ) long by 0 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 5 in ) wide with entire ( straight ) margins and acute tips . They are a smooth shiny green above and white below with a prominent midrib covered in red @-@ brown hair . The brownish new growth appears in summer . The plant is in bloom from March to June . Flowers occur in Banksia 's characteristic vertical flower spike , an inflorescence made up of hundreds of pairs of flowers densely packed in a spiral around a woody axis . B. aquilonia 's flower spike is a pale yellow colour , roughly cylindrical , 6 – 10 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) high , and up to 6 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) in diameter . The tubular perianths of the individual flowers are 2 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 – 1 @.@ 14 in ) long . These open at maturity ( anthesis ) to release the styles . All old flower parts fall away as up to 50 oval follicles develop on the bare woody spike . The follicles measure 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 5 in ) long , 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 20 – 0 @.@ 35 in ) high , and 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 20 in ) wide . Furry at first , they become smooth with age and open when ripe , and their two half @-@ oval valves split to release the one or two seeds they contain . The obovate dark grey @-@ brown to black seeds sandwich a woody separator . Measuring 1 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 6 in ) long , they are made up of a wedge @-@ shaped seed body , 0 @.@ 8 – 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 4 in ) long by 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 08 – 0 @.@ 1 in ) wide . The woody separator is the same shape as the seed , with an impression where the seed body lies next to it . Seedlings have bright obovate green cotyledons around 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) long . Juvenile leaves are narrower , measuring 7 – 24 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 – 9 @.@ 4 in ) long and 0 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) wide , and often have serrate ( toothed ) margins .
Although the inflorescences of Banksia aquilonia are similar to B. integrifolia , the leaves are marked in their differences — the midrib on the leaves ' undersides is distinctively covered in short reddish @-@ brown hairs and the leaves are spirally arranged on the branches rather than in whorls as in all B. integrifolia subspecies . It was these differences that George felt were distinctive enough for it to be separate it as a full species from B. integrifolia . The overall habit of a Banksia aquilonia tree resembles that of B. integrifolia , though is generally smaller . The southernmost populations of B. aquilonia are separated from the northernmost B. integrifolia occurrence by 200 km ( 120 mi ) , hence location is helpful in identification .
= = = Variants = = =
Field volunteers for The Banksia Atlas recorded plants with large adult and juvenile leaves up to 38 cm ( 15 in ) long along the Tully to Mission Beach Road , and a population of smaller shrub @-@ sized plants to 3 m ( 10 ft ) high with small narrow leaves 13 cm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) long and 0 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 in ) wide at Coronation Lookout in Wooroonooran National Park , plants with normal morphology occurring further down the mountain .
= = Taxonomy = =
Banksia aquilonia was first described by Alex George in 1981 as a variety of Banksia integrifolia ( coast banksia ) , from a specimen collected at Witts Lookout in Crystal Creek National Park south of Ingham on 12 April 1975 . The species name is the Latin adjective aquilonius , meaning " northern " , as it was the most northerly form of B. integrifolia . In 1996 Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a cladistic analysis of Banksia based on morphology , in which this taxon stood out as the only member of B. integrifolia to be both morphologically and geographically distinct from other infraspecific taxa . They also noted that there were no intermediate plants between what was then known as B. integrifolia var. aquilonia and other populations of B. integrifolia . On this basis they would have liked to promote it to species rank , but did not because their inferred phylogeny suggested that this taxon arose from within B. integrifolia . They were unwilling to render B. integrifolia paraphyletic by elevating this taxon to species rank , and they were equally unwilling to elevate all four varieties to species rank , since the others all had significant overlaps in distribution and morphology . Therefore , they simply promoted all four to subspecies rank . This example has since been held up as an interesting case study on how the concept of species should be defined , as it presents the problem of " a monophyletic group comprising a paraphyletic basal group of incompletely differentiated geographic forms within which is nested at least one divergent , autapomorphic taxon that invites treatment as a species . "
George promoted it to species rank on the basis of its distinctive leaf arrangement and midrib in 1996 . Thus its full name with author citation is " Banksia aquilonia ( A.S.George ) A.S.George " . It is placed in subgenus Banksia , section Banksia and series Salicinae . Its placement within Banksia may be summarised as follows :
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Banksia
Section Banksia
Series Salicinae
Banksia dentata - Banksia aquilonia - Banksia integrifolia - Banksia plagiocarpa - Banksia oblongifolia - Banksia robur - Banksia conferta - Banksia paludosa - Banksia marginata - Banksia canei - Banksia saxicola
Series Grandes
Series Banksia
Series Crocinae
Series Prostratae
Series Cyrtostylis
Series Tetragonae
Series Bauerinae
Series Quercinae
Section Coccinea
Section Oncostylis
Subgenus Isostylis
Despite initially assigning Banksia aquilonia to be variety of B. integrifolia , George noted that it had affinities with the then newly described species Banksia plagiocarpa , with which it co @-@ occurs on and near Hinchinbrook Island in north Queensland .
Since 1998 , American botanist Austin Mast and co @-@ authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia and Dryandra . Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George 's taxonomic arrangement . Banksia aquilonia formed a clade with B. plagiocarpa , B. oblongifolia and B. robur , rather than B. integrifolia . Early in 2007 , Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it , and published B. subg . Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons ; thus B. subg . Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete ; in the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement , then B. aquilonia is placed in B. subg . Spathulatae .
Common names include northern banksia , white banksia , honeysuckle or white bottlebrush . A local aboriginal name is jingana , in the Jirrbal and Girramay languages .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Banksia aquilonia occurs in coastal areas of northern Queensland from the Cedar Bay National Park to Paluma Range National Park , in areas with an annual rainfall of 1 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 mm ( 39 to 157 in ) . It occurs from near sea level to an altitude of 1 @,@ 000 m ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) , in a variety of habitats and aspects . It grows in wet sclerophyll forest or rainforest margins , on plateaus , ridges , slopes and low @-@ lying swampy areas on sandy or rocky soils , generally of granitic origin , or sometimes clay . It commonly grows with tree species such as the pink bloodwood ( Corymbia intermedia ) , forest red gum ( Eucalyptus tereticornis ) , swamp turpentine ( Lophostemon suaveolens ) , forest oak ( Allocasuarina torulosa ) , and black sheoak ( A. littoralis ) , and understorey species such as coin spot wattle ( Acacia cincinnata ) and yellow wattle ( A. flavescens ) . Much of its lowland habitat in the Wet Tropics has been degraded or fragmented . Although the range overlaps with B. dentata , the two species are not known to occur together .
= = Ecology = =
Banksia aquilonia regenerates after bushfire by regrowing from epicormic buds under its bark . Regeneration from root suckers has also been recorded . Unlike many banksia species which release their seed after bushfires , Banksia aquilonia sets seed when the follicles mature .
Banksia inflorescences are energy @-@ rich sources of food , and B. aquilonia nectar is a likely food item of the endangered mahogany glider ( Petaurus gracilis ) , as well as many other mammals and birds . Avian species observed visiting the flower spikes include the bridled honeyeater , white @-@ cheeked honeyeater , eastern spinebill and rainbow lorikeet .
= = Cultivation = =
Banksia aquilonia adapts readily to cultivation in humid or temperate climates , but is rarely cultivated . A fast @-@ growing plant , it can grow in acidic soils from pH 3 @.@ 5 to 6 @.@ 5 . Propagation is generally by seed , and plants flower at four to six years of age . Vegetative propagation is possible from semi @-@ hardened cuttings of pencil thickness . The flower spikes attract birds to the garden . It can also be grown in a pot , with its branches heavily pruned to keep foliage dense .
= A Hero Sits Next Door =
" A Hero Sits Next Door " is the fifth episode of season one of Family Guy , originally aired on Fox on May 2 , 1999 . The episode features the introduction of Joe Swanson , who would become a main character in the series . Peter Griffin must find a replacement player for an upcoming softball game . Peter eventually convinces Joe to play for the team after learning that he played baseball in college . When Joe shows up the following morning , Peter realizes that Joe is in a wheelchair . Joe turns out to be a great player , and the team wins the game . Peter becomes jealous of Joe and tries to become a hero . In a subplot , Meg Griffin tries to get Joe 's son Kevin to notice her .
" A Hero Sits Next Door " was directed by Monte Young and written by the writing team of Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman . It featured guest performances from actress Suzie Plakson , figure skater Michelle Kwan , as well as actors Wally Wingert and Carlos Alazraqui . Much of the episode features a cutaway style of humor that is typically used in Family Guy , many of which feature cultural references and include Super Friends , Pez , Teletubbies , and the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy .
The episode received positive praise from television critics , who considered it to be a memorable introduction for the character of Joe Swanson ; certain critics praised the fight sequence between Joe and The Grinch , while others criticized the episode 's cutaway gags as well as its plot twists , which they regarded as " odd " and " counter @-@ intuitive " .
= = Plot summary = =
At the Happy @-@ Go @-@ Lucky Toy Factory , safety inspector Peter Griffin is working when his boss Mr. Weed introduces Guillermo , a ringer who will attempt to assist the company in winning the annual softball game . At home , Peter 's wife Lois informs him of their new neighbors , the Swanson family , and wishes for him to make friends with them ; however , Peter is not interested and leaves with Brian for softball practice . The regular pitcher is absent , so Peter fills in . He injures Guillermo with a wild pitch during practice and must find a new player to replace him or be fired .
Meanwhile , Lois goes with her son Stewie to meet the new neighbors . She is greeted by Bonnie Swanson and soon after meets her husband Joe , while Meg falls in love with Joe and Bonnie 's son , Kevin . When Peter comes home he is rude to the Swansons . Later that night , Peter thinks about who can replace Guillermo , and Lois mentions that Joe played baseball in college . Peter sees Joe in his truck and sitting down on a chair later that day , which prevents him from seeing he is in a wheelchair , and invites him to join the team . The next morning Peter and Mr. Weed are at the field . Joe shows up for the game and Peter and Mr. Weed are horrified to see that he is in a wheelchair . However , Joe turns out to be a fantastic player and leads the team to victory . That night Joe has a celebratory party in his house , where he reveals that he is a police officer who was crippled after fighting The Grinch on the roof of an orphanage ( this was later revealed to be a cover up , in the 2012 episode Joe 's Revenge ) and soon becomes very popular with the neighbors , including Peter 's family .
Joe 's popularity makes Peter jealous , so Peter wants to be a hero too . He attempts to stop a bank robbery to compete with Joe 's heroism . Peter and Brian are taken hostage in the process , but Joe convinces the robbers to surrender . An applauding crowd hoists Joe away in praise , leaving his wheel chair empty . Stewie tries to unlock the " power of the wheelchair " , but Lois manages to remove him and puts a pacifier in his mouth , so he quickly falls asleep . After the hostage situation , Peter is disappointed , but his family consoles him by telling him that he is their hero .
= = Production = =
" A Hero Sits Next Door " was written by Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman , the first time writing for the series for both , and directed by Monte Young , also his first Family Guy episode . During the production of the episode , the writers shared one office lent to them by the King of the Hill production crew . MacFarlane compared the production of the first season to a college project ; the only difference was that he was being funded this time . The guest cast for the episode featured actress Suzie Plakson , figure skater Michelle Kwan , as well as actors Wally Wingert and Carlos Alazraqui . Recurring guest voice actors included writer and animator Butch Hartman . " A Hero Sits Next Door " serves as the introduction of police lieutenant and neighbor of the Griffin family Joe Swanson ( voiced by Patrick Warburton ) , as well as his family consisting of his wife Bonnie ( Jennifer Tilly ) and their son Kevin ( Jon Cryer ) .
During the production of the episode they developed a way to hide the fact that Joe used a wheelchair . This was done by showing the character Joe from the waist up during part of the episode . " A Hero Sits Next Door " is notable as it is the first episode of Family Guy not to feature words in its title pertaining to " Death " or " Murder " . This convention was originally started due to creator Seth MacFarlane being a fan of 1930s and 1940s radio programs , particularly the radio thriller anthology Suspense ; however , this convention was dropped after individual episodes became hard to identify and the novelty wore off .
I 'm a huge fan of old radio dramas and I came up with this idea , when the show was still trying to find itself at the beginning , that the title of each episode would be a very ominous title borrowed from an old 40 's suspense drama . And thus we had titles like " Death Has a Shadow " and " Mind Over Murder " that had nothing to do with the show . We realized that that kind of stopped being funny after four episodes . It 's two in the morning and we 're trying to come up with these things . So we kind of grew out of that and moved on to more traditional titles .
The story of how Joe was crippled has recently been retconned in a recent episode ( Joe 's Revenge ) . In the episode , Joe reveals that he was actually paralyzed by a drug dealer , whom he was investigating , after accidentally giving himself away .
= = Cultural references = =
The Super Friends make an appearance in the episode when Peter references a time when he played strip poker in the Hall of Justice . After Wonder Woman loses and takes off her clothes , Robin simply stares at Peter instead of a naked Wonder Woman .
The episode also makes a historical reference when a boy is showing his friend a Pez dispenser that looks like John F. Kennedy 's head . The dispenser is then destroyed by a policeman 's bullet . The boy says , " Oh well , at least I still have my Bobby Kennedy Pez dispenser " . This is a reference to the assassinations of both John and Robert Kennedy .
= = Reception = =
" A Hero Sits Next Door " received favorable reviews from television critics . In a 2008 review , Ahsan Haque of IGN praised the episode , rating it a 7 @.@ 9 / 10 and calling it " a great introduction for Joe " . He noted that the fight sequence between Joe and the Grinch " paved the road for many action sequences to come " . He also praised the strong emphasis on storyline . He deemed some of the gags " classic " including the gag featuring the Super Friends . Robin Pierson of The TV Critic wrote a more mixed review , rating the episode a 55 out of 100 ; Pierson found the plot odd , stating that its twists were counter intuitive , causing them to be less funny and not stand out . He also felt the cutaway jokes were short and average . He commented positively on some of the jokes , and the inclusion of Peter 's new neighbors saying they provided a new dynamic to the series .
= Congregation Beth Israel ( Scottsdale , Arizona ) =
Congregation Beth Israel ( Hebrew : בית ישראל ) is a Jewish congregation located at 10460 North 56th Street in Scottsdale , Arizona . Formally incorporated in 1920 , it affiliated with the Reform Judaism in 1935 .
Abraham Lincoln Krohn was rabbi of Beth Israel from 1938 to 1953 , and during his tenure the congregation grew from under 100 to almost 600 member families . He was succeeded by Albert Plotkin , who served for almost 40 years .
Beth Israel 's original building in Downtown Phoenix , constructed in 1921 – 1922 , is listed on both the city ’ s historic property register and the National Register of Historic Places . After being sold in 1949 , it housed churches until 2002 , when the Jewish community repurchased it . In 2007 the Arizona Jewish Historical Society started a $ 4 million campaign to restore it and convert it into a museum .
As of 2014 , Beth Israel was the oldest synagogue in the Phoenix metropolitan area . The senior rabbi was Stephen Kahn , the associate rabbi was Rony Keller , and the cantor was Jaime Shpall .
= = Early years , first building = =
Jewish settlers in Phoenix began gathering for High Holiday services as early as 1906 . A formal congregation was established by Barnett E. Marks , a lawyer from Chicago , who held services in a room over Melczer 's saloon , and also organized a Sunday School to provide a Jewish education for his two sons . By 1918 the congregation was calling itself " Emanuel " , and holding services in English and Hebrew on the Jewish Festivals . In 1920 , the congregation incorporated as " Congregation Beth Israel " . Its first rabbi was David L. Liknaitz , and its first president was Charles Steinberg . Liknaitz would serve until 1924 .
Services were held in a number of temporary locations . In 1915 and 1917 respectively the local chapters of the B 'nai B 'rith and the National Council of Jewish Women were formed . Together they purchased a church in 1921 , and converted it for use as a Phoenix 's first synagogue by the Phoenix Hebrew Center Association . The Association soon became defunct , and the building was taken over by the Congregation Beth Israel .
That year the congregation raised $ 14 @,@ 000 ( today $ 186 @,@ 000 ) and hired the architectural firm Lescher , Kibbey and Mahoney to design and construct a synagogue building near Central Avenue and Culver Street , in Downtown Phoenix . The building , a simple , stuccoed , gable @-@ end @-@ to @-@ the @-@ street Mission Revival Style structure , was constructed in 1921 – 1922 , and an annex added in 1930 .
At the time the building was constructed , the Phoenix area had only 120 Jewish residents . The synagogue served as a cultural center for the Jewish community , including hosting communal Passover Seders , at a time when Jews faced discrimination at hotels and other places of public gathering .
During the 1920s the synagogue had difficulty keeping rabbis . Most would only stay for a few years , and one in particular was suspected of being a charlatan ; " [ t ] he rabbi college where he claimed he attended had no record of him . " A.I. Goldberg served from 1924 to 1925 , Adolph Rosenberg from 1926 to 1929 .
In 1930 , the congregation became divided over the need for the Jewish community to hire a shochet to ritually slaughter animals for kosher meat , and over whether the synagogue should hire a Reform or Conservative rabbi . More traditional members broke away to form the Beth El Congregation , affiliated with Conservative Judaism .
That year Samuel Dodkin Hurwitz was hired as Beth Israel 's rabbi . Born in Krychaw , Belarus in 1901 , his family emigrated to the United States in 1903 . He graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1926 , and was ordained at Hebrew Union College in 1929 . His first pulpit , from 1929 to 1930 , was Temple Emanuel in Davenport , Iowa . In 1934 he was appointed to the board of the Phoenix Public Library . In 1935 he left Beth Israel to become rabbi at Temple Beth El in Benton Harbor , Michigan .
Philip W. Jaffa , ordained at Hebrew Union College in 1928 , joined as rabbi in 1935 . He adopted the Reform Judaism 's Union Prayer Book and its religious school curriculum , and added choir music to the services . That year much of the synagogue building was destroyed by a fire , and Jaffa 's whole library was lost . The congregation re @-@ built the structure , extensively remodeling the sanctuary , and added a religious school building / classroom annex . Jaffa would serve until 1938 .
= = Krohn era = =
Abraham Lincoln Krohn became Beth Israel 's rabbi in 1938 , replacing Jaffa , who was not well . At the time , the congregation had 100 or fewer member families , and 64 children in the religious school . Born in 1893 and named after Abraham Lincoln , Krohn was one of eight children of Russian Jews who had immigrated to the United States . His first career was as a social worker , but during a chance meeting , Stephen Samuel Wise was " so impressed with Krohn 's compassion , intellect and eloquence [ that ] he strongly urged him to consider a career in the rabbinate . " Krohn entered Wise 's Jewish Institute of Religion in 1926 , and graduated as a rabbi in 1930 . He then served as assistant rabbi of Temple Sholom in Plainfield , New Jersey for a year , then as senior rabbi at Temple Albert in Albuquerque , New Mexico for almost seven years , before joining Beth Israel .
Krohn was heavily involved in the community . According to Ira Morton of the Arizona Jewish Historical Society :
The organizations he served in the capacity of president or board member include B 'nai Brith , the Urban League , the Maricopa Mental Health Association and Child Guidance Clinic , Phoenix Public Library , Phoenix Elementary School District , the American Red Cross , the Roosevelt Council of Boy Scouts , the United Fund ( later changed to United Way ) and the Jewish Family Service ( now Jewish Family & Children 's Service ) , which Krohn founded . Krohn also served as president of the Valley of the Sun Symphony Orchestra , which later became the Phoenix Symphony , moderator of a Phoenix town hall lecture series , lecturer in biblical literature at Arizona State University and as a civilian chaplain for neighboring military bases and hospitals during World War II .
During Krohn 's tenure the congregation began calling itself " Temple Beth Israel " , and under his leadership the synagogue flourished .
During World War II , Beth Israel provided religious services for servicemen stationed at Luke Air Force Base , and hosted dances for the military personnel there . In 1942 , the congregation started its Judaica library , which initially consisted of 60 works on one shelf .
By the late 1940s , the congregation had increased in size to approximately 300 families , and had outgrown its original facilities . The congregation moved to a more suburban location at Eleventh and Flower in 1949 , and formalized its relationship with the Reform movement by joining the Union of American Hebrew Congregations ( now the Union for Reform Judaism ) . The Central Avenue and Culver Street building was sold to the Southern Baptist Convention , and housed the First Chinese Baptist Church until 1981 , and then the Iglesia Bautista Central . By 2001 it was on the market again , and the Jewish community raised $ 540 @,@ 000 ( today $ 710 @,@ 000 ) to purchase it in 2002 . The building is listed on both the city ’ s historic property register and the National Register of Historic Places .
When Krohn stepped down as rabbi in 1953 due to poor health , the congregation had grown to 538 families . Krohn had also been active in interfaith work , and in June , 1958 was named Man of the Year by the National Conference of Christians and Jews at its annual dinner . He was , however , too ill to attend , and died five months later .
= = Plotkin and Segel eras = =
By 1955 , Phoenix 's Jewish population had grown to over 3 @,@ 000 families , and the city still had two Jewish congregations , Beth Israel and Beth El . That year , with the support of Krohn , Albert Plotkin joined Beth Israel as rabbi . Born in 1920 and raised in South Bend , Indiana , his parents were immigrants from Russia . After getting an undergraduate degree from the University of Notre Dame , he entered Hebrew Union College in 1943 – on academic probation , because he had taken no Hebrew at Notre Dame . He was ordained by Hebrew Union College in 1948 , graduating with a Master of Hebrew Letters . Plotkin had started his rabbinic career as assistant rabbi of Temple De Hirsch in Seattle , his first pulpit after ordination . There he met his future wife Sylvia Pincus , whose family were long @-@ time members of Temple De Hirsch . They married a year later , and shortly after moved to Spokane , Washington , where Plotkin became senior rabbi at Temple Emanuel .
During his tenure at Beth Israel , Plotkin was heavily involved in Phoenix 's Jewish and non @-@ Jewish communities . He was a strong Zionist at Hebrew Union College , at a time when the movement was unpopular there , and was later a staunch supporter of Israel . He was an advocate for civil rights , and a supporter of the arts . He founded the Jewish Studies program at Arizona State University and taught there , and volunteered for 25 years as a chaplain at Phoenix Veterans Hospital . In 1972 , the National Conference of Christians and Jews awarded him the National Award for Brotherhood .
Beth Israel added a " cultural and educational wing " to its Flower Street building in 1967 , and in it Sylvia Plotkin founded a Jewish museum . The museum had three galleries : one " house [ d ] artifacts from a Tunisian synagogue , a second [ held ] a Judaica collection that chronicle [ d ] the history of Arizona Jewry and a third [ was ] used for exhibitions . " Sylvia Plotkin would direct the museum until her death in 1996 , acquiring and mounting many exhibitions there . Renamed the " Sylvia Plotkin Judaica Museum " the day before her death , it was " one of the largest and most respected synagogue museums in the United States . " After Plotkin 's death , Pamela Levin became the museum 's director ; she had begun working with Plotkin as a volunteer in 1985 , and eventually earned a degree in museum studies .
Albert Plotkin would himself go on to serve as the congregation 's rabbi for almost 40 years , retiring in 1992 , and becoming rabbi emeritus . He loved opera music , and two years after retiring , he sang professionally with the Arizona Opera . The Plotkins ' daughter Debra would become the founding artistic director of the Toronto Jewish Film Festival , and their daughter Janis was , for 21 years , one of the main forces behind the San Francisco Jewish Film Festival , and its executive director from 1994 to 2002 .
Plotkin was succeeded by Kenneth Segel in 1992 , and the following year Howard Tabaknek joined as cantor . In 1997 , the congregation moved to its current location at 10460 North 56th Street and Shea Boulevard . The 45 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 4 @,@ 200 m2 ) building had a main sanctuary that seated 500 , and a chapel that seated 300 . The Torah ark was decorated with " fused glass surrounded by colored glass " .
Tabaknek left to join Temple Shalom in Succasunna , New Jersey in 2000 , and was replaced by Andrew Meyer as cantor and Michael Sokol as " cantorial soloist " . Meyer had previously served for five years as spiritual leader of Temple Beth Emeth in Scottsdale , Arizona . Sokol , who grew up in Phoenix and had his Bar Mitzvah at Beth Israel , was a professor of voice and opera at University of California , Santa Barbara , and sang with New York 's Metropolitan Opera for three years .
Segel would serve as rabbi for until 2002 , moving to Temple Beth Or in Montgomery , Alabama .
= = Recent events = =
Stephen Kahn became Beth Israel 's rabbi in July 2003 . By then , membership was approximately 1 @,@ 000 families , the largest Jewish congregation in Arizona . The congregational library , which was open to the public , had grown to over 20 @,@ 000 volumes , making it one of the largest Judaica libraries in the Southwestern United States .
For financial reasons , Levin 's job as museum director was reduced from 25 to 12 hours per week in 2004 , and the position made volunteer in 2005 . By then , the museum had 8 @,@ 000 visitors a year , regular traveling exhibits , and the number of artifacts in it had grown to over 1 @,@ 000 .
In 2005 , the congregation purchased a 1 @.@ 25 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 51 ha ) lot across the street from its building , and the house on it , to accommodate future growth . At that time the synagogue had over 900 member families .
That year the congregation also reverted to its original name of " Congregation Beth Israel " . In Kahn 's view , " To me , a ' congregation ' represents people and community while the word " temple " represents a place or building . I would like us to be about the people . "
The Arizona Jewish Historical Society undertook a $ 4 million campaign in 2007 to raise the funds needed to restore the original synagogue building and other related structures to create the Cutler @-@ Plotkin Jewish Heritage Center . The plan was for the Center to include a museum and other public spaces that would be used to show the connection between the history of the Jewish community as part of Arizona 's history . A $ 150 @,@ 000 grant had been received in May of that year from the Arizona State Heritage Fund . By August 2008 much of the work of the first phase – the restoration of the sanctuary and annex – had been completed , and $ 2 @.@ 1 million of the $ 2 @.@ 6 million required for the work had been raised .
In 2007 , Beth Israel opened the Phoenix metropolitan area 's first mikvah ( ritual bath ) . It was , according to local Modern Orthodox rabbi Darren Kleinberg , " the first time in Jewish history that a mikvah has been built and approved under the auspices of Reform , Conservative and Orthodox rabbis . "
The congregation also hired Jaime Shpall as cantor that year , replacing Bruce Benson , who left in 2006 . Shpall , who graduated as a cantor from the Hebrew Union College in 1997 , had previously served as cantor of Congregation Beth Israel in Austin , Texas . Plotkin died in February 2010 .
As of 2014 , Beth Israel was the oldest congregation in the Phoenix metropolitan area . The senior rabbi was Stephen Kahn , the associate rabbi was Rony Keller , and the cantor was Jaime Shpall . The congregation also owned and operated Camp Daisy and Harry Stein , a Jewish overnight camp in Prescott National Forest near Prescott , Arizona , the only Jewish camp in the area .
= Hurricane Igor =
Hurricane Igor was the most destructive tropical cyclone to strike the Canadian island of Newfoundland on record . Igor originated from a broad area of low pressure that moved off the west coast of Africa on September 6 , 2010 . Tracking slowly westward , it developed into a tropical depression on September 8 and strengthened into tropical storm shortly thereafter . Higher wind shear temporarily halted intensification over the following days . On September 12 , explosive intensification took place , and Igor reached Category 4 status on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale . By this time , Igor had already begun a prolonged turn around the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Peaking with winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) , the cyclone began to enter an area unfavorable for continued strengthening , and Igor gradually weakened before brushing Bermuda as a minimal hurricane on September 20 . After turning northeastward , the system began an extratropical transition , which it completed shortly after striking southern Newfoundland . The remnants of Igor were later absorbed by another extratropical cyclone over the Labrador Sea on September 23 .
While over the open ocean , large swells produced by the hurricane caused the deaths of three people — two in the Caribbean and one in the United States . Passing west of Bermuda as a minimal hurricane , damage was limited primarily to trees and power lines , with roughly 27 @,@ 500 residences having lost electricity . Total losses in the territory were less than $ 500 @,@ 000 ( 2010 USD ) . In Newfoundland , damage wrought by Igor was extreme , claimed to be the worst ever seen in some areas . Large stretches of roadways were completely washed out by severe flooding , including a portion of the Trans @-@ Canada Highway , isolating approximately 150 communities . Throughout the region , one person was killed and damage costs amounted to a record $ 200 million ( 2010 CAD ) . In the storm 's wake , military personnel were deployed to assist in recovery efforts and aid distribution .
= = Meteorological history = =
Hurricane Igor was first identified as a broad area of low pressure accompanying a tropical wave over western Africa in early September 2010 . Tracking nearly due west , the system emerged into the eastern Atlantic Ocean on September 6 . Gradual development took place as convection – thunderstorm activity – consolidated around its center . At 0600 UTC on September 8 , the low was deemed sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical depression while situated roughly 90 mi ( 140 km ) southeast of the Cape Verde Islands . Attaining gale @-@ force winds six hours later , the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was subsequently named Igor by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) .
Development of Igor quickly ceased once it was named as a nearby disturbance produced moderate wind shear over the storm , displacing convection from its center . Embedded within a monsoon trough over the eastern Atlantic , the system maintained a slow westward track as it weakened to a tropical depression on September 9 . Intensification resumed the following day once shear lessened and the dominant steering factor shifted to a mid @-@ tropospheric ridge north of Igor ; it would remain so throughout the remainder of the cyclone 's existence . Contrary to its earlier movement , the storm 's forward motion markedly increased . Following the development of an intermittent eye feature and steady convection around its center , Igor strengthened into a hurricane around 0000 UTC on September 12 .
Once classified a hurricane , Igor underwent explosive intensification over the following 24 hours . During this time , satellite observations indicated that the storm 's winds increased from 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) to 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) and its barometric pressure decreased by 52 mbar ( hPa ; 1 @.@ 53 inHg ) . Near the end of this phase , forecasters at the NHC predicted that Igor would attain Category 5 status , the highest classification on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale . With a symmetrical 17 mi ( 27 km ) wide eye , deep convection and spiral banding , Igor maintained Category 4 intensity for nearly five days . Minor fluctuations took place during this period as multiple eyewall replacement cycles occurred . After the first of these cycles , the hurricane is estimated to have reached its peak strength around 0000 UTC on September 15 with winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) and an estimated pressure of 924 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 29 inHg ) . By this time , Igor began a northwestward track as it executed a prolonged " C @-@ shaped " curve over the Atlantic Ocean .
Passing roughly 345 mi ( 555 km ) northeast of the Leeward Islands on September 17 , Igor gradually weakened as it experienced increased wind shear and dry air intrusion . Over the following several days , the storm became exceedingly large , with tropical storm @-@ force winds covering an area about 920 mi ( 1 @,@ 480 km ) wide . Due to an overestimated bias in Igor 's intensity , forecasts from the NHC showed that the storm would strike Bermuda as a major hurricane . However , weakening was more marked than anticipated and by the time its center neared the territory on September 20 , winds decreased to 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Igor made its closest approach to Bermuda around 0230 UTC , passing roughly 40 mi ( 65 km ) to the west @-@ northwest .
Once north of Bermuda , Igor began to undergo an extratropical transition as it turned northeastward . Though deep convection was no longer consistently over its center , data from Hurricane Hunters continued to support hurricane intensity . Accelerating along the leading edge of a trough over the Canadian Maritimes , the storm intensified within a baroclinic zone as it neared Newfoundland . The interaction between these two systems allowed the hurricane to strengthen despite moving over decreasing sea surface temperatures . Around 1500 UTC on September 21 , Igor made landfall near Cape Race , with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) , slightly higher than several hours earlier . Shortly thereafter , the storm completed its transition into an extratropical cyclone as it became fully embedded within the baroclinic zone . After turning northwestward between Labrador and Greenland , the remnants of Igor were absorbed by another extratropical cyclone on September 23 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
= = = Cape Verde and Leeward Islands = = =
Forming near the Cape Verde Islands , Igor prompted the issuance of tropical storm watches for the southern islands on September 8 . Though the storm passed relatively close to the region , only minimal effects were recorded . Once the cyclone tracked away from Cape Verde , the watches were discontinued on September 9 .
Although several hundred miles from the Leeward Islands , Igor produced large swells averaging 9 to 13 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 0 m ) in height , between September 16 and 21 . There were also large breaking waves of 15 to 20 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 to 6 @.@ 1 m ) or higher . The prolonged period of this event resulted in minor coastal flooding in St. Croix . One person drowned near Carambola Beach Resort after being overcome by large swells . Similar conditions affected Puerto Rico where another person drowned . On several occasions , Luquillo was flooded by the surf , though no damage took place . In nearby Haiti , still reeling from a devastating earthquake in January , officials warned residents of possible relocation from " tent cities " to safer areas . An orange alert was declared across the country , indicating that heavy rains could result in flooding . Portions of the Greater Antilles were affected by large swells and rip currents for several days as Igor approached Bermuda .
= = = United States = = =
Though Igor 's closest approach to the United States only brought it within 600 mi ( 970 km ) of land , its large circulation produced significant swells along the entire East Coast . High surf advisories were issued in Long Island , New York as waves of 6 to 10 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 to 3 @.@ 0 m ) affected the area . Rip currents in Florida pulled two people out to sea who were later rescued . One person drowned in Surf City , North Carolina after being overwhelmed by rough surf . Along the New Jersey coastline , waves averaging between 6 and 9 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 and 2 @.@ 7 m ) and dangerous rip currents were reported .
= = = Bermuda = = =
Long seen to be within Igor 's track , Bermuda was finally placed under a hurricane watch on September 17 as the threat became imminent . Later that day , the watch was upgraded to a warning as hurricane @-@ force winds were anticipated to impact the islands within the following 24 hours . This remained in place for nearly three days while Igor battered Bermuda . Following the passage of hurricane winds , the advisory was changed to a tropical storm warning early on September 20 before being discontinued later that day .
The Bermudian government closed its schools and the Bermuda International Airport on September 20 and 21 in anticipation of Igor . No evacuation plans were put in place , although a local high school was converted into a shelter for residents who felt unsafe in their homes . Residents boarded up structures with plywood in order to protect windows . Tourists on the island wanting to escape the storm left more than a week before Igor 's arrival . Additionally , a British Royal Navy vessel and helicopter were stationed offshore to assist with recovery efforts once the storm passed . Prior to Igor 's arrival , there were fears that the enormous hurricane would be worse than Hurricane Fabian in 2003 and could " flatten " the territory . These fears resulted from forecasts from the National Hurricane Center which indicated the storm would strike Bermuda as a Category 3 hurricane . However , following post @-@ storm analysis , it was found that the forecast model consensus overestimated the storm 's future intensity .
Although effects from Igor were observed in Bermuda for several days , relatively little rain fell , with the highest amount being 3 @.@ 19 in ( 81 mm ) . Winds proved to be the most significant factor ; sustained winds reached 91 mph ( 146 km / h ) and gusts peaked at 117 mph ( 188 km / h ) at an unofficial AWOS station on St. David 's Lighthouse . Additionally , a storm surge of 1 @.@ 75 ft ( 0 @.@ 53 m ) took place in St. George 's , this combined with tides to produce a storm tide of over 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 22 m ) . As the storm arrived , the island 's airport was shut down earlier than originally planned due to the threat of tornadoes . Against initial fears , Igor left relatively little damage across Bermuda . The most significant impact was from downed trees and powerlines which cut power to 27 @,@ 500 residents . A few emergency rescues had to be made during the storm but no injuries took place . The causeway @-@ bridge connecting St. George ’ s Islands to the main island of Bermuda sustained minor damage , leaving one lane closed for several days . Waves over 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) battered the coast , breaking several ships from their moorings and tossing them into rocks . Officials in Bermuda stated that the biggest loss from Igor would be lessened tourism revenue following a mass exodus prior to the hurricane 's arrival . Throughout the islands , damage from the storm was less than $ 500 @,@ 000 .
= = = Canada = = =
On September 20 , roughly one day prior to Igor 's arrival in Atlantic Canada , the Canadian Hurricane Center ( CHC ) issued tropical storm watches and warnings for southern Newfoundland and the French territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon . The following day the CHC issued a hurricane watch for the eastern and northern coasts . Although sustained hurricane @-@ force winds were recorded across parts of the island , warnings were not issued due to stronger @-@ than @-@ expected re @-@ intensification of the storm as it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . Early on September 22 , all advisories were discontinued as Igor moved away from the region . In response to the storm 's arrival , schools were closed and several flights were delayed or canceled at St. John 's International Airport . Offshore , an oil rig with 110 personnel was mostly evacuated near the coast of Newfoundland on September 19 . In comparison to Hurricane Earl two weeks earlier , there was substantially less media attention given to Igor , attributed to the possibility of it going out to sea .
The combination of a stationary front and significant moisture from Hurricane Igor resulted in unprecedented rainfall across parts of eastern Newfoundland , leading to widespread flooding . In Bonavista , more than 10 in ( 250 mm ) was estimated to have fallen between September 20 and 21 . In St. Lawrence , a confirmed 9 @.@ 37 in ( 238 mm ) of rain fell , ranking Igor as the third @-@ wettest tropical cyclone in Canadian history . The widespread nature of heavy rains ranked the storm as a 1 @-@ in @-@ 100 year event . Similar to the rainfall , winds across eastern Newfoundland were exacerbated by the interaction of the front and Igor . In Cape Pine , near where the center of Igor tracked , sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and gusts to 107 mph ( 172 km / h ) battered the area . No records for sustained winds or gusts were broken ; however , it was noted as a 1 @-@ in @-@ 50 year event even with powerful winter storms taken into account . Along the coast , Igor produced a storm tide of 3 @.@ 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) . Additionally , offshore waves reached immense heights , measured up to 83 @.@ 6 ft ( 25 @.@ 5 m ) ; one buoy reported a wave of 92 ft ( 28 m ) but data is subject to further analysis to verify it .
The most significant impacts from Igor were attributed to torrential rains , which led to excessive runoff and flash flooding . Several rivers rose to record levels across the Bonavista and Burin Peninsulas where many roads were washed out . Entire bridges , homes and portions of roads were destroyed . In some instances , flood waters were higher than entire homes . In response to the widespread floods , Newfoundland Power Inc. warned residents who still had power by the afternoon of September 21 to turn off their main electrical panel if water enters their basement . Much of St. Bernard 's – Jacques Fontaine had to be evacuated by boat during the storm as rising water obstructed all roads in and out of the small town . Portions of Clarenville had to be evacuated under similar circumstances after a state of emergency was declared for the town . Water and sewage lines in Sunnyside broke due to flooding . In Glovertown , downed power lines sparked two fires during the storm , both of which were put out by firefighters without injuries .
Roughly 150 communities were temporarily isolated as all roads leading to them were severely damaged or washed out . Overall damage to roadways was regarded as " colossal " by Tom Hedderson , the minister for emergency preparedness . A 100 ft ( 30 m ) section of the Trans @-@ Canada Highway in Terra Nova National Park was severely eroded , leaving a large ravine behind and disconnecting the main population of Newfoundland from the rest of the island , while a bridge washout on the Burin Peninsula left 20 @,@ 000 people cut off from the rest of the island . Public infrastructure losses were estimated in excess of $ 100 million , mainly attributed to roadways . On Random Island , a man was killed when his driveway collapsed from flooding and he was swept out to sea .
In addition to flood damage , hurricane @-@ force winds downed trees and power lines over large areas and many homes were damaged to varying degrees . An estimated 50 @,@ 000 residences were left without electricity in the region . The small coastal community of South East Bight sustained some of the most significant wind damage where entire fishing sheds were hurled into the air . Along the East Coast hiking trail , an estimated 5 @,@ 000 trees were downed . In all , losses from the hurricane were placed at $ 200 million , ranking it as the costliest cyclone in Newfoundland history .
= = Aftermath = =
In Igor 's wake , a state of emergency was declared for 30 communities in Newfoundland . The mayor of one of the towns affected by Igor , Sam Synard , remarked that " We 've never seen such a violent storm before . " More than 50 families involved in the storm @-@ induced destruction were relocated to evacuation shelters . Electricity was gradually restored to residents ; by six days after the hurricane 's passage , a few hundred had yet to regain power .
In light of the widespread damage , 1 @,@ 000 personnel from the Canadian military were brought in for recovery efforts . The military operation , known as Operation Lama , was to last for the duration of the emergency phase in the immediate aftermath . An initial deployment of 120 soldiers and 40 vehicles arrived on September 25 from the Canadian Forces Base Gagetown in Oromocto , New Brunswick arrived in Newfoundland . Three ships and a fleet of helicopters were called in for the distribution of emergency aid and the military set up temporary bridges while long @-@ term plans for reconstruction were made . Operation Lama also enabled partial repairs of several buildings , and simultaneously , emergency personnel surveyed roughly 500 mi ( 900 km ) of roads in Newfoundland . On September 27 , government officials stated that it would take months for cleanup efforts to finish . Ten days after the storm , six towns were still isolated as progress on temporary road reconstruction was being made only slowly . Allocation of military aid continued through October 6 , though the number of on @-@ scene personnel began to decrease two days earlier .
Roughly a month after the storm , a benefit concert was held in St. John 's . The concert raised about $ 400 @,@ 000 ( 2010 CAD ) toward storm relief in one night . In late October , the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador allocated $ 275 @,@ 000 in funds for 200 workers who lost their jobs after two fish processing plants were damaged in Marystown and Port Union . However , union leaders claimed that the assistance was insufficient and accounted for just 420 of 600 work hours . Following more than a year of discussions , the plant 's parent company , Ocean Choice International , decided to permanently shut down operations on December 2 , 2011 . Numerous insurance claims , reaching $ 65 million by early November , were made following Hurricane Igor 's landfall Over the course of the recovery phase , several complaints , including concerns lodged by church ministers , that relief funds for victims of the storm were not being distributed fast enough and the overall process was taking too long . Roughly ten months after the hurricane , work on permanent reconstruction of roadways began in several areas across the Burin Peninsula . By January 24 , 2011 , The Salvation Army received about $ 1 @.@
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
No Trace Coordinator ensures the Scouts are trained in and follow Leave No Trace Guidelines ; the Order of the Arrow representative provides a line of communication between the Order of the Arrow and the troop ; the bugler provides music as needed ; the instructor teaches Scout skills . These troop positions are appointed by the senior patrol leader with the advice and counsel of the Scoutmaster , except for the Junior Assistant Scoutmaster , who is appointed by the Scoutmaster .
= = = Development = = =
The BSA has a defined Youth Leadership Training Continuum to provide a growth path for youth leaders . The Scoutmaster provides Troop Leadership Training ( TLT ) at the troop level . Youth leaders are encouraged to attend National Youth Leadership Training ( NYLT ) at the council level and a select few may progress to National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience ( NAYLE ) at the national level . Those interested in staffing these courses may complete the Youth Staff Development Course ( YSDC ) at the regional level .
New adult leaders are encouraged to attend training for their position . Completion of such training becomes mandatory for Scoutmasters in January 2011 and for Assistant Scoutmasters in January 2012 . This training provides the essential information they need to provide a safe and successful quality program . Fast Start Training is the introduction for adult leaders new to the Boy Scout program ; it is self pace and provided as a video or online . " This is Scouting " is common online core training for adult leaders in BSA and gives an overview of the Scouting .
Youth Protection Training ( YPT ) covers the BSA policies on preventing child abuse , including types and signs of abuse , how to respond to disclosed abuse and how to report suspected abuse . All Adult leaders are required to complete the Youth Protection Program before becoming registered . YPT re certification is required every two years . At least one person with current YPT certification must be preset on outings .
Scoutmasters and assistants should then attend Scoutmaster and Assistant Scoutmaster Specific Training and Introduction to Outdoor Leader Skills for further instruction in Scouting and outdoor skills . This completes Basic Leader Training for these positions and the Trained emblem may be worn . The troop committee chairman and members should attend the Troop Committee Challenge for instruction in administering the program . This completes Basic Leader Training for these positions and the Trained emblem may be worn .
Supplemental training modules are designed to provide orientation beyond Basic Leader Training . These shorter training sessions are often provided at the Roundtable , a monthly meeting of leaders from the district , at a University of Scouting offered by the local councils , and at National Training Conferences held at the Philmont Training Center and the Florida National High Adventure Sea Base .
At least one leader with current Safe Swim Defense training is required for swimming activities . Boating activities require Safety Afloat and CPR training . Climb On Safely training and CPR certification are required for climbing and rappelling events .
Wood Badge is advanced training for leadership skills for adults in the BSA . Wood Badge consists of six days of training ( usually presented as two three @-@ day weekends ) and an application phase of several months . When training is complete , leaders are recognized with the Wood Badge beads , neckerchief , and woggle . Powder Horn is a high adventure resource course designed to help Scout leaders to safely conduct outdoor activities of a fun and challenging nature , provide an introduction to the resources necessary to successfully lead their youth through a program of high adventure and to understand what is involved in different high adventure disciplines .
= A Night in Sickbay =
" A Night In Sickbay " is the thirty @-@ first episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the fifth episode of season two . It first aired on October 16 , 2002 on the UPN network within the United States . The episode was written by executive producers Brannon Braga and Rick Berman , and directed by David Straiton .
Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , after visiting the planet Kreetassa , Captain Archer 's ( Scott Bakula ) dog Porthos falls ill with an unknown pathogen . Archer stays overnight in sickbay to look after his dog with Doctor Phlox ( John Billingsley ) knowing that afterwards he must take part in an elaborate apology display to the Kreetassans .
The episode featured Vaughn Armstrong , who reprised his role of the Kreetassan Captain from the episode " Vox Sola " . Several scenes also proved challenging for the main dog actor who portrayed Porthos , who was named Breezy . She was required to lie still for long periods , jump into Bakula 's arms on command and also act on her own whilst her trainer was not on set . Berman compared the relationship between Archer and Phlox to The Odd Couple , saying that the episode was " a lot of fun " . The episode was nominated for the 2003 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( short form ) and received the highest Nielsen ratings for any episode of Enterprise during season two at that point . However , the critical reception was mixed .
= = Plot = =
After a five @-@ day away mission spent apologising on the planet Kreetassa , the away team consisting of Captain Archer , Sub @-@ Commander T 'Pol , Ensign Sato , and Archer 's dog , Porthos , return to the ship to decontaminate . Porthos has acquired a pathogen on the planet surface and must be quarantined . Archer learns from Commander Tucker of the ship 's need for an extra plasma injector from the Kreetassans , but negotiations break down after it is discovered that Porthos had urinated on a sacred tree , insulting the Kreetassans . Archer reacts poorly to the news and is given a list of requirements he must meet in order to apologise .
He and Doctor Phlox then tend to Porthos , and Archer spends the night in Sickbay to be with his pet . Throughout the night , as Porthos ' immune system weakens , Archer experiences Phlox 's side of life in Sickbay . During the night , as he dreams of Porthos ' funeral , Archer also deals with unresolved and suppressed sexual tension with T 'Pol . He also relates to Phlox how he met Porthos , and how he was the last in a litter of four male puppies , the ' Four Musketeers ' . Through it all , Archer struggles to reach an emotional understanding with Phlox and T 'Pol , as the two alien senior @-@ crew members have little grasp of the human @-@ pet relationship , and Phlox keeps offering Archer unsolicited advice about dealing with his apparent feelings for T 'Pol .
T 'Pol , working out in the gym , also keeps urging Archer to apologize to the Kreetassans for Porthos ' behavior , but Archer resists because he blames them for Porthos ' illness . In the end , Porthos recovers following a pituitary transplant from an alien chameleon . Finally swallowing his pride , Archer then goes down to the Kreetassan capital and delivers an intricate ritual apology which involves slicing a tree trunk with a chainsaw , arranging the pieces of wood in a complex pattern on the ground , and chanting phrases in the Kreetassan language . Having successfully apologised to the Kreetassans , the crew finally manage to procure three plasma injectors prior to their departure .
= = Production = =
Executive producers Rick Berman and Brannon Braga had worked together to write a series of episodes for Star Trek : Enterprise , with " A Night in Sickbay " amongst them . Berman originally described the episode as a press junket when talking about season two at an event held by UPN for the Television Critics Association . He said it was a " very humorous episode that has our good captain going and spending some time in sickbay , because his dog gets sick . He moves into sickbay the same way a mother will move into the hospital when her child gets sick , and it ends up being an ' Odd Couple ' kind of an episode between the captain and Dr. Phlox . It 's a lot of fun . " Bakula also explained in an interview with the website TrekWeb that the episode featured Archer 's dog Porthos as a background character and that it was also about Archer spending a night in sickbay with Phlox . He said that this meant that the viewer will " find out a lot of stuff about [ Phlox ] that we may not have wanted to know ; like what he does when he 's in his off hours ... he has things to cut and trim ! " Billingsley said later that he enjoyed working with Bakula on this episode and called " A Night in Sickbay " one of his favourites .
The episode was directed by David Straiton , who had previously directed " Desert Crossing " . The shoot took six and a half days , which concluded on August 8 , 2002 . " A Night in Sickbay " was intended to be a low @-@ cost episode as the majority of scenes required only the use of the standing sets for the series . The only credited guest star in " A Night in Sickbay " was Vaughn Armstrong , who played the Kreetassan Captain once again . Armstrong is better known for his recurring role in Enterprise as Admiral Maxwell Forrest , but had previously played the Kreetassan Captain in the first season episode " Vox Sola " . In order to appear as the Captain , some three and a half hours of make @-@ up time was required , with the actor needed to arrive to have his make @-@ up applied at 5 : 30am for his one day of shooting . Armstrong appeared in a variety of different roles in several different Star Trek programs , dating back to the Star Trek : The Next Generation season one episode " Heart of Glory " . Other make @-@ up effects during this instalment of Enterprise included a pair of prosthetic feet for Dr. Phlox , although other effects for the character were added in post @-@ production .
= = = Porthos = = =
There were two Beagles portraying Porthos , who were supplied by Performing Animal Troupe , an animal supply company for film and television . These dogs included a female Beagle called Breezy , who was the main dog actor who played Porthos during season two . Breezy was the original double for male dog actor Prada who appeared in the first season episodes of Enterprise up until " Two Days and Two Nights " , when Breezy became the main dog . She had also previously appeared as Lou in the 2001 film Cats & Dogs .
More than one scene proved problematic for Breezy during the filming of the episode , as the decontamination room set was an enclosed four wall set , meaning that in the scene where Archer rubs down Porthos with decontamination gel , Breezy 's trainer Scott Rowe couldn 't be on the set with her . Normally he would have been behind the camera assisting the director by ensuring the dog is looking wherever the scene required . He hoped that with him off the set , that Breezy would look where required and not directly at the camera . In order to prepare for the scene where Porthos leaps out of an immersion tank and into Archer 's arms , Rowe had a mock @-@ up created so he could practice it with Breezy . He said that " By the time we went into it on that one day to prep on set with Scott , she was jumping out of it into my arms , but I had to make sure that she 's going to jump out and do it into Scott 's arms . " In the final scene , not only did Breezy leap into Bakula 's arms , but she also licked him repeatedly on the face . This wasn 't due to training , but because they wiped food on Bakula 's face .
A further challenge for the dog actor was to lie still in an isolation tank and not move even when petted by Bakula or Billingsley during some long scenes whilst on screen . At times a stunt dog was used , but Breezy was required for any close @-@ ups . A prosthetic Beagle was also created for the scenes in the isolation tank and to be submersed in a super @-@ hydration tank . The prop was created by Joel Harlow , who had also created make @-@ up designs for the television series Carnivàle and the film The Chronicles of Riddick .
= = Reception and home media release = =
" A Night in Sickbay " was first aired in the United States on the UPN network on October 16 , 2002 . It received Nielsen ratings of a 3 @.@ 9 / 6 percentage share among all adults , including 6 percent of all adults watching television at the time of the broadcast . Although overnight figures had shown a slight decrease from the previous episode , the final numbers showed that the ratings were the highest seen so far during season two and the third week of increased ratings for Enterprise in succession . This meant that 6 @.@ 26 million viewers watched the episode , an increase of 860 @,@ 000 viewers from the previous week 's episode , making it the highest viewed episode since season one 's " Sleeping Dogs " . Alexander Chase at USA Today said the numbers " confirm a ratings turnaround for the newest Trek series " . The episode placed Enterprise fourth in a list of the most highly rated science fiction / fantasy shows on television for that week , behind Alias , Smallville , and John Doe .
The review by " Herc " for the website Ain 't It Cool News , praised the story about how Porthos was named and the elements of sexual tension between Archer and T 'Pol . However , he didn 't think the Odd Couple type relationship between Archer and Phlox worked all the time with some misfires amongst the comedic elements . He gave the episode a rating of three out of five , describing it as " actually worth your valuable time " . Michelle Erica Green watched the episode for TrekNation , saying that she enjoyed the episode on the whole and enjoyed the characterisation . However , she criticised the non @-@ moving Beagle prop as it made her son think the dog was dead , which was then followed by " what looks like a drowned dog in formaldehyde " . Jamahl Epsicokhan reviewed the episode for his website " Jammer 's Reviews " , giving it a score of one out of four . He called it " easily the dumbest concept for an episode of Star Trek since Voyager 's holodeck was hijacked by the residents of Fair Haven " . He felt that the episode made a mockery out of the characters and that some of the situations they were placed in were just ridiculous .
The episode was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( short form ) at the 2003 awards alongside " Carbon Creek " and episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Angel , and Firefly . The award went to the Buffy episode " Conversations with Dead People " .
The first home media release of " A Night in Sickbay " was part of the season two DVD box set , released in the United States on August 7 , 2005 . The release featured deleted scenes from the episode as well as a special feature on the episode entitled " Inside A Night in Sickbay " . A release on Blu @-@ ray Disc for season two occurred on August 20 , 2013 .
= Lyman Linde =
Lyman Gilbert Linde ( September 30 , 1920 – October 24 , 1995 ) was an American right @-@ handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Cleveland Indians in the American League for two seasons . In four career games , Linde pitched 10 ⅔ innings and had a 6 @.@ 75 earned run average ( ERA ) .
Born and raised in Wisconsin , Linde first played professionally with the Green Bay Bluejays . After a season with them , he enlisted in the armed forces for World War II , and joined the Greenville Spinners upon his return to baseball . During the next two seasons he spent some time with the Cleveland Indians , but mainly remained with the Indians ' minor league teams . After a year each in Oklahoma City , Baltimore , and San Diego , he spent the last four years of his career pitching for the Portland Beavers . He retired at the end of the 1953 season and died in 1995 .
= = Early life = =
Linde attended high school at Beaver Dam High School in Beaver Dam , Wisconsin . While there , he played basketball as well as baseball , and was part of the state champion Beaver Dam High School basketball team in 1937 . After graduating , he played amateur baseball in Wisconsin for several years . In a state amateur baseball tournament in 1941 , Linde , representing the Beaver Dam Beavers , pitched a one @-@ hitter to help lead his team to a 9 – 1 win over the representatives from Fond du Lac County , Wisconsin . Linde attended the University of Wisconsin @-@ Madison on and off between 1939 and 1947 .
= = Minor leagues = =
Linde 's first taste of minor league action came in 1942 , when he signed with the Green Bay Bluejays of the Wisconsin State League . His performances that season included a near @-@ no @-@ hitter that was lost in the ninth inning in a 5 – 2 victory over the Fond du Lac Panthers . Linde was also given the most valuable player award for a week in July after a pitching performance , also against Fond du Lac , in which he struck out 14 batters in a 5 – 0 shutout victory . He finished the season with 13 wins , eight losses , and a 2 @.@ 91 ERA in 22 pitching appearances . After the season ended , the league folded temporarily , and Linde enlisted with the United States Army Air Forces to serve in World War II .
After returning from military service , Linde joined the Greenville Spinners , the Chicago White Sox minor league affiliate of the Sally League . He tried out for the Milwaukee Brewers , but was unable to make the team , and as a result was sent to Greenville to gain experience . Linde pitched in 29 games for the Spinners . In those 29 games , he had ten wins , eight losses , a 3 @.@ 50 ERA , and 121 innings pitched . After the conclusion of the season , in early November , Linde was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the rule 5 draft .
The following season , Linde pitched for the Oklahoma City Indians , the Indians minor league affiliate of the Texas League . He spent most of the season with Oklahoma City , and in a pitching appearance in August , threw a no @-@ hitter and narrowly missed pitching a perfect game . In 32 appearances for Oklahoma City , Linde won 14 games , lost 13 , and had an ERA of 2 @.@ 85 in 202 innings pitched . At the end of the minor league season , Linde was called up to the Indians ' major league roster along with Ernest Groth in order to build up the end of the bullpen .
= = Cleveland Indians and Portland = =
Linde made his major league debut with the Indians on September 11 , 1947 , which ended up being his only appearance of the season . In that one appearance , he pitched ⅔ of an inning and allowed two earned run , finishing the game and season with an ERA of 27 @.@ 00 . During the off @-@ season , Linde played basketball with the Olo Soaps , a team located in his native Beaver Dam . He took part in spring training with the rest of the Indians roster for the 1948 Cleveland Indians season . In late March , however , he was struck on the chin from a line drive hit by Indians manager Lou Boudreau , causing him to be sidelined for several days . By the end of spring training , Linde remained a part of the Indians roster . He pitched three games for the Indians early on in 1948 , pitching ten innings , allowing six earned runs and finishing the season with a 5 @.@ 40 ERA . After three games , he was demoted to the Baltimore Orioles of the International League . He spent the rest of the 1948 season as a starting pitcher for Baltimore . His performances included a one @-@ hit victory in his first appearance for the club . Linde finished the season with a 5 – 9 record and a 4 @.@ 50 ERA .
Linde spent 1949 with the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) . He tried to earn a spot with the Indians during spring training but was unable to . He spent the season as a starting pitcher for San Diego , and threw three shutouts over the course of the season , allowing only three hits to the Los Angeles Angels in his third one . He finished the season with a 14 – 15 record in 35 pitching appearances ( 32 starts ) , a 4 @.@ 41 ERA , 105 strikeouts , and 226 ⅓ innings pitched . He brought the Padres to the playoffs , and pitched in game six of the championship against the Hollywood Stars , where he earned the 8 – 4 loss as the Stars won the PCL pennant and the Governors ' Cup .
At the start of the 1950 season , Linde signed a new contract with the Indians , but was released in February and sent to the Portland Beavers in the PCL . Over the course of the season , Linde won 5 games and lost 13 in 47 appearances , 18 of them starts , and amassed an ERA of 4 @.@ 66 . The following year , in 1951 , Linde became a regular starter on the team , and before the end of April he had won as many games as he had won all of last year . He finished the season with a 12 – 12 record and a 4 @.@ 29 ERA in 32 starts . In 1952 , Linde remained part of the core starting rotation of the past couple years alongside Red Adams and Marino Pieretti . His performances included one against the Angels in which Linde kept the team to five hits as the Beavers won 4 – 3 in 11 innings . He won 11 games , lost 15 , threw 119 strikeouts , and brought his ERA down to 3 @.@ 10 in 41 season appearances , 28 of them starts . In 1953 , Linde started the season strong unlike his fellow pitchers , opening his season with a 2 – 1 victory against the Angels on April 3 . In early May , he ended Ted Beard 's streak of hitting safely in 12 straight at @-@ bats , which tied the PCL record at the time . Shortly afterward , Linde won what was considered an odd performance as he allowed 15 hits and 20 runners on base , yet won a game against the Sacramento Solons 8 – 3 . In his final professional season , Linde pitched in 36 games and finished with a 13 – 10 record and a 3 @.@ 36 ERA .
= = Later life = =
After the 1953 season , Linde retired from baseball to tend to his wife , who was seriously ill . He died in Beaver Dam on October 24 , 1995 .
= James Morris III =
James Morris III ( ( 1752 @-@ 01 @-@ 19 ) January 19 , 1752 – April 20 , 1820 ( 1820 @-@ 04 @-@ 20 ) ) was a Continental Army officer from Connecticut during the American Revolutionary War and founder of the Morris Academy , a pioneer in coeducation .
Born in Litchfield County , Connecticut , James Morris spent his early life hoping and training to be a minister . However , after graduating from Yale College , Morris accepted a commission of First Lieutenant from the Continental Army and joined the fight for American Independence . Morris was captured during the Battle of Germantown and spent most of the remaining war in captivity . Upon his release , Morris was promoted to the rank of Captain and supported Alexander Hamilton in the Siege of Yorktown . When he returned from the war , Morris began and ran an academy that trained both boys and girls together , a rarity at the time .
James Morris died in 1820 . In 1859 , Morris 's hometown of South Farms , Connecticut was renamed Morris in his honor .
= = Early life and education = =
James Morris was born to Deacon James Morris Jr. and Phebe Barns Morris in South Farms , Connecticut on January 19 , 1752 .
Even as a young man , Morris displayed a disposition for education , borrowing often from the library in nearby Bethlehem , where his father was a member . Through these studies , Morris hoped to eventually become a minister . When Morris was eighteen , his father sent him to live full @-@ time in Bethlehem and study under Dr. Joseph Bellamy . Morris continued with Bellamy until the spring of 1770 , when he spent the season studying under the South Farms minister Dr. Salmon Hurlburt . That fall Morris found yet another instructor in Mr. Nathan Hale , saying of him , " Mr. Hale was an accurate scholar and an able instructor . "
In September 1771 , Morris began more formal studies at Yale College . For his tutor at Yale , Morris was assigned future Yale president Timothy Dwight IV , who would be an influential force in coeducation in his own right . Morris was awarded his degree in July , 1775 , noting in his memoirs , " having had my share of honorary appointments . "
Upon graduation Morris returned to South Farms , where he helped his father with the harvest and took a post teaching grammar school in nearby Litchfield , where he received his first opportunity to teach and was paid " ' handsome wages ' hoping to reimburse his father for the heavy expenses of his college education . "
= = The War = =
= = = Commission and early service = = =
Morris 's tenure as an instructor in Litchfield was cut short when , within months of arriving , he received an unsolicited ensign 's commission in the Connecticut militia , which he accepted . While in the service of the Connecticut militia Morris saw his first action , fighting battles in both Long Island and White Plains . In his memoirs , Morris wrote of this time , stating that " The soldiers universally manifested a great respect for me , for my care of the sick and my attention to their wants , and for my sympathies in their distresses . "
In late December 1776 , Morris completed his commitment to the Connecticut militia and immediately accepted a commission in the Continental Army as a first lieutenant . After serving as a recruiting officer in Litchfield , Morris joined General George Washington and the army at Peekskill . On October 3 , 1776 , General Washington commanded this army in the Battle of Germantown . The American forces were ultimately unsuccessful in this battle and Morris was taken as a prisoner of war on October 4 , 1776 .
= = = Captivity = = =
The early part of Morris 's confinement were the most trying . He was taken to the " New Jail " in Philadelphia where he " was locked in a cold room ... destitute of everything by cold stone walls and bare floors — no kind of a seat to sit on — all total darkness , no water to drink or a morsel to eat ; without a blanket to cover [ him ] . "
Despite his meager accommodations , Morris decided to make the best of his imprisonment in Philadelphia by negotiating with his jailors to borrow books from the so @-@ called circulating library recently established by Benjamin Franklin in that city . One historian points to this time as when Morris was exposed to the philosophers that would be so influential in his later life as an educator : " From Milton , James Morris absorbed ideas in favor of healthy exercises to develop both body and mind at the same time ; from Rollin , the danger of following custom blindly rather than reason ; and form Locke , the novel idea that the English language was as important as Latin and Greek . "
In May 1778 , Morris convinced his captors to admit him to parole and was sent to Flatbush , Long Island , where he stayed with a Mr. Clarkson . In his memoir , Morris noted that Clarkson was " a man of science and large property , ... who owned the most extensive private library that [ Morris ] had ever known in the United States . " While still in captivity Morris found this situation rather comfortable and took every advantage of the library he so admired .
On January 3 , 1781 , Morris was freed as part of a prisoner exchange .
= = = Post @-@ release = = =
Upon his release , Morris returned to Peekskill where he discovered that he had been promoted to the rank of captain while in the custody of the British . Morris commanded a company back to White Plains until he received orders to head south to Virginia . Upon arrival , Morris 's company , under the overall command of General George Washington , aided in Siege of Yorktown , the last major battle of the American Revolution . Specifically , Morris 's company of light infantry provided support to the forlorn hope commanded by Colonel Alexander Hamilton .
= = Post @-@ war = =
James Morris returned to South Farms in December 1781 . Days after his return , on December 20 , he married Elizabeth Hubbard . Shortly thereafter , the people of South Farms made Morris both the Justice of the Peace and a Selectman . In the summer of 1782 Morris briefly returned to service , but was ultimately released from service in November of that year .
In the following years James and Elizbeth had five children :
Abigail Morris ( b . 8 / 2 / 1783 )
James Morris , IV ( b . 12 / 4 / 1784 ) : 1803 Yale graduate , Tutor of the University of Georgia , Head of the Academy in Sunbry , Georga .
Reuben Smith Morris ( b . 5 / 24 / 1786 ) : 1804 Yale graduate , attorney in Cayuga , New York .
Samuel Hubbard Morris ( b . 2 / 6 / 1788 ) ( d . 12 / 22 / 1793 )
Robert Hubbard Morris ( b . 7 / 25 / 1789 ) : " endowed with ' good academic education , ' " settled at Cayuga . "
In between the birth of James and Reuben , Morris became severely ill . During his illness , a man named Gad Farnam moved into the Morris 's home to care for him day and night . The two families became very close and Gad 's daughter Rhoda , only five years old at the time of the illness , later became Morris 's second wife . It was at this point in Morris 's life that he accepted that he would never realize his early dream of becoming a minister .
= = The Morris Academy = =
By 1790 , it had become common for children to come to Morris 's house for instruction and access to his library . Morris welcomed all of these students , both male and female . Morris 's coeducation caused some stir within the community when some claimed that his education of women was " ' blowing up their pride ' so that ' they would feel themselves above their mates and they would feel above labour . ' " In 1794 , these frustrations were brought to fruition when a hearing was held in the church . The charges were dismissed and the publicity from the controversy brought so much attention , that , by 1803 , he had instructed students " from all the New England States except Rhode Island , and from the States of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Virginia , South Carolina and Georgia . Also from the Island of St. Thomas in the West Indies , and from the Island of Bermuda . "
By the turn of the century , Morris found it necessary to formalize his instruction and construct a proper Academy building . The estimated cost was $ 1200 , so Morris enlisted wealthy residents of Litchfield and South Farms .
On November 28 , 1803 , The Morris Academy moved out of James Morris 's home and into the brand new building . For the period from 1803 to 1812 , the Morris Academy grew to an average of 50 @-@ 75 students .
The Academy was handed to several other heads of school , until , on April 12 , 1888 , the Morris Academy was closed for good .
In the introduction to her book on the academy , Barbara Nolen Strong noted :
The Morris Academy is entitled to be called a pioneer institution because of its ' open door ' policy in coeducation . It was not the first in the United States , not even in Connecticut , but none of the other early academies opened their doors as wide and kept them open as long . No other coeducational academy spread its influence so far .
= = Later life = =
In September 1814 Morris 's wife Elizabeth died . The following March , Morris married Rhonda Farnam and the marriage bore two children .
Jane Elizabeth Morris ( b . 1 / 30 / 1816 )
Timothy Dwight Morris ( b . 11 / 22 / 1817 )
During the " second war with Great Britain " , at the age of 61 , Morris was commissioned as a First Major of the Second Regiment of Volunteers in the State of Connecticut .
Toward the end of his life , Morris compiled his memoirs , which were subsequently published as Memoirs of James Morris of South Farms In Litchfield .
James Morris died on April 20 , 1820 and was buried in the graveyard at what is now commonly referred to as the East Morris cemetery .
= = Legacy = =
In June , 1859 , South Farms was incorporated as Morris , Connecticut in his honor .
The James Morris Museum is located in the center of the town of Morris and contains original artifacts and writings of James Morris .
The foundation of The Morris Academy remains intact on the grounds of James Morris Elementary School , in Morris .
= Arbogast & Bastian =
Arbogast & Bastian ( also A & B Meats ) was the name of a slaughterhouse and meat packing plant located in Allentown , Lehigh County , Pennsylvania , in the United States . Once a national leader in hog slaughtering , the company had the capacity to process most of the 850 @,@ 000 hogs raised annually in Pennsylvania for slaughtering . In its heyday , Arbogast & Bastian slaughtered an average of 4 @,@ 000 hogs daily .
Arbogast & Bastian , which was founded in 1887 , operated for nearly one hundred years before filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1984 , citing cash flow issues brought about by market turmoil and labor disputes . The company filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy the following year .
With the sole exception of the company 's offices , the Arbogast & Bastian plant was demolished in the late 1990s . These surviving offices were later incorporated into the America On Wheels museum , which was opened on the site of the former Arbogast & Bastian plant in 2008 .
= = History = =
The Arbogast & Bastian Company was founded in 1887 by Wilson Arbogast and Morris Clinton Bastian . Arbogast , who was born in Freeburg , Snyder County , Pennsylvania , in 1851 , was a school teacher by training who entered the wholesale provisioning business in the early 1880s in Phillipsburg , New Jersey . Bastian , who was born in Lower Macungie Township , Lehigh County , Pennsylvania , in 1859 , operated a general store in Allentown .
The two partners built a two story building and stable at 25 Hamilton Street in Allentown , purchased two horses , and started supplying provisions and lard to local businesses and distributors . They used their building as a smoke house , and offered " freshly @-@ smoked " hams and bacon that were prepared using meat purchased ready @-@ cured from other suppliers . Ready @-@ cured meat is that which , after slaughter and butchery , has been treated by curing in order to prevent the growth of bacteria and to reduce the opportunity for botulism to grow , allowing for much safer transport and storage . This grew into a strong business for Arbogast & Bastian , as previously these goods had to be imported from larger cities , such as New York City and Philadelphia , and suffered in freshness and quality because of the additional time and handling required to get the finished product to Allentown .
In 1890 , the company added a hog slaughtering department , in order to offer fresh pork and sausages to their customers . The capacity of the plant increased from 150 hogs per week at inception , to over 1 @,@ 500 hogs per week in 1905 . Pork brands offered included " Pure Home Rendered Lard " and " Old Dutch " hams and bacon . With their venture in pork successful , Arbogast & Bastian soon expanded in a similar manner with beef , lamb , and mutton , first by purchasing ready @-@ cured meat from suppliers in the West to learn the trade , then by building a full @-@ scale abbatoir and cold @-@ storage facilities on @-@ site . By 1905 , the company was processing over 150 head of cattle , and a similar number of lambs and sheep , weekly .
Arbogast & Bastian Company was formally incorporated in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , with $ 200 @,@ 000 in capital ( $ 5 @.@ 47 million in 2016 dollars , adjusted for inflation ) , on June 19 , 1902 . The additional capital raised by the corporation was used to purchase more land and to build larger refrigeration facilities and a power plant . By 1905 , Arbogast & Bastian 's revenues exceeded $ 1 million per year ( $ 26 @.@ 3 million in 2016 dollars , adjusted for inflation . )
The large Arbogast & Bastian facility now occupied a prominent location at Hamilton and Front streets in Allentown , along the Lehigh River . The facility received livestock and transported goods via tracks run to the plant by the Lehigh Valley Railroad . On July 14 , 1905 , a large fire destroyed the original Arbogast & Bastian plant and the company rebuilt a larger , more modern facility . It was the first reinforced concrete meat packing plant in the United States . The Arbogast & Bastian plant , which allowed for more sanitary and safer operations , was designed and built in direct response to the unsanitary conditions in Chicago 's meat packing plants exposed by Upton Sinclair in his book , The Jungle , which led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 .
During World War II , 70 percent of Arbogast & Bastian 's output went to the United States armed forces and through the Lend @-@ Lease program to the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union , China , France and other Allied nations . By 1973 , Arbogast & Bastian had 700 employees processing 160 million pounds ( 73 million kg ) of meat a year , and the company had the capacity to butcher 7 @,@ 200 hogs and 1 @,@ 000 cattle a week .
Arbogast & Bastian filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on May 11 , 1984 , citing cash flow issues brought about by " two years of turbulent market conditions in the pork industry , " a labor dispute with the Teamsters labor union and the recent shutdown of A & B 's slaughtering operations . The bankruptcy was immediately triggered because one of the company 's customers had issued a stop @-@ payment on $ 800 @,@ 000 worth of checks paid to Arbogast & Bastian . The firm 's financial woes were further complicated by four large meat packing companies - Pork Cutters , Inc . , Rotches Pork Packers , Inc . , Otto Doerrer and Son , Inc. and Crissman , Inc . - who collectively failed to pay for nearly $ 5 million worth of pork carcasses and meat products purchased from Arbogast & Bastian in 1983 and 1984 , according to charges made by the United States Department of Agriculture . In total , about 380 workers lost their jobs . Within months of filing for bankruptcy , Purity Bacon Products Corp. , one of A & B 's most profitable divisions , was sold for $ 1 million to an investor group led by Richard A. Strouce , the president of Arbogast & Bastian at the time it filed for bankruptcy .
The corporation filed for Chapter 7 liquidation on January 9 , 1985 . With the closure of Arbogast & Bastian , only two major meat processing facilities remained operating in the state of Pennsylvania - Hatfield Quality Meats of Hatfield , Pennsylvania , and Martins Abattoir & Wholesale Meats , Inc . , with headquarters in Godwin , North Carolina .
= = Legacy = =
As early as 1989 , city officials in Allentown had announced plans to revitalize brownfield land along the Lehigh River , which included the abandoned Arbogast & Bastian plant . This redevelopment , which was to be known as " Lehigh Landing , " was originally to include a museum , a brewery , walking trails , a footbridge across the river , and a promenade for festivals . Allentown businessman Raymond E. Holland , former president of Holiday Hair Fashions , had purchased the abandoned Arbogast & Bastian plant for $ 250 @,@ 000 in 1985 and gave it to the Allentown Economic Development Corp. as a charitable contribution in 1990 . Development of " Lehigh Landing " was hindered by fundraising problems , environmental remediation issues , and even a national debate on pork barrel government spending . The iconic Arbogast & Bastian plant remained vacant for over a decade , often the victim of vandalism and suspicious fires . The plant was finally dismantled in late 1990s , and the company 's large heart @-@ shaped sign , long a fixture of the Allentown skyline , was taken down on June 30 , 1998 . The offices of Arbogast & Bastian , which had not been torn down , were later incorporated into the America On Wheels museum , which was opened on the site of the former Arbogast & Bastian plant in 2008 .
= Prince John of the United Kingdom =
Prince John of the United Kingdom ( John Charles Francis ; 12 July 1905 – 18 January 1919 ) was the fifth son and youngest of the six children born to King George V and his wife , Queen Mary . At the time of John 's birth , his father was the Prince of Wales and heir apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom , Edward VII . In 1910 , George succeeded to the throne upon Edward 's death and John became the fifth in line of succession .
In 1909 , John was discovered to have epilepsy and was also believed to have some form of intellectual disability and possibly autism . As his condition deteriorated , he was sent to live at Sandringham House and was kept away from the public eye . There , he was cared for by his governess , " Lala " Bill , and befriended local children whom his mother had gathered to be his playmates . Prince John died at Sandringham in 1919 , following a severe seizure , and was buried at nearby St Mary Magdalene Church . His illness was released to the wider public only after his death .
Prince John 's alleged seclusion has subsequently been brought forward as evidence for the inhumanity of the royal family . However , records show that the Prince was in some ways given favourable treatment by his parents , in comparison to his siblings , and contrary to the belief that he was hidden from the public from an early age , John for most of his life was a " fully @-@ fledged member of the family " , appearing frequently in public until after his eleventh birthday .
= = Biography = =
= = = Birth = = =
Prince John was born at York Cottage on the Sandringham Estate on 12 July 1905 , at 3 : 05 a.m. He was the youngest child and fifth son of George Frederick , Prince of Wales and Mary , Princess of Wales ( née Mary of Teck ) . He was named John despite that name 's unlucky associations for the royal family , but was informally known as " Johnny " . At the time of his birth , he was sixth in the line of succession to the throne , behind his father and four older brothers . As a grandchild of the reigning British monarch in the male line , and a son of the Prince of Wales , he was formally styled His Royal Highness Prince John of Wales from birth .
John was christened on 3 August in the Church of St Mary Magdalene at Sandringham , the Reverend Canon John Neale Dalton officiating . His godparents were King Carlos I of Portugal ( his third cousin once removed , for whom the Prince of Wales stood proxy ) , the Duke of Sparta ( his first cousin once removed ) , Prince Carl of Denmark ( his uncle by marriage and first cousin once removed , for whom the Prince of Wales stood proxy ) , Prince John of Schleswig @-@ Holstein @-@ Sonderburg @-@ Glücksburg ( his great @-@ great @-@ uncle , for whom the Prince of Wales stood proxy ) , Alexander Duff , 1st Duke of Fife ( his uncle by marriage , for whom the Prince of Wales stood proxy ) , the Duchess of Sparta ( his first cousin once removed , for whom Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom stood proxy ) , and Princess Alexander of Teck ( his first cousin once removed , for whom Princess Victoria stood proxy ) .
= = = Early life and illness = = =
Much of John 's early life was spent at Sandringham with his siblings — Prince Edward ( known as David to the royal family ) , Prince Albert , Princess Mary , Prince Henry and Prince George — under the care of their nanny Charlotte " Lala " Bill . Though a strict disciplinarian , the Prince of Wales was nonetheless affectionate toward his children ; the Princess of Wales was close to her children and encouraged them to confide in her . In 1909 , John 's great @-@ aunt , the Dowager Empress of Russia wrote to her son , Emperor Nicholas II , that " George 's children are very nice ... The little ones , George and Johnny are both charming and very amusing ... " Princess Alexander of Teck described John as " very quaint and one evening when Uncle George returned from stalking he bent over Aunt May and kissed her , and they heard Johnny soliloquize , ' She kissed Papa , ugly old man ! ' " George once said to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt that " all [ his ] children [ were ] obedient , except John " — apparently because John alone , among George 's children , escaped punishment from their father .
Though a " large and handsome " baby , by his fourth birthday John had become " winsome " and " painfully slow " . That same year he suffered his first epileptic seizure and showed signs of a disability , probably autism . When his father succeeded as George V upon Edward VII 's death in 1910 , John was awarded the title " His Royal Highness The Prince John " . John did not attend his parents ' coronation on 22 June 1911 , as this was considered too risky for his health ; nonetheless , cynics said that the family feared their reputation would be damaged by any incident involving him . Although John was deemed not " presentable to the outside world , " George nonetheless showed an interest in him , offering him " kindness and affection " .
During his time at Sandring ham , John exhibited repetitive behaviour , which can be a sign of autism ; this is possibly a reason for his constant misbehaviour : " he simply didn 't under stand he needed to [ behave ] . " Nonetheless there was hope his seizures might lessen with time — . Contrary to the belief that he was hidden from the public from an early age , John for most of his life was a " fully @-@ fledged member of the family " , appearing frequently in public until after his eleventh birthday .
In 1912 Prince George , who was nearest in age to John and his closest sibling , began St. Peter 's Court Preparatory School at Broadstairs . The following summer , The Times reported that John would not attend Broadstairs the following term , and that George and Mary had not decided whether to send John to school at all . After the outbreak of World War I , John rarely saw his parents , who were often away on official duties , and his siblings , who were either at boarding school or in the military . John slowly disappeared from the public eye and no official portraits of him were commissioned after 1913 .
= = = Wood Farm = = =
In 1916 , as his seizures became more frequent and severe , John was sent to live at Wood Farm , with Bill having charge of his care . Though John maintained an interest in the world around him and was capable of coherent thought and expression , with his lack of educational progress the last of his tutors was dismissed and his formal education ended . Physicians warned that he would likely not reach adulthood .
At Wood Farm , John became " a satellite with his own little household on an outlying farm on the Sandring ham estate ... Guests at Balmoral remember him during the Great War as tall and muscular , but always a distant figure glimpsed from afar in the woods , escorted by his own retainers . " His grandmother Queen Alexandra maintained a garden at Sandring ham House especially for him , and this became " one of the great pleasures of [ John ] ' s life . "
After the summer of 1916 , John was rarely seen outside the Sandring ham Estate and passed solely into Bill 's care . After Queen Alexandra wrote that " [ John ] is very proud of his house but is longing for a companion , " Queen Mary broke from royal practice by having local children brought in to be playmates for John . One of these was Winifred Thomas , a young girl from Halifax who had been sent to live with her aunt and uncle ( who had charge of the royal stables at Sandring ham ) in hopes her asthma would improve . John had known Winifred years earlier , prior to the outbreak of World War I. Now they became close , taking nature walks together and working in Queen Alexandra 's garden . John also played with his elder siblings when they visited : once , when his two eldest brothers came to visit John , the Prince of Wales ( formerly Prince Edward ) " took him for a run in a kind of a push @-@ cart , and they both disappeared from view . "
= = = Death = = =
As John 's seizures intensified ( Bill later wrote ) " we [ dared ] not let him be with his brothers and sister , because it upsets them so much , with the attacks getting so bad and coming so often . " Biographer Denis Judd believes that " [ John ] ' s seclusion and ' abnormality ' must have been disturbing to his brothers and sister " , as he had been " a friendly , outgoing little boy , much loved by his brothers and sister , a sort of mascot for the family " . He spent Christmas Day 1918 with his family at Sandring ham House but was driven back to Wood Farm at night .
On 18 January 1919 , after a severe seizure , John died in his sleep at Wood Farm at 5 : 30 p.m. It is now known , due to modern autopsy techniques , that people with epilepsy may die of it , with no other illness or injury contributing to death nor to the etiology of the condition .
Queen Mary wrote in her diary that the news was " a great shock , tho ' for the poor little boy 's restless soul , death came as a great relief . [ She ] broke the news to George and [ they ] motored down to Wood Farm . Found poor Lala very resigned but heartbroken . Little Johnnie looked very peaceful lying there . "
Mary later wrote to Emily Alcock , an old friend , that " for [ John ] it is a great relief , as his malady was becoming worse as he grew older , & he has thus been spared much suffering . I cannot say how grateful we feel to God for having taken him in such a peaceful way , he just slept quietly into his heavenly home , no pain no struggle , just peace for the poor little troubled spirit which had been a great anxiety to us for many years , ever since he was four years old . " She went on to add that " the first break in the family circle is hard to bear , but people have been so kind & sympathetic & this has helped us much . " George described his son 's death simply as " the greatest mercy possible " .
On 20 January the Daily Mirror said that " when the Prince passed away his face bore an angelic smile " ; its report also made the first public mention of John 's epilepsy . His funeral was the following day at St Mary Magdalene Church , John Neale Dalton officiating . Queen Mary wrote that " Canon Dalton & Dr Brownhill [ John 's physician ] conducted the service which was awfully sad and touching . Many of our own people and the villagers were present . We thanked all Johnnie 's servants who have been so good and faithful to him . " Though nominally private , the funeral was attended by Sandring ham House staff ; " every single person on the estate went and stood around the gates and his grave was absolutely covered in flowers . " Queen Alexandra wrote to Queen Mary that " now [ their ] two darling Johnnies lie side by side " She was referring to her youngest son and John 's uncle , Prince Alexander John of Wales , who had died in 1871 one day after birth , and who was also buried at St Mary Magdalene .
= = Legacy = =
Prince Edward had hardly known John and consequently , saw his death as " little more than a regrettable nuisance . " He wrote to his mistress of the time that " [ he had ] told [ her ] all about that little brother , and how he was an epileptic . [ John ] ' s been practically shut up for the last two years anyhow , so no one has ever seen him except the family , and then only once or twice a year . This poor boy had become more of an animal than anything else . " He also wrote an insensitive letter to Queen Mary , which has since been lost . She did not reply , but he felt compelled to write her an apology , in which he stated that " [ he felt ] like such a cold hearted and unsympathetic swine for writing all that [ he ] did ... No one can realize more than [ she ] how poor little Johnnie meant to [ him ] who hardly knew him ... " He went on to state " I feel so much for you , darling Mama , who was his mother . " In her final mention of John in her diary , Queen Mary wrote simply " miss the dear child very much indeed . " She gave Winifred Thomas a number of John 's books , which she had inscribed , " In memory of our dear little Prince . " " Lala " Bill always kept a portrait of John above her mantelpiece , together with a letter from him which read " nanny , I love you . "
In recent years , Prince John 's seclusion has been brought forward as evidence towards the " heartlessness " of the Windsor family , According to a 2008 Channel 4 documentary , much of the existing information about John is " based on hearsay and rumour , precisely because so few details of his life and his problems have ever been disclosed , " and the British Epileptic Association has stated , " There was nothing unusual in what [ the King and Queen ] did . At that time , people with epilepsy were put apart from the rest of the community . They were often put in epilepsy colonies or mental institutions . It was thought to be a form of mental illness , " adding that it was another twenty years before the idea that epileptics should not be locked away began to take hold . The royal family believed that these afflictions flowed through their blood , which was believed to be purer than the blood of a commoner , and , as such , wished to hide as much as possible in regard to John 's illness . Others have suggested that John was sent to Wood Farm to give him the best environment possible under the " austere " conditions of World War I. Undoubtedly the royal family were " frightened and ashamed of John 's illness " , and his life is " usually portrayed either as tragedy or conspiracy " . At the time that Edward VIII ( formerly Prince Edward ) abdicated , an attempt was made to discredit Prince Albert , who had succeeded as George VI , by suggesting that he was subject to falling fits , like his brother . In 1998 , after the discovery of two volumes of family photographs , John was briefly brought to public attention .
= = Popular culture = =
In 2003 , The Lost Prince , a biographical film about John 's life , directed by Stephen Poliakoff , was released .
In the 2007 film My Boy Jack , the death of Prince John is referred to in the conversation between George V and Rudyard Kipling at the end of the story .
In 2008 , a documentary about John , titled Prince John : The Windsors ' Tragic Secret , was released by Channel 4 .
John is also briefly mentioned in the 2010 film The King 's Speech , which depicts Prince Albert and his struggle to overcome a childhood stammer . Lionel Logue , portrayed by Geoffrey Rush , asks the future George VI of the United Kingdom , played by Colin Firth , to describe his relationship with his youngest brother , called Johnny . George VI replies that Johnny was a " sweet boy " , leading the audience to believe that they had a good relationship , though when he died at thirteen , he was hidden from view , a common occurrence for diseased children in those days .
= = Titles , styles , honours and arms = =
= = = Titles and styles = = =
12 July 1905 – 6 May 1910 : His Royal Highness Prince John of Wales
6 May 1910 – 18 January 1919 : His Royal Highness The Prince John
= = Ancestry = =
= = = Endnotes = = =
= Hasan al @-@ Kharrat =
Abu Muhammad Hasan al @-@ Kharrat ( Arabic : حسن الخراط 1861 – 25 December 1925 ) was one of the principal Syrian rebel commanders of the Great Syrian Revolt against the French Mandate . His main area of operations was in Damascus and its Ghouta countryside . He was killed in the struggle and is considered a hero by Syrians .
As the qabaday ( local youths boss ) of the al @-@ Shaghour quarter of Damascus , al @-@ Kharrat was connected with Nasib al @-@ Bakri , a nationalist from the quarter 's most influential family . At al @-@ Bakri 's invitation , al @-@ Kharrat joined the revolt in August 1925 and formed a group of fighters from al @-@ Shaghour and other neighborhoods in the vicinity . He led the rebel assault against Damascus , briefly capturing the residence of French High @-@ Commissioner Maurice Sarrail before withdrawing amid heavy French bombardment .
After his aborted operation in Damascus , al @-@ Kharrat continued to lead forays against French forces in and around the city . Towards the end of 1925 , relations grew tense between al @-@ Kharrat and other rebel leaders , particularly Sa 'id al- ' As and Ramadan al @-@ Shallash , as they traded accusations of plundering villages or extorting local inhabitants . Al @-@ Kharrat was killed in a French ambush in the Ghouta , and the revolt dissipated by 1927 , but he gained a lasting reputation as a martyr of the Syrian resistance to French rule .
= = Early life and career = =
Al @-@ Kharrat was born to a Sunni Muslim family in Damascus in 1861 , during Ottoman rule in Syria . He served as the night watchman of the city 's al @-@ Shaghour quarter and as a guard for the neighborhood 's orchards . Damascus was captured by Arab rebels in October 1918 . Afterward , the Arab Club , an Arab nationalist organization , emerged in the city to raise support for the rebels . The club assisted the rebels ' leader , Emir Faisal , who formed a rudimentary government . Al @-@ Kharrat became an affiliate of the Arab Club and raised support for Faisal in al @-@ Shaghour . In July 1920 , Faisal 's government collapsed after its motley forces were defeated by the French at the Battle of Maysalun . Afterward , the French ruled Syria under the aegis of their League of Nations mandate .
In the early years of French rule , al @-@ Kharrat was al @-@ Shaghour 's qabaday ( pl. qabadayat ) , the traditional leader of a neighborhood 's local toughs . The qabaday was informally charged with redressing grievances and defending a neighborhood 's honor against local criminals or the encroachments of qabadayat from other neighborhoods . He was popularly characterized as an honorable man , noted for his personal strength , and protection of minorities and the poor . The qabaday was considered an " upholder of Arab traditions and customs , the guardian of popular culture " , according to historian Philip S. Khoury . Khoury asserts that al @-@ Kharrat was " probably the most respected and esteemed qabaday of his day " . Qabadayat normally shunned formal education , and historian Michael Provence maintains that al @-@ Kharrat was likely illiterate . Qabadayat were normally linked with particular city notables and could secure them political support in their neighborhoods . Al @-@ Kharrat was allied with Nasib al @-@ Bakri , a Damascene politician and landowner . The al @-@ Bakri family was the most influential in al @-@ Shaghour , and al @-@ Kharrat served as the family 's principal connection and enforcer in the quarter .
= = Commander in the Great Syrian Revolt = =
= = = Recruitment and early confrontations = = =
A revolt against French rule was launched in the mid @-@ summer of 1925 by the Druze sheikh ( chieftain ) , Sultan Pasha al @-@ Atrash , in the southern mountains of Jabal al @-@ Druze . As al @-@ Atrash 's men scored decisive victories against the French Army of the Levant , Syrian nationalists were inspired and the revolt spread northward to the countryside of Damascus and beyond . Al @-@ Bakri was the chief liaison between al @-@ Atrash and the emerging rebel movement in Damascus and the Ghouta . The Ghouta is the fertile plain surrounding Damascus , and its orchard groves and extensive waterways provided cover for the rebels and a base from which they could raid Damascus . In August , al @-@ Bakri convinced al @-@ Kharrat to join the uprising . According to Provence , al @-@ Kharrat was " ideal " for the job , possessing " a local following of young men , notoriety outside the quarter , good connections and a reputation for toughness " . The group of fighters he commanded was known as ′ isabat al @-@ Shawaghirah ( the band of al @-@ Shaghour ) . Though named after al @-@ Kharrat 's quarter , the band included twenty qabadayat and their armed retinues from other Damascus neighborhoods and nearby villages . His main areas of operation were in the vicinity of al @-@ Shaghour and the al @-@ Zur forest in the eastern Ghouta . Through his alliance with a Sufi religious leader , al @-@ Kharrat brought an Islamic holy war dimension to the largely secular revolt , something that was not welcomed by some involved .
Al @-@ Kharrat commenced guerrilla operations in September , targeting French forces posted in the eastern and southern Ghouta . His prominence rose as he led nighttime raids against the French in Damascus , during which he disarmed army patrols and took soldiers hostage . In al @-@ Shaghour , Souk Saruja and Jazmatiyya , al @-@ Kharrat and his band burnt down all French @-@ held buildings . In the first week of October , sixty French gendarmes were dispatched to the Ghouta to apprehend al @-@ Kharrat and his fighters . The gendarmes were quartered in the home of al @-@ Malihah 's mukhtar ( village headman ) . In the evening , the rebels attacked the residence , killing one gendarme and capturing the rest ; the prisoners were eventually all returned unharmed .
On 12 October , French troops backed by tanks , artillery and aerial support launched an operation to surround and eliminate al @-@ Kharrat 's rebels in the al @-@ Zur forest . Al @-@ Kharrat 's men were forewarned of the French deployment by the peasants of al @-@ Malihah . Positioned among the trees , the rebels used sniper fire against the French troops . The latter were unable to lure the rebels out and retreated .
As the French withdrew toward al @-@ Malihah , they looted the village and set it on fire . French intelligence officials justified the collective punishment of al @-@ Malihah as retaliation for the rebels ' capture and humiliation of the gendarmes during the previous week ; the French claimed a young boy from al @-@ Malihah had notified al @-@ Kharrat 's men of the French presence in the village . Though they were unable to engage al @-@ Kharrat and his forces directly , French troops executed around 100 civilians from Ghouta villages . Their corpses were brought to Damascus , and the bodies of sixteen men described by the French as " brigands " were put on display .
= = = Battle of Damascus and operations in Ghouta = = =
Spurred by French army actions in the Ghouta , al @-@ Bakri planned to capture the Citadel of Damascus , where French forces were concentrated , and the Azm Palace , where General Maurice Sarrail , the French high commissioner of Syria , would be residing on 17 – 18 October ( Sarrail was typically headquartered in Beirut ) . The high commissioner functioned as the overall administrator of Syria on behalf of France and exercised practically absolute power . The rebel units active in Damascus at the time were al @-@ Kharrat 's ′ isabat and a mixed force of Druze fighters and rebels from the al @-@ Midan quarter and the Ghouta . To compensate for the lack of rebel strength , al @-@ Bakri sent a letter to Sultan al @-@ Atrash requesting reinforcements . Al @-@ Atrash replied that he was currently occupied with operations in the Hauran , but would dispatch his entire force to back the Damascus rebels as soon as affairs there were settled . Before he received al @-@ Atrash 's reply , al @-@ Bakri decided to move ahead with the operation .
On 18 October , al @-@ Kharrat led forty rebels into al @-@ Shaghour from the old cemeteries adjacent to the southern gate of Damascus , announcing that the Druze had arrived to relieve the city from French occupation . Crowds of residents enthusiastically welcomed the rebels and many took up arms alongside them . Al @-@ Kharrat 's men captured the quarter 's police station , disarming its garrison . They were joined by Ramadan al @-@ Shallash , a rebel commander from Deir ez @-@ Zor , and twenty of his Bedouin fighters . The joint forces proceeded to the Hamidiyya Market and captured the Azm Palace , but Sarrail was not present , having already left to attend a meeting in the Hauran town of Daraa . The rebels plundered the palace and set it on fire . Provence asserts that capturing the palace without Sarrail " held no tactical importance " but was a highly symbolic achievement for the rebels because of the Azm Palace 's " importance as the historical seat of economic and political power in Damascus , now usurped by the French and totally undefended " .
While al @-@ Kharrat captured the Azm Palace , al @-@ Bakri and 200 rebels under his command rode through the city and were joined by civilians in increasing numbers . After sealing the Old City to prevent the entry of enemy reinforcements , al @-@ Kharrat issued an order to kill anyone linked to the French army . About 180 French soldiers were killed . Sarrail ordered the shelling and aerial bombardment of the city . About 1 @,@ 500 people were killed in the bombardment , which lasted two days . General chaos and scattered fighting ensued as whole neighborhoods , mosques and churches were leveled , French forces moved in , and hundreds of leading figures in the Syrian national movement were arrested , including al @-@ Kharrat 's son Fakhri . The latter was captured on 22 October during a botched nighttime raid by the rebels against the French , who by then were in control of Damascus . Al @-@ Kharrat was offered the release of his son in exchange for his own surrender , but refused .
The rebels withdrew from Damascus as a meeting was held between French army commander Maurice Gamelin and a delegation of Damascene notables . As a result of the meeting , the French agreed to end their bombardment in return for a payment of 100 @,@ 000 Turkish gold liras by 24 October . The fine was not paid by the French deadline , but the bombardment was not renewed , likely as a result of orders from the French government in Paris . International condemnation of Sarrail 's bombardment of Damascus and growing criticism in France of his mishandling of the revolt led to his dismissal on 30 October . He was replaced by politician Henry de Jouvenel , who arrived in Syria in December . On 22 November , al @-@ Kharrat commanded 700 rebels in a battle with about 500 French soldiers outside of Damascus . Al @-@ Kharrat 's men inflicted " trifling " losses on the French , but experienced heavy casualties themselves , with thirty dead and forty wounded according to Reuters . On 5 December , al @-@ Kharrat was one of the commanders of a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ strong force uniting rebels from disparate backgrounds , which assaulted the French Army barracks in al @-@ Qadam , south of Damascus . The French claimed to have inflicted significant casualties , but rebel activity continued .
= = = Tensions with rebel leaders = = =
Centralized order and oversight among the revolt 's armed participants was difficult to establish because of the diversity and independence of the rebel factions . A meeting of rebel leaders was held in the Ghouta village of Saqba on 26 November . Sa 'id al- ' As accused al @-@ Kharrat and others of plundering in the Ghouta , while al @-@ Kharrat alleged that al @-@ Shallash extorted the residents of al @-@ Midan and the Ghouta town of Douma . The meeting concluded with an agreement to elect a government to replace the French authorities , increase recruitment of the Ghouta 's inhabitants , coordinate military operations under a central command , and establish a revolutionary court to execute spies . The meeting also designated the area between the village of Zabdin and north of the Douma @-@ Damascus road as being part of al @-@ Kharrat 's zone of operations . Despite his leading role in the rebels ' military efforts , al @-@ Kharrat was not included in the newly formed rebel leadership council , nor were any of al @-@ Bakri 's allies . Instead , al- ' As served as the rebels ' overall head .
Sharp divisions among rebel factions became apparent during a second meeting in Saqba on 5 December . According to Syrian journalist Munir al @-@ Rayyes , hostility between al @-@ Kharrat and al @-@ Shallash was well @-@ known among the rebels . Because al @-@ Shallash had levied war taxes on the major landlords and city elites of the Ghouta , al @-@ Kharrat 's benefactor al @-@ Bakri viewed him as a threat to the traditional landowning class to which al @-@ Bakri belonged . Al @-@ Rayyis claimed the meeting was called for by al @-@ Kharrat , who ordered his fighters to capture and bring al @-@ Shallash to Saqba . However , according to al- ' As , the summit was called by al @-@ Shallash , and once the latter arrived in the village , al @-@ Kharrat personally detained him and confiscated his horse , weapons and money .
After his detention , al @-@ Shallash was given a brief trial during which al @-@ Kharrat accused him of making " impositions and ransoms and financial collections in the name of the revolt " , while al @-@ Bakri condemned him specifically for extorting the residents of Douma for 1 @,@ 000 giney ( Ottoman pounds ) , and imposing large fines on the inhabitants of Harran al @-@ Awamid , al @-@ Qisa and Maydaa for his own personal enrichment . Al @-@ Kharrat and al @-@ Bakri decided al @-@ Shallash 's verdict , and dismissed him from the revolt . While many rebels with officer backgrounds similar to al @-@ Shallash disapproved of the judgement , they did not intervene . In his account of the meeting , al @-@ Rayyis condemned the rebel commanders for complacency in the " ridiculous trial " and accused al @-@ Kharrat of being motivated solely by personal animosity . Al @-@ Shallash was able to escape — or was released by al- ' As — when French planes bombed the meeting . Al @-@ Shallash would later surrender to Jouvenel and collaborate with French authorities .
= = Death and legacy = =
Al @-@ Kharrat was killed in an ambush by French troops in the Ghouta on 25 December 1925 . He was succeeded as qabaday of al @-@ Shaghour and commander of the ′ isabat al @-@ Shawaghirah by Mahmud Khaddam al @-@ Srija . Al @-@ Kharrat 's men continued to fight the French until the revolt ended in 1927 , although historian Thomas Philipp states that al @-@ Kharrat 's group dissipated after his death . In January 1926 , al @-@ Kharrat 's son Fakhri was sentenced to death and publicly executed , along with two other rebels , in Marjeh Square , Damascus . The French had previously implored Fakhri to persuade his father to surrender in return for his release , but Fakhri had refused .
Abd al @-@ Rahman Shahbandar , a prominent Syrian nationalist leader , described al @-@ Kharrat as having played " the preeminent role " in the battle against the French in the Ghouta and Damascus . Historian Daniel Neep wrote that al @-@ Kharrat was the " best @-@ known " of all of the Damascus @-@ based rebel leaders , although other leaders of the rebel movement attributed the publicity and praise of al @-@ Kharrat to the efforts of the Cairo @-@ based Syrian @-@ Palestinian Committee , with which al @-@ Bakri was closely affiliated . Al @-@ Kharrat and his son Fakhri are today considered " martyred heroes " by Syrians for their nationalist efforts and their deaths in the Syrian struggle for independence from France .
= Rare ( Gwen Stefani song ) =
" Rare " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her third studio album , This Is What the Truth Feels Like ( 2016 ) . It was released on March 18 , 2016 , along with the rest of This Is What the Truth Feels Like by Interscope Records . The track was written by Stefani , Justin Tranter , Julia Michaels , and Greg Kurstin ; Kurstin was the track 's sole producer .
" Rare " is an electropop and folk pop influenced song and serves as the album 's closing track . Lyrically , the song discusses finding love when all hope was lost . Several media outlets speculated that " Rare " was written about Stefani 's boyfriend Blake Shelton and his ex @-@ wife Miranda Lambert . " Rare " received generally favorable reviews from music critics , some of which called the song " glamorous " and predicted that it would become a future " summer hit " .
= = Background = =
In 2013 , following Stefani 's work with No Doubt , she enlisted the help of Greg Kurstin to write and produce songs for her upcoming third studio album . After Stefani 's 2014 single releases , " Baby Don 't Lie " and " Spark the Fire " , received mixed responses , she scrapped all of her completed material for the opportunity to start fresh . A year later , Stefani enlisted other potential collaborators , like Justin Tranter and Julia Michaels , for work on the album shortly after she announced her divorce from Gavin Rossdale . Stefani later revealed that during the writing of several songs , including " Rare " , she and Michaels had taken " stream @-@ of @-@ conscious " lyrics from her computer and fit them into melodies .
" Rare " was written by Stefani , Justin Tran
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ter , Julia Michaels , and Greg Kurstin ; Kurstin serves as the track 's sole producer . The track was mixed by Serban Ghenea , with John Hanes and Phil Seaford serving as assistant mixing engineers ; Julian Burg and Alex Pasco were in charge of recording , with Stephen Felix serving as an assistant recorder . " Rare " became available for purchase on March 18 , along with the rest of This Is What the Truth Feels Like .
Blake Shelton , Stefani 's boyfriend , declared on Twitter that " Rare " was his favorite song on This Is What the Truth Feels Like , to which Stefani tweeted back " Wonder who that one is about ? " , alluding to the fact that it was written about him . Several of the songs on This Is What the Truth Feels Like were written about Shelton , including the " Rare " and the album 's second single , " Make Me Like You " ; even though her writing sessions began with lyrics revolving her breakup with Rossdale , the songs slowly became centered on her newly found relationship with Shelton .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
Musically , " Rare " is an electropop and folk pop influenced ballad , that has " an acoustic guitar and galloping beat " . Lyrically , " Rare " discusses finding love in the " perfect " man , presumably Shelton . Patrick Ryan of USA Today called " Rare " an " outright declaration of love for Shelton " , summarizing the song as " a rare moment of vulnerability for the singer who , for the most part , keeps her emotions close to her vest . " Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly declared the song a " sweetly smitten confessional " . Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times described the lyrics as " her shock to have found someone this late in the game " , while Sarah Rodman of the The Boston Globe felt that the lyrics observe " that ' only a stupid girl ' would let the ' perfect ' man go . " Eliza Thompson from Cosmopolitan compliented the lyrics " Every day I believe you and me more and more / And it 's crazy , that 's for sure " ; Thompson also believed that the lyrics were about Stefani 's relationship with Shelton . Similarly , Jaja Agpalo of Parent Herald found the same meaning in the lines " You 're my answer , one that no one knows / I can 't believe it , that you even exist " .
After the release of This Is What the Truth Feels Like , several news outlets speculated that the lyrics of " Rare " may be written about Shelton 's ex @-@ wife , Miranda Lambert . An article from Fox News reported that " the lyrics appear to be a slam at Lambert for letting Shelton go " , particularly " You 're rare / And only a stupid girl would let it go " . Andrew Leung of Music Mic , who described the song as " a mid @-@ tempo love ballad " , also thought that the same lyrics pointed towards Lambert . Lauren DuBois of EnStars stated that " the song seems to allege that [ Lambert ] was the one who walked away from the relationship she had with Shelton , not the other way around . " Gossip website Hollywoodlife.com stated that in the song , Stefani praises Shelton but " totally disses Lambert " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Rare " received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics . Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times enjoyed the closing track , calling it " tender " . Leah Greenblatt , writing for Entertainment Weekly , said that Stefani " sound [ s ] like the world 's most glamorous high school sophomore , passing mash notes after study hall . " USA Today 's Patrick Ryan praised " Rare " and declared the track " one dance remix away from being a certifiable summer smash . " Stephen Sears of Idolator called the track " elegant and even @-@ keeled " and said Stefani " [ will ] buck modern radio " with " Rare " . Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic praised the song and called it an " album @-@ closing ode to joy " , further stating the track " uses its star 's distinctive voice for moments of multi @-@ tracked beauty or play ; often there 's a lovely sensation of floating upwards . " As the album 's closing track , Nicholaus James Jodlowski of Reporter appreciated the " vulnerable side of Stefani " and noted how it slows the album 's pace down . However , Chuck Campbell of Go Knoxville gave the song a negative review , describing Stefani 's vocals as " a pale facsimile of Ariana Grande " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Management
Recorded at Ameraycan Recording Studios , North Hollywood , California ; and Echo Studio , Los Angeles , California
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of This Is What the Truth Feels Like
= John Komnenos the Fat =
John Komnenos ( Latinized as Comnenus ) , nicknamed " the Fat " ( Greek : Ἰωάννης Κομνηνὸς ὁ παχύς ) , was a Byzantine noble who attempted to usurp the imperial throne from Alexios III Angelos in a short @-@ lived coup in Constantinople on 31 July 1201 ( or 1200 ) . The coup drew on opposition to the ruling Angelid dynasty among both rival aristocratic families and the common people , who were dissatisfied by the dynasty 's failures against external foes . Hitherto an obscure figure , John became the figurehead of the uprising because of his imperial blood , as he was descended from the illustrious Komnenian dynasty ( 1081 – 1185 ) , but the real driving force behind his coup was probably the ambitious Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos . With the support of the capital 's populace , the plotters managed to seize most of the Great Palace in Constantinople 's southeastern corner , which the mob proceeded to loot , and John Komnenos was crowned in the Hagia Sophia . Alexios III , however , secure in his residence in the northwestern Blachernae Palace , sent forces by sea to land in the part of the Great Palace still held by the loyal Varangian Guard . With most of the urban mob dispersed for the night , the Varangians had little difficulty in suppressing the coup . John Komnenos with many of his followers were captured and executed .
= = Origin and political background = =
John was the son of the distinguished protostrator Alexios Axouch . The Axouchoi were a prominent family of Turkish origin , which was closely associated with the Komnenian dynasty and provided a number of distinguished generals . The two families also intermarried : John 's mother Maria was the daughter of Alexios Komnenos , eldest son and co @-@ emperor of Emperor John II Komnenos ( r . 1118 – 1143 ) . John was thus able to claim a pedigree comparable , if not superior , to the reigning Angeloi , albeit from the maternal side .
The reign of Alexios III Angelos ( r . 1195 – 1203 ) had been troubled from the outset : the aristocracy conspired against him , his pressing demand for new sources of revenue was blocked by the refusal of Senate , clergy and merchants to contribute , while the lower and middle classes of the imperial capital frequently displayed their discontent with riots against corrupt officials . The most notable of these was a large @-@ scale uprising in February 1200 against the warden of the praetorium , Constantinople 's chief prison , John Lagos , which was bloodily suppressed by imperial troops .
John Komnenos himself was a rather unimportant figure in the court , and in a marginal note dating to the late 13th century , Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos , who briefly became emperor during Constantinople 's final siege by the Fourth Crusade , was named as the real mastermind behind the coup . He was certainly supported by a wider circle of nobles from the Komnenian era , possibly even the brothers Alexios Komnenos and David Komnenos , who later founded the Empire of Trebizond . Thus the historian Michael Angold traces the coup 's inception to the events of early 1199 , when Alexios III married his two daughters Irene and Anna to Alexios Palaiologos and Theodore Laskaris respectively . This marriage not only spoke of increasing confidence for the Emperor , but also provided for the imperial succession and began the establishment of a separate aristocratic power @-@ base , which must have displeased many noble families .
However , the revolt was also fuelled by a general feeling of discontent and humiliation at the failures of the Angeloi , especially in terms of foreign policy . This much is evident from the – albeit embellished – account of the eyewitness Nicholas Mesarites , whereby John Komnenos 's supporters proclaimed that henceforth everything would go well for Romania , that her enemies would be vanquished , and that the kings of all the earth would come to pay homage to Constantinople .
= = Coup = =
John 's coup was launched on 31 July 1201 , when the conspirators broke into the Hagia Sophia , where they swore to restore the Empire to its ancient bounds against the Vlach @-@ Bulgarians , Seljuk Turks and the Latin Crusaders . While John was being proclaimed emperor and crowned by a monk – since Patriarch John X Kamateros hid himself inside a cupboard – the capital 's populace rioted outside and set fire to a number of churches . Then the conspirators marched towards the Great Palace . Avoiding the Chalke Gate , which was held by the feared Varangian Guard , they made for the imperial box in the Hippodrome , the kathisma , which was connected to the palace precinct . John 's supporters indeed managed to drive off the Macedonian guard placed there and entered the palace through the Kareia Gate .
Having gained control of the western portions of the palace , John sat on the imperial throne , which broke under his great weight . He took no further actions to consolidate his position , other than appoint his chief followers to the Empire 's highest posts . At the same time , his supporters , who along with the urban mob included a sizeable group of Georgian and Italian mercenaries , began to loot the buildings . They even reached the Nea Ekklesia and the Church of the Virgin of the Pharos , the Empire 's chief depository of holy relics , which was defended by its skeuophylax , Nicholas Mesarites , with a small guard provided by John Komnenos . Mesarites and his men managed to drive the looters back , until he was wounded in the skirmish and withdrew to the Pharos Church .
With the coming of night , most of the crowd that had accompanied the storming of the palace earlier that day departed , intending to resume looting the next day . In the meantime , Alexios III , who resided in the Blachernae Palace in the city 's northwestern corner , rallied for a counter @-@ strike . A small force was dispatched with boats around the city 's peninsula to the Hodegetria Monastery north of the Great Palace . It was led by the emperor 's son @-@ in @-@ law Alexios Palaiologos , who at that point was likely regarded as his heir @-@ apparent , and quickly made contact with the Varangians who had held out in the palace 's northern parts .
The loyalist force marched to the Hippodrome , where they drove away most of John 's supporters . They then entered the palace , where they found scarce opposition from John 's attendants . John himself was captured after a short chase in the palace and his head was immediately cut off , to be displayed the next morning at the Forum of Constantine , while his body was displayed at Blachernae . A similar fate befell many of his supporters that night , while others were captured and tortured to extract the names of all the conspirators . Alexios Mourtzouphlos was likely put in prison for his role in this affair ( he is known to have been in prison in 1203 ) , and the two Komnenos brothers , Alexios and David , seem to have fled the capital immediately after the coup 's failure .
= = Family = =
Some modern genealogical researchers consider John a possible father to Theodora Axouchina , wife of Emperor Alexios I Megas Komnenos of Trebizond ( r . 1204 – 1222 ) , but that is conjectural : the family name Axouchina is ascribed to her because her eldest son , the Trebizondian emperor John I Megas Komnenos Axouchos ( r . 1235 – 1238 ) , bore it as well .
= Battle of Orašje =
The Battle of Orašje was fought during the Bosnian War , from 5 May to 10 June 1995 , between the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska ( Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS ) and the Bosnian Croat Croatian Defence Council ( Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO ) for control of the town of Orašje and its surrounding area on the south bank of the Sava River . The offensive codenamed Operation Flame @-@ 95 ( Serbian : Operacija Plamen @-@ 95 ) and referred to by Croatian sources as Operation Revenge ( Croatian : Operacija Osveta ) was actually fought with varying intensity , with periods of combat interspersed by lulls lasting two to seven days . The heaviest fighting was reported on 15 May , when the VRS managed to break through a portion of the HVO defences near the village of Vidovice , but the breach was successfully contained and the lost ground was recovered by the HVO .
The HVO , supported by Croatian Army artillery deployed north of the river , managed to withstand the offensive and the front line remained unchanged from the commencement of the battle . This demonstrated the changed balance of power at this stage of the war . At the commencement of the war , the VRS had greater military capabilities than its opponents , particularly in terms of heavy weapons and organisation , but over three years from mid @-@ 1992 its capabilities had been matched by its adversaries .
= = Background = =
As the Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska narodna armija – JNA ) withdrew from Croatia following the acceptance and start of implementation of the Vance plan , its 55 @,@ 000 officers and soldiers born in Bosnia and Herzegovina were transferred to a new Bosnian Serb army , which was later renamed the Army of Republika Srpska ( Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS ) . This reorganisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992 , ahead of the referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina that took place between 29 February and 1 March 1992 . This declaration would later be cited by the Bosnian Serbs as a pretext for the Bosnian War . Bosnian Serbs began fortifying the capital , Sarajevo , and other areas on 1 March 1992 . On the following day , the first fatalities of the war were recorded in Sarajevo and Doboj . In the final days of March , Bosnian Serb forces bombarded Bosanski Brod with artillery , resulting in a cross @-@ border operation by the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) 108th Brigade . On 4 April 1992 , JNA artillery began shelling Sarajevo . There were other examples of the JNA directly supported the VRS , such as during the capture of Zvornik in early April 1992 , when the JNA provided artillery support from Serbia , firing across the Drina River . At the same time , the JNA attempted to defuse the situation and arrange negotiations elsewhere in the country .
The JNA and the VRS in Bosnia and Herzegovina faced the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine – ARBiH ) and the Croatian Defence Council ( Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO ) , reporting to the Bosniak @-@ dominated central government and the Bosnian Croat leadership respectively , as well as the HV , which occasionally supported HVO operations . In late April 1992 , the VRS was able to deploy 200 @,@ 000 troops , hundreds of tanks , armoured personnel carriers ( APCs ) and artillery pieces . The HVO and the Croatian Defence Forces ( Hrvatske obrambene snage – HOS ) could field approximately 25 @,@ 000 soldiers and a handful of heavy weapons , while the ARBiH was largely unprepared with nearly 100 @,@ 000 troops , small arms for less than a half of their number and virtually no heavy weapons . Arming of the various forces was hampered by a United Nations ( UN ) arms embargo introduced in September 1991 . By mid @-@ May 1992 , when those JNA units which had not been transferred to the VRS withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the newly declared Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , the VRS controlled approximately 60 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The extent of the control was extended to about 70 percent of the country by the end of the year .
A significant portion of the territory controlled by the VRS was located in western Bosnia , including the Bosnian Serb capital of Banja Luka . This portion of Bosnian Serb @-@ held territory was dependent on resupply from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia using a single road spanning the Bosnian Sava Basin from west to east through Derventa and Brčko . The same road was also used to resupply the Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) , the Croatian Serb @-@ controlled areas of Croatia . After the capture of Derventa by the HVO and the HV in May 1992 , the VRS launched Operation Corridor 92 and regained control of the resupply route in late June . By October , it had eliminated all HV or HVO @-@ held pockets along the southern bank of the Sava and the border of Croatia , except a single bridgehead around the town of Orašje . Even though the fighting secured the route for the VRS , the corridor remained mere 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 miles ) wide at its narrowest point .
= = Prelude = =
The balance of military power in the Bosnian War had started to shift against the VRS in early 1994 , despite its advantages in heavy weapons . In early 1995 , the ARBiH exerted increasing pressure on the VRS , especially in the area of Mount Vlašić . While the HV and the HVO advanced west of Livno ( Operation Leap 1 ) , the VRS launched its own offensive — Operation Joint Action 95 ( Serbian : Operacija Sadejstvo 95 ) . Operation Joint Action 95 was intended as a war @-@ winning offensive , and was launched south of the Derventa – Brčko corridor , but was also designed to widen the critical resupply route . Launched on 19 April , the VRS offensive faced determined resistance from the ARBiH and the HVO and had bogged down by the end of the month .
In early May , the HV launched a successful offensive , codenamed Operation Flash , against a RSK @-@ held part of western Slavonia in Croatia . The move caused the VRS to reorient its attention to the Orašje pocket , the only territory outside its control between the Derventa – Brčko road and the Sava River . The shift of VRS focus to Orašje may have been the result of a desire to retaliate for the defeat suffered by the RSK in western Slavonia , or meant as a quick land @-@ grab before a peace settlement was accepted .
= = Order of battle = =
The VRS earmarked Tactical Group 5 ( TG @-@ 5 ) for the offensive , normally deployed against HVO positions in the Orašje pocket . TG @-@ 5 , commanded by Colonel Dragoslav Đurkić , normally consisted of approximately 6 @,@ 000 troops drawn from four infantry or light brigades , but for the offensive it received further 2 @,@ 000 reinforcements . Those included elite assault units assigned to the 1st Krajina Corps , elements of the 1st Armoured Brigade and corps @-@ level artillery . Furthermore , Colonel Generals Momir Talić and Ratko Mladić were present to directly supervise the operation .
The Orašje pocket was defended by the 6 @,@ 000 @-@ strong HVO Orašje Corps , consisting of one guards brigade and three Home Guard regiments . Overall command of the corps was held by Staff Brigadier Đuro Matuzović . The defences lacked depth , and did not exceed 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 miles ) . To offset this , the HVO had prepared strong forward defences , including trenches and bunkers , built along the 18 km ( 11 mi ) front line . The HVO positions were supported by HV artillery and multiple rocket launchers deployed north of the Sava River , in Croatia .
= = Timeline = =
On 5 May , the 1st Krajina Corps launched its offensive aimed at capturing the Orašje pocket , codenamed Operation Flame @-@ 95 ( Serbian : Operacija Plamen @-@ 95 ) . It is also referred to by Croatian sources as Operation Revenge ( Croatian : Operacija Osveta ) . The offensive started off with a substantial artillery bombardment and ground assault , directed at Oštra Luka , at the centre of the front line . According to Croatian sources , the 5 May attack was not coordinated very well and it gave the HVO the chance to bolster its defences . While the fighting was in progress , the VRS artillery bombarded the town of Orašje itself . The attack was quickly defeated , and after this initial setback , the VRS paused for five days .
The offensive resumed on 10 May , when a number of VRS 9K52 Luna @-@ M short @-@ range artillery rockets , commonly known by their NATO designation of " FROG – 7 " , were fired at HVO positions . The opposing forces blamed each other for the resumption of fighting — the VRS accused the HVO of bombarding the Derventa – Brčko road to interdict traffic , while the HVO accused the VRS of bombarding the town of Orašje first . During the morning of 10 May , UN observers counted more than 1 @,@ 000 explosions in the area and described the fighting as " intense " , but said that it had lost some momentum by the afternoon . The primary axes of the attacks , directed at the centre and the east of the pocket and aiming towards Orašje and the village of Vidovice failed to gain ground . The secondary effort on the left flank made some progress towards Grebnice before being beaten back by the HVO . During the fighting , rumours circulated that the Orašje area would be surrendered in exchange for territory lost to the HV in western Slavonia .
The VRS attacked at least seven more times over the next thirty days , with pauses of two to seven days between each attack . Some lasted for several days , and during each attack UN observers counted from 2 @,@ 000 to 5 @,@ 000 explosions . The most successful attack occurred on 14 – 15 May , when the VRS nearly reached Vidovice on the southern bank of the Sava River . On that occasion , a combined armour and infantry assault broke through three lines of trenches , with the assistance of strong artillery support including the bombardment of HVO positions with approximately 5 @,@ 000 shells and two 9K52 Luna @-@ M rockets . In the fierce combat to gain control of Vidovice , the VRS was pushed back by the 4th Guards Brigade and the 106th Home Guard Regiment to its start positions . According to Bosnian Serb sources , the HV fired six rockets from its positions in the Posavski Podgajci and Rajevo Selo areas against targets in Brčko , causing substantial damage but no casualties . Even though the fighting continued , including skirmishes between the VRS and the ARBiH in the area south of Orašje , its overall intensity had declined by 15 May . On 4 – 10 June , the HV and the HVO launched Operation Leap 2 against VRS @-@ held positions west of Livno . Even though the operation was not directly linked to the Battle of Orašje , its planners thought that it might force the VRS to redeploy a portion of its forces in the Orašje area to shore up its positions near the Livanjsko field . By 10 June , the VRS had called off Operation Flame @-@ 95 and the Battle of Orašje effectively ended .
= = Aftermath = =
The VRS failure in the battle demonstrated its declining capabilities relative to its adversaries over the preceding three years . The failure was despite the offensive being conducted competently , and applying VRS military doctrine calling for the use of armoured and assault infantry supported by artillery . By 1995 , the VRS was facing well @-@ organised militaries employing a comparable number of artillery pieces and good defensive fortifications . In consequence , the VRS was no longer capable of defeating its opposition by relying heavily on artillery superiority , and it was unwilling to commit its dwindling numbers of infantry to a decisive but risky attack . The battle resulted in no territorial changes , but both belligerents reported dozens of casualties , both military and civilian . Even though the battle was over , intermittent artillery exchanges continued in the area , and as early as 19 June , the VRS bombarded Orašje again .
= Cley Marshes =
Cley Marshes is a 176 @-@ hectare ( 430 @-@ acre ) nature reserve on the North Sea coast of England just outside the village of Cley next the Sea , Norfolk . A reserve since 1926 , it is the oldest of the reserves belonging to the Norfolk Wildlife Trust ( NWT ) , which is itself the oldest county Wildlife Trust in the United Kingdom . Cley Marshes protects an area of reed beds , freshwater marsh , pools and wet meadows and has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Area of Conservation ( SAC ) , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) , and Ramsar Site due to the large numbers of birds it attracts .
The reserve is important for some scarce breeding species , such as pied avocets on the islands , and western marsh harriers , Eurasian bitterns and bearded reedlings in the reeds , and is also a major migration stopoff and wintering site . There are also several nationally or locally scarce invertebrates and plants specialised for this coastal habitat . It has five bird hides and an environmentally friendly visitor centre and further expansion is planned through the acquisition of neighbouring land and improvements to visitor facilities .
The site has a long history of human occupation , from prehistoric farming to its use as a prisoner of war camp in the Second World War . The reserve attracts large numbers of visitors , contributing significantly to the economy of Cley village . Despite centuries of embankment to reclaim land and protect the village , the marshes have been flooded many times , and the southward march of the coastal shingle bank and encroachment by the sea make it inevitable that the reserve will eventually be lost . New wetlands are being created further inland to compensate for the loss of coastal habitats .
= = History = =
= = = Prehistory to 1926 = = =
Norfolk has a long history of human occupation . Both Modern and Neanderthal people were present in the area before the last glaciation between 100 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 years ago , and humans returned as the ice retreated northwards . The archaeological record is poor until about 20 @,@ 000 years ago , partly because of the prevailing conditions , but also because the coastline was much further north than at present . As the ice retreated during the Mesolithic , the sea level rose , filling what is now the North Sea . This brought the Norfolk coastline much closer to its present line , so that many ancient sites are now under the sea . The oldest signs of habitation on the marshes are prehistoric Clactonian flint blades possibly from 400 @,@ 000 years ago , but few other prehistoric remains have been recorded here .
Fragments of a Roman vase and jug have been found on the beach . A 1797 map showed what was described as the ruins of " Cley Chapel " , although it is more likely that they belonged to a barn . A 1588 map showed " Black Joy Forte " , which may have been intended as a defence against the Spanish Armada . There are a number of post @-@ medieval earthworks , presumably sea defences , and pits which may have been associated with salt @-@ making .
Until the mid @-@ 1600s , much of the area now known as Cley Marshes was part of a vast tidal marsh and was covered by seawater twice a day . The shoreline itself was hundreds of metres north of its present location . The raised area in the north @-@ west corner , called the " Eye " , has been farmed since the earliest human habitation . It was 28 ha ( 70 acres ) in extent in 1651 , but is now much reduced by coastal erosion . Access to the Eye was by an ancient causeway , passable at low tide . John Heydon started the process of embanking the marshes to reclaim the land in 1522 , and his banks were extended and improved by Dutchman Jan van Hasedunch from 1630 . Simon Britiff , Lord of the local Manor of Cley , completed the scheme by building the bank on the east side of the Cley channel . Only the east and west banks have survived ; the north bank was breached by the sea in 1897 , then rebuilt with a concrete facing , but abandoned after another bad storm in 1921 .
Cley and nearby Blakeney had been prosperous and important ports in the Middle Ages , but land reclamation schemes , especially those by Henry Calthorpe in 1640 just to the west of Cley , led to the silting up of the shipping channel and relocation of the wharf . Further enclosure in the mid @-@ 1820s aggravated the problem , and also allowed the shingle ridge at the beach to block the former tidal channel to the Salthouse marshes to the east of Cley . In an attempt to halt the decline , Thomas Telford was consulted in 1822 , but his recommendations for reducing the silting were not implemented , and by 1840 almost all of Cley 's trade had been lost to Blakeney and other Norfolk ports . The population stagnated , and the value of all property decreased sharply . In the mid @-@ nineteenth century , the Lord of the Manor constructed the present road to the beach in exchange for closing the ancient right of way across the marshes .
In the decades preceding World War I , this stretch of coast became famous for its wildfowling ; locals were looking for food , but some " Gentleman Gunners " hunted to collect rare birds . One of the best known of the latter was E. C. Arnold , who collected for more than fifty years , and gave his name to the marsh at the north @-@ east corner of the present reserve .
= = = Nature reserve era = = =
Cley Marshes reserve was created in 1926 when Norfolk birdwatcher Dr Sydney Long bought the land which now makes up the reserve for the sum of £ 5 @,@ 100 , to be held " in perpetuity as a bird breeding sanctuary " . Long then established the Norfolk Wildlife Trust .
The reserve was extended in 1962 through the lease of the adjacent 11 @-@ hectare ( 27 @-@ acre ) Arnold 's Marsh from the National Trust ; this had long been the primary feeding area for waders , but much of the best habitat had been lost to the advancing shingle ridge . New pools and hides were created on the reserve from 1964 , and the sale of permits for access to the hides became a useful source of income for the NWT . Further pools and hides were established during the 1970s , and a visitor centre was built in 1981 on the site of the current building .
Over the long history of the reserve , it has had only three wardens , all from the same family . Robert Bishop was warden from 1926 to 1937 , and was followed by his grandson , Billy , from 1937 to 1978 . Billy 's son , Bernard , who was appointed in 1978 , is still managing the reserve .
The reserve now covers 176 hectares ( 430 acres ) , and is of international importance for its breeding and wintering birds . It was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) in 1954 , and in 1986 it was subsumed into the 7 @,@ 700 @-@ hectare ( 19 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ) North Norfolk Coast SSSI . The larger area is now additionally protected through Natura 2000 , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar listings , and is part of the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) . The reserve has been referred to as " a Mecca for birdwatchers " .
= = = Second World War coastal fortifications = = =
During the Second World War , Royal Artillery military fortifications were established at the beach end of the reserve , including two 6 @-@ inch ( 15 @.@ 24 cm ) guns , five buildings , two pillboxes , a minefield , and concrete anti @-@ tank blocks . A spigot mortar emplacement and an Allan Williams Turret machine gun emplacement were sited closer to the village . One of the pillboxes and remains of the beach gun emplacements were still surviving as of 2012 .
The military camp held 160 men and was later used to hold prisoners of war . Italian , but not German , prisoners were allowed to attend dances at the anti @-@ aircraft camp at nearby Stiffkey . Near the end of the war , the camp was used to house East European refugees , and it was finally pulled down in 1948 . Many of the wartime buildings were destroyed by the Royal Engineers in 1955 , but the generator house was taken over by the coastguard service as an observation post . It was acquired by the NWT in 1983 , and the upper part was used as a look @-@ out , while the larger lower section became a beach café . The building was overwhelmed by shingle in a storm in 2008 and subsequently demolished .
= = Access and facilities = =
The reserve is to the north of the A149 coast road just east of the village of Cley next the Sea , 6 km ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) north of Holt . The visitor centre and car park are to the south of the road , opposite the reserve . The reserve can be reached by public transport using the bus service that stops outside the visitor centre .
The reserve is viewable from the visitor centre , footpaths next to the A149 and down the East Bank , the beach and the road running from the beach back to the main road . It can be accessed by footpaths at three points , each leading to one or more bird hides . Beach Road and the beach itself form part of the Peddars Way long distance footpath .
The present visitor centre , which opened in June 2007 , is on a small hill overlooking the reserve . It contains a café and shop , and is open daily . The reserve and hides are open at all times , with free access to NWT members , although non @-@ members must buy a permit .
The visitor centre is built on environmentally friendly principles . Its roof is covered with living sedum plants , rainwater is collected for re @-@ use , and the building 's energy profile is reduced using solar water heating , wind turbines and geothermal heat pumps . It has won a number of awards including the Emirates Glass LEAF architectural award for the sustainability category . The success of the centre has led to plans to develop it further , offering more services and educational facilities and enhancing its profitability for the Trust . The centre and four of the five bird hides are accessible to wheelchair users .
In 2012 the NWT launched a public appeal to raise £ 1 million to purchase 58 hectares ( 143 acres ) of private land immediately to the east of the existing reserve , and adjoining the existing 66 ha ( 163 acre ) Trust reserve at Salthouse Marshes . This purchase would create a unified 8 km ( 5 mi ) stretch of NWT @-@ owned coastal land and expand the Cley reserve by one @-@ third .
= = Fauna and flora = =
= = = Birds = = =
The key breeding species are reed bed specialists such as the marsh harrier , Eurasian bittern and bearded reedling , and the island @-@ nesting avocet . Other birds nesting in the wetland include northern lapwing , common redshank and sedge , reed and Cetti 's warblers . Eurasian spoonbills , ruffs and black @-@ tailed godwits are present for much of the year , and a pair of little egrets bred for the first time in 2010 – 2012 .
Spring migrants including little gull , black tern , Temminck 's stint and garganey may pass through on their way to breed elsewhere , and terns frequently visit from the colonies on Blakeney Point . In the autumn , birds arrive from the north . Some , such as whimbrels , curlew sandpipers and little stints , just pausing for a few days to refuel before continuing south , others staying for the winter . Offshore , great and Arctic skuas , northern gannets and black @-@ legged kittiwakes may pass close by in favourable winds . Large numbers of ducks winter on the reserve , including many Eurasian wigeons , Eurasian teals , mallards and gadwalls , goldeneyes and northern pintails . Red @-@ throated divers are usually on the sea , and brent geese feed on sea lettuce and other green algae . Barn owls and sometimes hen harriers quarter the marshes in winter , and snow bunting flocks can be found on the beach .
The reserve 's location means that migrants may be found , sometimes in huge numbers when the weather conditions are right . These may include vagrant rarities , including a western sandpiper in 2012 , a displaying great snipe in 2011 , a trumpeter finch in 2010 and a collared pratincole in 2009 . In order to maintain a good habitat , parts of the reed bed are cut and sold for thatch each year to establish a mosaic of plants of different ages .
= = = Other animals = = =
Water voles are a highly threatened species in the UK , with a huge decline in numbers of 70 – 90 % , mainly due to predation by the introduced American mink , but also habitat loss and water pollution . They are still common at Cley , which is one of a number of East Anglian sites now of national importance for this species . Brown hares are widespread , and European otters may be seen , with spraints regularly found at the southern end of East Bank . The common frog , common toad and common lizard all occur on the reserve .
Arnold 's Marsh and the other lagoons nearest the beach are salty due to the percolation of seawater through the shingle bank . These saline lagoons may cover mud , firm sand or submerged vegetation , and hold some rare and threatened invertebrates including starlet sea anemone , lagoon sand shrimp , Atlantic ditch shrimp , the mysid shrimps Paramysis nouveli and Neomysis integer , lagoon cockle , the bug Orthotylus rubidus and spire snail . Little whirlpool ramshorn snail has been found in a freshwater channel . Rare beetles associated with these coastal environments include yellow pogonus , Bembidion ephippium and Tachys scutellaris . These marshes are the only reliable UK site for the Pogonus species , and even here it is localised and hard to find .
= = = Plants = = =
The shingle ridge that protects the reserve from the sea and extends to Blakeney Point attracts biting stonecrop , sea campion , yellow horned poppy , sea thrift , bird 's foot trefoil and sea beet . Sea barley is a scarcer species of this habitat . In the damper areas , sea wormwood , sea lavender and scrubby sea @-@ blite also thrive . The saltmarsh contains glassworts and common cord grass in the most exposed regions , with a succession of plants following on as the marsh becomes more established : first sea aster , then mainly sea lavender , with sea purslane in the creeks and smaller areas of sea plantain and other common marsh plants . The uncommon spiral tasselweed and long @-@ bracted sedge are other saltmarsh specialists . The upper saltmarsh has a number of scarce species including lesser centaury , curved hard @-@ grass and sea pearlwort , with soft hornwort in the dykes .
The drier areas of the reserve contain maritime grasses such as sea couch grass and sea poa grass . The reedbeds are dominated by common reed with saltmarsh rush , brackish water crowfoot , sea clubrush and common bulrush also common in the various wetland habitats . The coastal pastures at Cley and the adjacent Salthouse Marshes have jointleaf rush , common silverweed and less common grasses such as annual beard grass , marsh foxtail and slender hare 's @-@ ear . The site is generally rich in plants , especially those that can cope with saline environments , but three species appear to have been lost : divided sedge was last recorded in 1999 , grey hair @-@ grass in 1982 and lax @-@ flowered sea lavender in 1977 . Lichens are not suited to the prevailing habitat , but the nationally rare soot lichen occurs on untreated wood . The locally rare bryophyte Heim 's pottia occurs in the saltmarsh , and the coastal variety piliferum of cuspidate earth @-@ moss is found at Salthouse .
= = Recreation = =
A 2005 survey at Cley and five other North Norfolk coastal sites found that 39 per cent of visitors gave birdwatching as the main purpose of their visit . The 7 @.@ 7 million day visitors and 5 @.@ 5 million who made overnight stays in the area in 1999 are estimated to have spent £ 122 million , and created the equivalent of 2 @,@ 325 full @-@ time jobs . Cley Marshes , like Titchwell Marsh RSPB and Holkham NNR , attracts 100 @,@ 000 or more visitors annually .
Of the six sites , Cley and Titchwell have the highest proportion of pre @-@ planned visits , and Cley , together with neighbouring Blakeney , had the highest per capita spend per visitor . The equivalent of 52 full @-@ time jobs in the Cley area are estimated to result from the £ 2 @.@ 45 million spent by the visiting public .
The large number of tourists can have negative effects ; wildlife may be disturbed , particularly species that breed in exposed areas , such as ringed plovers , and plants can be trampled , which is a particular problem in sensitive habitats such as sand dunes and vegetated shingle . Damage can be reduced by measures such as wardening the breeding colonies and using fences , boardwalks and signs to control access . The access paths to the hides , other than the northernmost , are largely boardwalked , and an extensive programme of fence replacement and improvements to the control of water levels on the reserve took place in 2010 – 2011 .
= = Threats = =
The reserve shelters behind a ridge of shingle that runs west from Weybourne along the Norfolk coast , before becoming a spit extending into the sea at Blakeney Point . Saltmarshes can develop behind the shingle , but the sea attacks the ridge and spit through tidal and storm action . The amount of shingle moved by a single storm can be " spectacular " ; the spit has sometimes been breached , becoming an island for a time , and this may happen again . The northernmost part of nearby Blakeney was lost to the sea in the early Middle Ages , probably due to a storm .
The spit is moving towards the mainland at about 1 m per year , and for the last two hundred years maps have been accurate enough for the encroachment of the sea to be quantified . Blakeney Chapel , just west of the reserve , was 400 m ( 440 yd ) from the sea in 1817 , but this had reduced to 195 m ( 215 yd ) by the end of the twentieth century . The landward movement of the shingle also means that the channel of the River Glaven becomes blocked increasingly often , leading to flooding of the reserve and Cley village . The Environment Agency considered a number of remedial options to protect these vulnerable areas , and a new route for the river to the south of its original line was completed in 2007 at a cost of about £ 1 @.@ 5 million .
The sea defences at Cley were badly breached in 1742 , 1897 , 1953 and 1996 , with smaller incursions in 1993 and 1998 . The massive 1953 flood reached 8 km ( 4 mi ) inland at Cley . A 2 m ( 6 ft ) storm surge in December 2013 flooded much of the English east coast , and breached the shingle ridge at Cley , flooding the reserve and damaging or destroying the hides . Restoration of the reserve was assisted by Natural England , and the removal of salt was helped by natural freshwater springs . As of 2015 , the reserve was fully restored and functioning .
Although the financial benefits from the recreational value of the reserve currently outweigh the costs of maintaining the sea defences , managed retreat is likely to be the long @-@ term solution to rising sea levels at Cley and along much of the rest of the North Norfolk coast , and has already been implemented at other major sites including Titchwell Marsh . The important reedbeds at Cley will inevitably be lost due to increased saltwater flow into the marshes . To compensate , the Environment Agency and the Norfolk Wildlife Trust have been working since 2010 to make a new wetland near Hilgay . The 60 @-@ hectare ( 150 @-@ acre ) Hilgay Wetland Creation Project is converting former farmland into a variety of wetland habitats by using banks , ditches and a lake to manage water levels . The Trust sees this as the first stage of a long @-@ term plan to create a roughly 10 @,@ 000 @-@ hectare ( 25 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ) Wissey Living Landscape .
= Neifi Pérez =
Neifi Neftali Pérez ( / ˈneɪfi / or / ˈnɛfi / ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈneifi ] ; born June 2 , 1973 in Villa Mella , Dominican Republic ) is a former Major League baseball player . He stands 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall and weighs 175 pounds ( 79 kg ) . He was a switch hitter who threw right @-@ handed . During his career , he played with the Colorado Rockies , Kansas City Royals , San Francisco Giants , Chicago Cubs , and Detroit Tigers .
Pérez was originally signed by the Colorado Rockies in 1992 . Frequently praised for his defensive skills , Pérez reached the major leagues in 1996 and become the Rockies ' shortstop for good in 1997 . Over the next three years , he scarcely missed a game and won a Gold Glove in 2000 . During 2001 , he was traded to the Kansas City Royals , where he also played in 2002 . The trade proved to be unpopular with both teams , and Pérez joined the San Francisco Giants for 2003 and 2004 . He lost his starting job during the 2004 season and was released during that year . Pérez then signed with the Chicago Cubs , whom he finished the season with and spent most of the next two years with . He was the Cubs ' starting shortstop in 2005 but was used as a reserve player in 2006 before getting traded to the Detroit Tigers during the year . He finished his career in 2007 with the Tigers . As a Tiger , he turned a double play which saved Justin Verlander 's no @-@ hitter , but he also had a series of positive tests for amphetamines which effectively ended his career .
= = Career = =
= = = Colorado Rockies = = =
As a child , Pérez played for Liga Mercedes in the Dominican Republic . The Colorado Rockies signed him as an undrafted free agent in 1992 at the age of 18 . Assigned to the single @-@ A Bend Rockies for the 1993 season , Pérez posted a .260 batting average and stole 19 bases . The Rockies , confident in Pérez 's potential , promoted him to the single @-@ A Central Valley Rockies . Pérez exhibited strong defensive skills , executing the first unassisted triple play in the history of the California League in a game against the Bakersfield Blaze . Pérez batted just .239 on the year but made the California League All @-@ Star game and was considered to be one of the Rockies ' top prospects on the basis of his defense . Rockies player development chief Dick Balderson expressed confidence that Pérez 's hitting would improve : " He 's got all the skills ... He 's just in a rush right now , like most young guys . "
Pérez moved up to the double @-@ AA New Haven Ravens where he batted .253 and improved his fielding percentage to .967 and was considered the Rockies ' top prospect at shortstop . The Rockies promoted Pérez to triple @-@ A Colorado Springs Sky Sox at the end of the 1995 season with the intention of bringing him up to the major leagues the next year . In fact , although Pérez was invited to 1996 spring training , he spent most of year with the Sky Sox and was not called up until the end of August , making his major league debut on August 31 . In his season with the Sky Sox , his batting average had improved to .316 . Commented Rockies manager Don Baylor : " He is the guy who had the year that traditionally earns a call up . I want to see what he can do . " Pérez hit .156 over 17 games and returned to the Sky Sox for the beginning of the 1997 season .
Although invited to 1997 spring training Pérez did not make the 25 @-@ man roster and once again returned to the Sky Sox for the first half of the season , where he batted .363 with a .975 fielding percentage . In mid @-@ June the Rockies summoned him in place of Jason Bates , this time for good . Pérez batted .291 on the year and gradually replaced Walt Weiss as the starting shortstop . Pérez remained Colorado 's primary shortstop for the next three seasons ( 1998 – 2000 ) , appearing in all but five games . His batting average hovered around .280 ( .274 , .280 , .287 ) and he averaged thirty doubles a year . His fielding percentage never dropped below .975 and he won a Gold Glove for the 2000 season . Despite his later reputation for anemic hitting , Pérez managed several offensive feats with the Rockies . On July 25 , 1998 , he hit for the cycle against the St. Louis Cardinals . In 1999 he tied Bobby Abreu and José Offerman for the most triples in Major League Baseball with 11 . Pérez got off to a strong start in 2001 but there was doubt over his future with Colorado . The Rockies had offered him a 4 @-@ year , $ 17 million contract which he had rejected ; accepting a 1 @-@ year $ 3 @.@ 55 million deal via arbitration . In the end the Rockies dealt Pérez to the Kansas City Royals as part of a three @-@ way deal in which the Royals sent Jermaine Dye to the Oakland Athletics who then sent Mario Encarnación , José Ortiz and Todd Belitz to Colorado . Denver Post sportswriter Woody Paige criticized the move , calling Pérez " the best shortstop in the National League " who was " an extraordinary defensive player , a capable offensive player and a classy team player . "
= = = Kansas City Royals = = =
Pérez arrived in Kansas City amid widespread anger over the departure of fan @-@ favorite Dye . Facing off against Dye in one of his first games as a Royal , Pérez took the low @-@ key approach : " I 'm just going to play my game . " Pérez finished out the 2001 season in Kansas City , batting .241 over 49 games . Pérez started at shortstop for the 2002 season but his batting average sank to .236 , leading sportswriters to question whether the rarefied air at Coors Field had inflated Pérez 's numbers . Pérez also may have sealed his fate by refusing to enter a late @-@ season game at the request of manager Tony Peña . At the end of the year the Royals were looking to move Pérez and his $ 4 @.@ 1 million salary ; he was eventually claimed off waivers by the San Francisco Giants and signed a two @-@ year , $ 4 @.@ 25 million contract .
= = = San Francisco Giants = = =
At the Giants Pérez hoped for a fresh start ; rumors had swirled in Kansas City about problems in the clubhouse , and it was no secret that the trade had been deeply unpopular in both Denver and Kansas City . Commented Pérez : " I feel happy here . I like the National League . I was happy in Colorado and I am happy here . " Pérez hit .256 over the course of the 2003 season ; an improvement on his previous season but a far cry from the Colorado days . Pérez returned for the 2004 season , but the situation in San Francisco had become uncomfortable . Although signed as a starter at second base , he quickly became backup to José Cruz , Jr . , while he lost out at shortstop to Deivi Cruz . His batting average slumped to .232 . He had a staunch defender in manager Felipe Alou , but in the end he was the " odd man out " and the Giants released him on August 14 , 2004 . Almost immediately the Chicago Cubs signed Pérez to a minor @-@ league contract .
= = = Chicago Cubs = = =
The Cubs assigned Pérez to the triple @-@ A Iowa Cubs , but he played only ten games before being called up to the expanded roster on September 1 . Pérez became a much needed spark plug in the lineup , going 6 for 6 in his first 6 at @-@ bats as a Cub and providing a needed backup to the ailing Nomar Garciaparra . In 23 games with the Cubs he hit .371 . The Cubs re @-@ signed Pérez to a one @-@ year contract worth $ 1 million , with up to an additional $ 1 @.@ 5 million in bonuses .
Manager Dusty Baker made Pérez the everyday shortstop in 2005 to replace Garciaparra , mainly on the strength of his defensive skills . His impatience at the plate led to a walk percentage of 3 @.@ 1 % , the worst in the National League . Pérez finished the season batting .274 , and his play at short won rave reviews from Baker : " It 's hard to play better shortstop defensively than Neifi has . " In the off @-@ season the Cubs signed Pérez to a two @-@ year , $ 5 million contract .
For the 2006 season Pérez lost the starting job at shortstop to Ronny Cedeño , and found himself playing a mixture of second base and short behind Cedeno and Todd Walker . Meanwhile , Pérez 's batting average sagged to .254 , while his on @-@ base percentage , never high , had fallen to .266 . In late August the Cubs traded him to the Detroit Tigers for minor @-@ league catcher Chris Robinson . The Tigers were seeking a replacement for their injured second baseman , Plácido Polanco , who had separated his shoulder .
= = = Detroit Tigers = = =
Pérez arrived in Detroit during the pennant chase which ended with their loss in the 2006 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals . Pérez faced almost immediate criticism from fans after getting off to a .157 start , and manager Jim Leyland felt obliged to come to his defense : " These guys making a big deal about Neifi Pérez and Omar Infante don 't know what they 're talking about . They got no clue . " Pérez made 21 appearances during the regular season , with a batting average of .200 and an OBP of .235 . He appeared in three games during the playoffs but never reached base .
The Tigers retained Pérez for the 2007 season , although Leyland acknowledged that Pérez would have to improve his play : " I recommended that we trade for him . I take responsibility . I don 't want people to get the wrong impression . I like Neifi Pérez , but he did not perform well . It 's that simple . " Pérez , however , continued to struggle , posting a .172 batting average over the 33 games he played in a Tigers ' uniform . One bright spot came on June 12 , 2007 , when he saved Justin Verlander 's no @-@ hitter against the Milwaukee Brewers by turning a possible base hit into an inning @-@ ending double play .
On July 6 , 2007 , Pérez was suspended 25 games by MLB for a second positive test for amphetamines ; on August 3 he was suspended an additional 80 games for a third positive test . On October 31 , 2007 , Pérez filed for free agency , ending his association with Tigers .
= = = Possible comeback = = =
In February 2008 there was talk of the Colorado Rockies signing Pérez to a minor league contract worth $ 750 @,@ 000 , which manager Clint Hurdle characterized as a " lifeline . " In the end Colorado backed out , citing younger players competing for the same position .
= = Foreign = =
Pérez has also had a significant foreign career . He participated in the Caribbean Series and was named the Series MVP in 1998 and 1999 . In 2012 , he was inducted into the Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame . He played in the Dominican Professional Baseball League for Leones del Escogido with personal success , batting over .300 . In 2004 , he helped Escogido score 18 runs in an inning . In 2006 , he played in the Dominican Republic @-@ Puerto Rico All @-@ Star Game .
= = Legacy = =
Pérez 's poor offense after Colorado traded him to the Royals overshadowed his defensive skills . He was widely criticized because of his low on @-@ base percentage ( career .297 ) and lack of power . Nate Silver , a baseball statistician who analyzed Pérez 's statistics ( specifically value over replacement player ( VORP ) ) , concluded that Pérez had a negative impact on the teams he played for . Chicago sportswriter Bruce Miles called Pérez " one of the worst offensive players in baseball history . "
= William Bostock =
Air Vice Marshal William Dowling ( Bill ) Bostock , CB , DSO , OBE ( 5 February 1892 – 28 April 1968 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . During World War II he led RAAF Command , the Air Force 's main operational formation , with responsibility for the defence of Australia and air offensives against Japanese targets in the South West Pacific Area . His achievements in the role earned him the Distinguished Service Order and the American Medal of Freedom . General Douglas MacArthur described him as " one of the world 's most successful airmen " .
A veteran of World War I , Bostock first saw combat as a soldier in the Australian Imperial Force at Gallipoli , then as a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps on the Western Front , where he earned the Belgian Croix de guerre . He joined the newly formed RAAF in 1921 and by 1941 had risen to become its third most senior officer , serving as Director of Training from 1930 to 1931 , commanding officer of No. 3 Squadron from 1931 to 1936 , and Director of Operations and Intelligence from 1938 to 1939 .
The Deputy Chief of the Air Staff at the outbreak of World War II , Bostock was considered a leading candidate for the position of Chief of the Air Staff in 1942 but was passed over in favour of Air Commodore George Jones , a friend of twenty years . Appointed Air Officer Commanding RAAF Command soon after , Bostock became involved in a bitter and long @-@ running dispute with Jones over control of the Air Force in the South West Pacific . Following his retirement from the RAAF in 1946 , he became a journalist and later a Federal Member of Parliament .
= = Early life and World War I = =
Bostock was born in Surry Hills , an inner @-@ city suburb of Sydney , to an English father , also named William , and a Spanish mother , Mary . He was educated at The School , Mount Victoria , in the Blue Mountains region of New South Wales , where he completed his junior certificate . The family later moved to Burwood , in Sydney 's Inner West . After leaving school Bostock was employed as an apprentice with the Marconi Company for two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years , and spent time at sea as a wireless operator .
In November 1914 , Bostock joined the 2nd Signal Troop of the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) as a sapper . He landed at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915 , serving there until August , when he was evacuated suffering from dysentery . He returned to active duty in January 1916 , and was made lance corporal the following month . Promoted to sergeant , Bostock was posted to Egypt with the ANZAC Mounted Division in April 1916 , and saw action against Turkish forces in the Sinai Peninsula .
Bostock transferred from the AIF to the Royal Flying Corps Special Reserve on 18 February 1917 , and was commissioned as a probationary second lieutenant . He was posted to No. 48 Squadron in August , following pilot training in Egypt and England . Bostock fought on the Western Front and was awarded the Belgian Croix de guerre . He was invalided back to Britain in March 1918 , after which he transferred to the newly created Royal Air Force ( RAF ) .
= = Inter @-@ war years = =
Bostock married his Australian fiancée , Gwendolen Norton , in Southampton on 6 March 1919 . The couple had two daughters , one of whom , Gwendolen Joan , would serve as a cipher officer in the Women 's Auxiliary Australian Air Force ( WAAAF ) during World War II . Bostock retired from the RAF and returned to civilian life in Australia that October . In September 1921 , he joined the recently formed Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) and was commissioned a flying officer . He became a friend and mentor to Flying Officer ( later Air Marshal Sir ) George Jones , another World War I veteran , who had flown with the Australian Flying Corps and had joined the Air Force in March . By mid @-@ 1922 Bostock had been promoted to flight lieutenant .
Having served at No. 1 Flying Training School ( No. 1 FTS ) , Point Cook , since entering the RAAF , Bostock was posted to Britain in 1926 to attend RAF Staff College , Andover . While there he was admonished by the college 's commandant , via letter , due to the particular school he had chosen for his daughter and because he did his own gardening ; Bostock was said to have returned the letter marked " noted and ignored " . On his return to Australia as a squadron leader in 1928 , he took charge of No. 1 FTS , and became Director of Training at RAAF Headquarters , Melbourne , in December 1929 . From 1931 to 1936 Bostock was commanding officer ( CO ) of No. 3 Squadron , flying Westland Wapitis and , later , Hawker Demons . At the time , his position as No. 3 Squadron commander doubled as CO of the unit 's base , RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales . A wing commander from 1934 , he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the King 's Birthday Honours on 31 May 1935 . Following a two @-@ year posting in Britain on the staff of No. 1 Bomber Group , Bostock was promoted to group captain on 1 September 1938 and made Director of Operations and Intelligence . Within a year he had become Deputy Chief of the Air Staff .
= = World War II = =
= = = Deputy Chief of the Air Staff = = =
The Deputy Chief of the Air Staff position that Bostock occupied at the outbreak of World War II was a new one that initially augmented , and later supplanted , an existing Assistant Chief of the Air Staff role . Unlike the Assistant Chief , the Deputy had the authority to act in place of the Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) if required . This increased status saw Bostock given a place on Australia 's Joint Planning Committee . He was the RAAF 's delegate to a defence conference in Singapore in October 1940 , where the Australian contingent found the local forces ill @-@ prepared for an attack by the Japanese , and recommended significant increases in air capability , both in Australia and the Pacific Islands , to meet the threat . Bostock rose rapidly in rank during this period , becoming acting air commodore on 1 June 1940 and substantive air vice marshal on 1 October 1941 . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1942 New Year Honours .
Third in seniority in the RAAF after Air Marshal Richard Williams and Air Vice Marshal Stanley Goble , and considered to be " among the Air Force 's best brains " at the time , Bostock was a prime candidate for the position of CAS in May 1942 . He was also first choice of the incumbent CAS , Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Burnett , whose two @-@ year term was coming to an end . However , Bostock 's closeness to Burnett , who had made no secret of his contempt for John Curtin 's Federal Labor government , damaged his chances for selection and his friend , George Jones , then only a substantive wing commander and acting air commodore , took the position . Although he had expected to be made CAS , Bostock warmly congratulated Jones , possibly expecting that his ( Bostock 's ) new role as chief of staff to the Commander of Allied Air Forces , Lieutenant General George Brett , with responsibility for air operations in the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , would prove the more important appointment in a time of war .
= = = Air Officer Commanding RAAF Command = = =
In August 1942 , General Douglas MacArthur , Supreme Commander SWPA , replaced Lieutenant General Brett with Major General ( later General ) George Kenney . Kenney created two new formations subordinate to Allied Air Forces Headquarters : the US Fifth Air Force and RAAF Command . Bostock was chosen to be Air Officer Commanding RAAF Command , with twenty @-@ four Australian squadrons at his disposal plus one each from the Netherlands , the United Kingdom and the United States . The only Australian air combat units in the SWPA not under Bostock 's command were those based in New Guinea as No. 9 Operational Group RAAF ( No. 9 OG ) , controlled by Fifth Air Force . RAAF Command was charged with defending Australia , except in the north @-@ east , protecting the sea lanes to New Guinea , and conducting operations against Japanese shipping , airfields and other installations in the Dutch East Indies .
By the end of 1943 , No. 9 OG , originally the RAAF 's mobile strike force , had become engaged in static garrison duties in New Guinea . Bostock proposed that it be renamed Northern Area Command to better reflect its current function . Kenney asked Bostock to raise a new RAAF mobile formation , which led to the establishment of No. 10 Operational Group ( No. 10 OG ) on 13 November 1943 at Nadzab , under the command of Group Captain Frederick Scherger . In February 1944 , RAAF Command took over many of the units of No. 9 OG , as well as responsibility for the Port Moresby and Milne Bay sectors . Bostock again recommended changing No. 9 OG 's name to Northern Area , and also proposed changing No. 10 OG 's name to Tactical Air Force , RAAF , in view of its increased strength from the infusion of new squadrons . On 11 April , No. 9 OG became Northern Command . On 14 September 1944 , Bostock had an audience with Prime Minister Curtin , wherein the latter outlined his preferences for the deployment of RAAF Command , particularly that it should be represented in forward Allied operations , and employed primarily in the support of Australian ground forces . Bostock concurred with Curtin ; the Prime Minister meanwhile authorised changing No. 10 OG 's name to First Tactical Air Force ( No. 1 TAF ) , with effect from 25 October . RAAF Command 's complement had now swelled to forty @-@ one Australian squadrons .
On 15 March 1945 , Bostock established a forward headquarters on Morotai Island to directly control No. 1 TAF for the upcoming Oboe operations , the reoccupation of Borneo . Kenney gave him responsibility for all Allied air operations south of the Philippines , and the Royal New Zealand Air Force ( RNZAF ) units which were based in the Solomon Islands to support the Bougainville Campaign were assigned to RAAF Command . Bostock wrote to Kenney , " I am particularly anxious that the 1st Tactical Air Force should continue to be employed as a forward offensive formation rather than in a garrison role " . In April , Kenney 's Allied Air Headquarters issued an order that Bostock would be named Air Officer Commanding @-@ in @-@ Chief RAAF Command , because he had several Air Officers Commanding ( AOCs ) reporting to him . Bostock duly passed on this change of nomenclature to his subordinate units but Air Force Headquarters in Melbourne vetoed the change in June .
Bostock had control of the USAAF Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces , as well as No. 1 TAF , during Operation Oboe One , the invasion of Tarakan , commencing 1 May 1945 . By this time RAAF Command comprised some 17 @,@ 000 personnel . On Operation Oboe Six , the invasion of Labuan – Brunei in June , Bostock also had at his disposal aircraft based in Australia under Western and North @-@ Western Area Commands . For Operation Oboe Two , the invasion of Balikpapan in July , Bostock marshalled forty Allied squadrons . His aim , in concert with that of Kenney and I Corps commander Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead , was to deliver the heaviest aerial bombardment possible against enemy targets , to enable Australian assault forces to land with minimal casualties . Together with a naval barrage , this resulted in a " scene of indescribable ruin " on the battlefield , and allowed seventeen waves of troops to disembark their landing craft without loss . MacArthur called the Labuan air offensive " flawless " , while General Sir Thomas Blamey , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Australian Military Forces , congratulated Bostock on his " high order of control " and " ready and full cooperation " throughout the Borneo campaign .
= = = Rivalry with George Jones = = =
From 1942 , the structure of the RAAF was divided such that Bostock was in operational charge of the Air Force in the South West Pacific but relied on Air Vice Marshal Jones as CAS for supplies of manpower and equipment , while Jones was nominally in command of the entire RAAF but played no part in directing its major air operations against Japan . The situation was a source of " acute personal tension " between the two senior officers for the remainder of the war . It was exacerbated by the fact that while the CAS was de jure head of the RAAF , Jones ' rank of air vice marshal was no higher than Bostock 's . Air Force historian Alan Stephens later commented : " The system of divided command ... was not an ideal arrangement , but with men of goodwill it could have worked . Regrettably Bostock and Jones were not of that mind ... "
Bostock 's relationship to Kenney permitted him to ignore operational requests from Jones , while Jones continued to assert administrative control over Bostock 's command . When Jones tried to remove Bostock from RAAF Command in April 1943 and replace him with Air Commodore Joe Hewitt , AOC of No. 9 Operational Group , Bostock appealed to Kenney , who advised Jones that he was opposed to any such change of command . Kenney threatened to escalate the matter to the Australian government , and some time later MacArthur told Curtin that Hewitt " was not an adequate replacement " for Bostock . The matter was allowed to drop , but the rivalry continued . In January 1945 , an acrimonious series of cables was exchanged between the two Air Vice Marshals . Jones complained to Bostock of the latter 's " insubordinate tone " and " repeated attempts to usurp authority of this Headquarters " . Bostock replied that as AOC RAAF Command he was " responsible to Commander , Allied Air Forces , and not , repeat not , subordinate to you " , and that he would " continue to take the strongest exception to your unwarranted and uninformed interference " .
Their feud was blamed for contributing to the low morale that precipitated the so @-@ called " Morotai Mutiny " of April 1945 , when a group of senior pilots in the First Tactical Air Force submitted their resignations rather than continue to attack what they believed to be worthless targets . Alerted to the issue by No. 1 TAF 's commander , Air Commodore Harry Cobby , Bostock appealed to the pilots to withdraw their resignations . His methods were construed as an attempt to " make the situation go away or to at least cover it up " ; one of the " mutineers " , Squadron Leader John Waddy , quoted Bostock as saying , " I will leave these applications on the table and if you pick them up , all records and all notes of any of this affair will be expunged from Air Force records and files and nothing will be heard about it " . When the pilots refused to drop the matter , Bostock signalled Jones , advising that he found morale on the island to be at a " dangerously low level " and recommending the CAS replace Cobby with Air Commodore Scherger . Kenney concurred with Bostock , and Jones sacked Cobby . A subsequent investigation vindicated the stand taken by the pilots ; one of them , Wing Commander Kenneth Ranger , told the inquiry of Jones and Bostock : " I deplore the fighting and wrangling between them which is common knowledge throughout the Air Force . Every week there are instances of it . "
The conflict between the commanders reached its nadir during the invasion of Tarakan in May 1945 , when Jones grounded RAAF bomber squadrons scheduled to take part in the attack due to their crews having exceeded their monthly quota of flying hours . Bostock was not consulted about the decision and fully expected to see Australian aircraft as he watched for the Allied formations from a US warship during the battle . He later said that he would have thankfully " fallen through a crack in the boards on the deck " when he saw only American aircraft flying overhead , and had to apologise to Kenney for the RAAF 's absence . Over all , the dual system of control and the tension between its two senior officers confused the RAAF 's efforts in the field and reduced its influence on Allied strategy in the Pacific .
= = Later life = =
Bostock and Jones represented the RAAF at the Japanese surrender aboard USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 . RAAF Command was disbanded the same day . Bostock was one of several senior Air Force commanders summarily retired early in 1946 , in his case six years before the compulsory retirement age of 60 . Among the reasons for Bostock 's dismissal were , according to private government papers , an " inability to work in harmony with certain other high ranking RAAF officers " , and " lack of balance and appreciation of responsibility " . He appealed the decision , citing a letter from MacArthur that described him as " one of the world 's most successful airmen ... superior in every respect " , but was unsuccessful . Newspapers raised questions about Bostock 's departure , The Herald in Melbourne speculating on the part played by rivalries within the service .
After his retirement from the military , Bostock went into journalism and become an aviation correspondent for The Herald . He wrote a series of articles criticising the Air Force 's organisation and presenting his side of the story of RAAF Command , motivated partly by his belief that the official history of Australia in World War II would fail to adequately cover it . The articles caused considerable controversy and prompted the Minister for Air , Arthur Drakeford , to make a formal response in Federal Parliament , labelling Bostock 's allegations " malicious and unjustified " .
Bostock was decorated twice in 1948 for his war service , in March with the Distinguished Service Order " in recognition of distinguished services whilst in command of air operations in the Borneo Campaign during the period March to September , 1945 " , and in April with the American Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm . He entered politics in 1949 , standing as a Liberal Party candidate for the Federal Division of Indi in Victoria . Elected to the House of Representatives , he retained his seat until being defeated in the 1958 poll . Bostock served on a joint committee for foreign affairs and sometimes came into conflict with his own party on matters of defence policy . He continued to contribute to The Herald while in government . During parliamentary debates in 1951 and again in 1957 , Bostock spoke for " an integrated defence force with a single minister " , advocating amalgamation of the four separate Departments of Defence , Air , Navy and Army into one Department of Defence , headed by the Minister for Defence . He further proposed that a single Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief lead the Army , Navy and Air Force ; the Chief of the General Staff , the Chief of the Naval Staff , and the Chief of the Air Staff would report directly to the new position . In 1973 the single @-@ service departments were abolished in favour of an all @-@ encompassing Department of Defence , and by 1984 a Chief of the Defence Force position had evolved to directly command all three armed services through their respective chiefs .
Bostock 's wife Gwendolen died in 1947 , and he married 33 @-@ year @-@ old Nanette O 'Keefe in Melbourne on 1 June 1951 ; they had three sons . He owned a property near Benalla , in rural Victoria , where he died in 1968 . Survived by his second wife and his five children , Bostock was accorded an Air Force funeral and cremated .
= Fighting game =
Fighting game is a video game genre in which the player controls an on @-@ screen character and engages in close combat with an opponent . These characters tend to be of equal power and fight matches consisting of several rounds , which take place in an arena . Players must master techniques such as blocking , counter @-@ attacking , and chaining together sequences of attacks known as " combos " . Since the early 1990s , most fighting games allow the player to execute special attacks by performing specific button combinations . The genre is related to but distinct from beat ' em ups , which involve large numbers of antagonists .
The first video game to feature fist fighting was arcade game Heavyweight Champ in 1976 , but it was Karate Champ which popularized one @-@ on @-@ one martial arts games in arcades in 1984 . In 1985 , Yie Ar Kung @-@ Fu featured antagonists with differing fighting styles , while The Way of the Exploding Fist further popularized the genre on home systems . In 1987 , Street Fighter introduced hidden special attacks . In 1991 , Capcom 's highly successful Street Fighter II refined and popularized many of the conventions of the genre . The fighting game subsequently became the preeminent genre for competitive video gaming in the early to mid @-@ 1990s , especially in arcades . This period spawned numerous popular fighting games in addition to Street Fighter , including successful and long running franchises like Mortal Kombat , The King of Fighters , Tekken , Virtua Fighter , Marvel vs. Capcom , Guilty Gear , and Killer Instinct .
The genre 's popularity stagnated as games became more complicated and as arcades began to lose their audience to increasingly powerful home consoles near the end of the 1990s , though new franchises such as Dead or Alive and the Soul series achieved success . In the new millennium , the genre remains popular but retains a much smaller proportion of enthusiasts than it once did , due to the increasing popularity of other genres .
Fighting games are almost always asymmetric games as each player fights in a different way .
= = Definition = =
Fighting games are a type of action game where on @-@ screen characters fight each other . These games typically feature
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
range .
= = Geographic locations = =
Over three @-@ quarters of New Zealands population live in the North Island ( 76 percent ) with one @-@ third of the total population living in the Auckland region . This region is also the fastest growing , accounting for 46 percent of New Zealand 's total population growth . Most Māori live in the North Island ( 87 percent ) , although less than a quarter ( 24 percent ) live in Auckland . New Zealand is a predominantly urban country , with 86 percent of the population living in an urban area . About 72 percent of the population live in the 16 main urban areas ( population of 30 @,@ 000 or more ) and 53 percent live in the four largest cities of Auckland , Christchurch , Wellington , and Hamilton .
Approximately 14 percent of the population live in four different categories of rural areas as defined by Statistics New Zealand . About 18 percent of the rural population live in areas that have a high urban influence ( roughly 12 @.@ 9 people per square kilometre ) , many working in the main urban area . Rural areas with moderate urban influence and a population density of about 6 @.@ 5 people per square kilometre account for 26 percent of the rural population . Areas with low urban influence where the majority of the residents work in the rural area house approximately 42 percent of the rural population . Remote rural areas with a density of less than 1 person per square kilometre account for about 14 percent of the rural population .
The vast majority of the population live on the main North and South Islands , with New Zealand 's major inhabited smaller islands being Waiheke Island ( 7 @,@ 689 ) , Great Barrier Island ( 850 ) , Chatham and Pitt Islands ( 609 ) , and Stewart Island ( 402 ) . In 2006 , 15 @,@ 342 people were residents of the Cook Islands , with two thirds living on Rarotonga , and the other third spread over the other 14 islands . The resident population of Tokelau and Niue was 1 @,@ 466 and 1 @,@ 625 respectively in 2006 . At the time 58 @,@ 008 Cook Islanders , 22 @,@ 476 Niueans and 6 @,@ 819 Tokelauans lived in New Zealand .
= = Migration = =
East Polynesians were the first people to reach New Zealand about 1280 , followed by the early European explorers , notably James Cook in 1769 who explored New Zealand three times and mapped the coastline . Following the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when the country became a British colony , immigrants were predominantly from Britain , Ireland and Australia . Due to restrictive policies similar to the white Australian policies limitations were placed on non @-@ European immigrants . During the gold rush period ( 1858 @-@ 1880s ) large number of young men came from California and Victoria to New Zealand goldfields . Apart from British , there were Irish , North Germans , Scandinavians , Italian and many Chinese . The Chinese were sent special invitations by the Otago Chamber of Commerce in 1866 . By 1873 they made up 40 percent of the diggers in Otago and 25 percent of the diggers in Westland . From 1900 there was also significant Dutch , Dalmatian , Italian , and German immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia , North America , South America and South Africa . Following the Great Depression policies were relaxed and migrant diversity increased . In 2008 – 09 , a target of 45 @,@ 000 migrants was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service ( plus a 5 @,@ 000 tolerance ) .
Just over 25 percent of New Zealand 's population at the 2013 Census was born overseas , up from 23 percent in 2006 and 20 percent in 2001 . Over half ( 51 @.@ 6 percent ) of New Zealand 's overseas @-@ born population lives in the Auckland Region , including 72 percent of the country 's Pacific Island @-@ born population , 64 percent of its Asian @-@ born population , and 56 percent of its Middle Eastern and African- born population . In the late 2000s , Asia overtook the British Isles as the largest source of overseas migrants ; today around 32 percent of overseas @-@ born New Zealand residents were born in Asia ( mainly China , India , the Philippines and South Korea ) compared to 26 percent born in the UK and Ireland . The number of fee @-@ paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s , with more than 20 @,@ 000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002 .
To be eligible for entry under the skilled migrant plan applicants are assessed by an approved doctor for good health , provide a police certificate to prove good character and speak sufficient English . Migrants working in some occupations ( mainly health ) must be registered with the appropriate profession body before they can work within that area . Skilled migrants are assessed by Immigration New Zealand and applicants that they believe will contribute are issued with a residential visa , while those with potential are issued with a work to resident visa . Under the work to residency process applicants are given a temporary work permit for two years and are then eligible to apply for residency . Applicants with a job offer from an accredited New Zealand employer , cultural or sporting talent , looking for work where there has been a long @-@ term skill shortage or to establish a business can apply for work to residency .
While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand , there is also a significant diaspora abroad , estimated as of 2001 at over 460 @,@ 000 or 14 percent of the international total of New Zealand @-@ born . Of these , 360 @,@ 000 , over three @-@ quarters of the New Zealand @-@ born population residing outside of New Zealand , live in Australia . Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are concentrated in other English @-@ speaking countries , specifically the United Kingdom , the United States and Canada , with smaller numbers located elsewhere . Nearly one quarter of New Zealand 's highly skilled workers live overseas , mostly in Australia and Britain , more than any other developed nation . However many educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries have recently migrated to New Zealand . A common pathway for New Zealanders to move to the UK is through a job offer via the Tier 2 ( General ) visa , which grants a 3 @-@ year initial stay in the country and can later be extended with three more years . After 5 years the person can apply for permanent residency . Another popular option is the UK Working Holiday visa , also known as " Youth Mobility Scheme " ( YMS ) , which grants New Zealanders 2 @-@ year rights to live and work in the UK .
= = Ethnicity = =
New Zealand is a multiethnic society , and home to people of many different national origins . Originally composed solely of the Māori who arrived in the thirteenth century , the ethnic makeup of the population has been dominated since the mid 19th century by New Zealanders of European descent . Settlers brought diseases for which the Māori population had no immunity - by the 1890s , the Māori population was approximately 40 percent of its size pre @-@ contact . From about 1820 , a large number of children born were of mixed parentage , especially in the North of New Zealand where chiefs forced huge numbers of slave women and many children into prostitution with visiting sailors . One French captain described a chief forcing upwards of 150 girls and young women on his crew of 80 . Most New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry , with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as French , Dutch , Scandinavian and German . In the 2006 census , 67 @.@ 6 percent identified ethnically as European and 14 @.@ 6 percent as Māori . Other major ethnic groups include Asian ( 9 @.@ 2 percent ) and Pacific peoples ( 6 @.@ 9 percent ) , while 11 @.@ 1 percent identified themselves simply as a " New Zealander " ( or similar ) and 1 percent identified with other ethnicities . This contrasts with 1961 , when the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92 percent European and 7 percent Māori , with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1 percent .
During the 2013 census in New Zealand , it was estimated that 14 @.@ 90 % of the population of New Zealand were Maori , 11 @.@ 80 % of the population were Asians ( deriving from various nations in Asia ) , 7 @.@ 40 % were of Pacific Islander origin ( including from the Cook Islands , Niue , and Tokelau , all of which are dependent states of New Zealand in the Pacific ) , and 1 @.@ 20 % were individuals of Middle @-@ Eastern , Latin American , and African descent .
The largest Māori iwi is Ngapuhi with 122 @,@ 211 people ( or 18 @.@ 97 per cent ) of the Māori population . The next largest iwi are Ngāti Porou , Ngāti Kahungunu , Ngāi Tahu / Kāi Tahu , Te Arawa , Ngāti Tūwharetoa , Ngāti Maniapoto , Waikato and Tūhoe . A total of 102 @,@ 366 people ( or 15 @.@ 90 per cent ) of Māori descent did not know their iwi . A group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands and developed their distinct Moriori culture . The Moriori population was decimated , first , by disease brought by European sealers and whalers and , second , by Taranaki Māori , with only 101 surviving in 1862 and the last known full @-@ blooded Moriori dying in 1933 . People identifying as having Moriori descents have increased in number in recent years , from 105 in 1991 to 945 in 2006 .
Auckland is the most ethnically diverse region in New Zealand with 56 @.@ 5 percent identifying as Europeans , 18 @.@ 9 percent as Asian , 11 @.@ 1 percent as Māori and 14 @.@ 4 percent as other Pacific Islanders . Recent increases in interracial marriages has resulted in the New Zealand population of Māori , Asian and Pacific Islander descent growing at a higher rate than those of European descent . In 2006 10 @.@ 4 percent of people , identified with more than one ethnic group in 2006 , compared with 9 @.@ 0 percent in 2001 . The ethnic diversity of New Zealand is projected to increase . Europeans ( including " New Zealanders " ) will remain the largest group , although it is predicted to fall to 70 percent in 2026 . The Asian , Pacific and Māori groups are the fastest growing and will increase to 3 @.@ 4 percent , 10 percent and 16 percent respectively . The ethnicity of the population aged under 18 years at 30 June 2006 was 72 percent European , 24 percent Māori , 12 percent Pacific and 10 percent Asian . The population aged 65 years or older consisted of 91 percent European , 5 percent Māori , 4 percent Asian and 2 percent Pacific .
The maps below show the percentages of people in each census area unit identifying themselves as European , Māori , Asian , or Pacific Islander ( as defined by Statistics New Zealand ) . As people could identify themselves with multiple groups , percentages are not cumulative .
= = Language = =
English is the predominant language in New Zealand , spoken by 98 percent of the population . New Zealand English is mostly non @-@ rhotic with an exception being the Southern Burr found principally in Southland and parts of Otago . It is similar to Australian English and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart . In New Zealand English the short i ( as in kit ) has become centralised , leading to the phrase fish and chips sounding like " fush and chups " to the Australian ear . The words rarely and really , reel and real , doll and dole , pull and pool , witch and which , and full and fill can sometimes be pronounced as homophones . Some New Zealanders pronounce the past participles grown , thrown and mown using two syllables , whereas groan , throne and moan are pronounced as one syllable . New Zealanders often reply to a question or emphasise a point by adding a rising intonation at the end of the sentence .
From 1880 Māori MPs in parliament were keen that Māori should be taught in English rather than Māori . At that time missionary schools still taught Māori . This trend was further enforced by the Young Maori Party of the early 20th century which consisted of highly qualified Western educated Māori graduates such as Pomare and Ngata who believed that learning English would help Māori integrate into the modern world . After WW2 Māori , who had previously lived mainly in isolated rural areas migrated into urban areas where there were few Māori speakers . Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language ( te reo Māori ) in schools and work places and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas . It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation , being declared an official language in 1987 , and is spoken by 4 @.@ 1 percent of the population . There are now Māori language immersion schools and two Māori Television channels , the only nationwide television channels to have the majority of their prime @-@ time content delivered in Māori . Many places have officially been given dual Māori and English names in recent years . Samoan is the most widely spoken non @-@ official language ( 2 @.@ 3 percent ) , followed by French , Hindi , Yue and Northern Chinese . New Zealand Sign Language is used by approximately 28 @,@ 000 people and was made New Zealand 's third official language in 2006 .
= = Education = =
Education follows the three @-@ tier model , which includes primary schools , followed by secondary schools ( high schools ) and tertiary education at universities or polytechnics . The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked New Zealand 's education as the seventh highest in 2009 . The Education Index , published with the UN 's 2008 Human Development Index and based on data from 2006 , listed New Zealand at 0 @.@ 993 , tied for first with Denmark , Finland and Australia .
Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16 with most children starting at 5 . Early leaving exemptions may be granted to 15 @-@ year @-@ old students that have been experiencing some ongoing difficulties at school or are unlikely to benefit from continued attendance . Parents and caregivers can home school their children if they obtain approval from the Ministry of Education and prove that that their child will be taught " as regularly and as well as in a registered school " . There are 13 school years and attending state ( public ) schools is nominally free from a person 's fifth birthday until the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday .
The academic year in New Zealand varies between institutions , but generally runs from late January until mid @-@ December for primary and secondary schools and polytechnics , and from late February until mid @-@ November for universities . New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent , and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification . In the adult population 14 @.@ 2 percent have a bachelor 's degree or higher , 30 @.@ 4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22 @.@ 4 percent have no formal qualification .
= = Religion = =
Christianity is the predominant religion in New Zealand at just under half of the population at the 2013 New Zealand Census , although regular church attendance is probably closer to 15 percent . In the 2006 Census , 55 @.@ 6 percent of the population identified themselves as Christians , while another 34 @.@ 7 percent indicated that they had no religion ( up from 29 @.@ 6 percent in 2001 ) and around 4 percent affiliated with other religions . Immigrants make up 80 percent of most of the non @-@ Christian religions , with the traditional Māori religion , Judaism ( 24 percent immigrant ) and Bahá 'í ( 20 percent immigrant ) being the exceptions .
The traditional religion of the indigenous Māori population was animistic , but with the arrival of missionaries from the early 19th century most of the Māori population converting to Christianity . In 2006 , 2 @,@ 412 Māori still identify themselves as adhering to traditional Māori beliefs . The main Christian denominations are Roman Catholicism , Anglicanism , Presbyterianism and Methodism . There are also significant numbers of Christians who identify themselves with Pentecostal , Baptist , and Latter @-@ day Saint churches and the New Zealand @-@ based Ratana church has adherents among Māori . According to census figures , other significant minority religions include Hinduism , Buddhism , and Islam . New Zealand has no state religion and freedom of religion has been protected since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi .
= = Income = =
New Zealand 's early economy was based on sealing , whaling , flax , gold , kauri gum , and native timber . During the 1880s agricultural products became the highest export earner and farming was a major occupation within New Zealand . Farming is still a major employer , with 75 000 people indicating farming as their occupation during the 2006 census , although dairy farming has recently taken over from sheep as the largest sector . The largest occupation recorded during the census was sales assistant with 93 @,@ 840 people . Most people are on wages or salaries ( 59 @.@ 9 percent ) , with the other sources of income being interest and investments ( 24 @.@ 1 percent ) and self @-@ employment ( 16 @.@ 6 percent ) .
In 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per @-@ capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank . In 2010 the estimated gross domestic product ( GDP ) at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) per capita was roughly US $ 28 @,@ 250 , between the thirty @-@ first and fifty @-@ first highest for all countries . The median personal income in 2006 was $ 24 @,@ 400 . This was up from $ 15 @,@ 600 in 1996 , with the largest increases in the $ 50 @,@ 000 to $ 70 @,@ 000 bracket . The median income for men was $ 31 @,@ 500 , $ 12 @,@ 400 more than women . The highest median personal income were for people identifying with the European or " other " ethnic group , while the lowest was from the Asian ethnic group . The median income for people identifying as Māori was $ 20 @,@ 900 .
Unemployment peaked above 10 percent in 1991 and 1992 , before falling to a record low of 3 @.@ 4 percent in 2007 ( ranking fifth from twenty @-@ seven comparable OECD nations ) . Unemployment rose back to 7 percent in late 2009 and was 6 @.@ 8 percent during the June 2010 quarter . The 2006 census reported that while the proportion of people with no source of income was the same as 2001 , the number of people receiving the unemployment benefit dropped 48 percent . Most New Zealanders do some form of voluntary work , more women volunteer ( 92 percent ) than males ( 86 percent ) . Home ownership has declined since 1991 , from 73 @.@ 8 percent to 66 @.@ 9 percent in 2006 .
= I Corps ( United States ) =
I Corps " America 's Corps " is a corps of the United States Army headquartered in Joint Base Lewis @-@ McChord , Washington . It is a major formation of United States Army Forces Command .
I Corps ' current mission is part of the United States ' Asia @-@ Pacific Shift . The Pacific Rim Rebalance will involve several combined and joint military exercises in Japan , Korea , Thailand , Philippines , and Australia . Part of I Corps ' objectives for these exercises will be Joint Task Force certification in support of United States Pacific Command missions .
Activated in World War I in France , I Corps oversaw US Army divisions as they repelled several major German offensives and led them into Germany . The corps was deactivated following the end of the war .
Reactivated for service in World War II , the corps took command of divisions in the south Pacific , leading US and Australian forces as they pushed the Japanese army out of New Guinea . It went on to be one of the principal leading elements in the Battle of Luzon , liberating the Philippines . It then took charge as one of the commanding headquarters in the occupation of Japan .
Deployed to Korea at the start of the Korean War , the corps was one of three corps that remained in the country for the entire conflict , commanding US , British , and South Korean forces through three years of back @-@ and @-@ forth campaigns against North Korean and Chinese forces . Following the end of the war , it remained in Korea for almost 20 years guarding the Korean Demilitarized Zone . Active today , the corps acts as a subordinate headquarters of United States Army Forces Command , and has also seen deployments in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom .
= = History = =
= = = World War I = = =
Following the American declaration of war on Germany , on 6 April 1917 , I Corps was organized and activated on 15 – 20 January 1918 , in the National Army in Neufchâteau , France , the first of several corps @-@ sized formations intended to command divisions of the American Expeditionary Force in Europe during World War I. Assisted by the French XXXII Corps , the headquarters was organized and trained ; on 20 January , Major General Hunter Liggett took command .
In February , the corps consisted of the 1st , 2nd , 26th , 32nd , 41st , and 42nd Infantry Divisions . From February to July , 1918 , the German Army launched four major offensives , attempting to secure victory before the full American forces could be mobilized . The final offensive , started in July 1918 , was an attempt to cross the Marne , in the area of Château @-@ Thierry , but I Corps and other formations on the American lines held , and the attack was rebuffed .
With the defeat of these German drives , I Corps conducted its first offensive mission , participating in the Second Battle of the Marne from 18 July until 6 August , which resulted in the reduction of the more important salients driven into Allied lines by the German offensives . After a brief period in the defensive sectors of Champagne and Lorraine between 7 August and 11 September , the corps took part in the St. Mihiel attack on 12 September , which reduced the German salient there during the next four days . Then followed another period on the defense in Lorraine as preparations advanced for what was to be the final Allied offensive of the war . On 26 September , I Corps troops began the attack northward that opened the Meuse @-@ Argonne Offensive . From that day until 11 November 1918 when the war ended , I Corps was constantly moving forward .
The I Corps shoulder sleeve insignia was first worn by members of I Corps after approval from the AEF on 3 December 1918 , but it was not officially approved until 1922 . I Corps continued to train in France , until it was demobilized on 25 March 1919 .
During its time in World War I , I Corps commanded the 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 26th , 28th , 32nd , 35th , 36th , 41st , 43rd , 77th , 78th , 80th , 82nd , 90th , 91st , 92nd Infantry Divisions at one point or another . Also assigned to the corps were the French 62nd , 167th and 5th Cavalry Divisions .
= = = World War II = = =
On 15 August 1927 , XX Corps was reconstituted in the Regular Army . Two months later , on 13 October 1927 , the XX Corps was redesignated as I Corps . However , the corps headquarters remained inactive during peacetime , until the US Army 's buildup following the outbreak of War in Europe . On 1 November 1940 , I Corps was reactivated at Columbia , South Carolina . For the next nine months , the corps supervised training and large scale divisional maneuvers .
= = = = New Guinea Campaign = = = =
On 6 July 1942 Lieutenant General Robert L. Eichelberger took command of the corps which he would lead through the majority of its service in the war . In the summer of 1942 the corps was ordered to Australia , closing into the area at Rockhampton on 17 October 1942 . This move was to be part of a larger overall offensive in the south Pacific region . The corps at this time comprised the 41st and 32nd Divisions , engaged in the defense of British New Guinea , the beginning of the New Guinea campaign . Though the Japanese advanced rapidly at first , a number of factors slowed their progress against the Allied forces . Stubborn resistance from two Australian brigades bought time for I Corps reinforcements to arrive while the terrain proved more difficult than the Japanese had anticipated . Supplies , which were already insufficient for the Japanese forces , were shortened even more as Japan 's high command diverted them to the Guadalcanal campaign . The Japanese attack stalled , and once the threat of a Japanese invasion of Australia was abated , I Corps launched an offensive to push back the Japanese . With the 32nd Division and the 163rd Infantry Regiment of the 41st Division , the offensive was launched across the Owen Stanley Mountains of New Guinea . This force , later augmented by the Australian 7th Division , fought the Battle of Buna @-@ Gona , slowly advancing north against a tenacious enemy under harsh weather and terrain conditions . Overstretched Japanese forces , low on supplies , were eventually overcome by US and Australian forces . Despite being surrounded , trapped , and outnumbered , the Japanese forces continued to fight until they were completely wiped out by Allied forces . Buna , on the north coast of the island , fell on 22 January 1943 . The campaign was the first major Allied victory against the Japanese Army , and I Corps received the Presidential Unit Citation . This victory marked the turn of the tide in the ground war against Japan .
After this campaign I Corps returned to Rockhampton , where it was engaged in the training of the Allied forces beginning to arrive in that area for the coming campaigns . From February 1943 until March 1944 I Corps prepared for its next assignment , Operation Cartwheel . That mission was the capture of Hollandia on the north coast of Dutch New Guinea ; the units allocated to the corps for this task were the 24th and 41st Infantry Divisions . The Task Force established itself ashore after a successful amphibious assault on 19 April 1944 . It then began an offensive in that area to remove Japanese forces , before establishing air bases there . The battle was a vicious one ; the jungles and swamps made difficult fighting ground , and it was not until 6 June that the area was secured . The entire Japanese 18th Army was cut off from its bases by the force . Following this campaign the corps directed the seizure of the island of Biak , which was secured by 24 June , to complete the advances necessary for the subsequent invasion of the Philippine Islands . On 20 August Major General Innis P. Swift succeeded General Eichelberger as commander of the corps .
= = = = Luzon = = = =
The corps was assigned to the Sixth United States Army in preparation for the offensive in the Philippines from the assets of the Philippine Commonwealth Army , Philippine Constabulary and the recognized guerrilla units . On 9 January 1945 , I Corps successfully landed on the coast of the Lingayen Gulf in Northern Luzon with the mission of establishing a base for future operations to the north and of denying the enemy northern access to the South China Sea . As a part of the Sixth Army with an overall force of 175 @,@ 000 men , the American forces faced over 260 @,@ 000 Japanese in Luzon . In a sustained drive of thirty @-@ four days which covered over 100 miles , I Corps crossed central Luzon and thus separated the Japanese forces in the north from those in southern Luzon , destroying Japanese armored units along the way . Additional landings at Samar and Palawan were conducted in February , reducing the pressure on the forces of I Corps . Following this accomplishment , the corps turned northward and began the systematic reduction of the enemy positions on the approach to the Cagayan Valley . The breakthrough into the valley was followed by a swift exploitation that took the corps to the north coast . This advance covered two hundred miles in little over 100 days ; eliminating effective enemy resistance in northern Luzon . Manila was recaptured by the Allies after heavy fighting that ravaged the city . The intense fighting that ensued cost 8 @,@ 000 killed and 30 @,@ 000 wounded in the Sixth Army , compared to 190 @,@ 000 dead for Japan . As the Sixth Army finished off the Japanese on Luzon , the Eighth United States Army in the south sent units all throughout the Philippines to eliminate remaining Japanese resistance on the islands . The Tenth United States Army in the north commenced securing Okinawa and Iwo Jima . With the defeat of the Japanese at each of these places , the US forces had locations from which to launch attacks into mainland Japan .
Allied forces then began preparing for the invasion of mainland Japan , Operation Downfall . I Corps was assigned as one of four Corps under the command of the Sixth Army , with a strength of 14 divisions . I Corps was to lead the assault on Miyazaki , in southern Kyūshū , with the 25th , 33rd , and 41st Infantry Divisions . Opposing them would be the Japanese 57th Army , with the 154th , 156th , and 212th Japanese Infantry Divisions . Before the assault could be launched , Japan surrendered , following the use of nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki .
During World War II , the 6th , 8th , 9th , 24th , 25th , 30th ( during training in U.S. only ? ) , 32nd , 33rd , 37th , 41st , 43rd , 77th and 98th Infantry Divisions were assigned to I Corps at one time or another , along with the 2nd Marine Division , 7th Australian Division , and elements of the 11th Airborne Division .
= = = = Occupation of Japan = = = =
After the end of hostilities , I Corps was assigned to occupation duty in Japan . On 19 September 1945 the corps , with the assigned 33rd Infantry Division , sailed from Lingayen Gulf for Japan , landing on the island of Honshū on 25 September , three weeks after Japan 's formal surrender . The next few years were a period during which the terms of the surrender were supervised and enforced ; Japanese military installations and material were seized , troops were disarmed and discharged , and weapons of warfare disposed of . The duties of the occupation force included conversion of industry , repatriation of foreign nationals , and supervision of the complex features of all phases of Japanese government , economics , education , and industry .
By 1948 , as the purely occupational mission was accomplished , troops of the corps focused more military training and field exercises designed to prepare them for combat . Its force was eventually downsized to the 24th Infantry Division on Kyūshū and 25th Infantry Division on mid @-@ Honshū . The US Army continued a slow and steady process of post @-@ war drawdown and demobilization on its own , and on 28 March 1950 , the corps was formally inactivated in Japan , and its command consolidated with other units .
= = = Korean War = = =
Only a few months later , the Korean War began , and units from Japan began streaming into South Korea . The Eighth United States Army , taking charge of the conflict , requested the activation of three corps headquarters for its growing command of U.N. forces . I Corps was reactivated at Fort Bragg , North Carolina , on 2 August 1950 .
= = = = Pusan Perimeter = = = =
Advance elements of the headquarters took their place in the Pusan perimeter on 27 August . The headquarters , designated " Task Force Jackson " , assumed control of the South Korean I Corps , the 21st Regimental Combat Team , and the 3rd Battalion Combat Team of the 9th Infantry Regiment . On 12 September , under command of Lieutenant General Frank W. Milburn , the corps became operational . It took command of the 1st Cavalry Division , 24th Infantry Division , and South Korean 1st Infantry Division , along with the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade , defending the Naktong River area against attacking North Korean units .
Amphibious landings at Inchon by X Corps hit North Korean forces from behind , allowing I Corps and IX Corps to break out of Pusan . Four days later I Corps troops pushed northward against crumbling enemy opposition to establish contact with forces of the 7th Infantry Division driving southward from the beachhead . Major elements of the North Korean Army were destroyed and cut off in this aggressive penetration ; the link @-@ up was effected south of Suwon on 26 September . The offensive was continued northwards , past Seoul , and across the 38th Parallel on 1 October . The momentum of the attack was maintained , and the race to the North Korean capitol , Pyongyang , ended on 19 October when elements of the South Korean 1st Infantry Division and U.S. 1st Cavalry Division both entered the city . The advance continued , but against unexpectedly stiffening enemy resistance . On 25 October the first Chinese prisoners on the Eighth Army front were taken by I Corps troops . By the end of October the city of Chongju , forty miles from the Yalu River border of North Korea , had been captured .
= = = = Chinese Intervention = = = =
On 27 November , China entered the war on the side of North Korea against the UN . Massed Chinese attacks were immediately launched against troops of the corps . The Eighth Army suffered heavy casualties , ordering a complete withdraw to the Imjin River , south of the 38th parallel , having been devastated by the overwhelming Chinese force . In the wake of the retreat , the disorganized Eighth Army regrouped and re @-@ formed . I Corps relinquished command of the 1st Cavalry Division , the 24th Infantry Division , and the 27th British Brigade , taking command of the 3rd Infantry Division and the 25th Infantry Division in their place . On 1 January 1951 , 500 @,@ 000 Chinese troops attacked the Eighth Army 's line at the Imjin River , forcing them back 50 miles and allowing the Chinese to capture Seoul . The Chinese eventually advanced too far for their supply lines to adequately support them , and their attack stalled . The Eighth Army , battered by the Chinese assault , began to prepare spring offensives to retake lost ground .
Following the establishment of defenses south of the capital city , General Matthew B. Ridgway ordered I , IX , and X Corps to conduct a general counteroffensive against the Chinese forces , Operation Thunderbolt . Between February and March , the corps participated in Operation Killer , pushing Chinese forces north of the Han River . This operation was quickly followed up with Operation Ripper , which retook Seoul in March . After this , Operations Rugged and Dauntless in April saw Eighth Army forces advance north of the 38th parallel and reestablish themselves along the Kansas Line and Utah Line , respectively .
As I Corps troops approached the Iron Triangle formed by the cities of Chorwon , Kumhwa , and Pyongyang , Chinese resistance increased . By that time , the 1st South Korean Infantry Division was relieved from the corps and assigned to one of the Korean corps . The 1st Cavalry Division was returned to the corps in its place .
In late April , the Chinese launched a major counterattack . Though the 24th and 25th Infantry Divisions were able to hold their ground against the Chinese 9th Chinese People 's Volunteers ( CPV ) Army Corps , the South Korean 6th Infantry Division , to the east , was destroyed by the 13th CPV Army Corps , which penetrated the line and threatened to encircle the American divisions . The 1st Marine Division and 27th British Commonwealth Brigade were able to drive the 13th Army Corps back while the 24th and 25th Divisions withdrew on 25 April . The line was pushed back to Seoul but managed to hold .
= = = = Stalemate = = = =
In September , the UN Forces launched another counteroffensive with the 24th Infantry Division at the center of the line , west of the Hwachon Reservoir . Flanked by the South Korean 2nd and 6th Divisions , the 24th advanced past Kumwha , engaging the 20th and 27th CPV Armies . In November , the Chinese attempted to counter this attack , but were unsuccessful . It was at this point , after several successive counteroffensives that saw both sides fighting intensely over the same ground , that the two sides started serious peace negotiations . In late 1951 , the 1st Cavalry Division , depleted after having suffered 16 @,@ 000 casualties so far in the conflict , was relegated to the Far East reserve to rebuild . It was replaced by the 45th Infantry Division of the Oklahoma Army National Guard , which was newly arrived in the theater .
In March 1952 , the corps grew in size as the 25th Infantry Division was relieved from its command and it gained command of 1st British Commonwealth Division and the South Korean 1st Division , 8th Division , and 9th Divisions . In June 1952 , a ten @-@ day attack against 45th Infantry Division outposts was repulsed . September 1952 began with renewed enemy attacks against the outposts that protected the main line . Enemy attacks up to regimental size against garrisons of platoon and company strength were turned back by Corps troops . Outposts at Bunker Hill , The Hook , Kelly , Old Baldy Hill , Nori , and Pork Chop Hill were defended in heavy fighting within I Corps ' area of responsibility . All along the front , the enemy was driven back with thousands of casualties .
In January 1953 , the corps underwent its last major reorganization of the war , losing command of the US 3rd , 24th , and 45th Infantry Divisions , the South Korean 8th and 9th Infantry Divisions , and the British 1st Commonwealth Division , while taking command of the US 2nd , 7th , and 25th Infantry Divisions and the 1st Marine Division . On 23 January 1953 , the first major action of the year was initiated with a raid by aggressive infantrymen of the South Korean 1st Infantry Division against the enemy 's Big Nori positions . The next months saw many such raids which harassed the enemy , captured prisoners , and destroyed defensive works . Beginning in March , the Communists continually attacked the corps outposts . In that month , troops on Old Baldy were withdrawn , on orders from I Corps , after suffering heavy casualties from the Chinese . On 10 April 1953 Lieutenant General Bruce C. Clarke , who was to see the corps through the remainder of its combat , assumed command .
The fighting on the outposts continued ; the 7th Infantry Division stopped wave after wave of troops that the Chinese threw against Pork Chop Hill . Troops of the Turkish Brigade , attached to the 25th Infantry Division , defended Outposts Berlin , Vegas , Carson , and Elko in fierce hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . They were ordered to evacuate all but the Berlin position at the end of May . The 1st British Commonwealth Division ejected the Chinese after their assault on the Hook . The 1st ROK Division troops were ordered off the positions on Queen , Bak , and Hill 179 when heavy enemy assaults divested them of their tactical value . The closing days of the fighting saw the 7th Infantry Division withdrawn from Pork Chop and the 1st Marine Division ordered to evacuate the Berlin positions for the same reason .
= = = Cold War = = =
After the 1953 armistice , the defense of the Korean Demilitarized Zone was handled by the South Korean and American armies . The eastern half of the border was handled by the South Korean Army while I Corps took charge in the west . For the next 18 years , the corps oversaw US forces on the DMZ , seeing only occasional incidents with the North Korean army . In 1971 , under Nixon 's détente policy , the 7th Infantry Division was withdrawn , leaving the 2nd Infantry Division as the only US Army unit in Korea . I Corps remained in Korea as a two @-@ division formation until 1972 when it was reduced to zero strength and was replaced in 1982 by the Third Republic of Korea Army ( TROKA ) .
In 1980 , Fort Lewis , Washington was notified of a major change of structure . A corps headquarters was to be activated in March 1982 . I Corps was formally activated on 1 October 1981 , much earlier than expected . On 1 August 1983 , the corps expanded its operational control of active Army units outside Fort Lewis , to include the 7th Infantry Division at Fort Ord , California , and the 172nd Infantry Brigade in Alaska , which then became part of the 6th Infantry Division . In 1988 , the distinctive unit insignia was approved for the corps . This was the fourth design held by the corps , with previous versions being approved then retracted in 1942 , 1970 , and 1982 .
= = = Gulf War = = =
Following the end of the Cold War in 1989 , the US government conducted careful restructuring of national priorities and of the defense establishment . Fort Lewis , ideally located to act as a base for mobilization and power projection into the Pacific region , was one of few military bases that did not downsize with the US military overall . Thus , while most of the Army was downsizing , Fort Lewis began to grow , however , several tenant units such as the 9th Infantry Division were downsized .
The 3rd Brigade , 9th Infantry Division became the 199th Infantry Brigade , attached to I Corps , remaining under I Corps until its redesignation as the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment , and its departure for Fort Polk , Louisiana in 1993 .
Also in 1990 , the U.S. intervened in the Middle East with Operation Desert Storm . During that intervention , Fort Lewis deployed 34 active and 25 reserve component units to Saudi Arabia . I Corps also contributed to the command structure , with the I Corps Commander , LTG Calvin A. H. Waller and the Deputy I Corps Commander , MG Paul R. Schwartz , assisting General H. Norman Schwarzkopf , the Commander of the American Forces . I Corps expanded its contingency missions and became a quick @-@ response corps . For several months , I Corps was the nation 's worldwide contingency corps , while the XVIII Airborne Corps was engaged in the Gulf War . This caused a good deal of activity on Fort Lewis , as the post restructured itself to support the corps ' new mission , and to insure that it had a smooth , rapid departure in case they were needed anywhere in the world . This duty was returned to XVIII Airborne Corps upon its return to the United States . The corps then began to convert to a permanently structured , no @-@ mobilization contingency corps and was placed under the operational control of the United States Army Forces Command . This entailed the addition of a number of active component corps units .
In preparation for these new requirements , Fort Lewis began to receive new corps support units which were coming out of Europe . One of these was the 7th Engineer Brigade which was inactivated on 16 January 1992 and immediately reactivated as the 555th Engineer Group . On 16 February 1992 the 210th Field Artillery Brigade , also from Europe , was activated . In 1997 , the 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade moved to Fort Bliss , Texas , to join other air defense brigades . The corps and Fort Lewis would see a reshuffling of units in and out of the area through 2000 . Plans were drawn up for emergency operations for I Corps should a major conflict emerge in the Pacific region . Plans exist for I Corps to rapidly deploy in defense of Japan or South Korea .
= = = War on Terrorism = = =
With the events of 11 September 2001 , I Corps began providing support for Army units deploying in support of the War on Terrorism . Its assets were active in providing combat support and combat service support missions , including Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan , Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq and the domestic Operation Noble Eagle .
On 4 February 2004 , I Corps forward headquarters deployed to Iraq . The element , called Task Force Olympia , deployed to Mosul , Iraq in January 2004 , where it assumed its mission from the 101st Airborne Division to form a headquarters to exercise command and control of all coalition and Iraqi forces in northern Iraq . It coordinated the efforts of both of the active Stryker Brigade Combat Teams , attached engineers , civil affairs , signal , and other supporting units as well as Iraqi security forces , eventually numbering more than 12 @,@ 000 . The Iraqi security forces included four Civil Defense Corps battalions , three Border Police battalions , several thousand members of the Iraq Facility Protection Security Forces and an Armed Forces battalion . After more than a year in Iraq , the corps forward headquarters handed over responsibility for northern Iraq to the soldiers of Task Force Freedom and 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment in February 2005 .
In 2008 , it was announced that I Corps was to deploy to Iraq in 2009 , to replace XVIII Airborne Corps in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . Soldiers of the corps trained for a year in preparation for the deployment , which began on 9 April 2009 . I Corps filled the role of Multi @-@ National Corps - Iraq at Al @-@ Faw Palace . In January 2010 , Multi @-@ National Corps - Iraq integrated with Multi @-@ National Forces - Iraq ( MNF @-@ I ) and Multi @-@ National Security Transition Command – Iraq ( MNSTC @-@ I ) to form United States Forces - Iraq ( USF @-@ I ) . Over its one @-@ year deployment , the corps oversaw the responsible drawdown of major components of US Forces in Iraq . I corps returned from Iraq in March 2010 following their RIP / TOA with III Corps .
= = = Operation Enduring Freedom = = =
I Corps headquarters deployed to Afghanistan to serve as the headquarters of the International Security Assistance Force Joint Command ( IJC ) for a period of one year . The commander of I Corps , LTG Scaparrotti , served concurrently as the commander of the International Security Assistance Force Joint Command and Deputy Commander , U.S. Forces – Afghanistan from July 11 , 2011 to July 11 , 2012 .
= = = Asia @-@ Pacific Shift = = =
I Corps shifted its mission to the Asia @-@ Pacific region in mid @-@ 2012 . I Corps Commander Lt. Gen. Robert Brown announced this Pacific Rim rebalance during his Change @-@ of @-@ Command Ceremony at Joint Base Lewis @-@ McChord . In late 2011 , President Barack Obama and Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta signaled the Asia @-@ Pacific pivot and have made several trips to the region .
= = Organization = =
I Corps is unique among the active US Army corps in that it is composed of a mixture of active duty and US Army Reserve units in 47 of the 50 U.S. states , for a total of around 20 @,@ 000 active duty and 20 @,@ 000 army reserve forces .
I Corps , Fort Lewis , Washington
7th Infantry Division
1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team , 2nd Infantry Division
2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team , 2nd Infantry Division
2nd Infantry Division Artillery
16th Combat Aviation Brigade
17th Field Artillery Brigade
555th Engineer Brigade
201st Military Intelligence Brigade
593rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command
42nd Military Police Brigade
62nd Medical Brigade
= = Honors = =
The I Corps was awarded seven campaign streamers for service in World War I , three campaign streamers and two unit decorations in World War II , ten campaign streamers and one unit decoration in the Korean War , one unit award during Operation Iraqi Freedom , and one unit award in peacetime , for a total of 20 campaign streamers and five unit decorations in its operational history .
= = = Unit decorations = = =
= = = Campaign streamers = = =
= Andrianampoinimerina =
Andrianampoinimerina ( Malagasy pronunciation : [ anˈɖʐianˌmpuʲnˈmerʲnə ̥ ] ) ( 1745 – 1810 ) ruled the Kingdom of Imerina from 1787 until his death . His reign was marked by the reunification of Imerina following 77 years of civil war , and the subsequent expansion of his kingdom into neighboring territories , thereby initiating the unification of Madagascar under Merina rule . Andrianampoinimerina is a cultural hero and holds near mythic status among the Merina people , and is considered one of the greatest military and political leaders in the history of Madagascar .
Andrianampoinimerina took power upon deposing his uncle , King Andrianjafy , who had ruled over Imerina Avarandrano ( Northern Imerina ) . Prior to Andrianampoinimerina 's reign , Imerina Avarandrano had been locked in conflict with the three other neighboring provinces of the former kingdom of Imerina that had last been unified under King Andriamasinavalona a century before . Andrianampoinimerina established his capital at the fortified town of Ambohimanga , a site of great spiritual , cultural and political significance that was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 . The king 's original royal lodgings can still be visited at Ambohimanga today . From this position , he progressively extended his domain first over all Imerina and then over the greater Highlands , absorbing the Betsileo , Sihanaka , Bezanozano and Bara territories . Having reigned for 23 years at the time of his death , Andrianampoinimerina had successfully reunited Imerina and vastly expanded the Merina kingdom , with the intent to ultimately unify all of Madagascar under Merina rule . His son and heir , Radama I , continued the conquests Andrianampoinimerina had begun , and over the next two decades largely achieved his father 's vision .
= = Early life = =
= = = Birth = = =
Andrianampoinimerina was born Ramboasalamarazaka ( short form : Ramboasalama ) around 1745 in Ikaloy , in central Madagascar , to Princess Ranavalonandriambelomasina , daughter of King Andriambelomasina of Imerina ( 1730 @-@ 1770 ) , and her husband Andriamiaramanjaka , an andriana ( noble ) of the Zafimamy royal family in the independent kingdom of Alahamadintany to the north of Imerina . His mother 's brother Andrianjafy was named Andriambelomasina 's successor and was king of Imerina Avaradrano , the northern quadrant of the former Kingdom of Imerina , from 1770 to 1787 .
Ramboasalamarazaka was born during a period when conflict and famine afflicted Imerina . For almost a century , from the end of the reign of King Ralambo ( 1575 – 1600 ) to King Andriamasinavalona ( 1675 – 1710 ) , the Kingdom of Imerina in Madagascar 's central highlands had generally enjoyed prosperity , expansion and civil peace . This stability and the unity of Imerina collapsed after Andriamasinavalona divided the kingdom among his four favorite sons , leading to 77 years of civil war that weakened the ability of subsequent princes to respond effectively to the pressures of slave trading and a growing population . Merina kings had long intended to extend their kingdom to the North by absorbing the Zafimamy kingdom of Alahamadintany , and the Zafimamy kings of Alahamadintany had also wished to extend their land to the South by absorbing the Merina Kingdom . The marriage between Ramboasalamarazaka 's parents was a political alliance contracted as part of Andriambelomasina 's strategy to mitigate the threat of invasions by the Alahamadintany @-@ Zafimamy alliance to the North . The marriage agreement stipulated that after the reign of Andriambelomasina 's son , Andrianjafy , the throne would pass to his daughter 's son , Ramboasalamarazaka . The alliance between these two royal families represented a fair and peaceful compromise : the prince born of this union would rule over both states and unify the two kingdoms .
Andrianampoinimerina 's Zafimamy ancestors practiced endogamy and therefore rarely mixed with the descendants of the legendary first inhabitants of Madagascar , the Vazimba . However , Ramboasalamarazaka had partial Vazimba ancestry on his mother 's side through her antecedent , King Andriamanelo ( 1540 – 1575 ) , son of Vazimba Queen Rafohy ( 1530 – 1540 ) and her Merina husband Manelo . He was born during the first quarter of the moon ( tsinambolana ) of the month Alahamady , the sign of a highly auspicious birth according to popular belief . Following the Merina customs of the time , his parents gave him the humble name Ramboasalama ( Ra @-@ amboa @-@ salama , " The healthy dog " ) to protect him from attracting the undesirable attention of jealous rivals or evil spirits , before being changed in childhood to Ramboasalamarazaka .
= = = Childhood and education = = =
Ramboasalamarazaka spent his early childhood in his father 's Zafimamy court at Ikaloy . There he received a traditional education , including mastery of fanorona , a local board game believed to develop intelligence and the ability to think strategically . Young nobles being groomed for leadership roles typically learned to perform kabary ( a stylized form of public address ) , including the judicious use of ohabolana ( proverbs ) to persuasively make a point . Young Merina princes also often learned to play the valiha , a bamboo tube zither then reserved for Merina and Zafimamy nobles . Around the age of 12 , Ramboasalamarazaka continued his education under the supervision of his grandfather , King Andriambelomasina , at Amboatany and the royal court in Ambohimanga .
= = = Merchant = = =
As a young man , Ramboasalamarazaka worked as a merchant and may have also traded in slaves . During this period he gained a reputation as a champion of the commoner , committed to defending them against raids by Sakalava warriors and slave traders and fighting against corruption . Regarded as a self @-@ made man who did not rely on his privileges as a prince , his independence , temperament , tenacity and sense of justice made him popular among the commoners and the slaves of Ambohimanga . His popularity stood in contrast to public discontentment with his uncle , King Andrianjafy , who was viewed as a despotic and incompetent ruler . Ramboasalamarazaka frequently made promises to the populace regarding his future reign , which led Andrianjafy perceived as a threat to his authority , leading him to execute citizens of his territory who engaged his nephew in such promises ; contrary to his intentions , this response only served to turn popular opinion against Andrianjafy .
= = = Conflict with Andrianjafy = = =
Although Andrianjafy may have initially intended for Ramboasalamarazaka to succeed him , this appears to have changed following the birth of his son , whom his wife persuaded him to name as successor in disregard of his father 's earlier decree . Andrianjafy consequently made several attempts to have his nephew killed , but on each occasion Ramboasalamarazaka was warned by Andrianjafy 's brother and managed to avert the plot . In 1787 , when Ramboasalamarazaka was 42 years old , the conflict between the men reached a turning point : Andrianjafy decided to send a group of assassins to Ramboasalama 's residence in Ambohimanga . Andrianjafy 's brother again took action and warned Ramboasalamarazaka to flee , but rather than leave Ambohimanga , Ramboasalama followed the advice of an elder who instructed him to sacrifice a ram to invoke ancestral protection . The elder then gathered the twelve most respected men of Ambohimanga and thirty soldiers , and rallied them to enforce the decree of Andriambelomasina by overthrowing Andrianjafy and swearing allegiance to Ramboasalama . After the success of the coup , the new king adopted his ruling name , Andrianampoinimerina . The support of the Tsimahafotsy , inhabitants of Ambohimanga , ensured the defense of the city against efforts by Andrianjafy to reclaim his capital and his authority .
Andrianjafy rallied the people of his home village of Ilafy to fight against those of Ambohimanga . Both sides were armed with spears and firearms . An initial battle at Marintampona saw the Ilafy army defeated . Both sides regrouped for a second confrontation at Amboniloha , which took place at night and did not end in a definitive win for either side . In the morning , Andrianjafy moved his army north of Anosy and the two sides clashed again in a battle that lasted two days . The Ilafy army lost the skirmish and retreated to their village . After losing these battles , the residents of Ilafy decided to submit to Andrianampoinimerina . To rid themselves of Andrianjafy , the people encouraged him to travel to Antananarivo and Alasora to seek allies in the defense of their town . Once he had departed , the villagers barred the town gates and announced their desire to enforce the decree of Andriambelomasina . Seeking support to recapture the throne , Andrianjafy traveled to Antananarivo , Ambohipeto , Alasora and Anosizato to secure an alliance , but each time he was rebuffed . The conflict came to an end in 1787 when Andrianampoinimerina exiled his uncle ; varying sources report that shortly afterward Andrianjafy either died in exile or was killed by Andrianampoinimerina 's followers .
= = Reign and expansion of territory = =
= = = Reunification of historic Imerina = = =
Continuing his conquests in the 1790s , Andrianampoinimerina began establishing control over a comparatively large part of the highlands of Madagascar including the twelve sacred hills of Imerina . Andrianampoinimerina conquered Antananarivo in 1793 and concluded treaties with the kings of Antananarivo and Ambohidratrimo . He shifted the kingdom 's political capital back to Antananarivo in 1794 . By 1795 he had gained the allegiance and submission of all the territories that had formed Imerina at its largest extent under Andriamasinavalona , effectively achieving the reunification of Imerina . The former kings of Antananarivo and Ambohidratrimo periodically engaged in resistance against his authority in disregard of the treaties they had concluded , prompting Andrianampoinimerina to launch renewed campaigns to eliminate both kings ; the re @-@ pacification of Antananarivo began in 1794 and achieved definitive success in 1797 , with Ambohidratrimo reconquered shortly afterward . By 1800 , he had absorbed several other previously independent sections of Imerina into his kingdom . He reinforced alliances with powerful nobles in conquered regions of Imerina through marriage to local princesses , and is said to have wed 12 women in total . He placed each wife at a house built at each of the twelve sacred hills . After the political capital of Imerina was shifted back to Antananarivo , Andrianampoinimerina declared Ambohimanga to be the spiritual capital of Imerina .
= = = Conquest of greater Madagascar = = =
The latter half of Andrianampoinimerina 's reign from around 1800 was marked by an effort to unite the island 's 18 ethnic groups under his rule . This effort began with the sending of royal messengers bearing invitations to become vassal states under Andrianampoinimerina 's sovereignty , or face a military conquest . The first focus of this expansion was territory that had historically been inhabited by the Merina people but had come under the rule of other groups , particularly including the eastern lands held by the Sihanaka and Bezanozano peoples . Andrianampoinimerina then consolidated Merina power in neighboring southern central Betsileo territories , establishing military outposts to protect Merina settlers as far south as the Ankaratra mountains and Faratsiho . Kingdoms that united with Imerina as a result of diplomatic efforts included the Betsileo around Manandriana ; the Betsileo , Merina and Antandrano Andrandtsay of Betafo ; and the western region of Imamo . The Sakalava of Menabe and Manangina rejected these offers and actively resisted Merina domination ; the Bezanozano territories likewise resisted , although the Merina managed to preserve a tenuous hold over the area .
The gradual conquest of surrounding lands by Andrianampoinimerina and his Merina army was vigorously opposed by the Sakalava , who remained a major threat to Andrianampoinimerina and his people . Throughout his reign , bands of Sakalava mounted slave raids in Imerina and brought captured Merina to the coast for sale to European slave traders . Sakalava armies mounted repeated incursions into Imerina and nearly breached the capital city on more than one occasion . Andrianampoinimerina launched several campaigns to pacify the Sakalava but none were successful . He also sought to establish peace through marriages intended to form political alliances , but without achieving lasting peace or an end to the slave raids .
Certain Merina nobles and several members of the royal family also posed a threat to Andrianampoinimerina 's rule . After deposing Andrianjafy , the fallen king made an attempt on Andrianampoinimerina 's life . This assassination attempt was foiled by an informant who had learned about the conspiracy by chance . Andrianampoinimerina rewarded the informant by marrying his daughter to his son , future King Radama I. Andrianampoinimerina furthermore declared that any child from this union would be first in the line of succession after Radama . The marriage did not produce children , however , and following Radama 's death in 1828 , this royal wife would rule Madagascar for 33 years as Queen Ranavalona I. Andrianaimpoinimerina 's authority was also threatened by his adopted son , Rabodolahy , who plotted to kill Radama ; when these efforts failed , he attempted to assassinate Andrianampoinimerina , but was discovered and executed .
= = Governance of the Kingdom of Imerina = =
Beginning in 1797 , Andrianampoinimerina ruled his expanding kingdom from Antananarivo , the traditional capital of the Kingdom of Imerina . He is credited with major development and reorganization of the city . His vision for the capital was to serve as a microcosm of his kingdom and a model of urban planning that would be replicated in each new territory . In keeping with sacred Merina symbolism associated with height , space and cardinal orientation , he retained the royal compound - the Rova of Antananarivo - at the crest of the highest hill in the city , and in the center of the urban space that expanded around it . He also undertook significant expansion of the sacred rova compound and improved its venerable buildings . This included the reconstruction in 1800 of Besakana , the " throne of the kingdom " built by king Andrianjaka in the early 1600s as the first royal residence at Antananarivo - one of several houses used as residences by Andrianampoinimerina at the palace , the other principal residence being Mahitsielafanjaka after he moved his capital from Ambohimanga to Antananarivo . He implanted representatives of ethnic groups he had recently conquered in specified neighborhoods of the city . Each Merina social class had its designated districts : slaves lived south of the rova ( a disfavored direction in Merina cosmology ) , the mainty ( royal servant class ) lived to the southeast in Amparihy , important hova clans were allotted the district to the west of the royal compound , and each of the seven sub @-@ classes of andriana nobles were assigned to a district to the sacred north and northeast of the palace . Within this broad district structure , each clan ( foko ) was assigned a specific neighborhood in an orientation roughly corresponding to the orientation of their home village vis @-@ a @-@ vis the capital city . In the popular imagination of the residents of modern @-@ day Antananarivo , the city in the time of Andrianampoinimerina is envisioned as a perfect and harmonious urban space embodying the best of Merina ingenuity and spiritual significance .
The legitimacy of Andrianampoinimerina 's reign was bolstered by his characterization of other Merina rulers ' claims to power as fanjakana hova - rule by hova ( commoners ) , whose lineages were only weakly tied to the line of succession relative to his own . In addition , like Merina kings before him , he consolidated the power of the sampy ( royal idols ) and attributed the success and legitimacy of his reign to the proper respect shown toward these conduits of supernatural power . He balanced this strengthening of the supernatural and ancestral legitimacy of his kingship against inclusiveness of the commoner class by making several hova from the Tsimiamboholahy and Tsimahafotsy clans into powerful and trusted advisers . He also consulted a group of ombiasy ( royal advisers of the Antaimoro clan ) , who were literate in the sorabe script historically used on the east coast to inscribe a series of ancient texts considered to contain powerful magic and specialized scientific and ritual knowledge .
The population of Imerina was governed through a mixture of traditional practices and innovative measures . While all land technically belonged to the sovereign , its administration was carried out by andriana who were assigned a menakely ( subdivision of land ) to govern . These administrators were themselves overseen by roving royal advisers . The land was cultivated by commoners , who were given a parcel to farm based on the size of the family it was meant to feed , and each family paid taxes to the king in return . Andrianampoinimerina passed laws giving children the right to claim meat from the butcher that had not been sold by the day 's end , and allowing the poor to eat cassava from others ' fields , provided they took only what they could cook and consume on the spot . In this way , the basic nutritional needs of most citizens were met .
= = = Social organization = = =
The hierarchy of Merina andriana sub @-@ classes established in the 16th century under Andriamanelo was revised by Andrianampoinimerina , as it had been done by Andriamasinavalona . He decreed new rights and responsibilities for the andriana , including the privilege of placing sculptures or images of the voromahery ( black kite ) on their homes to indicate their noble status .
In order to strengthen relationships within clans and communities , and to promote moderation and equitable distribution of resources , Andrianampoinimerina decreed that families should build larger , monolithic stone tombs to hold the remains of all family members , and that the construction of these tombs was to be undertaken as a shared responsibility among members of the family to be entombed there .
Modifications and expansions on several traditional royal rituals under Andrianampoinimerina enabled him to develop a state religion in which he was the central figure . The tradition of the fandroana festival established by the 17th century Merina king Ralambo was made a much larger event intended to symbolically renew the nation and the cosmic power that legitimized and strengthened Andrianampoinimerina 's reign as well as the power of the state . This served to further unify his citizens while legitimizing and strengthening his rule .
= = = Public works = = =
The long @-@ established royal Merina tradition of fanompoana ( labor as a form of tax ) was continued and expanded under Andrianampoinimerina . Major public works were carried out under his reign , including the further expansion of irrigated paddy fields in the Betsimitatatra plains surrounding Antananarivo . He devised systems for organizing work teams , motivated their efforts by setting up competitions between teams , and punished those who failed to contribute their due share of effort . He mobilized groups of hiragasy village musicians to entertain work teams and later employed them to travel among towns and villages across the kingdom , broadcasting news , announcing new laws and promoting proper social behavior .
= = = Laws = = =
Andrianampoinimerina developed a legal system that applied throughout the territories he ruled . He was the first Merina king to establish formal civil and penal codes , the latter ameliorated and transcribed by his son Radama . He declared twelve crimes to be capital offenses , while many others entailed collective punishment for the guilty party and his or her family members including forced labor in chains and being reduced to slave status . These harsh penalties were intended to act as a strong disincentive to engage in antisocial acts ; the consumption of alcohol , marijuana and tobacco were also outlawed , although they remained prevalent . To judge infractions of his laws , the king often relied on the tradition of tangena , whereby surviving the ingestion of poison indicated an accused person 's innocence .
= = = Economy = = =
Under Andrianampoinimerina , regulations were established to manage trading in slaves and other commodities . Estimates put the number of slaves traded by the king at around 1 @,@ 800 per year , mainly in exchange for firearms and principally to French merchants who sold them on to Mauritius and Reunion . This brought order to the kingdom 's economy , enriched the crown , and enabled the king to monopolize trade in certain particularly lucrative goods , thereby weakening opportunities for political rivals to amass enough wealth and influence to unseat him . While this soured his relationship with certain andriana , it increased his popularity among the commoner and slave classes . His practice of commonly deciding in favor of commoners in disputes with nobles further strengthened his image as a fair ruler .
Andrianampoinimerina regulated commerce and the economy by creating official markets ( tsena ) and standardizing market scales ( fandanjana ) and other units of measurement , including length and volume . King Andrianampoinimerina established the first marketplace in Antananarivo on the grounds today occupied by the Analakely market 's tile @-@ roofed pavilions , constructed in the 1930s . Andrianampoinimerina decreed Friday ( Zoma ) as market day , when merchants would come to Analakely to erect stalls shaded with traditional white parasols . This sea of parasols extended throughout the valley , forming what has been called the largest open air marketplace in the world . Traffic congestion and safety hazards caused by the ever @-@ growing Zoma market prompted government officials to split up and relocate the Friday merchants to several other districts in 1997 . Prosperity for the masses in Imerina increased throughout Andrianampoinimerina 's reign , leading to growth in population density .
= = = Military organization = = =
Finally , he established a citizen army called the foloalindahy ( the " 100 @,@ 000 soldiers " ) . Men fit for military service were recruited to engage in Andrianampoinimerina 's campaigns of conquest between periods designated for public works projects . These campaigns served to enrich Imerina by capturing slaves for labor and service to the Merina andriana and hova classes , or for sale or trade to coastal communities in exchange for firearms . His military was equipped with the sizeable stock of arms he procured from coastal traders in western Madagascar .
= = Death and succession = =
Andrianampoinimerina died in the Mahitsielafanjaka house on the compound of the Rova of Antananarivo on 6 July 1810 at the age of 65 , having fathered eleven sons and thirteen daughters by his many wives . In the Vazimba tradition of Merina kings before him , the body of Andrianampoinimerina was placed in a canoe made of silver ( rather than the customary hollowed out log ) and interred in one of the royal tranomasina tombs at Ambohimanga . Shortly after the French established a colonial presence on the island in 1896 , they destroyed Andrianampoinimerina 's original tomb in March 1897 , removed his remains , and relocated them to the rova of Antananarivo where they were interred in the tomb of his son . This was done in an effort to desanctify the city of Ambohimanga , break the spirit of the Menalamba resistance fighters who had been rebelling against French colonization for the past year , weaken popular belief in the power of the royal ancestors , and relegate Malagasy sovereignty under the Merina rulers to a relic of an unenlightened past . Andrianampoinimerina was succeeded by his 18 @-@ year @-@ old son , Radama I. In order to fulfill his oath that the child of his son Radama would follow in the line of succession , Andrianampoinimerina had his oldest son , Ramavolahy , killed to prevent any contest for the throne .
= = Legacy = =
Historian Bethwell Ogot states Andrianampoinimerina is " regarded as the most important of Imerina 's kings " . Historian Catherine Fournet @-@ Guérin notes he is an " object of great admiration in the popular imagination . " A French trader who had conducted business with him declared in 1808 , " He is without doubt the richest , the most feared , the most enlightened , and has the largest kingdom , of all the kings of Madagascar . " Malagasy textbooks characterize him as a hero and the originator of the notion of a unified Malagasy national identity .
The primary source of information about the reign of Andrianampoinimerina is Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara , a Malagasy language book relating the oral history of the Merina kings as collected by a Jesuit missionary , Francois Callet , in the late 19th century . Prior to the eventual release of a French language translation in the 1950s , references to the king in academic and popular writing during the colonial period de @-@ emphasized his role as a conduit of traditional religious power and authority , instead glorifying his administrative practices in an attempt to bring greater credibility to the colonial government as a vehicle for building upon and strengthening the principles of good governance that he introduced . Beginning in the 1970s , historians began to focus more on the spiritual aspects of his role as king , and researchers questioned and compared sources in an effort to arrive at a more factual and balanced history of Andrianampoinimerina and his reign .
Innovations during the reign of Andrianampoinimerina were to have long @-@ standing consequences for the structure of Malagasy society in the 19th century . Madagascar specialist Francoise Raison @-@ Jourde attributes the widespread conversions of the masses following the conversion to Christianity of Ranavalona II in 1869 to the precedent established by Andrianampoinimerina of a state religion in which the sovereign is the head and the people are expected to follow . Similarly , Andrianampoinimerina 's decision to empower the hova and the two families of advisers in particular led over the next fifty years to the strengthening of the hova middle class that formed the backbone of the merchant , craftsman , farming and administrative cadres . By the reign of Radama II , hova power rivaled and ultimately exceeded the power of the nobles , leading to the aristocratic coup d 'etat that ended Radama 's reign and the absolute power of the monarch , and established a joint system of government in which the hova Prime Minister and his cabinet governed while the sovereign was reduced to a symbolic figurehead of ancestral power and authority . Ambohimanga , which Andrianampoinimerina declared the spiritual capital of Madagascar , remains among the country 's most important spiritual and cultural sites , and was recognized as Madagascar 's only cultural UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 . A major street in Antananarivo , running parallel to the Avenue de l 'Independence and one block east , is named after him .
= Abe Waddington =
Abraham " Abe " Waddington , sometimes known as Abram Waddington ( 4 February 1893 – 28 October 1959 ) , was a professional cricketer for Yorkshire , who played in two Test matches for England , both against Australia in 1920 – 21 . Between 1919 and 1927 Waddington made 255 appearances for Yorkshire , and in all first @-@ class cricket played 266 matches . In these games , he took a total of 852 wickets with his left arm fast @-@ medium bowling . Capable of making the ball swing , Waddington was admired for the aesthetic quality of his bowling action . He was a hostile bowler who sometimes sledged opposing batsmen and questioned umpires ' decisions , behaviour which was unusual during his playing days .
Waddington first played for Yorkshire after the First World War , when the team had been weakened by injuries and retirements . He made an immediate impression in 1919 , his first season ; he took 100 wickets and was largely responsible for Yorkshire 's victory in the County Championship that year . After a similarly successful season in 1920 , he was selected for the 1920 – 21 Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) tour of Australia , during which he appeared in two of the five Tests . However , the England team were outclassed ; used in an unfamiliar tactical role , Waddington took just one wicket and never played for England again . He continued to be effective for Yorkshire , particularly against the weaker counties , but was often inconsistent . His reputation as an uncompromising opponent was cemented when he was found guilty of dissent and inciting the crowd in a game against Middlesex . A succession of injuries reduced his effectiveness and he retired from first @-@ class cricket in 1927 . He continued to play league cricket and worked for the family business , a fat @-@ refining firm , but maintained his connection with Yorkshire cricket .
In the early 1920s , Waddington played several football matches for Halifax Town as a goalkeeper , and after his retirement from cricket enjoyed some success as an amateur golfer . He was in trouble with the police on more than one occasion and after the Second World War was charged with defrauding his wartime employers , the Ministry of Food ; he was found not guilty . He died in 1959 at the age of 66 .
= = Early life = =
Abraham Waddington was born in Clayton , Bradford , on 4 February 1893 , the eldest of three brothers . His family owned a fat @-@ refining business managed by his father , Sam . When he left school , Waddington joined the family firm as a lorry driver , occasionally working in the refinery . He began playing cricket for Crossley Hall in the West Bradford League at the age of 11 ; as a teenager he played in the Bradford League for Lidget Green and then Laisterdyke , gaining a local reputation as a fast @-@ medium bowler . He helped Laisterdyke win the League championship in 1913 , before moving to Wakefield for the 1914 season , where he took 98 wickets at an average of 12 @.@ 00 . He played for Yorkshire Second XI in August 1914 , alongside future First XI teammates Herbert Sutcliffe and Cec Tyson , but the outbreak of the First World War prevented him making any further appearances for the county .
When war was declared , Waddington volunteered for Lord Kitchener 's New Army , joining the Bradford Pals battalion of the West Yorkshire Regiment . On 1 July 1916 , during the first day of the Battle of the Somme , Waddington was wounded by shrapnel at Serre , and took shelter in a crater in no man 's land with other wounded soldiers . One of these was the Yorkshire cricketer Major Booth , who was mortally wounded . Waddington comforted Booth while the cricketer died in his arms , an experience which haunted Waddington for the rest of his life . After recovering , Waddington transferred to the Royal Flying Corps .
= = First @-@ class cricketer = =
= = = County debut = = =
Yorkshire 's bowling attack was severely depleted when cricket resumed in 1919 owing to a combination of retirements and deaths in the war . Additionally , George Hirst was past his best , meaning that Yorkshire needed to recruit new fast bowlers . In May and June , the team struggled to dismiss opposing sides on hard pitches ; their results were poor and when two important matches were lost in June , Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack suggested that " things looked very black " .
At this point in the season the Yorkshire cricketers Roy Kilner and Arthur Dolphin , who like Waddington had also been wounded at the Somme , recommended him to the Yorkshire committee , probably after seeing him take part in cricket matches in the army . Having returned to play for Laisterdyke in the Bradford League , Waddington was called into the Yorkshire side at the beginning of July for the County Championship match against Derbyshire . On his first @-@ class debut , he took four for 26 ( four wickets for 26 runs ) in 26 overs , and after missing the next match , he followed up with nine wickets against Essex in his second game , taking his first five wicket haul in the second innings of that match . From Waddington 's debut , Yorkshire 's results improved and the team won the Championship . Wisden judged that Waddington 's contribution was crucial : " Without him Yorkshire would certainly not have won the Championship " . He and Wilfred Rhodes formed an effective bowling partnership and , according to Wisden , " Rhodes and Waddington , with E. R. Wilson , for a few weeks , and [ Emmott ] Robinson to help them , carried the eleven from success to success " . It described Waddington as bowling " left @-@ hand , medium pace inclining to fast " , with a " delivery that seems part of himself — free from any suggestion of labour or undue effort " ; it noted that he always bowled a good length and made the ball bounce sharply after pitching . The writer judged Waddington 's first season had been one of " exceptional promise " and predicted that Waddington would go on to " great things " . In the official history of Yorkshire County Cricket Club , Derek Hodgson suggests that Waddington 's versatility brought him success , as did the line which he bowled to the batsmen . He finished with 100 wickets at an average of 18 @.@ 74 , with eight five @-@ wicket returns . Waddington was only the sixth bowler in first @-@ class cricket history to reach 100 wickets in his debut year .
Yorkshire fell to fourth in the Championship in 1920 ; most of the bowling responsibility fell once more on Waddington and Rhodes , and the other bowlers provided little support . Despite a good start to the season , the team faded in the latter part of the year . Wisden suggested that " in the circumstances [ Rhodes and Waddington ] did wonders , Waddington having some irresistible days against the weaker counties . " He took 141 wickets in the season at an average of 16 @.@ 79 . His best figures came in the two matches against Northamptonshire : in the first game he took 11 wickets , and in the second took 13 wickets for 48 runs , including seven for 18 in the first innings , and a hat @-@ trick . Waddington 's season concluded with his selection for the professional " Players " teams in the prestigious Gentlemen v Players match at the Scarborough Festival . He was one of four players from Yorkshire chosen to tour Australia that winter with the MCC . Hodgson suggests that he was chosen as " the discovery of the first post @-@ war period " .
= = = Test selection and leading bowler = = =
The 1920 – 21 MCC tour to Australia was unsuccessful for the tourists . Captained by J. W. H. T. Douglas , the team was overwhelmed by Australia , losing all five Test matches . Wisden stated that the " chief cause of failure was the bowling " . The MCC had been reluctant to tour so soon after the war , and critics had predicted the bowling would be weak in Australian conditions , where the pitches were generally hard and good for batting .
At the beginning of November , before the first @-@ class matches began , Waddington was operated on for abscesses , and missed the first five games . He played only one first @-@ class match before the first Test , but took wickets in several minor matches . Selected for the first Test , he took the first wicket to fall in the game , that of Charlie Macartney , but failed to take another wicket in the match while conceding 88 runs , hampered by a leg injury in the later stages . He did not play another Test until the fourth , where he bowled five overs for 31 runs . Waddington ended the tour with seven wickets at an average of 46 @.@ 71 ; his single Test wicket was at a cost of 119 runs . The tour was a frustrating experience for Waddington , who found the heat difficult to deal with ; he was also unhappy that most of his appearances came in the non @-@ first @-@ class country matches , many against opponents fielding more than eleven players to make a more even fight . Throughout the tour , the press criticised Douglas for the way he used bowlers . Although Yorkshire used Waddington in short bursts with the objective of taking wickets , Douglas used him to bowl long defensive spells with the prime objective of run @-@ saving , a task to which Waddington was unsuited . Considered a failure — Wisden later described his tour as " a sad disappointment " — Waddington did not play for England again and was never seriously considered for a recall . He did have one batting success on the tour , scoring his maiden first @-@ class fifty against an " Australian XI " .
In the 1921 season , Waddington took 105 wickets at an average of 18 @.@ 94 . The introduction of the pace bowler George Macaulay into the team gave him more support , but according to a later edition of Wisden , Waddington 's form was poor that year . The almanack 's review of the 1921 season suggested that , when at full strength , Yorkshire had the best bowling attack in the championship , but the team finished third . Both Waddington and Yorkshire were more successful the following year : the county won the first of four successive championships , and Waddington took 133 wickets at an average of 16 @.@ 08 . He was often effective in the most important matches . Wisden suggested that " Yorkshire were very good at every point , but their main strength lay in the excellence and variety of their bowling ... [ Waddington ] was , on occasions , more successful against strong sides than he had ever been before . He had days of astonishing success and once , at least , bowled with a bewildering swerve [ i. e. swing bowling ] that recalled George Hirst at his best . " Among his best performances were figures of eight for 34 against Northamptonshire ( the best of his career ) , seven wickets for six runs in a Sussex total of 20 and eight for 35 against Hampshire . His season ended with festival games at Eastbourne , where he represented the North against the South and played for a team of ex @-@ Royal Air Force servicemen .
= = = Injury and controversy = = =
Waddington was less effective in 1923 , and despite a good bowling average , he was inconsistent . In July , he slipped on wet grass when he was about to bowl against Leicestershire at Fartown Ground , Huddersfield ; the subsequent shoulder injury effectively ended his season , apart from one match against Lancashire in which he bowled just six overs . In September , the injury required an operation to repair a torn ligament . The injury affected the remainder of his career and his bowling was never as effective . In total , before his injury , he took 65 wickets at 18 @.@ 23 in 1923 . That season , he recorded his best figures with the bat ; after never having a first @-@ class batting average better than 12 in an English season , he scored 317 runs at 24 @.@ 38 , including his first fifty in England .
On his return in 1924 , Waddington bowled little in his first matches , but was used more in Yorkshire 's defeat by Middlesex at Lord 's where he bowled 42 overs to take three for 116 . Several Yorkshire players were absent , playing representative matches , but the game had consequences later in the season . In the return match at Sheffield in July , the Yorkshire players seemed determined to have revenge but could only secure a draw . Critics thought that the Yorkshire bowlers appealed excessively to the umpires , and the Middlesex players were barracked by the crowd . The journalist Alfred Pullin described the match as " a sorry exhibition of ill feeling and bad manners . "
The umpires reported Waddington to the cricket committee of the MCC for inciting the crowd through his appeals and gestures of displeasure when batsmen were not given out . Waddington maintained his innocence but the MCC supported the umpires , finding him guilty of dissent , and the Yorkshire president Lord Hawke persuaded him to write a letter of apology to the MCC secretary . After the game , Middlesex threatened to cancel their future matches against Yorkshire ; rumours circulated that the Yorkshire captain Geoffrey Wilson had offered to resign and that Waddington would be dropped . Later in 1924 , Yorkshire had another controversial match , this time against Surrey , where there were disputes on the field , but no official complaint was made . The editor of Wisden suggested that a handful of players were the root cause of Yorkshire 's problem ; Geoffrey Wilson resigned at the end of the season , and these events probably cost Macaulay a place in the England Test team . The Yorkshire cricketer and journalist Bill Bowes later recalled a story in circulation that Waddington had deliberately tripped and injured the Middlesex player J. W. Hearne around this period , although he did not specify if it was during the 1924 Sheffield match . Waddington ended the season with 69 wickets at an average of 21 @.@ 55 , but appeared less effective than before his injury .
= = = Decline = = =
Waddington took more than 100 wickets in a season for the final time in 1925 . Although his form was mixed , he achieved some good performances . Wisden attributed Yorkshire 's championship victory to their bowlers and suggested that " Waddington enjoyed a well @-@ merited success " . In total , he took 109 wickets at an average of 20 @.@ 24 . In 1926 both he and the other bowlers were less successful as Yorkshire slipped to second . Wisden noticed a decline in his bowling , but expected him to recover his form . He took 78 wickets at an average of 23 @.@ 30 , and scored his highest aggregate with the bat in a season , making 525 runs with two fifties . In the English winter of 1926 – 27 , he travelled to India and worked as a cricket coach .
Waddington 's bowling declined further in 1927 , to the point where Wisden suggested his record was poor and his " work was only occasionally worthy of his reputation " . The effectiveness of the other bowlers was similarly reduced , and combined with a cautious , safety @-@ first approach , Yorkshire had a mixed season and finished third . Waddington took 45 wickets at 32 @.@ 02 , and conceded a high number of runs on many occasions . However , in what was his last season , he scored his only first @-@ class century , an innings of 114 against Worcestershire . His final first @-@ class appearance was for the North against the South at the Folkestone Festival , where he bowled 16 overs without taking a wicket . At the end of the season , Waddington was offered a new contract despite his decline in bowling and continuing problems from his injured shoulder . He turned it down , ending his county cricket career . In all first @-@ class matches , Waddington took 852 wickets at an average of 19 @.@ 75 and scored 2 @,@ 527 runs at an average of 12 @.@ 89 with four fifties as well as the century . The following season , Yorkshire awarded him a testimonial of £ 1 @,@ 000 .
= = Style and personality = =
Waddington bowled with control , maintaining a good length while his action made the ball swing away from the batsman . For variation , he delivered an off @-@ cutter and when he bowled , the ball seemed to increase its speed after bouncing . He often bowled around the wicket . His curved run @-@ up began from the on side of the wicket , and he ran behind the umpire . He then released the ball from the corner of the bowling crease , creating a sharp angle for the batsman to face , sometimes using short deliveries with a ring of leg side fielders . Waddington modelled his bowling on that of George Hirst , a fellow left @-@ arm paceman who also acted as a coach and mentor to him in his early career , but Derek Hodgson notes that the two men were very different in personality : Waddington was far more quick @-@ tempered than Hirst . Waddington 's bowling action was noted for its excellence and perfection . Neville Cardus , the journalist and cricket writer , described it as " gloriously rhythmical " , and " so lovely that one simply cannot deny he is a good bowler . " But too often , Cardus suggested , he was " ever raising hopes that real greatness will come from him , only to disappoint again and again " .
Although Waddington scored a first @-@ class century in his final season , he did not live up to his batting potential despite a good style . A lower @-@ order batsman , he was inclined to be dismissed through playing irresponsible shots . Herbert Sutcliffe believed that , had he not been a bowler , Waddington may have developed into a leading batsman ; he wrote that Waddington " had as delightful a batting style as he had a bowling style . " But Sutcliffe suggested that Waddington did not possess the required patience : " He used to hit up a brilliant 30 or 40 before making a perfectly silly shot " .
Waddington resented the class divisions in English cricket , his feelings fuelled by experiences of officers in the war and possibly his tour to Australia in 1920 – 21 . He fully embraced Yorkshire 's hard @-@ edged competitiveness in the early 1920s : he questioned the decisions of umpires and sledged opposing batsmen , both of which were unusual at the time . His Times obituary noted that some disagreements came because Waddington played to win and was an enthusiastic appealer , although he was unlikely to win many appeals for leg before wicket because of the angle at which he bowled . Anthony Woodhouse , the cricket historian , describes Waddington as a " wild and irresponsible ... quick @-@ tempered individual " . But there was another side to his personality ; he was a good talker and liked to wear smart clothes , including monogrammed silk shirts . Sutcliffe , a close friend and team @-@ mate of Waddington , called him " a genial fellow in the dressing room ; a man with a rare personality , proof of which is shown by the fact that whenever there was a discussion of any kind in the dressing room , Abe generally ruled it , to all intents and purposes , the chairman . " The cricket writer Jim Kilburn wrote that " at his best , [ Waddington ] was a magnificently hostile bowler with one of the most beautiful actions ever seen in cricket , and his pace and break @-@ back were a problem for the greatest of batsmen " . The historian Leslie Duckworth summed him up : " Yes , a man of temper , Waddington , but a fine cricketer . "
= = Later life = =
When Waddington retired from first @-@ class cricket , he took over the family business . He played as a professional in the Birmingham League in 1928 , and for Accrington in 1929 and 1930 . He maintained friendships with several members of the Yorkshire team and was a pallbearer at Kilner 's funeral in 1928 . In 1954 – 55 , the Yorkshire player and England captain Len Hutton invited Waddington to accompany the members of the MCC team to Australia . En route by sea , the team visited the grave of Hedley Verity , the Yorkshire bowler who was killed in Italy in the Second World War and buried there . Including his visit as a player , Waddington made five trips to Australia .
Waddington had success in other sports , especially as an amateur football goalkeeper . He was with Bradford City in the 1920 – 21 football season , but did not play a match for them . For the 1921 – 22 season , he played for Halifax Town , making seven appearances in the Football League . He was a good enough golfer to represent Yorkshire , to partner Henry Cotton , and to play in the qualifying rounds of the Open Championship in 1935 and 1939 . Sutcliffe wrote that leading golfers told him that had Waddington not been a cricketer , he had the talent to have succeeded as a golfer , although he was prone to carelessness in his play . One Bradford golf club banned him after he poured a glass of beer over the captain , who Waddington believed had used inappropriate language in front of a woman . A motorcycling enthusiast , he regularly attended the Isle of Man TT , although his love of fast cars brought him trouble from the police at times . After one incident in 1938 , he was fined £ 5 for assaulting a policeman and using obscene language after being asked to dip his headlights . In 1950 , he was fined and banned from driving for a year after being found drunk while attempting to start up his car . In mitigation , his lawyer claimed he was suffering from " overwork , worry and insomnia . "
At the start of the Second World War , Waddington was appointed chairman of the North Eastern Division Advisory Committee for the Control of Oils and Fats and became an agent of the Ministry of Food . His responsibilities included arranging for the storage of fats . When the war concluded , he was charged with conspiracy to defraud the Ministry of Food when it was discovered that a letter detailing amounts of money had been altered . The prosecution alleged that between 1943 and 1944 , Waddington and the manager of another fat storage firm shared £ 1 @,@ 600 between them which should have gone to the latter 's company when the price paid by the Ministry for storage increased . Waddington denied all knowledge ; his brother Priestley , another director at the family firm , said that he made the arrangements to pay a portion of the increased fees to Waddington 's co @-@ defendant without the knowledge of Waddington . Waddington was acquitted when a judge ruled that there was no way that it could be proven that he had known of the alteration to the letter , or that he was in any way responsible .
Waddington was married twice . In 1925 , he married Mabel Fawell ; none of his Yorkshire team @-@ mates were aware that he was getting married . In 1952 , he married Doris Garforth ; on this occasion , many of his former cricketing colleagues attended . After a long illness , Waddington died in a Scarborough nursing home on 28 October 1959 aged 66 . He was cremated in Bradford .
= 1995 Japanese Grand Prix =
The 1995 Japanese Grand Prix ( formally the XXI Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 29 October 1995 , at the Suzuka Circuit , Suzuka . It was the sixteenth and penultimate round of the 1995 Formula One season . The 53 @-@ lap race was won by Michael Schumacher for the Benetton team after he started from pole position . Mika Häkkinen finished second in a McLaren , and Johnny Herbert third in the other Benetton car .
Jean Alesi , driving for Ferrari , started second , alongside Schumacher . However , Alesi was forced to serve a 10 @-@ second stop @-@ and @-@ go penalty because his car moved forward before the start . Alesi climbed back up to second , before retiring on lap 25 . Schumacher 's rival in the Drivers ' Championship , Damon Hill , started fourth amidst pressure from the British media after poor performances at previous races . Hill moved up to second because of Alesi 's retirement , but spun off the track on lap 40 .
Schumacher 's win was his ninth of the season , matching the record set in 1992 by Nigel Mansell . Benetton was confirmed Constructors ' Champions as Williams could not pass its points total in the one remaining race .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
Heading into the penultimate race of the season , Benetton driver Michael Schumacher had already won the season 's Drivers ' Championship , having clinched the title at the previous race , the Pacific Grand Prix . Schumacher led the championship with 92 points ; Damon Hill was second with 59 points . A maximum of 20 points were available for the remaining two races , which meant that Hill could not catch Schumacher . Although the Drivers ' Championship was decided , the Constructors ' Championship was not . Benetton were leading on 123 points and Williams were second with 102 points heading into the 16th race , with a maximum of 32 points available . In the week leading up to the race , Hill was criticised by the British media after poor performances in previous races ; there was continued speculation that Williams were going to replace him with Heinz @-@ Harald Frentzen or Gerhard Berger for the 1996 season . Despite the rumours , Williams team boss Frank Williams gave Hill " an unequivocal vote of confidence " heading into the race .
There were two driver changes heading into the race . Having been in one of the two Sauber cars since the fifth race of the season at Monaco , Jean @-@ Christophe Boullion was released from the team and replaced by Karl Wendlinger . The Austrian was given another chance to prove himself after suffering an accident at the 1994 Monaco Grand Prix , which left him in a coma for weeks . The second driver change was Mika Häkkinen 's return to McLaren after missing the Pacific Grand Prix because of an operation for appendicitis .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Two practice sessions were held before the race ; the first was held on Friday morning and the second on Saturday morning . Both sessions lasted 1 hour and 45 minutes with weather conditions dry throughout . Schumacher was fastest in the first session , posting a time of 1 : 40 @.@ 410 , two @-@ tenths of a second quicker than Häkkinen . The Williams and Ferrari cars occupied the remaining top six positions ; Williams drivers Hill and David Coulthard third and fifth respectively . The Ferraris were fourth and sixth fastest ; Jean Alesi ahead of Berger . Häkkinen lapped faster than Schumacher in the second practice session with a time of 1 : 40 @.@ 389 . Eddie Irvine took second place in the Jordan car , three @-@ tenths of a second behind Häkkinen . Hill was third in the Williams , two @-@ tenths behind Häkkinen , with Schumacher fourth behind Hill . The Ferraris were fifth and eighth ; Alesi in front of Berger . Frentzen 's Sauber and Coulthard 's Williams split the Ferraris . Despite both the Williams cars going off into the gravel , Hill and Coulthard made the top 10 .
The qualifying session was split into two one @-@ hour sessions ; the first was held on Friday afternoon with the second held on Saturday afternoon . The fastest time from either sessions counted towards their final grid position . Schumacher clinched his tenth career pole position , in his Benetton B195 , with a time of 1 : 38 @.@ 023 . He was joined on the front row by Alesi , who was eight @-@ tenths of a second behind . Schumacher was particularly pleased with the performance of his Benetton , saying that " I have rarely had such a good car ... I think I can be confident for the race " . Alesi was satisfied about his performance , but worried about a mechanical problem which had caused him to crash on Friday , accusing the Ferrari team of withholding information from him . Alesi was scheduled to leave Ferrari for Benetton in a swap with Schumacher at the end of the season , and the relationship between him and the team was becoming increasingly strained . Häkkinen was third in the McLaren , with Hill fourth , a second slower than Schumacher . Despite Häkkinen 's best qualifying effort of the season alongside his Belgium third place , his teammate , Mark Blundell , had a disappointing qualifying session . In the first part of qualifying , Blundell crashed into the wall , meaning he could not set a time as his car was too badly damaged . Blundell had his second crash of the weekend at the 130R corner in Saturday practice , which was more serious than the first . Following medical advice , Blundell did not participate in the second qualifying session . He was unable to set a time , leaving him at the back of the grid . Aguri Suzuki crashed his Ligier during Saturday qualifying ; he was unable to start the race since he was in a hospital with a broken rib .
= = = Race = = =
The track surface was damp for most of the race , which meant that lap times were slower than the previous days ' qualifying sessions . The drivers took to the track at 09 : 30 JST ( GMT + 9 ) for a 30 @-@ minute warmup session . Despite underperforming in qualifying , both Williams cars performed better in the wet weather warmup session ; Hill had the fastest time of 2 : 00 @.@ 025 . Coulthard was third in the other Williams car ; Schumacher split them in second position . Alesi completed the top four , eight @-@ tenths of a second behind Hill . Though 24 cars qualified for the race , only 22 took the start : Suzuki was unable to start because of his crash in qualifying and Roberto Moreno 's Forti car suffered a gearbox problem . For the first time since the Japanese Grand Prix was held at Suzuka in 1987 , tickets for the race did not sell out , despite the fact that three Japanese drivers entered the race .
The race started at 14 : 00 JST . All of the drivers opted to start on wet weather tyres as the track was damp from the morning rain . Schumacher , from pole position on the grid , held onto the lead into the first corner . Alesi , who started alongside Schumacher , was judged to have jumped the start , and served a 10 @-@ second stop @-@ and @-@ go penalty on lap three , from which he returned to the race in tenth place . Alesi 's teammate Berger also jumped the start and received the same penalty . Gianni Morbidelli , near the back of the field in one of the Footwork cars , spun at the first corner on lap one after being hit from behind by Wendlinger 's Sauber . Morbidelli stalled his car in the process , forcing him to retire from the race . On lap seven , Alesi stopped at the pits to change to dry weather slick tyres , as the track was beginning to dry . On returning to the race , he began to make his way through the field constantly recording fastest laps ; the first of which was 1 : 54 @.@ 416 , five seconds faster than the remainder of the field . Schumacher made a pit stop on lap 10 for slicks , handing the lead to Häkkinen for a lap before he too pitted . Alesi 's progress was interrupted when he spun attempting to pass Pedro Lamy 's Minardi for 15th place , but he made his way up to second by lap 10 , overtaking Hill around the outside in the final chicane to take the place . Alerted by Alesi 's pace on the slick tyres , the other drivers came into the pits to change to slick tyres .
The two Jordan cars collided on lap 15 . Rubens Barrichello spun in the final chicane when he attempted to brake later than his teammate Irvine . Barrichello hit a wall , which damaged his car 's rear wing and caused him to retire from the race . Irvine was involved in another collision at the chicane on lap 20 when Frentzen hit him from behind . Irvine continued without damage , but Frentzen had to pit for a new front wing . At the front , Alesi was lapping faster than Schumacher , even though Schumacher was on dry tyres . Alesi was only six seconds behind Schumacher when his Ferrari 412T2 suffered an apparent differential failure on lap 25 . It was later discovered that the problem was a driveshaft failure , possibly as a result of his earlier spin . Schumacher pitted for a second time on lap 31 , returning to the race in second place behind Hill . Schumacher set the fastest lap of the race on lap 33 , and regained his lead on the next lap when Hill made his pit stop . Behind them , Häkkinen and Coulthard were third and fourth respectively before their pit stops , but Coulthard pitted six laps later than Häkkinen and returned to the track in third place , one place ahead of the Finn . Johnny Herbert was fifth in the second Benetton car after the second round of pit stops , with Irvine rounding out the point @-@ scoring places in sixth .
At this stage , the rain began to fall again , but only at the Spoon Curve end of the track . The Williams drivers were second and third until Hill ran off the track at Spoon Curve two laps after his pit stop . He damaged his front wing in the process and returned to the track in fourth . Hill returned to the pits to let his pit crew replace the damaged wing . He rejoined fifth , but was then given a ten @-@ second stop @-@ and @-@ go penalty for speeding in the pitlane . Coulthard made the same mistake as his teammate by running through the gravel trap at the Spoon Curve but looked like he was going to escape with only minor damage . However , as he braked for 130R , the next corner , the gravel which had entered his sidepods flew out , causing him to lose control and get his car stuck in the gravel trap . Hill was told by his team on the radio to speed up as he had not yet taken his stop @-@ and @-@ go penalty , but later that lap he spun off at Spoon Curve and retired from the race without having taken the penalty . Blundell , Irvine and Frentzen also left the track at Spoon Curve but all finished the race . With his closest challenger out , Schumacher won the race after 53 laps to secure his ninth victory of the season in a time of 1 : 36 : 52 @.@ 930 . The win , along with Herbert 's third place and the retirements of Hill and Coulthard , gave Benetton the 1995 Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen finished second in his McLaren , 20 seconds behind Schumacher . Irvine was fourth in his Jordan with Olivier Panis fifth in his Ligier . Mika Salo took sixth place and the final point in his Tyrrell . Despite starting last , Blundell finished in seventh , just 1 @.@ 6 seconds behind Salo . The delayed Frentzen , Luca Badoer , Wendlinger , Lamy and Taki Inoue completed the finishers .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
This was Schumacher 's last win for Benetton , as he moved to the Ferrari team for the 1996 season . Herbert reiterated Schumacher 's opinion by stating that Benetton did " a fantastic job " . Hill was disappointed about the race and the season as a whole ; he said afterwards :
Just when you think that it couldn 't get any worse , it does . There is no easy way out of this , you just have to keep pressing on . The easiest thing to do is to give up , and it would probably be less painful that way , but that is not an option . While we were in the race we were competitive and I was in with a shout , I suppose , all the time I was on the track . But things took a massive turn for the worse , I am afraid . I drove through the rain and the second time I spun off I think it was oil rather than rain . It is not a glorious end to the season but the ingredients are all there and there is no reason why we should not get into the winning habit again .
As a result of Hill not taking his 10 @-@ second stop @-@ and @-@ go penalty because of his retirement , Williams were fined $ 10 @,@ 000 by Formula One 's governing body , the Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) . In an interview with Motor Sport magazine in 2008 , Hill said that the 1995 season , as a whole , " went down , mentally , and it all just got to me " . He also said he believed that it was in 1995 that Frank Williams and Patrick Head decided to replace him for the 1997 season .
1980 Formula One World Champion Alan Jones praised Alesi 's performance , saying that it " will go down as one of the great drives in Grand Prix racing " . Alesi stated that if his driveshaft had not failed , he would " have fought for it , all the way to the end " . Alesi added that he believed he did not jump the start , but admitted that " the car crept forwards by a few centimetres " because of the downhill slope of the grid . In an interview with Autosport magazine in 2009 , Alesi said that he went to see the race director before the race to see how he could avoid a penalty at the downhill start and that he was " totally fed up " with the penalty decision given . Berger also questioned his penalty , claiming that his car did not move before the green light went on .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
= = = Race = = =
= = Championship standings after the race = =
Bold text indicates the World Champions .
Note , only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= German FK cruiser designs =
The German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) created a series of fleet cruiser designs — designated Flottenkreuzer — in 1916 to follow the Cöln @-@ class cruisers ordered in 1915 . They were initially intended to favor high speed for reconnaissance over the heavier gun armament of the Cöln class , though by the final iterations , they were as powerful as the earlier class . The design staff ultimately drew up five different designs : FK 1 , FK 1a , FK 2 , FK 3 , and FK 4 . The proposals ranged in size from 3 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 000 long tons ; 3 @,@ 300 short tons ) to 7 @,@ 500 t ( 7 @,@ 400 long tons ; 8 @,@ 300 short tons ) designed displacement and were armed with a main battery of between five and eight 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns . Each proposed design grew in size over the preceding draft , as the weaponry and propulsion systems were increased . None of the designs were built , owing to shifting construction priorities in the German Navy in the last year of World War I.
= = FK 1 and FK 1a = =
By 1916 , thirteen German light cruisers had been lost in the course of World War I. To replace them , the Kaiserliche Marine ordered ten new cruisers of the Cöln class . The next design , under the provisional name FK 1 , or Flottenkreuzer ( Fleet cruiser ) , was prepared in 1916 . The design , which emphasized the reconnaissance role and high speed over combat power , was based on the British C @-@ class cruisers at the request of Kaiser Wilhelm II . A modified design , named FK 1a , was a slightly larger vessel .
FK 1 was 128 meters ( 420 ft ) long at the waterline and 130 m ( 430 ft ) long overall . The design had a beam of 11 @.@ 6 m ( 38 ft ) ; its forward draft was 4 @.@ 9 m ( 16 ft ) and the aft draft was 4 @.@ 1 m ( 13 ft ) . The ship would have had a double bottom of approximately 52 percent of the length of the hull , and fifteen watertight compartments . The hull was constructed with longitudinal steel frames . As designed , the ship would have had a displacement of 3 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 000 long tons ; 3 @,@ 300 short tons ) , with a full load combat displacement of 3 @,@ 800 t ( 3 @,@ 700 long tons ; 4 @,@ 200 short tons ) . The modified FK 1a was slightly larger , at 131 meters ( 430 ft ) long at the waterline and 136 m ( 446 ft ) long overall . The modified design had a beam of 12 @.@ 4 m ( 41 ft ) and a draft of 4 @.@ 6 m ( 15 ft ) . The ship 's hull would have been constructed as in FK 1 , with the same number of watertight compartments and extent of double bottom . As designed , the ship would have had a displacement of 4 @,@ 025 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 961 long tons ; 4 @,@ 437 short tons ) , with a full load combat displacement of 4 @,@ 850 t ( 4 @,@ 770 long tons ; 5 @,@ 350 short tons ) .
Both designs would have been powered by two sets of Marine @-@ type steam turbines that each drove a three @-@ bladed screw 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) wide in diameter . FK 1 would have been equipped with five Marine @-@ type oil @-@ fired watertube boilers , while FK 1a would have had improved double @-@ ended models . The propulsion system of FK 1 was rated at a maximum of 48 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 36 @,@ 000 kW ) for a top speed of 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) . The improved engines of FK 1a were rated at 52 @,@ 000 shp ( 39 @,@ 000 kW ) and a maximum speed of 33 kn ( 61 km / h ; 38 mph ) . The designs carried up to 1 @,@ 000 t ( 980 long tons ; 1 @,@ 100 short tons ) and 1 @,@ 150 t ( 1 @,@ 130 long tons ; 1 @,@ 270 short tons ) of fuel oil , respectively , which permitted a cruising radius of 2 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 200 km ; 3 @,@ 200 mi ) at a speed of 17 kn ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . Both designs were equipped with three diesel generators that produced 300 kilowatts ( 400 hp ) at 220 volts . Steering was controlled by a single rudder .
The armament of both designs consisted of five 15 cm SK L / 45 guns in single mounts , one forward , two abreast of the conning tower , and two in a superfiring pair aft of the rear superstructure . The 15 cm gun fired a 45 @-@ kilogram ( 99 lb ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 835 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 740 ft / s ) . FK 1 and FK 1a were supplied with 500 and 650 shells for their main batteries , respectively . The guns had a range of 17 @,@ 600 m ( 57 @,@ 700 ft ) . Both designs were equipped with a pair of 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns , mounted on the centerline amidships . The guns were equipped with 100 rounds of ammunition each . These guns fired a 10 kg ( 22 lb ) shells . Both ships would have carried four 60 cm ( 24 in ) torpedo tubes mounted on the deck in swivel launchers . FK 1a was also equipped with 100 mines . Both designs called for a crew of 15 officers and 342 enlisted men .
= = FK 2 , FK 3 , and FK 4 = =
Over the course of the design process that continued through 1916 , the size of the projected cruisers increased as the navy added new design requirements . This resulted in the FK 2 design . The length increased to 144 m ( 472 ft ) overall and 139 m ( 456 ft ) at the waterline . Their beam increased to 13 m ( 43 ft ) , as did their draft , to 5 @.@ 5 m ( 18 ft ) . Their displacement correspondingly rose to 4 @,@ 500 t ( 4 @,@ 400 long tons ; 5 @,@ 000 short tons ) at normal load and 5 @,@ 350 t ( 5 @,@ 270 long tons ; 5 @,@ 900 short tons ) at combat load , significantly greater than the original design . The FK 2 design was armed with five 15 cm SK L / 45 guns and two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns . It was to carry the same 60 cm torpedo tubes in twin mounts as the earlier designs . The design retained the same propulsion system as the earlier designs , but with an improved engine type and an additional boiler , which produced an estimated 60 @,@ 000 shp ( 45 @,@ 000 kW ) for a top speed of 32 knots . Range was to have been 2 @,@ 800 miles at 17 knots , as in the original design .
The next iteration , FK 3 , brought even more increases . Displacement rose to 6 @,@ 000 t ( 5 @,@ 900 long tons ; 6 @,@ 600 short tons ) normal and 6 @,@ 900 t ( 6 @,@ 800 long tons ; 7 @,@ 600 short tons ) full load , double that of the original FK design . Length was 155 m ( 509 ft ) at the waterline and 159 m ( 522 ft ) overall , and the beam was 14 @.@ 2 m ( 47 ft ) . The armament was also augmented by an additional two 15 cm and 1 8 @.@ 8 cm gun . Since the size of the ship had increased , a more powerful propulsion system was necessary ; a third set of turbines was added , and the number of boilers was increased to thirteen . This produced 70 @,@ 000 shp ( 52 @,@ 000 kW ) , for the same speed and range figures as in the previous designs .
The final design , FK 4 , was larger still . The standard displacement was 7 @,@ 500 t ( 7 @,@ 400 long tons ; 8 @,@ 300 short tons ) , and at combat load , this rose to 8 @,@ 650 t ( 8 @,@ 510 long tons ; 9 @,@ 530 short tons ) . The projected cruiser would have been 170 m ( 560 ft ) long at the waterline , with a beam of 15 @.@ 4 m ( 51 ft ) and a draft of 6 m ( 20 ft ) . The armament was increased again , with an additional 15 cm gun . The ship 's propulsion system would have included six coal @-@ fired boilers and nine oil @-@ fired models .
Ultimately , none of these designs were ever built , much like other late @-@ war German warship designs , such as the L 20 α @-@ type battleships and the Ersatz Yorck @-@ class battlecruisers . The German shipbuilding effort largely abandoned surface warship construction and instead focused on U @-@ boat construction in the final years of the war .
= 2009 UEFA Champions League Final =
The 2009 UEFA Champions League Final was played on 27 May 2009 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , Italy . The match determined the winners of the 2008 – 09 season of the UEFA Champions League , a tournament for the top football clubs in Europe . The match was won by Barcelona of Spain , who beat England 's Manchester United 2 – 0 . Samuel Eto 'o opened the scoring in the 10th minute , and Lionel Messi added another goal 20 minutes from the end to earn Barcelona a historic treble of La Liga , the Copa del Rey and the Champions League , a feat never before achieved by a Spanish club . The match was refereed by Swiss referee Massimo Busacca .
This was Barcelona 's third victory in the competition , 17 years after they first won the European Cup in 1992 . Manchester United went into the match as the competition 's defending champions , the first defending champions to reach the final since Juventus in 1997 . Manchester United also sought to be the first team to retain the European Cup since Milan in 1990 . It was the fifth year in a row in which the final involved at least one English team . The Stadio Olimpico had hosted three previous Champions League finals , following the 1977 , 1984 and 1996 matches .
As winners of the 2008 – 09 Champions League , Barcelona later played against 2008 – 09 UEFA Cup winners Shakhtar Donetsk in the 2009 UEFA Super Cup , and they represented UEFA at the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . Despite winning the Champions League final , Barcelona won € 8 million less prize money from the tournament than Manchester United .
= = Background = =
Barcelona and Manchester United had previously faced each other nine times in European competitions : three times in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and six times in the UEFA Champions League . Of those nine matches , Manchester United had recorded three wins to Barcelona 's two , with the remaining four matches finishing in draws . The only time that the two teams met in a final came in 1991 , when they contested the 1991 Cup Winners ' Cup final . The first meeting between the two sides came in the third round of the 1983 – 84 Cup Winners ' Cup ; Barcelona won the first leg at the Camp Nou 2 – 0 , but Manchester United won the return leg 3 – 0 at Old Trafford to reach the semi @-@ finals . That result marked Manchester United 's biggest win over Barcelona ; Barcelona 's biggest win was a 4 – 0 home victory in the group stage of the 1994 – 95 Champions League . The most recent meeting between the teams came in the semi @-@ finals of the 2007 – 08 Champions League , when United held Barcelona to a 0 – 0 draw at the Camp Nou before beating them 1 – 0 at Old Trafford . Despite their record against Manchester United , Barcelona had an overall winning record against English clubs , having won 20 and lost 15 of their 52 matches against English opposition . Manchester United , on the other hand , had a losing record against Spanish teams ; they had lost 11 and won 10 of their 37 matches .
Both teams had won the UEFA Champions League before ; Manchester United had three titles , while Barcelona had two . The most recent of these had come only the season before , when Manchester United beat Chelsea on penalties in the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . They won the first of their European Cups in 1968 , beating Benfica 4 – 1 at Wembley Stadium , while their second was achieved in 1999 via a last @-@ gasp 2 – 1 win over Bayern Munich at Barcelona 's home ground , the Camp Nou . Barcelona 's first European Cup was won as recently as 1992 , when they beat Sampdoria 1 – 0 after extra time at Wembley ; their only other title came in 2006 with a 2 – 1 win over another English side , Arsenal . Prior to 2009 , unlike Barcelona , Manchester United had never lost a European Cup final ; Barcelona had lost three – in 1961 , 1986 and 1994 , to Benfica , Steaua București and Milan respectively .
Both teams went into the match as the champions of their respective countries – the first time that the final had been contested by domestic champions since 1999 , when Manchester United beat Bayern Munich 2 – 1 at Barcelona 's home , the Camp Nou – both winning with games to spare . Manchester United won their 11th Premier League title with a 0 – 0 draw at home to Arsenal on 16 May , while Barcelona were confirmed as La Liga champions for the first time in three years when Real Madrid lost to Villarreal on the same day . Both Manchester United and Barcelona were also looking for another Champions League title to cap a season in which they had won multiple trophies : Manchester United had already won four out of a possible seven trophies in 2008 – 09 and were playing for the possibility of becoming the third team to retain the European Double ( the domestic league and the European Cup ) , while Barcelona were aiming to become the first Spanish club to win a Treble of La Liga , the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Champions League .
= = Road to Rome = =
= = = Barcelona = = =
By virtue of their third @-@ place finish in the 2007 – 08 Primera División , Barcelona entered the 2008 – 09 Champions League at the third qualifying round . Based on their UEFA coefficient , Barcelona were seeded for the third qualifying round draw , and drawn against Polish champions Wisła Kraków . A 4 – 0 win in the first leg at the Camp Nou made defeat in the second leg immaterial and Barcelona were entered into the group stage draw .
Barcelona 's UEFA coefficient placed them in the top eight seeds for the draw , meaning that they would avoid having to play against Internazionale , Liverpool , Chelsea or holders and their semi @-@ final opponents from 2007 – 08 , Manchester United . However , they could still draw Bayern Munich , Roma or Juventus . In the end , Barcelona were drawn into Group C against Sporting CP , Basel and Shakhtar Donetsk .
Four wins and a draw at home to Basel placed Barcelona on top of their group with a game to spare , and despite defeat to Shakhtar Donetsk on Matchday 6 , they still had the third @-@ best record amongst the qualifiers for the first knockout round . As group winners , Barcelona would avoid being drawn with other group winners , including Manchester United , Liverpool , Juventus and Bayern Munich , but they could still be drawn against runners @-@ up such as Chelsea , Internazionale and Arsenal . The draw eventually paired them with Olympique Lyonnais and , as group winners , they were given the right to play the second leg at home .
In the first leg in Lyon , Barcelona fell behind to a seventh @-@ minute free kick from Juninho , only for Thierry Henry to equalise halfway through the second half , giving Barcelona an away goal to take back to the Camp Nou . They needed a win or a no @-@ score draw to guarantee passage , but a 4 – 1 half @-@ time lead set the stage for a convincing 5 – 2 win . Two first @-@ half goals from Henry and one each from Lionel Messi and Samuel Eto 'o were followed by goals from Jean Makoun and Juninho either side of the interval to reduce Lyon 's deficit . However , a goal from Seydou Keita in the fifth minute of injury time secured a 6 – 3 aggregate win and passage to the next round .
In the quarter @-@ finals , Barcelona were drawn against their fellow leading @-@ scorers in the competition , Bayern Munich , who had beaten Barcelona 's group stage opposition , Sporting CP , 12 – 1 on aggregate in the previous round . However , despite Bayern 's impressive scoring record , goals from Messi and Eto 'o gave Barcelona a 2 – 0 lead within the first 12 minutes . Messi and Henry also scored to seal a 4 – 0 home victory before half @-@ time . The lack of an away goal meant that Bayern Munich would have to win by five clear goals to qualify for the semi @-@ finals ; after a goalless first half , they took the lead through Franck Ribéry in the 47th minute , but it was not enough for Bayern as Keita equalised in the 73rd minute to clinch a 5 – 1 aggregate win for the Spanish side .
The quarter @-@ final draw also determined the teams ' routes to the final , with Barcelona facing the prospect of meeting either Chelsea or Liverpool in the semi @-@ finals . After a 3 – 1 win at Anfield , Chelsea qualified for the semi @-@ finals with a 4 – 4 draw at Stamford Bridge . The semi @-@ final first leg was played at the Camp Nou ; although Barcelona enjoyed the majority of the possession , Chelsea 's defence was resolute and they became the first side to keep a clean sheet in Barcelona in this season 's competition , coming away with a goalless draw . Barcelona needed to avoid defeat to reach the final , but they found themselves a goal down within 10 minutes ; after they failed to clear Frank Lampard 's pass into the penalty area , Michael Essien fired a left @-@ footed volley past Víctor Valdés into the roof of the net . The rest of the match continued much the same as the first leg , with Barcelona retaining most of the possession . Despite this , they found themselves guilty of several fouls , while Chelsea made four unsuccessful penalty appeals during the match . Meanwhile , Dani Alves received his third yellow card of the knockout phase , ruling him out of Barcelona 's next match , and Éric Abidal was given a straight red card for a foul on Nicolas Anelka as the French forward was through on goal . However , television replays after the incident showed that there was little contact between Abidal and Anelka . Norwegian referee Tom Henning Øvrebø allowed a minimum of four minutes of injury time at the end of the second half ; in the third of those four minutes – just when it looked like Chelsea were about to secure a repeat of the 2008 final – Messi played the ball across the edge of the penalty area to Andrés Iniesta , who shot just past Petr Čech 's outstretched hand for the away goal that would send Barcelona to the final .
= = = Manchester United = = =
As the reigning champions of the UEFA Champions League , Manchester United began their title defence at the group stage , for which they were given the top seed . This position amongst the top eight European clubs meant that they would avoid drawing former European champions Barcelona , Internazionale and Real Madrid until at least the first knockout round , although they were faced with the prospect of drawing Bayern Munich or Roma . Nevertheless , United ended up being drawn into Group E with two teams they had played against before : Villarreal ( whom they had drawn in 2005 – 06 ) and Celtic ( 2006 – 07 ) ; and one they had not : Aalborg BK .
Two victories – away to Aalborg and at home to Celtic – and four draws were enough to secure passage to the knockout phase of the competition . Following a Celtic victory over Villarreal in the final group match , United went through as group winners . This meant that they would avoid Roma , Barcelona , Bayern Munich , Porto and Juventus in the first knockout round ; however , their potential opposition still included Internazionale , Lyon and Real Madrid . The draw paired Manchester United with José Mourinho 's Internazionale , but since United had won their group , they were rewarded by having the second leg at home .
United started the first leg the better of the two sides , and although Inter improved in the second half , neither side was able to find the net during the match , and United took a 0 – 0 draw back to Old Trafford . The draw was also United 's 20th match since their last defeat in the UEFA Champions League , breaking Ajax 's 19 @-@ match record that had stood for 13 years . The lack of an away goal at the San Siro meant that United could not afford to concede a goal in the event of a draw . A fourth @-@ minute headed goal from Nemanja Vidić , however , got the home side off to a good start , and Cristiano Ronaldo doubled United 's lead four minutes into the second half . Shots from both Zlatan Ibrahimović and Adriano hit the frame of the Manchester United goal in either half of the match , but they were unable to find the back of the net , and the 2 – 0 result sent the English champions through to the next stage of the competition .
The draw for the quarter @-@ finals paired United with Porto , against whom they had played in the first knockout round of the 2003 – 04 competition . The draw also determined the semi @-@ final pairings , with United or Porto drawn to play against Arsenal or Villarreal . The first leg of the quarter @-@ final was played at Old Trafford , giving Porto the chance to put the pressure on Manchester United with an away goal . That away goal came in the fourth minute of the game , but Wayne Rooney equalised ten minutes later and Carlos Tevez gave United the lead in the 85th minute . However , with only one minute left in the game , United suffered a defensive lapse , allowing Mariano González to score Porto 's second away goal . Those away goals meant that United travelled to the Estádio do Dragão in Porto needing a win or a score @-@ draw of 2 – 2 or higher to remain in the competition . A 40 @-@ yard goal from Ronaldo in the sixth minute put United into the lead , and although both sides pressed for another goal , it proved to be the only one of the game , making Manchester United the first English side to win in Porto .
Meanwhile , a 1 – 1 draw in Villarreal and a 3 – 0 win at the Emirates Stadium secured Arsenal 's status as United 's semi @-@ final opponents . The draw had determined that United would play the first leg at home , and after Rooney , Tevez and Ronaldo had early chances , John O 'Shea opened the scoring , firing home a Michael Carrick cross after Arsenal had failed to clear a corner . United continued to make chances throughout the game , but despite Arsenal making a couple of chances themselves , the match finished at 1 – 0 and United travelled to the Emirates Stadium a week later needing only to avoid defeat to become the first defending champions to reach the final since Juventus in 1997 . Although Arsenal only needed to overturn a one @-@ goal deficit , their chances of victory were drastically reduced within the first 11 minutes of the match ; Park Ji @-@ sung took advantage of a slip by Kieran Gibbs to double United 's aggregate lead in the eighth minute , before Ronaldo fired home a 41 @-@ yard free kick in the 11th . With two away goals on the United scoreboard , Arsenal now had to score four goals to reach the final . However , it was
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
United who scored the next goal , as they hit Arsenal on the break and Ronaldo scored within 15 seconds of Arsenal losing the ball at the other end of the pitch . 15 minutes from time , Arsenal were awarded a penalty kick after Darren Fletcher brought Cesc Fàbregas down in the penalty area , a foul for which Fletcher was sent off – although replays showed that Fletcher knocked the ball away from Fàbregas immediately before bringing him down , resulting in some controversy as to whether Fletcher deserved a red card for the foul . Robin van Persie scored the penalty to make the score 3 – 1 , but it was not enough to prevent United from reaching the final unbeaten for the third time in their history .
= = Pre @-@ match = =
= = = Venue = = =
The Stadio Olimpico in Rome was selected as the venue for the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final at a meeting of the UEFA Executive Committee in Ljubljana , Slovenia , on 4 October 2006 . The committee – who decided the venue for the 2008 final and the 2008 and 2009 UEFA Cup Finals at the same meeting – based their decision on a number of factors , including stadium capacity , safety and security facilities , and accessibility .
The Stadio Olimpico in Rome had hosted three European Cup finals before 2009 : the 1977 and 1984 finals , both of which were won by Liverpool – Liverpool beat Borussia Mönchengladbach 3 – 1 in 1977 before beating home side Roma 4 – 2 on penalties after the match finished 1 – 1 after extra time ; the most recent final to be held at the Stadio Olimpico was the 1996 final , which Juventus also won 4 – 2 on penalties after a 1 – 1 draw with Ajax .
The construction of the stadium was commissioned by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in the mid @-@ 1930s as the centrepiece of a new sports complex in the city , to be named Foro Mussolini . After the Second World War , the complex was renamed Foro Italico and the stadium was radically redesigned as a 54 @,@ 000 @-@ capacity arena for the 1960 Summer Olympics . After hosting the 1987 World Athletics Championships , the stadium was redeveloped in time for the 1990 FIFA World Cup , at which West Germany 's 1 – 0 win over Argentina in the final was played there . The stadium 's most recent renovation , in 2008 , brought the capacity to 72 @,@ 689 .
Since 1999 , the UEFA Champions League final has been given a unique visual identity in order to increase the marketing appeal of the event . Designed by London @-@ based design and branding agency Radiant , the theme for the 2009 final was revealed on 25 October 2008 , and it incorporated several typically Roman images ; the logo was centred around an outline of the European Champion Clubs ' Cup , upon which was written " MMIX " – " 2009 " in Roman numerals ; around the base of the trophy was a stylised laurel wreath , and in the background was a simplified image of the interior of the Colosseum . An alternative logo consisting of the UEFA Champions League logo surrounded by a laurel wreath was also released . The entire theme was based on a colour scheme of deep red and silver @-@ white .
A trophy handover ceremony was held in Rome on 21 April 2009 , at which Ole Gunnar Solskjær , representing Manchester United as the previous season 's champions , returned the trophy to UEFA president Michel Platini . Platini then presented the trophy to Gianni Alemanno , the Mayor of Rome , that it might be put on display in and around the city until the day of the final . Also present at the ceremony were the president and vice @-@ president of the Italian Football Federation , Giancarlo Abete and Demetrio Albertini , the ambassador for the final , Bruno Conti , and Emilio Di Toro on behalf of the Italian National Olympic Committee .
= = = Ticketing = = =
Although the usual capacity of the Stadio Olimpico is over 72 @,@ 000 , this was reduced to approximately 67 @,@ 000 for the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final . Approximately 10 @,@ 000 tickets were made available to the general public , with recipients determined by a random ballot following an application period that ran from 2 to 16 March 2009 . Each club was also allocated approximately 20 @,@ 000 tickets for distribution to fans . Manchester United chose to limit ticket applications to season ticket holders , with preference given to those who had attended more of the club 's Champions League away fixtures that season . Barcelona , meanwhile , allotted 80 % of their ticket allocation to fans , with the remaining 20 % going to the club 's corporate sponsors . Unlike United , however , Barcelona opened ticket applications to all 150 @,@ 000 of their members . The remaining 17 @,@ 000 tickets were retained by UEFA for the " European football family " , which comprises UEFA itself , the local organising committee , UEFA 's member associations and its commercial partners .
Tickets for the 2009 final were similar to ATM cards , with an integrated chip storing the ticket holder 's personal information in order to ensure that the ticket is being presented by its legitimate owner . As further security , tickets also had to be presented with an adequate form of photographic identification . However , despite these security measures , counterfeit tickets were still produced , forcing UEFA to issue a statement warning people against buying tickets from touts .
Despite only receiving 20 @,@ 000 tickets for fans , it was expected that around 30 @,@ 000 Manchester United fans would be travelling to Rome for the final , leading to police warning ticketless fans not to travel amidst fears of potential hooligans making the trip . Fans were also warned to avoid certain areas of the city that are known to be frequented by members of Rome 's Ultra fan groups . Despite Rome 's reputation as a hotbed for knife @-@ related crime , dubbed " Stab City " by some , UEFA was confident that the 2009 final would pass without incident , but on the morning of the final , there were reports that a Manchester United fan had been stabbed in the leg the previous evening . It was also expected that a similar number of Barcelona fans would be arriving in Rome in the lead @-@ up to the match . After the match , UEFA president Michel Platini praised the Rome police for their arrangement of security for the final .
More than 3 @,@ 000 Manchester United fans congregated just outside the city in a field that came to be known as " Fergie 's Field " . The venue provided ticketless fans with the opportunity to watch the match on a giant screen , and kept them away from the streets of Rome 's city centre , although the alcohol ban that came into effect in the city at 17 : 00 ( Central European Summer Time ) on 26 May was still in force .
= = = Match ball = = =
The official match ball for the 2009 Champions League final was the adidas Finale Rome . Based on the " Starball " design that has been used for the Champions League final since 2001 and become synonymous with the UEFA Champions League , the Finale Rome was unveiled on 16 March 2009 . The colour scheme was a traditional Roman burgundy with a gold border around the stars . The ball used the same panel configuration as the Adidas Europass and the Adidas Teamgeist before it , and the same thermal bonding process was used to adhere the panels to each other , while the surface of the ball featured the same " PSC @-@ Texture " as was debuted with the Europass ; the surface of the ball was covered with thousands of tiny pimples , which was designed to improve the grip between boot and ball .
= = = Officials = = =
The referee for the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final was Massimo Busacca , representing the Swiss Football Association . Having been on FIFA 's list of internationally accredited referees since 1999 , Busacca had experience of officiating 32 UEFA Champions League matches , six of them during the 2008 – 09 season , and most recently the second leg of Manchester United 's quarter @-@ final against Porto on 15 April 2009 . He also took charge of the first leg of the semi @-@ final between Manchester United and Barcelona in the 2007 – 08 competition . Busacca also refereed at both the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2008 , and took charge of the 2007 UEFA Cup Final between Espanyol and Sevilla at Hampden Park , Glasgow , on 16 May 2007 .
As usual , the referee was supported by assistant referees and a fourth official from the same country ; in the 2009 final , Massimo Busacca was assisted by Matthias Arnet and Francesco Buragina , with Claudio Circhetta as the fourth official .
= = = Kits = = =
Having been designated as the official " home " team , Barcelona were given the first choice of kits for the final and opted to wear their traditional red and blue halved shirts . Since the Barcelona home kit clashed with both Manchester United 's home and European away kits , the Red Devils wore their white domestic away kit for the first time in a European Cup final . They wore blue for their first European Cup final against Benfica in 1968 , but wore red for both of their most recent finals in 1999 and 2008 . Manchester United had previously worn white against Barcelona in five matches , losing just one of them – a 2 – 0 defeat in 1984 – while the only win in white came in the 1991 Cup Winners ' Cup Final . The other three matches finished in draws : two 3 – 3 and one 0 – 0 . Barcelona , on the other hand , had won two of their five European Cup finals – they wore orange for their win over Sampdoria in 1992 but wore their usual blue and red stripes for their most recent win in 2006 against Arsenal . However , two of their European Cup final defeats came against teams wearing white – against Steaua București in 1986 and against Milan in 1994 .
= = = Opening ceremony = = =
The 2009 UEFA Champions League Final officially opened with the opening of the UEFA Champions Festival at Rome 's Arco di Constantino and the Parco di Colle Oppio above the Colosseum . The Champions Festival was opened by former Italian international goalkeeper Luca Marchegiani on 23 May 2009 and ran until the afternoon on the day of the final , culminating with a football match between a European side coached by Ruud Gullit and an all @-@ Italian team featuring Alessandro Costacurta and final ambassador Bruno Conti . Other attractions at the Champions Festival included appearances by representatives from both clubs ( Bryan Robson and Ole Gunnar Solskjær for Manchester United and Hristo Stoichkov for Barcelona ) , exhibitions featuring memorabilia from past UEFA Champions League tournaments and the European Champion Clubs ' Cup on display .
Immediately prior to the match itself came the opening ceremony for the final . The ceremony began with 64 members of the Rustavi Ensemble dance group performing a choreographed routine to a variation of the UEFA Champions League Anthem . At the culmination of the routine , the players emerged from the tunnel , accompanied by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli singing Il Gladiatore – a song based on Earth from the soundtrack to the film Gladiator – before Bocelli sang supporting vocals to the UEFA Champions League Anthem . Before they emerged from their dressing room , manager Pep Guardiola played the Barcelona team a specially commissioned seven @-@ minute film showing their best moments from the season interspersed with clips from the film Gladiator . The film culminated with the late Luciano Pavarotti 's version of Nessun Dorma , and it left several of the players in tears . With his players motivated for the game , Guardiola said nothing as they emerged into the tunnel .
= = Match = =
= = = Team selection = = =
Two Barcelona players missed the final through suspension : right back Dani Alves , who picked up his third yellow card of the tournament in Barcelona 's semi @-@ final second leg against Chelsea on 6 May 2009 ; and left back Éric Abidal , who was sent off in the same game for a professional foul on Nicolas Anelka . Defender Rafael Márquez also missed the match after he picked up a knee injury in the first leg of the semi @-@ final , ruling him out for the rest of the season . Forward Thierry Henry and semi @-@ final @-@ winning midfielder Andrés Iniesta were also doubts for the final ; Henry damaged his right posterior cruciate ligament in Barcelona 's 6 – 2 league win over Real Madrid on 2 May 2009 , while Iniesta was discovered to have suffered a tear in his right thigh following Barça 's 3 – 3 draw with Villarreal on 10 May . Both Henry and Iniesta returned to light training on 22 May , but they had not yet resumed training with the main squad and remained doubts for the final . Carles Puyol , however , was available for selection after he served a one @-@ match suspension in the semi @-@ final second leg . In all , FC Barcelona started with seven players who had come up through the youth system , of whom five were Catalans .
Manchester United 's starting right @-@ winger from the 2008 final , Owen Hargreaves , missed the match as he was still in rehabilitation after a double knee operation to cure his tendinitis problems that had seen him play little part in the 2008 – 09 Champions League campaign . It had been expected that defender Wes Brown would also miss the match after suffering a recurrence of a foot injury , but he returned to training quicker than expected and was involved in United 's match against Hull City on 24 May , although he picked up a slight knock during the game . Rio Ferdinand was also a doubt following a calf injury that has kept him out of the United side since the semi @-@ final second leg against Arsenal ; Alex Ferguson had said that Ferdinand might not start in Rome if he was not fit to play against Hull , but he later admitted that Ferdinand was on course to recover in time to play in the match . Second @-@ choice goalkeeper Ben Foster also missed the match after requiring surgery to repair a ruptured ligament in his right thumb in May 2009 . On the other hand , following John O 'Shea 's winning goal in Manchester United 's semi @-@ final first leg victory over Arsenal , United manager Alex Ferguson suggested that the Irish utility player would be guaranteed a place in the starting line @-@ up were United to reach the final . O 'Shea 's place in the team was confirmed at Manchester United 's media day the week before the final . South Korean midfielder Park Ji @-@ sung was also promised a place in the team after he missed the 2008 final , finally making him the first Asian to appear in a European Cup final . Cristiano Ronaldo suffered a slight injury scare in training the night before the final , requiring a bandage on his lower right leg , but he was eventually fit enough to play in the match .
Meanwhile , midfielder Darren Fletcher was forced to miss the final after picking up a red card in the second leg of the semi @-@ final . While replays showed that Fletcher played the ball before felling Cesc Fàbregas in the penalty area , the UEFA appeals process only allows for cards to be rescinded in the case of mistaken identity . Despite this , an appeal was submitted by Manchester United on " compassionate " grounds . Barcelona decided to appeal against the suspensions of Abidal and Alves after United lodged an appeal against Fletcher 's red card . Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola came out in support of overturning all three players ' suspensions . The appeals were declared unsuccessful on 11 May , with UEFA saying in a statement that the appeals were not submitted within the required 24 @-@ hour deadline of the matches and that even if they had been submitted on time then " they would have been rejected as unfounded as there were no grounds for contesting the referees ' original decisions . " By upholding the suspensions , UEFA made Abidal , Alves and Fletcher the first players to miss a Champions League final through suspension since Juventus ' Pavel Nedvěd sat out the 2003 final at Old Trafford .
= = = Summary = = =
= = = = First half = = = =
Barcelona kicked the match off , but Manchester United showed their intent from the outset , forcing goalkeeper Víctor Valdés to concede a throw @-@ in after just 10 seconds . Further pressure on the attack resulted in Yaya Touré fouling Anderson within Cristiano Ronaldo 's shooting range . Ronaldo fired the free kick directly at Valdés , but the Spanish goalkeeper could only parry the ball and Gerard Piqué did well to divert Park Ji @-@ sung 's follow @-@ up effort over the bar . The resulting corner was cleared , but only as far as Wayne Rooney , whose snap @-@ shot was wayward and went out for a goal kick .
Both teams struggled to put a flowing move together in the opening exchanges , but it was United who had the better chances , both falling to Ronaldo . The first came in the seventh minute : having been played the ball by Michael Carrick , Ronaldo turned away from Piqué on the edge of the centre circle , before hitting a shot just wide from almost 40 yards ; the second saw the ball break to Ronaldo after Anderson and Patrice Evra had linked up well down the left flank . The Portuguese winger controlled the ball on the chest before hitting the ball just past the far post .
Despite United 's early pressure , it was Barcelona who scored the first goal of the match . Edwin van der Sar cleared the ball downfield for Manchester United , but it was headed away by Barcelona 's midfield anchor Sergio Busquets . Carrick was first to the ball for Manchester United , but he could only head it as far as Xavi , who passed to Andrés Iniesta . The Manchester United defence backed away from the Spaniard , who – after exchanging passes with Lionel Messi – played the ball into the path of Samuel Eto 'o in the Manchester United penalty area . Nemanja Vidić attempted to shepherd the Cameroonian striker towards the goal line , but Eto 'o easily stepped inside him and toe @-@ poked the ball past Van der Sar to make it 1 – 0 to Barcelona inside 10 minutes .
The goal shifted the balance of the game in Barcelona 's favour , as United had been on top in terms of shots and possession up to that point . Almost immediately after the restart , Vidić gave away an unnecessary corner . In a rehearsed corner move , Xavi played the ball back to the edge of the penalty area towards Messi , but the tournament 's top scorer was unable to make a proper connection . Nevertheless , Barça retained possession through some sharp inter @-@ passing involving Xavi and Iniesta . When United did manage to regain the ball , however , it was quickly given away by a poor pass from Carrick , while Anderson mis @-@ timed a kick and completely missed the ball . It was now Barcelona 's turn to pressurise the United players , forcing them into backward passes or long , hopeful balls forward .
The quality of the teams ' passing remained the main difference between them ; however , in the 16th minute , Barcelona lost the ball and Ryan Giggs sent a long ball forward to Ronaldo . Ronaldo 's first touch took him inside Piqué before going back outside the former Manchester United defender , who cynically blocked Ronaldo 's run , earning himself the first yellow card of the match . Ronaldo shaped to take the free kick himself , but it was Giggs who shot for goal , only to curl the ball just over the bar .
Barcelona responded quickly , as Carles Puyol found Eto 'o with a long throw @-@ in down the right wing . The Cameroonian then found Messi , who cut inside and hit a curling 25 @-@ yard shot that just shaved the top of the crossbar . A quick @-@ passing move from United followed , culminating with a through @-@ ball to Park in the inside right channel , only for Valdés to cut out the pass , taking out the South Korean in the process . The resulting throw @-@ in eventually broke to Ronaldo , whose 30 @-@ yard shot went just wide . Valdés ' clash with Park , however , left him requiring treatment , and although the injury was not sufficient to necessitate a substitution , Valdés chose to leave his next few goal kicks to Piqué .
In the 22nd minute , a lofted through @-@ pass from Carrick found Rooney on the left wing , but the Liverpudlian 's cross was blocked by Touré and went out for a corner kick . The corner , taken by Giggs , found Ronaldo , but the Portuguese got too far under the ball and headed over . Precise passing from the Barcelona midfield got the Catalans moving upfield until a shoulder charge from Anderson sent Iniesta stumbling to the ground in the inside @-@ left channel 30 yards from goal . The consequent free kick was taken by Xavi , who sent the ball just wide of the near post . Another free kick followed , as Messi was bundled over by a double @-@ challenge from Vidić and Carrick , but it came to nothing .
With ten minutes left until half @-@ time , the Manchester United defence effectively switched off and allowed Touré to dribble unopposed to within 15 yards of their penalty area before slipping the ball out wide to Puyol , whose low cross was diverted behind by Vidić . The corner kick was taken short and the eventual cross was headed behind for another corner on the opposite side by Evra . The second corner was crossed in towards Piqué , but he was unable to make contact with the ball .
With half @-@ time fast approaching , Barcelona 's confidence began to show : first , Messi attempted to flick a pass over the top of the United defence to Thierry Henry , which Rio Ferdinand intercepted ; Iniesta then tried an ambitious back @-@ heel that Van der Sar collected ; and finally Messi sped through three Manchester United defenders towards the by @-@ line , only for his cut @-@ back cross to be pounced upon by Van der Sar and then cleared by Vidić . On the stroke of half @-@ time , Iniesta himself then attempted to flick the ball through to Henry , but it was just too high for the French striker , and referee Massimo Busacca took that cue to blow the whistle for the interval .
= = = = Second half = = = =
After bringing on Carlos Tevez in place of Anderson at half time , Manchester United kicked off the second half in a different formation , with Tevez joining Ronaldo up front in a familiar 4 – 4 – 2 . Both teams attempted to settle into their customary passing rhythms , but – unlike the first half – it was Barcelona who settled first ; Manchester United 's passes in their attacking third of the field failed to find their targets , and Iniesta eventually came away with the ball before flicking a pass through to Xavi , who played a through @-@ ball to Henry on the left wing . The French forward turned Ferdinand inside @-@ out , but his shot from a narrow angle was straight at Van der Sar and ended up going out for a throw @-@ in . Xavi then again passed the ball out to the left flank , where Henry nonchalantly left it for the on @-@ rushing Sylvinho ; the Brazilian full @-@ back whipped in a cross for Eto 'o , but it was caught on the edge of the six @-@ yard box by Van der Sar .
Pressure high up the pitch from Barcelona kept Manchester United in their own half , forcing them into attempting long balls downfield . A scrappy few moments in and around the centre circle followed , but Manchester United eventually came away with the ball . However , a lapse in communication between Giggs and Evra on the left wing allowed Eto 'o to steal in and advance on the Manchester United goal . He cut in from the right wing and played a through @-@ ball just out of reach of Messi , who went to ground after O 'Shea had put his hand on Messi 's shoulder . A period of sustained pressure from Barcelona followed , culminating with a run from Iniesta , who could only be stopped by a foul from Tevez on the edge of the Manchester United penalty area . The consequent free kick was taken by Xavi , who curled the ball around the defensive wall and onto the post with Van der Sar beaten .
United responded with their first extended period of possession of the half , working the ball into wide areas to be crossed into the middle , but Rooney 's first couple of attempted centres were well cleared by Piqué . At the third attempt , though , Rooney 's cross evaded the Barcelona defence as Touré kicked at thin air ; however , it also failed to find a Manchester United player in the penalty area , both Ronaldo and Park going close . After Ronaldo was called offside in the 59th minute – despite appearing to be level with the last defender – Giggs stole the ball mid @-@ way inside the Barcelona half before playing the ball to Ronaldo on the left wing . The Portuguese forward stepped over the ball several times in an attempt to wrong @-@ foot Puyol , before cutting inside and playing the ball across the edge of the area towards Carrick . A sliding challenge from Busquets prevented a shot , only for the English midfielder to slide the ball out for a Barcelona goal kick while attempting to play Rooney through . Rooney was again played down the right wing a few moments later , but his low cross was diverted behind by Piqué , and the resulting corner came to nothing . A left @-@ wing attack from Ronaldo followed , but after cutting inside , he gave the ball away cheaply . Barcelona immediately went on the attack down the other end , but Henry was unable to get past O 'Shea and his shot was well saved by Van der Sar low at the near post .
In the 66th minute , Alex Ferguson completed his attacking quartet by bringing Dimitar Berbatov on in place of Park . Ronaldo was penalised for a high elbow when challenging for a header with Puyol a minute later , before Rooney forced another corner off Piqué in the 69th minute . However , United 's numbers up front in search of another goal left them wanting in defence ; a weak clearance from Van der Sar was cut out by Puyol who played the ball to Eto 'o on the right side of the penalty area . The ball broke to Xavi on the edge of the area , who crossed for Messi to send a looping header over the United goalkeeper and into the far side of the goal for a two @-@ goal lead . Immediately after the goal , Henry was replaced by Seydou Keita , allowing Barcelona to adopt a more defensive stance .
United responded to the goal immediately , as Giggs made a surging run through the Barcelona defence before playing the ball to Berbatov in the inside @-@ right channel . The Bulgarian forward 's low cross found Giggs in the centre , and the United captain 's shot was deflected to Ronaldo on the far side of the goal , only for the Portuguese 's shot to be blocked by Valdés . The resulting corner reached Berbatov on the far side of the goal , but it was deemed to have crossed the goal line first and Barcelona were awarded a goal kick , from which they launched another attack . Messi played a through @-@ ball to Puyol on the right flank , but as the Barcelona captain reached the goal line , he was fouled by Ronaldo , who – despite going in two @-@ footed – escaped the referee 's book . Puyol himself rose to head Xavi 's free kick towards goal , but it was directly at Van der Sar , who claimed the ball easily .
Manchester United used their third and final substitute in the 75th minute , replacing Giggs with Paul Scholes , who took over as team captain . Ronaldo and Scholes each received yellow cards in the 78th and 80th minutes , respectively ; Ronaldo 's yellow card was awarded for a robust shoulder @-@ charge on Puyol as the Barcelona right back shepherded the ball out for a goal kick , while Scholes was booked for a late challenge on Busquets . While the referee played advantage after Scholes ' foul , Iniesta cut inside from the left wing and hit a shot that was saved above the head of Van der Sar . An extended spell of Barcelona possession followed , as they strung a series of around 20 passes together , culminating with Puyol attempting to clip the ball over the onrushing Van der Sar , who blocked the shot . Both players went for the follow @-@ up , but the Dutch goalkeeper was first to the ball and sent Puyol sprawling .
In the 85th minute , Scholes clipped the ball over the top of the Barcelona defensive line to Rooney , who chested the ball down for Tevez , only to be given offside . Scholes then found Rooney again on the left wing with a raking ball from deep inside his own half , but Rooney 's first touch was heavy , allowing Puyol to get back and put the ball out for a corner . Rooney took the corner short to Tevez , whose cross was just beyond the reach of Berbatov and diverted behind again by Puyol . Rooney also took the second corner , which was met by Berbatov , but he put the ball high over the crossbar .
As the match entered its closing stages , the referee allotted a minimum of three minutes of injury time . The first of these saw Van der Sar make a poor pass after the ball was played back to him by Ferdinand , allowing Iniesta to steal in and play the ball towards Messi in the United penalty area , only for Vidić to get there ahead of the Argentine and knock the ball out for a corner . Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola brought Pedro Rodríguez on for Iniesta in the second minute of added time , before Vidić was immediately shown a yellow card for a clash of heads with Messi when going for a header . That was to be the final act of the match , as referee Massimo Busacca blew for full @-@ time as soon as Xavi took the free kick .
= = = = Trophy presentation = = = =
At the final whistle , Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola offered his commiserations to each of Manchester United 's players , while former Manchester United defender Gerard Piqué talked with his erstwhile team @-@ mates . Both teams then retreated to either end of the stadium to applaud their fans .
While match referee Massimo Busacca and his assistants collected their mementoes of the final , the Barcelona team formed a guard of honour for the Manchester United players , just as the English side had done for Chelsea in 2008 . Led by their manager , Alex Ferguson , and team captain , Ryan Giggs , the Manchester United team then ascended the specially constructed rostrum to collect their runners @-@ up medals from UEFA president Michel Platini and secretary David Taylor . Other dignitaries present included Manchester United chief executive David Gill ; The Football Association 's president Prince William , and chairman Lord Triesman ; Barcelona president Joan Laporta ; Juan Carlos I of Spain ; Royal Spanish Football Federation president Ángel María Villar ; and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi . Ferguson also collected a commemorative plaque from Platini , but immediately handed it to Giggs .
After offering his commiserations to Manchester United 's players , Joan Laporta then joined the Barcelona team to lead them up the podium , closely followed by manager Guardiola . Laporta himself collected Barcelona 's commemorative plaque before accepting a medal from Platini . Once the entire Barcelona team had collected their medals , Platini made his way to the front of the podium to present Carles Puyol with the European Champion Clubs ' Cup . The Barcelona captain promptly held the trophy aloft with accompaniment from the UEFA Champions League Anthem and explosions of golden confetti , before leading his team on a lap of honour .
= = = Details = = =
= = = Statistics = = =
= = Reaction = =
During the match , UEFA.com users were able to vote for their man of the match ; the public vote went to the scorer of Barcelona 's second goal , Lionel Messi . The UEFA Technical Study Group , however , chose the man who provided the cross for Messi 's goal , Xavi , as their man of the match , citing his control of the tempo of the match as the reason for their decision . Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola took the time to give special praise to Messi , whom he said he moved back into the midfield in order to increase the team 's effectiveness when in possession of the ball . Messi had been withdrawn from his usual right @-@ wing role into a more central position , while Samuel Eto 'o , who had started the match as Barcelona 's lone centre @-@ forward , was moved out to the right . Guardiola also lauded the bravery of his entire team , stating that he believed that his team 's victory hinged on their hard work and propensity for taking risks in attack , but he admitted that although his side had had the best season in the history of the club , they were not yet the best Barcelona team .
In the Manchester United camp , manager Alex Ferguson admitted that his team had been beaten by the better side and that the game was all but lost after the first goal . United forward Cristiano Ronaldo , however , criticised his team 's tactics , saying that " everything went wrong " . Ferguson paid tribute to Messi and the midfield partnership of Xavi and Iniesta , while Wayne Rooney lauded Iniesta as " the best player in the world " . Ferguson also expressed his regret at the unavailability of midfielder Darren Fletcher , who was suspended for the match , and lamented at his side 's " shoddy " defending and ineffectiveness when in possession . Nevertheless , Ferguson paid tribute to Guardiola 's achievement of winning the Treble in his first season of management . Barcelona 's victory also made Guardiola only the sixth man to win the competition as both a player and a manager , following in the footsteps of Miguel Muñoz , Giovanni Trappatoni , Johan Cruyff , Carlo Ancelotti and , most recently , Frank Rijkaard , who also won the Champions League as Barcelona manager .
The match turned out to be the last for Cristiano Ronaldo and Carlos Tevez as Manchester United players , as Ronaldo completed a world record £ 80 million transfer to Real Madrid on 1 July , while Tevez chose not to make his loan spell with the club permanent and joined their local rivals , Manchester City . After announcing his intention to leave Manchester United , Tevez criticised Ferguson 's team selection for the 2009 Champions League final , saying that Ferguson should have included him in the starting line @-@ up , with the rationale that the match was the only final that Manchester United had lost in his time at the club .
Television audiences for the final reached more than 10 million in both Spain and the United Kingdom . 11 @.@ 3 million people watched the match on Spain 's Antena 3 network – the largest viewing figures for that station in the past year – while another 600 @,@ 000 watched on Canal + Spain . In the United Kingdom , however , although the match received the highest ratings of any programme that evening , viewing figures were down by 1 @.@ 5 million on the previous year 's final , with just 9 @.@ 6 million watching on ITV1 , although an additional 1 @.@ 79 million watched on Sky Sports 1 . Despite there being no Italian or French representative in the final , the figures were much the same in those two countries as they were in Spain and the United Kingdom , with Italy 's Rai Uno garnering an average viewership of 9 @.@ 63 million and France 's TF1 receiving 8 @.@ 25 million . Only 6 @.@ 55 million people watched the match on Germany 's Sat.1 channel . According to a survey , global viewing figures for the match averaged 109 million ; this put the UEFA Champions League final above the Super Bowl ( 106 million viewers in 2009 ) as the most @-@ watched annual sporting event in the world . Total figures , which included viewers who watched only part of the match , put the Champions League final even further ahead of the Super Bowl , with 206 million viewers compared to 162 million .
In the United Kingdom , bookmakers made a profit out of patriotic Britons placing bets on a Manchester United victory . William Hill reported two bets of around £ 20 @,@ 000 placed on Manchester United , while Paddy Power received one of £ 5 @,@ 500 and Ladbrokes one of £ 3 @,@ 000 . Ladbrokes also took a bet of £ 10 @,@ 000 on a Barcelona win , but bookmakers reported that most of the money was put on Manchester United . Extrabet.com paid out £ 12 @,@ 000 to a £ 3 @,@ 000 bet on Samuel Eto 'o to score the first goal at odds of 4 – 1 .
= = Rewards = =
Both teams received significant financial rewards for reaching the Champions League final . However , despite losing the match , it was Manchester United who earned the most money from their 2008 – 09 Champions League campaign , receiving € 38 @.@ 281 million compared to Barcelona 's € 30 @.@ 968 million . All 32 teams in the group stage of the competition received € 3 million for taking part in the competition and € 2 @.@ 4 million for their participation in the group stage matches , as well as further bonuses based on their performances in each match ( € 600 @,@ 000 for each win and € 300 @,@ 000 for each draw ) . For their four wins and one draw , Barcelona received a performance bonus of € 2 @.@ 7 million , while Manchester United earned € 2 @.@ 4 million for their two wins and four draws . Both teams then also received a total of € 7 @.@ 7 million for their participation in the rounds leading up to the final ; however , Barcelona received a win bonus of € 7 million for winning the final , while Manchester United received € 4 million for finishing as runners @-@ up . The biggest difference between the teams ' financial rewards came as a result of their share of the market pool , based on the value of the television market in their home countries . As the most successful of the English teams in the competition , Manchester United received the greatest share ( € 18 @.@ 781 million ) of approximately € 55 @.@ 5 million reserved for the English teams . However , although Barcelona were the most successful of the Spanish teams in the competition , they had finished in third place in La Liga the previous season , and so received the second @-@ smallest share of the € 33 @.@ 8 million given to the four Spanish clubs , taking home € 8 @.@ 168 million .
In addition to receiving almost € 31 million in prize money , as winners of the UEFA Champions League , Barcelona competed in the 2009 UEFA Super Cup , in which they beat 2008 – 09 UEFA Cup winners Shakhtar Donetsk 1 – 0 at Stade Louis II in Monaco on 28 August 2009 , and in the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup in Abu Dhabi , where they beat Estudiantes of Argentina in the final .
= Clara Ng =
Clara Ng ( born 28 July 1973 ; née Clara Regina Juana , last name pronounced [ ŋ ̍ ] ) is an Indonesian writer who is known for both adult fiction and children 's literature .
During her childhood in Jakarta , Ng enjoyed reading and read at an advanced rate . After finishing her primary and secondary education in Indonesia , during which time she took up writing , Ng went to the United States to study at Ohio State University . After her graduation in 1997 , she worked in the US for a year before returning to Indonesia to work at a shipping company . After three years working there , in which time she married and had two miscarriages , Ng quit to become a professional writer . Her first novel , Tujuh Musim Setahun ( Seven Seasons in a Year ; 2002 ) , sold poorly , but her subsequent trilogy Indiana Chronicle was better received . Since then , she has released several novels , as well as numerous short stories ( including one anthology ) and twenty @-@ one children 's books , and some collections of fairytales .
Ng , who is a stay at home mother , writes in her spare time at home . Her topics are different depending on the genre she is writing in ; her adult @-@ oriented works often deal with minority groups , while her children 's books are meant to teach empathy . Her children 's works have won three Adhikarya Awards from the Indonesian Publishers Association , and LGBT groups have praised her novel Gerhana Kembar ( Twin Eclipse ; 2007 ) for avoiding stereotyping the group . However , some educators have protested the lack of an explicit moral message in her children 's books .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Ng was born in Jakarta on 28 July 1973 with the name Clara Regina Juana and raised in the Kemayoran sub @-@ district . She took up reading at a young age , reportedly capable of reading translations of The Adventures of Tintin by kindergarten . She also enjoyed Hans Christian Andersen 's fairytale The Snow Queen , which influenced her writing . By age 11 she was reading adult @-@ oriented works by Mira W. Ng attended Budi Mulia Elementary School from 1979 until 1986 , then attended Van Lith Middle School until 1989 ; it was while in middle school that she taught herself creative writing and began creating works . She completed her high school education at Bunda Hati Kudus , graduating in 1992 . While in high school , she became interested in social issues , including discrimination faced by ethnic Chinese , LGBT , and women .
After high school , Ng went to the United States and began studying at Ohio Dominican University in Columbus , Ohio , but later transferred to Ohio State University ; she graduated with a bachelour 's degree in interpersonal communications in 1997 . While in the US , she read numerous children 's books ; these later influenced her own writings . After graduating , she spent a year working in the US before returning to Indonesia in 1998 . Upon her return to Indonesia , she spent three years working in the human resources department of Hanjin Shipping but left after she had two miscarriages , the first when she was seven months pregnant and the second at seven weeks . While staying at home , she took up writing .
= = = Writing career = = =
Ng made her debut as a novelist with Tujuh Musim Setahun ( Seven Seasons A Year ) in 2002 , which sold poorly . She gained recognition with her Indiana Chronicle trilogy , which consists of Blues ( 2004 ) , Lipstick ( 2005 ) and Bridesmaid ( 2005 ) . These works were classified as pop literature , but readers identified with the main characters — urban working women . Tempo magazine notes that the trilogy pioneered the metropop genre in Indonesia . Between Lipstik and Bridesmaid , another novel , The ( Un ) Reality Show , was released in 2005 .
In 2006 , Ng 's short story " Rahasia Bulan " ( " The Moon 's Secret " ) was included in a lesbian and gay themed short story collection of the same name . The work also included stories by Alberthiene Endah , Djenar Maesa Ayu , and Indra Herlambang . That year , she published two novels : Dimsum Terakhir ( The Last Dim Sum ) and Utukki : Sayap Para Dewa ( Utukki : Wings of the Gods ) . The following year Ng published another two novels , Tiga Venus ( Three Venuses ) and Gerhana Kembar ( Twin Eclipse ) . The latter , which was initially run as a serial in the newspaper Kompas and later picked up by Gramedia , was about lesbianism . The title was a result of Ng combining the Sun ( commonly representative of men ) and the Moon ( commonly representative of women ) to create a united symbol to represent homosexuality . Ng launched a short story collection , Malaikat Jatuh ( Fallen Angel ) in 2008 . The collection dealt mainly with death . The collection was followed in 2009 by the novel Tea For Two , which was first published as a serial in Kompas .
Ng 's short story " Barbie " was adapted as a film by actor @-@ cum @-@ presenter Raffi Ahmad in 2010 , with Yuni Shara in the titular role . Barbie followed the story of a night @-@ club singer and her lover , a security guard at the club . The film premiered at the LA Lights Indie movie festival . That same year she released two other books , Dongeng Tujuh Menit ( The Seven @-@ Minute Fairytale ) and Jampi @-@ jampi Varaiya ( Varaiya 's Incantations ) . Another one of her short stories , " Mata Indah " , was included in the lesbian @-@ themed anthology Un Soir du Paris ( An Evening in Paris ) ; other writers in the anthology included Seno Gumira Ajidarma , Ucu Agustin , and Noor .
In 2010 , Ng , Agus Noor , and Eka Kurniawan established the Fiksimini community on Facebook as a way to critique each other 's work , later branching out to Twitter . As of 2011 the community , with approximately 70 @,@ 000 followers , allows writers , both professional and aspiring , to tweet an idea within the 140 @-@ character technical limitations of the software which could make the reader think . On 1 July 2011 , Ng published Ramuan Drama Cinta ( Love Potion Drama ) , and in November she released Dongeng Sekolah Tebing ( Fairytales from the School on the Cliff ) , a collection of 53 stories about children who attend a school on a cliff .
Aside from writing novels and short stories , she also writes children 's books , a genre which she entered due to a lack of Indonesian @-@ language works . As of 2008 , Ng has written 21 such books in three series : Berbagi Cerita Berbagi Cinta ( Sharing Stories , Sharing Love ; started in 2006 and numbering seven books ) , Sejuta Warna Pelangi ( A Million Colours of the Rainbow ; started in 2007 and numbering nine books ) , and Bagai Bumi Berhenti Berputar ( As If the Earth Stopped Rotating ; started in 2008 and numbering five books ) .
= = Style = =
Ng 's main characters are generally female . These characters generally do not hold the same employment ; some occupations held by her characters include office worker , animal nursery employee , and automotive repair shop owner . Her children 's stories are written simply , illustrated , and deal with children 's feelings ; they are intended to give children more empathy . The characters ' names are chosen to be easy to remember .
= = Reception = =
Ng has received several awards . Her 2006 children 's story Rambut Pascal ( Pascal 's Hair , from the Berbagi Cerita series ) won an Adhikarya Award for Best Children 's Book from the Indonesian Publishers Association ( Ikatan Penerbit Indonesia , or IKAPI ) . The following year she won the same award for Sejuta Warna Pelangi . Another followed suit in 2008 for Jangan Bilang Siapa @-@ Siapa ( Don 't Tell Anybody ) .
A. Junaidi , writing for The Jakarta Post , notes that Gerhana Kembar was well received by Indonesia 's LGBT community as it did not link homosexuality to negative issues like drug use .
Ng notes that her children 's stories have been generally well received . However , some educators disagree with the lack of an explicit moral message ; Ng argues that her books have multiple interpretations : those by children and those by adults .
= = Personal life = =
As of 2010 , Ng is married to Nicholas Ng , a Malaysian citizen whom she met while working at Hanjin Shipping ; the couple married in 2000 . Together they have two children . She lives in Tanjung Duren , West Jakarta . According to an interview with Kompas , Ng is a stay @-@ at @-@ home mother and writes in an office in her house . She writes in her spare time , usually in the morning , as in the afternoon she must pick up her children .
= Lena Meyer @-@ Landrut =
Lena Johanna Therese Meyer @-@ Landrut ( born 23 May 1991 ) , known professionally as Lena ( pronounced [ ˈleːna ] ) , is a German singer @-@ songwriter . She represented Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo and won the contest with the song " Satellite " . With her three entries from the German national final Unser Star für Oslo ( Our Star for Oslo ) , Meyer @-@ Landrut set an all @-@ time chart record in her home country by debuting with three songs in the top five of the German singles chart . Both " Satellite " and her first album My Cassette Player debuted at number one in Germany , while the former has been certified double Platinum since , the album has been certified five times Gold for sales of over 500 @,@ 000 units . Meyer @-@ Landrut represented Germany for the second consecutive time in the Eurovision Song Contest at Düsseldorf in 2011 with the song " Taken by a Stranger " .
= = Early life = =
Lena Meyer @-@ Landrut was born in Hanover , Germany . She is the granddaughter of Andreas Meyer @-@ Landrut , the Estonian @-@ born West German ambassador to the Soviet Union in Moscow from 1980 to 1983 and 1987 to 1989 and Hanna Karatsony von Hodos who was of Hungarian nobility . She grew up as an only child , and started taking dancing lessons at the age of five ; initially doing ballet and later practising various modern styles , including hip @-@ hop and jazz dance . Meyer @-@ Landrut grew fond of singing and appeared as an extra in a number of German television series ; however she never received any formal acting or vocal training . In June 2010 she graduated from IGS Roderbruch Hannover , a comprehensive school , receiving her Abitur diploma .
= = Career = =
= = = 2009 – 2012 : Unser Star für Oslo and Eurovision Song Contest = = =
Meyer @-@ Landrut decided to take part in the talent show Unser Star für Oslo ( Our Star for Oslo ) , a newly created national television programme to select the German entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo . The show was organised by public broadcaster ARD and private television station ProSieben , as well as entertainer , music producer and former Eurovision entrant Stefan Raab . Among 4 @,@ 500 entrants , Meyer @-@ Landrut was picked as one of the 20 contestants for the show . Asked about her motivation to apply , she stated , " I like to test myself . I wanted to see how I am perceived , and I wanted to hear what people with knowledge have to say about it . I personally can 't judge myself at all . "
After her first appearance , performing " My Same " by British singer Adele , Meyer @-@ Landrut received much praise from the show 's jury panel and was instantly considered the favourite . The following week , Adele 's " My Same " entered the German singles chart at position number 61 . Meyer @-@ Landrut reached the final of Unser Star für Oslo , mainly performing lesser known songs of international artists such as The Bird and the Bee , Kate Nash , Paolo Nutini and Lisa Mitchell . Out of her eight cover performances , five of the original songs subsequently charted in Germany , with all but " Foundations " reaching their peak chart position . In the final on 12 March 2010 , Meyer @-@ Landrut sang three songs specifically written for the contest , " Bee " , " Satellite " and " Love Me " . Through televoting , the audience chose " Satellite " , written by American Julie Frost and Dane John Gordon , to be her designated song in case she won the show . In a second round of voting , Meyer @-@ Landrut was chosen as Germany 's entry for the 55th Eurovision Song Contest , beating the last remaining contestant , Jennifer Braun . The music video for " Satellite " was shot during the night of the final and premiered on German television stations four days later .
Throughout the show , Meyer @-@ Landrut was seen as the clear favourite . One day after winning Unser Star für Oslo , all three of her songs from the finals topped the German iTunes Store sales chart , making her the first singer to achieve that . " Satellite " sold over 100 @,@ 000 downloads in its first week , becoming Germany 's fastest selling digital release ever . Her three songs all entered the top five of the German singles chart , reaching positions number one , three and four , which no artist had ever achieved since charts were first established in Germany in 1959 . " Satellite " was certified gold after the first week and platinum after the fourth week of its release . The song has remained at number one for five consecutive weeks in Germany .
While competing at Unser Star für Oslo , Meyer @-@ Landrut continued to attend school . The last show was held one month before the start of her final exams . Following her exams , she released her debut album , My Cassette Player , on 7 May 2010 . Produced by Stefan Raab , it includes the singles " Satellite " , " Love Me " and " Bee " , as well as two cover songs and eight unreleased titles . Meyer @-@ Landrut is credited as a co @-@ writer for the lyrics of five songs . The album debuted at number one in the German albums chart . It peaked at number one in the Austrian albums chart , number three in the Swiss albums chart .
Following her success in Germany , Meyer @-@ Landrut has said she would enjoy pursuing a singing or acting career , but explained , " I 'm not fixated on doing music my whole life . " She stated she originally planned to study acting after graduating school , but now is unsure " if time allows " . She has said her musical influences include Adele , Kate Nash , Vanessa Carlton , as well as the singer Clueso and German pop rock band Wir sind Helden .
Representing a " big four " country , Meyer @-@ Landrut automatically qualified for the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 . Germany received a wild card during the running order draw , allowing the German representatives to pick the country 's position for the final . They chose position 22 out of the 25 spots . Meyer @-@ Landrut arrived one week before the show in Oslo , where she completed five rehearsals of her song " Satellite " . Prior to the final , she was considered one of the favourites . Bookmakers regarded her second favourite behind Azerbaijan 's Safura , while Google projected she would win based on search volume in the participating countries . According to Norway 's Aftenposten she received the most media attention of all participants .
The final was held on 29 May 2010 at Oslo 's Telenor Arena . Appearing fourth from last , Meyer @-@ Landrut wore a simple black dress and performed on a bare stage with four backing singers . Her pared @-@ back presentation was a break from recent Eurovision trends , as it did not feature any form of choreography , dancers or elaborate stage show . " Satellite " received a total of 246 points , giving Germany its first win since 1982 , and the first victory as a unified country . The song won over Turkey 's entry " We Could Be the Same " with a margin of 76 points , at that time the second @-@ biggest in Eurovision history , second only to Alexander Rybak 's margin of 169 points in the 2009 contest ( it would later be beaten by Loreen 's victory in 2012 , sporting a margin of 113 points ) . " Satellite " was awarded the maximum of 12 points nine times and received points from all but five countries .
The BBC called " Satellite " the first " contemporary pop hit Eurovision has produced in decades " , ushering in " a new era for the annual music jamboree " . Meyer @-@ Landrut 's victory received much attention in Germany and the show was seen by 15 million viewers on German television ( a 49 @.@ 1 percent market share ) . She returned to Hanover the following day , where she was greeted by 40 @,@ 000 people . In June , " Satellite " regained the top spot in the German singles chart for one week and also peaked at number one in Denmark , Finland , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland . It also topped European Hot 100 singles chart , being the first Eurovision song to achieve this .
In June 2010 in the German dubbed version of the computer @-@ animated film Sammy 's Adventures : The Secret Passage , Meyer @-@ Landrut provided the voice for the character originally spoken by Isabelle Fuhrman .
In January 2011 , the TV @-@ Show " Unser Song für Deutschland " was held and Meyer @-@ Landrut 's 2011 Eurovision song was determined via televoting . All twelve songs Meyer @-@ Landrut performed during that show were recorded on her second studio album Good News which was released on 8 February 2011 . The album reached Gold status in Germany within one week after its release .
On 18 February 2011 , the " Unser Song für Deutschland " final was held and it was decided through televoting that Meyer @-@ Landrut would perform the entry " Taken by a Stranger " in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 .
In April 2011 , she went on her first German tour in the largest concert halls in Berlin , Hanover , Frankfurt , Dortmund , Leipzig , Hamburg , Munich , Stuttgart and Cologne. though the concerts were not sold out .
In May 2011 , Meyer @-@ Landrut attempted to defend her title in the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest . She was the third winner to do so , and the first in over 50 years . She also appeared in the opening performance of the show , less than an hour before she came on stage to represent Germany .
= = = 2012 – 2014 : Stardust and The Voice = = =
On 24 May 2012 , Meyer @-@ Landrut performed as part of the interval act during the second semi @-@ finals of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku , Azerbaijan . She was joined by the last five Eurovision winners from 2007 to 2011 which included Marija Šerifović , Dima Bilan , Alexander Rybak , and Ell & Nikki . Meyer @-@ Landrut , Marija , Dima and Alexander performed their winning song entry accompanied by traditional Azeri instruments , being joined by Ell & Nikki for a rendition of " Waterloo " .
On 1 August , Meyer @-@ Landrut announced via her Twitter account that " Stardust " will be the first single from her new album with the eponymous title . The single was released on 21 September and was certified Gold for selling 150 @,@ 000 copies The album was released on 12 October and it debuted at No. 2 on German Albums chart . In late July and early August she went on a promotion tour called " Lenas Wohnzimmer " ( Lena ′ s Lounge ) , which led her to Munich , Cologne , Hamburg and Berlin and presented several of her new songs . Since October 2012 she performed the theme song in the opening credits of Sesamstraße , the German version of Sesame Street . In November 2012 she covered the Pippi Longstocking song Sjörövar Fabbe ( Seeräuber @-@ Opa Fabian ) for the compilation album Giraffenaffen .
On 18 January 2013 , it was announced that the second single from Lena 's album will be Neon . The music video for the single was shot in early February , by director Bode Brodmüller , who also directed Lena 's video for her first single from the third album , " Stardust " . It was shot in Rathenau @-@ Hallen . On 1 March , Lena 's video for Neon ( Lonely People ) premiered on Universal Music page . Lena 's sixth single was released on 15 March . The same day , video was also uploaded on Lena 's VEVO channel on YouTube . The single version is different from the original song version on her Stardust album . The single version is more of a dance record , remixed and a bit faster .
On 21 March , Lena Meyer @-@ Landrut attended to ECHO awards . She was nominated for two categories this year , " Best National Video " for " Stardust " and as " Best National Female Artist " . During the show , Lena received an only one award for " Best National Video " for her first single from same titled album , " Stardust " . Later during the show , Lena lost the " Best Female National Artist " award to singer Ivy Quainoo .
In April 2013 , Lena went on a club tour through thirteen German cities started in Stuttgart on 2 April and finished in Offenbach on 21 April . The last concert was streamed live in the Internet . The title " No One Can Catch Us Tour " was taken from a line from her first single from the album , " Stardust " .
In April and May 2013 she was one of the three judges on the show The Voice Kids alongside Tim Bendzko and Henning Wehland .
On 17 May 2013 " Mr. Arrow Key " , was released as third single from the Album " Stardust " and as seventh single overall . The song was written by Lena Meyer @-@ Landrut , Linda Carlsson and Sonny Boy Gustafsson , and the original track for album was produced by Sonny Boy Gustafsson .
Lena was president of the German jury ( including Carolin Niemczyk , Alina Süggeler , Tim Bendzko and Florian Silbereisen ) and the spokesperson for Germany , revealing the countries voting results at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 final on 18 May .
In July 2013 , it was announced that she will be the German voice of Jane in the motion capture animated film Tarzan 3D which was released in German cinemas in February 2014 . In the same month she dubbed the voice of three characters in the two audiobooks Giraffenaffen – Wir sind da ! ( Giraffe @-@ monkeys – We are here ! ) and Giraffenaffen – Die Schatzssuche ( Giraffe @-@ monkeys – Treasure hunt ) , which were both published in October 2013 .
In October 2013 Lena re @-@ united with her Eurovision mentor Stefan Raab when she featured in " Revolution " , a single from Raab 's band Dicks on Fire . In June 2013 , this song was already used for a video about the shower head Doosh invented by Stefan Raab where Lena is posing as Lara Croft under the shower . In 2013 Lena became a L 'Oréal testimonial for hair coloring and skin care product series .
From March to May 2014 she returned as coach in the second season of The Voice Kids along with Henning Wehland ( from the band Söhne Mannheims ) and Johannes Strate ( from the band Revolverheld ) .
= = = 2014 – present : Crystal Sky = = =
In early 2014 , Meyer @-@ Landrut began principal work on her fourth studio album Crystal Sky . Taking her sound further into the electro and dance pop genre , she worked English production and songwriting team Biffco and Berlin @-@ based collective Beatgees on most of the album . In November 2014 , one of their collaborations , the children 's song " Schlaft alle " , appeared on the compilation album Giraffenaffen 3 . The same month , Meyer @-@ Landrut 's rendition of the Aladdin song " A Whole New World " was included on the compilation album I Love Disney . From February to April 2015 Meyer @-@ Landrut reprised her role as a coach in the third season of The Voice Kids along with singers Johannes Strate and Mark Forster . After four press concerts in Hamburg , Berlin , Munich , and Cologne from late February to early March 2015 she released Crystal Sky 's first single " Traffic Lights " to radios in March 2015 . It reached the top twenty of the German Singles Chart .
Crystal Sky was released in May 2015 . It marked her fourth consecutive album to reach the top two of the German Albums Chart , but was less successful in Austria and Switzerland , where it failed to reach the top twenty on both music markets . In September 2015 , Meyer @-@ Landrut released " Wild & Free " , the theme song for the motion picture Fack ju Göhte 2 as a single . The song peaked at number eight on the German Singles Chart , becoming her highest @-@ charting single in three years .
= = Media image = =
Meyer @-@ Landrut has been noted for her unconventional way of handling the press , which has been labelled " aloof " as well as " quick @-@ witted " and " intuitive " . She usually refuses to answer questions about her private life , including her family , friends and personal beliefs , sometimes calling questions " stupid " or responding with counterquestions instead . This has drawn praise as well as criticism , including allegations of being arrogant and disrespectful .
Meyer @-@ Landrut 's demeanour has been described as " carefree " , " laid @-@ back and self @-@ effacing " . She has been said to possess an " adequate youthful megalomania " , to " cultivate her forwardness " and to stand for " unadorned genuineness " and " sincerity " . She has also been said to give " infatuation a rhythm " and blur the " fine line between puppy love and psychotic obsession " . Her vocals have been both lauded and criticised . In an attempt to explain Meyer @-@ Landrut 's success , her appearance has been called a " mix of loveliness , professionalism and a little craziness " . She has also been lauded for her stage presence and charisma .
= = Appearances on Unser Star für Oslo = =
Jennifer Braun and Meyer @-@ Landrut both sang different versions of " Bee " and " Satellite " in the final
= = Awards and nominations = =
= = = Results = = =
= = Film and television = =
2016 Northvision Contest 19
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
2010 : My Cassette Player
2011 : Good News
2012 : Stardust
2015 : Crystal Sky
= Death Cab for Cutie =
Death Cab for Cutie is an American alternative rock band , formed in Bellingham , Washington in 1997 . The band comprises Ben Gibbard ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Nick Harmer ( bass ) and Jason McGerr ( drums ) . In 2014 , founding guitarist and producer Chris Walla announced that he would be departing from the band after recording their eighth studio album , Kintsugi .
The band was originally a solo project by Ben Gibbard , when he released the demo album , You Can Play These Songs with Chords , to positive reception . This led to a record deal with Barsuk Records . Gibbard decided to expand the project into a complete band , releasing their debut album Something About Airplanes in 1998 , and their second album , We Have the Facts and We 're Voting Yes , in 2000 ; both records were positively received in the indie community . Their third album , 2001 's The Photo Album , gave the band their first charting single , and the release of the group 's fourth album Transatlanticism , in 2003 , gained the band mainstream critical and commercial success . After signing with Atlantic Records , Death Cab For Cutie released their fifth album and major @-@ label debut Plans in 2005 , which received platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America . The band released their sixth album Narrow Stairs in 2008 , which served as a stylistic departure for the group . Their seventh album , 2011 's Codes and Keys , featured the band 's first number one single , " You Are a Tourist " . Their eighth studio album Kintsugi , the last to feature Walla , was released on March 31 , 2015 .
Death Cab for Cutie 's music has been labeled as indie rock , indie pop , and alternative rock . It is noted for its use of unconventional instrumentation , as well as Gibbard 's distinctive voice and unique lyrical style . Since their formation , the band has released eight full @-@ length studio albums , four EPs , two live EPs , one live album , and one demo album .
= = History = =
= = = Early years ( 1997 – 2002 ) = = =
Death Cab for Cutie began as a solo project of Ben Gibbard in 1997 , while he was the guitar player for the band Pinwheel , and was recorded under the name All @-@ Time Quarterback . As Death Cab for Cutie , Gibbard released a cassette titled You Can Play These Songs with Chords the same year . The release was surprisingly successful , and Gibbard decided to expand the project into a complete band , recruiting Chris Walla ( who had also worked on the cassette ) as lead guitarist , Nick Harmer as bass player , and Nathan Good as drummer . Death Cab for Cutie was officially formed at Western Washington University in Bellingham , Washington , and lyrics from early songs include local references that were important to the band 's development . Many of the early songs were recorded in the basement of an Ellis Street home Gibbard lived in with several roommates in Bellingham .
The four released their debut full @-@ length studio album , Something About Airplanes , on August 18 , 1998 . The album was favorably reviewed in the independent music scene . In 1998 the band also met their long @-@ term manager Jordan Kurland . Kurland had heard good things about them , and after a failed attempt to see them play at South By Southwest finally hooked up with them when touring with his then client , the band Crumb .
The band released their follow @-@ up second album , We Have the Facts and We 're Voting Yes , in March 2000 . Nathan Good left the band at some point during this album 's production , and was briefly replaced by Jayson Tolzdorf @-@ Larson . Gibbard played drums on the majority of the album , with Good 's playing on “ The Employment Pages ” and “ Company Calls Epilogue ” being kept on the final release . Although Tolzdorf @-@ Larson did not contribute to the album , he did appear on the song " Spring Break Broke " , from the " Death Cab for Fiver " 7 @-@ inch record , and also joined the band on two tours , including their first full tour of the United States . Tolzdorf @-@ Larson was later replaced by Michael Schorr , who would first appear on The Forbidden Love EP , released on October 24 , 2000 .
In 2001 , Death Cab for Cutie released their third album , The Photo Album . Limited editions of this album contained three bonus tracks , which were later released separately as The Stability EP . The album produced the band 's first charting single " A Movie Script Ending " , which reached number 123 on the UK Singles Chart , and was the first of three songs by the band to be featured on the television show The O.C .. The Photo Album 's two other singles , " I Was a Kaleidoscope " and " We Laugh Indoors " , also reached numbers 115 and 122 on the UK Singles Chart , respectively .
= = = Transatlanticism ( 2003 ) = = =
In 2003 there was yet another change of drummer with Jason McGerr , who had previously played in the band Eureka Farm with Gibbard and Harmer , joining the band . McGerr 's debut would be playing drums on Death Cab for Cutie 's next release , their fourth album Transatlanticism , which was released in October 2003 . The album was received to critical acclaim , and launched the band into mainstream commercial success , with the two singles " The Sound of Settling " and " Title and Registration " , appearing in the soundtracks of the television shows The O.C. , Six Feet Under , CSI : Miami and Californication , and the films Wedding Crashers , Easy A , and Mean Creek .
= = = Signing to Atlantic and Plans ( 2004 – 2006 ) = = =
In early 2004 the band recorded a live EP , entitled The John Byrd EP , named for their sound engineer was released on Barsuk Records in March .
Death Cab for Cutie had been contacted by major labels on @-@ and @-@ off for several years , but it was only after the proven success of Transatlanticism that they decided to start talking to labels about a potential deal . The fact that they had already achieved considerable success allowed the band to negotiate with a lot of creative freedom . According to their manager Jordan Kurland , the band had spoken to " pretty much all of them " , and then decided they were most satisfied with their offer from Atlantic Records . In November 2004 , the band signed a “ long @-@ term worldwide deal ” with Atlantic , leaving their long @-@ time label Barsuk Records . Gibbard stated on the band 's official website that nothing would change , except that " next to the picture of Barsuk holding a 7 " , there will be the letter " A " on both the spine and back of our upcoming albums . " After signing to Atlantic , the band was still nervous about corporate economics , and encouraged fans to download its songs from the Internet .
The band released their fifth studio album and debut major @-@ label release , Plans , on August 30 , 2005 , to critical and commercial success . Two singles from the album , “ Soul Meets Body ” and “ Crooked Teeth ” , reached the top ten of the US Billboard Alternative Songs chart , while the single " I Will Follow You into the Dark " became the band 's best @-@ selling single to date . Death Cab for Cutie performed " Crooked Teeth " live on Saturday Night Live on January 14 , 2006 . Plans received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album of 2005 , as well as achieving gold certification in 2006 after being featured on the Billboard Album chart for 47 consecutive weeks , and later was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in early May 2008 .
The band released a touring DVD , Drive Well , Sleep Carefully , in 2005 . Copies of the DVD were given away to promote animal rights , and the band are supporters of the activist group PETA . In early 2006 , the band announced the upcoming release of Directions : The Plans Video Album , which features eleven short films inspired by songs from the Plans album , each directed by a different person . The videos were posted one at a time at the band 's website , and the DVD went on sale April 11 , 2006 . The iTunes Store began selling the videos ( formatted for iPod ) early on March 28 , 2006 . Lance Bangs , P.R. Brown , Ace Norton , Jeffrey Brown , Lightborne , Autumn de Wilde , Rob Schrab , Laurent Briet and Monkmus , as well as Aaron Stewart @-@ Ahn , are among directors that have contributed to the project . An episode of MTV2 's Subterranean played these videos for the whole hour , plus discussion with members of the band . Death Cab for Cutie made their first appearance at Neil Young 's annual Bridge School Benefit , and completed their lengthy 2006 tour of the United States on December 10 , 2006 , finishing with a show at the KeyArena in Seattle , Washington .
= = = Narrow Stairs and The Open Door EP ( 2007 – 2009 ) = = =
Walla claimed on October 18 , 2007 , that a new album was " in full swing " and that they had six songs completed . He went on to call the new music " weird , " " spectacular , " and " creepy , " saying that it contained " lots of blood . " He noted that the album had a " Can jam " that lasted 10 minutes , which Walla said that he would have never imagined doing in 1998 . In a Billboard piece in January 2008 , the band promised the album to be a " curve ball " and said that although it would have slower songs , there would be some surprises . Walla said , " I 'm really excited about it . It 's really got some teeth . The landscape of the thing is way , way more lunar than the urban meadow sort of thing that has been happening for the last couple of records . " Walla added that the album was " louder and more dissonant and ... abrasive . " They claimed that they were influenced by " synth @-@ punk band Brainiac . "
Their sixth full @-@ length album , Narrow Stairs , was released on May 12 , 2008 . The first single , " I Will Possess Your Heart " , was released on March 18 , 2008 . The album version of the song is over eight minutes in length , leading radio and promotional edits to remove the extended intro to shorten the song to four minutes . The second single , " Cath ... " , was released on July 21 , 2008 , and the third single " Grapevine Fires " , was released on March 3 , 2009 . The two singles " I Will Possess Your Heart " and " Cath ... " both reached the top ten of the Alternative Songs chart , while " Grapevine Fires " reached number 21 . In an album review , MTV writer James Montgomery said " Narrow Stairs is a great album , one that could make them very famous , but could very well also kill their careers , " and although " Death Cab for Cutie had gone insane , " he believed the LP could be " an early contender for the best album of 2008 . " Indeed , Narrow Stairs was nominated for " Best Alternative Music Album " and " I Will Possess Your Heart " received a nomination for " Best Rock Song " at the 51st Grammy Awards . The band lost in both categories , but prompted debate after appearing at the ceremony sporting blue ribbons to protest against what they view as the excessive use of Auto @-@ Tune in the music industry . Narrow Stairs was their first album to reach No.1 on the Billboard 200 chart on May 31 , 2008 . Though the album achieved strong success , Gibbard went on to call it the band 's most " depressing record " .
On March 31 , 2009 , the band released The Open Door EP , containing tracks left off Narrow Stairs as well as a demo for " Talking Bird " . The Open Door EP was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards . In 2009 the band wrote the song , " Meet Me on the Equinox " for the The Twilight Saga : New Moon soundtrack . " Meet Me on the Equinox " was not the first song that Death Cab for Cutie contributed to a soundtrack , as they contributed " Soul Meets Body " to the soundtrack for Catch and Release in 2006 .
= = = Codes and Keys ( 2010 – 2012 ) = = =
The band 's seventh album , Codes and Keys , was released on May 31 , 2011 . Ben Gibbard and Nick Harmer have both been quoted as saying that the album was " a much less guitar @-@ centric album than we ’ ve ever made before " .
In March 2011 , Ben Gibbard performed a new Death Cab for Cutie song at a solo concert in San Francisco , which would later be revealed as the title track from Codes and Keys . The tracklist for the album was released on Death Cab for Cutie 's website on March 15 , 2011 .
The first single from the album , " You Are a Tourist " , was released on March 29 , 2011 . The song is notable for its music video being first ever live , scripted , one @-@ take music video shoot ever : the group streamed a live performance of the music video as it was being recorded on April 5 , 2011 . The video was accomplished in a single take , using multiple cameras , and no edits or re @-@ takes . The innovative and artistic production employed dancers , actors , and projected images . " You Are a Tourist " is also notable as Death Cab for Cutie 's first ( and to date , only ) single to reach number one , topping the Billboard US Alternative Songs , US Adult Alternative Songs , and Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles charts , as well as reaching number three on the US Rock Songs chart . The band released the video for the song " Home is a Fire " on May 9 , 2011 , featuring street artist Shepard Fairey plastering lyrics from the song around Los Angeles . " Stay Young , Go Dancing " was released as the second single on September 26 , 2011 , reaching number 31 on the Alternative Songs chart . " Underneath the Sycamore " was released as the third single on January 10 , 2012 , but did not chart . Codes and Keys was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012 .
The band was due to play at the Ottawa Bluesfest on July 17 , 2011 , but the outdoor stage collapsed earlier in the evening after sudden severe weather hit the area . On their website , the band posted : " Our hearts go out to those that were injured and we are so thankful that no one was killed . "
In 2012 the band toured across the globe , starting in Australia , New Zealand , Southeast Asia . In April and May , the band toured in the United States with members of the Magik * Magik Orchestra , who collaborated on tracks on Codes and Keys . After headlining the inaugural Bunbury Music Festival in Cincinnati , the band played summer festivals in Europe .
= = = Departure of Walla and Kintsugi ( 2013 – present ) = = =
On October 11 , 2013 , the band reportedly began working on their eighth studio album , Kintsugi , produced by Rich Costey . This was then confirmed by the group 's official Instagram profile in which an image was uploaded with the caption " DCFC LP8 begins " . In an interview with Stereogum , Gibbard said of the new album , " I do think from start to finish it 's a much better record than Codes And Keys . If that record turned anybody off , I feel pretty strongly that this one could win them back . There are threads in this one that connect back to our earliest stuff that people love . "
On October 29 , 2013 , the band released a remastered tenth @-@ anniversary version of their 2003 album Transatlanticism . The new album included a vinyl LP and MP3 download , with demos for all the songs from the album .
As part of the 2014 Record Store Day , the band released its first live album , a vinyl @-@ only double LP recorded during various 2012 tour dates with Magik * Magik Orchestra . Included within the packaging was a code for a digital download of the recording .
On August 13 , 2014 , after 17 years as a member of Death Cab for Cutie , guitarist and songwriter Chris Walla decided to part ways with the band , with his last performance occurring on September 13 , 2014 at the Rifflandia Music Festival in Victoria , British Columbia . Walla states that he plans to " ... continue making music , producing records , and erring on the side of benevolence and beauty whenever possible . " When asked in an interview about Walla 's involvement in the eighth album , McGerr confirmed that Walla " played on everything and has been involved all the way through , even in the mixing . Even though he 's played his last show with us , he 's still been involved in everything involving this record . "
An October 2014 Rolling Stone interview with Gibbard revealed new songs entitled " No Room In Frame " , " Black Sun " , " Beverly Drive " , and " Good Help " would feature alongside seven further tracks on the new record . On January 12 , 2015 , the band officially announced the Kintsugi album , which was released on March 31 , 2015 .
On January 16 , 2015 , the band announced their first 2015 show at the Crocodile Cafe in Seattle set for later that week , with new touring members Dave Depper ( guitar / keyboards ) and Zac Rae ( keyboards / guitar ) replacing Walla in the live band . At the show the band debuted several new songs from Kintsugi including first single " Black Sun " , which was later released on January 26 .
Kintsugi was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album .
= = Musical style = =
Death Cab for Cutie 's music has been labeled indie rock , indie pop , emo , and alternative rock . Death Cab for Cutie 's early work on You Can Play These Songs with Chords was described by Rolling Stone as " emotion through its lack of emotion " . Pitchfork Media also remarked that the work on the cassette was " ultra @-@ lo @-@ fi " . On Something About Airplanes the band 's style remained similar , with some new instrumental work introduced ; " flute , synth , or cello " were noted by Allmusic 's Nitsuh Abebe . On We Have the Facts and We 're Voting Yes the band again expanded their use of unorthodox instruments , including organ and glockenspiel . Pitchfork Media called them a " gentle niche " in the current rock climate , compared with bands such as Modest Mouse and Built to Spill .
Rolling Stone reviewed Transatlanticism and commented that it contained " melodic , melancholy songs about feeling both smart and confused , hopelessly romantic but wary of love . " Gibbard 's voice was described as " plaintive boy @-@ next @-@ door " Entertainment Weekly commented on the music on Plans , saying " The lush arrangements are long on hothouse organs and pianos , but short on the squirmy guitars and squirrelly beats that , on Gibbard 's best work , offset his sweet voice and borderline @-@ maudlin poetics with a sense of emotional danger . " The band 's music on Plans was described by the Dallas Morning News as " a literate , whispery style , the kind of stuff that normally sounds better in headphones than in large venues " .
In an interview with Shave Magazine , Ben Gibbard commented on his song writing saying that he " never sit [ s ] down to write an album number one . I just kind of sit down and write songs and the theme kind of makes itself apparent . But I would never say I was writing about searching for something as much as just trying to document with every song where I am in that moment when I ’ m writing that song . If a theme kind of makes itself apparent in a record , it has more to do with the fact that just what ’ s been on my mind recently . So I guess clearly I have been and was and am , but it was never a conscious decision . "
= = Band name = =
Gibbard took the band name from the song " Death Cab for Cutie " written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall and performed by their group the Bonzo Dog Doo @-@ Dah Band . The song was performed by the Bonzos in the Beatles film Magical Mystery Tour . The song 's name was in turn taken from an invented pulp fiction crime magazine , devised by the English academic Richard Hoggart in his 1957 study of working class culture , The Uses of Literacy . In a 2011 interview , Gibbard stated , " The name was never supposed to be something that someone was going to reference 15 years on . So yeah , I would absolutely go back and give it a more obvious name . "
= = Members = =
Timeline
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Something About Airplanes ( 1998 )
We Have the Facts and We 're Voting Yes ( 2000 )
The Photo Album ( 2001 )
Transatlanticism ( 2003 )
Plans ( 2005 )
Narrow Stairs ( 2008 )
Codes and Keys ( 2011 )
Kintsugi ( 2015 )
= = Awards and nominations = =
Grammy Award
MTV Video Music Award
= The Technique =
The Technique , also known as the " ' Nique , " is the official student newspaper of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta , Georgia and has referred to itself as " the South 's liveliest college newspaper " since 1945 . As of the Fall semester of 2011 , the Technique has a weekly circulation of 10 @,@ 000 , distributed to numerous locations on the Georgia Tech campus and a handful of locations in the surrounding area . The first issue of the Technique was published on November 17 , 1911 , and the paper has printed continuously since its founding . The paper publishes weekly throughout the regular school year and primarily covers news , events and issues specific to the Georgia Tech community . In 2004 it was one of 25 collegiate newspapers to receive the Pacemaker award from the Associated Collegiate Press .
= = History = =
A publication known as The Georgia Tech was Georgia Tech 's first student newspaper . It was established in 1894 and was the second student publication to be established on campus . The Georgia Tech published a " Commencement Issue " that reviewed sporting events and gave information about each class . The " Commencement Issue " was likely similar to the Technique 's Freshman Issue . The Technique was founded in 1911 ; its first issue was published on November 17 , 1911 by editors Albert Blohm and E.A. Turner , and the content revolved around the upcoming rivalry football game against the University of Georgia . The first issue also featured an article by legendary football coach John Heisman .
The Technique has been published weekly ever since , except for a brief period that the paper was published twice weekly . This period ran from January 14 , 1948 to September 6 , 1956 . The Georgia Tech and the Technique operated separately for several years following the Technique 's establishment , though the two publications eventually merged in 1916 . Several sources claim that The Technique is among a number of student organizations to be founded by the ANAK Society .
= = Present @-@ day publication = =
The Technique is published weekly during the Fall and Spring semesters , with the exceptions of " Dead Week , " finals week and Spring Break and is published biweekly during the Summer semester . As of the 2005 @-@ 2006 publication year , the paper has also taken a hiatus the week prior to Spring Break . General staff meetings are held on Tuesdays , when the majority of story assignments are made to a mostly volunteer writing staff . Deadline is on Wednesday nights during weeks when the paper is published , and the copy is sent to the printer on Thursday morning . The paper is then distributed around the campus on the Friday of that week . The Technique 's office is located in the northwest corner of the Student Services Building .
The paper is operated by a staff of approximately 50 paid and unpaid students , as well as two permanent , paid , non @-@ student staff members . As Georgia Tech has no journalism school , the Technique welcomes all students within the Institute to contribute to its content . The Technique is funded primarily by advertisements , and to a lesser extent by Tech 's Student Government Association .
= = Sections = =
The Technique is generally between 16 and 40 pages long , the length of an issue being dependent upon the number of advertisements purchased for a given week . The paper is organized into five sections :
News
Includes Georgia Tech @-@ specific crime reports and news .
Life ( previously Focus )
Includes human interest stories .
Entertainment
Includes reviews of music , movies , performance arts , and video games , cartoons , a crossword puzzle , and sudoku puzzles .
Opinions
Includes editorials , an editorial cartoon , op @-@ eds , and letters to the editor .
Sports
Includes summaries of recent Georgia Tech sports games and sports features .
= = Special editions = =
= = = To Hell With Georgia = = =
The most well @-@ known of the special issues the Technique publishes is a satire of The University of Georgia 's student newspaper ( The Red and Black ) . The tradition of this parody dates back to the very first issue of the Technique , which was published with the intent of taunting Georgia Tech 's rival school , and has its roots in the embittered rivalry between Georgia Tech and the University of Georgia . It is published just before the two schools compete in football and is one of the last issues of the Fall semester . The parody is known as " To Hell With Georgia , " after the school 's popular cheer . On years where the schools play their football match at UGA 's Sanford Stadium , Technique staff distribute the issue across UGA 's campus . In 2009 , the THWGA issue was printed with an incorrect year in the masthead , though the date was corrected in the version posted online .
= = = Freshman Issue = = =
The Freshman Issue is another special edition of the Technique . It is the first issue published each academic year and is by far the longest issue , with each of the sections about as long as a normal issue . The content usually centers on the themes of welcoming Freshmen and welcoming returning students back to Tech . The Freshman Issue also contains a special section dedicated to helping Freshmen become more acquainted with Tech and its customs . It is generally the only issue in which content from previous issues is reprinted .
= = = Other special editions = = =
Other special editions include the Homecoming issue , the April Fool 's issue ( historically known as the Techlique , which includes a section of fake news parodying Tech in a similar style to the " To Hell With Georgia " issue ) and the " Best of Tech " issue , which is the final issue of the Spring semester .
= = Recurring features = =
= = = Two Bits = = =
The Technique featured an anonymous humor column called " Two Bits , " which is authored by the mysterious Two Bits Man , a sarcastic , everyday virtuoso who concerns himself with Tech- and university @-@ specific subjects . His articles range from relentless sickly sniffles to school @-@ wide subjects of controversy or interest . Popular targets for his scorn include Georgia Tech 's Parking department and School of Physics , whereas he consistently praises the President Emeritus G. Wayne Clough , who he refers to as " Funk Masta G. Wayne " . The Two Bits column had been discontinued in 2010 , but was brought back in 2012 , to again be discontinued in 2013 .
= = = Sliver Box = = =
One of the Technique 's most popular features is the Sliver Box , an analogue of the Vent feature of the Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution , which allows readers to submit any comment they wish . Comments are submitted on the Technique 's website and as many Slivers that will fit appear in the week 's paper , usually in order of submission . Slivers are subject to minimal censorship , with only full names of non @-@ public figures , personal information and strong profanities typically removed or altered . Other entries are occasionally removed or truncated , usually in cases of spamming of the Sliver submission system . According to the paper , the Box is used to fill empty room left between advertisements in order to maintain a modular layout style . It is not uncommon for students to have conversations using the Sliver Box . Slivers were originally comments made by editorial board members during deadline night and were placed in narrow boxes ( " Slivers " ) at the bottom of each page . Comments made on deadline night and opinions of editorial board members still occasionally find their way into the Sliver Box .
= = Controversies = =
The only recent controversies related to the Technique have occurred when they have accepted or rejected advertisements deemed to be controversial or inappropriate . Their ad policy states ,
= Boletus subluridellus =
Boletus subluridellus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae . Described as new to science in 1971 by American mycologists , the bolete is found in the eastern United States and Canada . It grows on the ground in coniferous and mixed forests in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous trees , especially oak . The fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) have orangish @-@ red , broadly convex caps that are up to 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) in diameter , with small , dark reddish pores on the underside . The pale yellow stipe measures 4 – 9 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) long by 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 9 in ) thick . All parts of the fruit body will quickly stain blue when injured or touched .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species was described by American mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers in their 1971 monograph on the bolete fungi of Michigan . The type collection was made by Smith on a golf course near Ypsilanti , Michigan in September 1961 ; it is kept at the University of Michigan herbarium .
Boletus subluridellus is classified in the section Luridi of the genus Boletus . Section Luridi is characterized by boletes that immediately turn blue with cutting or bruising , narrow pores that are usually red , and the occasional presence of toxins in the fruit bodies . According to the scheme proposed by Smith and Thiers , the form of the dermatocystidia ( cystidia on the cap cuticle ) is important to species delimitation in section Luridi . In a 1993 study , however , Roland Treu found no major consistent microscopic differences between B. subluridellus , B. rufocinnamomeus , and B. roseobadius .
The specific epithet subluridellus refers to its similarity to Boletus luridellus . Luridellus means " drab yellow to dirty brown " .
= = Description = =
Fruit bodies of Boletus subluridellus have convex caps that measure 5 – 10 cm ( 2 – 4 in ) in diameter . The cap surface is dry and slightly sticky , with a somewhat velvety texture . Its color is reddish to reddish @-@ brown to orange @-@ red . The flesh is bright yellow before staining blue where it has been cut . It has no discernible odor , and a slightly metallic taste . On the cap underside , the tubes comprising the pore surface are 6 – 9 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 – 0 @.@ 35 in ) long . Near to where the cap attaches to the stipe , they are either unattached , or slightly depressed . The dark reddish pores are small and round , numbering about 2 – 3 pores per mm . The stipe measures 4 – 9 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) long by 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 9 in ) thick . It is solid ( i.e. , not hollow or stuffed with a pith ) , and roughly the same width throughout its length . The stipe color is pale yellow , grading to reddish in the base , where it has pressed @-@ down yellow hairs . All parts of the fruit body ( cap surface , flesh , pores , and stipe ) will quickly stain blue when injured or touched .
The spore print is olive @-@ brown . Spores are somewhat fuse @-@ shaped in face view , and inequilateral in profile view . They have a smooth surface , a tiny apical pore , and dimensions of 11 – 15 by 4 – 5 @.@ 5 μm , with walls about 0 @.@ 2 μm thick . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are club @-@ shaped , four @-@ spored , and measure 8 – 12 μm thick . Pleurocystidia ( on the tube walls ) are 28 – 42 by 6 – 11 μm with a 3 – μm neck , whereas the cheilocystidia ( on the pore edges ) are narrowly club @-@ shaped and slightly smaller , measuring 26 – 38 by 4 – 8 μm . Pleurocystidia tend to not protrude further than sporulating basidia . The cap cuticle comprises a 150 μm @-@ thick layer of narrow hyphae measuring 3 – 5 μm more or less arranged in a trichodermium ( wherein the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel , like hairs , perpendicular to the cap surface ) . These hyphae stain red when mounted in Melzer 's reagent and yellow in potassium hydroxide . Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae .
= = = Similar species = = =
Boletus roseolateritius , known from Mississippi , has a cap that changes color according to its age : it is initially dark reddish to orangish , later reddish brown at maturity , fading to brownish orange or brownish pink with dull yellow tints , and finally turning dull dingy yellow in age . Its pale yellow stipe lacks the reddish coloration and the hairs found on the base of B. subluridellus . Microscopically , it has smaller spores , measuring 8 @.@ 5 – 12 by 3 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 5 μm . Boletus rufocinnamomeus is also similar in appearance , but can be distinguished by its yellow stipe that is dotted with orange @-@ cinnamon to brownish dots . Boletus flammans , another blue @-@ bruising lookalike found in the southeastern United States , grows under conifers . It has a reddish stipe with fine reticulations on its upper half .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Boletus subluridellus is a mycorrhizal fungus , and grows in association with deciduous trees , especially oak ( genus Quercus ) . Fruit bodies grow scattered or in groups on the ground in deciduous or mixed forests , and appear from July to October . An eastern North American species , the mushroom is found from New England west to the Great Lakes , north to Quebec in Canada .
= Far Cry 4 =
Far Cry 4 is an open world action @-@ adventure first @-@ person shooter video game developed and published by Ubisoft for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . It is the successor to the 2012 video game Far Cry 3 , and the fourth main installment in the Far Cry series . The game was released on November 18 , 2014 .
The game takes place in Kyrat , a fictional Himalayan country that mostly consists of sprawling mountains and forests , vast water systems , and villages . The main story follows Ajay Ghale , a young Kyrati @-@ American , as he is caught in a civil war involving Kyrat 's Royal Army , controlled by tyrannical king Pagan Min , and a rebel movement called the Golden Path . Gameplay focuses on combat and exploration ; players battle enemy soldiers and dangerous wildlife using a wide array of weapons , while completing side missions , collecting useful items , and progressing through the game 's main story . The game features many elements found in role @-@ playing games , such as a branching storyline . In addition to the game 's campaign , the game features a map editor , a co @-@ operative multiplayer mode , and an asymmetrical competitive multiplayer mode which was developed by Red Storm Entertainment .
Announced in May 2014 , development on Far Cry 4 began immediately after the shipment of Assassin 's Creed III in late 2012 . The team originally intended to develop a direct sequel to Far Cry 3 that continues 3 's story , but the idea was later scrapped and the team decided to develop a new setting and new story for the game . Certain aspects of Far Cry 4 were inspired by the Nepalese Civil War , and the costume of the game 's antagonist Pagan Min was inspired by Japanese films Ichi the Killer and Brother .
Far Cry 4 was met with a mostly positive critical reception upon release . Critics praised the open world design , visuals , soundtrack , and characters , particularly antagonist Pagan Min . There was also praise for the new gameplay additions , such as the grappling hook , and the wealth of content . However , some critics disliked the story and found the game too similar to its predecessor . The game was a commercial success , selling 7 million copies by the end of 2014 , and was the biggest launch in the franchise 's history . Several downloadable content were subsequently released .
= = Gameplay = =
Far Cry 4 is a first @-@ person action @-@ adventure game . Players assume control of Ajay Ghale , a Kyrati @-@ American who is on a quest to spread his deceased mother 's ashes in the fictional country of Kyrat . Throughout the game , players can run , leap , and crouch , and have the ability to use weapons including shotguns , crossbows , sniper rifles , mines , throwing knives , bows , flamethrowers , and rocket launchers . The game allows players to take cover to avoid gunfights and to perform melee takedowns from above or up @-@ close . Unlike previous installments in the series , Far Cry 4 gives players the ability to kick objects and the ability to hide the corpses of enemies .
Players can use a variety of methods to approach missions . For instance , players can utilize stealth to evade enemies and complete objectives without being noticed , or they also have the option to assault enemies with firearms and vehicles . The player @-@ character is equipped with a digital camera , which allows him to mark and highlight all visible enemies , animals , and loots . Players are also able to ride on elephants , which serve as tank @-@ like , offensive weapons for players . Players can throw bait towards enemies , which attracts nearby wildlife that is hostile to both the player and enemies . Players can also hunt and skin animals .
The game features an open world environment that is free for players to explore . It features several environments , including forests , rivers , and mountains . To allow players to travel between places faster , the game features various vehicles , including buggies , trucks , and water vehicles like speedboats . Players can drive and shoot at the same time , and can enable auto @-@ drive , in which the game 's artificial intelligence takes over the role of controlling the vehicle and guides players to their objectives . Players can also hijack other vehicles while driving . The Buzzer , an aerial , helicopter @-@ like vehicle , is introduced in the game , allowing players to gain a tactical advantage from the air . Parachutes , wingsuits , and grappling hooks are also featured in the game ; these items help players swing across cliffs and quickly navigate the environment . Parts of the game take place in Shangri @-@ La , a mystical dreamland where players battle demons as the Kyrati warrior Kalinag . While in Shangri @-@ La , players are accompanied by an injured tiger which serves as their companion . Players can issue commands to the tiger , which assists them in battle .
The game world is divided into two halves : North and South Kyrat . Players start in South Kyrat and are free to explore it almost immediately , but can only unlock North Kyrat over the course of the story . The map is progressively opened by liberating bell towers , freeing them from Pagan Min 's influence and allowing the Golden Path to expand . These towers help players reveal new areas and mark new locations of interest on the map . The world is scattered with outposts controlled by Pagan Min , which can be infiltrated by players . Four larger outposts , or fortresses , can also be found , and feature stronger defenses and more difficult combinations of enemies . If players successfully liberate these outposts , they will serve as fast @-@ travel points , allowing quick navigation through the game 's world . Additional missions and quests also become available . There are many side @-@ missions that can be completed , including hostage rescues , bomb disposal quests , and hunting missions . The collected animals ' parts can then be used for crafting new pouches and belts .
Like its predecessors , the game features some role @-@ playing elements . Players can earn experience points by completing missions and defeating enemies , and these experience points can then be spent on performance boosts and upgrades . There are two sets of abilities for players to choose from , called The Tiger and The Elephant . The Tiger upgrades mainly improve players ' offensive abilities , while The Elephant upgrades improve players ' defensive skills . A variety of random events and hostile encounters take place throughout the game ; for example , the player may unexpectedly be attacked by an eagle , be hit by a car , or witness an animal attack . Players can accumulate karma by performing kind actions towards the rebels , such as by assisting them in battles when they are attacked by wildlife or enemies . Doing so will give players discounts when purchasing new items at trading posts , and will allow players to call in support and back @-@ up from members of the Golden Path . Players can also gain experience by collecting items like masks , propaganda posters , and mani wheels . There is also an Arena mode , in which players battle human enemies and animals for additional experience points and rewards .
= = = Multiplayer = = =
Far Cry 4 features a co @-@ operative multiplayer mode known as " Guns for Hire " , which supports up to two players . The mode is separated from the game 's campaign , and players are free to explore the game 's world , defeat enemies , and infiltrate outposts with their companion . In addition to the co @-@ operative mode , players can gain access to several competitive multiplayer modes which have an asymmetrical structure . Players play as either a Rakshasa or a Golden Path member . The Ratshasa are equipped with bows and arrows , and have the ability to teleport and to summon wildlife to assist them , while Golden Path members are equipped with guns and explosives , and have access to armored vehicles . Known as " Battles of Kyrat " , players fight against each other in three modes , called Outpost , Propaganda , and Demon Mask . Far Cry 4 also contains a Map Editor that allows users to create and share custom content . Similar to that of Far Cry 3 , players can create their maps by customizing landscapes , and by placing buildings , trees , wildlife , and vehicles . However , the Map Editor did not support competitive multiplayer levels at launch . Multiplayer support was added to the game on February 3 , 2015 .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Premise = = =
The story was inspired by the ten @-@ year @-@ long Maoist insurgency in Nepal . The game follows Ajay Ghale , a young Kyrati @-@ American who returns to his native country of Kyrat ( a fictional Himalayan country derived from Kirati , a collection of Himalayan people originating from Tibet ) to spread his deceased mother 's ashes . Kyrat was once an autonomous state in the Himalayas ruled by a royal family before being engulfed in a series of civil wars . Ajay finds the country in a state of conflict between Kyrat 's Royal Army , led by the country 's eccentric and tyrannical King Pagan Min , and the Golden Path , a rebel movement fighting to free Kyrat from Min 's oppressive rule . The choices Ajay makes will determine the fate of Kyrat .
= = = Plot = = =
After the death of his mother Ishwari , Ajay Ghale ( James A. Woods ) returns to his home country of Kyrat to carry out Ishwari 's final wish by returning her ashes to Lakshmana . However , his mission is interrupted when the bus he is traveling on is attacked by the Royal Army and he is taken prisoner by Pagan Min ( Troy Baker ) , the country 's eccentric and violent king , who claims to have been romantically involved with Ishwari . After finding his way through Pagan 's mansion , Ajay escapes with the aid of Sabal ( Naveen Andrews ) , a commander in the Golden Path , a rebel movement established by Ajay 's father , Mohan Ghale . Ajay is not able to leave the country as the Royal Army has taken control of Kyrat 's only airport and sealed the borders .
In the twenty years since Ishwari and Ajay fled Kyrat , the rebellion has stagnated , with the Golden Path now fighting for their very existence . As the son of Mohan Ghale , Ajay becomes a symbol for the Golden Path to rally around . After freeing a group of hostages and liberating territory held by Pagan , the Golden Path plan on breaking Pagan 's stranglehold on power by targeting his three regional governors : Paul " De Pleur " Harmon ( Travis Willingham ) , who oversees opium production and runs Pagan 's torture chambers ; Noore Najjar ( Mylène Dinh @-@ Robic ) , who runs poaching and prostitution rings and who became a victim of Pagan 's cruelty herself after he kidnapped her family ; and Yuma Lau ( Gwendoline Yeo ) , Min 's adopted sister and trusted general who is obsessed with uncovering the secrets of the mystical realm of Shangri @-@ La .
However the Golden Path 's newfound momentum is threatened by deep divisions between its commanders , Sabal , who favors traditional values , and Amita ( Janina Gavankar ) , who argues for progress , which includes relying heavily on drug trade . Ajay is forced to intervene on several occasions , with his decisions influencing the direction the Golden Path takes . The first governor to fall is De Pleur after Noore helps Ajay find a way to infiltrate De Pleur 's stronghold , allowing the rebellion to capture him . Amita and Sabal later task Ajay with confronting and killing Noore . She dies in her fighting arena , either with Ajay killing her , or with Noore committing suicide upon learning Pagan had her family executed years beforehand .
As the Golden Path secures Kyrat 's southern provinces , Ajay is contacted by Willis Huntley ( Alain Goulem ) , a CIA agent who offers intelligence for the rebels and pages from his father 's diary in exchange for killing Yuma 's lieutenants . After Ajay kills several of them , Huntley admits they were in fact CIA assets , and that he was sent to clean up after the CIA as the agency did not see Pagan as a threat anymore . Huntley betrays Ajay to Pagan just as the Golden Path prepare to push into Northern Kyrat .
Ajay ends up in Yuma 's mountain prison , which he manages to escape from . In the process he finds out that Yuma has started despising Pagan , primarily because of his affections toward Ajay 's late mother . The Golden Path pushes into the north , and while Ajay attempts to reconnect with another faction of the rebels , Pagan , aware of Yuma 's plotting against him , betrays Yuma to the Golden Path . Ajay is drawn into a confrontation with her and prevails , but tensions between Amita and Sabal reach new heights , and Ajay is forced to make a final decision as to who will lead the Golden Path . Whichever leader he chooses then sends Ajay to kill the other to prevent them from starting another civil war , and Ajay can choose to either kill them as ordered or let them go . With the Golden Path now united under a single leader , Ajay joins them for an attack on Pagan 's fortress and pushes on alone to Pagan 's palace while the Golden Path holds off the military .
= = = = Endings = = = =
Ajay encounters Pagan , who chastises him for fleeing at the start of the game , claiming that he only ever intended to help Ajay . Pagan offers Ajay a final decision : shoot him now , or listen to him . If Ajay shoots Pagan , the game ends immediately and the credits roll . If Ajay instead chooses to listen , Pagan reveals that Ajay 's father sent Ishwari to spy on Pagan in the early days of the Golden Path . They fell in love and had a daughter together , Lakshmana , which would make her Ajay 's half @-@ sister . Ajay 's father , Mohan Ghale , killed Lakshmana for Ishwari 's betrayal , and Ishwari killed him in turn before leaving the country with the infant Ajay . Pagan shows Ajay to a shrine containing Lakshmana 's ashes , and Ajay places Ishwari 's ashes inside . Pagan then boards a helicopter and departs peacefully , leaving the country in Ajay 's hands .
Ajay can choose to shoot down Pagan 's helicopter as it flies away , killing Pagan in the process . In that case , Pagan 's body can be found in Kyrat next to the downed helicopter . Upon looting Pagan 's corpse , Ajay finds a golden pen with an inscription " For you my love , Ishwari " , and which he can sell for 300 @,@ 000 rupees .
In the aftermath of Pagan 's death or departure , the Golden Path seizes control of Kyrat . If Amita was placed in charge , she begins conscripting children into the group as soldiers to bolster their ranks against the remnants of the Royal Army , and also has her sister Bhadra taken away , " never to come again " , subtly implying she is dead . If Sabal was placed in charge , he brutally executes all of Amita 's supporters and turns Bhadra into Tarun Matara , a religious symbol for the country to rally around . Ajay then has one final choice ; to either kill the Golden Path 's leader or leave them alive .
An Easter egg ending can be found at the beginning of the game . To trigger it , Ajay must simply wait at the dinner table during Darpan 's torture ; Pagan returns shortly and thanks Ajay for being a " gentleman " , and leads him to Lakshmana 's shrine , telling Ajay of his family history before he plants his mother 's ashes at the shrine . After Ajay exits the shrine , Pagan then asks Ajay to join him to " finally shoot some goddamn guns " .
= = = Escape from Durgesh Prison = = =
Escape from Durgesh is an additional chapter of the story available as downloadable content . It expands upon Ajay 's escape from the Durgesh prison and return to the Golden Path , and on Yuma 's planned insurrection against Pagan Min .
Following Ajay 's escape , he is left stranded in the snow at high altitude where he is rescued by Pagan Min . After tending to Ajay 's wounds , Min leaves him in a tower in Northern Kyrat , as he is unable to return Ajay to the Golden Path directly . He then leaks news of Ajay 's escape to Sabal and Amita , and allows them to secure a Royal Army helicopter so that they can extract him . However , word of this has spread to Yuma , who marshals the forces loyal to her and plans to attack the landing site once Ajay tries to escape . Because of this , Ajay only has a limited window of opportunity to escape , but can buy more time by attacking Yuma 's forces . In exchange for disrupting Yuma 's plans for a coup , Min promises Ajay support and resources at the landing site . After killing Yuma 's lieutenants , disrupting her supply lines , and thwarting her plans to sabotage Min 's communications , Ajay ventures to the landing site where he is forced to fight off Yuma 's attack long enough for the helicopter to power up . With the landing site secured and Yuma 's forces in disarray , Ajay is successfully airlifted out and evacuated back to Southern Kyrat to rejoin the Golden Path , at which point the main story resumes .
= = = Valley of the Yetis = = =
Valley of the Yetis is a downloadable additional chapter of content which takes place directly after the events of the main game . The plot itself however is not considered canon or a true continuation of the original story .
Following the end of Pagan Min 's rule , Ajay is working with the Golden Path to clean up the last of the forces loyal to Min . While patrolling an isolated corner of Kyrat , his helicopter is shot down by an unknown assailant . Ajay survives the crash , but awakens to discover that the pilot has been abducted and taken deeper into the valley . Ajay follows him intent on rescue , only to discover that the valley is occupied by an aggressive army . Liberating a relay station in a bid to re @-@ establish contact with the Golden Path , he is forced to fight off wave after wave of attackers whilst being taunted by a voice over the radio . Investigating further , Ajay discovers the army is calling themselves the Disciples of Yalung , and is a cult worshiping a demon from Kyrati mythology . The Disciples have harnessed an evil that permeates the valley to transform their followers into " Awakened " , or yetis , and are amassing their forces to attack Kyrat . Realizing that he cannot return to Kyrat without dealing with the cult , Ajay gradually destroys their ranks before scaling a glacier to find the source of Yalung 's influence . After successfully destroying a tree that provides the Disciples with their power , Ajay is transformed into an Awakened himself .
= = Development = =
The game 's development was led by Ubisoft Montreal , which took over the development of the Far Cry franchise after the release of Far Cry : Instincts in 2005 . Additional development was handled by four other in @-@ house Ubisoft studios , Ubisoft Toronto , Red Storm Entertainment , Ubisoft Shanghai , and Ubisoft Kiev . The Montreal studio worked on the game 's campaign , the Toronto studio worked on the Shangri @-@ La segments of the campaign , Red Storm handled the development of the competitive multiplayer , the Shanghai studio worked on the hunting missions , and the Kiev studio developed the game 's PC version . Development of the game began in late 2012 , after the shipment of Assassin 's Creed III . The game 's creative director is Alex Hutchinson , who had previously worked on Maxis 's Spore as well as Assassin 's Creed III .
When brainstorming ideas for the new Far Cry game , the development team originally planned on developing a direct sequel to Far Cry 3 . The sequel would be set on the same tropical island , would extend upon the protagonist 's story , and would bring back characters , such as Far Cry 3 's secondary antagonist , Vaas . However , after four days , the team found that a sequel was not what they wanted to achieve . As a result , they decided to scrap the idea and build a brand new game with a new setting and a new set of characters . The team adapted a “ we want it all ” approach , in which they hoped to experiment with all kinds of ideas . Some team members hoped that the game would allow players to fly , which led to the game 's verticality . The game 's director also hoped that players would be able to ride a rampaging elephant , in a place with " exotic mountainsides " and " unique culture " . This led to the concept of a mountainous setting and the introduction of elephants in the game . The developers aimed for players to consider Far Cry 4 a standalone experience , and therefore they avoided bringing back any characters from Far Cry 3 except for Hurk . The decision to bring Hurk back was made because the team thought that they should provide some references to previous games in the series , as all of the games are set in the same universe even though they are not directly related .
Some of the gameplay elements were directly taken from Far Cry 3 . Exotic locations , hunting , and the freedom for players to complete missions through different approaches were maintained in Far Cry 4 . The team hoped that by incorporating and expanding upon on these ideas , while introducing new features , they could make Far Cry 4 an evolution for the series . As a result , the size of the game 's outposts became larger and players were given more options to customize their weapons . The team also realized that players spent a lot of time interacting with the open world of Far Cry 3 , and decided to put more effort and resources into the world 's design and add more quests to the game .
The game 's setting , Kyrat , is a fictional country in the Himalayas region . When building Kyrat , the developers merged elements from real @-@ world regions including Nepal and Tibet , but exaggerated those elements . The map 's size is similar to that of Far Cry 3 , but is more dense , diverse , and features more varied environments . The developers hoped that players could experience a sense of exploration when traveling between the different terrains . The team also hoped that the new location could be believable , while remaining interesting for players . As a result , they created an identify for Kyrat by doing such things as adding different signboards to the game and creating a fictional mythology and religion for Kyrat . The game 's world was also designed to accommodate new features such as the helicopter and the grappling hook . In an effort to make the world feel real , the team added improvements to the design of side @-@ quests . Instead of simply being activities for players to complete , the quests are narrative @-@ driven , which was done to increase the connection between them and the world . In order to increase the credibility of the game 's world , the studio sent a team to Nepal to experience and record the local culture , so that they could bring those ideas back to the studio . According to the developer , the trip changed the game 's design ; the focus shifted from the game 's civil war , which is inspired by the real @-@ world Nepalese Civil War , to developing unique and interesting characters .
One of the game 's most critically acclaimed characters is Pagan Min , the game 's major antagonist . The team hoped that players would be " shocked , amazed and intrigued " by him in every encounter . Min has a complex relationship with the playable character , Ghale , as the team wanted players to guess Min 's intentions and add a layer of mysteriousness to him . The team originally hoped to have a villain that had a " punk @-@ rock mentality " , but the idea was abandoned as the team thought that the concept was not original . The pink costume Min wears throughout the game was inspired by Beat Takeshi , a character from Brothers , and Ichi , a character from Ichi the Killer . Min is designed to be sadistic yet confident , and the team hired Troy Baker to provide the voice for Min , as they thought that Baker 's voice is charismatic enough to suit Min . According to Baker , Ubisoft gave him a script for the audition but he chose not to follow it , and instead decided to threaten to cut off the face of an assistant using Min 's tone . The interviewer was very pleased with Baker 's performance and decided to sign him for the job . As for Ghale , he was designed to be " thin " , and his backstory was designed to be revealed as players progressed through the game 's story . According to the game 's narrative director , Mark Thompson , Ghale learns the history and culture of Kyrat along with players . The developers also hoped that Ghale could be an accessible character for players .
In hindsight , the team considered the story of Far Cry 3 " great " , even though they thought that it was separated from the game 's world . In order to increase players ' agency and make the story to feel more connected to the world for players , the team introduced a branching storyline which required players to make choices that would lead to different results and alter the game 's ending . The team hoped that by adding choices , they could add additional depth and meaning to the game 's campaign . Thompson added that they twisted the story of Far Cry 3 for Far Cry 4 , and made outsiders the villains instead of the heroes . The team considered it a " risk " , but they wanted to try something different .
For the Shangri @-@ La mission , the team wanted to have a structure similar to 3 's mushroom missions ; a game within a game . The Shangri @-@ La missions are not related to Kyrat , but play an important role in the game 's narrative . When creating these segments , the team put a lot of emphasis on the use of colors . They hoped that the artistic vision for Far Cry 4 would not feature any resemblance to other typical shooter games . It was originally designed to be a small open world , but was later converted into a linear experience due to time constraints and huge creative differences between developers . The team later decided to simplify it , and re @-@ imagined it into an " ancient , natural world " . It is made up of five different colors . The main color of Shangri @-@ La is gold ; the developers thought that using gold as the foundation added " warmth " to the dreamland . Meanwhile , red was used heavily to add a sense of strangeness , as well as for establishing a tie to the game 's narrative and story . Orange was used as a color of interaction , while white was used to add purity to the world . Blue is the last of Shangri @-@ La 's main colors , and represents dangers and honor .
Ubisoft promised that Far Cry 4 would have much more of a multiplayer element than Far Cry 3 . Some elements that were scrapped for Far Cry 3 due to time constraints were featured in Far Cry 4 , such as the " Guns for Hire " co @-@ operative multiplayer mode . Building a co @-@ operative experience was the team 's goal starting from the beginning of the game 's development . Originally intended to be a separate mode , it was later made to be seamlessly integrated into the main campaign . The game 's competitive multiplayer was designed to give players freedom , allowing players to progress and defeat enemies through a variety of different ways . Red Storm Entertainment also considered players ' feedback from the multiplayer aspect of Far Cry 3 , and decided to include vehicles to the game . The company chose an asymmetrical structure for the match , so that players could have different experiences in different matches , as well as to make matches feel more chaotic . The developers originally planned to feature female playable characters , but the plan was scrapped due to animation problems . Ubisoft announced a ' Keys to Kryat ' offer for players that owned a copy of the game for the PlayStation 3 or PlayStation 4 . It allows those owners to send out game keys to up to ten other people who do not own a copy of the game . Players who are offered a key can join the person that sent them the key and play the co @-@ operative mode for two hours .
Cliff Martinez was hired to work on the game 's soundtrack . A two disc edition was released that contained 30 tracks heard in the game , and a deluxe edition was released that contained 15 extra tracks . The album was released just before the release of the game , and received positive reviews . Particular praise was directed towards the usage of traditional Nepalese instruments which , combined with electronic samples , suggested high octane action and mystical wondering .
= = = Release = = =
With Far Cry 3 being a commercial success , Ubisoft considered the Far Cry series one of their most important brands , and they hinted that a sequel was in development in June 2013 . On October 3 , 2013 , Martinez mentioned that he was working on the soundtrack for the game . In March 2014 the game 's setting and features were leaked . The game was officially announced on May 15 , 2014 , and the first gameplay footage was revealed during Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 . The game 's cover art , which shows the light @-@ skinned Pagan Min resting his hand on a dark @-@ skinned person , caused controversy and accusation of racism . Hutchinson later responded and clarified by saying that Pagan Min is not a white person , and that the other person depicted is not the game 's protagonist . Hutchinson added that the reaction of the community regarding the cover art was " uncomfortable " .
In addition to the standard version , a Limited Edition of the game could be purchased . This edition features additional in @-@ game missions and an Impaler Harpoon Gun . The Limited Edition was a free upgrade for players who pre @-@ ordered the game . A Kyrat Edition was also announced and it contains a collector 's box , a poster , a journal , a map of Kyrat , a figurine of Pagan Min , and the missions from the Limited Edition . Players can also purchase a season pass for the game , which grants them access to additional content , including a new competitive multiplayer mode , a mission called " the Syringe " , the missions from the Limited Edition , and the two other pieces of downloadable content .
A Complete Edition of the game was released in 2015 , containing all purchasable DLC , including the newly released Valley of the Yetis DLC and all other DLC exclusive to specific editions . It is only available for the PC and PS4 in Europe and Asia .
Far Cry 4 was released on November 18 , 2014 in North America , November 20 , 2014 in Europe , and November 21 , 2014 in the UK , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 and Xbox One . The PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC versions feature higher visual fidelity , such as having a higher texture resolution and more animal fur . The game was supported by downloadable content upon launch . The first DLC , Escape From Durgesh Prison , featuring a new mission set during the main campaign , was released on January 13 , 2015 . It can be played solo or with another player . The Overrun DLC , which added new maps , a new vehicle , and a new mode to the game 's competitive multiplayer , was released on February 10 , 2015 for the consoles , and February 12 , 2015 for PC . The Hurk Deluxe Pack was released on January 28 , 2015 and added several story missions and weapons . The last downloadable content , Valley of the Yetis , features a new region and new story missions which can be played solo or co @-@ cooperatively with another player . Valley of the Yetis was released on March 10 , 2015 in North America and March 11 , 2015 in Europe .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Far Cry 4 received a positive reception upon release . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Xbox One version 85 @.@ 92 % based on 12 reviews and 82 / 100 based on 14 reviews , respectively . The PlayStation 4 version received 83 @.@ 76 % based on 57 reviews on GameRankings and 85 / 100 based on 83 reviews on Metacritic , and the Microsoft Windows version received 81 @.@ 00 % based on 9 reviews and 80 / 100 based on 17 reviews , respectively .
The game 's story received mixed responses . Chris Carter from Destructoid praised the personality of Ajay Ghale , which is " less in @-@ your @-@ face " than that of Far Cry 3 's protagonist Jason Brody . He also praised the villain , Pagan Min , who he considered took the spotlight every time he appeared in the game . Josh Harmon from Electronic Gaming Monthly thought that the characters in this game had more depth , and that the choices made by players throughout the game were meaningful . Aoife Wilson from Eurogamer thought that the game 's characters were memorable , but was disappointed by the story . Nick Tan , from Game Revolution , also praised Min 's personality , but he complained that the character appeared too seldom in the game . Edwin Evans @-@ Thirlwell , writing for GamesRadar , thought that the story grew tiresome as players progressed , even though some of its characters were interesting . He further criticized the game 's writing , which he thought was lackluster . Mike Splechta from GameZone praised the game 's voice acting and applauded its storyline , calling it satisfying .
The game 's setting received positive responses . Carter thought that the verticality nature of the game 's map created obstacles for players when they were traveling between places . However , he praised the interesting lore and wildlife found within the world , as well as the game 's long draw distance . Harmon had similar comments , praising the game 's graphics and Kyrat 's culture . Harmon thought that the hilly landscape of the game 's world gave players a sense of exploration , and hence made traversal enjoyable . Wilson thought , however , that the game 's setting was not as compelling as the tropical setting of Far Cry 3 . Nevertheless , she praised the Shangri @-@ la section , which she thought had changed the game 's landscape drastically . Matt Bertz from Game Informer praised the game 's setting , which he thought was vibrant , varied and rich . Ludwig Kietzmann from Joystiq praised the content found within the world , and thought that the world itself was absorbing and interesting .
The game 's design also received acclaim . Carter from Destructoid thought that the fortress and the outpost system provided players with a sense of accomplishment and success , and he considered having the freedom to use different ways to approach and complete missions one of the greatest parts of the game . In addition , Carter applauded the game 's driving mechanics and the auto @-@ drive feature , which he considered a significant improvement for the series . However he criticized the upgrade system , which he thought was directly converted from Far Cry 3 and was uninspiring . Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Harmon thought that the introduction of the helicopter was dull . Mitch Dyer , from IGN , praised the game 's economy system , which he thought was satisfying . He added that it gives players motivations to complete side @-@ quests . Justin McElroy of Polygon praised the introduction of the grappling hook and the vertical map @-@ design , which he thought had allowed players to develop strategy before taking action . He also praised the game for allowing players to use multiple approaches towards a single objective .
The game 's multiplayer mode received mixed response . Carter compared the competitive multiplayer to that of Tomb Raider , and called it " skippable " . He considered the co @-@ operative multiplayer a fun addition to the game , but was disappointed by its limitations . He also added that the game would still be a strong title without these multiplayer elements . Bertz from Game Informer also found the multiplayer shallow and poorly @-@ executed . He also criticized the lack of a large player pool and dedicated servers . Evans @-@ Thirlwell of GamesRadar thought that the game 's co @-@ operative multiplayer were fun to play , but the asymmetrical competitive multiplayer was easy to forget . In contrast , GameZone 's Splechta thought that the competitive multiplayer mode was " a surprise " for him . Dyer echoed similar statement , and he thought that it had successfully captured the scale and freedom offered by both the game 's co @-@ op and campaign .
Harmon thought that Far Cry 4 was an improvement over Far
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Cry 3 , but he thought that the game felt and played too similarly to Far Cry 3 , and he added that the game was unambitious . Bertz thought that Ubisoft Montreal 's vision for Far Cry 4 is not as bold as its predecessors , and also thought that the experience delivered by Far Cry 4 did not stray far away from Far Cry 3 . Tan also noted that the game 's open world design felt not only similar to Far Cry 3 , but also other Ubisoft franchises like Assassin 's Creed and Watch Dogs . Evans @-@ Thirlwell thought that the experience offered by Far Cry 4 was hollow as it had failed to innovate or reinvent its wheel . Dyer thought that the game was not ambitious , but the experience delivered was still gratifying and rewarding .
= = = Sales = = =
Ubisoft expected the game to sell at least 6 million copies in its first year of release . Far Cry 4 became the fastest @-@ selling game and the most successful launch in the series in the first week of release . Far Cry 4 was the second best selling game in the United Kingdom for all @-@ formats during the week of its release , only behind Grand Theft Auto V. It was also the sixth best selling game in the US according to The NPD Group . As of December 31 , 2014 , the game has shipped 7 million copies .
= = = Awards = = =
The game received the Best Shooter Award from IGN . The game was nominated for Best Artistic Achievement , Best Game Design , Best Music , Best Performer ( Troy Baker ) , and Best Story at the 11th British Academy Games Awards . At the DICE Awards , it was nominated for Game of the Year , Action Game of the Year , Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design , Outstanding Technical Achievement and Outstanding Achievement in Game Design , and won the award for Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition . At the BAFTA Game Awards , Far Cry 4 received five nominations including best game design and best story eventually winning for best music .
= Ohio Wesleyan University =
Ohio Wesleyan University ( also known as Wesleyan or OWU ) is a private liberal arts college in Delaware , Ohio , United States . It was founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and Central Ohio residents as a nonsectarian institution , and is a member of the Ohio Five — a consortium of Ohio liberal arts colleges . Ohio Wesleyan has always admitted students irrespective of religion or race and maintained that the university " is forever to be conducted on the most liberal principles . "
The 200 @-@ acre ( 81 ha ) site is 27 miles ( 44 km ) north of Columbus , Ohio . It includes the main academic and residential campus , the Perkins Observatory , and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve .
In 2010 , Ohio Wesleyan had the eleventh highest percentage of international students among liberal arts colleges for the seventeenth straight year . In its 2015 edition of U.S. college rankings , Niche ( company ) ranked Ohio Wesleyan the 56th ( out of 880 colleges ) most politically liberal college in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio Wesleyan 99th among U.S. liberal arts colleges in its 2015 edition .
= = History = =
= = = Founding = = =
In 1841 , Ohio residents Adam Poe and Charles Elliott decided to establish a university " of the highest order " in central Ohio . To that end , they purchased the Mansion House Hotel , a former health resort with its Sulfur Spring , using funds raised from local residents . Poe and Elliott wrote a charter emphasizing " the democratic spirit of teaching " , which was approved by the Ohio State Legislature . Early in the following year they opened the college preparatory Academy and formed a Board of Trustees . Ohio Wesleyan University , named ( like several other U.S. colleges and universities ) after John Wesley , founder of Methodism , opened on November 13 , 1844 as a Methodist @-@ related but nonsectarian institution , with a College of Liberal Arts for male students .
Ohio Wesleyan 's first president , Edward Thomson , stated in his inaugural address on August 5 , 1846 that the school was " a product of the liberality of the local people . " This liberal philosophy contributed to Ohio Wesleyan 's vocal opposition to slavery in the 1850s . In the annual celebration for George Washington 's birthday in 1862 , second president Frederick Merrick endorsed Ohio Wesleyan 's " ideals of democracy " during his oration .
= = = Curriculum growth and fundraising = = =
During the mid @-@ 19th century , Ohio Wesleyan focused on attracting students , adding fields of study , and fundraising , by which it significantly increased its endowment . Sturges Hall was constructed as the University 's first library in 1855 . In 1873 , the school added the Department of Natural History housed in Merrick Hall . The Ohio Wesleyan Female College , established in 1853 , merged with the university in 1877 . Between 1876 and 1888 , enrollment tripled and music education greatly increased , yet no major buildings were built in this time .
By the end of the 19th century , Ohio Wesleyan had added a School of Music ( 1877 ) , School of Fine Arts ( 1877 ) , School of Oratory ( 1894 ) , and Business School ( 1895 ) to the original College of Liberal Arts ( founded in 1844 ) . To address the need for new departments and specialized instruction , the administration improved the facilities and courses to make them on par with OWU 's new academic position . University Hall , Slocum Library , extensions to the Monnett campus , and athletic facilities were all constructed during that period .
Between 1891 and 1895 , Ohio Wesleyan specialized the curriculum by establishing departments for physics , zoology , geology , speech , history , French , English , and economics . This specialization encouraged undergraduates to continue studies at graduate level , allowed professional preparation for the Doctor of Philosophy degree , and promoted exchange study in Europe . Two professional schools for law and medicine were formed in 1896 .
In 1905 , the Board of Trustees decided to keep Ohio Wesleyan a college , despite the expansion of the curriculum and campus and the word " university " in the institution 's name . The Bachelor of Science degree was abolished , which left only the Bachelor of Arts . Two students were selected as Rhodes Scholars in 1905 and 1909 . Edwards Gymnasium was built in 1906 . In 1907 , the United Societies of Phi Beta Kappa , the oldest undergraduate honor society in the United States , installed the " Eta of Ohio " ΦΒΚ chapter on campus . In 1909 , the school added Sanborn Hall , housing the Music Department .
In the 1920s , academic requirements for the bachelor 's degree were reduced , and Latin and mathematics were no longer emphasized . During the presidency of John W. Hoffman ( 1916 – 1928 ) , the Academy and School of Business were closed ; the Academy had started in 1842 as a preparatory school , and throughout its seventy @-@ five years frequently outnumbered the college in enrollment . Also in the 1920s , the chapel service was dropped and sororities were formed . Ohio Wesleyan also increased the number of buildings on campus , including Selby Stadium , Austin Manor , and Perkins Observatory ; another building , Stuyvesant Hall , was in planning ; and Edgar Hall was opened .
= = = Years of change , 1930 – 1984 = = =
During the Great Depression , both enrollment and alumni donations shrank . While the faculty size remained stable , lack of tuition and alumni revenues precipitated financial problems which threatened the college 's survival in the administrations of Edmund D. Soper ( 1928 – 1938 ) , Acting President Edward Loranus Rice ( 1938 – 1939 ) , and Herbert John Burgstahler ( 1939 – 1949 ) .
The administration adjusted the curriculum during the early 1930s to address these problems . Greek and Latin declined , while business administration and economics thrived and the highest enrollments were in the social sciences , English , pre @-@ medicine , and history . The registrar reported that , in these years , the number of students from New England states , urban Ohio areas , and from international locations increased . By the 1930s , the Methodist students were a minority among the student body ; formal ties to the Methodist church were severed in the 1920s and led to debate among Board members in the 1930s , eventually resulting in the university 's current active but loose historical affiliation with the United Methodist Church . In a study into the relationship between American educational institutions and the Christian denominations they were historically affiliated with , James Tunstead Burtuchell writes that it was during this period that " in its personnel , its resources , and its students " , Ohio Wesleyan lost its " symbiotic intimacy with the United Methodist Church . "
In 1946 , Ohio Wesleyan introduced a new " Centennial Curriculum " , which enacted seven distribution requirements across the sciences and humanities ; the new requirement for a foreign language course was added to the existing humanities requirement . Thomson and Bashford Halls , originally men 's dorms , were built between 1951 and 1954 . In the 1960s , faculty , staff and administrators fought over administrative structure and control . They eventually settled on a new " statement of aims " that stressed values , rather than religious goal statements , and instituted a more internationalized curriculum , a new Women 's Studies Program , and an International Business major ; the faculty senate also introduced a new academic calendar with three 10 @.@ 5 @-@ week terms .
Thomas Wenzlau 's presidency ( 1968 – 1984 ) began with the challenge of campus unrest : Ohio Wesleyan students took over the ROTC building , demanded its shut @-@ down , and eventually eliminated ROTC in 1970 . Students also demanded participation in departmental meetings and faculty committees , and the democratic process in the governance of Ohio Wesleyan grew in this period . Wenzlau 's presidency witnessed decline in students ' test scores , an unusually high attrition rate , lack of adequate research to identify potential major donors and a growing " party school " image , leading to a rocky relationship between him and the student body . Between 1979 and 1982 , the campus newspaper The Transcript frequently criticized Wenzlau 's presidency , blaming it for " severely affecting the reputation of the college " . This exchange resulted in a Washington Post report on the school that eventually precipitated the end of Wenzlau 's presidency .
= = = 1984 – today = = =
The president , David Warren , increased admission standards in 1985 , engaged students in a " live @-@ in " presidency , expanded media exposure and established a National Colloquium focused on the liberal arts . Warren engaged in forty @-@ one interviews on the ABC and NBC networks . The current president is Rock Jones .
More recently , Ohio Wesleyan has achieved several academic and athletic recognitions . A 1986 study , titled " Educating America 's Scientists : The Role of the Research Colleges , " identified Ohio Wesleyan as one of 48 highly selective " science @-@ active " liberal arts institutions in the nation . The Battling Bishops won NCAA Division III national championships in men 's basketball ( 1988 ) and men 's ( 1998 , 2011 ) and women 's ( 2001 , 2002 ) soccer .
Ohio Wesleyan continues to undertake construction projects . The Hamilton Williams Campus Center opened in 1991 . The Memorial Union Building was renovated in 2001 to accommodate the Economics Department , the Academic Resource Center , the Information Services portion of the combined Libraries and Information Services department , and the Woltemade Center for Economics , Business and Entrepreneurship . The Schimmel @-@ Conrades Science Center opened in 2004 to provide 52 @,@ 000 square feet ( 4 @,@ 800 m2 ) of additional space for the science departments . As of 2010 , the university is engaged in a fundraising campaign to improve athletics facilities by adding a new turf facility , a new field house and a pool , and a gateway connecting all sports facilities on campus .
= = Academics = =
= = = Profile = = =
Ohio Wesleyan University is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission , and is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association , the Oberlin Group , and the Five Colleges of Ohio , a consortium of Ohio liberal arts colleges which also includes Kenyon College , Oberlin College , The College of Wooster , and Denison University . For 2011 , Ohio Wesleyan accepted approximately 52 % of its regular decision applicants , 33 % of its transfer applicants , and had a yield rate of 26 % . In 2010 , the college accepted 36 % of its international applicants . The middle 50 % range of matriculating students for the class of 2010 was 1125 – 1320 for the SAT ( old scale ) and 24 – 30 for the ACT . Approximately 35 % of accepted applicants were granted internal scholarships . Ohio Wesleyan follows a need @-@ blind admission policy ; financial circumstances are not considered when deciding whether to admit applicants . As of 2010 , OWU 's 1 @,@ 950 students come from 43 states and 57 countries ; 47 % are from Ohio , 11 % are international , and 54 % are female . The student body is about 10 % Asian , 6 % Hispanic , and 9 % Black . Fifty @-@ nine percent of Ohio Wesleyan students claim no religious affiliation . The student @-@ faculty ratio is 11 : 1 and faculty members teach all classes . Excluding independent studies and senior theses , nearly 60 % of Ohio Wesleyan 's class sections have fewer than twenty students enrolled . Ohio Wesleyan is generally known for a strong " left @-@ leaning " student body and an administration with a " permissive " attitude . In 2007 , 60 % of OWU students favored the Democratic Party . In its 2015 edition of U.S. college rankings , Niche ( company ) ranked Ohio Wesleyan 56th ( out of 880 colleges ) most politically liberal college in the U.S.
Ohio Wesleyan admits students of all cultures , lifestyles , and socio @-@ economic backgrounds . An index examining gay @-@ friendly policies places OWU among the nation 's gay @-@ friendly colleges , and the university enacts policies to meet the six criteria developed by the Campus @-@ Pride organization for recruiting and supporting students from a lesbian , gay , bi @-@ sexual , and transgender population . Nearly 18 % of students at Ohio Wesleyan receive Federal Pell Grants , which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below $ 40 @,@ 000 . This measure indicates the degree to which economically disadvantaged groups are represented at OWU .
The faculty consists of 142 tenured members . As of 2010 , all the university 's tenured or tenure @-@ track faculty members hold a PhD or other terminal degree . The faculty is 37 % female and 63 % male , with 10 % from underrepresented groups . Also as of 2010 , women constitute 37 % of the tenured professors and earn 93 @.@ 8 % of what male professors earn — numbers which suggest favorable gender circumstances .
= = = Curriculum , degrees and majors = = =
Freshmen are paired early in their first year with academic advisors who oversee their students ' academic progress . Upon completing 34 units of coursework , students may earn diplomas in Bachelor of Arts , Bachelor of Fine Arts , or Bachelor of Music . Ohio Wesleyan has research departments and teaching faculties in most academic disciplines ; as of 2005 , OWU offered 39 majors .
In its early days , OWU 's curriculum began with classical studies , for the course catalogue maintained that " the classical course in Greek and Latin and pure mathematics bring correctness in mental processes that an applied art , or a living and slightly inflected language , do not permit . " Scientific courses were added to Ohio Wesleyan 's curriculum in 1849 , and since then , scientific subjects have become a foundation to the liberal arts curriculum . OWU also has a highly respected music department .
= = = Emphasis on internationalism = = =
Ohio Wesleyan has upheld academic internationalism since its early years ; since the 19th century , the college has established links with several international schools . In 1879 , OWU alumna Elizabeth Russell founded Kwassui Women 's College in Nagasaki , Japan , when predominant Japanese culture considered women 's education unimportant . Today , Kwassui College is one of the top finishing schools for young women in Japan . In 1899 , William Ehnis ( from the class of 1898 ) traveled to Africa and opened a school in Mutare , Zimbabwe , that eventually became the Africa University . In March 1988 , Conrad Kent established the popular Salamanca Spanish Program for Ohio Wesleyan students . The school also manifests international interest in the percentage of international students it recruits and enrolls annually . Since 1983 , Ohio Wesleyan has been listed in U.S. News & World Report among colleges that attract the highest percentage of international students . The percentage of international students grew in the early and mid @-@ 1990s . In a study adjusted for school size , Ohio Wesleyan came ninth among 118 American colleges and universities in total aid awards to international students and 69th in average award per international student among both large universities and small liberal arts colleges . South East Asian students have significantly contributed to this growth . The United Nations flag , along with the flags of more than sixty represented nations and the U.S. flag , flies in University Hall in honor of the ideal of peaceful international relations .
High participation in formal exchange programs constitutes a third target of the school 's international focus . Under a Great Lakes Colleges Association agreement , OWU established an exchange program with Waseda University in 1962 to provide approximately 30 American students with opportunities to study in Japan and 30 Japanese students to study at Ohio Wesleyan each year . The Salamanca program , founded by Conrad Kent in 1988 , conducts the exchange of approximately one hundred students and faculty between OWU and the University of Salamanca in Spain . The academic collaboration frequently extends to joint participation in academic symposia : in 1993 , members of the Salamanca faculty participated in a symposium on the Golden Age in Salamanca .
= = Campus = =
The Ohio Wesleyan campus is next to downtown Delaware , and is bisected by Sandusky Street , the main north / south street through the heart of the city . The street informally divides the campus into an eastern sector composed mainly of academic buildings and a western sector composed mainly of residential and administrative buildings . Many facilities have been constructed in the last two years , with substantial benefit to science , art , and athletic programs on campus .
= = = Other facilities and off @-@ campus programs = = =
OWU operates several facilities outside campus : The Philadelphia Business Center , Wesleyan in Washington , The New York Arts Program for the performing , visual and media arts ( a GLCA arts program ) , Perkins Observatory , The Strand Theatre , and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve .
Perkins Observatory is situated in Delaware on land separate to the main campus . The observatory is named after Hiram Perkins , a former professor of mathematics and astronomy at the college . When the observatory was built in 1931 , it housed the third @-@ largest telescope in the world , which has since been moved to Arizona . The Perkins dome now houses a 32 @-@ inch ( 810 mm ) telescope , which is the second @-@ largest in Ohio .
The university also maintains offices for study abroad , US domestic study , and internship programs . Such programs include : Wesleyan in Washington , which allows students to study for a semester in Washington , D.C. , in research and internship positions . The Philadelphia Center offers students hundreds of internship and field placement opportunities off @-@ campus and the chance to live independently. and the New York Arts Program , which allows students of the arts to gain a semester of hands on experience in the arts in New York City .
= = = Community relations = = =
OWU has strong community ties with the City of Delaware . Students participate in Delaware 's community through a variety of educational , social , and cultural programs . The student @-@ led Columbus Initiative , founded in 1989 , is an experiential learning partnership between OWU and Columbus public schools . More than 150 Ohio Wesleyan students from this program tutor and mentor underprivileged pupils from Columbus .
The Ohio Wesleyan Ambassadors Program ( ISAP ) promotes cultural diversity and ethnic awareness within the local community , and exposes international students to American culture through the community . The program 's ambassadors visit local schools to give presentations and participate in events for local non @-@ profit community organizations .
Campus organizations cooperate with local residents on issues of civic engagement and activism . Progress OWU allows students from Ohio Wesleyan and local schools to express their voices on politics , public policy , and corporate and social issues , both on campus and in the local community .
Cultural programs also take part in community relations . In the 1960s , Ohio Wesleyan donated the Arts Castle , then part of the Fine Arts department , to the City of Delaware . It is now home to the Delaware County Cultural Arts Center . The Arts Castle hosts a variety of community programs in art , and offers classes ranging from ballet to fine arts . In 2004 , the OWU received a donation to rehabilitate the historic Strand Theatre in downtown Delaware .
The university and the City of Delaware sponsor several events in town throughout the year : the Delaware Arts Festival , the Little Brown Jug , the Delaware County Fair , and the Castle Arts Affair . The Delaware Arts Festival is an annual event held the weekend after Mother 's Day on the streets of Historic Downtown Delaware . The festival hosts over 170 booths featuring works of local , regional , and other artists . OWU professors chair the committees that select winners . The Little Brown Jug , a harness race , is run during the Delaware County Fair in September . The OWU president and the college mascot traditionally award the trophy for the first division of the first heat of the race .
= = Student life = =
= = = Organizations and activities = = =
Ohio Wesleyan University has 95 student clubs and organizations . The university offers three chapels as well as several Christian and other religious groups for its students . Its social organizations cover a wide range of interests , including chess , ultimate , finance , and medieval sword fighting . There are two a cappella singing groups on campus , " The OWtsiders , " a student @-@ run group formed in 1999 , and the all @-@ female " Pitch Black " established in 2005 . Another entertainment @-@ related club is " The Babbling Bishops " , an improvisational comedy troupe . The " Babbling Bishops " started in the fall of 1990 when a group of theatre concentration students formed a performance @-@ oriented project for their theatre degrees . The project became an improv comedy troupe , rehearsing in Stuyvesant Hall and performing with other college improv troupes since 1996 .
Socially conscious students can join organizations such as the activist group " ProgressOWU " or participate in student government groups , such as the Campus Programming Board and the Wesleyan Council on Student Affairs . The " PRIDE " organization offers support to OWU 's LGBT students .
Fewer than a third of Ohio Wesleyan 's students are involved in Greek life , but that percentage has fluctuated significantly throughout the university 's history . All twelve fraternities and seven sororities on campus are currently involved in many philanthropic and community programs .
Ohio Wesleyan has four religious chaplains : A Protestant minister , a Roman Catholic priest , and a Jewish rabbi . In addition to student groups and services associated with these three religions , there are groups associated with Islam , Buddhism and Unitarian Universalism , and even a group which holds services that are simply " spiritual " and separate from any organized religion . Services are also available for Quakers , Christian Scientists , Hindus , and Baha 'is , and there are many local religious groups in Delaware , Ohio .
OWU 's oldest student organizations are its literary clubs , including a number of student journals , magazines , and newspapers . The school 's student @-@ run weekly newspaper , The Transcript , is the oldest continuously published , independent , college newspaper in the United States . The OWL , an annual literary publication , features students ' work and is one of the nation 's oldest college literary magazines . Other student publications include The Civic Arts Review , the electronic Connect2OWU bulletin , and @ Wesleyan , a quarterly online magazine . Radio station WSLN broadcasts from Slocum Hall and is run by students supervised by the journalism department .
The university also has a student government , the Wesleyan Council on Student Affairs ( WCSA ) .
= = = Activism = = =
Activism as represented in OWU 's founding vision has had a significant role in Ohio Wesleyan 's history .
The first president , Edward Thomson , staunchly supported the abolition of slavery and liberalism . Other individuals associated with the university have fought racism . Branch Rickey , an alumnus , broke the racial barrier in baseball . Mary King , a civil rights activist , worked alongside Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in the U.S. civil rights movement while she was a staff member of OWU 's Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . In the 1980s , Ohio Wesleyan 's administration , moved by student activism , pledged and eventually fully divested holdings connected to South Africa . As of September 2007 , Ohio Wesleyan joined a small group of liberal colleges that actively opposed the methodology and usefulness of US News and World Report college rankings , despite the fact that the magazine ranked Ohio Wesleyan among the top national liberal arts colleges . Ohio Wesleyan 's concern intensified with disclosures about institutions flagrantly manipulating data in order to move up in the rankings in U.S. News and other popular college guides .
OWU has partisan political groups ranging from liberal to conservative , such the College Republicans and the College Democrats , and several activism awareness groups such as ProgressOWU , Black Men of the Future , Student Union on Black Awareness , PRIDE , ECHO , Amnesty International , and Rafiki Wa Afrika . Due to the school 's proximity to Columbus , the Ohio state capital , many politically inclined students serve internships for state representatives . In the 2000s , students have been active on the Iraq war , race , globalization , and women 's reproductive rights .
= = = Traditions = = =
Many Ohio Wesleyan traditions originate from its early years . Monnett Weekend , beginning in 1896 , welcomes female alumni , parents , and friends of the university . Events include a " People 's Parade " with clowns , banners and marching , faculty lectures , Maypole dancing , Choral Arts Society , and an all @-@ campus carnival . It started as a girls ' athletic fête held at the Monnett Athletic Club for Mothers Day . All events were held at the Monnett Campus , where female students danced around the Maypole , while men were barred . The men , in turn , developed their own tradition : they arrived at Monnett Campus early in the morning , and concealed themselves in trees to watch the festivities , discreetly .
In 1884 , Ohio Wesleyan held its first Mock Convention , which has recurred in every United States presidential election year since 1920 . Its purpose is to inform participants , students , faculty staff , and Ohio residents about the presidential nominating convention , presidential candidate , and key issues in the upcoming election .
Beginning in the 1920s , all freshmen were required to wear " dinks " , red caps with black brims and a black W on the front . Disobedient students who refused to wear the " dink " were tossed into the Sulphur Spring ( see later reference ) . This tradition ended in the 1960s . The freshman class of 1957 wore dinks for half the first semester .
Ohio Wesleyan 's Homecoming takes place in early October , while the Ohio Wesleyan football team plays one of its traditional rivals . New events , such as a bonfire and a five kilometer run , have been added from as recently as 2004 .
The President 's Ball , a recent gala organized by the college president , takes place on the first Saturday of December . Other traditions include OWU vs. Denison , which stages a " fierce " athletic rivalry between Ohio Wesleyan and Denison University ; the Sagan Colloquium , spanning the fall semester , recently expanded to include the spring semester , which consists of speeches focusing on an issue of concern to the liberal arts ; and Orchesis , an annual celebration of modern dance and the arts , which occurs at the end of the academic year . " Fresh @-@ X " is an optional program for newly admitted students that occurs just before orientation in which students may choose between hiking , backpacking and other outdoor activities to make friends with their new classmates .
There are two major musical events , Unity through Music and Springfest . Unity through Music occurs once a year in the fall semester , and covers various musical styles in a carnival atmosphere , during the day ; while , during the evening , a huge dance is held in the Hamilton @-@ Williams Campus Center . Springfest , the second musical event , proceeds in mid @-@ April and in recent years has featured well @-@ known music groups such as Counting Crows , The Roots , Guster , Ben Folds , and most recently , Gym Class Heroes . It is organized by the Campus Programming Board .
A rock next to Hayes Hall has been part of the residential campus for the last 50 years , and students continually repaint it with graffiti and slogans .
= = = Housing = = =
The university can house up to 1 @,@ 600 students on campus . First @-@ year students are required to live on campus during their first two semesters . A lottery system matches second to fourth @-@ year students with dormitories and another lottery system determines how many students are allowed to live in off @-@ campus housing . Housing options include dormitories , small living units , fraternities , and cooperative housing .
Thomson , Bashford , Stuyvesant , and Smith Halls are large mid @-@ rise dormitories on campus . Welch Hall is designated as a " quiet " dorm for honors students . Hayes Hall is an all @-@ female dorm .
Approximately 200 non @-@ freshmen students live in Small Living Units ( SLUs ) , which are co @-@ ops united voluntarily to meet shared economic , social , and cultural needs and aspirations in democratically controlled houses . The houses allow students to live cooperatively with one another by sharing regularly scheduled house chores , participating in the decision process , and , in some , sharing the cooking duties . Each unit houses a group of 10 @-@ 17 students , and is organized to promote a common theme , usually indicated by the co @-@ op 's name . As of the 2013 – 2014 academic year , the SLUs consist of The Peace and Justice House , The Citizens of the World House , The House of Black Culture , The Sexuality and Gender Equality House , The Modern Foreign Language House , The House of Thought , The Tree House , and The Interfaith House . The University owns these houses ; the co @-@ ops , therefore , must follow the University 's living policies . The co @-@ ops do , however , elect their own members and do not have Resident Advisers or faculty in residence like other on @-@ campus residence halls . They have a House Moderator who is selected by Residential Life and undergoes the same training as a Resident Advisor . At the end of each calendar year , every existing and potential co @-@ op must submit a house proposal describing its plans for theme promotion for the next academic year . The University Housing office places co @-@ ops in houses every year on a competitive basis .
Off @-@ campus housing is available only to junior and senior students , and students residing in Delaware , OH while living with their spouse or direct family ; 17 % of students live off @-@ campus . Most students assert Ohio Wesleyan 's policy of off @-@ campus housing as one of the " worst things " about Ohio Wesleyan because of the resulting shortage of the number of lottery tickets allowing people to live off due to the off @-@ campus lottery cap .
= = Athletics = =
Ohio Wesleyan participates in the NCAA 's Division III as a member of the North Coast Athletic Conference ( NCAC ) . Known as the Battling Bishops , Ohio Wesleyan competes in 21 sports . The official school colors are red and black . Formal athletics at the college date to 1875 , when the first football teams were organized to play against other institutions . In the late 1880s , Ohio Wesleyan had perhaps the strongest amateur baseball team in the state of Ohio behind the pitching of Phil " Lefty " Saylor . The school joined the Ohio Athletic Conference along with Oberlin College , Kenyon College , Ohio State , and Case Western in 1902 . In 1983 , Ohio Wesleyan joined with nine other colleges in Ohio , Indiana and Pennsylvania to create the North Coast Athletic Conference . The NCAC seeks to bring together a group of liberal arts institutions that value the primacy of the academic mission over the athletic one .
The men 's lacrosse , golf and soccer teams are the most historically successful of the varsity teams , and soccer is the university 's most intently followed sport . For seven of the last twelve years , Ohio Wesleyan has won the NCAC conference All @-@ Sports Trophy for excellence in both women 's and men 's sports . In the Sears Director 's Cup standings , OWU is among the top 25 overall collegiate athletics programs in the country . Because of the North Coast Athletic Association athletic agreement , the university is not permitted to offer academic scholarships for athletic recruiting .
Ohio Wesleyan has won five NCAA Division III Championships , including men 's basketball ( 1988 ) , men 's soccer ( 1998 and 2011 ) , and women 's soccer ( 2001 and 2002 ) . In addition , Ohio Wesleyan 's varsity athletic teams have been NCAC champions over 100 times , leading the teams of Denison University and Kenyon College .
The nickname The Battling Bishops dates to 1925 . This is also the name of the university 's mascot , The Battling Bishop . Due to its ironic name , the mascot has been listed as one of the weirdest college mascots . Due to its red robe , The Battling Bishop looks actually like a Cardinal . Before 1925 , Ohio Wesleyan 's teams were referred to as " The Red and Black " and " The Methodists " . Many schools , including several other Methodist ones , also claimed crimson and black as their colors , so the university decided to change the name .
Ohio Wesleyan maintains athletic rivalries with other NCAC institutions . The men 's lacrosse team has a historic rivalry with Denison University , the football team with Wittenberg University , the soccer team with Kenyon College , and the field hockey team with Oberlin College . Both Denison and Ohio Wesleyan issued alerts to their fans specifically for the OWU @-@ Denison lacrosse game about unsportsmanlike behavior and profanity .
In addition to the school 's varsity athletics , club sports teams , including ultimate frisbee , chess , hockey , cricket , rugby , ski , and scuba , have been organized as student organizations under the auspices of the Office of Student Activities . Ohio Wesleyan 's intramural program includes 16 sports . Sports such as skiing , squash and water polo have been offered , as well as a sports trivia competition .
" Oh we 're from dear old Wesleyan " is Ohio Wesleyan University 's primary fight song . The song 's lyrics were written in 1914 by Chass Cupett ' 1916 .
= = People = =
= = = Administration = = =
Under the charter granted by the State of Ohio , the Board of Trustees possesses the legal authority to operate the college . The charter and bylaws stipulate a board of 34 trustees , of whom one is the president . In general , it is the board that elects the president . Since Ohio Wesleyan 's beginnings , sixteen people have held the title of president , and a few have served as interim president . Former presidents include lawyers , literary scholars , politicians , executives , and clergymen .
After several disagreements between Huddleston and the Ohio Wesleyan administration , Huddleston accepted a position as president of the University of New Hampshire and left Ohio Wesleyan on June 30 , 2007 , giving him the second shortest presidency , behind David Lockmiller , 1959 – 1961 . On May 29 , 2007 , the appointment of current university provost Dr. David O. Robbins as interim president was unanimously endorsed by OWU 's Board of Trustees . Dr. Robbins ' term as Interim President began on July 1 , 2007 .
On December 17 , 2007 , Dr. Rockwell " Rock " Jones was elected to serve as the 16th president of Ohio Wesleyan University . Dr. Jones ' inauguration ceremony took place on October 10 , 2008 in Ohio Wesleyan 's Grey Chapel , in University Hall .
= = = Alumni = = =
Ohio Wesleyan alumni are active in several annual events , organizations , and initiatives . The events and associations with significant alumni involvement are Homecoming , ' W ' Association , and A / PART ( the alumni admission team ) . For the 2005 – 2006 fiscal year , Ohio Wesleyan 's alumni giving rate was 35 % . A number of the school 's alumni have made notable contributions in the fields of government , law , academia , business , arts , journalism , and athletics , among others .
In academia , Frank Sherwood Rowland ( class of 1948 ) won the 1995 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his research on the depletion of the Earth 's ozone layer . Ezra Vogel ( 1950 ) is a prominent author on China @-@ Japan issues and was the director of Harvard 's Fairbank Center for East Asian Research from 1995 to 1999 . William Hsiao ( 1963 ) is an economist in the field of international health at Harvard , and the designer of a landmark study to examine the United States ' system of reimbursing physicians for medical services . Dennis R. Appleyard ( 1961 ) is the author of an international economics textbook .
In politics , John Wesley Hoyt ( 1849 ) was the third Governor of the Wyoming Territory , Charles Fairbanks ( 1872 ) was the 26th Vice @-@ President of the United States . Jo Ann Emerson ( 1972 ) serves as a U.S. Representative from Missouri . Arthur Flemming ( 1927 ) was a Secretary of Health , Education and Welfare , was known for his commitment to civil rights , was the recipient of two Presidential Medals of Freedom , and served as president of University of Oregon , Ohio Wesleyan University , and Macalester College . Lucy Webb Hayes ( 1853 ) , wife of U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes , was the first woman to be called First Lady , and the first First Lady to hold a college degree .
Notable journalists and media personalities include Frank Stanton ( 1930 ) , a president of CBS known for supporting broadcast journalism before Congress ; Byron Pitts ( 1982 ) , a national correspondent for CBS News ; Wendie Malick ( 1972 ) , an Emmy @-@ nominated actress known for her role on the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me ! and now as " Victoria Chase " on the TV Land sitcom " Hot in Cleveland " ; Melvin Van Peebles ( 1953 ) , an actor , director , screenwriter , playwright , and composer ; Patricia Wettig ( 1974 ) , the actress who plays vice president Caroline Richards on Prison Break ; and Clark Gregg ( 1984 ) , the actor playing Richard in The New Adventures of Old Christine with Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus .
Numerous Ohio Wesleyan alumni have been associated with social justice . Branch Rickey ( 1904 ) was a baseball manager and executive known for signing Jackie Robinson as the first African @-@ American in Major League Baseball . Another graduate , Mary King ( 1962 ) , worked alongside the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. in the U.S. civil rights movement when she was a young student , and was a member of the staff of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . Rev. Norman Vincent Peale ( 1920 ) was the author of The Power of Positive Thinking and the winner of a Presidential Medal of Freedom for his theological contributions . Others found fame in other forms : Mildred Elizabeth Sisk ( aka Axis Sally ) was the first American woman to be tried and sentenced for treason , convicted of broadcasting for Nazi Germany during World War II . In 1917 , she majored in dramatic arts , but did not graduate due to her failure to meet all university requirements . After serving a 12 @-@ year sentence , Sisk returned to OWU , where she received a bachelor 's degree in speech in 1973 .
= Spin Alternative Record Guide =
Spin Alternative Record Guide is a musical reference book compiled by the American music magazine Spin and published in 1995 by Vintage Books . It was edited by rock critic Eric Weisbard and Craig Marks , who was the magazine 's editor @-@ in @-@ chief at the time . The book features essays and reviews from a number of prominent critics on albums , artists , and genres considered relevant to the alternative music movement . Contributors who were consulted for the book include Ann Powers , Rob Sheffield , Simon Reynolds , Michael Azerrad , and Robert Christgau .
When Spin Alternative Record Guide was published , it did not sell particularly well and received a mixed reaction from reviewers . The quality and relevance of the contributors ' writing were praised , while the editors ' concept and comprehensiveness of alternative music were seen as ill @-@ defined . Nonetheless , it inspired a number of future music critics and helped revive the career of 1960s folk artist John Fahey , whose entry in the book helped renew interest in his music at the time of its publication .
= = Content and scope = =
Spanning 468 pages , Spin Alternative Record Guide compiles essays by 64 music critics on recording artists and bands who either predated , were involved in , or developed from the alternative music movement . In the book , each artist 's entry is accompanied by their discography , with albums rated a score between one and ten . The book 's editors , critic Eric Weisbard and Spin editor @-@ in @-@ chief Craig Marks , consulted journalists such as Simon Reynolds , Alex Ross , Charles Aaron , Michael Azerrad , Ann Powers , and Rob Sheffield , who wrote most of the complete discography reviews . The artist entries are also accompanied by song lyrics and album artwork .
Although " alternative " had been used as a catchall term for rock bands outside the mainstream , Spin Alternative Record Guide covers approximately 500 artists from a variety of genres considered relevant to alternative music 's development . These include 1970s punk rock , 1980s college rock , 1990s indie rock , noise music , reggae , electronic , new wave , heavy metal , krautrock , synthpop , disco , alternative country , hip hop , grunge , worldbeat , and avant @-@ garde jazz . Most artists associated with classic rock are not covered , while some mainstream pop artists are given entries , including Madonna and ABBA . Other non @-@ rock artists reviewed in the book include jazz composer Sun Ra , country singer @-@ songwriter Lyle Lovett , and Qawwali singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan . Weisbard and Marks have said the book was meant to be " suggestive more than comprehensive " of alternative music .
An introductory essay on alternative rock and " alternative sensibilities " was written by Weisbard . In it , he explains alternative music as a category whose principles are " antigenerationally dystopian , subculturally presuming fragmentation " , and " built on an often neurotic discomfort over massified and commodified culture " . He and Marks consulted a number of artists for their top @-@ ten record lists , which were interspersed throughout the book . They also curated a " Top 100 Alternative Albums " list for the appendix , ranking the Ramones ' 1976 self @-@ titled debut album at number one .
= = Reception and impact = =
The first edition of Spin Alternative Record Guide was published on October 10 , 1995 , by Vintage Books . It was the first book compiled by Spin . Having edited their book , Weisbard put his pursuit of a PhD at UC Berkeley on hold and accepted a job offer from the magazine , which marked the beginning of his career as a rock critic . Although the book did not sell well , its entry on 1960s folk artist John Fahey , written by Byron Coley , helped renew interest in Fahey 's music . According to Ben Ratliff from The New York Times , this led to substantial interest in Fahey from record labels and the alternative music scene , helping revive his career .
In a contemporary review , Adam Mazmanian from Library Journal recommended Spin Alternative Record Guide to " both public and academic libraries " and said that while The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 1992 ) also offers complete discographies of artists ranging from Jonathan Richman to Throbbing Gristle , this book 's reviews are superior in " length and scope " . Mazmanian argued that " this guide fills a gap in the literature of modern music " at a time when " alternative " has developed a ubiquitous presence in the marketing of popular music . In New York magazine , Kim France called it " a well @-@ edited , unpretentious , and comprehensive look at all the crazy stuff the kids are listening to these days " . In a less enthusiastic review , Booklist critic Gordon Flagg was impressed by the accuracy of the artist entries and the quality of the contributors ' reviews , but found Weisbard 's idea of alternative ill @-@ defined and recommended The Trouser Press Record Guide ( 1991 ) as a more comprehensive alternative . Billboard magazine 's Beth Renaud was more critical of the book , calling much of the writing biased and the organization unencyclopedic . She said Weisbard 's " obligatory " essay is outdated and vague in defining alternative rock and that the contributors " gush " over artists usually covered by Spin , with many relevant artists omitted in place of more perplexing additions .
American pop culture critic Chuck Klosterman later cited Spin Alternative Record Guide as one of his five favorite books , saying in 2011 , " I fear this might be out of print , but it 's probably my favorite music book of all time . Since its 1995 publication , I doubt a year has passed when I didn 't reread at least part of it . " Robert Christgau , who contributed to the book , wrote that while most music guides and encyclopedia books he has consulted were unremarkable , Spin Alternative Record Guide was one of the few " useful exceptions " because of what he felt was the " sharpest writing " from contributors such as Weisbard and Sheffield . Maura Johnston , on the other hand , said in retrospect that the book 's list of the 100 best albums catered to " hipper , Gen @-@ Xier tastes " .
In 2011 , Spin Alternative Record Guide was included in Pitchfork 's list of their staff 's favorite music books . Contributing writer Matthew Perpetua said the book 's writers — either top critics at the time or those who have since become important figures in music journalism — outline the " alternative sensibility " by recognizing and connecting music from disparate genres in " an inclusive , open @-@ minded survey , but it 's defined as much by what 's left out — pretty much all Boomer @-@ oriented rock — as what it includes . " According to Perpetua , the " number of young readers [ who ] pursued music criticism " because of the book was far greater than the copies it sold . Matthew Schnipper , editor of The Fader , bought the book after it was published and said he used it as a consumer guide for 10 years . Along with its influence on future critics , the book was cited by guitarist William Tyler as his only source of music education growing up , having found it in a bookstore around the time it was published : " They had entries for all these different people that I had never heard of : Can , John Zorn , [ John ] Fahey , whatever ... That was before any sort of Internet presence " .
= Adam Mickiewicz =
Adam Bernard Mickiewicz ( [ mit ͡ sˈkʲɛvit ͡ ʂ ] ; 24 December 1798 – 26 November 1855 ) was a Polish poet , dramatist , essayist , publicist , translator , professor of Slavic literature , and political activist . He is regarded as national poet in Poland , Lithuania and Belarus . A principal figure in Polish Romanticism , he is counted one of Poland 's " Three Bards " ( " Trzej Wieszcze " ) and is widely regarded as Poland 's greatest poet . He is also considered one of the greatest Slavic and European poets and has been dubbed a " Slavic bard " . A leading Romantic dramatist , he has been compared in Poland and Europe to Byron and Goethe .
He is known chiefly for the poetic drama Dziady ( Forefathers ' Eve ) and the national epic poem Pan Tadeusz . His other influential works include Konrad Wallenrod and Grażyna . All these served as inspiration for uprisings against the three imperial powers that had partitioned the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth out of existence .
Mickiewicz was born in the Russian @-@ partitioned territories of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania , which had been part of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth , and was active in the struggle to win independence for his home region . After , as a consequence , spending five years exiled to central Russia , in 1829 he succeeded in leaving the Russian Empire and , like many of his compatriots , lived out the rest of his life abroad . He settled first in Rome , then in Paris , where for a little over three years he lectured on Slavic literature at the Collège de France . He died , probably of cholera , at Istanbul in the Ottoman Empire , where he had gone to help organize Polish and Jewish forces to fight Russia in the Crimean War .
In 1890 , his remains were repatriated from Montmorency , Val @-@ d 'Oise , in France , to Wawel Cathedral in Kraków , Poland .
= = Life = =
= = = Early years = = =
Adam Mickiewicz was born 24 December 1798 , either at his paternal uncle 's estate in Zaosie ( now Zavosse ) near Navahrudak ( in Polish , Nowogródek ) or in Navahrudak itself in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Belarus . The region was on the periphery of Lithuania proper and had been part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the Third Partition of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1795 ) . The area had earlier been inhabited by ethnic Lithuanians , but by the time of his birth it was largely Belarusian @-@ populated . Its upper class , including Mickiewicz 's family , were either Polish or Polonized . The poet 's father , Mikołaj Mickiewicz , a lawyer , was a member of the Polish nobility ( szlachta ) and bore the hereditary Poraj coat @-@ of @-@ arms ; Adam 's mother was Barbara Mickiewicz , née Majewska . Adam was the second @-@ born son in the family .
Mickiewicz spent his childhood in Navahrudak , initially taught by his mother and private tutors . From 1807 to 1815 he attended a Dominican school following a curriculum that had been designed by the now @-@ defunct Polish Commission for National Education , which had been the world 's first ministry of education . He was a mediocre student , although active in games , theatricals , and the like .
In September 1815 , Mickiewicz enrolled at the Imperial University of Vilnius ( Polish name : Wilno ) , studying to be a teacher . After graduating , under the terms of his government scholarship , he taught secondary school at Kaunas from 1819 to 1823 .
In 1818 , in the Polish @-@ language Tygodnik Wileński ( Wilno Weekly ) , he published his first poem , " Zima miejska " ( " City Winter " ) . The next few years would see a maturing of his style from sentimentalism / neoclassicism to romanticism , first in his poetry anthologies published in Vilnius in 1822 and 1823 ; these anthologies included the poem " Grażyna " and the first @-@ published parts ( II and IV ) of his major work , Dziady ( Forefathers ' Eve ) . By 1820 he had already finished another major romantic poem , " Oda do młodości " ( " Ode to Youth " ) , but it was considered to be too patriotic and revolutionary for publication and would not appear officially for many years .
About the summer of 1820 , Mickiewicz met the love of his life , Maryla Wereszczakówna . They were unable to marry due to his family 's poverty and relatively low social status ; in addition , she was already engaged to Count Wawrzyniec Puttkamer , whom she would marry in 1821 .
= = = Imprisonment and exile = = =
In 1817 , while still a student , Mickiewicz , Tomasz Zan and other friends had created a secret organization , the Philomaths . The group focused on self @-@ education but had ties to a more radical , clearly pro @-@ Polish @-@ independence student group , the Filaret Association . An investigation of secret student organizations by Nikolay Novosiltsev , begun in early 1823 , led to the arrests of a number of students and ex @-@ student activists including Mickiewicz , who was taken into custody and imprisoned at Vilnius ' Basilian monastery in late 1823 or early 1824 ( sources disagree as to the date ) . After investigation into his political activities , specifically his membership in the Philomaths , in 1824 Mickiewicz was banished to central Russia . Within a few hours of receiving the decree on 22 October 1824 , he penned a poem into an album belonging to Salomea Bécu , the mother of Juliusz Słowacki . ( In 1975 this poem was set to music in Polish and Russian by Soviet composer David Tukhmanov . ) Mickiewicz crossed the border into Russia about 11 November 1824 , arriving in Saint Petersburg later that month . He would spend most of the next five years in Saint Petersburg and Moscow , except for a notable 1824 to 1825 excursion to Odessa , then on to Crimea . That visit , from February to November 1825 , inspired a notable collection of sonnets ( some love sonnets , and a series known as Crimean Sonnets , published a year later .
Mickiewicz was welcomed into the leading literary circles of Saint Petersburg and Moscow , where he became a great favorite for his agreeable manners and extraordinary talent for poetic improvisation . The year 1828 saw the publication of his poem Konrad Wallenrod . Novosiltsev , who recognized its patriotic and subversive message , which had been missed by the Moscow censors , unsuccessfully attempted to sabotage its publication and to damage Mickiewicz 's reputation .
In Moscow , Mickiewicz met the Polish journalist and novelist Henryk Rzewuski and the Polish composer and piano virtuoso Maria Szymanowska , whose daughter , Celina Szymanowska , Mickiewicz would later marry in Paris , France . He also befriended the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin and Decembrist leaders including Kondraty Ryleyev . It was thanks to his friendships with many influential individuals that he was eventually able to obtain a passport and permission to leave Russia for Western Europe .
= = = European travels = = =
After serving five years of exile to Russia , Mickiewicz received permission to go abroad in 1829 . On 1 June that year , he arrived in Weimar . By 6 June he was in Berlin , where he attended lectures by the philosopher Hegel . In February 1830 he visited Prague , later returning to Weimar , where he received a cordial reception from the writer , scientist and politician Goethe .
He then continued on through Germany all the way to Italy , which he entered via the Alps ' Splügen Pass . Accompanied by an old friend , the poet Antoni Edward Odyniec , he visited Milan , Venice , Florence and Rome . In August that same year ( 1830 ) he went to Geneva , where he met fellow Polish Bard Zygmunt Krasiński . During these travels he had a brief romance with Henrietta Ewa Ankwiczówna , but class differences again prevented his marrying his new love .
Finally about October 1830 he took up residence in Rome , which he declared " the most amiable of foreign cities . " Soon after , he learned about the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising in Poland , but he would not leave Rome until the spring of 1831 .
On 19 April 1831 Mickiewicz departed Rome , traveling to Geneva and Paris and later , on a false passport , to Germany , via Dresden and Leipzig arriving about 13 August in Poznań ( German name : Posen ) , then part of the Kingdom of Prussia . It is possible that during these travels he carried communications from the Italian Carbonari to the French underground , and delivered documents or money for the Polish insurgents from the Polish community in Paris , but reliable information on his activities at the time is scarce . Ultimately he never crossed into Russian Poland , where the Uprising was mainly happening ; he stayed in German Poland ( historically known to Poles as Wielkopolska , or Greater Poland ) , where he was well received by members of the local Polish nobility . He had a brief liaison with Konstancja Łubieńska at her family estate . Starting in March 1832 , Mickiewicz stayed several months in Dresden , in Saxony , where he wrote the third part of his poem Dziady .
= = = Paris émigré = = =
On 31 July 1832 he arrived in Paris , accompanied by a close friend and fellow ex @-@ Philomath , the future geologist and Chilean educator Ignacy Domeyko . In Paris , Mickiewicz became active in many Polish émigré groups and published articles in Pielgrzym Polski ( The Polish Pilgrim ) . The fall of 1832 saw the publication , in Paris , of the third part of his Dziady ( smuggled into partitioned Poland ) , as well as of The Books of the Polish People and of the Polish Pilgrimage , which Mickiewicz self @-@ published . In 1834 he published another masterpiece , his epic poem Pan Tadeusz .
Pan Tadeusz , his longest poetic work , marked the end of his most productive literary period . Mickiewicz would create further notable works , such as Lausanne Lyrics , 1839 – 40 ) and Zdania i uwagi ( Thoughts and Remarks , 1834 – 40 ) , but neither would achieve the fame of his earlier works . His relative literary silence , beginning in the mid @-@ 1830s , has been variously interpreted : he may have lost his talent ; he may have chosen to focus on teaching and on political writing and organizing .
On 22 July 1834 , in Paris , he married Celina Szymanowska , daughter of composer and concert pianist Maria Agata Szymanowska . They would have six children ( two daughters , Maria and Helena ; and four sons , Władysław , Aleksander , Jan and Józef ) . Celina later became mentally ill , possibly with a major depressive disorder . In December 1838 , marital problems caused Mickiewicz to attempt suicide . Celina would die on 5 March 1855 .
Mickiewicz and his family lived in relative poverty , their major source of income being occasional publication of his work – not a very profitable endeavor . They received support from friends and patrons , but not enough to substantially change their situation . Despite spending most of his remaining years in France , Mickiewicz would never receive French citizenship , nor any support from the French government . By the late 1830s he was less active as a writer , and also less visible on the Polish émigré political scene .
In 1838 Mickiewicz became professor of Latin literature at the Lausanne Academy , in Switzerland . His lectures were well received , and in 1840 he was appointed to the newly established chair of Slavic languages and literatures at the Collège de France . Leaving Lausanne , he was made an honorary Lausanne Academy professor .
Mickiewicz would , however , hold the Collège de France post for little more than three years , his last lecture being delivered on 28 May 1844 . His lectures were popular , drawing many listeners in addition to enrolled students , and receiving reviews in the press . Some would be remembered much later ; his sixteenth lecture , on Slavic theater , " was to become a kind of gospel for Polish theater directors of the twentieth century . "
But he became increasingly possessed by religious mysticism as he fell under the influence of the Polish philosopher Andrzej Towiański , whom he met in 1841 . His lectures became a medley of religion and politics , punctuated by controversial attacks on the Catholic Church , and thus brought him under censure by the French government . The messianic element conflicted with Roman Catholic teachings , and some of his works were placed on the Church 's list of prohibited books , though both Mickiewicz and Towiański regularly attended Catholic mass and encouraged their followers to do so .
In 1846 Mickiewicz severed his ties with Towiański , following the rise of revolutionary sentiment in Europe , manifested in events such as the Kraków Uprising of February 1846 . Mickiewicz criticized Towiański 's passivity and returned to the traditional Catholic Church . In 1847 Mickiewicz befriended American journalist , critic and women 's @-@ rights advocate Margaret Fuller . In March 1848 he was part of a Polish delegation received in audience by Pope Pius IX , whom he asked to support the enslaved nations and the French Revolution of 1848 . Soon after , in April 1848 , he organized a military unit , the Mickiewicz Legion , to support the insurgents , hoping to liberate the Polish and other Slavic lands . The unit never became large enough to be more than symbolic , and in the fall of 1848 Mickiewicz returned to Paris and became more active again on the political scene .
In December 1848 he was offered a post at the Jagiellonian University in Austrian @-@ ruled Kraków , but the offer was soon withdrawn after pressure from Austrian authorities . In the winter of 1848 – 49 , Polish composer Frédéric Chopin , in the final months of his own life , visited his ailing compatriot and soothed the poet 's nerves with his piano music . Over a dozen years earlier , Chopin had set two of Mickiewicz 's poems to music ( see Polish songs by Frédéric Chopin ) .
= = = Final years = = =
In the winter of 1849 Mickiewicz founded a French @-@ language newspaper , La Tribune des Peuples ( The Peoples ' Tribune ) , supported by a wealthy Polish émigré activist , Ksawery Branicki . Mickiewicz wrote over 70 articles for the Tribune during its short existence : it came out between 15 March and 10 November 1849 , when the authorities shut it down . His articles supported democracy and socialism and many ideals of the French Revolution and of the Napoleonic era , though he held few illusions regarding the idealism of the House of Bonaparte . He supported the restoration of the French Empire in 1851 . In April 1852 he lost his post at the Collège de France , which he had been allowed to keep ( though without the right to lecture ) . On 31 October 1852 he was hired as a librarian at the Bibliothèque de l 'Arsenal . There he was visited by another Polish poet , Cyprian Norwid , who wrote of the meeting in his poem , " Czarne kwiaty " ( " Black Blossoms " ) ; and there Mickiewicz 's wife Celina died .
Mickiewicz welcomed the Crimean War of 1853 @-@ 1856 , which he hoped would lead to a new European order including a restored independent Poland . His last composition , a Latin ode Ad Napolionem III Caesarem Augustum Ode in Bomersundum captum , honored Napoleon III and celebrated the British @-@ French victory over Russia at the Battle of Bomarsund in the Åland Islands in August 1854 . Polish émigrés associated with the Hôtel Lambert persuaded him to become active again in politics . Soon after the Crimean War broke out ( October 1853 ) , the French government entrusted him with a diplomatic mission . He left Paris on 11 September 1855 , arriving in Istanbul , in the Ottoman Empire , on 22 September . There , working with Michał Czajkowski ( Sadyk Pasha ) , he began organizing Polish forces to fight under Ottoman command against Russia . With his friend Armand Lévy he also set about organizing a Jewish legion . He returned ill from a trip to a military camp to his apartment on Yenişehir Street in the Pera ( now Beyoğlu ) district of Istanbul and died on 26 November 1855 . Though Tadeusz Boy @-@ Żeleński and others have speculated that political enemies might have poisoned Mickiewicz , there is no proof of this , and he probably contracted cholera , which claimed other lives there at the time .
Mickiewicz 's remains were transported to France , boarding ship on 31 December 1855 , and were buried at Montmorency , Val @-@ d 'Oise , on 21 January 1861 . In 1890 they were disinterred , moved to Austrian Poland , and on 4 July entombed in the crypts of Kraków 's Wawel Cathedral , a place of final repose for a number of persons important to Poland 's political and cultural history .
= = Works = =
Mickiewicz 's childhood environment exerted a major influence on his literary work . His early years were shaped by immersion in Belarusian folklore and by vivid memories , which he later reworked in his poems , of the ruins of Navahrudak Castle and of the triumphant entry and disastrous retreat of Polish and Napoleonic troops during Napoleon 's 1812 invasion of Russia . The year 1812 also marked his father 's death . Later , the poet 's personality and subsequent works were greatly influenced by his four years of living and studying in Vilnius .
His first poems , such as the 1818 " Zima miejska " ( " City Winter " ) and the 1819 " Kartofla " ( " Potato " ) , were classical in style , influenced by Voltaire . His poetry anthologies published in 1822 ( including the opening poem " Romantyczność " , " Romanticism " ) and 1823 mark the start of romanticism in Poland . Mickiewicz 's influence popularized the use of folklore , folk literary forms , and historism in Polish romantic literature . His exile to Moscow exposed him to a cosmopolitan environment , more international than provincial Vilnius and Kaunas in Lithuania . This period saw a further evolution in his writing style , with Sonety ( Sonnets , 1826 ) and Konrad Wallenrod ( 1828 ) , both published in Russia . The Sonety , mainly comprising his Crimean Sonnets , highlight the poet 's ability and desire to write , and his longing for his homeland .
One of his major works , Dziady ( Forefathers ' Eve ) , comprises several parts written over an extended period of time . It began with publication of parts II and IV in 1823 . Miłosz remarks that it was " Mickiewicz 's major theatrical achievement " , a work which Mickiewicz saw as ongoing and to be continued in further parts . Its title refers to the pagan ancestor commemoration that had been practiced by Slavic and Baltic peoples on All Souls ' Day . The year 1832 saw the publication of part III : much superior to the earlier parts , a " laboratory of innovative genres , styles and forms " . Part III was largely written over a few days ; the " Great Improvisation " section , a " masterpiece of Polish poetry " , is said to have been created during a single inspired night . A long descriptive poem , " Ustęp " ( Digression ) , accompanying part III and written sometime before it , sums up Mickiewicz 's experiences in , and views on , Russia , portrays it as a huge prison , pities the oppressed Russian people , and wonders about their future . Miłosz describes it as a " summation of Polish attitudes towards Russia in the nineteenth century " and notes that it inspired responses from Pushkin ( " The Bronze Horseman " ) and Joseph Conrad ( Under Western Eyes ) . The drama was first staged by Stanisław Wyspiański in 1901 , becoming , in Miłosz 's words , " a kind of national sacred play , occasionally forbidden by censorship because of its emotional impact upon the audience . " The Polish government 's 1968 closing down of a production of the play sparked the 1968 Polish political crisis .
Mickiewicz 's Konrad Wallenrod ( 1828 ) , a narrative poem describing battles of the Christian order of Teutonic Knights against the pagans of Lithuania , is a thinly veiled allusion to the long feud between Russia and Poland . The plot involves the use of subterfuge against a stronger enemy , and the poem analyzes moral dilemmas faced by the Polish insurgents who would soon launch the November 1830 Uprising . Controversial to an older generation of readers , Konrad Wallenrod was seen by the young as a call to arms and was praised as such by an Uprising leader , poet Ludwik Nabielak . Miłosz describes Konrad Wallenrod ( named for its protagonist ) as " the most committed politically of all Mickiewczi 's poems . " The point of the poem , though obvious to many , escaped the Russian censors , and the poem was allowed to be published , complete with its telling motto drawn from Machiavelli : " Dovete adunque sapere come sono due generazioni di combattere – bisogna essere volpe e leone . " ( " Ye shall know that there are two ways of fighting – you must be a fox and a lion . " ) On a purely literary level , the poem was notable for incorporating traditional folk elements alongside stylistic innovations .
Similarly noteworthy is Mickiewicz 's earlier and longer 1823 poem , Grażyna , depicting the exploits of a Lithuanian chieftainess against the Teutonic Knights . Miłosz writes that Grażyna " combines a metallic beat of lines and syntactical rigor with a plot and motifs dear to the Romantics . " It is said by Christien Ostrowski to have inspired Emilia Plater , a military heroine of the November 1830 Uprising . A similar message informs Mickiewicz 's " Oda do młodości " ( " Ode to Youth " ) .
Mickiewicz 's Crimean Sonnets ( 1825 – 26 ) and poems that he would later write in Rome and Lausanne , Miłosz notes , have been " justly ranked among the highest achievements in Polish [ lyric poetry ] . " His 1830 travels in Italy likely inspired him to consider religious matters , and produced some of his best religiously @-@ themed works , such as " Arcymistrz " ( " The Master " ) and " Do Marceliny Łempickiej " ( " To Marcelina Łempicka " ) . He was an authority to the young insurgents of 1830 – 31 , who expected him to participate in the fighting ( the poet Maurycy Gosławski wrote a dedicated poem urging him to do so ) . Yet it is likely that Mickiewicz was no longer as idealistic and supportive of military action as he had been a few years earlier , and his new works such as " Do matki Polki " ( " To a Polish Mother " , 1830 ) , while still patriotic , also began to reflect on the tragedy of resistance . His meetings with refugees and escaping insurgents around 1831 resulted in works such as " Reduta Ordona " ( " Ordon 's Redoubt " ) , " Nocleg " ( " Night Bivouac " ) and " Śmierć pułkownika " ( " Death of the Colonel " ) . Wyka notes the irony that some of the most important literary works about the 1830 Uprising were written by Mickiewicz , who never took part in a battle or even saw a battlefield .
His Księgi narodu polskiego i pielgrzymstwa polskiego ( Books of the Polish Nation and the Polish Pilgrimage , 1832 ) opens with a historical @-@ philosophical discussion of the history of humankind in which Mickiewicz argues that history is the history of now @-@ unrealized freedom that awaits many oppressed nations in the future . It is followed by a longer " moral catechism " aimed at Polish émigrés . The book sets out a messianist metaphor of Poland as the " Christ of nations " . Described by Wyka as a propaganda piece , it was relatively simple , using biblical metaphors and the like to reach less @-@ discriminating readers . It became popular not only among Poles but , in translations , among some other peoples , primarily those which lacked their own sovereign states . The Books were influential in framing Mickiewicz 's image among many not as that of a poet and author but as that of ideologue of freedom .
Pan Tadeusz ( published 1834 ) , another of his masterpieces , is an epic poem that draws a picture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the eve of Napoleon 's 1812 invasion of Russia . It is written entirely in thirteen @-@ syllable couplets . Originally intended as an apolitical idyll , it became , as Miłosz writes , " something unique in world literature , and the problem of how to classify it has remained the crux of a constant quarrel among scholars " ; it " has been called ' the last epos ' in world literature " . Pan Tadeusz was not highly regarded by contemporaries , nor by Mickiewicz
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
first decade of the twentieth century for the Royal Navy . They initially served with the Home Fleet , generally as the flagships of cruiser squadrons . Minotaur became flagship of the China Station in 1910 and Defence served as flagship of the 1st Cruiser Squadron in the Mediterranean from 1912 ; Shannon remained at home as flagship of several different squadrons .
When World War I began in August 1914 , Defence participated in the pursuit of the German ships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau and Minotaur hunted for the German East Asia Squadron and German commerce raiders in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Shannon remained with the Grand Fleet , as the Home Fleet was renamed , for the entire war . All three were present at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 , where Defence was sunk with heavy loss of life . The surviving pair spent most of the rest of the war assigned to the Northern Patrol unsuccessfully searching for German warships and commerce raiders . They were scrapped after the war .
= = Design and description = =
The Minotaur @-@ class ships were the last armoured cruisers built for the Royal Navy . They were significantly larger and more heavily armed than their predecessors , although their armour was reduced in an attempt to compensate for the additional weight of the armament . The design was criticized for this weakness as well as the wide dispersal of the 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 191 mm ) turrets along the length of the ship . They have been described by naval historian R. A. Burt as " cruiser editions of the Lord Nelson @-@ class battleship " .
The Minotaur class displaced 14 @,@ 600 long tons ( 14 @,@ 800 t ) as built and 16 @,@ 630 long tons ( 16 @,@ 900 t ) at deep load . Defence and Minotaur had an overall length of 519 feet ( 158 @.@ 2 m ) , a beam of 74 feet 6 inches ( 22 @.@ 7 m ) and a mean draught of 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) . Shannon had 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) more beam and one foot less draught than her sister ships to evaluate the theory that she might be faster with these proportions than her sisters . The class displaced 1 @,@ 050 long tons ( 1 @,@ 070 t ) more , was 13 feet 6 inches ( 4 @.@ 11 m ) longer overall , was one foot broader in beam and had more freeboard than their predecessors of the Duke of Edinburgh class . At normal load they had a metacentric height of 3 @.@ 05 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) , and at deep load , 3 @.@ 25 feet ( 1 @.@ 0 m ) . The Minotaurs were designed to carry 779 officers and enlisted men , but mustered 802 – 842 between 1908 and 1912 .
The ships were powered by a pair of four @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one shaft , which developed a total of 27 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 20 @,@ 130 kW ) intended to give a maximum speed of 23 knots ( 43 km / h ; 26 mph ) . The engines were powered by 24 water @-@ tube boilers with a working pressure of 275 psi ( 1 @,@ 896 kPa ; 19 kgf / cm2 ) . They carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 060 long tons ( 2 @,@ 090 t ) of coal and an additional 750 long tons ( 760 t ) of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full capacity , the ships could steam for 8 @,@ 150 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 090 km ; 9 @,@ 380 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . During her sea trials on 6 December 1907 , Minotaur made her designed speed when she reached 23 @.@ 01 knots from 27 @,@ 049 ihp ( 20 @,@ 170 kW ) during her eight @-@ hour full @-@ power test . Shannon proved to be the slowest of the three and only reached 22 @.@ 324 knots ( 41 @.@ 344 km / h ; 25 @.@ 690 mph ) from 27 @,@ 372 ihp ( 20 @,@ 411 kW ) during her trial three days before Minotaur 's .
= = = Armament = = =
The Minotaurs carried only four 50 @-@ calibre BL 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch Mk XI guns , compared to the six of the earlier ships , but the guns were mounted in twin hydraulically powered centreline turrets , which gave them the same four @-@ gun broadside as the Duke of Edinburghs . The guns had an elevation range of − 5 ° / + 15 ° . They fired 380 @-@ pound ( 172 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 875 ft / s ( 876 m / s ) ; this provided a maximum range of 16 @,@ 200 yd ( 14 @,@ 813 m ) with armour @-@ piercing ( AP ) shells . The rate of fire of these guns was up to four rounds per minute and the ships carried 100 rounds per gun .
The secondary armament was much heavier than the older ships , with five single hydraulically powered turrets equipped with 50 @-@ calibre BL 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Mk II guns mounted on each side . The guns could be depressed to − 7 @.@ 5 ° and elevated to + 15 ° . Using 4crh AP shells , they had a maximum range of 15 @,@ 571 yd ( 14 @,@ 238 m ) . Their 200 @-@ pound ( 91 kg ) projectiles were fired at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 841 ft / s ( 866 m / s ) at four rounds per minute . Each gun was provided with 100 rounds .
Anti @-@ torpedo boat defence was provided by sixteen QF 12 @-@ pounder 18 @-@ cwt guns . Eight of these were mounted on the tops of the 7 @.@ 5 inch gun turrets and the other eight in the superstructure ( four fore and four aft ) , as per the deck plan illustration . They fired 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) , 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 660 ft / s ( 810 m / s ) ; this gave a maximum range of 9 @,@ 300 yd ( 8 @,@ 500 m ) at their maximum elevation of + 20 ° . They also mounted five submerged 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes , two on each broadside , plus one mounted in the stern .
= = = Armour = = =
Armour in the Minotaur class was reduced compared to the earlier ships . The upper belt , considered superfluous after the elimination of the main deck casemates , was eliminated as were the transverse bulkheads that connected the waterline belt to the barbettes that protected the ships from raking fire . The 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) waterline armour belt of Krupp cemented armour extended past the fore and aft 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch gun turrets ; its lower edge was about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) below the waterline at normal load . Forward the armour was 4 inches ( 102 mm ) up to about 50 feet ( 15 @.@ 2 m ) from the bow when it was reduced to three inches ; aft the belt armour was three inches thick all the way to the stern . In addition to this , the engine cylinders were protected by armour plates 1 @.@ 5 – 2 inches ( 38 – 51 mm ) thick .
The faces of the primary gun turrets were 8 inches ( 203 mm ) thick and they had 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) sides . The face armour for the 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch turrets was also eight inches thick , but their sides were only 6 inches ( 152 mm ) thick . The main barbettes were protected by seven inches of armour as were the ammunition hoists , although the armour for those thinned to two inches between the lower and main decks . The thickness of the lower deck ranged from 1 @.@ 5 inches on the flat amidships to two inches on the slope connecting it to the lower edge of the waterline belt for the length of the ship . At the ends of the ship , the thickness of the deck armour increased to two inches . The sides of the forward conning tower were 10 inches thick while those of the rear conning tower were three inches in thickness .
= = = Modifications = = =
The funnels were raised 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) in 1909 to eliminate smoke interference with the bridge . During 1915 – 16 , a 12 @-@ pounder was fitted to the rear superstructure and a three @-@ pounder to the quarterdeck , both guns on high @-@ angle mounts for anti @-@ aircraft defence . In 1916 , reinforcing legs were added to the foremast to support the weight of a fire @-@ control director ; Shannon received her director that same year and Minotaur in 1917 – 18 . In the last year of the war , the reinforced foremast was replaced by a stronger tripod mast and the 12 @-@ pounder was moved to the top of the forward turret .
= = Ships = =
= = Careers = =
The sisters were all initially assigned to the Home Fleet upon commissioning with Shannon frequently serving as the flagship of the 5th , 2nd and 3rd Cruiser Squadrons before reverting to the flagship of the 2nd Squadron in 1914 . Minotaur became the flagship of the China Station in 1910 and she was briefly joined by Defence in 1912 before the latter was transferred to the Mediterranean at the end of the year to serve as flagship of the 1st Cruiser Squadron there .
When the war began , Minotaur searched unsuccessfully for the German East Asia Squadron in the Pacific and the commerce @-@ raiding light cruiser Emden in the Indian Ocean before she was transferred to the Grand Fleet at the end of 1914 . She became flagship of the 7th Cruiser Squadron and was assigned to the Northern Patrol . Defence participated in the pursuit of the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser SMS Breslau , but Rear @-@ Admiral Ernest Troubridge decided not to engage Goeben due to the latter 's more powerful guns , heavier armour and faster speed . She then blockaded the German ships inside the Dardanelles . The Admiralty ordered the ship to the South Atlantic in October to join Rear @-@ Admiral Christopher Cradock 's squadron searching for the German ships . Defence , however , had only reached Montevideo , Uruguay by 3 November when she received word that most of Admiral Cradock 's squadron had been destroyed two days previously at the Battle of Coronel . The ship was then ordered to South Africa to escort a troop convoy to Great Britain . Defence departed Table Bay , Cape Town in December and rejoined the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Grand Fleet as its flagship upon her arrival .
In early 1915 , the sisters were all assigned to the Grand Fleet , each as flagship of their respective squadrons . Just before the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916 , the 2nd and 7th Cruiser Squadrons were combined with Minotaur as the flagship . During the battle the 2nd Cruiser Squadron was unengaged and did not fire their guns . In contrast the 1st Cruiser Squadron was engaged at close range by the German capital ships during the battle ; Defence was hit by two salvoes from the German ships that caused the aft 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch magazine to explode . The resulting fire spread via the ammunition passages to the adjacent 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch magazines which detonated in turn . The ship exploded with the loss of all men on board ; between 893 and 903 men were killed .
Shannon and Minotaur were also present during the attempted interception of the High Seas Fleet by the Grand Fleet on 19 August although no combat occurred . For the rest of the war , the ships were assigned to the Northern Patrol . On 11 December 1917 , the sisters and four destroyers were assigned to patrol the convoy route between Lerwick and Norway , but the Germans successfully destroyed a convoy off the Norwegian coast on the following day and returned home without being spotted . The British ships were only able to rescue survivors and escort the sole surviving ship from the convoy , the crippled destroyer Pellew , back to Scapa Flow .
The sisters were paid off in 1919 , although Shannon temporarily became a training ship before the two were sold for scrap in 1920 . Shannon was not actually broken up until January 1923 .
= Cervix =
The cervix or cervix uteri ( Latin : neck of the uterus ) is the lower part of the uterus in the human female reproductive system . In a non @-@ pregnant woman , the cervix is usually 2 to 3 cm long ( ~ 1 inch ) and roughly cylindrical in shape . The narrow , central cervical canal runs along its entire length , connecting the uterine cavity and the lumen of the vagina . The opening into the uterus is called the internal os , and the opening into the vagina is called the external os . The lower part of the cervix , known as the vaginal portion of the cervix ( or ectocervix ) , bulges into the top of the vagina . The cervix has been documented anatomically since at least the time of Hippocrates , over 2 @,@ 000 years ago .
The cervical canal is a passage through which sperm must travel to fertilize an egg cell after sexual intercourse . Several methods of contraception , including cervical caps and cervical diaphragms aim to block or prevent the passage of sperm through the cervical canal . Cervical mucus is used in several methods of fertility awareness , such as the Creighton model and Billings method , due to its changes in consistency throughout the menstrual period . During vaginal childbirth , the cervix must flatten and dilate to allow the fetus to progress along the birth canal . Midwives and doctors use the extent of the dilation of the cervix to assist decision @-@ making during childbirth .
The endocervical canal is lined with a single layer of column @-@ shaped cells , while the ectocervix is covered with multiple layers of cells topped with flat cells . The two types of epithelia meet the squamocolumnar junction . Infection with the human papillomavirus ( HPV ) can cause changes in the epithelium , which can lead to cancer of the cervix . Cervical cytology tests can often detect cervical cancer and its precursors , and enable early successful treatment . Ways to avoid HPV include avoiding sex , using condoms , and HPV vaccination . HPV vaccines , developed in the early 21st century , reduce the risk of cervical cancer by preventing infections from the main cancer @-@ causing strains of HPV .
= = Structure = =
The cervix is part of the female reproductive system . Around 2 – 3 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) in length , it is the lower narrower part of the uterus continuous above with the broader upper part — or body — of the uterus . The lower end of the cervix bulges through the anterior wall of the vagina , and is referred to as the vaginal portion of cervix ( or ectocervix ) while the rest of the cervix above the vagina is called the supravaginal portion of cervix . A central canal , known as the cervical canal , runs along its length and connects the cavity of the body of the uterus with the lumen of the vagina . The openings are known as the internal os and external orifice of the uterus ( or external os ) respectively . The mucosa lining the cervical canal is known as the endocervix , and the mucosa covering the ectocervix is known as the exocervix . The cervix has an inner mucosal layer , a thick layer of smooth muscle , and posteriorly the supravaginal portion has a serosal covering consisting of connective tissue and overlying peritoneum .
In front of the upper part of the cervix lies the bladder , separated from it by cellular connective tissue known as parametrium , which also extends over the sides of the cervix . To the rear , the supravaginal cervix is covered by peritoneum , which runs onto the back of the vaginal wall and then turns upwards and onto the rectum , forming the recto @-@ uterine pouch . The cervix is more tightly connected to surrounding structures than the rest of the uterus .
The cervical canal varies greatly in length and width between women or over the course of a woman 's life , and it can measure 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 3 inch ) at its widest diameter in premenopausal adults . It is wider in the middle and narrower at each end . The anterior and posterior walls of the canal each have a vertical fold , from which ridges run diagonally upwards and laterally . These are known as palmate folds , due to their resemblance to a palm leaf . The anterior and posterior ridges are arranged in such a way that they interlock with each other and close the canal . They are often effaced after pregnancy .
The ectocervix ( also known as the vaginal portion of the cervix ) has a convex , elliptical shape and projects into the cervix between the anterior and posterior vaginal fornices . On the rounded part of the ectocervix is a small , depressed external opening , connecting the cervix with the vagina . The size and shape of the ectocervix and the external opening ( external os ) can vary according to age , hormonal state , and whether natural or normal childbirth has taken place . In women who have not had a vaginal delivery , the external opening is small and circular , and in women who have had a vaginal delivery , it is slit @-@ like . On average , the ectocervix is 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) long and 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 in ) wide .
Blood is supplied to the cervix by the descending branch of the uterine artery and drains into the uterine vein . The pelvic splanchnic nerves , emerging as S2 – S3 , transmit the sensation of pain from the cervix to the brain . These nerves travel along the uterosacral ligaments , which pass from the uterus to the anterior sacrum .
Three channels facilitate lymphatic drainage from the cervix . The anterior and lateral cervix drains to nodes along the uterine arteries , travelling along the cardinal ligaments at the base of the broad ligament to the external iliac lymph nodes and ultimately the paraaortic lymph nodes . The posterior and lateral cervix drains along the uterine arteries to the internal iliac lymph nodes and ultimately the paraaortic lymph nodes , and the posterior section of the cervix drains to the obturator and presacral lymph nodes . However , there are variations as lymphatic drainage from the cervix travels to different sets of pelvic nodes in some people . This has implications in scanning nodes for involvement in cervical cancer .
After menstruation and directly under the influence of estrogen , the cervix undergoes a series of changes in position and texture . During most of the menstrual cycle , the cervix remains firm , and is positioned low and closed . However , as ovulation approaches , the cervix becomes softer and rises to open in response to the higher levels of estrogen present . These changes are also accompanied by changes in cervical mucus , described below .
= = = Development = = =
As a component of the female reproductive system , the cervix is derived from the two paramesonephric ducts ( also called Müllerian ducts ) , which develop around the sixth week of embryogenesis . During development , the outer parts of the two ducts fuse , forming a single urogenital canal that will become the vagina , cervix and uterus . The cervix grows in size at a smaller rate than the body of the uterus , so the relative size of the cervix over time decreases , decreasing from being much larger than the body of the uterus in fetal life , twice as large during childhood , and decreasing to its adult size , smaller than the uterus , after puberty . Previously it was thought that during fetal development , the original squamous epithelium of the cervix is derived from the urogenital sinus and the original columnar epithelium is derived from the paramesonephric duct . The point at which these two original epithelia meet is called the original squamocolumnar junction . New studies show , however , that all the cervical as well as large part of the vaginal epithelium are derived from Müllerian duct tissue and that phenotypic differences might be due to other causes .
= = = Histology = = =
The endocervical mucosa is about 3 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 12 in ) thick , lined with a single layer of columnar mucous cells , and contains numerous tubular mucous glands which empty viscous alkaline mucus into the lumen . In contrast , the ectocervix is covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium , which resembles the squamous epithelium lining the vaginal . The junction between these two types of epithelia is called the squamocolumnar junction . Underlying both types of epithelium is a tough layer of collagen . The mucosa of the endocervix is not shed during menstruation . The cervix has more fibrous tissue , including collagen and elastin , than the rest of the uterus .
In prepubertal girls , the functional squamocolumnar junction is present just within the endocervical canal . Upon entering puberty , due to hormonal influence , and during pregnancy , the columnar epithelium extends outwards over the ectocervix as the cervix everts . Hence , this also causes the squamocolumnar junction to move outwards onto the vaginal portion of the cervix , where it is exposed to the acidic vaginal environment . The exposed columnar epithelium can undergo physiological metaplasia and change to tougher metaplastic squamous epithelium in days or weeks , which when mature is very similar to the original squamous epithelium . The new squamocolumnar junction is therefore internal to the original squamocolumnar junction , and the zone of unstable epithelium between the two junctions is called the transformation zone of the cervix . After menopause , the uterine structures involute and the functional squamocolumnar junction moves into the endocervical canal .
Nabothian cysts ( or Nabothian follicles ) form in the transformation zone where the lining of metaplastic epithelium has replaced mucous epithelium and caused a strangulation of the outlet of some of the mucous glands . A build up of mucus in the glands forms Nabothian cysts , usually less than about 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) in diameter , which are considered physiological rather than pathological . Both gland openings and Nabothian cysts are helpful to identify the transformation zone .
= = Function = =
= = = Fertility = = =
The cervical canal is a pathway through which sperm enter the uterus after sexual intercourse , and some forms of artificial insemination . Some sperm remains in cervical crypts , infoldings of the endocervix , which act as a reservoir , releasing sperm over several hours and maximising the chances of fertilisation . A theory states the cervical and uterine contractions during orgasm draw semen into the uterus . Although the " upsuck theory " has been generally accepted for some years , it has been disputed due to lack of evidence , small sample size , and methodological errors .
Some methods of fertility awareness , such as the Creighton model and the Billings method involve estimating a woman 's periods of fertility and infertility by observing physiological changes in her body . Among these changes are several involving the quality of her cervical mucus : the sensation it causes at the vulva , its elasticity ( Spinnbarkeit ) , its transparency , and the presence of ferning .
= = = Cervical mucus = = =
Several hundred glands in the endocervix produce 20 – 60 mg of cervical mucus a day , increasing to 600 mg around the time of ovulation . It is viscous as it contains large proteins known as mucins . The viscosity and water content varies during the menstrual cycle ; mucus is composed of around 93 % water , reaching 98 % at midcycle . These changes allow it to function either as a barrier or a transport medium to spermatozoa . It contains electrolytes such as calcium , sodium , and potassium ; organic components such as glucose , amino acids , and soluble proteins ; trace elements including zinc , copper , iron , manganese , and selenium ; free fatty acids ; enzymes such as amylase ; and prostaglandins . Its consistency is determined by the influence of the hormones estrogen and progesterone . At midcycle around the time of ovulation — a period of high estrogen levels — the mucus is thin and serous to allow sperm to enter the uterus , and is more alkaline and hence more hospitable to sperm . It is also higher in electrolytes , which results in the " ferning " pattern that can be observed in drying mucus under low magnification ; as the mucus dries , the salts crystallize , resembling the leaves of a fern . The mucus has stretchy character described as Spinnbarkeit most prominent around the time of ovulation .
At other times in the cycle , the mucus is thick and more acidic due to the effects of progesterone . This " infertile " mucus acts as a barrier to sperm from entering the uterus . Women taking an oral contraceptive pill also have thick mucus from the effects of progesterone . Thick mucus also prevents pathogens from interfering with a nascent pregnancy .
A cervical mucus plug , called the operculum , forms inside the cervical canal during pregnancy . This provides a protective seal for the uterus against the entry of pathogens and against leakage of uterine fluids . The mucus plug is also known to have antibacterial properties . This plug is released as the cervix dilates , either during the first stage of childbirth or shortly before . It is visible as a blood @-@ tinged mucous discharge .
= = = Childbirth = = =
The cervix plays a major role in childbirth . As the fetus descends within the uterus in preparation for birth , the presenting part , usually the head , rests on and is supported by the cervix . As labour progresses , the cervix becomes softer and shorter , begins to dilate , and rotates to face anteriorly . The support the cervix provides to the fetal head starts to give way when the uterus begins its contractions . During childbirth , the cervix must dilate to a diameter of more than 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) to accommodate the head of the fetus as it descends from the uterus to the vagina . In becoming wider , the cervix also becomes shorter , a phenomenon known as effacement .
Along with other factors , midwives and doctors use the extent of cervical dilation to assist decision making during childbirth . Generally , the active first stage of labour , when the uterine contractions become strong and regular , begins when the cervical dilation is more than 3 – 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 0 in ) . The second phase of labor begins when the cervix has dilated to 10 cm ( 4 in ) , which is regarded as its fullest dilation , and is when active pushing and contractions push the baby along the birth canal leading to the birth of the baby . The number of past vaginal deliveries is a strong factor in influencing how rapidly the cervix is able to dilate in labour . The time taken for the cervix to dilate and efface is one factor used in reporting systems such as the Bishop score , used to recommend whether interventions such as a forceps delivery , induction , or Caesarean section should be used in childbirth .
Cervical incompetence is a condition in which shortening of the cervix due to dilation and thinning occurs , before term pregnancy . Short cervical length is the strongest predictor of preterm birth .
= = = Contraception = = =
Several methods of contraception involve the cervix . Cervical diaphragms are reusable , firm @-@ rimmed plastic devices inserted by a woman prior to intercourse that cover the cervix . Pressure against the walls of the vagina maintain the position of the diaphragm , and it acts as a physical barrier to prevent the entry of sperm into the uterus , preventing fertilisation . Cervical caps are a similar method , although they are smaller and adhere to the cervix by suction . Diaphragms and caps are often used in conjunction with spermicides . In one year , 12 % of women using the diaphragm will undergo an unintended pregnancy , and with optimal use this falls to 6 % . Efficacy rates are lower for the cap , with 18 % of women undergoing an unintended pregnancy , and 10 – 13 % with optimal use . Most types of progestogen @-@ only pills are effective as a contraceptive because they thicken cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to pass along the endocervical canal . In addition , they may also sometimes prevent ovulation . In contrast , contraceptive pills that contain both oestrogen and progesterone , the combined oral contraceptive pills , work mainly by preventing ovulation . They also thicken cervical mucus and thin the lining of the uterus enhancing their effectiveness .
= = Clinical significance = =
= = = Cancer = = =
In 2008 , cervical cancer was the third @-@ most common cancer in women worldwide , with rates varying geographically from less than one to more than 50 cases per 100 @,@ 000 women . It is a leading cause of cancer @-@ related death in poor countries , where delayed diagnosis leading to poor outcomes is common . The introduction of routine screening has resulted in fewer cases of ( and deaths from ) cervical cancer , however this has mainly taken place in developed countries . Most developing countries have limited or no screening , and 85 % of the global burden occurring there .
Cervical cancer nearly always involves human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection . HPV is a virus with numerous strains , several of which predispose to precancerous changes in the cervical epithelium , particularly in the transformation zone , which is the most common area for cervical cancer to start . HPV vaccines , such as Gardasil and Cervarix , reduce the incidence of cervical cancer , by inoculating against the viral strains involved in cancer development .
Potentially precancerous changes in the cervix can be detected by cervical screening , using methods including a Pap smear ( also called a cervical smear ) , in which epithelial cells are scraped from the surface of the cervix and examined under a microscope . The colposcope , an instrument used to see a magnified view of the cervix , was invented in 1925 . The Pap smear was developed by Georgios Papanikolaou in 1928 . A LEEP procedure using a heated loop of platinum to excise a patch of cervical tissue was developed by Aurel Babes in 1927 . In some parts of the developed world including the UK , the Pap test has been superseded with liquid @-@ based cytology .
A cheap , cost @-@ effective and practical alternative in poorer countries is visual inspection with acetic acid ( VIA ) . Instituting and sustaining cytology @-@ based programs in these regions can be difficult , due to the need for trained personnel , equipment and facilities and difficulties in follow @-@ up . With VIA , results and treatment can be available on the same day . As a screening test , VIA is comparable to cervical cytology in accurately identifying precancerous lesions .
A result of dysplasia is usually further investigated , such as by taking a cone biopsy , which may also remove the cancerous lesion . Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a possible result of the biopsy , and represents dysplastic changes that may eventually progress to invasive cancer . Most cases of cervical cancer are detected in this way , without having caused any symptoms . When symptoms occur , they may include vaginal bleeding , discharge , or discomfort .
= = = Inflammation = = =
Inflammation of the cervix is referred to as cervicitis . This inflammation may be of the endocervix or ectocervix . When associated with the endocervix , it is associated with a mucous vaginal discharge and the sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea . As many as half of pregnant women having a gonorrheal infection of the cervix are asymptomatic . Other causes include overgrowth of the commensal flora of the vagina . When associated with the ectocervix , inflammation may be caused by the herpes simplex virus . Inflammation is often investigated through directly visualising the cervix using a speculum , which may appear whiteish due to exudate , and by taking a Pap smear and examining for causal bacteria . Special tests may be used to identify particular bacteria . If the inflammation is due to a bacterium , then antibiotics may be given as treatment .
= = = Anatomical abnormalities = = =
Cervical stenosis refers to an abnormally narrow cervical canal , typically associated with trauma caused by removal of tissue for investigation or treatment of cancer , or cervical cancer itself . Diethylstilbestrol , used from 1938 to 1971 to prevent preterm labour and miscarriage , is also strongly associated with the development of cervical stenosis and other abnormalities in the daughters of the exposed women . Other abnormalities include : vaginal adenosis , in which the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix becomes columnar ; cancers such as clear cell adenocarcinomas ; cervical ridges and hoods ; and development of a cockscomb cervix appearance .
Cervical agenesis is a rare congenital condition in which the cervix completely fails to develop , often associated with the concurrent failure of the vagina to develop . Other congenital cervical abnormalities exist , often associated with abnormalities of the vagina and uterus . The cervix may be duplicated in situations such as bicornuate uterus and uterine didelphys .
Cervical polyps , which are benign overgrowths of endocervical tissue , if present , may cause bleeding , or a benign overgrowth may be present in the endocervical canal . Cervical ectropion refers to the horizontal overgrowth of the endocervical columnar lining in a one @-@ cell @-@ thick layer over the ectocervix .
= = Other mammals = =
Female marsupials have paired uteri and cervices . Most eutherian ( placental ) mammal species have a single cervix and single , bipartite or bicornuate uterus . Lagomorphs , rodents , aardvarks and hyraxes have a duplex uterus and two cervices . Lagomorphs and rodents share many morphological characteristics and are grouped together in the clade Glires . Anteaters of the family myrmecophagidae are unusual in that they lack a defined cervix ; they are thought to have lost the characteristic rather than other mammals developing a cervix on more than one lineage .
= = Etymology and pronunciation = =
The word cervix ( / ˈsʌrvɪks / ) came to English from Latin , where it means " neck " , and like its Germanic counterpart , it can refer not only to the neck [ of the body ] but also to an analogous narrowed part of an object . The cervix uteri ( neck of the uterus ) is thus the uterine cervix , but in English the word cervix used alone usually refers to it . Thus the adjective cervical may refer either to the neck ( as in cervical vertebrae or cervical lymph nodes ) or to the uterine cervix ( as in cervical cap or cervical cancer ) .
Latin cervix came from the Proto @-@ Indo @-@ European root ker- , referring to a " structure that projects " . Thus , the word cervix is linguistically related to the English word " horn " , the Persian word for " head " ( sar ) , the Greek word for " head " ( Greek : koryphe ) , and the Welsh word for " deer " ( Welsh : carw ) .
The cervix was documented in anatomical literature in at least the time of Hippocrates ; cervical cancer was first described more than 2 @,@ 000 years ago , with descriptions provided by both Hippocrates and Aretaeus . However , there was some variation in word sense among early writers , who used the term to refer to both the cervix and the internal uterine orifice . The first attested use of the word to refer to the cervix of the uterus was in 1702 .
= Sir John Fowler , 1st Baronet =
Sir John Fowler , 1st Baronet , KCMG , LLD , FRSE ( 15 July 1817 – 20 November 1898 ) was an English civil engineer specialising in the construction of railways and railway infrastructure . In the 1850s and 1860s , he was engineer for the world 's first underground railway , London 's Metropolitan Railway , built by the " cut @-@ and @-@ cover " method under city streets . In the 1880s , he was chief engineer for the Forth Railway Bridge , which opened in 1890 . Fowler 's was a long and eminent career , spanning most of the 19th century 's railway expansion , and he was engineer , adviser or consultant to many British and foreign railway companies and governments . He was the youngest president of the Institution of Civil Engineers , between 1865 and 1867 , and his major works represent a lasting legacy of Victorian engineering .
= = Early life = =
Fowler was born in Wadsley , Sheffield , Yorkshire , England , to land surveyor John Fowler and his wife Elizabeth ( née Swann ) . He was educated privately at Whitley Hall near Ecclesfield . He trained under John Towlerton Leather , engineer of the Sheffield waterworks , and with Leather 's uncle , George Leather , on the Aire and Calder Navigation and on railway surveys . From 1837 he worked for John Urpeth Rastrick on railway projects including the London and Brighton Railway and the unbuilt West Cumberland and Furness Railway . He then worked again for George Leather as resident engineer on the Stockton and Hartlepool Railway and was appointed engineer to the railway when it opened in 1841 . Fowler initially established a practice as a consulting engineer in the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire area , but , a heavy workload led him to move to London in 1844 . He became a member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 , the year the Institution was founded , and a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1849 . On 2 July 1850 he married Elizabeth Broadbent ( died 19 November 1901 ) , daughter of J. Boadbent of Manchester . The couple had four sons .
= = Railways = =
Fowler established a busy practice , working on many railway schemes across the country . He became chief engineer for the Manchester , Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway and was engineer of the East Lincolnshire Railway , the Oxford , Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway and the Severn Valley Railway . In 1853 , he became chief engineer of the Metropolitan Railway in London , the world 's first underground railway . Constructed in shallow " cut @-@ and @-@ cover " trenches beneath roads , the line opened between Paddington and Farringdon in 1863 . Fowler was also engineer for the associated District Railway and the Hammersmith and City Railway . Today these railways form the majority of the London Underground 's Circle line . For his work on the Metropolitan Railway Fowler was paid the great sum of £ 152 @,@ 000 ( £ 12 @.@ 2 million today ) , with £ 157 @,@ 000 ( £ 12 @.@ 6 million today ) , from the District Railway . Although some of this would have been passed on to staff and contractors , Sir Edward Watkin , chairman of the Metropolitan Railway from 1872 , complained that " No engineer in the world was so highly paid . "
Other railways that Fowler consulted for were the London Tilbury and Southend Railway , the Great Northern Railway , the Highland Railway and the Cheshire Lines Railway . Following the death of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1859 , Fowler was retained by the Great Western Railway . His various appointments involved him in the design of Victoria station in London , Sheffield Victoria station , St Enoch station in Glasgow , Liverpool Central station and Manchester Central station . The latter station 's 210 @-@ foot ( 64 m ) wide train shed roof was the second widest unsupported iron arch in Britain after the roof of St Pancras railway station .
Fowler 's consulting work extended beyond Britain including railway and engineering projects in Algeria , Australia , Belgium , Egypt , France , Germany , Portugal and the United States . He travelled to Egypt for the first time in 1869 and worked on a number of , mostly unrealised , schemes for the Khedive , including a railway to Khartoum in Sudan which was planned in 1875 but not completed until after his death . In 1870 he provided advice to an Indian Government inquiry on railway gauges where he recommended a narrow gauge of 3 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 07 m ) for light railways . He visited Australia in 1886 , where he made some remarks on the break of gauge difficulty . Later in his career , he was also a consultant with his partner Benjamin Baker and with James Henry Greathead on two of London 's first tube railways , the City and South London Railway and the Central London Railway .
= = Bridges = =
As part of his railway projects , Fowler designed numerous bridges . In the 1860s , he designed Grosvenor Bridge , the first railway bridge over the River Thames , and the 13 @-@ arch Dollis Brook Viaduct for the Edgware , Highgate and London Railway .
He is credited with the design of the Victoria Bridge at Upper Arley , Worcestershire , constructed between 1859 and 1861 , and the near identical Albert Edward Bridge at Coalbrookdale , Shropshire built from 1863 to 1864 . Both remain in use today carrying railway lines across the River Severn .
Following the collapse of Sir Thomas Bouch 's Tay Bridge in 1879 , Fowler , William Henry Barlow and Thomas Elliot Harrison were appointed in 1881 to a commission to review Bouch 's design for the Forth Railway Bridge . The commission recommended a steel cantilever bridge designed by Fowler and Benjamin Baker , which was constructed between 1883 and 1890 .
= = Locomotives = =
To avoid problems with smoke and steam overwhelming staff and passengers on the covered sections of the Metropolitan Railway , Fowler proposed a fireless locomotive . The locomotive was built by Robert Stephenson and Company and was a broad gauge 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 tender engine . The boiler had a normal firebox connected to a large combustion chamber containing fire bricks which were to act as a heat reservoir . The combustion chamber was linked to the smokebox through a set of very short firetubes . Exhaust steam was re @-@ condensed instead of escaping and fed back to the boiler . The locomotive was intended to operate conventionally in the open , but in tunnels dampers would be closed and steam would be generated using the stored heat from the fire bricks .
The first trial on the Great Western Railway in October 1861 was a failure . The condensing system leaked , causing the boiler to run dry and pressure to drop , risking a boiler explosion . A second trial on the Metropolitan Railway in 1862 was also a failure , and the fireless engine was abandoned , becoming known as " Fowler 's Ghost " . The locomotive was sold to Isaac Watt Boulton in 1865 ; he intended to convert it into a standard engine but it was eventually scrapped .
On opening , the Metropolitan Railway 's trains were provided by the Great Western Railway , but these were withdrawn in August 1863 . After a period hiring trains from the Great Northern Railway , the Metropolitan Railway introduced its own , Fowler designed , 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 tank engines in 1864 . The design , known as the A class and , with minor updates , the B class , was so successful that the Metropolitan and District Railways eventually had 120 of the engines in use and they remained in operation until electrification of the lines in the 1900s .
= = Other activities and professional recognition = =
Fowler stood unsuccessfully for parliament as a Conservative candidate in 1880 and 1885 . His standing within the engineering profession was very high , to the extent that he was elected president of the Institution of Civil Engineers for the period 1866 @-@ 67 , its youngest president . Through his position in the Institution and through his own practice , he led the development of training for engineers . In 1857 , he purchased a 57 @,@ 000 acres ( 23 @,@ 000 ha ) estate at Braemore in Ross @-@ shire , Scotland , where he spent frequent holidays and where he was a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant of the County . He listed his recreations in Who 's Who as yachting and deerstalking and was a member of the Carlton Club , St Stephen 's Club , the Conservative Club and the Royal Yacht Squadron . He was also President of the Egyptian Exploration Fund .
In 1885 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George as thanks from the government for allowing the use of maps of the Upper Nile valley he had had made when working on the Khedive 's projects . They were the most accurate survey of the area and were used in the British Relief of Khartoum . In 1887 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Scotland .
Following the successful completion of the Forth Railway Bridge in 1890 , Fowler was created a baronet , taking the name of his Scottish estate as his territorial designation . Along with Benjamin Baker , he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Edinburgh in 1890 for his engineering of the bridge . In 1892 , the Poncelet Prize was doubled and awarded jointly to Baker and Fowler .
Fowler died in Bournemouth , Dorset , at the age of 81 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery , London . He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son , Sir John Arthur Fowler , 2nd Baronet ( died 25 March 1899 ) . The baronetcy became extinct in 1933 on the death of Reverend Sir Montague Fowler , 4th Baronet , the first baronet 's third son .
= Chose Promise =
Chose Promise ( French : [ ʃoz pʁɔmiz ] ; Promised Thing ) is a one @-@ man show performed by the French comedian Arnaud Tsamere from 2007 to 2014 . Written by Tsamere , François Rollin and Arnaud Joyet , it features the character Patrice Valenton , a teacher who is performing a comedy show because of a promise he made to his friend Rémi , who died in a car accident . After explaining this , he attempts ventriloquism , shadow puppetry , a vaudeville play and a song about Rémi . Tsamere then comes out of character and does a routine about bulbs around mirrors in dressing rooms .
The show 's title comes from the expression chose promise , chose due ( " a promise is a promise " ) and it deals with the theme of death ; the character of a teacher was chosen to depict failure . Chose Promise was released on DVD on 6 March 2013 after being recorded at the Sébastopol Theatre in Lille , and its final performances were at the Olympia in February 2014 — it has been broadcast on the television channels Comédie + and D17 . It was well received by critics , who praised Tsamere 's performance , particularly in the vaudeville sequence .
= = Synopsis = =
This summary is based on the DVD version of the show .
Patrice Valenton ( Arnaud Tsamere ) introduces himself as an economics teacher at the University Institute of Technology in Vincennes . He explains that he is there to honour a promise he made to his best friend Rémi , who was hospitalised by a car accident . Patrice arrived to see Rémi on his deathbed , and Rémi asked Patrice to perform a one @-@ man show on his behalf . Patrice answered " I promise ... " , and Rémi died , not knowing that the end of the sentence was " ... that you 'll get better " and that Patrice did not want to perform . Patrice explains that he will keep his promise because becoming a comedian was Rémi 's dream , but that he is not a comedian and is not there to get laughs or applause .
Patrice begins the show , explaining that he will use memories and objects relating to Rémi to perform . He says that Rémi loved ventriloquism , and performs his own routine with a monkey puppet called Falzouille , in which the puppet never speaks . He talks about how the puppet is not alive as it has Velcro pads , and imitates a cat and mouse with Velcro on their paws . He tells a story of when he removed the batteries from his colleague 's calculator , then takes out Rémi 's notebook , which contains the telephone numbers of prostitutes and vomit stains . Patrice performs a shadow puppetry routine in which an Armenian soldier rescues his daughter from 25 duduk players . It becomes clear that Patrice is not actually making the shadows , and he gets annoyed at three stagehands called David .
Patrice decides to perform the final scene of a vaudeville play he has written called La Pendule ( The Clock ) . He explains the complex plot and characters : set in 1929 in a townhouse in Provence , the play involves the Duke of Ponfouy and his family , associates and household servants . He performs the scene , playing all the characters himself and exaggerating their voices and mannerisms . For Patrice 's final act , he plays a recording of Rémi and himself from 1985 , then sings a song he has written about Rémi and the accident . When the audience applauds the song , he criticises them as he does not want to be a famous comedian . After imitating a marionette , he performs his curtain call with a toy dragon ; he dances with it and a sparkler , and flaps its wings to Johann Strauss I 's Radetzky March .
Tsamere comes out of character , thanks the audience , writers and producers of the show , and explains that the preceding story is a fiction . He talks about his stage fright and goes off on a tangent about the bulbs around mirrors in dressing rooms ; he asks a row of the audience to stand repeatedly to check whether pillars in the theatre are load @-@ bearing . He ends by saying that he does not need the mirror , as he does not wear make @-@ up .
= = Background and themes = =
The French expression chose promise , chose due , which is the equivalent of " a promise is a promise " in English , and to which Chose Promise responds , dates from the 17th century . After his first show Réflexions profondes sur pas mal de trucs ( Profound reflections on quite a few things ) , written with Arnaud Joyet and inspired by a videotape of François Rollin , Tsamere met Rollin at the Dinard Comedy Festival . He joined Tsamere and Joyet to write a new show . Rollin had seen his previous show , which played on theatrical " flops " , and told Tsamere that he could not perform this humour as himself without showing at the end that he could really do ventriloquism and play the guitar , which he could not . Therefore , the character of a teacher was created to play on failure .
Tsamere has described Valenton 's profession as " not far from the style of what I am , [ but ] very far in substance " ; he said of the character : " Under his generous side as a friend who is keeping his promise ... we have a guy who is ... in the end quite megalomaniacal . " The show deals with the theme of death , which Tsamere said is " a bit strange , but it has the virtue of attracting the public 's attention " . He said that he and his co @-@ authors thought that " the most irrefutable reason to go on stage ... was to talk about something strong " . Tsamere has described how the show changed as the size of its audiences grew and he incorporated improvisations .
= = Performances = =
Chose Promise was produced by 20h40 Productions and Troyes dans l 'Aube Prod and directed by Rollin and Joyet . It was written in 2007 , and has been performed at the Européen theatre and the Casino de Paris ; Tsamere has done three tours of the show . In early 2014 , the show was performed in Tours , Strasbourg , Lille , Petite @-@ Forêt , Rennes , Bourg @-@ les @-@ Valence , Voiron , Annecy and Chalon @-@ sur @-@ Saône in France , as well as in Geneva and Montreux in Switzerland . The two final performances took place at the Olympia in February 2014 .
After it was recorded at the Sébastopol Theatre in Lille on 5 October 2012 , the show was released on DVD , Blu @-@ ray and video on demand on 6 March 2013 ; it includes a commentary track by Rollin and Joyet , and a making @-@ of documentary called La boucle est bouclée ( " We 've come full circle " ) filmed by Simon Astier , who followed Tsamere around with a camera on the day of the recording . Tsamere said he chose Lille for the recording because he has a " special relationship " with the place . On 23 September 2013 , the show was broadcast on the television channel Comédie + — it was later shown on D17 on 31 August 2014 , when it was seen by 254 @,@ 000 people ( a 1 @.@ 1 % audience share ) .
= = Reception = =
Pariscope 's Julien Barret praised Tsamere 's " unbridled imagination [ and ] oratorical ease " , and called his vaudeville performance " exceptional " ; Marie @-@ Céline Nivière , of the same publication , said " [ Tsamere 's ] talents as an actor are remarkable " and also praised the vaudeville act . Michèle Bourcet of Télérama called it " an acting performance with mastered folly " and rated it " TT " , meaning " We like it a lot " . Le Parisien described " the meticulous writing , the absurd universe and the hilarious digressions " of Chose Promise , calling it a " masterpiece of the genre " . Le Figaro 's Nathalie Simon wrote of Tsamere 's " bubbly disposition [ and ] tremendous energy " , noting that his appearances on On n 'demande qu 'à en rire " have brought him an audience of appreciative fans whatever he does " .
= Break the Ice ( Britney Spears song ) =
" Break the Ice " is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her fifth studio album , Blackout ( 2007 ) . It was released on March 4 , 2008 by Jive Records as the third single from the album . The song was written by Nate " Danja " Hills , James " Jim Beanz " Washington , Keri Hilson and Marcella Araica , while production was handled by Hills and vocal production was handled by Washington . " Radar " was originally planned to be released as the third single from Blackout , but " Break the Ice " was released after it was chosen by a poll on Spears 's official website . Musically , " Break the Ice " is an electro @-@ R & B song with influences of rave and crunk . The song opens with a choir and features synthesizers . Its lyrics deal with an attraction between two people . " Break the Ice " received positive reviews from music critics , who deemed it as a strong electronic track from the album .
The song was a moderate success , reaching the top ten in Belgium , Canada , Finland and Sweden and charting within the top forty in Australia , New Zealand and many European countries . In the United States , the song reached number forty @-@ three on Billboard Hot 100 , while peaking at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . An accompanying music video , directed by Robert Hales , was released on March 12 , 2008 . The anime @-@ influenced animation video was based on the superheroine character of Spears ' " Toxic " music video , and portrays her destroying a highly secured laboratory with several clones , including one of herself . A remix of " Break the Ice " was used as a video interlude during The Circus Starring Britney Spears ( 2009 ) and was performed for the first time during her Las Vegas residency at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino , Britney : Piece of Me .
= = Background = =
" Break the Ice " was written by Nate " Danja " Hills , Marcella " Ms. Lago " Araica , Keri Hilson , James Washington and produced by Danja . Spears started working with Danja in July 2006 . He explained that the creative process was not difficult at first since he was " left to do pretty much whatever I wanted to " , and " if she felt it , she was gonna ride with it . If she didn 't , you ’ d see it in her face . " Spears began recording the track in Las Vegas in August 2006 , while she was seven months pregnant with her second child , Jayden James . Recording continued at Spears ' house in Los Angeles , California , three weeks after she gave birth . Hilson commented that " She gave 150 percent . [ ... ] I don ’ t know any other mother that would do that . " " Radar " was originally planned to be released as the third single from Blackout , according to Ezekiel Lewis of The Clutch . " Break the Ice " was chosen as a single by a poll on Spears ' official Jive Records website . On February 11 , 2008 , it was announced that the song had won , receiving a 39 % of the total votes .
= = Composition = =
" Break the Ice " is an electro @-@ R & B song with influences of rave and crunk . It is performed in a moderate pop groove . The song is composed in the key of F minor and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 120 beats per minute . According to Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly , " Break the Ice " sounds similar to Nelly Furtado 's " Say It Right " ( 2006 ) . It opens with Spears singing the lines " It 's been a while / I know I shouldn 't keep you waiting / But I 'm here now " , which serve as an apology for being gone so long from the music industry as well as away from her love interest in the song . After the first line , Spears sings over a choir . According to Chuck Arnold of People , Spears delivers her " trademark breathy vocals " . In the first verse , synthesizers kick in and run until the end of the second chorus . After it , Spears stops the song and sings " I like this part / It feels kind of good " , mimicking Janet Jackson in " Nasty " ( 1986 ) . The music changes , as described by Tom Ewing of Pitchfork Media , to " [ something that ] sounds like spacehoppers [ are ] bouncing in slow motion round a padded cell " . The song is constructed in the common verse @-@ chorus form . Lyrically , the song is about two people , in which one of them asks the other to get to know each other and break the ice .
= = Critical reception = =
Eric R. Danton of The Hartford Courant deemed it as a " crunk @-@ style thumper " , while calling it one of the " killer tracks " off the album along with " Radar " and " Hot as Ice " . Nick Levine of Digital Spy called it " a booming slice of multi @-@ layered electro R & B " and said that along with " Radar " , " are as avant @-@ garde as pop gets in 2007 " . A reviewer from Popjustice said " [ it ] is a really brilliant track " , Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said some of the songs of Blackout , " really show off the skills of the producers " , exemplifying " Gimme More " , " Radar " , " Break the Ice " , " Heaven on Earth " and " Hot as Ice " . He also referred to the song as a " stuttering electro @-@ clip " .
Jennifer Vineyard of MTV said the song " might have been a stronger album leadoff track than ' Gimme More ' , [ ... ] since [ Spears ] re @-@ introduces herself at the top and apologizes for being gone for so long . " Kelefe Sanneh of The New York Times said the song was " nearly as good " as previous singles " Gimme More " and " Piece of Me " , and described it as a " rave @-@ inspired flirtation " . A reviewer from the Ottawa Citizen said that " [ t ] here 's also a lot to like about Break The Ice , Why Should I Be Sad and Perfect Love [ r ] " . Jim Abbott of the Orlando Sentinel said that " Musically , songs such as ' Piece of Me , ' ' Radar ' and ' Break the Ice ' are one @-@ dimensional , robotic exercises . " Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe called it " numbing club filler . "
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Break the Ice " entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number one hundred on the issue dated March 15 , 2008 . It peaked at number forty @-@ three on May 24 , 2008 . Two weeks later , it peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs , becoming the third consecutive single from the album to reach the top position of the chart . As of July 2010 , " Break the Ice " has sold 688 @,@ 000 paid digital downloads in the United States . In Canada , the song entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number ninety @-@ seven on March 1 , 2008 . On April 26 , 2008 , it reached its peak position of number nine . On May 5 , 2008 , the track debuted at number forty @-@ one on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart . It peaked at number twenty @-@ three on the issue dated May 19 , 2008 . In New Zealand , the single debuted at number thirty @-@ seven on April 7 , 2008 . It peaked at number twenty @-@ four three weeks later . " Break the Ice " entered the UK Singles Chart at number thirty @-@ six on March 31 , 2008 . On April 20 , 2008 , it peaked at number fifteen . The song also had moderate success through Europe , reaching the top ten in Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) and Finland , and the top twenty in Denmark and Sweden . In Denmark , it was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for sales over 7 @,@ 5000 copies .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Break the Ice " was made in an anime @-@ influenced animation style in South Korea and was directed by Robert Hales . The concept was reportedly Spears 's idea , who asked Jive Records to come up with an animated music video based on the superheroine character of the " Toxic " music video . It premiered on March 12 , 2008 at BlackoutBall.com , a website created exclusively for the premiere , in which fans could access a chat room .
The video begins with Spears wearing a short black bodysuit and knee @-@ high black boots , standing in the roofs of a futuristic city . As the first verse begins , she breaks into a research facility and battles with suited henchmen . Spears ends up gaining access to a highly secured laboratory and walks through aisles of clones held in liquid cocoons . She sees that one is a clone of her , kisses her and plants a bomb on the tank . After this , Spears infiltrates the base of the apparent villain , kissing him , and then destroying him , revealing him to be a robot also . From there , she dodges a bullet and sets off a panic among the newly arrived henchmen , meanwhile the bomb 's timer runs lower and lower . Next , there is a wide shot of the building exploding , while Spears is jumping and " Victory " is depicted on the side of the structure . The video ends with the phrase " To be continued ... " . Originally , the remix with Fabolous was initially to be released as the album 's third single and have a music video , before the animated video was used .
= = Live performances = =
A remix of " Break the Ice " was used as a video interlude during The Circus Starring Britney Spears ( 2009 ) . The song was performed for the first time in 2013 during Spears ' Las Vegas Residency at PH Live , Britney : Piece of Me . Halfway through the performance of " Gimme More " Spears and her dancers , wearing cowboy @-@ inspired plaid and denim outfits , performed a fragment of " Break the Ice " , which was then followed by a dance routine which pays tribute to Michael Jackson and then " Piece of Me " . In the 2016 revamp of the concert , the song was moved to the first act of the show and has different choreography .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for " Break the Ice " are taken from Blackout 's liner notes .
Britney Spears – lead vocals
Nate " Danja " Hills – songwriting , production
Marcella Araica – songwriting , instruments , programming , mixing
Keri Hilson – recording , background vocals
James Washington – songwriting
Jim Beanz – background vocals
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Menkauhor Kaiu =
Menkauhor Kaiu ( also known as Ikauhor and in Greek as Mencherês , Μεγχερῆς ) was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Old Kingdom period . He was the seventh ruler of the Fifth Dynasty at the end of the 25th century BC or early in the 24th century BC .
Menkauhor ruled for possibly eight or nine years , following king Nyuserre Ini , and was succeeded in turn by Djedkare Isesi . Although Menkauhor is well attested by historical sources , few artifacts from his reign have survived . Consequently , his familial relation to his predecessor and successor is unclear , and no offspring of his have been identified . Khentkaus III may have been Menkauhor 's mother , as indicated by evidence discovered in her tomb in 2015 .
Beyond the construction of monuments , the only known activity dated to Menkauhor 's reign is an expedition to the copper and turquoise mines in Sinai . Menkauhor ordered the construction of a sun temple , called the " Akhet @-@ Ra " , meaning " The Horizon of Ra " . The last ever to be built , this sun temple , known from inscriptions found in the tombs of its priests , is yet to be located . Menkauhor was buried in a small pyramid in Saqqara , which the Ancient Egyptians named Netjer @-@ Isut Menkauhor , " The Divine Places of Menkauhor " . Known today as the Headless Pyramid , the ruin had been lost under shifting sands until its rediscovery in 2008 .
The figure of Menkauhor was at the centre of a long lasting funerary cult until the end of the Old Kingdom period , with at least seven agricultural domains producing goods for the necessary offerings . The cult of a deified Menkauhor , then known by the titles " Strong Lord of the Two Lands , Menkauhor the Justified " reappeared during the New Kingdom period ( c . 1550 – c . 1077 BC ) , and lasted until at least the Nineteenth Dynasty ( c . 1292 – c . 1077 BC ) , some 1200 years after his death .
= = Attestations = =
= = = Historical = = =
Menkauhor is attested by three hieroglyphic sources , all from the much later New Kingdom period . His name is given on the 31st entry of the Abydos King List , which was inscribed on the walls of a temple during the reign of Seti I ( 1290 – 1279 BC ) . He is also mentioned on the Saqqara Tablet ( 30th entry ) and on the Turin canon ( third column , 23rd row ) , both of which were written during the reign of Ramesses II ( 1279 – 1213 BC ) . The Turin canon credits Menkauhor with a reign of eight years . These sources indicate that Menkauhor succeeded Nyuserre Ini and preceded Djedkare Isesi on the throne , making him the seventh pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty .
Menkauhor was likely mentioned in the Aegyptiaca , a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ptolemy II ( 283 – 246 BC ) by the Egyptian priest Manetho , but no copies of the text survive , and it is known only through later writings by Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius . Africanus relates that the Aegyptiaca mentioned a pharaoh " Mencherês " reigning for nine years as the seventh king of the Fifth Dynasty . Mencherês is believed to be a Hellenized form of Menkauhor , and Africanus ' nine @-@ year figure fits well with the eight years of reign given to Menkauhor on the Turin canon , the latter figure being considered by some Egyptologists , including Hartwig Altenmüller , as more likely than the former .
= = = Contemporaneous = = =
Relatively few attestations dating to Menkauhor 's reign have survived compared to the other kings of the Fifth Dynasty . Nonetheless , Menkauhor 's name is well attested in the names and titles of priests and officials of the Fifth Dynasty as well as in the names of the agricultural estates associated with his funerary cult . Surviving artefacts contemporaneous with Menkauhor 's reign include two stone vessels inscribed with his name from the mortuary temple of Neferefre – possibly gifts from Menkauhor for the funerary cult of Neferefre – as well as a few sealings from the same temple and from an area known as " Djedkare 's Family Cemetery " in Abusir . Cylinder seal impressions showing Menkauhor 's Horus name or the name of his pyramid have also been unearthed in the mortuary complex of Nyuserre Ini , and in the necropolises of Giza and Gebelein .
A gold cylinder seal bearing Menkauhor 's cartouche as part of the name of his pyramid together with the serekh of Djedkare Isesi is now on display at the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston . The seal , purportedly discovered near the Pactolus river valley in western Anatolia , could attest to wide ranging trade @-@ contacts during the Fifth Dynasty , but its provenance remains unverifiable .
The only secure depiction of the king dating to the Old Kingdom that has survived to this day is a rough , possibly unfinished , alabaster statuette showing Menkauhor enthroned and wearing the tight @-@ fitting ceremonial robe of the Heb @-@ sed . The statue was discovered in a cachette built during the late New Kingdom beneath the floor of a room to the west of the sacred lake at the temple of Ptah in Memphis . The Egyptologist Jocelyn Berlandini proposed that another statuette , usually attributed to Teti , belongs instead to Menkauhor Kaiu . Berlandini bases her hypothesis on stylistic grounds , noting the resemblance with Menkauhor 's seated statue , as well as the location of the second statue , which was uncovered east of Teti 's pyramid , in close proximity to Menkauhor 's pyramid .
Monumental attestations of Menkauhor are limited to a rock inscription at the Wadi Maghareh in Sinai , showing his titulary and a rough stele inscribed with his cartouche from Mastaba 904 at Saqqara .
= = Family = =
= = = Name = = =
The name of Menkauhor is a departure from those of other kings of the Fifth Dynasty . Menkauhor , whose name means " Eternal are the Kas of Horus " , is the first pharaoh in 80 years whose name does not refer to the sun god Ra . The name of Menkauhor instead finds its peers among the princes of the Fifth Dynasty with , for example , prince Khentykauhor " The forces of Horus are at the fore " , a son of Nyuserre Ini , and prince Neserkauhor , a son of Djedkare Isesi .
= = = Filiation = = =
Owing to the paucity of contemporaneous sources for Menkauhor , his relation to his predecessor , Nyuserre Ini , and to his successor , Djedkare Isesi , cannot be ascertained beyond doubt . Menkauhor may have been a son of Nyuserre Ini ; indeed Nyuserre Ini is known to have fathered a prince Khentykauhor as shown by a relief mentioning the prince from the mortuary complex of queen Khentkaus II , the mother of Nyuserre Ini . The similarity of Khentykauhor 's name to that of Menkauhor led the Egyptologists Miroslav Verner and Vivienne Callender to propose that the two are the same person , with Khentykauhor taking the name " Menkauhor " upon ascending the throne . This hypothesis is possibly contradicted by an inscription discovered in 2008 in the mastaba of Werkaure , the eldest son of an unnamed king . The inscription mentions a " Menkauhor " , but does not ascribe any royal attributes to him . The Egyptologists Hana Vymazalová and Filip Coppens suggest this might refer to the future pharaoh Menkauhor Kaiu at a time when he was still a prince . They note that Menkauhor might have offered high @-@ quality stone blocks for the construction of the tomb of his ( possible ) relative , which would explain the inscription . This contradicts the identification of Menkauhor with Khentykauhor ; Vymazalová and Coppens theorize that Khentykauhor and Menkauhor were brothers and sons of Nyuserre Ini .
The identity of Menkauhor 's mother is equally uncertain . In January 2015 the tomb of the " King 's wife " and " King 's mother " , Khentkaus III , was discovered by a team of Czech archaeologists in the necropolis surrounding the pyramid of Neferefre in Abusir . Mud seals in the tomb indicate that Khentkaus III was buried during Nyuserre Ini 's reign . Since Nyuserre Ini 's own mother is known to have been Khentkaus II , the discovery suggests that she was Menkauhor Kaiu 's mother . The position of her tomb close to the pyramid of Neferefre could indicate that she was this king 's consort and thus that Neferefre was Menkauhor 's father .
= = = Consorts = = =
No queen consort of Menkauhor has been identified for certain . The Egyptologist Wilfried Seipel has proposed that Khuit I was a queen of Menkauhor . Based on the dating of the tombs surrounding Khuit 's burial , Seipel argues that she lived during the mid @-@ Fifth Dynasty . By the process of elimination , he attributes known queens to each king of the period , which leaves only Menkauhor as a candidate for her king . These arguments are criticized by the Egyptologist Michel Baud , who observes that pharaohs could have had more than one queen .
Queen Meresankh IV has also been suggested as a consort for Menkauhor based on the dating and location of her tomb in Saqqara . It is possible however that she was a wife of Djedkare Isesi .
= = = Descendants = = =
There is no evidence either for or against the hypothesis that Menkauhor 's successor Djedkare Isesi was his son . Two sons have been suggested for Menkauhor based on the dating and general location of their tombs in Saqqara : princes Raemka and Kaemtjenent , both believed to be children of Meresankh IV . By the same reasoning , they could instead be sons of Djedkare Isesi .
= = Reign = =
= = = Duration = = =
Given the scarcity of contemporaneous attestations for Menkauhor , modern Egyptologists consider his reign to have been perhaps eight or nine years long , as indicated by the much later historical sources . The small seated statue of Menkauhor wearing the robe of the Sed festival might suggest a longer reign , since this festival was typically celebrated only after a ruler had spent 30 years on the throne . However , Egyptologist Hartwig Altenmüller deems this hypothesis unlikely . Mere depictions of the festival do not necessarily imply a long reign ; for example , a relief showing pharaoh Sahure in the tunic of the Sed festival was found in his mortuary temple , although both historical sources and archaeological evidence suggest Sahure ruled Egypt for less than 14 full years .
= = = Activities = = =
Owing to the scarcity of artefacts and inscriptions relating to Menkauhor 's reign , few of his activities are known . Menkauhor sent an expedition to Sinai to exploit the mines of turquoise and copper in the Wadi Maghareh . The expedition is evidenced by a damaged rock inscription showing Menkauhor 's titulary which is one of the few attestations dating to his lifetime . The mines of Sinai had been exploited since the Third Dynasty ( 2686 BC – 2613 BC ) , and both Menkauhor 's predecessor Nyuserre Ini and successor Djedkare Isesi sent expeditions to the Wadi Maghareh .
= = Construction activities = =
Menkauhor Kaiu is known to have ordered the construction of two major monuments during his reign : a sun temple for the veneration of Ra and a pyramid for his burial , known today as the " Headless Pyramid " .
= = = Sun temple = = =
Following a tradition which started with Userkaf , the founder of the Fifth Dynasty , Menkauhor built a temple to the sun god Ra . He was the last pharaoh to do so . His successors , Djedkare Isesi and Unas , abandoned this practice as the cult of Ra declined at the expense of that of Osiris . Given the paucity of documents relating to Menkauhor 's sun temple , it probably functioned for only a short time or was never completed .
Menkauhor 's sun temple was called Akhet @-@ Ra , which is variously translated as " The Horizon of Ra " or " The Place where Ra Issues Forth " . The temple has yet to be located and could be lying under the sands of Saqqara or Abusir . Its existence is known thanks to inscriptions found in the tombs of Fifth and Sixth Dynasties officials who served as priests of Ra in the temple . These include Hemu , buried in Giza , and Neferiretptah and Raemankh , who were both buried in Saqqara @-@ north . In addition to his service in the Akhet @-@ Ra , Neferiretptah was a priest in Menkauhor 's pyramid and held the office of " royal ornament " , making him responsible for the precious items in the palace of the king .
Besides these inscriptions , a single seal bearing the name of the Akhet @-@ Ra is known from the tomb of princess Khamerernebti , located near the mortuary temple of Niuserre in Abusir . The seal was placed on a large vessel indicating that provisions for the tombs of members of the royal family were dispatched from Menkauhor 's temple to Niuserre 's pyramid complex .
= = = Pyramid = = =
Menkauhor Kaiu built a pyramid in North @-@ Saqqara , thereby abandoning the royal necropolis of Abusir , where kings of the Fifth Dynasty had been buried since the reign of Sahure , some 80 years earlier . The reason for this choice may be that the Abusir plateau had become overcrowded by the beginning of Menkauhor 's reign .
Originally named Netjer @-@ isut @-@ Menkauhor by the Ancient Egyptians , meaning " The divine places of Menkauhor " , the pyramid is known today as Lepsius XXIX after the number given to it by the archaeologist Karl Richard Lepsius who discovered the pyramid in 1843 . Owing to the ruined state of the structure , it is known in Arabic as the " Headless Pyramid " , a name that has been retained . The pyramid was lost under shifting sands in the early 20th century and its attribution to Menkauhor was consequently debated . Instead , it was proposed that the Headless Pyramid was that of Merikare , a structure dating to the First Intermediate Period and which has yet to be found . In 2008 , the structure identified by Lepsius was rediscovered by a team of archaeologists under the direction of Zahi Hawass , and excavations at the site quickly established a Fifth Dynasty date as indicated by the construction techniques used in its making . Although the excavations failed to yield the name of the king who built the pyramid , Menkauhor was the last pharaoh of the dynasty whose pyramid remained undiscovered . Thus , proceeding by elimination , archeologists and egyptologists have formally recognized the Headless Pyramid as that of Menkauhor .
The pyramid is estimated to have been around 50 – 60 m ( 160 – 200 ft ) at the base , so that the edifice would have stood 40 – 50 m ( 130 – 160 ft ) high at the time of its construction , making it one of the smallest royal pyramids of the Old Kingdom . There is evidence that Menkauhor had the time to complete his pyramid , whose small dimensions are thus consistent with his short eight to nine years of reign .
On the north side lies the entrance to the underground chamber system , which was sealed by two granite portcullises indicating that a burial took place . A broken sarcophagus lid of blue @-@ grey basalt was found in the burial chamber by Cecil Mallaby Firth during his brief excavations of the pyramid in 1930 .
= = Funerary cult = =
= = = Old Kingdom = = =
After his
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
illa Kingdom , the Chinese fought against Baekje and their Yamato Japanese allies in the Battle of Baekgang in August 663 , a decisive Tang – Silla victory . The Tang dynasty navy had several different ship types at its disposal to engage in naval warfare , these ships described by Li Quan in his Taipai Yinjing ( Canon of the White and Gloomy Planet of War ) of 759 . The Battle of Baekgang was actually a restoration movement by remnant forces of Baekje , since their kingdom was toppled in 660 by a joint Tang – Silla invasion , led by Chinese general Su Dingfang and Korean general Kim Yushin ( 595 – 673 ) . In another joint invasion with Silla , the Tang army severely weakened the Goguryeo Kingdom in the north by taking out its outer forts in the year 645 . With joint attacks by Silla and Tang armies under commander Li Shiji ( 594 – 669 ) , the Kingdom of Goguryeo was destroyed by 668 .
Although they were formerly enemies , the Tang accepted officials and generals of Goguryeo into their administration and military , such as the brothers Yeon Namsaeng ( 634 – 679 ) and Yeon Namsan ( 639 – 701 ) . From 668 to 676 , the Tang Empire would control northern Korea . However , in 671 Silla began fighting the Tang forces there . At the same time the Tang faced threats on its western border when a large Chinese army was defeated by the Tibetans on the Dafei River in 670 . By 676 , the Tang army was driven out of Korea by Unified Silla . Following a revolt of the Eastern Turks in 679 , the Tang abandoned its Korean campaigns .
Although the Tang had fought the Japanese , they still held cordial relations with Japan . There were numerous Imperial embassies to China from Japan , diplomatic missions that were not halted until 894 by Emperor Uda ( r . 887 – 897 ) , upon persuasion by Sugawara no Michizane ( 845 – 903 ) . The Japanese Emperor Temmu ( r . 672 – 686 ) even established his conscripted army on that of the Chinese model , his state ceremonies on the Chinese model , and constructed his palace at Fujiwara on the Chinese model of architecture .
Many Chinese Buddhist monks came to Japan to help further the spread of Buddhism as well . Two 7th @-@ century monks in particular , Zhi Yu and Zhi You , visited the court of Emperor Tenji ( r . 661 – 672 ) , whereupon they presented a gift of a south @-@ pointing chariot that they had crafted . This 3rd century mechanically driven directional @-@ compass vehicle ( employing a differential gear ) was again reproduced in several models for Tenji in 666 , as recorded in the Nihon Shoki of 720 . Japanese monks also visited China ; such was the case with Ennin ( 794 – 864 ) , who wrote of his travel experiences including travels along China 's Grand Canal . The Japanese monk Enchin ( 814 – 891 ) stayed in China from 839 to 847 and again from 853 to 858 , landing near Fuzhou , Fujian and setting sail for Japan from Taizhou , Zhejiang during his second trip to China .
= = Trade and spread of culture = =
Through use of the land trade along the Silk Road and maritime trade by sail at sea , the Tang were able to gain many new technologies , cultural practices , rare luxury , and contemporary items . From the Middle East , India , Persia , and Central Asia the Tang were able to acquire new ideas in fashion , new types of ceramics , and improved silver @-@ smithing . The Chinese also gradually adopted the foreign concept of stools and chairs as seating , whereas the Chinese beforehand always sat on mats placed on the floor . To the Middle East , the Islamic world coveted and purchased in bulk Chinese goods such as silks , lacquerwares , and porcelain wares . Songs , dances , and musical instruments from foreign regions became popular in China during the Tang dynasty . These musical instruments included oboes , flutes , and small lacquered drums from Kucha in the Tarim Basin , and percussion instruments from India such as cymbals . At the court there were nine musical ensembles ( expanded from seven in the Sui dynasty ) representing music from throughout Asia .
There was great contact and interest in India as a hub for Buddhist knowledge , with famous travelers such as Xuanzang ( d . 664 ) visiting the South Asian subcontinent . After a 17 @-@ year @-@ long trip , Xuanzang managed to bring back valuable Sanskrit texts to be translated into Chinese . There was also a Turkic – Chinese dictionary available for serious scholars and students , while Turkic folksongs gave inspiration to some Chinese poetry . In the interior of China , trade was facilitated by the Grand Canal and the Tang government 's rationalization of the greater canal system that reduced costs of transporting grain and other commodities . The state also managed roughly 32 @,@ 100 km ( 19 @,@ 900 mi ) of postal service routes by horse or boat .
= = = Silk Road = = =
Although the Silk Road from China to the West was initially formulated during the reign of Emperor Wu ( 141 – 87 BC ) during the Han , it was reopened by the Tang in 639 when Hou Junji ( d . 643 ) conquered the West , and remained open for almost four decades . It was closed after the Tibetans captured it in 678 , but in 699 , during Empress Wu 's period , the Silk Road reopened when the Tang reconquered the Four Garrisons of Anxi originally installed in 640 , once again connecting China directly to the West for land @-@ based trade .
The Tang captured the vital route through the Gilgit Valley from Tibet in 722 , lost it to the Tibetans in 737 , and regained it under the command of the Goguryeo @-@ Korean General Gao Xianzhi . When the An Lushan Rebellion ended in 763 , the Tang Empire had once again lost control over its western lands , as the Tibetan Empire largely cut off China 's direct access to the Silk Road . An internal rebellion in 848 ousted the Tibetan rulers , and Tang China regained its northwestern prefectures from Tibet in 851 . These lands contained crucial grazing areas and pastures for raising horses that the Tang dynasty desperately needed .
Despite the many western travelers coming into China to live and trade , many travelers , mainly religious monks , recorded the strict border laws that the Chinese enforced . As the monk Xuanzang and many other monk travelers attested to , there were many Chinese government checkpoints along the Silk Road that examined travel permits into the Tang Empire . Furthermore , banditry was a problem along the checkpoints and oasis towns , as Xuanzang also recorded that his group of travelers were assaulted by bandits on multiple occasions .
The Silk Road also had an impact on Tang dynasty art . Horses became a significant symbol of prosperity and power as well as an instrument of military and diplomatic policy . Horses were also revered as a relative of the dragon .
= = = Seaports and maritime trade = = =
Chinese envoys had been sailing through the Indian Ocean to India since perhaps the 2nd century BC , yet it was during the Tang dynasty that a strong Chinese maritime presence could be found in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea , into Persia , Mesopotamia ( sailing up the Euphrates River in modern @-@ day Iraq ) , Arabia , Egypt , Aksum ( Ethiopia ) , and Somalia in the Horn of Africa .
During the Tang dynasty , thousands of foreigners came and lived in numerous Chinese cities for trade and commercial ties with China , including Persians , Arabs , Hindu Indians , Malays , Bengalis , Sinhalese , Khmers , Chams , Jews and Nestorian Christians of the Near East , and many others . In 748 , the Buddhist monk Jian Zhen described Guangzhou as a bustling mercantile center where many large and impressive foreign ships came to dock . He wrote that " many big ships came from Borneo , Persia , Qunglun ( Indonesia / Java ) ... with ... spices , pearls , and jade piled up mountain high " , as written in the Yue Jue Shu ( Lost Records of the State of Yue ) . During the An Lushan Rebellion Arab and Persian pirates burned and looted Guangzhou in 758 , and foreigners were massacred at Yangzhou in 760 . The Tang government reacted by shutting the port of Canton down for roughly five decades , and foreign vessels docked at Hanoi instead . However , when the port reopened it continued to thrive . In 851 the Arab merchant Sulaiman al @-@ Tajir observed the manufacturing of Chinese porcelain in Guangzhou and admired its transparent quality . He also provided a description of Guangzhou 's mosque , its granaries , its local government administration , some of its written records , the treatment of travelers , along with the use of ceramics , rice @-@ wine , and tea . However , in another bloody episode at Guangzhou in 879 , the Chinese rebel Huang Chao sacked the city , and purportedly slaughtered thousands of native Chinese , along with foreign Jews , Christians , Zoroastrians , and Muslims in the process . Huang 's rebellion was eventually suppressed in 884 .
Vessels from Korean Silla , Balhae and Hizen Province of Japan were all involved in the Yellow Sea trade , which Silla dominated . After Silla and Japan reopened renewed hostilities in the late 7th century , most Japanese maritime merchants chose to set sail from Nagasaki towards the mouth of the Huai River , the Yangzi River , and even as far south as the Hangzhou Bay in order to avoid Korean ships in the Yellow Sea . In order to sail back to Japan in 838 , the Japanese embassy to China procured nine ships and sixty Korean sailors from the Korean wards of Chuzhou and Lianshui cities along the Huai River . It is also known that Chinese trade ships traveling to Japan set sail from the various ports along the coasts of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces .
The Chinese engaged in large @-@ scale production for overseas export by at least the time of the Tang . This was proven by the discovery of the Belitung shipwreck , a silt @-@ preserved shipwrecked Arabian dhow in the Gaspar Strait near Belitung , which had 63 @,@ 000 pieces of Tang ceramics , silver , and gold ( including a Changsha bowl inscribed with a date : " 16th day of the seventh month of the second year of the Baoli reign " , or 826 , roughly confirmed by radiocarbon dating of star anise at the wreck ) . Beginning in 785 , the Chinese began to call regularly at Sufala on the East African coast in order to cut out Arab middlemen , with various contemporary Chinese sources giving detailed descriptions of trade in Africa . The official and geographer Jia Dan ( 730 – 805 ) wrote of two common sea trade routes in his day : one from the coast of the Bohai Sea towards Korea and another from Guangzhou through Malacca towards the Nicobar Islands , Sri Lanka and India , the eastern and northern shores of the Arabian Sea to the Euphrates River . In 863 the Chinese author Duan Chengshi ( d . 863 ) provided a detailed description of the slave trade , ivory trade , and ambergris trade in a country called Bobali , which historians suggest was Berbera in Somalia . In Fustat ( old Cairo ) , Egypt , the fame of Chinese ceramics there led to an enormous demand for Chinese goods ; hence Chinese often traveled there ( this continued into later periods such as Fatimid Egypt ) . From this time period , the Arab merchant Shulama once wrote of his admiration for Chinese seafaring junks , but noted that their draft was too deep for them to enter the Euphrates River , which forced them to ferry passengers and cargo in small boats . Shulama also noted that Chinese ships were often very large , with capacities up to 600 – 700 passengers .
= = Society and culture = =
Both the Sui and Tang Dynasties had turned away from the more feudal culture of the preceding Northern Dynasties , in favor of staunch civil Confucianism . The governmental system was supported by a large class of Confucian intellectuals selected through either civil service examinations or recommendations . In the Tang period , Daoism and Buddhism reigned as core ideologies as well , and played a large role in people 's daily lives . The Tang Chinese enjoyed feasting , drinking , holidays , sports , and all sorts of entertainment , while Chinese literature blossomed and was more widely accessible with new printing methods .
= = = Leisure in the Tang = = =
Much more than earlier periods , the Tang era was renowned for the time reserved for leisure activity , especially for those in the upper classes . Many outdoor sports and activities were enjoyed during the Tang , including archery , hunting , horse polo , cuju football , cockfighting , and even tug of war . Government officials were granted vacations during their tenure in office . Officials were granted 30 days off every three years to visit their parents if they lived 1 @,@ 000 mi ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) away , or 15 days off if the parents lived more than 167 mi ( 269 km ) away ( travel time not included ) . Officials were granted nine days of vacation time for weddings of a son or daughter , and either five , three , or one days / day off for the nuptials of close relatives ( travel time not included ) . Officials also received a total of three days off for their son 's capping initiation rite into manhood , and one day off for the ceremony of initiation rite of a close relative 's son .
Traditional Chinese holidays such as Chinese New Year , Lantern Festival , Cold Food Festival , and others were universal holidays . In the capital city of Chang 'an there was always lively celebration , especially for the Lantern Festival since the city 's nighttime curfew was lifted by the government for three days straight . Between the years 628 and 758 , the imperial throne bestowed a total of sixty @-@ nine grand carnivals nationwide , granted by the emperor in the case of special circumstances such as important military victories , abundant harvests after a long drought or famine , the granting of amnesties , the installment of a new crown prince , etc . For special celebration in the Tang era , lavish and gargantuan @-@ sized feasts were sometimes prepared , as the imperial court had staffed agencies to prepare the meals . This included a prepared feast for 1 @,@ 100 elders of Chang 'an in 664 , a feast for 3 @,@ 500 officers of the Divine Strategy Army in 768 , and a feast for 1 @,@ 200 women of the palace and members of the imperial family in the year 826 . Drinking wine and alcoholic beverages was heavily ingrained into Chinese culture , as people drank for nearly every social event . A court official in the 8th century allegedly had a serpentine @-@ shaped structure called the ' Ale Grotto ' built with 50 @,@ 000 bricks on the groundfloor that each featured a bowl from which his friends could drink .
= = = Chang 'an , the Tang capital = = =
Although Chang 'an was the capital of the earlier Han and Jin dynasties , after subsequent destruction in warfare , it was the Sui dynasty model that comprised the Tang era capital . The roughly square dimensions of the city had six miles ( 10 km ) of outer walls running east to west , and more than five miles ( 8 km ) of outer walls running north to south . The royal palace , the Taiji Palace , stood north of the city 's central axis . From the large Mingde Gates located mid @-@ center of the main southern wall , a wide city avenue stretched from there all the way north to the central administrative city , behind which was the Chentian Gate of the royal palace , or Imperial City . Intersecting this were fourteen main streets running east to west , while eleven main streets ran north to south . These main intersecting roads formed 108 rectangular wards with walls and four gates each , and each ward filled with multiple city blocks . The city was made famous for this checkerboard pattern of main roads with walled and gated districts , its layout even mentioned in one of Du Fu 's poems . During the Heian period , the city of Heian kyō ( present @-@ day Kyoto ) of Japan like many cities was arranged in the checkerboard street grid pattern of the Tang capital and in accordance with traditional geomancy following the model of Chang 'an . Of these 108 wards in Chang 'an , two of them ( each the size of two regular city wards ) were designated as government @-@ supervised markets , and other space reserved for temples , gardens , ponds , etc . Throughout the entire city , there were 111 Buddhist monasteries , 41 Daoist abbeys , 38 family shrines , 2 official temples , 7 churches of foreign religions , 10 city wards with provincial transmission offices , 12 major inns , and 6 graveyards . Some city wards were literally filled with open public playing fields or the backyards of lavish mansions for playing horse polo and cuju football . In 662 , Emperor Gaozong moved the imperial court to the Daming Palace , which became the political center of the empire and served as the royal residence of the Tang emperors for more than 220 years .
The Tang capital was the largest city in the world at its time , the population of the city wards and its suburban countryside reaching 2 million inhabitants . The Tang capital was very cosmopolitan , with ethnicities of Persia , Central Asia , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Tibet , India , and many other places living within . Naturally , with this plethora of different ethnicities living in Chang 'an , there were also many different practiced religions , such as Buddhism , Nestorian Christianity , Manichaeism , Zoroastrianism , Judaism , and Islam being practiced within . With widely open access to China that the Silk Road to the west facilitated , many foreign settlers were able to move east to China , while the city of Chang 'an itself had about 25 @,@ 000 foreigners living within . Exotic green @-@ eyed , blonde @-@ haired Tocharian ladies serving wine in agate and amber cups , singing , and dancing at taverns attracted customers . If a foreigner in China pursued a Chinese woman for marriage , he was required to stay in China and was unable to take his bride back to his homeland , as stated in a law passed in 628 to protect women from temporary marriages with foreign envoys . Several laws enforcing segregation of foreigners from Chinese were passed during the Tang dynasty . In 779 the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced Uighurs in the capital , Chang 'an , to wear their ethnic dress , stopped them from marrying Chinese females , and banned them from passing off as Chinese .
Chang 'an was the center of the central government , the home of the imperial family , and was filled with splendor and wealth . However , incidentally it was not the economic hub during the Tang dynasty . The city of Yangzhou along the Grand Canal and close to the Yangtze River was the greatest economic center during the Tang era .
Yangzhou was the headquarters for the Tang 's government monopoly on salt , and the greatest industrial center of China ; it acted as a midpoint in shipping of foreign goods that would be organized and distributed to the major cities of the north . Much like the seaport of Guangzhou in the south , Yangzhou boasted thousands of foreign traders from all across Asia .
There was also the secondary capital city of Luoyang , which was the favored capital of the two by Empress Wu . In the year 691 she had more than 100 @,@ 000 families ( more than 500 @,@ 000 people ) from around the region of Chang 'an move to populate Luoyang instead . With a population of about a million , Luoyang became the second largest capital in the empire , and with its close proximity to the Luo River it benefited from southern agricultural fertility and trade traffic of the Grand Canal . However , the Tang court eventually demoted its capital status and did not visit Luoyang after the year 743 , when Chang 'an 's problem of acquiring adequate supplies and stores for the year was solved . As early as 736 , granaries were built at critical points along the route from Yangzhou to Chang 'an , which eliminated shipment delays , spoilage , and pilfering . An artificial lake used as a transshipment pool was dredged east of Chang 'an in 743 , where curious northerners could finally see the array of boats found in southern China , delivering tax and tribute items to the imperial court .
= = = Literature = = =
The Tang period was a golden age of Chinese literature and art . There are over 48 @,@ 900 poems penned by some 2 @,@ 200 Tang authors that have survived until modern times . Skill in the composition of poetry became a required study for those wishing to pass imperial examinations , while poetry was also heavily competitive ; poetry contests amongst guests at banquets and courtiers were common . Poetry styles that were popular in the Tang included gushi and jintishi , with the renowned poet Li Bai ( 701 – 762 ) famous for the former style , and poets like Wang Wei ( 701 – 761 ) and Cui Hao ( 704 – 754 ) famous for their use of the latter . Jintishi poetry , or regulated verse , is in the form of eight @-@ line stanzas or seven characters per line with a fixed pattern of tones that required the second and third couplets to be antithetical ( although the antithesis is often lost in translation to other languages ) . Tang poems remained popular and great emulation of Tang era poetry began in the Song dynasty ; in that period , Yan Yu ( 嚴羽 ; active 1194 – 1245 ) was the first to confer the poetry of the High Tang ( c . 713 – 766 ) era with " canonical status within the classical poetic tradition . " Yan Yu reserved the position of highest esteem among all Tang poets for Du Fu ( 712 – 770 ) , who was not viewed as such in his own era , and was branded by his peers as an anti @-@ traditional rebel .
The Classical Prose Movement was spurred in large part by the writings of Tang authors Liu Zongyuan ( 773 – 819 ) and Han Yu ( 768 – 824 ) . This new prose style broke away from the poetry tradition of the ' piantiwen ' style begun in the Han dynasty . Although writers of the Classical Prose Movement imitated ' piantiwen ' , they criticized it for its often vague content and lack of colloquial language , focusing more on clarity and precision to make their writing more direct . This guwen ( archaic prose ) style can be traced back to Han Yu , and would become largely associated with orthodox Neo @-@ Confucianism .
Short story fiction and tales were also popular during the Tang , one of the more famous ones being Yingying 's Biography by Yuan Zhen ( 779 – 831 ) , which was widely circulated in his own time and by the Yuan dynasty ( 1279 – 1368 ) became the basis for plays in Chinese opera . Timothy C. Wong places this story within the wider context of Tang love tales , which often share the plot designs of quick passion , inescapable societal pressure leading to the abandonment of romance , followed by a period of melancholy . Wong states that this scheme lacks the undying vows and total self @-@ commitment to love found in Western romances such as Romeo and Juliet , but that underlying traditional Chinese values of inseparableness of self from one 's environment ( including human society ) served to create the necessary fictional device of romantic tension .
There were large encyclopedias published in the Tang . The Yiwen Leiju encyclopedia was compiled in 624 by the chief editor Ouyang Xun ( 557 – 641 ) as well as Linghu Defen ( 582 – 666 ) and Chen Shuda ( d . 635 ) . The encyclopedia Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era was fully compiled in 729 by Gautama Siddha ( fl . 8th century ) , an ethnic Indian astronomer , astrologer , and scholar born in the capital Chang 'an .
Chinese geographers such as Jia Dan wrote accurate descriptions of places far abroad . In his work written between 785 and 805 , he described the sea route going into the mouth of the Persian Gulf , and that the medieval Iranians ( whom he called the people of Luo @-@ He @-@ Yi ) had erected ' ornamental pillars ' in the sea that acted as lighthouse beacons for ships that might go astray . Confirming Jia 's reports about lighthouses in the Persian Gulf , Arabic writers a century after Jia wrote of the same structures , writers such as al @-@ Mas 'udi and al @-@ Muqaddasi . The Tang dynasty Chinese diplomat Wang Xuance traveled to Magadha ( modern northeastern India ) during the 7th century . Afterwards he wrote the book Zhang Tianzhu Guotu ( Illustrated Accounts of Central India ) , which included a wealth of geographical information .
Many histories of previous dynasties were compiled between 636 and 659 by court officials during and shortly after the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang . These included the Book of Liang , Book of Chen , Book of Northern Qi , Book of Zhou , Book of Sui , Book of Jin , History of Northern Dynasties and the History of Southern Dynasties . Although not included in the official Twenty @-@ Four Histories , the Tongdian and Tang Huiyao were nonetheless valuable written historical works of the Tang period . The Shitong written by Liu Zhiji in 710 was a meta @-@ history , as it covered the history of Chinese historiography in past centuries until his time . The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions , compiled by Bianji , recounted the journey of Xuanzang , the Tang era 's most renowned Buddhist monk .
Other important literary offerings included Duan Chengshi 's ( d . 863 ) Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang , an entertaining collection of foreign legends and hearsay , reports on natural phenomena , short anecdotes , mythical and mundane tales , as well as notes on various subjects . The exact literary category or classification that Duan 's large informal narrative would fit into is still debated amongst scholars and historians .
= = = Religion and philosophy = = =
Since ancient times , the Chinese believed in a folk religion and Taoism that incorporated many deities . The Chinese believed Tao and the afterlife was a reality parallel to the living world , complete with its own bureaucracy and afterlife currency needed by dead ancestors . Funerary practices included providing the deceased with everything they might need in the afterlife , including animals , servants , entertainers , hunters , homes , and officials . This ideal is reflected in Tang dynasty art . This is also reflected in many short stories written in the Tang about people accidentally winding up in the realm of the dead , only to come back and report their experiences .
Taoism was the official religion of the Tang . Buddhism , originating in India around the time of Confucius , continued its influence during the Tang period and was accepted by some members of imperial family , becoming thoroughly sinicized and a permanent part of Chinese traditional culture . In an age before Neo @-@ Confucianism and figures such as Zhu Xi ( 1130 – 1200 ) , Buddhism had begun to flourish in China during the Northern and Southern dynasties , and became the dominant ideology during the prosperous Tang . Buddhist monasteries played an integral role in Chinese society , offering lodging for travelers in remote areas , schools for children throughout the country , and a place for urban literati to stage social events and gatherings such as going @-@ away parties . Buddhist monasteries were also engaged in the economy , since their land property and serfs gave them enough revenues to set up mills , oil presses , and other enterprises . Although the monasteries retained ' serfs ' , these monastery dependents could actually own property and employ others to help them in their work , including their own slaves .
The prominent status of Buddhism in Chinese culture began to decline as the dynasty and central government declined as well during the late 8th century to 9th century . Buddhist convents and temples that were exempt from state taxes beforehand were targeted by the state for taxation . In 845 Emperor Wuzong of Tang finally shut down 4 @,@ 600 Buddhist monasteries along with 40 @,@ 000 temples and shrines , forcing 260 @,@ 000 Buddhist monks and nuns to return to secular life ; this episode would later be dubbed one of the Four Buddhist Persecutions in China . Although the ban would be lifted just a few years after , Buddhism never regained its once dominant status in Chinese culture . This situation also came about through new revival of interest in native Chinese philosophies , such as Confucianism and Daoism . Han Yu ( 786 – 824 ) — who Arthur F. Wright stated was a " brilliant polemicist and ardent xenophobe " — was one of the first men of the Tang to denounce Buddhism . Although his contemporaries found him crude and obnoxious , he would foreshadow the later persecution of Buddhism in the Tang , as well as the revival of Confucian theory with the rise of Neo @-@ Confucianism of the Song dynasty . Nonetheless , Chán Buddhism gained popularity amongst the educated elite . There were also many famous Chan monks from the Tang era , such as Mazu Daoyi , Baizhang , and Huangbo Xiyun . The sect of Pure Land Buddhism initiated by the Chinese monk Huiyuan ( 334 – 416 ) was also just as popular as Chan Buddhism during the Tang .
Rivaling Buddhism was Daoism , a native Chinese philosophical and religious belief system that found its roots in the book of the Daodejing ( attributed to Laozi in the 6th century BC ) and the Zhuangzi . The ruling Li family of the Tang dynasty actually claimed descent from the ancient Laozi . On numerous occasions where Tang princes would become crown prince or Tang princesses taking vows as Daoist priestesses , their lavish former mansions would be converted into Daoist abbeys and places of worship . Many Daoists were associated with alchemy in their pursuits to find an elixir of immortality and a means to create gold from concocted mixtures of many other elements . Although they never achieved their goals in either of these futile pursuits , they did contribute to the discovery of new metal alloys , porcelain products , and new dyes . The historian Joseph Needham labeled the work of the Daoist alchemists as " proto @-@ science rather than pseudo @-@ science . " However , the close connection between Daoism and alchemy , which some sinologists have asserted , is refuted by Nathan Sivin , who states that alchemy was just as prominent ( if not more so ) in the secular sphere and practiced more often by laymen .
The Tang dynasty also officially recognized various foreign religions . The Assyrian Church of the East , otherwise known as the Nestorian Christian Church , was given recognition by the Tang court . In 781 , the Nestorian Stele was created in order to honor the achievements of their community in China . A Christian monastery was established in Shaanxi province where the Daqin Pagoda still stands , and inside the pagoda there is Christian @-@ themed artwork . Although the religion largely died out after the Tang , it was revived in China following the Mongol invasions of the 13th century .
= = = Tang women = = =
Concepts of women 's social rights and social status during the Tang era were notably liberal @-@ minded for the period . However , this was largely reserved for urban women of elite status , as men and women in the rural countryside labored hard in their different set of tasks ; with wives and daughters responsible for more domestic tasks of weaving textiles and rearing of silk worms , while men tended to farming in the fields . There were many women in the Tang era who gained access to religious authority by taking vows as Daoist priestesses . The head mistresses of the bordellos in the North Hamlet of the capital Chang 'an acquired large amounts of wealth and power . Their high @-@ class courtesans , who likely influenced the Japanese geishas , were well respected . These courtesans were known as great singers and poets , supervised banquets and feasts , knew the rules to all the drinking games , and were trained to have the utmost respectable table manners .
Although they were renowned for their polite behavior , the courtesans were known to dominate the conversation amongst elite men , and were not afraid to openly castigate or criticize prominent male guests who talked too much or too loudly , boasted too much of their accomplishments , or had in some way ruined dinner for everyone by rude behavior ( on one occasion a courtesan even beat up a drunken man who had insulted her ) . When singing to entertain guests , courtesans not only composed the lyrics to their own songs , but they popularized a new form of lyrical verse by singing lines written by various renowned and famous men in Chinese history .
It was fashionable for women to be full @-@ figured ( or plump ) . Men enjoyed the presence of assertive , active women . The foreign horse @-@ riding sport of polo from Persia became a wildly popular trend amongst the Chinese elite , and women often played the sport ( as glazed earthenware figurines from the time period portray ) . The preferred hairstyle for women was to bunch their hair up like " an elaborate edifice above the forehead " , while affluent ladies wore extravagant head ornaments , combs , pearl necklaces , face powders , and perfumes . A law was passed in 671 which attempted to force women to wear hats with veils again in order to promote decency , but these laws were ignored as some women started wearing caps and even no hats at all , as well as men 's riding clothes and boots , and tight @-@ sleeved bodices .
There were some prominent court women after the era of Empress Wu , such as Yang Guifei ( 719 – 756 ) , who had Emperor Xuanzong appoint many of her relatives and cronies to important ministerial and martial positions .
= = = Tea , food , and necessities = = =
During the earlier Northern and Southern dynasties ( 420 – 589 ) , and perhaps even earlier , the drinking of tea ( Camellia sinensis ) became popular in southern China . Tea was viewed then as a beverage of tasteful pleasure and with pharmacological purpose as well . During the Tang dynasty , tea became synonymous with everything sophisticated in society . The poet Lu Tong ( 790 – 835 ) devoted most of his poetry to his love of tea . The 8th @-@ century author Lu Yu ( known as the Sage of Tea ) even wrote a treatise on the art of drinking tea , called The Classic of Tea . Although wrapping paper had been used in China since the 2nd century BC , during the Tang dynasty the Chinese were using wrapping paper as folded and sewn square bags to hold and preserve the flavor of tea leaves . Indeed , paper found many other uses besides writing and wrapping during the Tang era .
Earlier , the first recorded use of toilet paper was made in 589 by the scholar @-@ official Yan Zhitui ( 531 – 591 ) , and in 851 an Arab Muslim traveler commented on how he believed the Tang era Chinese were not careful about cleanliness because they did not wash with water ( as was his people 's habit ) when going to the bathroom ; instead , he said , the Chinese simply used paper to wipe themselves .
In ancient times , the Chinese had outlined the five most basic foodstuffs known as the five grains : sesamum , legumes , wheat , panicled millet , and glutinous millet . The Ming dynasty encyclopedist Song Yingxing ( 1587 – 1666 ) noted that rice was not counted amongst the five grains from the time of the legendary and deified Chinese sage Shennong ( the existence of whom Yingxing wrote was " an uncertain matter " ) into the 2nd millenniums BC , because the properly wet and humid climate in southern China for growing rice was not yet fully settled or cultivated by the Chinese .
During the Tang , the many common foodstuffs and cooking ingredients in addition to those already listed were barley , garlic , salt , turnips , soybeans , pears , apricots , peaches , apples , pomegranates , jujubes , rhubarb , hazelnuts , pine nuts , chestnuts , walnuts , yams , taro , etc . The various meats that were consumed included pork , chicken , lamb ( especially preferred in the north ) , sea otter , bear ( which was hard to catch , but there were recipes for steamed , boiled , and marinated bear ) , and even Bactrian camels . In the south along the coast meat from seafood was by default the most common , as the Chinese enjoyed eating cooked jellyfish with cinnamon , Sichuan pepper , cardamom , and ginger , as well as oysters with wine , fried squid with ginger and vinegar , horseshoe crabs and red swimming crabs , shrimp and pufferfish , which the Chinese called " river piglet " .
Some foods were also off @-@ limits , as the Tang court encouraged people not to eat beef ( since the bull was a valuable working animal ) , and from 831 to 833 Emperor Wenzong of Tang even banned the slaughter of cattle on the grounds of his religious convictions to Buddhism .
From the trade overseas and over land , the Chinese acquired peaches from Samarkand , date palms , pistachios , and figs from Greater Iran , pine nuts and ginseng roots from Korea and mangoes from Southeast Asia . In China , there was a great demand for sugar ; during the reign of Harsha over North India ( r . 606 – 647 ) , Indian envoys to the Tang brought two makers of sugar who successfully taught the Chinese how to cultivate sugarcane . Cotton also came from India as a finished product from Bengal , although it was during the Tang that the Chinese began to grow and process cotton , and by the Yuan dynasty it became the prime textile fabric in China .
Methods of food preservation were important , and practiced throughout China . The common people used simple methods of preservation , such as digging deep ditches and trenches , brining , and salting their foods . The emperor had large ice pits located in the parks in and around Chang 'an for preserving food , while the wealthy and elite had their own smaller ice pits . Each year the emperor had laborers carve 1000 blocks of ice from frozen creeks in mountain valleys , each block with the dimension of 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) by 3 ft by 3 ½ ft ( 1 @.@ 06 m ) . There were many frozen delicacies enjoyed during the summer , especially chilled melon .
= = = Nobility = = =
The nobility 's power was eclipsed by scholar @-@ officials . The Anding origin noble Liang family produced Liang Su , a Confucian scholar . An anti @-@ meritocratic pro @-@ aristocratic faction was led by Li Linfu . During the Tang dynasty the Li family of Zhaojun 赵郡李氏 , theCui clan of Boling , the Cui clan of Qinghe , the Lu clan of Fanyang , the Zheng family of Xingyang 荥阳郑氏 , the Wang family of Taiyuan 太原王氏 , and the Li family of Longxi 隴西李氏 were the seven noble families between whom marriage was banned by law . Moriya Mitsuo wrote a history of the Later Han @-@ Tang period of the Taiyuan Wang . Among the strongest families was the Taiyuan Wang . The prohibition on marriage between the clans issued in 659 by the Gaozong Emperor was flouted by the seven families since a woman of the Boling Cui married a member of the Taiyuan Wang , giving birth to the poet Wang Wei . He was the son of Wang Chulian who in turn was the son of Wang Zhou . The marriages between the families were performed clandestinely after the prohibition was implemented on the seven families by Gaozong . The Zhou dynasty King Ling 's son Prince Jin is assumed by most to be the ancestor of the Taiyuan Wang . The Longmen Wang were a cadet line of the Zhou dynasty descended Taiyuan Wang , and Wang Yan and his grandson Wang Tong hailed from his cadet line . Both Buddhist monks and scholars hailed from the Wang family of Taiyuan such as the monk Tanqian . The Wang family of Taiyuan included Wang Huan . Their status as " Seven Great surnames " became known during Gaozong 's rule . The Taiyuan Wang family produced Wang Jun who served under Emperor Huai of Jin . A Fuzhou @-@ based section of the Taiyuan Wang produced the Buddhist monk Baizhang .
The title Duke Wenxuan ( 文宣公 ) . was bestowed upon the a descendant of Confucius , replacing the earlier Marquis Baosheng ( 褒聖侯 ) title .
The Tang Imperial family was watched over by the Zongcheng si 宗正寺 .
= = Science , technology , and medicine = =
= = = Engineering = = =
Technology during the Tang period was built also upon the precedents of the past . Advancements in clockworks and timekeeping included the mechanical gear systems of Zhang Heng ( 78 – 139 ) and Ma Jun ( fl . 3rd century ) gave the Tang engineer , astronomer , and monk Yi Xing ( 683 – 727 ) inspiration when he invented the world 's first clockwork escapement mechanism in 725 . This was used alongside a clepsydra clock and waterwheel to power a rotating armillary sphere in representation of astronomical observation . Yi Xing 's device also had a mechanically timed bell that was struck automatically every hour , and a drum that was struck automatically every quarter @-@ hour ; essentially , a striking clock . Yi Xing 's astronomical clock and water @-@ powered armillary sphere became well known throughout the country , since students attempting to pass the imperial examinations by 730 had to write an essay on the device as an exam requirement . However , the most common type of public and palace timekeeping device was the inflow clepsydra . Its design was improved c . 610 by the Sui @-@ dynasty engineers Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai . They provided a steelyard balance that allowed seasonal adjustment in the pressure head of the compensating tank and could then control the rate of flow for different lengths of day and night .
There were many other mechanical inventions during the Tang era . This included a 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) tall mechanical wine server of the early 8th century that was in the shape of an artificial mountain , carved out of iron and rested on a lacquered @-@ wooden tortoise frame . This intricate device used a hydraulic pump that siphoned wine out of metal dragon @-@ headed faucets , as well as tilting bowls that were timed to dip wine down , by force of gravity when filled , into an artificial lake that had intricate iron leaves popping up as trays for placing party treats . Furthermore , as the historian Charles Benn describes it :
Midway up the southern side of the mountain was a dragon … the beast opened its mouth and spit brew into a goblet seated on a large [ iron ] lotus leaf beneath . When the cup was 80 % full , the dragon ceased spewing ale , and a guest immediately seized the goblet . If he was slow in draining the cup and returning it to the leaf , the door of a pavilion at the top of the mountain opened and a mechanical wine server , dressed in a cap and gown , emerged with a wooden bat in his hand . As soon as the guest returned the goblet , the dragon refilled it , the wine server withdrew , and the doors of the pavilion closed … A pump siphoned the ale that flowed into the ale pool through a hidden hole and returned the brew to the reservoir [ holding more than 16 quarts / 15 liters of wine ] inside the mountain .
Although the use of a teasing mechanical puppet in this wine @-@ serving device was certainly ingenious , the use of mechanical puppets in China date back to the Qin dynasty ( 221 – 207 BC ) while Ma Jun in the 3rd century had an entire mechanical puppet theater operated by the rotation of a waterwheel . There was also an automatic wine @-@ server known in the ancient Greco @-@ Roman world , a design of Heron of Alexandria that employed an urn with an inner valve and a lever device similar to the one described above . There are many stories of automatons used in the Tang , including general Yang Wulian 's wooden statue of a monk who stretched his hands out to collect contributions ; when the amount of coins reached a certain weight , the mechanical figure moved his arms to deposit them in a satchel . This weight @-@ and @-@ lever mechanism was exactly like Heron 's penny slot machine . Other devices included one by Wang Ju , whose " wooden otter " could allegedly catch fish ; Needham suspects a spring trap of some kind was employed here .
In the realm of structural engineering and technical Chinese architecture , there were also government standard building codes , outlined in the early Tang book of the Yingshan Ling ( National Building Law ) . Fragments of this book have survived in the Tang Lü ( The Tang Code ) , while the Song dynasty architectural manual of the Yingzao Fashi ( State Building Standards ) by Li Jie ( 1065 – 1101 ) in 1103 is the oldest existing technical treatise on Chinese architecture that has survived in full . During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang ( 712 – 756 ) there were 34 @,@ 850 registered craftsmen serving the state , managed by the Agency of Palace Buildings ( Jingzuo Jian ) .
= = = Woodblock printing = = =
The popularization of woodblock printing during the Tang dynasty made the written word available to greater audiences . As a result of the much wider distribution and circulation of reading materials , the general populace were for the first time able to purchase affordable copies of texts , which correspondingly led to greater literacy . While the immediate effects of woodblock printing did not create a drastic change in Chinese society , in the long term , the accumulated effects of increased literacy enlarged the talent pool to encompass civilians of broader social @-@ economic circumstances and backgrounds , who would be seen entering the imperial examinations and passing them by the later Song dynasty . The extent of woodblock printing is attested to by one of the world 's oldest surviving printed documents , a miniature Buddhist dharani sutra unearthed at Xi 'an in 1974 , dating roughly from 650 to 670 . A copy of the Diamond Sutra found at Dunhuang is the earliest surviving full @-@ length book printed at regular size , complete with illustrations embedded within the text and dated precisely to 868 . Among the earliest documents to be printed were Buddhist texts as well as calendars , the latter essential for calculating and marking which days were auspicious and which days were not . The commercial success and profitability of woodblock printing was attested to by one British observer at the end of the nineteenth century , who noted that even before the arrival of western printing methods , the price of books and printed materials in China had already reached an astoundingly low price , primarily owing to the immense sales books enjoyed in China . Of this , he said :
We have an extensive penny literature at home , but the English cottager cannot buy anything like the amount of printed matter for his penny that the Chinaman can for even less . A penny Prayer @-@ book , admittedly sold at a loss , cannot compete in mass of matter with many of the books to be bought for a few cash in China . When it is considered , too , that a block has been laboriously cut for each leaf , the cheapness of the result is only accounted for by the wideness of sale .
Although Bi Sheng later invented the movable type system in the 11th century , Tang dynasty style woodblock printing would remain the dominant mode of printing in China until the more advanced printing press from Europe became widely accepted and used in East Asia . However it was not Gutenberg 's letterpress that made the decisive breakthrough for Western methods in China as it is commonly believed , but lithography , a nineteenth century technological marvel almost wholly forgotten in Europe .
= = = Medicine = = =
The Chinese of the Tang era were also very interested in the benefits of officially classifying all of the medicines used in pharmacology . In 657 , Emperor Gaozong of Tang ( r . 649 – 683 ) commissioned the literary project of publishing an official materia medica , complete with text and illustrated drawings for 833 different medicinal substances taken from different stones , minerals , metals , plants , herbs , animals , vegetables , fruits , and cereal crops . In addition to compiling pharmacopeias , the Tang fostered learning in medicine by upholding imperial medical colleges , state examinations for doctors , and publishing forensic manuals for physicians . Authors of medicine in the Tang include Zhen Chuan ( d . 643 ) and Sun Simiao ( 581 – 682 ) , the former who first identified in writing that patients with diabetes had an excess of sugar in their urine , and the latter who was the first to recognize that diabetic patients should avoid consuming alcohol and starchy foods . As written by Zhen Chuan and others in the Tang , the thyroid glands of sheep and pigs were successfully used to treat goiters ; thyroid extracts were not used to treat patients with goiter in the West until 1890 . The use of the dental amalgam , manufactured from tin and silver , was first introduced in the medical text Xinxiu Bencao written by Su Gong in 659 .
= = = Cartography = = =
In the realm of cartography , there were further advances beyond the map @-@ makers of the Han dynasty . When the Tang chancellor Pei Ju ( 547 – 627 ) was working for the Sui dynasty as a Commercial Commissioner in 605 , he created a well @-@ known gridded map with a graduated scale in the tradition of Pei Xiu ( 224 – 271 ) . The Tang chancellor Xu Jingzong ( 592 – 672 ) was also known for his map of China drawn in the year 658 . In the year 785 the Emperor Dezong had the geographer and cartographer Jia Dan ( 730 – 805 ) complete a map of China and her former colonies in Central Asia . Upon its completion in 801 , the map was 9 @.@ 1 m ( 30 ft ) in length and 10 m ( 33 ft ) in height , mapped out on a grid scale of one inch equaling one hundred li ( Chinese unit of measuring distance ) . A Chinese map of 1137 is similar in complexity to the one made by Jia Dan , carved on a stone stele with a grid scale of 100 li . However , the only type of map that has survived from the Tang period are star charts . Despite this , the earliest extant terrain maps of China come from the ancient State of Qin ; maps from the 4th century BC that were excavated in 1986 .
= = = Alchemy , gas cylinders , and air conditioning = = =
The Chinese of the Tang period employed complex chemical formulas for an array of different purposes , often found through experiments of alchemy . These included a waterproof and dust @-@ repelling cream or varnish for clothes and weapons , fireproof cement for glass and porcelain wares , a waterproof cream applied to silk clothes of underwater divers , a cream designated for polishing bronze mirrors , and many other useful formulas . The vitrified , translucent ceramic known as porcelain was invented in China during the Tang , although many types of glazed ceramics preceded it .
Ever since the Han dynasty ( 202 BC – 220 AD ) , the Chinese had drilled deep boreholes to transport natural gas from bamboo pipelines to stoves where cast iron evaporation pans boiled brine to extract salt . During the Tang dynasty , a gazetteer of Sichuan province stated that at one of these 182 m ( 600 ft ) ' fire wells ' , men collected natural gas into portable bamboo tubes which could be carried around for dozens of km ( mi ) and still produce a flame . These were essentially the first gas cylinders ; Robert Temple assumes some sort of tap was used for this device .
The inventor Ding Huan ( fl . 180 AD ) of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning , with seven wheels 3 m ( 10 ft ) in diameter and manually powered . In 747 , Emperor Xuanzong had a " Cool Hall " built in the imperial palace , which the Tang Yulin ( 唐語林 ) describes as having water @-@ powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains . During the subsequent Song dynasty , written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used .
= = Historiography = =
The first classic work about the Tang is the Old Book of Tang by Liu Xu ( 887 – 946 ) et al. of the Later Jin , who redacted it during the last years of his life . This was edited into another history ( labelled the New Book of Tang ) in order to distinguish it , which was a work by the Song historians Ouyang Xiu ( 1007 – 1072 ) , Song Qi ( 998 – 1061 ) , et al. of the Song dynasty ( between the years 1044 and 1060 ) . Both of them were based upon earlier annals , yet those are now lost . Both of them also rank among the Twenty @-@ Four Histories of China . One of the surviving sources of the Old Book of Tang , primarily covering up to 756 , is the Tongdian , which Du You presented to the emperor in 801 . The Tang period was again placed into the enormous universal history text of the Zizhi Tongjian , edited , compiled , and completed in 1084 by a team of scholars under the Song dynasty Chancellor Sima Guang ( 1019 – 1086 ) . This historical text , written with 3 million Chinese characters in 294 volumes , covered the history of China from the beginning of the Warring States ( 403 BC ) until the beginning of the Song dynasty ( 960 ) .
= 1963 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1963 Atlantic hurricane season featured one of the deadliest tropical cyclones on record in the Atlantic basin : Hurricane Flora . The season officially began on June 15 , and lasted until November 15 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . It was a near @-@ average season in terms of tropical storms , with a total of nine named storms . The first system , Hurricane Arlene , developed between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles on July 31 . The storm later impacted Bermuda , where strong winds resulted in about $ 300 @,@ 000 ( 1963 USD ) in damage . Other storms such as hurricanes Beulah and Debra , as well as an unnamed tropical storm , did not impact land . During the month of September , Hurricane Cindy caused wind damage and flooding in Texas , leaving three deaths and approximately $ 12 @.@ 5 million in damage . Hurricane Edith passed through the Lesser Antilles and the eastern Greater Antilles , causing 10 deaths and about $ 43 million in damage , most of which occurred on Martinique .
The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane Flora , which peaked as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . Drifting slowly and executing a cyclonic loop , Flora dropped very heavy rainfall in the Greater Antilles , including over 100 in ( 2 @,@ 500 mm ) in Cuba . Extreme flooding ensued , leaving behind at least 7 @,@ 193 fatalities and about $ 773 @.@ 4 million in damage . Flora is thus listed among the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record . In October , Hurricane Ginny moved erratically offshore the Southeastern United States , though eventually , the extratropical remnants struck Nova Scotia . Ginny caused at least three deaths and $ 400 @,@ 000 in damage in the United States alone . The final cyclone , Tropical Storm Helena , caused five deaths and over $ 500 @,@ 000 in damage on Guadeloupe . Overall , the storms in this season caused at least 7 @,@ 225 deaths and about $ 830 @.@ 1 million in damage .
= = Season summary = =
The 1963 hurricane season officially began on June 15 and ended on November 15 . It was a near @-@ average with nine tropical storms , slightly less than the 1950 – 2000 average of 9 @.@ 6 named storms . Seven of these reached hurricane status , which is above the 1950 – 2000 average of 5 @.@ 9 . Furthermore , two storms reached major hurricane status , which is Category 3 or higher on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . Early in the season , activity was suppressed by an abnormally intense trough offshore the East Coast of the United States as well as strong westerly winds . Later , tropical cyclone formation occurred more often after a portion of the trough weaken and easterly flow increased across much of the Atlantic . A total of four hurricanes made landfall during the season , causing at least 7 @,@ 225 deaths and $ 830 @.@ 1 million in damage . Hurricane Ginny and Tropical Storm Helena also caused damage and deaths , despite remaining offshore and then after becoming extratropical .
Tropical cyclogenesis began late , with Hurricane Arlene developing on July 31 . Another system formed in August , Hurricane Beulah . September was much more active , with an unnamed tropical storm , as well as hurricanes Cindy , Debra , Edith , and Flora all developing in that month . Flora was the most intense tropical cyclone of the season , peaking as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 940 mbar ( 27 @.@ 76 inHg ) . There were two other system in October , Hurricane Ginny and Tropical Storm Helena ; the latter dissipated on October 29 .
The season 's activity was reflected with an above average accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 118 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength . Subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total .
= = Storms = =
= = = Hurricane Arlene = = =
A cloud mass developed into the first tropical depression of the season at 18 : 00 UTC on July 31 while located about halfway between the Lesser Antilles and Cape Verde . It headed west , becoming a tropical storm on August 2 . Arlene soon rapidly intensified , acquiring 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) maximum sustained winds – ranking it as a Category 2 hurricane – later that day . However , lack of outflow caused it to weaken to a tropical depression by August 4 . The storm failed to significantly reorganize until August 7 , by which time it restrengthened into a tropical storm . The following day , Arlene re @-@ intensified into a hurricane before passing directly over Bermuda . Several hours after passing the island , the hurricane reached its peak intensity with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 969 mbar ( 28 @.@ 6 inHg ) . On August 11 , Arlene transitioned into an extratropical cyclone before being absorbed by another cyclone later that day .
Along its track , several hurricane warnings and watches were issued for the Leeward Islands ; however , no damage was reported on any of the islands . The storm has its greatest impact in Bermuda , where high winds and near @-@ record rainfall of 6 @.@ 05 inches ( 154 mm ) downed trees , power lines , and caused flooding . Damages across the island amounted to $ 300 @,@ 000 ( 1963 USD ) .
= = = Hurricane Beulah = = =
On August 20 , a tropical wave developed into a tropical depression while situated about 635 mi ( 1 @,@ 020 km ) north @-@ northwest of Cayenne , French Guiana . Moving west @-@ northwestward , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Beulah around 06 : 00 UTC on the following day . Later on August 21 , the first reconnaissance aircraft flight into the storm observed winds of 52 mph ( 84 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 005 mbar ( 29 @.@ 68 inHg ) . A subsequent flight into Beulah on August 22 recorded a well @-@ defined eye , winds of 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) , and a barometric pressure of 994 mbar ( 29 @.@ 35 inHg ) . As a result , the storm was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane around 12 : 00 UTC . Shortly thereafter , Beulah curved north @-@ northwestward and continued to deepen . Early on August 23 , it strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane .
The storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane by early on August 24 , at which time Beulah attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 958 mbar ( 28 @.@ 29 inHg ) . Radar imagery depicted an elliptical eye with a diameter of 20 to 30 mi ( 32 to 48 km ) . The hurricane turned to the north , where an anticyclone that was favoring development to its south caused unfavorable conditions . Beulah weakened to a minimal hurricane , but briefly re @-@ intensified into a Category 2 hurricane before racing to the northeast under the influence of an upper @-@ level trough offshore the East Coast of the United States . Early on August 28 , the hurricane transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 250 mi ( 400 km ) east of Newfoundland .
= = = Tropical Storm Three = = =
As early as September 8 , ships north of Puerto Rico reported a weak circulation . Drifting northward , the system developed tropical depression by 06 : 00 UTC on September 10 , while situated about 150 mi ( 240 km ) southwest of Bermuda . The cyclone was subtropical in nature , fueled by both latent heat and instability from contrasting cool and warm air masses . While passing Bermuda later on September 10 , sustained wind speeds of 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) and decrease in barometric pressure were observed . The system moved east @-@ northeastward and strengthening into a tropical storm early the following day . By late on September 12 , the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 992 mbar ( 29 @.@ 3 inHg ) . Around that time , the Freiburg observed winds of 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) . Thereafter , the system accelerated ahead of a cold front and became extratropical on September 14 , while located about 725 mi ( 1 @,@ 167 km ) north @-@ northwest of Corvo Island in the Azores . The extratropical remnants moved rapidly eastward , until dissipating well west of Ireland early on September 15 .
= = = Hurricane Cindy = = =
In mid @-@ September , a trough of low pressure was situated in the Gulf of Mexico . The system developed into Tropical Storm Cindy at 12 : 00 UTC on September 16 , while located about 210 mi ( 340 km ) south of Cameron , Louisiana . Cindy strengthened quickly while moving north @-@ northwestward and reached hurricane intensity early on September 17 . Around that time , the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 996 mbar ( 29 @.@ 41 inHg ) . Shortly after 12 : 00 UTC on September 17 , Cindy made landfall near High Island , Texas , with winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Early on September 18 , the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm and further to a tropical depression about six hours later . Turning southwest , the depression dissipated at 00 : 00 UTC on September 20 .
In southwestern Louisiana , over 15 in ( 380 mm ) of rain fell in some areas . Rice crops were flooded , causing about $ 360 @,@ 000 in damage . However , the precipitation was described as more beneficial than detrimental . Along the coast , tides inundated roads leading to Cameron and Holly Beach . A man drowned offshore Cameron while evacuating from an oil rig . The storm brought flooding to the southeastern Texas , particularly in and around Port Arthur . Two people drowned in the Port Acres area . Water entered 4 @,@ 000 homes across Jefferson , Newton , and Orange counties . In Oklahoma , flooding in Guthrie prompted 300 residents to flee their homes ; water intruded into 25 businesses and 35 homes . Overall , Cindy caused about $ 12 @.@ 5 million in damage , of which $ 11 @.@ 7 million stemmed from property damage .
= = = Hurricane Debra = = =
On September 19 , a westward moving tropical wave became a tropical depression about 900 mi ( 1 @,@ 400 km ) east of the southwestern @-@ most islands of Cape Verde . Initially , the depression moved west @-@ northwestward and remained weak . Despite the system 's intensity at the time , a reconnaissance aircraft flight observed a radar eye on September 20 . While curving northward early on September 21 , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Debra . Several hours later , Debra became a Category 1 hurricane . The cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 999 mbar ( 29 @.@ 50 inHg ) late on September 22 . Debra soon began weakening and fell to tropical storm status early the following day . The system began losing extratropical characteristics and was absorbed by an extratropical low late on September 24 , while located about halfway between Bermuda and Flores Island in the Azores .
= = = Hurricane Edith = = =
An Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) disturbance developed into a tropical depression while east of the Windward Islands on September 23 . The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Edith the next day . Only six hours later , Edith reached hurricane status . Edith fluctuated between Category 1 and 2 status as it moved west @-@ northwest ; its central pressure was analyzed at 978 mbar ( 28 @.@ 88 inHg ) on September 24 . After striking Saint Lucia on September 25 , the storm traversed the eastern Caribbean Sea . Curving north @-@ northwest on September 26 , Edith made landfall near La Romana , Dominican Republic , early on the following day as a minimal hurricane . Interaction with land and an upper @-@ level trough caused Edith to weaken to a tropical storm on September 28 and to a tropical depression by the next day . The storm dissipated just east of the Bahamas on September 29 .
In Martinique , a wind gust of 127 mph ( 204 km / h ) was observed at Le Lamentin Airport ; tides about 8 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) above normal and heavy rainfall impacted the island . Throughout the island , about 6 @,@ 000 homes were demolished and 13 @,@ 000 other were severely impacted . Agriculture suffered significantly , with bananas and other food crops destroyed , while sugar cane experienced significant damage . Winds up to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) caused significant damage on Dominica and strong winds on Saint Lucia ruined about half of the island 's banana crop . In Puerto Rico , the storm brought heavy rainfall to the southwest corner of the island and abnormally high tides to the south coast . Several beach front properties were badly damaged , particularly in the Salinas municipality . Overall , Edith caused 10 deaths , all on Martinique , and approximately $ 46 @.@ 6 million in damage .
= = = Hurricane Flora = = =
On September 26 , another tropical depression developed from the ITCZ about 755 mi ( 1 @,@ 215 km ) southwest of the Cape Verde Islands . After remaining weak for several days , it rapidly organized on September 29 into Tropical Storm Flora . Quickly strengthening , Flora passed over Tobago on September 30 with winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . Curving west @-@ northwestward , Flora peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) on October 3 . Early the next day , the hurricane made landfall in southwestern Haiti at the same intensity . Flora briefly re @-@ emerged into the Caribbean Sea on October 4 , where the storm weakened to a Category 3 . Late on October 4 , the cyclone made landfall near San Antonio del Sur , Cuba , with winds of 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) . A ridge to the north caused Flora to stall and move erratically over eastern Cuba for four days , and Flora eventually emerged into the Atlantic Ocean on October 8 as a weakened storm . After passing over the southeastern Bahamas early on October 9 , Flora began to restrengthen and became a major hurricane again on the next day . Thereafter , Flora continued northeastward and gradually weakened , falling to Category 1 intensity on October 11 . Flora gradually lost convection and became extratropical on October 12 while located 270 mi ( 430 km ) east @-@ southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland . The extratropical remnants dissipated the next day .
In Trinidad and Tobago , abnormally high tides capsized six ships in Scarborough harbor , while strong winds caused severe effects to coconut , banana , and cocoa plantations , with 50 % of the coconut trees destroyed and 11 % severely damaged . About 2 @,@ 750 houses were destroyed , while 3 @,@ 500 others were impacted . The hurricane killed 24 people and resulted in $ 30 @.@ 1 million damage . Six additional drowning fatalities occurred in Grenada . The slow movement of the storm resulted in record rainfall totals for the Greater Antilles . In Dominican Republic , over 3 @,@ 800 sq mi ( 9 @,@ 800 km2 ) of land was flooded . Bridges and roads were significantly damaged , with many roads left unpassable for several months . The hurricane caused about $ 60 million in damage and over 400 deaths . In Haiti , flash floods washed out large sections of several towns , while mudslides buried some entire cities . In most areas , crops were entirely destroyed . Additionally , the combination of rough waves and strong winds destroyed three entire communities . About 3 @,@ 500 people were confirmed dead and damaged ranged $ 125 million and $ 180 million . In Cuba , the storm dropped 100 @.@ 39 in ( 2 @,@ 550 mm ) of rainfall at Santiago de Cuba . Nearly all crops in southeastern Cuba were affected by strong winds and flooding . Many citizens were left stranded at the tops of their houses . Several entire houses were swept away by the flooding , and many roads and bridges were destroyed , resulting in major disruptions to communications . Throughout the country , the hurricane destroyed as many as 30 @,@ 000 dwellings . Flora left at least 1 @,@ 750 fatalities and $ 500 million in damage in Cuba . Overall , Hurricane Flora caused at least 7 @,@ 193 deaths and over $ 783 @.@ 4 million in damage .
= = = Hurricane Ginny = = =
On October 16 , a tropical depression formed near Turks and Caicos from the interaction of a trough and a tropical wave , although the system was not very tropical due to cold air . It moved to the north and northwest , becoming Tropical Storm Ginny on October 19 . The next day it attained hurricane status , and approached North Carolina before looping to the southwest due to a ridge over New England . By October 22 , Ginny crossed the Gulf Stream and intensified , developing an eye . It briefly weakened to a tropical storm the next day while approaching Florida , but regained hurricane intensity within ten hours . Ahead of an advancing trough , Ginny turned sharply northward and later northeastward , paralleling the coast of the Southeastern United States . For eight days , the storm was within 250 mi ( 400 km ) of the United States coastline . Moving farther offshore , Ginny gradually intensified to reach peak winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) on October 29 . Later that day , it became extratropical before striking southwestern Nova Scotia ; its remnants dissipated on October 30 over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence .
Early in its existence , Ginny dropped heavy rainfall across the Dominican Republic and the Bahamas . In Florida and Georgia , Ginny produced above normal tides that caused minor damage and beach erosion . Rainfall was beneficial in South Carolina , and in North Carolina , high tides caused minor flooding and destroyed one house . In Massachusetts , wind gusts reached 76 mph ( 122 km / h ) in Nantucket , and 1 @,@ 000 homes lost power in Chatham . Ginny was the latest hurricane on record to affect Maine during a calendar year . During its passage , the storm brought an influx of cold air that produced up to 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) of snow in northern Maine , killing two people . Offshore , many boats were damaged or ripped from their moorings ; one person died from a heart attack while trying to rescue his boat . Damage from Ginny in the United States was estimated at $ 400 @,@ 000 . In Canada , high winds downed trees and caused power outages , leaving the entirety of Prince Edward Island without power .
= = = Tropical Storm Helena = = =
A tropical wave accompanied by a large area of convection moved westward in late October . On October 25 , the wave spawned a tropical depression , based on ship and Hurricane Hunter reports of southwest winds and heavy rainfall . Although poorly defined , the system gradually intensified and became Tropical Storm Helena . On October 26 , the storm reached peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) , before quickly weakening when it passed between Dominica and Guadeloupe , potentially due to their high terrain . Helena was a weak tropical depression upon entering the eastern Caribbean Sea , but re @-@ intensified into a tropical storm after turning to the north on October 27 . Its slow , erratic movement and failure to intensify was due to a weak trough across the region . While passing near Antigua , the storm developed an intense rainband that produced winds of 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) , as measured by reconnaissance aircraft between Dominica and Guadeloupe . However , Helena again weakened into a tropical depression on October 29 and dissipated shortly thereafter .
The threat of Helena prompted the San Juan Weather Bureau to issue a hurricane watch and later gale warnings for portions of the Lesser Antilles . On the Guadeloupe , the storm left 500 people homeless , killed 5 people , and seriously injured 14 others . Several boats were heavily damaged or sank . Damage was estimated at $ 500 @,@ 000 .
= = Storm names = =
The following names were used for named storms ( tropical storms and hurricanes ) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1963 . Storms were named Ginny and Helena for the first time in 1963 . The name Flora was later retired . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray .
= Bertie 's Brainstorm =
Bertie 's Brainstorm is a 1911 American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on Bertie Fawcett , a dim @-@ witted fop , who erroneously believes to have won the heart of May Vernon . In reality , May loves Jack and the two are set to be married , but May 's father wishes he would prove his worth by earning his own living . Bertie chances upon the letter and sets off to make a living proceeds through a number of jobs with hope to claim May as his bride . The film ends with Bertie returning and finding out that May has married Jack . Little is known about the production of the film save that William Russell played an unknown role and that the scenario was written by Lloyd F. Lonergan . The foppish character of Bertie may have been inspired by Edwin Thanhouser 's role as Bertie Nizril in Thoroughbred . Originally conceived as a series , this ultimately singular work received praise from critics . The film is presumed lost .
= = Plot and production = =
An official synopsis published in the Billboard states , " Bertie Fawcett is a dudish chap , who believes that he has won the heart of May Vernon . May , however , regards Bertie as very much of a joke , and is in love with Jack Mace , who is her ideal of manly beauty . May 's father has no objection to Jack personally , but he does not propose that the daughter he idolizes shall wed a weakling or a ne 'er do well . Therefore , he tells May in a letter that if ' that young man wants to marry you , he must show his ability by earning his own living during vacation . ' Unfortunately for Bertie , he sees the letter , and egotistically jumps to the conclusion that he is the person referred to . He starts out to make his own living , but soon finds that it is not as easy as it sounds . He is successfully a writer , a billposter , a village constable , and a living target in the baseball show , but fails to shine in any one sphere . And then to cap the climax , when he returns to claim his bride , he finds that May is married to Jack . "
The only known actor in the production for William Russell in an unknown role . A surviving film still appears to show Russell in the role of Jack at the climax of the film in which Bertie encounters the newly married couple . The other cast credits are unknown , but many Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . The scenario was written by Lloyd F. Lonergan and the character of Bertie may have been based on Edwin Thanhouser 's role of Bertie Nizril from Thoroughbred . The play was a three @-@ act comedy by Ralph Lumley and was first produced on February 13 , 1895 . The play would come to the Garrick Theatre in New York City on August 17 , 1896 and Edwin Thanhouser took over the role on August 29 , 1896 . A series of Bertie films was projected , but only this work was produced . Two other announced works included Bertie 's Bride and Bertie 's Baby .
= = Release and reception = =
The single reel drama , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on January 17 , 1911 . The film received favorable reviews from Billboard , The Moving Picture World and The New York Dramatic Mirror . Billboard would write , " The adventures of the unfortunate Bertie are such as will make the usual motion picture audience chuckle with appreciation . The film is , of course , a farce essentially . The photography is well up to the Thanhouser standard . " Walton of the Moving Picture News , would quip , " This beats the brainstorm in Les Miserables . It is a Doré nightmare . " The comedic farce of the dim @-@ witted fop proved to be successful if ultimately singular release of an expected series of films . The film is presumed lost because the film is not known to be held in any archive or by any collector .
= Sega Genesis =
The Sega Genesis , known as the Mega Drive ( Japanese : メガドライブ , Hepburn : Mega Doraibu ) in most regions outside North America , is a 16 @-@ bit home video game console which was developed and sold by Sega Enterprises , Ltd . The Genesis was Sega 's third console and the successor to the Master System . Sega first released the console as the Mega Drive in Japan in 1988 , followed by a North American debut under the Genesis moniker in 1989 . In 1990 , the console was distributed as the Mega Drive by Virgin Mastertronic in Europe , by Ozisoft in Australasia , and by Tec Toy in Brazil . In South Korea , the systems were distributed by Samsung and were known as the Super Gam * Boy , and later the Super Aladdin Boy .
Designed by an R & D team supervised by Hideki Sato and Masami Ishikawa , the hardware was adapted from Sega 's System 16 arcade board , centered on a Motorola 68000 processor as a primary CPU and a Zilog Z80 as a secondary processor . The system supports a library of more than 900 games created both by Sega and a wide array of third @-@ party publishers and delivered on ROM @-@ based cartridges . It can play Master System games when the separately sold Power Base Converter is inserted . The Genesis has benefited from several peripherals and network services , as well as multiple first @-@ party and third @-@ party variations of the console that focus on extending its functionality .
In Japan , the Mega Drive did not fare well against its two main competitors , Nintendo 's Super Famicom and NEC 's PC Engine , although it achieved considerable success in North America , Brazil , and Europe . Contributing to its success were its library of arcade game ports , the popularity of the Genesis @-@ exclusive Sonic the Hedgehog series , several popular sports game franchises , and aggressive youth marketing that positioned the system as the cool console for adolescents . The release of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System two years after the Genesis resulted in a fierce battle for market share in the United States and Europe that has often been termed as a " console war " by journalists and historians . As this contest drew increasing attention to the video game industry among the general public , the Genesis and several of its highest @-@ profile games attracted significant legal scrutiny on matters involving reverse engineering and video game violence . Controversy surrounding violent titles such as Night Trap and Mortal Kombat led Sega to create the Videogame Rating Council , a predecessor to the Entertainment Software Rating Board .
Sega sold 30 @.@ 75 million units worldwide . In addition , Tec Toy sold an estimated 3 million licensed variants in Brazil , Majesco projected it would sell 1 @.@ 5 million licensed variants of the system in the United States , and much smaller numbers were sold by Samsung in South Korea . The console and its games continue to be popular among game fans , game music fans , collectors , and emulation enthusiasts . As of 2015 , licensed third party re @-@ releases of the console are being sold by AtGames in North America and Europe . Many games have been re @-@ released in compilations for newer consoles and offered for download on various online services , such as Virtual Console , Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation Network , and Steam . The Genesis was succeeded by the Sega Saturn .
= = History = =
= = = Development = = =
In the early 1980s , Sega Enterprises , Inc . , then a subsidiary of Gulf & Western , was one of the top five arcade game manufacturers active in the United States , as company revenues rose to $ 214 million . A downturn in the arcade business starting in 1982 seriously hurt the company , leading Gulf & Western to sell its North American arcade manufacturing organization and the licensing rights for its arcade games to Bally Manufacturing . The company retained Sega 's North American R & D operation , as well as its Japanese subsidiary , Sega Enterprises , Ltd . With its arcade business in decline , Gulf & Western executives turned to Sega Enterprises , Ltd . ' s president , Hayao Nakayama , for advice on how to proceed . Nakayama advocated that the company leverage its hardware expertise gained through years working in the arcade industry to move into the home console market in Japan , which was in its infancy at the time .
Nakayama received permission to proceed with this project , leading to the release of Sega 's first home video game system , the SG @-@ 1000 , in July 1983 . The SG @-@ 1000 was not successful , and was replaced by the Sega Mark III within two years . In the meantime , Gulf & Western began to divest itself of its non @-@ core businesses after the death of company founder Charles Bluhdorn , so Nakayama and former Sega CEO David Rosen arranged a management buyout of the Japanese subsidiary in 1984 with financial backing from CSK Corporation , a prominent Japanese software company . Nakayama was then installed as CEO of the new Sega Enterprises , Ltd .
In 1986 , Sega redesigned the Mark III for release in North America as the Sega Master System . This was followed by a European release the next year . Although the Master System was a success in Europe , and later also Brazil , it failed to ignite significant interest in the Japanese or North American markets , which , by the mid @-@ to @-@ late 1980s , were both dominated by Nintendo . With Sega continuing to have difficulty penetrating the home market , Sega 's console R & D team , led by Masami Ishikawa and supervised by Hideki Sato , began work on a successor to the Master System almost immediately after that console launched .
In 1987 , Sega faced another threat to its console business when Japanese computer giant NEC released the PC Engine amid great publicity . To remain competitive against the two more established consumer electronics companies , Ishikawa and his team decided they needed to incorporate a 16 @-@ bit microprocessor into their new system to make an impact in the marketplace and once again turned to Sega 's strengths in the arcade industry to adapt the successful Sega System 16 arcade board into a home console architecture . The decision to use a Motorola 68000 as the system 's main CPU was made late in development , while a Zilog Z80 was used as a secondary CPU to handle the sound due to fears that the load to the main CPU would be too great if it handled both the visuals and the audio .
First announced in June 1988 in Beep ! , a Japanese gaming magazine , the developing console was referred to as the " Mark V , " but Sega management felt the need for a stronger name . After reviewing more than 300 proposals , the company settled on " Mega Drive . " In North America , the name of the console was changed to " Genesis . " The reason for this change is not known , but it may have been due to a trademark dispute .
= = = Launch = = =
Sega released the Mega Drive in Japan on October 29 , 1988 , though the launch was overshadowed by Nintendo 's release of Super Mario Bros. 3 a week earlier . Positive coverage from magazines Famitsu and Beep ! helped to establish a following , but Sega only managed to ship 400 @,@ 000 units in the first year . In order to increase sales , Sega released various peripherals and games , including an online banking system and answering machine called the Sega Mega Anser . Nevertheless , the Mega Drive was unable to overtake the venerable Famicom and remained a distant third in Japan behind Nintendo 's Super Famicom and NEC 's PC Engine throughout the 16 @-@ bit era .
Sega announced a North American release date for the system on January 9 , 1989 . At the time , Sega did not possess a North American sales and marketing organization and was distributing its Master System through Tonka . Dissatisfied with Tonka 's performance , Sega looked for a new partner to market the Genesis in North America and offered the rights to Atari Corporation , which did not yet have a 16 @-@ bit system . David Rosen made the proposal to Atari CEO Jack Tramiel and the president of Atari 's Entertainment Electronics Division , Michael Katz . Tramiel declined to acquire the new console , deeming it too expensive , and instead opted to focus on the Atari ST . Sega decided to launch the console through its own Sega of America subsidiary , which executed a limited launch on August 14 , 1989 , in New York City and Los Angeles . The Sega Genesis was released in the rest of North America later that year .
The European version was released on November 30 , 1990 . Building on the success of the Master System , the Mega Drive became the most popular console in Europe . Since the Mega Drive was two years old at the time of its release in the region , more games were available at launch compared to the launches in other regions . The ports of arcade titles like Altered Beast , Golden Axe and Ghouls ' n Ghosts , available in stores at launch , provided a strong image of the console 's power to deliver an arcade @-@ like experience . The release of the Mega Drive in Europe was handled by Virgin Mastertronic , which was later purchased by Sega in 1991 and became Sega of Europe .
Other companies assisted in distributing the console to various countries worldwide . Ozisoft handled the Mega Drive 's launch and marketing in Australia , as it had done before with the Master System . In Brazil , the Mega Drive was released by Tec Toy in 1990 , only a year after the Brazilian release of the Master System . Tec Toy produced games exclusively for the Brazilian market and began a network service for the system called Sega Meganet in 1995 . In India , Sega entered a distribution deal with Shaw Wallace in Spring 1995 in order to circumvent an 80 % import tariff , with each unit selling for INR ₹ 18 @,@ 000 . Samsung handled sales and distribution in Korea , where it was renamed the " Super Gam * Boy " and retained the Mega Drive logo alongside the Samsung name . It was later renamed " Super Aladdin Boy . "
= = = North American sales and marketing = = =
For the North American market , former Atari Corporation Entertainment Electronics Division president and new Sega of America CEO Michael Katz instituted a two @-@ part approach to build sales in the region . The first part involved a marketing campaign to challenge Nintendo head @-@ on and emphasize the more arcade @-@ like experience available on the Genesis , summarized by slogans including " Genesis does what Nintendon 't " . Since Nintendo owned the console rights to most arcade games of the time , the second part involved creating a library of instantly @-@ recognizable titles which used the names and likenesses of celebrities and athletes such as Pat Riley Basketball , Arnold Palmer Tournament Golf , James ' Buster ' Douglas Knockout Boxing , Joe Montana Football , Tommy Lasorda Baseball , Mario Lemieux Hockey , and Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker . Nonetheless , it had a hard time overcoming Nintendo 's ubiquitous presence in consumers ' homes . Tasked by Nakayama to sell one million units within the first year , Katz and Sega of America managed to sell only 500 @,@ 000 units .
In mid @-@ 1990 , Nakayama hired Tom Kalinske to replace Katz as CEO of Sega of America . Although Kalinske initially knew little about the video game market , he surrounded himself with industry @-@ savvy advisors . A believer in the razor and blades business model , he developed a four @-@ point plan : cut the price of the console , create a U.S.-based team to develop games targeted at the American market , continue and expand the aggressive advertising campaigns , and replace the bundled game Altered Beast with a new title , Sonic the Hedgehog . The Japanese board of directors initially disapproved of the plan , but all four points were approved by Nakayama , who told Kalinske , " I hired you to make the decisions for Europe and the Americas , so go ahead and do it . " Magazines praised Sonic as one of the greatest games yet made , and Sega 's console finally took off as customers who had been waiting for the release of the international version of Nintendo 's Super Famicom — dubbed the Super Nintendo Entertainment System or SNES — decided to purchase a Genesis instead . Nintendo 's console debuted against an established competitor , while NEC 's TurboGrafx @-@ 16 failed to gain traction , and NEC soon pulled out of the market . In large part due to the popularity of this game , the Sega Genesis outsold the SNES in the United States nearly two to one during the 1991 holiday season . This success led to Sega having control of 65 % of the 16 @-@ bit console market in January 1992 , making it the first time Nintendo was not the console leader since December 1985 .
To compete with Nintendo , Sega was more open to new types of games than its rival , but still tightly controlled the approval process for third @-@ party games and charged high prices for cartridge manufacturing . Technicians from American third @-@ party video game publisher Electronic Arts ( EA ) reverse engineered the Genesis in 1989 , following nearly one year of negotiations with Sega in which EA requested a more liberal licensing agreement than was standard in the industry before releasing its games for the system . The clean room reverse engineering was led by Steve Hayes and Jim Nitchals , lasting several months before EA secretly began game development . EA founder Trip Hawkins confronted Nakayama with this information one day prior to the 1990 Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) , noting that EA had the ability to run its own licensing program if Sega refused to meet its demands . Sega relented , and the next day EA 's upcoming Genesis games were showcased at CES . EA signed what Hawkins described as " a very unusual and much more enlightened license agreement " with Sega in June 1990 : " Among other things , we had the right to make as many titles as we wanted . We could approve our own titles ... the royalty rates were a lot more reasonable . We also had more direct control over manufacturing . " After the deal was in place , EA chief creative officer Bing Gordon learned that " we hadn 't figured out all the workarounds " and " Sega still had the ability to lock us out , " noting " It just would have been a public relations fiasco . " EA released its first two Genesis games , Populous and Budokan : The Martial Spirit , within the month . The first Genesis version of EA 's John Madden Football arrived before the end of 1990 , and became what Gordon called a " killer app " for the system . Taking advantage of the licensing agreement , Gordon and EA 's vice president of marketing services Nancy Fong created a visual identifier for EA 's Genesis cartridges : A yellow stripe on their left side added during manufacturing .
Sega was able to outsell Nintendo four Christmas seasons in a row due to the Genesis ' head start , a lower price point , and a larger library of games when compared to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) at its release . Sega had ten games for every game on SNES , and while the SNES had an exclusive version of Final Fight , one of Sega 's internal development teams created Streets of Rage , which had bigger levels , tougher enemies , and a well @-@ regarded soundtrack . ASCII Entertainment reported in spring 1993 that Genesis had 250 titles versus 75 for Super Nintendo , but limited shelf space meant that stores typically offered 100 Genesis and 50 Super Nintendo titles . The NES was still the leader , with 300 titles and 100 on shelves .
Sega 's advertising positioned the Genesis as the cooler console , and as its advertising evolved , the company coined the term " blast processing " ( the origin of which is an obscure programming trick on the graphics hardware ) to suggest that its processing capabilities were far greater than those of the SNES . A Sony focus group found that teenage boys would not admit to owning a SNES rather than a Genesis . With the Genesis often outselling the SNES at a ratio of 2 : 1 , Nintendo and Sega both focused heavily on impression management of the market , even going to the point of deception , with Nintendo claiming they had sold more consoles in 1991 than they actually had , and forecasting they would sell 6 million consoles by the end of 1992 , while their actual U.S. install base at the end of 1992 was only just more than 4 million units . Due to these tactics , it was difficult to ascertain a clear leader in market share for several years at a time , with Nintendo 's dollar share of the U.S. 16 @-@ bit market dipping down from 60 % at the end of 1992 to 37 % at the end of 1993 , Sega claiming 55 % of all 16 @-@ bit hardware sales during 1994 , and Donkey Kong Country helping the SNES to outsell the Genesis from 1995 through 1997 . According to a 2004 study of NPD sales data that presents year by year charts through 2001 , the Sega Genesis was able to maintain its lead over the Super NES in the American 16 @-@ bit console market . According to a 2014 Wedbush Securities report based on revised NPD sales data , the SNES outsold the Genesis in the U.S. market .
= = = Sonic the Hedgehog = = =
While Sega was seeking a flagship series to compete with Nintendo 's Mario series along with a character to serve as a company mascot , several character designs were submitted as part of a company @-@ wide contest , including " an anime @-@ inspired egg and a teal hedgehog with red shoes created by Naoto Oshima that he called Mr. Needlehouse . " " Mr. Needlemouse " won the contest and was renamed Sonic the Hedgehog , spawning one of the best @-@ selling video game franchises in history . The gameplay of Sonic the Hedgehog originated with a tech demo created by Yuji Naka , who had developed an algorithm that allowed a sprite to move smoothly on a curve by determining its position with a dot matrix . Naka 's original prototype was a platform game that involved a fast @-@ moving character rolling in a ball through a long winding tube , and this concept was subsequently fleshed out with Oshima 's character design and levels conceived by designer Hirokazu Yasuhara . Sonic 's blue pigmentation was chosen to match Sega 's cobalt blue logo , and his shoes were a concept evolved from a design inspired by Michael Jackson 's boots with the addition of the color red , which was inspired by both Santa Claus and the contrast of those colors on Jackson 's 1987 album Bad ; his personality was based on Bill Clinton 's " can do " attitude .
Although Katz and Sega of America 's marketing experts disliked the idea of Sonic , certain that it would not catch on with most American kids , Kalinske 's strategy to place Sonic the Hedgehog as the pack @-@ in title paid off . Featuring speedy gameplay , Sonic the Hedgehog greatly increased the popularity of the Sega Genesis in North America . Bundling Sonic the Hedgehog with the Sega Genesis is credited with helping Sega gain 65 % of the market share against Nintendo .
= = = Trademark Security System and Sega v. Accolade = = =
After the release of the Sega Genesis in 1989 , video game publisher Accolade began exploring options to release some of their PC game titles onto the console . At the time , Sega had a licensing deal in place for third @-@ party developers that increased the costs to the developer . According to Accolade co @-@ founder Alan Miller , " One pays them between $ 10 and $ 15 per cartridge on top of the real hardware manufacturing costs , so it about doubles the cost of goods to the independent publisher . " To get around licensing , Accolade chose to seek an alternative way to bring their games to the Genesis . They did so by purchasing one in order to decompile the executable code of three Genesis games . Such information was used to program their new Genesis cartridges in a way that would allow them to disable the security lockouts on the Genesis that prevented unlicensed games from being able to be played . This strategy was used successfully to bring Ishido : The Way of Stones to the Genesis in 1990 . To do so , Accolade had copied Sega 's copyrighted game code multiple times in order to reverse engineer the software of Sega 's licensed Genesis games .
As a result of piracy from foreign countries and unlicensed development issues , Sega incorporated a technical protection mechanism into a new edition of the Genesis released in 1990 , referred to as the Genesis III . This new variation of the Genesis included a code known as the Trademark Security System ( TMSS ) , which , when a game cartridge was inserted , would check for the presence of the string " SEGA " at a particular point in the memory contained in the cartridge . If the string was present , the console would run the game , and would briefly display the message : " Produced by or under license from Sega Enterprises , Ltd . " This system had a twofold effect : it added extra protection against unlicensed developers and software piracy , and forced the Sega trademark to display when the game was powered up , making a lawsuit for trademark infringement possible if unlicensed software were to be developed . Accolade learned of this development at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1991 , where Sega showed the new Genesis III and demonstrated it screening and rejecting an Ishido game cartridge . With more games planned for the following year , Accolade successfully identified the TMSS file . They later added this file to the games HardBall ! , Star Control , Mike Ditka Power Football , and Turrican .
In response to the creation of these unlicensed games , Sega filed suit against Accolade in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California , on charges of trademark infringement , unfair competition , and copyright infringement . In response , Accolade filed a counterclaim for falsifying the source of its games by displaying the Sega trademark when the game was powered up . Although the district court initially ruled for Sega and issued an injunction preventing Accolade from continuing to reverse engineer the Genesis , Accolade appealed the verdict to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit .
As a result of the appeal , the Ninth Circuit overturned the district court 's verdict and ruled that Accolade 's decompilation of the Sega software constituted fair use . The court 's written opinion followed on October 20 , 1992 , and noted that the use of the software was non @-@ exploitative , although commercial . Further , the court found that the trademark infringement , being required by the TMSS for a Genesis game to run on the system , had been inadvertently triggered by a fair use act and the fault of Sega for having caused false labeling . Ultimately , Sega and Accolade settled the case on April 30 , 1993 . As a part of this settlement , Accolade became an official licensee of Sega , and later developed and released Barkley Shut Up and Jam ! while under license . The terms of the licensing , including whether or not any special arrangements or discounts were made to Accolade , were not released to the public . The financial terms of the settlement were also not disclosed , although both companies agreed to pay their own legal costs .
= = = Videogame Rating Council and Congressional hearings on video game violence = = =
In 1993 , American media began to focus on the mature content of certain video games . Games such as Night Trap for the Sega CD , an add @-@ on , received unprecedented scrutiny . Issues about Night Trap were brought up in the United Kingdom , with former Sega of Europe development director Mike Brogan noting that " Night Trap got Sega an awful lot of publicity ... it was also cited in UK Parliament for being classified as " 15 " due to its use of real actors . This came at a time when Sega was capitalizing on its image as an edgy company with attitude , and this only reinforced that image . The most controversial title of the year by far was Midway 's Mortal Kombat , ported to the Genesis and SNES by Acclaim . In response to public outcry over the game 's graphic violence , Nintendo decided to replace the blood in the game with " sweat " and the arcade 's gruesome " fatalities " with less violent finishing moves . Sega took a different approach , instituting America 's first video game ratings system , the Videogame Rating Council ( VRC ) , for all its current systems . Ratings ranged from the family friendly GA rating to the more mature rating of MA @-@ 13 , and the adults @-@ only rating of MA @-@ 17 . With the rating system in place , Sega released its version of Mortal Kombat , appearing to have removed all the blood and sweat effects and toning down the finishing moves even more than in the SNES version . However , all the arcade 's blood and uncensored finishing moves could be enabled by entering a " Blood Code " . This technicality allowed Sega to release the game with a relatively low MA @-@ 13 rating . Meanwhile , the tamer SNES version shipped without a rating .
The Genesis version of Mortal Kombat was well received by gaming press , as well as fans , outselling the SNES version three- or four @-@ to @-@ one , while Nintendo was criticized for censoring the SNES version of the game . Executive vice president of Nintendo of America Howard Lincoln was quick to point out at the hearings that Night Trap had no such rating , saying to Senator Joe Lieberman :
In response , Sega of America vice president Bill White showed a videotape of violent video games on the SNES and stressed the importance of rating video games . At the end of the hearing , Lieberman called for another hearing in February 1994 to check on progress toward a rating system for video game violence .
As a result of the Congressional hearings , Night Trap started to generate more sales and released ports to the PC , Sega 32X , and 3DO . According to Digital Pictures founder Tom Zito , " You know , I sold 50 @,@ 000 units of Night Trap a week after those hearings . " Although experiencing increased sales , Sega decided to recall Night Trap and rerelease it with revisions in 1994 due to the Congressional hearings . After the close of these hearings , video game manufacturers came together to establish the rating system that Lieberman had called for . Initially , Sega proposed the universal adoption of its system , but after objections by Nintendo and others , Sega took a role in forming a new one . This became the Entertainment Software Rating Board , an independent organization that received praise from Lieberman . With this new rating system in place , Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed , and the SNES port of Mortal Kombat II was released uncensored .
= = = 32 @-@ bit era and beyond = = =
In order to extend the life of the Genesis , Sega released two add @-@ ons to increase its capabilities : a CD @-@ based peripheral known as the Sega CD ( Mega @-@ CD outside North America ) , and a 32 @-@ bit peripheral known as the Sega 32X . 2 @.@ 24 million Sega CD units were sold worldwide , and an estimated 665 @,@ 000 32X units were sold by the end of 1994 .
Following the launch of the next @-@ generation 32 @-@ bit Sony PlayStation and the Sega Saturn , sales of 16 @-@ bit hardware and software continued to account for 64 % of the video game market in 1995 . Sega underestimated the continued popularity of the Genesis and did not have the inventory to meet demand for the product . Sega was able to capture 43 % of the dollar share of the U.S. video game market and claimed to have sold more than 2 million Genesis units in 1995 , while Genesis software such as Vectorman remained highly successful , but Kalinske estimated that " we could have sold another 300 @,@ 000 Genesis systems in the November / December timeframe . " Nakayama 's decision to focus on the Saturn over the Genesis , based on the systems ' relative performance in Japan , has been cited as the major contributing factor in this miscalculation . By contrast , Nintendo concentrated on the 16 @-@ bit home console market , as well as its successful handheld , the Game Boy . As a result , Nintendo took in 42 % of the video game market dollar share , without launching a 32 @-@ bit console to compete directly with the PlayStation or the Saturn . Following tensions with Sega Enterprises , Ltd. over its focus on the Saturn , Kalinske , who oversaw the rise of the Genesis in 1991 , grew uninterested in the business and resigned in mid @-@ 1996 .
Sega sold 30 @.@ 75 million Genesis units worldwide . Of these , 3 @.@ 58 million were sold in Japan , and sales in Europe and the U.S. are roughly estimated at 8 million and 18 million as of June 1997 ( at which time Sega was no longer manufacturing the system ) respectively . In 1998 , Sega licensed the Genesis to Majesco in North America so it could rerelease the console . Majesco began reselling millions of formerly unsold cartridges at a budget price , together with 150 @,@ 000 units of the second model of the Genesis . It released the Sega Genesis 3 , projecting to sell 1 @.@ 5 million units of the console by the end of 1998 . An estimated 3 million Genesis units were sold by Tec Toy in Brazil .
= = Technical specifications = =
The main microprocessor is a 16 / 32 @-@ bit Motorola 68000 CPU clocked at 7 @.@ 6 MHz . The console uses a Zilog Z80 sub @-@ processor , mainly used to control the sound hardware and provide backwards compatibility with the Master System . The system has 72 kB of RAM , 64 kB of video RAM , and can display up to 61 colors at once from a palette of 512 . The games are in ROM cartridge format and inserted in the top .
The system produces sound using a Yamaha YM2612 FM synthesizer and a Texas Instruments SN76489 PSG ; the latter is integrated with the Video Display Processor ( VDP ) . The Z80 processor is primarily used to control both sound chips to produce stereo music and sound effects . Most revisions of the original system contain a discrete YM2612 and a separate YM7101 VDP ; the functionality of these two chips was later integrated into a single custom ASIC ( FC1004 ) for the model 2 and later revisions .
The back of the model 1 console provides a radio frequency output port ( designed for use with antenna and cable systems ) and a specialized 8 @-@ pin DIN port , both of which provide video and audio output . Both outputs produce monophonic sound ; a headphone jack on the front of the console produces stereo sound . On the model 2 , the DIN port , radio frequency output port , and headphone jack are replaced by a 9 @-@ pin mini @-@ DIN port on the back for composite video , RGB and stereo sound , and the standard RF switch . Earlier model 1 consoles have a 9 @-@ pin extension port , although this was removed in later production runs and is absent in the model 2 . An edge connector on the bottom @-@ right of the console allows it to be connected to a peripheral .
= = = Peripherals = = =
The standard controller features a rounded shape , a directional pad , three main buttons , and a " start " button . Sega later released a six @-@ button version in 1993 . This pad is slightly smaller and features three additional face buttons , similar to the design of buttons on some popular arcade fighting games such as Street Fighter II . Sega released a wireless revision of the six @-@ button controller , the Remote Arcade Pad .
The system is backwards compatible with the Master System . The first peripheral released , the Power Base Converter ( Master System Converter in Europe ) , allows Master System games to be played . A second model , the Master System Converter 2 , was released only in Europe for use with the Mega Drive II .
Other peripherals were released to add functionality . The Menacer is a wireless , infrared light gun peripheral used with compatible games . Other third parties created light gun peripherals for the Genesis , such as the American Laser Games Pistol and the Konami Justifier . Released for art creation software , the Sega Mega Mouse features three buttons and is only compatible with a few games , such as Eye of the Beholder . A foam @-@ covered bat called the BatterUP and the TeeVGolf golf club were released for both the Genesis and SNES .
In November 1993 , Sega released the Sega Activator , an octagonal device that lies flat on the floor and translates the player 's physical movements into game inputs . Several high @-@ profile games , including Mortal Kombat and Street Fighter II : Special Champion Edition , were adapted to support the peripheral . The device was a commercial failure , due mainly to its inaccuracy and its high price point . IGN editor Craig Harris ranked the Sega Activator the third worst video game controller ever made .
Both EA and Sega released multitaps to allow more than the standard two players to play at once . Initially , EA 's version , the 4 Way Play , and Sega 's adapter , the Team Player , only supported each publisher 's titles . In response to complaints about this , Sega publicly stated that " We have been working hard to resolve this problem since we learned of it " and that a new Team Player which would work with all multitap games for the console would be released shortly . Later games were created to work on both the 4 Way Play and Team Player . Codemasters also developed the J @-@ Cart system , providing two extra ports on the cartridge itself , although the technology came late in the console 's life and is only featured on a few games . Sega planned to release a steering wheel peripheral in 1994 , and the Genesis version of Virtua Racing was advertised as being " steering wheel compatible , " but the peripheral was cancelled .
= = = Network services = = =
In its first foray into online gaming , Sega created Sega Meganet , which debuted in Japan on November 3 , 1990 . Operating through a cartridge and a peripheral called the " Mega Modem , " this allowed Mega Drive players to play seventeen games online . A North American version dubbed " Tele @-@ Genesis , " was announced but never released . Another phone @-@ based system , the Mega Anser , turned the Japanese Mega Drive into an online banking terminal .
In 1994 , Sega started the Sega Channel , a game distribution system using cable television services Time Warner Cable and TCI . Using a special peripheral , Genesis players could download a title from a library of fifty each month , and demos for upcoming games . Games were downloaded to internal memory and deleted when the console was powered off . The Sega Channel reached 250 @,@ 000 subscribers at its peak and ran until July 31 , 1998 , well past the release of the Sega Saturn .
In an effort to compete with Sega , third @-@ party developer Catapult Entertainment created the XBAND , a peripheral which allowed Genesis players to engage in online competitive gaming . Using telephone services to share data , XBAND was initially offered in five U.S. cities in November 1994 . The following year , the service was extended to the SNES , and Catapult teamed up with Blockbuster Video to market the service , but as interest in the service waned , it was discontinued in April 1997 .
= = Game library = =
The Genesis library was initially modest , but eventually grew to contain games to appeal to all types of players . The initial pack @-@ in title was Altered Beast , which was later replaced with Sonic the Hedgehog in 1991 . Top sellers included Sonic the Hedgehog , its sequel Sonic the Hedgehog 2 , and Disney 's Aladdin . During development for the console , Sega Enterprises focused on developing action games , while Sega of America was tasked with developing sports games . A large part of the appeal of the Genesis library during the console 's lifetime was the arcade @-@ based experience of its games , as well as more difficult entries such as Ecco the Dolphin , and sports games such as Joe Montana Football . Compared to its competition , Sega advertised to an older audience by hosting more mature games , including the uncensored version of Mortal Kombat .
As Sega was a prolific arcade developer in the 1980s , early Genesis games included arcade ports such as Altered Beast , Golden Axe , and Super Hang @-@ On . Console teams would develop titles in acclaimed series such as Castle of Illusion , Phantasy Star , Shinobi , and Streets of Rage . Alex Kidd was the mascot of Sega 's previous console , but he would not receive any Mega Drive sequels after Alex Kidd in the Enchanted Castle due to Sega of America wanting to replace him with the titular character from Sonic the Hedgehog as mascot . The Sonic the Hedgehog series was a big hit both commercially and critically , with the original game being the best selling game on the system . Sega of America would also help set up Sega Technical Institute and Sega Interactive , who worked on titles such as Comix Zone and Eternal Champions respectively in an attempt to appeal more to western audiences .
In addition to games developed by Sega 's internal studios , Sega would collaborate with various other developers to publish more games for the system . These developers include Ancient ( Beyond Oasis ) , BlueSky Software ( Vectorman ) , Camelot ( Shining Force ) , Climax Entertainment ( Landstalker ) , Johnson Voorsanger Productions ( ToeJam & Earl ) , Novotrade International ( Ecco the Dolphin ) , Technopop ( Zero Tolerance ) , Treasure ( Gunstar Heroes ) , Vic Tokai ( Decap Attack ) , and Virgin Games ( Disney 's Aladdin ) .
Initially , the Genesis suffered from limited third @-@ party support due to its low market share and Nintendo 's monopolizes practices . Notably , the arcade hit Street Fighter II by Capcom initially skipped the Genesis , instead only being released on the SNES . However , as the Genesis continued to grow in popularity , Capcom eventually ported a version of Street Fighter II to the system known as Street Fighter II ′ : Champion Edition , that would go on to sell over a million copies . One of the biggest third @-@ party companies to support the Genesis early on was Electronic Arts . Trip Hawkins , founder and then president of EA , believed the Genesis faster drawing speed made it more suitable for sport games than the SNES , and credits EA 's success on the Genesis for helping catapult the EA Sports brand . Another third @-@ party blockbuster for the system was the port of the original Mortal Kombat game . Although the arcade game was released on the SNES and Genesis simultaneously , the two ports were not identical . The SNES version looked more identical to the arcade game , but the Genesis version allowed players to bypass censorship , helping make it the more popular port . Ed Boon , co @-@ creator of the Mortal Kombat franchise , compared the two versions , stating that the SNES version did not play as well the Genesis version .
= = = Sega Virtua Processor = = =
In order to produce more visually appealing graphics , companies began adding special processing chips to their cartridges to effectively increase the console 's capabilities . On the SNES , these are several DSP chips and RISC processors , which allows the console to produce faster and more accurate 3D and pseudo @-@ 3D graphics . In particular , the Super FX chip was designed to offload complex rendering tasks from the main CPU , enabling it to produce visual effects that the console cannot produce on its own . The chip was first used in Star Fox , which renders 3D polygons in real time , and Super Mario World 2 : Yoshi 's Island demonstrated the ability to rotate , scale , and stretch individual sprites and manipulate large areas of the screen .
As these enhancements became more commonplace on the Super NES , the stock of existing Genesis games began to look outdated in comparison . Sega began work on an enhancement chip to compete with the Super FX , resulting in the Sega Virtua Processor . This chip enables the Genesis to render polygons in real time and provides an " Axis Transformation " unit that handles scaling and rotation . Virtua Racing , the only game released with this chip , runs at a significantly higher and more stable frame rate than similar games on the SNES . The chip was expensive to produce , and increased the cost of the games that used it . At US $ 100 , Virtua Racing was the most expensive Genesis cartridge ever produced . Two other games , Virtua Fighter and Daytona USA , were planned for the SVP chip , but were instead moved into the Saturn 's launch line @-@ up . There were plans to sell the SVP chip as a separate upgrade module for the Genesis , but this module was never released .
= = Add @-@ ons = =
In addition to accessories such as the Power Base Converter , the Sega Genesis supports two add @-@ ons that each support their own game libraries . The first is the Sega CD ( known as the Mega @-@ CD in all regions except for North America ) , a compact disc @-@ based peripheral that can play its library of games in CD @-@ ROM format . The second is the Sega 32X , a 32 @-@ bit peripheral which uses ROM cartridges and serves as a pass @-@ through for Genesis games . Sega produced a custom power strip to fit the peripherals ' large AC adapters . Both add @-@ ons were officially discontinued in 1996 .
= = = Sega CD = = =
By 1991 , compact discs had gained in popularity as a data storage device for music and software . PCs and video game companies had started to make use of this technology . NEC had been the first to include CD technology in a game console with the release of the TurboGrafx @-@ CD add @-@ on , and Nintendo was making plans to develop its own CD peripheral as well . Seeing the opportunity to gain an advantage over its rivals , Sega partnered with JVC to develop a CD @-@ ROM add @-@ on for the Genesis . Sega launched the Mega @-@ CD in Japan on December 1 , 1991 , initially retailing at JP ¥ 49 @,@ 800 . The CD add @-@ on was launched in North America on October 15 , 1992 , as the Sega CD , with a retail price of US $ 299 ; it was released in Europe as the Mega @-@ CD in 1993 .
In addition to greatly expanding the potential size of its games , this add @-@ on unit upgraded the graphics and sound capabilities by adding a second , more powerful processor , more system memory , and hardware @-@ based scaling and rotation similar to that found in Sega 's arcade games . It provided battery @-@ backed storage RAM to allow games to save high scores , configuration data , and game progress ; an additional data storage cartridge was sold separately .
Shortly after its launch in North America , Sega began shipping the Sega CD with the pack @-@ in game Sewer Shark , a full motion video ( FMV ) game developed by Digital Pictures , a company that became an important partner for Sega . Touting the benefits of the CD 's comparatively vast storage space , Sega and its third @-@ party developers produced a number of games for the add @-@ on that include digital video in their gameplay or as bonus content , as well as rereleasing several cartridge @-@ based games with high @-@ fidelity audio tracks . In 1993 , Sega released the Sega CD 2 , a smaller and lighter version of the add @-@ on designed for the Genesis II , at a reduced price compared to the original . A limited number of games were later developed that use both the Sega CD and the Sega 32X add @-@ ons .
The Mega @-@ CD sold only 100 @,@ 000 units during its first year in Japan , falling well below expectations . Although many consumers blamed the add @-@ on 's high launch price , it also suffered from a tiny software library ; only two titles being available at launch . This was due in part to the long delay before Sega made its software development kit available to third @-@ party developers . Sales were more successful in North America and Europe , although the novelty of FMV and CD @-@ enhanced games quickly wore off as many of the system 's later games were met with lukewarm or negative reviews . In 1995 , Sega announced a shift in focus to its new console , the Saturn , and discontinued all advertising for Genesis hardware , including the Sega CD . The add @-@ on sold 2 @.@ 24 million units worldwide .
= = = Sega 32X = = =
With the release of the Sega Saturn slated for 1995 , Sega began to develop a stop @-@ gap solution that would bridge the gap between the Genesis and the Saturn , and would serve as a less expensive entry into the 32 @-@ bit era .
At the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1994 , Sega of America research and development head Joe Miller took a phone call from Nakayama , in which Nakayama stressed the importance of coming up with a quick response to the Atari Jaguar . One potential idea for this came from a concept from Sega Enterprises , later known as " Project Jupiter , " an entirely new independent console . Project Jupiter was initially slated to be a new version of the Genesis , with an upgraded color palette and a lower cost than the upcoming Saturn , as well as with some limited 3D capabilities thanks to integration of ideas from the development of the Sega Virtua Processor chip . Miller suggested an alternative strategy , citing concerns with releasing a new console with no previous design specifications within six to nine months . At the suggestion from Miller and his team , Sega designed the 32X as a peripheral for the existing Genesis , expanding its power with two 32 @-@ bit SuperH @-@ 2 processors . The SH @-@ 2 had been developed in 1993 as a joint venture between Sega and Japanese electronics company Hitachi . At the end of the Consumer Electronics show , with the basic design of the 32X in place , Sega Enterprises invited Sega of America to assist in development of the new add @-@ on .
Although the new unit was a stronger console than originally proposed , it was not compatible with Saturn games . Before the 32X could be launched , the release date of the Saturn was announced for November 1994 in Japan , coinciding with the 32X 's target launch date in North America . Sega of America now was faced with trying to market the 32X with the Saturn 's Japan release occurring simultaneously . Their answer was to call the 32X a " transitional device " between the Genesis and the Saturn . This was justified by Sega 's statement that both platforms would run at the same time , and that the 32X would be aimed at players who could not afford the more expensive Saturn .
The 32X was released in November 1994 , in time for the holiday season . Demand among retailers was high , and Sega could not keep up orders for the system . More than 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 orders had been placed for 32X units , but Sega had only managed to ship 600 @,@ 000 units by January 1995 . Launching at about the same price as a Genesis console , the price of the 32X was less than half of what the Saturn 's price would be at launch . Notwithstanding the lower priced console 's positioning as an inexpensive entry into 32 @-@ bit gaming , Sega had a difficult time convincing third @-@ party developers to create games for the new system . After an early run on the peripheral , news soon spread to the public of the upcoming release of the Sega Saturn , which would not support the 32X 's games . The Saturn was released early on May 11 , 1995 , four months earlier than its originally intended release date of September 2 , 1995 . The Saturn , in turn , caused developers to further shy away from the console and created doubt about the library for the 32X , even with Sega 's assurances that there would be a large number of games developed for the system . In early 1996 , Sega conceded that they had promised too much out of the 32X and decided to stop producing the system in order to focus on the Saturn . Prices for the 32X dropped to $ 99 and cleared out of stores at $ 19 @.@ 95 .
= = Variations = =
More than a dozen licensed variations of the Sega Genesis / Mega Drive have been released . In addition to models made by Sega , alternate models were made by other companies , such as Majesco , AtGames , JVC , Pioneer Corporation , Amstrad , and Aiwa . A number of bootleg clones were created during its lifespan .
= = = First @-@ party models = = =
In 1993 , Sega introduced a smaller , lighter version of the console , naming it the Genesis II in North America and the Mega Drive II everywhere else . This version omits the headphone jack in the front , replaces the A / V @-@ Out connector with a smaller version that supports stereo sound , and provides a simpler , less expensive mainboard that requires less power .
Sega released a combined , semi @-@ portable Genesis / Sega CD unit called the Genesis CDX ( marketed as the Multi @-@ Mega in Europe ) . This unit retailed at $ 399 @.@ 95 in the US ( roughly $ 100 more than the individual Genesis and Sega CD units put together , since the Sega CD dropped its price to $ 229 half a year before ) , and was bundled with Sonic the Hedgehog CD , Sega Classics Arcade Collection , and the Sega CD version of Ecco the Dolphin . It is incompatible with some games and cannot work with the Sega 32X due to overheating and electrical shock issues . The CDX features a small LCD screen that , when the unit is used to play audio CDs , displays the current track being played . With this feature and the system 's lightweight build ( weighing two pounds ) , Sega marketed it in part as a portable CD player .
Late in the 16 @-@ bit era , Sega released a handheld version of the Genesis called the Genesis Nomad . Its design was based on the Mega Jet , a Mega Drive portable unit featured on airplane flights in Japan . As the only successor to the Game Gear , the Nomad operates on 6 AA batteries , displaying its graphics on a 3 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 8 @.@ 25 @-@ mm ) LCD screen . The Nomad supports the entire Genesis library , but cannot be used with the Sega 32X , the Sega CD , or the Power Base Converter .
Exclusive to the Japanese market was the TeraDrive , a Mega Drive combined with a computer . Sega produced three arcade system boards based on the Mega Drive : the System C @-@ 2 , the MegaTech , and the MegaPlay , which support approximately 80 games combined .
= = = Third @-@ party models = = =
Working with Sega Enterprises , JVC released the Wondermega on April 1 , 1992 , in Japan . The system was later redesigned by JVC and released as the X 'Eye in North America in September 1994 . Designed by JVC to be a Genesis and Sega CD combination with high quality audio , the Wondermega 's high price ( $ 500 at launch ) kept it out of the hands of average consumers . The same was true of the Pioneer LaserActive , which requires an add @-@ on known as the Mega @-@ LD pack , developed by Sega , in order to play Genesis and Sega CD games . Although the LaserActive was lined up to compete with the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer , the combined price of the system and the Mega @-@ LD pack made it a prohibitively expensive option for Sega players . Aiwa released the CSD @-@ GM1 , a combination Genesis / Sega CD unit built into a boombox . Several companies added the Mega Drive to personal computers , mimicking the design of Sega 's TeraDrive ; these include the MSX models AX @-@ 330 and AX @-@ 990 , distributed in Kuwait and Yemen , and the Amstrad Mega PC , distributed in Europe and Australia .
After the Genesis was discontinued , Majesco Entertainment released the Genesis 3 as a budget version in 1998 . In 2009 , AtGames began producing two new variations : the Firecore , which can play original Genesis cartridges as well as preloaded games , and a handheld console preloaded with 20 Genesis games . Companies such as Radica Games have released various compilations of Genesis and Mega Drive games in " plug @-@ and @-@ play " packages resembling the system 's controller .
= = = Re @-@ releases and emulation = = =
A number of Genesis and Mega Drive emulators have been produced , including GenEM , KGen , Genecyst , VGen , St0rm , and Gens . The GameTap subscription gaming service included a Sega Genesis emulator and had several dozen licensed Genesis games in its catalog . The Console Classix subscription gaming service includes an emulator and has several hundred Sega Genesis games in its catalog . In addition to emulation , a number of Sega Genesis games have been released on compilation discs for other video game consoles . These include Sonic Mega Collection and Sonic Gems Collection for PS2 , Xbox , and Nintendo GameCube ; Sega Genesis Collection for PS2 and PSP , and most recently Sonic 's Ultimate Genesis Collection ( known as the Sega Mega Drive Ultimate Collection in PAL territories ) for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 .
During his keynote speech at the 2006 Game Developers Conference , Nintendo president Satoru Iwata announced that Sega was going to make a number of Genesis / Mega Drive titles available to download on the Wii
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
on the surface ; her electric motors generated 660 shaft horsepower ( 490 kW ) and could propel the boat up to 8 @.@ 8 knots ( 16 @.@ 3 km / h ; 10 @.@ 1 mph ) submerged . While traveling on the surface at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) , Curie had a range of 1 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 100 km ; 2 @,@ 000 mi ) ; the submarine 's range while submerged was 84 nautical miles ( 156 km ; 97 mi ) at 5 knots ( 9 @.@ 3 km / h ; 5 @.@ 8 mph ) .
Curie was laid down at the Arsenal de Toulon and launched on 18 July 1912 , completed by 1914 , and commissioned into the French Navy .
= = French career and sinking = =
Like all the Brumaire @-@ class submarines , Curie began her First World War service in the Mediterranean , and was one of the first French submarines to appear in the Adriatic .
On 17 December 1914 , Curie , at the insistence of her French @-@ Irish commander Gabriel O 'Byrne , departed her base in the Ionian Sea under tow by the French armored cruiser Jules Michelet . Depositing her charge 150 nautical miles ( 280 km ; 170 mi ) from Pola , the site of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy 's main base , Jules Michelet departed , leaving Curie to proceed to the Austro @-@ Hungarian base . Curie arrived the next day and began reconnoitering the entrance to the harbor . O 'Byrne observed the entrance and exit paths of Austro @-@ Hungarian vessels and plotted a course through the deployed defensive mines . On 19 December , O 'Byrne took Curie in to observe the anti @-@ submarine net that ran across the opening in a long , defensive breakwater built to keep submarines from infiltrating the naval base .
Believing that he had accounted for all of the defensive measures , O 'Byrne took Curie to a depth of 65 feet ( 20 m ) early on 20 December and , attempting an incursion into the harbor , heard the sounds of chains and wires dragging on the submarine 's hull . When the sounds stopped after half a minute , O 'Byrne brought Curie up to periscope depth to discover that he had only penetrated the outer net . Curie 's forward momentum carried her into the second net where she became " inextricably entangled " . When the submarine , still trapped in the net , was forced to surface for fresh air , Curie came under fire from the Austro @-@ Hungarian destroyer Magnet and torpedo boat Tb 63 T which quickly sank her . Three of the twenty @-@ six men on board were killed in the attack ; the survivors — who included Curie 's commander , O 'Byrne — were all taken prisoner .
= = Salvage and Austro @-@ Hungarian career = =
At the beginning of the First World War , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy 's U @-@ boat fleet consisted of six largely experimental submarines of three classes . The Navy had five larger , more modern submarines ( what would have been the U @-@ 7 class ) under construction in Germany at the outbreak of war , but when the Navy became convinced that delivery of the U @-@ 7 boats would be impossible , they were sold to Germany in November 1914 .
Amidst Austro @-@ Hungarian efforts to replace the now @-@ unavailable U @-@ 7 boats , the largely intact Curie , resting at a depth of 39 metres ( 128 ft ) , became the focus of salvage efforts . Beginning on 21 December , the day after Curie 's sinking , salvage crews raised the submarine in stages , finally bringing her to the surface on 2 February 1915 .
The former Curie , now assigned the designation U @-@ 14 , was reconditioned and commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy under the command of Korvettenkapitän Otto Zeidler on 1 June . Zeidler remained in command until he fell ill , and was replaced in mid @-@ October by Linienschiffsleutnant Georg Ritter von Trapp . Under Zeidler 's command and the first months of von Trapp 's command , U @-@ 14 had no successes .
In early February 1916 , U @-@ 14 joined U @-@ 4 for a patrol near Durazzo . U @-@ 4 came closest to scoring a success when she narrowly missed hitting HMS Lowestoft , a British Birmingham @-@ class cruiser on 7 February . U @-@ 14 survived a depth charge attack , but made it back to port with all of her externally mounted torpedoes crushed and both fuel tanks leaking .
When she put in for repairs , U @-@ 14 was extensively modernized in a refit that kept her in port from February to November . The submarine was given a German @-@ style conning tower that replaced the French @-@ designed wet lookout platform . She was equipped with more powerful diesel engines , which increased her power output from 480 to 840 brake horsepower ( 360 to 630 kW ) . U @-@ 14 's fighting potential was further enhanced by the installation of larger fuel tanks , which nearly quadrupled her range to 6 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 12 @,@ 000 km ) , up from her former maximum of 1 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 100 km ) .
On 28 April 1917 , U @-@ 14 was patrolling off the coast of Greece when she scored her first success , Teakwood , a 5 @,@ 315 @-@ ton British tanker headed from Port Arthur , Texas , to Port Said . On 3 May , on patrol in the same vicinity , von Trapp and U @-@ 14 sank another ship , this one the 1 @,@ 905 @-@ ton Italian steamer Antonio Sciesa .
In another patrol in July , U @-@ 14 sailed on the north side of the island of Corfu while headed for Santi Quaranta , Albania . Because the harbor at Corfu was occupied by the French fleet at the time , U @-@ 14 conducted a ruse de guerre by flying the submarine 's former national flag , the French tricolor , in order to pass unmolested . Even though U @-@ 14 's new conning tower made her look unlike any other Brumaire @-@ class boat , one French patrol plane was successfully fooled by the ruse . When U @-@ 14 's crew first spotted the aircraft , flying towards them from the direction of the sun , there was not enough time to submerge . As the aircraft drew near , its French markings — and its cargo of bombs — became apparent to the crew . With no other course of action possible , U @-@ 14 's crew waved their hats and handkerchiefs at the plane . As the French pilot passed overhead , he returned the waves , apparently unaware of the U @-@ boat 's true nationality . The only success by U @-@ 14 on this cruise was the sinking of Marionga Goulandris , a Greek steamer , near Cape Matapan .
U @-@ 14 's next war patrol was very successful , sinking five ships with a combined tonnage of 24 @,@ 814 , over half of her total tonnage sunk . U @-@ 14 departed from the submarine base at Cattaro on 20 August and headed through the Straits of Otranto , successfully evading the Otranto Barrage , and Allied blockade of the passageway between Italy and Albania . Heading into the Ionian Sea , von Trapp and U @-@ 14 sank the French steamer Constance on 23 August 142 nautical miles ( 263 km ; 163 mi ) northeast of Malta . The following day , U @-@ 14 sank Kilwinning , a British steamer loaded with coal and a general cargo headed for Port Said . Two days after that , the British steamer Titian was sunk by U @-@ 14 while on en route to Alexandria . U @-@ 14 's next victim was the British steamer Nairn . The 3 @,@ 627 @-@ ton turret deck ship , on her way from Malta to Port Said with coal , was sunk on the night of 27 / 28 August 125 nautical miles ( 232 km ; 144 mi ) from Benghazi .
On 29 August , von Trapp sank the Italian steamer Milazzo 250 nautical miles ( 460 km ; 290 mi ) east of Malta . Milazzo , at 11 @,@ 744 tons , was the largest ship sunk by U @-@ 14 , and among the largest ships sunk by a U @-@ boat in World War I. Milazzo , reported by The New York Times in 1916 as the largest cargo ship in the world , was the second @-@ largest ship sunk by an Austro @-@ Hungarian submarine . U @-@ 14 concluded her patrol on 1 September , when she returned to Cattaro .
U @-@ 14 sank three more ships during a five @-@ day span in October . On 19 October , U @-@ 14 sank the British ship Elsiston 150 nautical miles ( 280 km ; 170 mi ) from Malta . One person aboard Elsiston , which was carrying military stores between Malta and Suda Bay , was killed in the attack . Nearby , and on the same day , von Trapp sank the 3 @,@ 618 @-@ ton Good Hope , a British ship laden with iron ore for Middlesbrough . The next ship sunk by U @-@ 14 was the Italian steamer Capo di Monte , sunk 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ; 120 mi ) from Candia while on her way from Karachi to Malta .
In January 1918 , Friedrich Schlosser replaced von Trapp as commander of U @-@ 14 . Schlosser was , in turn , replaced in June by Hugo Pistel , who remained in command until the end of the war . Neither of the later commanders was able to duplicate von Trapp 's success in U @-@ 14 ; the U @-@ boat sank no more ships through the rest of the war .
After Austria @-@ Hungary 's surrender and the end of the First World War , U @-@ 14 was returned to France and on 17 July 1919 rejoined the French Navy under her former name of Curie . She was stricken in 1928 and scrapped in 1929 .
= = Ships sunk by U @-@ 14 = =
= Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men 's 100 metre butterfly =
The men 's 100 metre butterfly event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 14 – 16 August at the Beijing National Aquatics Center in Beijing , China .
U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps set a new Olympic record of 50 @.@ 58 to defend his title in the event , edging out Serbia 's Milorad Čavić ( 50 @.@ 59 ) by one hundredth of a second ( 0 @.@ 01 ) . He also earned his seventh Olympic gold at a single Games , tying Mark Spitz 's 1972 record for the most gold medals . Australia 's Andrew Lauterstein earned a bronze in 51 @.@ 12 , finishing in a close race against world record holder Ian Crocker by the slimmest margin . Phelps ' triumph occurred after Čavić had remarked that it would be better for the sport if Phelps was defeated . Phelps ' margin of triumph was so close that the Serbian team filed a protest , but after officials reviewed the video , the International Swimming Federation ( FINA ) announced that Phelps did touch the wall first and his victory would be upheld .
Kenya 's Jason Dunford finished fifth with a time of 51 @.@ 47 , and was followed in the sixth spot by Japan 's Takuro Fujii , in an Asian record of 51 @.@ 50 . Ukraine 's Andriy Serdinov ( 51 @.@ 59 ) , the bronze medalist in Athens four years earlier , and Papua New Guinea 's Ryan Pini , gold medalist at the 2006 Commonwealth Games , ( 51 @.@ 86 ) closed out the field . Dunford and Pini also made history as the first swimmer for their respective nation to reach an Olympic final .
Out of six individual events from his Olympic program , Phelps did not break the current world record in a final , finishing 0 @.@ 18 of a second behind Crocker 's time of 50 @.@ 40 , set in 2005 . In the entire event , other records were established , the Olympic record , five continental records , and several national records .
= = Preview = =
Due to a combination of the venue , Beijing National Aquatics Center ( better known as the Water Cube ) , which was claimed to be built to increase the speed of the swimmers , and the recently introduced LZR Racer swim suits , which had been proven to give the swimmer a lower time by 1 @.@ 9 to 2 @.@ 2 % , some analysts were predicting that many fast times and world records would be set in all the swimming events .
As with almost every event that he entered in at the 2008 Summer Olympics , Michael Phelps was the favorite to win the men 's 100 metre butterfly . Since winning the gold medal at the previous Games , in Athens , Phelps had demonstrated his superiority in this event , by also becoming world champion at the Melbourne 2007 World Championships , and achieving victory at the United States Olympic Trials . Therefore , the 100 metre butterfly was one of the eight Olympic events where Phelps was attempting to win a gold medal .
Going into the event , Phelps ' compatriot Ian Crocker was seen as the swimmer with the best chance of beating Phelps . Crocker beat Phelps ' 100 metre butterfly world record in 2003 , and had since lowered it twice : once at the 2004 United States Olympic trials , and then at the 2005 World Championships in Montreal . Before the Olympics , Crocker and Phelps held the seventeen fastest times ever in the event . In 2004 , Crocker was the favorite in the men 's 100 metre butterfly , but lost to Phelps by four one @-@ hundredths of a second . This victory gave Phelps the right to swim in the final of the 4 × 100 metre medley relay , however he gave up the spot to Crocker , and took his turn in the semifinals . Although holding the world record , Crocker had lost the last four times that he was up against Phelps in the 100 metre butterfly , including the 2008 United States Olympic Trials . Some thought that Crocker was not in the same shape that he was when we broke the world record , including Canadian Broadcasting Company ( CBC ) analyst Byron MacDonald who said that " If he 's ( Crocker ) going to beat Phelps in Beijing , Crocker has to get close to his world record time of 50 @.@ 40 . He just hasn 't shown it [ he ] can do it this year " .
Another threat to Phelps ' goal was Serbia 's Milorad Čavić . In Athens 2004 , Čavić was leading in a semifinal of the 100 metre butterfly , but right after his final turn , his suit opened at the neck and sucked in water , causing Čavić to finish last with a time of 53 @.@ 12 seconds . At the 2008 European Championships , Čavić won the men 's 50 metre butterfly and was the heavy favorite to win at twice that distance , but was suspended for wearing a " Kosovo is Serbia " T @-@ shirt on the medal podium . American swimmer Gary Hall , Jr. told The New York Times that although " Mike ( Phelps ) has been saying he ’ s going to win the 100 fly at the Olympics for the last year " , he thought that Čavić would be the winner .
Other possible medal contenders included Andriy Serdinov of Ukraine , who had won the Olympic bronze medal in 2004 , and Venezuelan Albert Subriats , a bronze medalist at the 2007 World Championships and seen as a potential spoiler , if he could match or improve on his 51 @.@ 82 time , in Beijing .
= = Competition = =
= = = Heats = = =
The heats began on August 14 , at 19 : 57 local time ( CST or UTC + 8 ) . There were nine preliminary heats , but all sixteen qualifiers came from the last five heats . Only three swimmers participated in the first heat , which was won by Andrejs Duda of Latvia with a time of 55 @.@ 20 seconds . Heats 2 , 3 , and 4 were won by Shaune Fraser ( Cayman Islands ) , Rimvydas Šalčius ( Lithuania ) , and Jakob Schioett Andkjaer ( Denmark ) , respectively . Salcius , Jeremy Knowles ( Bahamas ) , and Alon Mandel ( Israel ) all broke their countries ' previous records , while in heat 4 , Andkjaer , Michal Rubáček of the Czech Republic , Sotirios Pastras of Greece , and Ioan Stefan Gherghel of Romania also set new national records . South African Lyndon Ferns was the first swimmer to qualify for the semifinals , winning heat 5 with a time of 52 @.@ 04 seconds , while national records were broken by Mario Todorović ( Croatia ) , Simão Morgado ( Portugal ) , and Douglas Lennox @-@ Silva ( Puerto Rico ) . Sergii Breus ( Ukraine ) and Shi Feng ( China ) , finished first and second in heat 6 , with times of 51 @.@ 82 and 51 @.@ 87 seconds , respectively , that allowed them to reach the semifinals . Five of the eight swimmers in heat 7 advanced as well , including Jason Dunford ( Kenya ) , Andrew Lauterstein ( Australia ) , Takuro Fujii ( Japan ) , Frédérick Bousquet ( France ) , and Ryan Pini ( Papua New Guinea ) . Dunford , with a 51 @.@ 14 time , set a new Olympic record , beating Phelps ' previous record of 51 @.@ 25 seconds , achieved in the final of the 100 metre butterfly in Athens ; he also set new African and Kenyan records . Andrew Lauterstein 's 51 @.@ 37 time was a new Oceanic and Australian best . Takuro Fujii set a Japanese and an Asian record with his 51 @.@ 50 time . The swimmers qualifying from heat 8 were Albert Subirats Altes ( Venezuela ) , Corney Swanepoel ( New Zealand ) , and Ian Crocker ( United States ) . Records broken in this heat included the South American and Venezuelan records ( by Altes ) , and the New Zealand record ( by Swanepoel ) . Heat 9 was the fastest one , with Milorad Čavić ( Serbia ) , Michael Phelps ( United States ) , Andrii Serdinov ( Ukraine ) , Peter Mankoč ( Slovenia ) , and Kaio de Almeida ( Brazil ) all earning spots in the next round . Čavić , the heat 's winner with a 50 @.@ 76 time , beat the Olympic record set by Dunford two heats earlier , thus also setting a new European and Serbian record . Serdinov and Mankoč also managed to break their national records .
= = = Semifinals = = =
The semifinals were held on August 15 and started at 11 : 26 CST . The first semifinal was won by Michael Phelps with a time of 50 @.@ 97 seconds . Other three swimmers qualified from this semifinal : Andrew Lauterstein ( 51 @.@ 27 seconds ) , Jason Dunford ( 51 @.@ 33 seconds ) , and Ryan Pini ( 51 @.@ 62 seconds ) . Surprisingly , Albert Subirats Altes , the bronze medalist at the 2007 World Championships , failed to qualify , after finishing in the sixth place . Also missing the cut was the host nation 's representative Shi Feng , Segii Breus , and Kaio de Almeida . The second semifinal was won in 50 @.@ 92 seconds by Milorad Čavić , once again . The remaining three qualifiers were Ian Crocker ( 51 @.@ 27 seconds ) , Andriy Serdinov ( 51 @.@ 41 seconds ) , and Takuro Fujii ( 51 @.@ 59 seconds ) . New time bests set in the semifinals included the Oceanic and Australian records ( set by Lauterstein ) , and the Chinese record ( set by Shi ) .
= = = Final = = =
The final took place on August 16 , at 10 : 10 CST . Before the race , Milorad Čavić made headlines by saying in an interview that it would be better for swimming if he beat Phelps . Phelps ' coach Bob Bowman used the quote to provide motivation to his protégé . In an interview , Phelps said that doubters like Čavić " fires me up more than anything , I always welcome comments . It definitely motivates me even more . " Almost immediately after the race started , Čavić took the lead with Phelps getting off to a slow start . At the turn , Čavić was first , followed by Ian Crocker , while Phelps made the split in seventh place , just 0 @.@ 62 seconds behind Čavić . As the two approached the finish , Čavić tried to coast to the wall on one last stroke , while Phelps , who had misjudged the end , took an extra half @-@ stroke , causing both competitors to touch the wall at almost exactly the same time . It turned out that Phelps had actually finished one one @-@ hundredth of a second ahead of Čavić , with a time of 50 @.@ 58 seconds . Phelps even admitted that , at first , he thought the extra stroke he took had cost him the gold medal , until he looked at the scoreboard displaying the results . Andrew Lauterstein won the bronze medal , also beating Crocker by one one @-@ hundredth of a second .
Several records were broken at the final . For the first time at the 2008 Summer Olympics , Phelps did not break the current world record in a final , finishing eighteen one @-@ hundredths of a second behind team @-@ mate Crocker 's 50 @.@ 40 @-@ second world record from 2005 ; he did though set a new Olympic record . Three continental records were broken in the final , with Fujii setting a new Asian record , Čavić a new European record , and Lauterstein a new Oceanic record . Although he finished last , swimmer Ryan Pini made history as the first swimmer from Papua New Guinea to swim in an Olympic final , and even received a call from the prime minister Michael Somare congratulating him . Most notably though , Phelps won his seventh gold medal at these Games , tying Mark Spitz 's record for most gold medals won at a single Olympic Games . For being able to emulate Spitz 's record , Speedo , a sponsor of Michael Phelps , awarded him a US $ 1 million bonus , which had already been offered to him at the 2004 Summer Olympics , under the same conditions . After the final , the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) arranged a joint interview with Phelps and Spitz , where Spitz praised Phelps ' effort , telling him that " what you did tonight was epic " and even though at one point , Phelps was more than half a second behind Čavić , Spitz " never thought for one moment you ( Phelps ) were out of that race . "
= = = = Protest = = = =
Almost immediately after the end of the race , the Serbian team filed a protest claiming that Čavić touched the wall first but did not use enough force to trigger the timing sensor . Officials of the International Swimming Federation ( FINA ) watched the video in slow motion , and announced that Phelps ' victory would be upheld . Ben Ekumbo , a FINA referee announced that " It 's very clear that the Serbian swimmer touched second after Michael Phelps . " Although Serbia conceded their protest , not everyone was convinced that Phelps had won the gold medal ; Branislav Jevtić , Serbia 's deputy chef de mission for all sports , was quoted as saying " in my opinion , it 's not right , but we must follow the rules . Everybody saw what happened . " In one interview following the race , Čavić said " I am completely happy with where I am " , while in another he revealed that he expects that " people will be bringing this up for years and saying you ( Čavić ) won that race . If we got to do this again , I would win it " . While the result is still controversial , a high speed photograph shows Phelps touching the wall , while Čavić is still a short distance away . In April 2015 , Spitz said that he had been sent an email posted by Omega which stated that Phelps had lost the 100m butterfly final .
= = Records = =
Prior to this competition , the existing world and Olympic records were as follows .
The following records were established during the competition :
= = Results = =
= = = Heats = = =
= = = Semifinals = = =
= = = = Semifinal 1 = = = =
= = = = Semifinal 2 = = = =
= = = Final = = =
= Design management =
Design management is a business discipline that uses project management , design , strategy , and supply chain techniques to control a creative process , support a culture of creativity , and build a structure and organization for design . The objective of design management is to develop and maintain a business environment in which an organization can achieve its strategic and mission goals through design , and by establishing and managing an efficient and effective system . Design management is a comprehensive activity at all levels of business ( operational to strategic ) , from the discovery phase to the execution phase . " Simply put , design management is the business side of design . Design management encompasses the ongoing processes , business decisions , and strategies that enable innovation and create effectively @-@ designed products , services , communications , environments , and brands that enhance our quality of life and provide organizational success . " The discipline of design management overlaps with marketing management , operations management , and strategic management
Traditionally , design management was seen as limited to the management of design projects , but over time , it evolved to include other aspects of an organization at the functional and strategic level . A more recent debate concerns the integration of design thinking into strategic management as a cross @-@ disciplinary and human @-@ centered approach to management . This paradigm also focuses on a collaborative and iterative style of work and an abductive mode of inference , compared to practices associated with the more traditional management paradigm .
Over recent years , design has become a strategic asset in brand equity , differentiation , and product quality for many companies . More and more organizations apply design management to improve design @-@ relevant activities and to better connect design with corporate strategy .
= = Extended definition = =
The multifaceted nature of design management leads to varied opinion , making it difficult to give an overall definition ; furthermore , design managers have a broad range of roles and responsibilities . These factors , combined with a multitude of other influences such as the industry involved , company size , the market situation , and the importance of design within the organization 's activities . As a result , design management is not restricted to a single design discipline and usually depends on the context of its application within an individual organization .
On an abstract level , design management plays three key roles in the interface of design , organization , and market . The three key roles are to :
Align design strategy with corporate or brand strategy , or both
Manage quality and consistency of design outcomes across and within different design disciplines ( design classes )
Enhance new methods of user experience , create new solutions for user needs and differentiation from competitor 's designs
= = = Defining quotes = = =
Design management is the effective deployment by line managers of the design resources available to an organization in the pursuance of its corporate objectives . It is therefore directly concerned with the organizational place of design , with the identification with specific design disciplines which are relevant to the resolution of key management issues , and with the training of managers to use design effectively .
Design management is a complex and multi @-@ faceted activity that goes right to the heart of what a company is or does [ ... ] it is not something susceptible to pat formulas , a few bullet points or a manual . Every company 's structure and internal culture is different ; design management is no exception . But the fact that every firm is different does not diminish the importance of managing design tightly and effectively .
= = Definition of related terms = =
= = = Design = = =
Unlike unique sciences such as mathematics , the perspective , activity , or discipline of design is not brought to a generally accepted common denominator . The historical beginnings of design are complex and the nature of design is still the subject of ongoing discussion . In design , there are strong differentiations between theory and practice . The fluid nature of the theory allows the designer to operate without being constrained by a rigid structure . In practice , decisions are often referred to as intuition . In his Classification of Design ( 1976 ) , Gorb divided design into three different classes . Design management operates in and across all three classes : product ( e.g. industrial design , packaging design , service design ) , information ( e.g. graphic design , branding , media design , web design ) , and environment ( e.g. retail design , exhibition design , interior design ) .
= = = Management = = =
Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives efficiently and effectively . Management comprises planning , organizing , staffing , leading or directing , and controlling an organization ( a group of one or more people or entities ) , or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal . Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources , financial resources , technological resources , and natural resources . Towards the end of the 20th century , business management came to consist of six separate branches , namely human resource management , operations management ( or production management ) , strategic management , marketing management , financial management , and information technology management , which was responsible for management information systems . Although it is difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way , it helps in navigating the discipline of management . Design management overlaps mainly with the branches marketing management , operations management , and strategic management .
= = = Design leadership = = =
Design managers often operate in the area of design leadership ; however , design management and design leadership are interdependent rather than interchangeable . Like management and leadership , they differ in their objectives , achievements of objectives , accomplishments , and outcomes . Design leadership leads from creation of a vision to changes , innovations , and implementation of creative solutions . It stimulates communication and collaboration through motivation , sets ambitions , and points out future directions to achieve long @-@ term objectives . In contrast , design management is reactive and responds to a given business situation by using specific skills , tools , methods , and techniques . Design management requires design leadership to know where to go and design leadership requires design management to know how to get there .
= = History = =
Difficulties arise in tracing the history of design management . Even though design management as an expression is first mentioned in literature in 1964 , earlier contributions created the context in which the expression could arise . Throughout its history , design management was influenced by a number of different disciplines : architecture , industrial design , management , software development , engineering ; and movements such as system theory , design methodologies . It cannot be attributed directly to either design nor to management .
= = = Business = = =
= = = = Managing product aesthetics and corporate design ( early contributions ) = = = =
Early contributions to design management show how different design disciplines were coordinated to achieve business objectives at a corporate level , and demonstrate the early understanding of design as a competitive force . In that context , design was merely understood as an aesthetic function , and the management of design was at the level of project planning .
The practice of managing design to achieve a business objective was first documented in 1907 . The Deutscher Werkbund ( German Work Federation ) was established in Munich by twelve architects and twelve business firms as a state @-@ sponsored effort to better compete with Great Britain and the United States by integrating traditional craft and industrial mass @-@ production techniques . A German designer and architect , Peter Behrens , created the entire corporate identity ( logotype , product design , publicity , etc . ) of Allgemeine Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft ( AEG ) , and is regarded as the first industrial designer in history . His work for AEG was the first large @-@ scale demonstration of the viability and vitality of the Werkbund 's initiatives and objectives and can be considered as first contribution to design management .
In the following years , companies applied the principles of corporate identity and corporate design to increase awareness and recognition by consumers and differentiation from competitors . Olivetti became famous for its attention to design through their corporate design activities . In 1936 Olivetti hired Giovanni Pintori in their publicity department and promoted Marcello Nizzoli from the product design department to develop design in a comprehensive corporate philosophy . In 1956 , inspired by the compelling brand character of Olivetti , Thomas Watson , Jr . , CEO of IBM , retained American architect and industrial designer Eliot Noyes to develop a corporate @-@ wide IBM Design Program consisting of coherent brand @-@ design strategy together with a design management system to guide and oversee the comprehensive brand identity elements of : products , graphics , exhibits , architecture , interiors and fine art . This seminal effort by Noyes , with his inclusion of Paul Rand and Charles Eames as consultants , is considered to be the first comprehensive corporate design program in America . Up to and during the 1960s , debates in the design community were focused on ergonomics , functionalism , and corporate design , while debates in management addressed Just in time , Total quality management , and product specification . The main proponents of design management at that time were AEG , Bauhaus , HfG Ulm , the British Design Council , Deutscher Werkbund , Olivetti , IBM , Peter Behrens , and Walter Paepcke .
= = = = Managing design systematically ( 1960s – 1970s ) = = = =
The work of designers in the 1960s was influenced by industry , as the debate on design evolved from an aesthetic function into active cooperation with industry . Designers had to work in a team with engineers and marketers , and design was perceived as one part of the product development process . In the early years , design management was strongly influenced by system science and the emergence of a design science ( e.g. the " blooming period of design methodologies " in Germany , the US , and Great Britain ) , as its main contributors had backgrounds in architecture . Early discussions on design management were strongly influenced by Anglo @-@ Saxon literature ( e.g. Farr and Horst Rittel ) , methodological studies ( e.g. HfG Ulm and Christopher Alexander ) , and theories in business studies . Design management dealt with two main issues :
how to develop corporate systems of planning aims
how to solve problems of methodological information processing
Instruments and checklists were developed to structure the processes and decisions of companies for successful corporate development . In this period the main contributors to design management were Michael Farr , Horst Rittel , HfG Ulm , Christopher Alexander , the London Business School , Peter Gorb , the Design Management Institute , and the Royal Society of Arts . Debates in design disciplines were focusing on design science , design methodology , wicked problems , Ulm methodology , new German design , and semiotic and scenario technique .
= = = = Managing design as a strategic asset ( 1980s – 1990s ) = = = =
In the 1980s several managers realized the economic effect of design , which increased the demand for design management . As companies were unsure how to manage design , there was a market for consultancy ; focusing on helping organizations manage the product development process , including market research , product concepts , projects , communications , and market launch phases — as well as the positioning of products and companies .
Three important works were published in 1990 : the Publication of Design Management – A Handbook of Issues and Methods by Mark Oakley ( Editor ) , the book Design Management by French researcher Brigitte Borja de Mozota , and the Publication of Design Management – Papers from the London Business School by Peter Gorb ( Editor ) . This new method @-@ based design management approach helped to improve communication amongst technical and marketing managers . Examples of the new methods included trend research , the product effect triad , style mapping , milieus , product screenings , empiric design methods , and service design , giving design a more communicative and central role within organizations .
In the management community the topics of management theory , positioning strategy , brand management , strategic management , advertisement , competitive strategy , leadership , business ethics , mass customization , core competencies , strategic intent , reputation management , and system theory were discussed . Main issues and debates in design management included the topics of design leadership , design thinking , and corporate identity ; plus the involvement of design management at the operational , tactical , and strategic levels .
In 1980 Robert Blaich , the senior managing director of design at Philips , introduced a design management system that regards design , production , and marketing as a single unit . This was an important contribution to the definition of design as a core element in business . At Philips Design , Stefano Marzano became CEO and Chief Creative Director in 1991 , continuing the work of Robert Blaich to align design processes with business processes and furthering design strategy as an important asset of the overall business strategy .
Upon being appointed corporate head of the IBM Design Program in 1989 , Tom Hardy , initiated a strategic design management effort , in collaboration with IBM design consultant Richard Sapper , to return to the roots of the IBM Design Program first established in 1956 by Eliot Noyes , Paul Rand and Charles Eames . The intent was to reprise IBM 's brand image with customer experience @-@ driven quality , approachability and contemporary product innovation . The highly successful IBM ThinkPad was the first product to emerge from this strategy in 1992 and , together with other innovative , award @-@ winning products that followed , served to position design as a strategic asset for IBM 's brand turnaround efforts initiated in 1993 by newly appointed CEO Louis V. Gerstner , Jr .
As a consultant following his 22 @-@ year tenure at IBM , Hardy served as Corporate Design Advisor to Samsung from 1996 @-@ 2003 where his integration of a brand @-@ design philosophy and guiding principles , together with a comprehensive design management system , became a strategic corporate asset that significantly helped elevate Samsung 's image from follower to global brand @-@ design leader and dramatically increased brand equity value .
= = = = Managing design for innovation ( 2000s – 2010s ) = = = =
Design management has taken a more strategic role within business since 2000 , and more academic programs for design management have been established . Design management has been recognized ( and subsidized ) throughout the European Union as a function for corporate advantage of both companies and nations . The main issues and debates included the topics of design thinking , strategic design management , design leadership , and product service systems . Design management was influenced by the following design trends : sustainable design , inclusive design , interactive design , design probes , product clinics , and co @-@ design . It was also influenced by the later management trends of open innovation and design thinking .
= = = Notion of the term " design management " = = =
The term " architectural management " was coined by the architects Brunton , Baden Hellard and Boobyer in 1964 where they highlighted the tension and synergy between the management of individual projects ( job management ) and the management of the business ( office management ) . Although they did not use the term " design management " , they stressed identical issues ; while the design community discussed methodologies for design . Christopher Alexander 's work played an important role in the development of the design methodology , where he devoted his attention to the problems of form and context ; and focused on disassembling complex design challenges into constituent parts to approach a solution . His intention was to bring more rationalism and structure into the solving of design problems .
In 1965 the term design management was first published in a series of articles in the Design Journal . This series includes a pre @-@ publication of the first chapter of the book Design Management by Michael Farr , which is considered as the first comprehensive literature on design management . His thoughts on system theory and project management led to a framework on how to deal with design as a business function at the corporate management level by providing the language and methodology to effectively manage it .
= = = Politic ( till 2000s ) = = =
Design policies have a history reaching back to the end of the 19th century , when design programs with roots in the crafts sector were implemented in Sweden ( 1845 ) and Finland ( 1875 ) . In 1907 the Deutscher Werkbund ( German Work Federation ) was established in Munich to better compete with Great Britain and United States . The success of the Deutscher Werkbund inspired a group of British designers , industrialists and business people after they had seen the Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne in 1914 , to found the Design and Industries Association and campaign for a greater involvement of government in the promotion of good design . In 1944 design management by managing design policies was used by the British Government . The British Design Council was founded by Hugh Dalton , president of the Board of Trade in the British wartime government , as the Council of Industrial Design with the objective " to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of British industry " .
Germany also realized the national importance of design during World War II . Between 1933 and 1945 Adolf Hitler used design , architecture and propaganda to increase his power ; shown through the annual Reichsparteitage in Nürnberg on September 5 . Heinrich Himmler coordinated several design activities for Hitler , including : the all @-@ black SS @-@ uniform designed by Professor Karl Diebitsch and Walter Heck in 1933 ; the Dachau concentration camp , designed by Theodor Eicke , and prototypes for other Nazi concentration camps ; and the Wewelsburg redesign commissioned by Heinrich Himmler in 1944 .
Since the 1990s the practice of design promotion is evolving , and governments have used policy management and design management to promote design as part of their efforts of fostering technology , manufacturing and innovation .
= = = Promotion and conference ( till 2000s ) = = =
In America the Chicago industrialist Walter Paepcke , of the Container Corporation of America , founded the Aspen Design Conference after World War II as a way of bringing business and designers together – to the benefit of both . In 1951 the first conference topic , " Design as a function of management " , was chosen to ensure the participation of the business community . After several years , business leaders stopped attending because the increased participation of designers changed the dialogue , focusing not on the need for collaboration between business and design , but rather on the business community 's failure to understand the value of design .
The Royal Society of Arts ( RSA ) Presidential Medals for Design Management were instituted in June 1964 . These were to recognize outstanding examples of design policy in organizations that maintained a consistently high standard in all aspects of design management , throughout all industries and disciplines . With these awards the RSA introduced the term design management . In 1965 the first medals were given to four companies ; Conran & Co Ltd , Jaeger & Co Ltd , S. Hille & Co Ltd and W. & A. Gilbey Ltd. in the category " current achievements " and two companies London Transport and Heal and Son Ltd. in the category " long pioneering in the field of design management " . The medal selection committee included representatives of the RSA council and the faculty of Royal Designers for Industry .
The Design Management Institute ( DMI ) was founded in 1975 at the Massachusetts College of Art in Boston . Since the mid @-@ 1980s the DMI has been an international non @-@ profit organization that seeks to heighten the awareness of design as an essential part of business strategy , and become the leading resource and international authority on design management . One year later the first conference was organized . The DMI increased its international presence and established the " European International Conference on Design Management " in 1997 , and a professional development program for design management .
In 2007 the European Commission funded the Award for Design Management Innovating and Reinforcing Enterprises ( ADMIRE ) project for two years , as part of the Pro Inno Europe Initiative , which is the EU 's " focal point for innovation policy analysis , learning and development " . The aim was to encourage companies – especially small and medium enterprises ( SMEs ) – to introduce design management procedures to ; improve their competitiveness , stimulate innovation , establish a European knowledge @-@ sharing platform , organize the Design Management Europe Award , and to identify and test new activities to promote Design Management .
= = = Education ( 1970 on ) = = =
Teaching design to managers was pioneered at the London Business School ( LBS ) in 1976 by Peter Gorb ( 1926 @-@ 2013 ) , the first Honorary Fellow of the DMI and a long @-@ standing Fellow of the RSA . Gorb had previously embedded design management in the Burton Retail Group before joining LBS where he later founded the Design Management Unit in 1982 ( in collaboration with Charles Handy ) which he led for over 20 years . In 1979 his talk at the RSA entitled Design and its Use by Managers provided a background introduction to the wide scope of design within industry and commerce , and an appreciation of the power of design as a management resource . Gorb produced two books based on seminars at the Design Management Unit at LBS , Design Talks ( 1988 ) with Eric Schneider and Design Management : Papers from the London Business School ( 1990 ) . Gorb is also remembered as introducing the concept of Silent Design , design undertaken by non @-@ designers , in an influential paper with Angela Dumas ( 1987 ) .
In 1991 the University of Art and Design Helsinki founded the Institute of Design Leadership and Management and established an international training program . The International Design Management Conference was organized in the same year by them . In 1995 the Helsinki School of Economics ( HSE ) , University of Art and Design Helsinki ( TaiK ) , and University of Technology ( TKK ) cooperated to create the International Design Business Management Program ( IDBM ) , which aims to bring together experts from different fields within the concept of design business management .
The Design Leadership Fellowship at the University of Oxford was founded in 2005 . In the same year the Stanford University Institute of Design founded the D @-@ school , a faculty intended to advance multidisciplinary innovation . The Finnish Aalto University was founded in 2010 and is a merger of the three established Finnish universities – the Helsinki School of Economics ( HSE ) , University of Art and Design Helsinki ( TaiK ) , and University of Technology ( TKK ) – that had been cooperating on the IDBM design management program since 1995 . Since 2006 the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts in Switzerland offers one of the few undergraduate studies in design management , completely taught in English .
= = = Research = = =
The first international research project on design management , the TRIAD research project , was initiated by Earl Powell , then president of DMI and the Harvard Business School in 1989 . In the same year Earl Powell and Thomas Walton , Ph.D. developed the Design Management Review and DMI published the first issue . The publication is solely focusing on design management and has become the flagship publication of the discipline .
Design and design management have experienced different generations of theories . In its first generation design focused on the object , in the second on the process , and in the third on the user . Similar shifts can be seen in management and design management in almost parallel steps . For design management this has been illustrated by Brigitte Borja de Mozota , using Findeli 's Bremen Model as a framework . Design management research organised itself into :
Organizational studies : design in an economic sector or design in large firms , such as Philips or Olivetti
Descriptive studies of specific methods of design management
It is difficult to predict where design management research is heading .
= = Different types = =
Different types of design management depend on the type and strategic orientation of the business .
= = = Product design management = = =
In product @-@ focused companies , design management focuses mainly on product design management , including strong interactions with product design , product marketing , research and development , and new product development . This perspective of design management is mainly focused on the aesthetic , semiotic , and ergonomic aspects of the product to express the product 's qualities and to manage diverse product groups and product design platforms and can be applied together with a user @-@ centered design perspective .
= = = Brand design management = = =
In market and brand focused companies , design management focuses mainly on brand design management , including corporate brand management and product brand management . Focusing on the brand as the core for design decisions results in a strong focus on the brand experience , customer touch points , reliability , recognition , and trust relations . The design is driven by the brand vision and strategy .
Corporate brand design management
Market and brand focused organizations are concerned with the expression and perception of the corporate brand . Corporate design management implements , develops , and maintains the corporate identity , or brand . This type of brand management is strongly anchored in the organization to control and influence corporate design activities . The design program plays the role of a quality program within many fields of the organization to achieve uniform internal branding . It is strongly linked to strategy , corporate culture , product development , marketing , organizational structure , and technological development . Achieving a consistent corporate brand requires the involvement of designers and a widespread design awareness among employees . A creative culture , knowledge sharing processes , determination , design leadership , and good work relations support the work of corporate brand management .
Product brand design management
The main focus of product brand management lies on the single product or product family . Product design management is linked to research and development , marketing , and brand management , and is present in the fast @-@ moving consumer goods ( FMCG ) industry . It is responsible for the visual expressions of the individual product brand , with its diverse customer – brand touch points and the execution of the brand through design .
= = = Service design management = = =
Service design management deals with the newly emerging field of service design . It is the activity of planning and organizing people , infrastructure , communication , and material components of a service . The aim is to improve the quality of the service , the interaction between the service provider and its customers , and the customer 's experience . The increasing importance and size of the service sector in terms of people employed and economic importance requires that services should be well @-@ designed in order to remain competitive and to continue to attract customers . Design management traditionally focuses in the design and development of manufactured products ; service design managers can apply many of the same theoretical and methodological approaches . Systematic and strategic management of service design helps the business gain competitive advantages and conquer new markets . Companies that proactively identify the interests of their customers and use this information to develop services that create good experiences for the customer will open up new and profitable business opportunities .
Companies in the service sector innovate by addressing the intangibility , heterogeneity , inseparability , and perishability of service ( the IHIP challenge ) :
Services are intangible ; they have no physical form and they cannot be seen before purchase or taken home .
Services are heterogenous ; unlike tangible products , no two service delivery experiences are alike .
Services are inseparable ; the act of supplying a service is inseparable from the customer 's act of consuming it .
Services are perishable ; they can not be inventoried .
Service design management differs in several ways from product design management . For example , the application of international trading strategies of services is difficult because the evolution of service ' from a craftsmanship attitude to industrialization of services ' requires the development of new tools , approaches , and policies . Whereas goods can be manufactured centrally and delivered around the globe , services have to be performed at the place of consumption , which makes it difficult to achieve global quality consistency and effective cost control .
= = = Business design management = = =
Business design management deals with the newly emerging field of integrating design thinking into management . In organisation and management theory , design thinking forms part of the Architecture / Design / Anthropology ( A / D / A ) paradigm which characterizes innovative , human @-@ centered enterprises . This paradigm focuses on a collaborative and iterative style of work and an adductive mode of thinking , compared to practices associated with the more traditional Mathematics / Economics / Psychology ( M / E / P ) management paradigm . Since 2006 , the term Business Design is trademarked by the Rotman School of Management ; they define business design as the application of design thinking principles to business practice . The designerly way of problem solving is an integrative way of thinking that is characterized by a deep understanding of the user , creative resolution of tensions , collaborative prototyping , and continuous modification and enhancement of ideas and solutions . This approach to problem solving can be applied to all components of business , and the management of the problem solving process forms the core of business design management activity . Universities other than the Rotman School of Management are offering similar academic education concepts , including the Aalto University in Finland , which initiated their International Design Business Management ( IDBM ) program in 1995 .
= = = Engineering design management = = =
[ Engineering Design Management ] is a knowledge area within engineering management . It represents the adaptation and application of customary management practices , with the intention of achieving a productive [ engineering design process ] . Engineering design management is primarily applied in the context of engineering design teams , whereby the activities , outputs and influences of design teams are planned , guided , monitored and controlled . The output of an engineering design process is ultimately a description of a technical system . That technical system may either be an artifact ( technical object ) , production facility , a process plant or any infrastructure for the benefit of society . Therefore , the domain of engineering design management includes high volume , mass production as well as low @-@ volume , infrastructure .
= = = Urban design management = = =
Urban design management involves mediation among a range of self @-@ interested stakeholders engaged in the production of the built environment . Such mediation can encourage a joint search for mutually beneficial outcomes or integrative development . Integrative development aims to produce sustainable solutions by increasing stakeholder satisfaction with the process and with the resulting urban development .
Conventional real estate development and urban planning activities are subject to conflicting interests and positional bargaining . The integrative negotiation approach emphasises mutual gains . The approach has been applied in land use planning and environmental management , but has not been used as a coordinated approach to real estate development , city design , and urban planning . Urban design management involves reordering the chain of events in the production of the built environment according to the principles of integrative negotiation . Such principled negotiation can be used in urban development and planning activities to reach more efficient agreements . This leads to integrative developments and more sustainable ways to produce the built environment .
Urban design management offers prescriptive advice for practitioners trying to organise city planning activities in a way that will increase sustainability by increasing satisfaction levels . Real estate development and urban planning often occur at very different decision @-@ making scales . The practitioners involved may have diverse educational and professional backgrounds . They certainly have conflicting interests . Providing prescriptive advice for differing , possibly conflicting , groups requires construction of a framework that accommodates all of their daily activities and responsibilities . Urban design management provides a common framework to help bring together the conventional practices of urban and regional planning , real estate development , and urban design .
The work on Integrative Negotiation Consensus Building and the Mutual Gains Approach provide a helpful theoretical framework for developing the theory of urban design management . Negotiation theory provides a useful framework for merging the perspectives of urban planning , city design , and real estate project proposals regarding production of the built environment . Interests , a key construct in negotiation theory , is an important variable that will allow integrated development , as defined above , to occur . The path @-@ breaking work of Roger Fisher and William Ury ( 1981 ) , Getting to yes , advises negotiators to focus on interests and mutual gains instead of bargaining over positions .
= = = Architectural management = = =
Architectural management can be defined as an ordered way of thinking which helps to realise a quality building for an acceptable cost or as a process function with the aim of delivering greater architectural value to the client and society . Research by Kiran Gandhi describes architectural management as a set of practical techniques for an architect to successfully operate his practice . The term architectural management has been in use since the 1960s . The evolution of the field of architectural management has not been a smooth affair . Architectural practice was merely considered a business until after the Second World War , and even then practitioners appeared to be concerned about the conflict between art and commerce , demonstrating indifference to management . There was apparent conflict between the image of an architect and the need for professional management of the architectural business . Reluctance to embrace management and business as an inherent part of architectural practice could also be seen in architectural education programmes and publications . It appears that the management of architectural design , as well as architectural management in general , is still not being given enough importance . Architectural management falls into two distinct parts : office or practice management and project management . Office management provides an overall framework within which many individual projects are commenced , managed , and completed . Architectural management extends between the management of the design process , construction , and project management , through to facilities management of buildings in use . It is a powerful tool that can be applied to the benefit of professional service firms and the total building processes , yet it continues to receive too little attention both in theory and in practice .
= = Business = =
= = = Value for business = = =
Design plays a vital role in product and brand development , and is of great economic importance for organisations and companies . Creativity and design in particular ( as an activity : design skills , methods and processes ) play a growing role in creating products and services with high added value to consumers . Design generates 50 % of world export revenue in the creative industries ' products ( goods and services ) . The creative industry workforce is 3 @.@ 1 % of total employment in the European Union ( EU ) , which creates a revenue that is 2 @.@ 6 % of the EU gross value . Creative industries have attained an unprecedented average annual growth rate of 8 @.@ 7 per cent across the EU between 2000 and 2005 .
The increasing importance of creative industries ( and especially design ) in knowledge @-@ intense industries is reflected not only in the policies and studies on EU levels , but has initiated design and creative policies and programmes in the most advanced economies . Furthermore , design and creativity has been recognised on a regional and local level as a driving force for competitiveness , economic growth , job market , and citizen 's satisfaction . The investment in creative and cultural industries are considered a significant component of EU growth in the Lisbon Strategy and the Europe 2020 strategy ; and designers are increasingly involved in innovation issues .
To better understand the value of design and its role in innovation , the EU holds a public consultation on the basis of their publication Design as a driver of user @-@ centred innovation and have published the mini @-@ study Design as a tool for innovation . The report highlights the importance of design in user @-@ centred innovation and recommends the integration of design into the EU innovation policy . In addition to the design share in the export of all creative industry products , design can also have a positive impact on all business performance indicators ; from turnover and profit to market share and competitiveness . Design management research results can be classified as follows :
Design improves the performance of the innovation policy and of the communications policy of the firm
Design improves the global performance of the firm ; it is a profitable investment
Design is a profession that creates value on a macro economic level
Design improves the competitive edge of a country in the international competition ; it develops exports
Design can help the restructuring of an economic sector in regional economic policy
If and how design management is applied in a company correlates with the importance and integration of design in the company , but depends also on industry type , company size , ownership for design and type of competitive competence . A research from the Danish Design Centre ( DDC ) led to the " Danish Design Ladder " , which shows how companies interpreted and applied design in differing depth :
Non @-@ design : Companies that do not use design ( 15 % in 2007 ) .
Design as styling : Companies that use design as styling appearance ( 17 % in 2007 ) .
Design as process : Companies that integrate design into the development process ( 45 % in 2007 ) .
Design as innovation : Companies that consider design as key strategic element ( 21 % in 2007 ) .
The research showed that companies that considered design on a higher level of the ladder were constantly growing . Additionally , the Danish Design Centre published an Evaluation of the Importance of Design in 2006 , with the result that most companies considered design as a promoter for innovation ( 71 % ) , as a growth potential for the company ( 79 % ) , and to make products more user friendly ( 71 % ) . With increasing importance of design for the company , design management also becomes more important .
The value of design can be leveraged if it is managed well . Research by Chiva and Alegre shows that there is no link between the level of design investment and business success , but instead a strong correlation between design management skills and business success . This means that efficient and effective design management is crucial for maximising the value of design . Effective design management increases the efficiency of operations and process management , has a significant positive impact on process management , improves quality performance ( internal and external quality ) , and increases operating performance . To measure and communicate the value of design management , Borja de Mozota suggests adapting the Balanced Score Card model and structuring the values in the following four categories :
Internal business processes : Design management as an innovation process , providing improvements in company performance and processes . Here , these innovations and processes are totally invisible to outsiders .
Learning and growing : Beyond advanced design management . Design explicit knowledge is applied to strategic focus and improves the quality of staff .
Customer and brand : Design management as perception and brand . Design knowledge is applied to corporate difference building and strategic positioning .
Financial : The historic design management economic model . Design management as an explicit and measurable value for company reputation and stock market performance .
= = = Relation to other disciplines and departments = = =
Three different orientations for the choice of design management can be identified in companies . These orientations influence the perception of management and the responsibility of design managers within the organisation . The strategic orientations are ; market focus , product focus and brand focus .
Product @-@ driven organisations often have design responsibility in their research and development ( R & D ) departments .
Market @-@ focus driven organisation often have design responsibility in their marketing departments .
Brand @-@ focus driven organisations often have design responsibility in corporate communication .
Depending on the strategic orientation , design management overlaps with other management branches to differing extents :
Marketing management : The concepts and elements of brand management overlap with those of design management . In practice , design management can be part of the job profile of a marketing manager , though the discipline includes aspects that are not in the domain of marketing management . This intersection is called " brand design management " and consists of positioning , personality , purpose , personnel , project and practice , where the objective is to increase brand equity .
Operations management : At the operational level design management deals with the management of design projects . Processes and tools from operations management can be applied to design management in the execution of design projects .
Strategic management : Due to the increasing importance of design as a differentiator and its supporting role in brand equity , design management deals with strategic design issues and supports the strategic direction of the business or enterprise . The debate on design thinking suggests the integration of design thinking into strategic management . Design thinking and strategic thinking have some commonalities in their characteristics , both are synthetic , adductive , hypothesis @-@ driven , opportunistic , dialectical , enquiring and value @-@ driven .
Innovation management : The value of the coordinating role of design in new product development has been well documented . Design management can help to improve innovation management , which can be measured by three variables : it reduces time @-@ to @-@ market , by improving sources and communication skills and developing cross @-@ functional innovation ; it stimulates networking innovation , by managing product and customer information flows with internal ( e.g. teams ) and external ( e.g. suppliers , society ) actors ; it improves the learning process by promoting a continuous learning process .
= = = Hierarchy = = =
Like the management of strategy , design can be managed on three levels : strategic ( corporate level or enterprise wide ) , tactical ( business level or individual business units ) , and operational ( individual project level ) . These three levels have been termed differently by various authors over the last 50 years .
Operational level
Operational design management involves the management of individual design projects and design teams . Its goal is to achieve the objectives set by strategic design management . Success of good design management can be measured by evaluating the quality of operational design management outcomes . It includes the selection and management of design suppliers and encompasses the documentation , supervision , and evaluation of design processes and results . It deals with personal leadership , emotional intelligence , and the cooperation with and management of internal communications . Regular management functions , tools , and concepts can often be applied to the management of design on the operational level . It is implemented to achieve specific design objectives and manage the judgment of design proposals . It can help to build brand equity through the consistent creation and implementation of high @-@ quality design solutions that best fit the brand identity and desired consumer experience , in the most efficient way . Depending on the type of company and industry , the following job titles are associated with this role : operational design manager , senior designer , team leader , visual communication manager , corporate design coordinator , and others .
Tactical level
Tactical design management addresses the organisation of design resources and design processes . Its goal is to create a structure for design in the company , bridging the gap between objectives set through strategic design management and the implementation of design on the operational level . It defines how design is organised within the company . This includes the use of a central body to coordinate different design projects and activities . It deals with defining activities , developing design skills and competencies , managing processes , systems and procedures , assigning of roles and responsibilities , developing innovative products and service concepts , and finding new market opportunities . Outcomes of tactical design management are related to the creation of a structure for design within the company , to build internal resources and competencies for the implementation of design . Depending on the type of company and industry , the following job titles are associated with this function : tactical design manager , design director , design & innovation manager , brand design manager , new product development ( NPD ) manager , visual identity manager , and others .
Strategic level
Strategic design management involves the creation of strategic long @-@ term vision and planning for design , and deals with defining the role of design within the company . The goal of strategic design management is to support and strengthen the corporate visio by creating a relationship between the design and corporate strategy . It includes the creation of design , brand and product strategies , ensuring that design management becomes a central element in the corporate strategy formulation process . Strategic design management is responsible for the development and implementation of a corporate design programme that influences the design vision , mission , and positioning . It allows design to interact with the needs of corporate management and focuses on the long @-@ term capabilities of design . Where strategic design management is applied , there is often a strong belief in the potential to differentiate the company and gain competitive advantage by design . As a result , design thinking becomes integrated into the corporate culture . Depending on the type of company and industry the following job titles are associated with this function : strategic design manager , chief design officer , vice president design and innovation , chief creative officer , innovation design director , and others .
= = = Role and responsibility = = =
Design management is not a standard model that can be projected onto every enterprise , nor is there a specific way of applying it that leads to guaranteed success . Design management processes are carried out by humans with different responsibilities and backgrounds , who work in different industries and enterprises with different sizes and traditions , whilst having different target groups and markets to serve . Design management is multifaceted , and so are the different applications of and views on design management . The function of design management in an organisation depends on its tasks , authority , and practice .
Task
Similar tasks can be grouped into categories to describe the job profile of a design manager . Different categories in management that encompass design were defined by several authors ; those tasks occur on all three design management levels ( strategic , tactical , and operational ) :
Authority and position
The authority and position of the design management function has a large influence on what the design manager does in his or her daily job . Kootstra ( 2006 ) distinguishes design management types by organisational function : design management as line function , design management as staff function , and design management as support function . Design management as a " line function " is directly responsible for design execution in the " primary " organisational process and can take place on all levels of the design management hierarchy . The main attributes for design managers in the line are authority over and direct responsibility for the result . Design management as a staff function is not directly responsible for design execution in the " primary " organisational process , but consults as a specialist on all levels of the design management hierarchy . The main attributes for design managers in this function are their limited authority and the need to consult line managers and staff . When the design process is defined as a " secondary " organisational process , design management is seen as " supportive function " . In this function it has only a supportive character , classifying the design manager as a creative specialist towards product management , brand management , marketing , R & D , and communication . Various authors use different concepts to describe the authority and position of design management ; they can be grouped as follows :
= = Design Policy ( since the 2010s ) = =
Today , most developed countries have some kind of design promotion programme . The Design Management Institute has dedicated three issues to design policy development . Although initiatives promote design in different complexities , scopes and focuses , specific targets tend to address the following objectives :
support business : increase use of design by companies , particularly by small and medium enterprises ( SMEs ) , and grow the design sector ( use dimension ) ;
promote to the public : increase exports of design and attract international investment ( international dimension ) ;
educate designers : improve design education and research ( academic dimension ) .
A very comprehensive analysis on the situation of design on national level in Britain is the Cox review . The chairman of the Design Council , Sir George Cox , published the Cox Review of Creativity in Business in 2005 to communicate the competitive advantage of design for the British industry .
Innovation policies have been excessively focused on the supply of technologies , neglecting the demand side ( the user ) . There have been several initiatives by the European Commission to support and research design and design management in recent years . However , a European @-@ wide policy to support design has never been planned , due to the inconsistencies and differences in design policies in each nation . Nonetheless , there are currently plans to include design in the EU innovation policy .
= = Education ( since the 2010s ) = =
While design management had its origins in business schools , it has increasingly become embedded in the curriculum in design schools , particularly at the postgraduate level . Teaching design to managers was pioneered at the London Business School in 1976 , and the first programme of design management at a design school was started in the 1980s at the Royal College of Art ( RCA ) , DeMontfort , Middlesex , Staffordshire . Although , in the UK , some design management courses have not been sustainable , including those at the RCA , Westminster and Middlesex , other postgraduate courses have flourished including ones at Brunel , Lancaster and more recently the University of the Arts with each providing a specific point of view on design management .
BusinessWeek annually publishes a lists of the best programmes that combine design thinking and business thinking ( D @-@ schools 2009 and D @-@ school Programmes to Watch 2009 ) . The article Finland – World ´ s Innovation Hot Spot in the Harvard Business Review shows the interest of business leaders in the blended education of design and management . Business Schools ( such as the Rotman School of Management , Wharton University of Pennsylvania and MIT Sloan Executive Education ) have acted on this interest and developed new academic curricula .
Integrated education models are emerging in the academic world , a model which is referred to as T @-@ shape and π @-@ shaped education . T @-@ shaped professionals are taught general knowledge in a few disciplines ( e.g. management and engineering ) and specific , deep knowledge in a single domain ( e.g. design ) . This model also applies to companies , when they shift their focus from small T innovations ( innovations involving only one discipline , like chemists ) to big T innovations ( innovations involving several disciplines , like design , ethnography , lead user , etc . ) . Like in education , this shift makes breaking down silos of departments and disciplines of knowledge essential .
= Ben @-@ Hur ( 1959 film ) =
Ben @-@ Hur is a 1959 American epic historical drama film , directed by William Wyler , produced by Sam Zimbalist for Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer and starring Charlton Heston , Stephen Boyd , Jack Hawkins , Hugh Griffith and Haya Harareet . A remake of the 1925 silent film with the same name , Ben @-@ Hur was adapted from Lew Wallace 's 1880 novel Ben @-@ Hur : A Tale of the Christ . The screenplay is credited to Karl Tunberg but includes contributions from Maxwell Anderson , S. N. Behrman , Gore Vidal , and Christopher Fry .
Ben @-@ Hur had the largest budget ( $ 15 @.@ 175 million ) as well as the largest sets built of any film produced at the time . Costume designer Elizabeth Haffenden oversaw a staff of 100 wardrobe fabricators to make the costumes , and a workshop employing 200 artists and workmen provided the hundreds of friezes and statues needed in the film . Filming commenced on May 18 , 1958 and wrapped on January 7 , 1959 , with shooting lasting for 12 to 14 hours a day , six days a week . Pre @-@ production began at Cinecittà around October 1957 , and post @-@ production took six months . Under cinematographer Robert L. Surtees , MGM executives made the decision to film the picture in a widescreen format , which Wyler strongly disliked . More than 200 camels and 2 @,@ 500 horses were used in the shooting of the film , with some 10 @,@ 000 extras . The sea battle was filmed using miniatures in a huge tank on the back lot at the MGM Studios in Culver City , California . The nine @-@ minute chariot race has become one of cinema 's most famous sequences , and the film score , composed and conducted by Miklós Rózsa , is the longest ever composed for a film and was highly influential on cinema for more than 15 years .
Following a $ 14 @.@ 7 million marketing effort , Ben @-@ Hur premiered at Loew 's State Theatre in New York City on November 18 , 1959 . It was the fastest @-@ grossing as well as the highest grossing film of 1959 , in the process becoming the second @-@ highest grossing film in history at the time after Gone with the Wind . It won a record 11 Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director ( Wyler ) , Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Heston ) , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Griffith ) , and Best Cinematography – Color ( Surtees ) , an accomplishment that was not equaled until Titanic in 1997 and then again by The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King in 2003 . Ben @-@ Hur also won three Golden Globe Awards , including Best Motion Picture – Drama , Best Director and Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for Stephen Boyd . Today , Ben @-@ Hur is widely considered to be one of the greatest films ever made , and in 1998 the American Film Institute ranked it the 72nd best American film and the 2nd best American epic film in the AFI 's 10 Top 10 . In 2004 , the National Film Preservation Board selected Ben @-@ Hur for preservation by the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for being a " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " motion picture .
= = Plot = =
In AD 26 , Judah Ben @-@ Hur ( Charlton Heston ) is a wealthy prince and merchant in Jerusalem , who lives with his mother , Miriam ( Martha Scott ) ; his sister , Tirzah ( Cathy O 'Donnell ) ; their loyal slave , Simonides ( Sam Jaffe ) and his daughter , Esther ( Haya Harareet ) . Esther loves Judah but is betrothed to another . Judah 's childhood friend , the Roman citizen Messala ( Stephen Boyd ) , is now a tribune . After several years away from Jerusalem , Messala returns as the new commander of the Roman garrison . Messala believes in the glory of Rome and its imperial power , while Judah is devoted to his faith and the freedom of the Jewish people . This difference causes tension between the friends , and results in their split after Messala issues an ultimatum to Judah .
During the parade for the new governor of Judea , Valerius Gratus , loose tiles fall from the roof of Judah 's house . Gratus is thrown from his spooked horse and nearly killed . Although Messala knows this was an accident , he condemns Judah to the galleys and imprisons Miriam and Tirzah . By punishing a known friend and prominent citizen , he hopes to intimidate the Jewish populace . Judah swears to take revenge .
After three years as a galley slave , Judah is assigned to the flagship of the Roman Consul Quintus Arrius ( Jack Hawkins ) , who has been charged with destroying a fleet of Macedonian pirates . Arrius admires Judah 's determination and self @-@ discipline and offers to train him as a gladiator or charioteer . Judah declines the offer , declaring that God will aid him in his quest for vengeance . When the Roman fleet encounters the Macedonians , Arrius orders all the rowers except Judah to be chained to their oars . Arrius ' galley is rammed and sunk , but Judah unchains the other rowers , and rescues Arrius . In despair , Arrius wrongly believes the battle ended in defeat and attempts to atone in the Roman way by " falling on his sword " , but Judah stops him . They are rescued , and Arrius is credited with the Roman fleet 's victory .
Arrius successfully petitions Emperor Tiberius ( George Relph ) to free Judah , and adopts him as his son . Another year passes . Wealthy again , Judah learns Roman ways and becomes a champion charioteer , but still longs for his family and homeland .
Judah returns to Judea . Along the way , he meets Balthasar ( Finlay Currie ) and an Arab , Sheik Ilderim ( Hugh Griffith ) . The sheik has heard of Judah 's prowess as a charioteer , and asks him to drive his quadriga in a race before the new Judean governor Pontius Pilate ( Frank Thring ) . Judah declines , even after he learns that Messala will also compete .
Judah returns to his home in Jerusalem . He meets Esther , and learns her arranged marriage did not occur and that she is still in love with him . He visits Messala and demands his mother and sister 's freedom . The Romans discover that Miriam and Tirzah contracted leprosy in prison , and expel them from the city . The women beg Esther to conceal their condition from Judah so that he may remember them as they were before , so she tells him that they died . It is then that he changes his mind and decides to seek vengeance on Messala by competing against him in the chariot race .
During the chariot race , Messala drives a Greek chariot with blades on the hubs to tear apart competing vehicles ; he attempts to destroy Judah 's chariot but destroys his own instead . Messala is fatally injured , while Judah wins the race . Before dying , Messala tells Judah that " the race is not over " and that he can find his family " in the Valley of the Lepers , if you can recognize them . " Judah visits the nearby leper colony , where ( hidden from their view ) he sees his mother and sister .
Blaming Roman rule for his family 's fate , Judah rejects his patrimony and Roman citizenship . Learning that Tirzah is dying , Judah and Esther take her and Miriam to see Jesus Christ ( Claude Heater ) , but the trial of Jesus before Pontius Pilate has begun . Judah witnesses the crucifixion of Jesus , and Miriam and Tirzah are miraculously healed during the rainstorm following the crucifixion . Judah declares , " And I felt His voice take the sword out of my hand . "
= = Cast = =
Charlton Heston as Judah Ben @-@ Hur
Jack Hawkins as Quintus Arrius
Haya Harareet as Esther
Stephen Boyd as Messala
Hugh Griffith as Sheik Ilderim
Martha Scott as Miriam
Cathy O 'Donnell as Tirzah
Sam Jaffe as Simonides
Finlay Currie as Balthasar and the narrator
Frank Thring as Pontius Pilate
Terence Longdon as Drusus
George Relph as Tiberius Caesar
André Morell as Sextus
Claude Heater as Jesus Christ ( uncredited )
= = Production = =
Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer ( MGM ) originally announced a remake of the 1925 silent film Ben @-@ Hur in December 1952 , ostensibly as a way to spend its Italian assets . Stewart Granger and Robert Taylor were reported to be in the running for the lead . Nine months later , MGM announced it would make the film in CinemaScope , with shooting beginning in 1954 . In November 1953 , MGM announced it had assigned producer Sam Zimbalist to the picture and hired screenwriter Karl Tunberg to write it . Sidney Franklin was scheduled to direct , with Marlon Brando intended for the lead . In September 1955 , Zimbalist , who continued to claim that Tunberg 's script was complete , announced that a $ 7 million , six @-@ to @-@ seven month production would begin in April 1956 in either Israel or Egypt in MGM 's new 65mm widescreen process , MGM Camera 65 . MGM , however , suspended production in early 1956 , following Franklin 's resignation .
By the late 1950s , the consent decree of 1948 forcing film studios to divest themselves of theater chains and the competitive pressure of television had caused significant financial distress at MGM . In a gamble to save the studio , and inspired by the success of Paramount Pictures ' 1956 Biblical epic The Ten Commandments , studio head Joseph Vogel announced in 1957 that MGM would again move forward on a remake of Ben @-@ Hur . Filming started in May 1958 and wrapped in January 1959 , and post @-@ production took six months . Although the budget for Ben @-@ Hur was initially $ 7 million , it was reported to be $ 10 million by February 1958 , reaching $ 15 @.@ 175 million by the time shooting began — making it the costliest film ever produced up to that time . When adjusted for inflation , the budget of Ben Hur was approximately $ 123 million in constant dollars .
One notable change in the film involved the opening titles . Concerned that a roaring Leo the Lion ( the MGM mascot ) would create the wrong mood for the sensitive and sacred nativity scene , Wyler received permission to replace the traditional logo with one in which Leo the Lion is quiet .
= = = Development = = =
Lew Wallace 's 1880 novel , Ben @-@ Hur : A Tale of the Christ , ran to about 550 pages . Zimbalist hired a number of screenwriters to cut the story down and turn the novel into a script . According to Gore Vidal , more than 12 versions of the script had been written by various writers by the spring of 1958 . Vidal himself had been asked to write a version of the script in 1957 , refused , and been placed on suspension for his decision . According to Vidal , Karl Tunberg was one of the last writers to work on the script . Other sources place Tunberg 's initial involvement much earlier . Tunberg cut out everything in the book after the crucifixion of Jesus , omitted the sub @-@ plot in which Ben @-@ Hur fakes his death and raises a Jewish army to overthrow the Romans , and altered the manner in which the leperous women are healed . According to Wyler , Vidal , their biographers ( see bibliography below ) and the sources that follow them , Zimbalist was unhappy with Tunberg 's script , considering it to be " pedestrian " and " unshootable " .
The writing effort changed direction when director Sidney Franklin fell ill and was removed from the production . Zimbalist offered the project to William Wyler , who had been one of 30 assistant directors on the 1925 film , in early 1957 . Wyler initially rejected it , considering the quality of the script to be " very primitive , elementary " and no better than hack work . Zimbalist showed Wyler some preliminary storyboards for the chariot race and informed him that MGM would be willing to spend up to $ 10 million , and as a result Wyler began to express an interest in the picture . MGM permitted Wyler to start casting , and in April 1957 , mainstream media outlets reported that Wyler was giving screen tests to Italian leading men , such as Cesare Danova .
Wyler did not formally agree to direct the film until September 1957 , and MGM did not announce his hiring until January 3 , 1958 . Even though he still lacked a leading man , Wyler took the assignment for many reasons : He was promised a base salary of $ 350 @,@ 000 as well as 8 percent of the gross box office ( or 3 percent of the net profits , whichever was greater ) , and he wanted to work in Rome again ( where he had filmed Roman Holiday ( 1954 ) . His base salary was , at the time , the largest ever paid to a director for a single film . Professional competitive reasons also played a role in his decision to direct , and Wyler later admitted that he wished to outdo Cecil B. DeMille , and make a " thinking man 's " Biblical epic . In later years , William Wyler would joke that it took a Jew to make a good film about Christ .
= = = Writing = = =
Wyler felt Tunberg 's draft was too much of a morality play overlaid with current Western political overtones , and that the dialogue was too modern @-@ sounding . Zimbalist brought in playwright S. N. Behrman ( who also wrote the script for Quo Vadis ) and then playwright Maxwell Anderson to write drafts . Gore Vidal biographer Fred Kaplan states that British poet and playwright Christopher Fry was hired simultaneously with Vidal , although most sources ( including Vidal himself ) state that Vidal followed Anderson , and that Fry did not come aboard until Vidal was close to leaving the picture . Vidal arrived in Rome in early March 1958 to meet with Wyler . Vidal claimed that Wyler had not read the script , and that when he did so ( at Vidal 's urging ) on his flight from
|
Very Long
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.